ssasSififf STATE LIBRARY
°"?.""':,?,f;°"°,'.'::'"'yneservo,r water
3 0864 00054809 2
This report was funded by the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) , U.S.
Department of Energy, as part of BPA's program to protect, mitigate, and
enhance fish and wildlife affected by the development and operation of
hydroelectric facilities on the Columbia River and its tributaries. The views
in this report are the author's and do not necessarily represent the views of
BPA .
For copies of this report, write:
Bonneville Power Administration
Division of Fish and Wildlife
Public Information Officer - PJ
P.O. Box 3621
Portland, OR 97208
Quantification of Libby Reservoir Levels
Needed to Maintain or Enhance Reservoir Fisheries
APPEM)ICES
for
Annual Report FY 1984
by:
Bradley B. Shepard - Project Biologist
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
P.O. Box 67
Kalispell, Montana 59901
Prepared for:
Richard Harper, Project Manager
U.S. Department of Energy
Bonneville Power Administration
Division of Fish and Wildlife
Portland, Oregon
Contract Number: DE-A179-84BPA12660
BPA Project: BPA 83-467
Digitized by tine Internet Arcliive
in 2015
https://arcliive.org/cletails/quantificationof1984mont
APPENDIX A
Stream habitat inventory procedures
al^iCM'^iMW.^IEOTT OF
mHM, WIIJ9IJFE AXU PARKS
STREAM HABITAT INVEINTORY PROCEDURES
Fisheries Research and Special Projects Bureau
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
P.O. Box 67
Kalispell, Montana 59903
June 1983
\
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1 U.S. Forest Service Stream Reach Inventory and
Channel Stability Evaluation Form . . 2
2 Helicopter Stream Survey Report 4
3 Form FMD-I for general field and office data ....... 5
4 Field Transect form FMD-J 8
Appendix A:
1 Stream Cross Section 11
2 Bank Forms 12
3 Confinement 14
4 l>-90 and Intermediate Axis 15
5 Channel Patterns 20
6 Valley Profile 24
Appendix B:
1 Interagency Stream Fishery Input Data Form 37
.S'2f ;-:'9: ,i'v.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
METHODS 1
AERIAL SURVEY 1
GROUND SURVEY , 3
DATA ENTRY AND ANALYSIS 7
LITERATURE CITED 9
APPENDIX A: Glossary of terminology used in stream habitat
surveys 10
APPENDIX B: Data entry format and explanation for the
Interagency Stream Fishery Data Input .... 25
INTPDDLICTION
The stream habitat inventory methodology described in this report
resulted from four years of study on tributaries to the North and Middle
Forks of the Flathead River. This study was funded by the Environmental
Protection Agency through the Flathead River Basin Steering Committee. Tlie
methodology draws upon multidisciplinary knowledge in describing the
biological and physical features interacting to form the stream environ-
ment .
The basis for this methodology was the system developed by the Resource
Analysis Branch of the British Columbia Ministry of the Environm^ent and
used to survey the Canadian portion of the North Fork drainage (Chamberlin
1980a, 1980b). During the four years of study, the method was refined to
fit our specific needs and to reduce individual observer bias.
The U.S. Forest Service developed a Stream. Reach Inventory and Channel
Stability Evaluation technique (Figure 1) to identify unstable stream
channel areas and to monitor recovery rates of such areas (U.S. Forest
Service 1975). The channel stability method was incorporated into our
habitat evaluation technique during the 1980 field season (Fraley et al.
1981) to provide comparable data between agencies. A detailed instruction
booklet describing evaluation procedures is available from the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Northern Region.
A line transect methodology similar to that described by Herrington
and Dunham (1967) was included in 1982 to provide more precise site
specific information.
Annual reports (Graham et al. 1980, Fraley et al. 1981, Shepard et al.
1982) should be consulted to determine exact methodologies used during each
field season. Our modification of the original inventory clossary is
presented in ^pendix A.
METHODS
AERIAL SURVEY
The habitat evaluation process began by obtaining U.S. Geologic Survey
Qjadrangle maps (7.5 minute series) of the study area and color coding all
tributaries to indicate stream order. Beginning at the mouth, each
tributary was divided into one km sections on maps to facilitate the
location of reach boundaries, survey sites and im.portant stream features.
Aerial photographs of the area were reviewed for landmark reference during
aerial surveys.
Each tributary to be surveyed was flown by helicopter from its mouth
to the upstream limit of suitable fish habitat. SuitaWe fish habitat was
defined as pererjiial flow or adequate size to support a fish population. A
definite fish barrier also marked the upstream boundary of the survey.
During this upstream flight, important stream features such as slumped
banks, obstructions to fish passage, beaver activity, trails and other
1
&<•"-> V
u ^ u
cn J3
w pg J-
3 «9 f>
O W1 ti
^ o c
u E
J o •
o £ a •
u X o e
CO to ^
-g o
• S .8
z: *^
C n)
— • • K
t0 3 ^
doc
o %C
2 c S.f
o o «
W ' V c
W o
r-4 O to
« Q
^ "S
< rt)
v« o « —
OJ ^ ->
u O — '
Ss-3 S
>* O
. ^' o
C — ►»
o u
0 V V
u > c
S.2
£ 5
O • — . ut
•00 —
c >« o
i!^7
■1
5,
l1 I ^
g K o
^ "if ^
0) I c
c: I .- S
e
o
c
o
•H
4-1
CO
3
I—!
CO
>
4-1
CO
o
c
c
u
C
CO
U
O
4-)
c
>
c
a
CO
0)
e
CO
(U
u
•u
CO
o
•H
>
S-i
OJ
CO
OJ
>-(
o
CO
»-l
3
GO
•H
2
crossings, were noted by the observer equipped with the topographic ruaps
and a ta^te recorder. Other habitat features such as stream pattern, bank
slope characteristics, streambed material, debris quantity and srawning
potential for cutthroat and bull trout were noted. A general overviev/ of
geomorphically similar sections (reaches) was also gained during the
upstream flight. General location of reach breaks v/ere based largely on
changes in stream gradient. A return flight downstrear:. at greater altitude
and speed allowed the observer to establish actual reach breaks and confirm
locations, while keeping flying tim^e to a minimum. A mobile fuel source
provided by a backup observer and a vehicle carrying 55 gallon fuel drums
also reduced fuel consumption and flying time.
Tapes were transcribed in the office and stream features and reach
breaks were added to the U.S.G.S. miajs. A Helicopter Stream Survey Re^xDrt
(Figure 2) was compiled for each reach. Recorded information included a
suggested survey section typifying the reach, information on stream
features, reach characteristics and general comments. Length of the
recommended survey section v/as based on total reach length. Completed
helicopter survey forms and a field cop^' of the U.S.G.S. maps accompanied
crews conducting ground surveys.
GROUM) SURVEY
Before beginning ground surveys, an intensive one or two day training
session was conducted to teach survey persoPiTiel the technicrues and
standarize eacli individual's perception of what consl.it.utes each habitat
variable classification. During this training session, replicate surveys
were conducted by al]. field i^iersonne] in tv^o person crews so that
replication of survey results could be tested. If results froro replicate
surveys differed significantly, more discuss..ion and training were used to
ensure results obtained from different crews in the same reach v/ere
similar. It was advisable to repeat this replicate survey with al], ground
crews once during the field season to test the assumption that surveys were
conducted in a similar manner.
Crews of two trained observers r^f^rformied the ground survey for each
reach. The crew confirmed helicopter observations of obstructions to fish
passage and other important features in each reach. The top of form FMD-I
(Figure 3) was completed u^x^n arrival at the survey section. Stations where
observers mteasured and rated habitat characteristics v/ere selected by
facing a predetermined randomi distance along the stream, channel. These
randomi paces were listed on the bottorii i_X)rtion of form FMD-I (Figure 3),
Tine following parameters were evaluated at 20 randomily located sites jjer
km;
(1) flow character
(2) debris presence
(3) , debris stability
(4) side channel occurrence
(5) split channe] occurrence
(6) habitat uriit (rxx ^ iiff.le, run, ^ccketwater, cascade)
Aquatic habitat v/as further quantified at a variabJe number of transecrts
3
FORM: FMD-H
HELICOPTER STREAM SURVEY REPORT
Stream: Reach No, Stream kms:
Date: Time: Observer:
Suggested survey section - km to km
Reach Characteristics
Upper bank slope: Mass wasting potential:
Valley flat: Pattern:
Flow characteristics: Channel width:
Debris - channel: Barriers - types:
floodplain: locations;
Spawning potential - Bull trout:
Cutthroat:
Portion recommended for redd counts:
Bull trout - km to km
Cutthroat - km to km
General comments;
Stream features:
Figure 2. Helicopter Stream Survey report.
4
FORM FMD-I
Length of survey section
Start of survey: kn,
Stage: Dry L M
Turbidity: nil L
Confinement: Ent Conf
Pattern: St Sin Ir
Valley flat:
Fr
IM
Flood
High
Oc Un N/A
Rm Tm
Creek NaniL .
Water Code:
Survey personnel
Aqenc)
Date:
Reach
Ti me ;
^ank: form
Debris:
Side Chan
Wet width
process
X stable _
Spli t Chan
Air Temp
Weather _
Photos _
Flow
Water temp. ;
Loc
m Chan width
noodplaln Debris I H L M H
Reach length _
Reach location
Stream Order
Depth: Avg
Gradient
SUBSTRATE
Size Class
Streambed
Bank
Silt -detritus
Sand (<2 mm)
Sm. Gravel (2-6. Amm)
Lg. Gravel (6. 4 -54mm)
Cobble (64-256 mtn)
Boulder-bedrock (>256 mm)
Imbeddedness:
Compacti on
cm Max _
0-25 25-50
D90
cm
50-75 75-100
cm
Genotlo Xaterlal:
HABITAT UNIT
I
Pool
Riffle
Run
Pocket water
Cascade
Pool Class
I
II
111
Instream cover
Overhead cover
Type:
Type:
Vertical Stability - A ? D
m per pace
Pace
' No.
Transect
No.
Flow
Char.
DEBRIS
Side
Chan.
Split
Chan.
Pool (I. I I. Ill) p^^kpt yg^g,
Habitat Riffle
unit Run Cascade
Pres.
Abs.
Stable
Unstable
30
1
.271
2
428
467
MO
3
_6Qa.
632
6Z3
_Z74_
.302
858
5.
967
Figure 3. Form FMD-I for general field and office data.
5
Pace 1
No.
ransec tl
No. !
Fl(jw
DEBRIS
Side
Chan.
Split
Chan.
Feature ^^ff]^. Pocktl w.i .er
Run Cascade
Char.
Pres.
Abs. 1
Stable L
nstable
-
-
. —
T—
rr
Si^ficant features^
Notes:
Figure 3. , (Continued).
6
c:er km, depending on the level of precision desired. The following
parameters were measured at one meter intervals or at a minimum of five
equally spaced points across each transect:
(1) depth to nearest cm
(2) instream cover
(3) overhead cover
(4) two predominant substrate size classes
Visual estimates of substrate irnbeddedness, compaction, D-90, percentages
of each substrate size class, percentages of instream and bank cover and
maximum depth were also made at each transect to attempt to quantify these
subjective observations by using multiple observation points. Total wetted
width and channel width were measured at each transect.
At every fifth transect the following features were noted:
(1) flood signs
(2) bank form
(3) bank process '
(4) bank composition
This information along with any additional comments were recorded on field
form FMD-J (Figure 4).
The Forest Service stability evaluation (Figure 1) was completed
impiediately following the habitat survey on each reach. VlYien possible,
stream discharge was also measured at this time. The office portion of
form FMD-I (Figure 3), summarizing field measurements, was completed any
convenient time after the survey.
DATA ENTRY AND ANALYSIS
Habitat data for each reach were coded on Montana Interagency Stream.
Fishery Resource Data Forms (Holton et al. 1981). These forms and
instructions concerning their use are presented in Appendix E. Data from
completed Interagency forms were keypunched and entered in the statewide
data base administered through the Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
in Helena. A dictionary was constructed enabling any physical, chemical or
biological parameter available to be requested for a particular reach
(Fraley et al. 1981). Use of the habitat evaluation methods and their
applicability to fisheries and land management situations in the Flathead
National Forest were described in Graham et al. (1982) and Fraley and
Graham (1982).
Habitat survey transect data were entered into data files on the ICIS
850 computer located at the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
Regional Headquarters, KaJisr^ell, Montana. Computer programs (HABFST and
SUMMAR) were develoi:ed to enter and summarize habitat information by survey
section.
7
(d
15
rH >
Oil >t3
a u
cn a
u
o
U
6h
0)
ON
•J
tj
a
0)
O
>
Q
cn
Co
o
o
0) 0)
M (d
c
(0
^ 3
-»-> a
0)
aj
+■<
o •'^
cn
o
I
a
o
CO
a.
a
o
o
o
s
o
o
U r-
0)
(4
a
Eh
O
O
s
■p
o
<u
ID
Eh
V
03
u
o
p.
*J S3
OJ •
^ O
3
cn
n >
c o
<H 0)
r-( >
(0 as
a >-i
cn C3
»-<
lU
T3
O
••
>
■ o
CO
l-i
OJ
00
a
0
CO
03
(U
CJ
o
o
0)
Xi
c
•r-l
o
CJ
3
-p =
V X
s:
rd
0)
0) x:
-a
cu
■p
-p
<u
r-i x:
ca +-•
-a
>
CO
00
o
O
CJ
CT3
Q.
a
o
CJ
OJ
3
OJ
Cu
Q
O
O
I
O
OJ
1/1
c:
03
OJ
S-
13
cn
o
o
8
literatum; cited
Chaniberlin, T.W. 1980a. Aquatic system inventory (biophysical stream
surveys) ADP Technical Paper 1. British Columbia, Ministry of the
Environment.
Chamber lin, T.W. 1980b. Aquatic survey terminology. ADP Technical Paper
2. British Columbia, Ministry of the Environment.
Fraley, J.J., D. Read and P. Graham. 1981. Flathead River Basin fishery
study. Montana Dept. Fish, Wildl. and Parks, Kalispell, MT. 193pp.
Fraley, J.J., and P.J. Graham. 1981. Physical habitat, geologic bedrock
types and trout densities in tributaries of the Flathead River
drainage, Montana. Proceedings of the Syirposium on the Acquisition and
Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information, Portland, Oregon.
Graham, P.J., B.B. Shepard and J.J. Fraley. 1981. Use of stream habitat
classifications to identify bull trout spawning areas in streams. Pro-
ceedings of the Synposium on the Acquisition and Utilization of Aquatic
Habitat Inventory Information, Portland, Oregon.
Graham, P.J., D. Read, S. Leathe, J. Miller and K. Pratt. 1980. Flathead
River Basin fishery study. Montana Dept. Fish, Wildl. and Parks,
Kalispell, MT. 166pp.
Herrington, R.B. and D.K. Dunham. 1967. A technique for sampling general
fish habitat characteristics of streams. USDA Forest Service Research
Paper, IlSlT-41, Inter mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,
Ogden, Utah.
Holton, G.D., R.B. McFarland and B. Gooch. 1981. The Montana interagency
stream fishery data storage system. Symposium for the Acquisition
and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Informtion, Portland,
Oregon.
Shepard, B.B., J.J. Fraley, T.M. Weaver and P.J. Graham. 1982. Flathead
River Basin fishery study. Montana Dept. Fish, Wildl. and Parks, .
Kalispell, MT. 149pp.
U.S. Forest Service. 1975. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Serivce
Northern Region. US Government Printing Of f ice: 1978-797-059/31, Region
10. Rl-75-002. 26pp.
9
APPENDIX A
- 1
Glossary of terminology used in stream habitat surveys.
Adapted from British Columbia Ministry of Environment,
Resource Analysis Branch.
10
preface:
This glossary is organized with definitions preceded by the year in
which they were adopted. Evaluation of some parameters changed one or more
times during the four years of study, therefore several definitions may be
presented for certain terms.
Many of the parameters described are classified in abundance by Nil,
Low, Moderate or High. Where not specifically defined (e.g. stage) these
terms should have the following meanings:
Nil the item is not present, or so seldom as to be irrelevant to
any interpretation.
Low the item is present, but only as a few scattered occurrences
or in a single spot.
Moderate the item occurs in several scattered locations or a few small
concentrated zones.
High the item is frequently present throughout the sample area
(reach or point) as continuous cover or frequent zones of
occurrence. |
^ - '■
GLOSSARY
bank - (1979) the rising ground bordering a stream channel below the level
of rooted vegetation and above the normal streambed;
designated as right or left facing downstream. (See bank
form and bank process). See also Figure 1.
FI(3URE 1. Stream Cross section
11
bank cover - (1982) refers only to percent overhang <1 m above water
surface. Sample frequency - every transect.
bank form - (1979) the range of bank forms is arbitrarily separated into
four classes which reflect the current state of river
processes. Sample frequency - every fifth transect
(Figure 2) :
F (flat) - the river bed slopes gently to the beginning
of rooted vegetation, frequently with overlapping bar
deposits.
R (repose) - the bank is eroded at high water levels,
but is at the angle of repose of the unconsolidated
material (usually 34® - 37°).
S (steep) - the bank is nearly vertical, due to
consolidation by cementation, compaction, root structure
or some other agent.
U (undercut) - the bank has an undercut structure caused
by erosion. When undercut banks are stabilized by
vegetation this should be indicated in the comments.
FIGURE 2. Bank Forms
bank process ~ (1979) the current fluvial process the bank is undergoing.
Sample frequency - every fifth transect.
12
F (failing) - active erosion and slumping is taking place.
S (stable) - the bank is of rock, has very high root density,
or is otherwise protected from erosion. Artificially
stabilized banks should be noted in the comments,
A (aggrading) - continuous sediment deposition is taking
place, causing the river channel to migrate away from the
river bank. Common on the inside of meander bends where it
may be accompanied by the presence of a range of early to
late serai vegetation.
barrier - See Obstruction.
cascade - (1982) a habitat unit consisting of a series of small steps or
falls.
channel - (1979) a natural or artificial waterway of perceptible extent
which periodically or continuously contains moving
water. It has definite bed and banks which normally
confine the water, and which display evidence of fluvial
processes (See channel width and Figure 1).
channel width - (1979) the width of the channel fron rooted vegetation to
rooted vegetation. Mean annual high water level
should be used in the absence of vegetation. If
measured by tape, the width should be given to the
nearest 0.1 m (See Figure 1). Sample frequency -
every transect.
cover - (1979) anything which projects over the water surface at tlie time of
survey. It is divided into two arbitrary levels; crown cover
Ol m above water surface) and overhang cover (<1 m. above
water surface). Described in terms of the projected area of
water surface covered (% of wetted surface area). Sample
frequency - visual average for reach.
(1982) sheltered areas in a wetted stream channel where a trout can
rest and hide in order to avoid the impact of the elements or
enemies. Inst ream cover types include aquatic vegetation,
logs, debris, large cobbles and boulders, and man-made
structures. Overhead cover would include undercut banks,
overhanging vegetation 1 m or less above the water surface
(bank cover), overhanging understory and overhanging
over story canopy. Sample frequency - 1 m ir tervals or at a
minimum of five equa].ly spaced cells across each transect.
Cover types were expressed in terms of percent based on
presence/absence data for all transects in the reach. Cover
types were coded as follows:
13
Cover Codes
mstre^ Overhead
Code Code
Type No. Type No.
None 0
Aquatic vegetation 1
Logs 2
Debris *C Below water 3
Boulders _y surface 4
Logs "p 5
Debris X. Above water 6
Boulders 3 surface 7
Man-made structure 8
None
Undercut bank
Overhead (<1 m)
Understory (1-5 m)
Over story (>5 m)
0
1
2
3
4
- (1983) turbulence was added as an instream cover type. Logs,
debriSr and boulders above the water surface (instream
cover code numbers 5,6 & 7) were deleted from the list
of instream cover types and were recorded as overhead
«1 m) or understory (1-5 m) cover. Cover was recorded
as being present only if it provided cover over at least
10% of the surface area of the cell being considered.
compaction - (1979) the relative looseness of bed material with respect to
fluvial processes. Caused by sedimentation, mineraliza-
tion, imbrication or material size. Indicated as nil,
low, moderate or high as determined by the relative ease
with which a boot can be worked into streambed material.
Sample frequency - every transect.
confinement - (1979) the degree to which the river channel is limited in its
lateral movement by terraces or valley walls (See Figure
3). Sample frequency - average for reach by visual and
maps. The channel is either:
Ent - entrenched - the streambank is in continuous
contact (coincident with) valley walls.
Conf - confined - in continuous or repeated contact at
the outside of major meander bends.
Fr - frequently confined by the valley wall.
Oc - occasionally confined by the valley wall.
Un - unconfined - not touching the valley wall.
N/A - not a£-plicable (e.g. where no valley wall
exists) .
14
debris (channel)
- (1979) organic material (primarily logs, limbs, root
masses) deposited within the chai'inel; not just in the
wetted stream channel at the time of survey. DebrJs is
recorded as being present if it could provide trout
cover over at least one tenth of the channel width at
bankful flow.
(1982) described as present or absent at 20 sites per
km.
debris (floodplain) - (1980) organic material (prima lily logs, limbs.- root
masses) deposited within the floodplain at time of
survey. Described as Nil, Low, Moderate or High. (See
flood sign). Sample frequency - average for reach
taken from helicopter sheets.
debris stability - (1979) debris in the stream channel that has a low
probability of being moved out of the area during
normal spring runoff. Stable debris is usually
embedded in or attached to the streambed or bank
and forms a part of the stream's morphologic
character .
(1982) Sanple frequency - 20 sites per km.
D-90 - (1979) the diameter of bed material which is larger than 90% of the
remaining material. Measured by length of intermediate axis.
See Figure 4. Sample frequency - every tiansect.
D90=40 nira (b axis;
%
less
than
100-
50 -
20 30 40 50
substrate diameter (mm)
Interi!, Mate diameter = b
FIGURE 4. D-90 and Intermediate Axis
15
Un-confined Not applicable
FIGURE 3: Confincnicnt
16
eirbeddedness (imbeddedness.) - (1979) the degree of filling of the
interstitial spaces of a gravel or rubble stream bottori! with
sand or fines. Estimated as 0 to 25%, 25 to 50% , 50 to 75%,
or 75 to 100% ernbedded. Sample frequency - every transect.
- (1983) the extent to which the predominant-cized particles
in the streambed are covered by fine materials (sand & silt).
Embeddedness was coded as follows:
Enbeddedness Code No.
Dominant particle size group completely 1
entoedded in fines (or nearly so) .
Three-fourths ei±)edded 2
One-half embedded 3
One-fourth embedded r 4
Unembedded 5
entrenchment
- (1979) stream channel incision resulting from current
fluvial processes. This represents the extreme case of
stream confinement. (See confinement).
feature - (1979)
a specific stream, attribute worthy of note. Important
stream features would include slumped banks, and barriers
or obstructions (such as beaver dams, log jams, chutes,
falls) that could possibly hinder upstream fish niovement.
The location, length and height of important features
should be recorded. . v. . ,r
flood signs -
(1979) evidence of the height of historic flood water
levels. Recorded are the "height" above water level at the
time of survey and the "type" of evidence such as debris (D),
flood channels or bank scour (E), soil profiles (P), mud
deposited on trees (M), or historical information (H) such as
might be found in newspaper files. Sample frequency - every
fifth transect.
flow - (1979)
discharge in cfs or cms. Method of measurement and meter
type must be indicated. Sample frequency - flow during
survey or average low flow.
flow character - (1979) the surface expression of the water that is
determined by water velocity and bed material. Sample
frequency - 20 sites per km. It is described at the time of
survey as:
p - placid - tranquil, sluggish
s - swirling - eddies, boils, swirls
r " rolling - unbroken wave forms numerous
b - broken -~ standing waves are broken, rapids, numerous
hydraulic juips
t - tumbling - cascades, usually over large boulders or rock
outcrops.
17
genetic material - (1979) materials are classified according to their mode
.) of formation. Specific processes of erosion,
transport ion, deposition, mass wasting and weathering
produce specific types of materials that are
characterized chiefly by texture and surface expression.
Subsurface layers are noted in a comment. Sample
frequency - visual average for reach.
Descriptive terminology:
A Anthropogenic - man-made or man-modified materials; including those
associated with mineral exploitation and waste disposal, and excluding
archaelogical sites.
C Colluvial- product of mass wastage? materials that have reached
their present position by direct, gravity- induced movement (i.e. no
agent of transportation involved). Usually angular and poorly sorted.
E Eolian - materials transported and deposited by wind action.
Usually silt or fine sand with thin cross-bedding.
F Fluvial - materials transported and deposited by streams and rivers.
Usually rounded, sorted into horizontal layers, and poorly compacted.
I Ice - glacier ice.
L Lacustrine - sediments that have settled from suspension of bodies
of standing fresh water or that have accumulated at their margins
through wave action. May be fine textured with repetitive annual
layers (varves).
M Morainal - the material transported beneath, beside, or within and
in front of a glacier; deposited directly from the glacier and not
modified by any intermediate agent. Usually poorly sorted and angular
to sub-angular. May be highly compacted and have significant clay
content .
0 Organic - materials resulting from vegetative growth, decay and
accumulation in and around closed basins or on gentle slopes where the
rate of accumulation exceeds that of decay.
R Bedrock - rock outcrop and rock covered by a thin mantle (less than
10 cm) of consolidated materials.
S Saprolite - weathered bedrock, decomposed in situ principally by
processes of chemical weathering.
V Volcanic - unconsolidated pyroclastic sediments that occur
extensively at the land surface.
18
W Marine - sediments that have settled froni suspension in salt or
brackish water bodies or that have accumulated at their margins through
shoreline processes such as wave action and longshore drift. Found in
coastal areas below 125 m above sea level.
U Undifferentiated - layered sequence of more than three typez- of
genetic material outcrossing on a steep, erosional (scarp) slope.
gradient - (1979) Difference in elevation (m) from upper to lower reach
breaks divided by length of reach (m) X 100. Calculated
from a topographic map. Sample frequency - for entire
reach.
habitat unit - (1979a) expression of streams hydrologic nature. Sample
frequency - 20 sites per km. Broken into:
pool • -^^".i
riffle
run
glide ' ■
pool
riffle
run - - • ;
riffle '•
run
pocketwater
pool
riffle
run
pocketwater c :
cascade
instream cover - (1982) See cover. i
notes - (1979) comments should be made in regards to habitat suitability for
spawning westslope cutthroat trout and bull trout; land use
activities (logging, grazing, etc.) in the valley flat and
proximity to streambanks; uniformity of habitat within reach;
etc.
obstruction - (1979) any object or formation that may block or hinder
waterflow and/or fish migration identified by helicopter and
confirmed by ground crew. Various types are distinguished
. such as falls, cascade/chutes, beaver dams, culverts,
velocity and man-made dams. Height, length and location
should be recorded.
(1979b)
(1980)
(1982)
19
(1982) obstructions or barriers are classified as:
Type A
Type C
Type D
Complete barrier to all fish paf:r.age
Rirrior to :;[VJwniiKj hull I tout
Possible barrier to all fish passage
Possible barrier to spawning bull trout.
pattern - (1979) the channel pattern of a reach described in terms of its
relative meander curvature (See Figure 5). Sample frequency -
average for reach by visual and maps. Classified as follows:
St straight - very little curvature within the reach.
Sin sinuous - slight curvature within a belt of less than
approximately two channel widths.
Ir irregular - no repeatable pattern.
Im irregular meander - a repeated pattern is vaguely present in
the channel plan. The angle between the channel and the
general valley trend is less than 90°.
Rm regular meanders - characterized by a clearly repeated
pattern.
Tm tortuous meanders - a more or less repeated pattern
characterized by angles greater than 90°.
Straight Sinuous
Irregular
Irregular meander
Regular meander
Tortuous meander
FIGURE 5.
Channel Patterns
20
pocket water - (1980) a habitat unit - typically a run, whose flow is
interrupted by boulders creating small turbulent pools or
"pockets" v/hich can provide cover for fish„ Distinguished
from cascade by the absence of small steps or falls.
pool ~ (1979) a habitat unit of low velocity and deep water relative
to the main current.
pool classification - (1979) a classification scheme designed to indicate
the value of a pool as fish habitat. Each pool is
rated based on the size, depth, and cover. The total
score is used to deter m.ine pool class. The scoring is
as follows:
DEPTH RATING COWR RATIISG
Depth Score Cover Score
Over 3 feet 3 Abundant 3
2-3 feet 2 Partial 2
Less than 2 feet 1 Exposed 1
SIZE RATING
(measureirent longest axis of pool)
gcor?
Pool longer or wider than average width of stream 3
Pool as long or wide as average width of stream 2
Pool much shorter or narrower than average width 1
of stream
TOTAL SCORE POOL CLASS
8 or 9 I
^ 7 II
5* or 6 III**
*A total score of 5 must include 2 points for depth and
two points for cover.
**Pools that score less than Class III are recorded as
"unclassified" or as "pocket water".
reach - (1979) a segment of a stream which has a distinct association of
physical habitat characteristics. Gradient is an important factor
in reach delineation. Streams are divided into reaches by aerial
observer.
reach length - (1979) distance in km from lower to upper reach break.
Measured on toi:x)oraphic map.
21
reach number - (1979) reaches are numbered sequentially upstream from the
mouth (1,2, ...n).
riffle - (1979) a habitat unit with shallow, fast moving water where the
surface is turbulent and broken.
run - (1979) a habitat unit of medium velocity water with surface not
turbulent to the extent of being broken. Intermediate between
pool and riffle.
scour - (1979) substrate size, angularity and brightness indicate amount
of scour or deposition along channel bottom. Described as Nil,
Low, Moderate or High. Sample frequency - visual average for
reach.
serial number - (1981) this number will be controlled by regional or state
office or agency entering information.
side channel - (1979) a chaiinel connected to the main cheinnel that is
usually less than one fourth of the average main channel width.
Side channels typically have lower velocity flows (frequently
placid) and smaller substrate (small gravel, fines, and detritus)
than does the main channel. Described as present or absent at 20
sites per km.
split channel - (1982) channel divisions that do not differ significantly
from the main channel in terms of current velocity or substrate
type. Described as present or absent at 20 sites per km.
stage - (1979) the relative water level at the time of survey
inferred from evidence of flow in bank and bed. Sample frequency
- visual average for reach. The categories usedare dry, low,
moderate, high and flood:
Dry - water not present or only as unconnected pools.
Low -- water flowing as thread(s) within the channel; most bed
material exposed.
Moderate - water flowing throughout the normal bed and in contact
with lower portions of banks. Some bars are exposed;
sand and small gravel sized bed material is in motion.
High - water flowing throughout the normal bed and in contact with
middle to upper portions of banks; most bars are submerged;
gravel and cdDble. Sized bed material is in motion.
Flood - water bank full or over banks and into floodplain; maximum
rates of bed material transport.
stability rating - (1980) nine ratings of bank stability combined with
six ratings of bed stability for a stream reach. U.S. Forest
Service stability evaluation field forms were used. Sample
frequency - average for reach.
22
stream order - (1979) a number assigned to a stream based on its "
location in the drainage. Any unforked channel which appears
on USGS maps is a first order drainage. Two first order
streams meet to form a second order stream, and so on.
substrate composition - (1979) the assemblage of sizes of material in
banks and bed. Sample frequency - every transect. Described
according to the following:
- (1982) the dominant and subdominant substrate types were
recorded for each cell at 1 m intervals (or at a minimum of
five equally spaced cells) across each transect. The percent
composition of each substrate size class within the stream
reach was calculated as the number of occurrences of a
particular size class as either a dominant or subdominant type,
divided by two times the number of measurement cells. ;
turbidity - (1979) described as Nil, Low, Moderate or High.
Sample frequency - visual average for reach.
valley: channel ratio - (1979) wean valley width
mean channel width
Sample frequency - average for reach.
valley flat - (1979) the area of a valley bottom which may flood,
including low terraces. Relic terraces which cannot be
flooded by the present river are excluded from the valley
flat. See Figure 6. Estimated mean width by aerial observer
or from USGS maps.
valley wall - (1979) the remainder of the valley slope above the valley
flat and relic terraces. In some cases such as on fans or deltas,
there may be no valley wall. See Figure 6.
vertical stability - (1979) an indication of the net effect over
a long time period of processes of deposition or scour of tlie
streambed. Described as degrading (Deg), aggrading (Agr) or
not obvious (?). Sample frequency - visual average for
reach.
water chemistry - (1981) chemical parameters and ratings, optional.
water code - State of Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks code
number for stream in question.
Code
1
2
3,4
5
6
23
wetted width - the width of water surface at the point sample
cross-section. Sample frequency - every transect.
APPENDIX B
Data entry formt and explanation for the Interagency
Stream Fishery Data Input Form (for cards 1-38
Format, instructions and example forms for
additional cards 30 through 38) . ^
25
IlTTFlPAGE'NCy STREAM FISFEI'Y DATA INPTO
FOm TNSTPUCTIONS FOR DATA EliTRY CARDS 1-22
CARD 1 :
Serial Number i This number will bo controlled by reoiona] or state office
or agency entering information.
State: Ttie code for Montar.a is 30.
Hydrologic Unit Code: This entry designates the drainage. Rixjional snd
state office of each agency have these codes c
Stream Order: A numerical class identification assigned to a tiibutary
based on its location in the drainage. Two first order strear.is meet to
form a second order streain, etc.
State Water Code and Water Type: State water code and watei tyi-^ c.re
obtained from a list furnished by the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlifo
and Parks. Stream water type codes are 01 to 19, with 19 being a stream
un£ible to sustain a population of fish.
Reach: Portion of a stream with a distinct association of physical habitat
characteristics. Gradient is the major fcictor in reach delineation.
Reach Number: Tlie reaches are numbered consecutively front the mouthf up
the streaiTi.
CARD 2 AND 3:
Reach Boundaries; Brief description of upper and lower boundaries and map
coordinates for these boundaries.
Elevation: Upper and lower elevation of reach boundaries in meters.
Average Wetted Width; Average of measurements from one water's edge to the
other, taken at random intervals within the habitat section.
Tributary To;: USCS map name of stream or river into which the study
stream converges.
County : All Flathead County streams are 029.
CARD 5:
Fish and Game Region: A13 Flathead County streaitis are ir Region One.
Percent Pocket Water. A series of small pools that do not cjassify at
pools individually, but in corbi nation create fish kibitat. Pocket v;aters
are usually found in bouldc: cascade area^.
Ingress; Legal avai.labi].ity of piJDlic accero:. tc th<:- r.ti.c-.iri.
26
CARD 8: ■ -
Flow During Survey. The instream flow (in /sec) during the survey and Lhe
date of obcervation.
Mo r Ilia 1 Low Flow- Lov^est flcv/ expected during an average year fiOD i>^iEt
records or as can be estimated. Kotes This is not thr- histc)i i.c lav flow.
Valley Flat: The area of a valley bottom which raay flood, including low
terraces. Relic terraces which cannot be flooded by the present rivei are
excluded from the valley flat.
Channel Width: The width of the channel from rooted vegetation to rooted
vegetation.
Average Maximum Pool Depth: Tine maximum depth measured in the deepest £:>ool
in the habitat section.
Gradient (%) : Difference in elevation (neters) from uptxi to lower end
of reach
Length of reach (meters)
This is usually measured with a clinometer or is calculated from a
topographic: map.
Pool -Run-Ri f fie Ratio: Tlie estimated percent of each type^ for a iX)rtion
of the stream at low water. In cent) iret ion Vv'ith pocket water, ecjuals 100%.
Pool - Usually deeper, quiet water, although £x3ols raay bc^ at the
base of falls.
Run - Moderately mtOving water with the surface not turbulent to the
extent of being broken. Intermediate between pool and
riffle.
Riffle - Shallow, fast moving water where the surface is turbulent and
broken.
CARD 9 AND 10:
Bottom Type: Entered under Run. Percent make-up of bot.tort) substrate (the
bed material) .
Average Peak Water Temperature: Tlrie highest water tem^x-rature nteasured
duiing the summer.
Spring Creek: A spring creek or spring stream is identified by its faiij^
constant temperature.- flow arid clear v/ater. Watercress v/i.!] often be
present.
Affected by Lake: When lake or ii!|oundm.ent significant] v affects water
temperature, flow pattern, fish food, or fish runs within the reach or
27
stream,
Inuridated by Beaver Ponds; Tl'ie percent of t±e reach ]encth pret>er:tly
impounded by beaver {^jonds is entered.
D-90: The dian.eter of bed material which is laroei thai'i 90 percent of iilie
renaining material. I-'easured by length of intermediate axis.
Total Alkalinity and Specific Conductance » Alkalinity and conductivity
values are measured at the lower end of individual drainages during the low
flow period.
Floating ; Recreational use by boaters.
Special Value; Importance as a trout recruitment streaiP.
CAPX) 11:
Channel Stability Rating Elements: Nine ratings of bank stability ccmbilr'ed
with six ratings of bed material for a stream reach. U.S. Forest Servico
stability evaluation field forms were used.
Pool Classes: The percentage of the pools in the reach in each pool class.
Total = 100 percent. Pool classes are determined as follows:;
Size: Measurements refer to the longest axis of the intersected
pool .
3 - pool larger or wider than average width of stream
2 - i-ool as wide or long as average strciam width
1 - pool much shorter and narrower thixn average stream, widtli.
Depth Ratings Cover Ratings
3 - Over 3 feet 3 - Abundarit cover
2 - 2-3 feet 2 - Partial ccver
1 - Under 2 feet 1 - Ex].X)L>ed
Total Ratings Pool Class
8-9 1
7 2
5-6* 3
4-5 4
3 5 '
*Sum of 5 must include 2 for depth and 2 for cover.
Habitat Value for Fishes of Special Concern: A judgement value of habitat
for spavining and production of v/estt^.Tope cutthroat.
Fish Population: List of game . '"r.h species present, their abundance and
dominant use.
28
CAI^ 19;
Inibeddedness:: The filling of the inteistitial spaces of a oravel or i ijt::)bl e
stream bottom with sand or fines.
Habitat Trend: All rnan-caused activities in or adjacent to tlie streain .t;
well as dynamic natural processes.
Esthetic: Description of the pristine qualities of tlic reach.
CARD 20:
Channel Alterations: Cause, type, and length of artificial and natural
changes occurring in the stream channel.
Bank Encroachment: Description of structure or activities that interfere
with natural stream or floodplain hydraulics.
CARD 21:
Data Source: Month, year, field person, and agency to be contacted
concerning data and agency.
CARD 22t
Information on the reach not contained on other cards.
ADDITTOMAI, INFORT-IATION:
Parameters v/ere rated based on the following criteria:
1-3 Dit-cins the data rated were based on judgement estiriates.
4-6 mfijans the data rated were based on limited nieasurenc- iii-.F.
7-9 means the data rated were based on exter;sive ir^f^asureriients.
29
Columns 28-30
Columns 31-46
Columns 47-49
INTERAGENCY STE^l FISHERY DATA IMPLTT
FORK INSTRUCTIONS FOR DATA ENTRY CARDS 30-38
Cards 30-35 are optional, but any module that has entries must be comt-lctC;
i.e., Sfx^cies (codes) and densities must be filled out.
CARD 30 - POOLS
ColuiTiii 6-7: Method of estimatino (see code sheets on page B8 for method
abbreviations)
Column 8: Rating, enter 1-9
Column 9-11: Enter species code (enter 3 digit nunber) (012)
Columns 12-27: Enter density (0-999.9) per 100 m^ for each age class
Enter species code (005)
Enter densities (0-999.9) per 100 m^ for each age class
Species code (085)
Columns 50-57: Densities (0-999.9) i^er 300 m^
If a s^^cies is not present, leave £]r-x?ciefs code and density columns b]ank.
CARD 11 - 34 - RUI^JS, RIFFLES, VOCKET WATER, OO^EINED FEATURES
Sarre as Card 30
CARD 35 . -
Same as Card 30 except enter Biomass (g/lCO m^) (0-999.9) instead of
density.
CARD 36
Option, but any module that has entries must be con»plete, i.e., number,
density, year and rating must be filled out.
Coluifiis 6-8: Nuiit)er of bull trout redds in reach, enter 0-999
CoJuniiis 9-11: Density of redds (no/km) (0-99.9)
ColuiTd-is 12-13: Year of redd survey (1950 to 1980)
Columns 14: Rating 1-9
Sequence repeated thrcugh coJuiin 4] .
CARD 31 - ADDITIOr^AL PHYSICAL TTAT DATA
30
Coluraiis 6-8; Avc-r.age depth (0-999 cm)
Colunr; S: Rating (1-9) ' -^^r-'-^'^^r^/'- ■ /
ColuFii-is 10-1] : Percent cover, overhang (0-99 or blarilO 'h\ : ^ ^ ,
Colupais 12-13: Percent canopy (0-99 or blank) ^ '
Coluirn 14: Rating (1-9) ' v'
Columns 15-17: Wetted cross sectional area (m^) .1-99.9
ColuiiTj 18: Rating (1-9) ■
Columns 17-25: Drainage area (1-999999.9 or blank) '
Cc)jum-\ 26: Rating (1-9) • l'< ' '
Columri 27: Barrier Type (see code sheet for abbreviations)
Columns 28-31: Barriers (0-999.9 or blank) 1.1 r
Column 32: Rating (1-9)
Columns 33-42: Percent cover in features (0-99, or blank) :C < ' «
Column 43: Rating (1-9)
Columns 44-46: Blank -■^■/^ -.ii
Columns 47-48: Flow characteristics (see code sheel. for abbreviations,
Alpha code - dominant in Col. 48)
Co].umn 49: Blank
Columns 50-51: Valley - channel ratio (1-99)
Column 52: Rating (1-9)
Column 53: Confinement (see code abbreviations)
Colunn 54; Pattern (see code al:)breviations)
Columi-^ 55: Floodplain debris - M L M H
Column 56: Channe] debris - U L M H
Columaxs 57-59: Percent of stable debris (0-100)
Coliirm 60: Rating (1-9)
Column 6] : Bank Form (see code abbreviations)
31
Co]unTi 62 r Eank Process (see cede abbreviations)
Colunin 63: Type of Genetic Material (see code abbreviations)
Colurori 64: Rating (1-9)
CARD 18 - OPTIONAL
Chemical paraneters and ratings, optional, all can be blank
Lines 6-9: Total Carbon (.01-9.99) Rating 1-9
Lines 10-13: Total Phosphorous (.001-.999) Rating 1-9
Lines 14-17: N03 - (.01-9.99) Rating 1-9
Lines 18-21: SC4 - 2 (.1-99.9) Rating 1-9 . .
Lines 22-25: Na+ (.1-99.9) Rating 1-9
Lines 26-29: K''' (.01-9.99) Rating 1-9
Lines 30-33: Ca.^'^ (.1-99.9) Rating 1-9
Lines 34-37: Mg'*'^ (.1-99.9) Rating 1-9
Line 38: Turbidity - N L M H, (Nil, I<)w, Moderate, High)
32
CX)DE AF.nREVIAI'TONS
METFICD OF OBTATNmC FISH APJTNDANCE T^FORMATIOM
A t.v^'o letter cede was used to identify the n^ethod for obtain ino fish
information. The first letter identifies the Method us.ed to collect the
information and the second letter identifies the Estinator iir;ed.
METHOD EST H'l ATOP
1st
2nd
Ijetter
Electrof ishing
Letter
B:
Boat electrof ishing with boom
T:
T^s/0-£^.S5
M:
Boat electrof ishing with mobile
P:
Petei soi ; \ \ci \ k-reca[ tn rc
anode
Z:
7ippin
Si
Bank electrofishing
. Si
Schinable iiiar k- it m .c^ i li l •
P:
Backpack electrofishing
C:
Catch per unit ef f oi 1
N:
Total catc:h
Observation
Unknown
Bensitv
J.
U:
Underwater observation (snorkel)
I:
Above water observation
Mets
W:
Weirs
J:
Trammel net
L:
Trap-type net without leads
N:
Trap-type net with leads
0:
Purse seine
Q:
Beach seine
T:
Traw].
V:
Vertical gill net
F:
Floating gill net
G:
Sinking gill net
Ds
Drift net
Other
K:
Creel
F:
Hydroacoustic
C:
Cheniic^ 1
E:
Exj)]osives
R:
Dewatering
7.:
Hand capture
A:
Angling
33
FlCM rnRKArr'RRTSTICS
P
S
R
B
T:
BAEESE TYPES
A:
B:
C:
D:
Placid - Tranquil, Slugcj.sh
Swirling - Eddies, Boils, Swirls
Rollinq - Unbroken wave forrns nunerous
Broken - Standing waves are broken, ranids, mnr^rous
-^Scades, usually over large bcOders or
rock outcrops
Complete barrier to all fish passage
Barrier to spawning bulls
Possible barrier to al]. fish passage
Possible barrier to spawning bulls
nr)^FTNEyIE^lT -
confinement (R) - the degree to which ^^^^'J^'^^^ Is'ei^er^
lateral movement by terraces or valley walls. Tl,e channel is eitJr.er.
Entrenched - The streambank is in continuous contact
(coincident with) valley walls.
Confined - In continuous or repeated contact at the
outside of major meander bends.
Frequently confirmed by the val]ey wall .
Occasionally confined by the valley wall.
Unconfined - not touching the valley wall.
Not applicable (e.g. where no valley wal] exists).
Confinement n f ication
Confined
E:
C:
F:
X:
U:
Ent
Conf
Fr
Oc
Un
N/A
Entrenched
PATTERN
Pattern (R) - The channel pattern for the reach is described in teim.^, of
curvature. The channel is either:
S:
N:
St
Sin
Straight - Very little curvaturC' witiiiri the reach.
Sinuour -■ r;, ^ght curvature within a belt of less than
approxiriBte.1 : two channel widths.
34
P:
C:
R:
T:
Tr Irregular - No repeatable patt:ern. S^i'S? ^ ^
Im Irregular Meander - A retreated [jattern is vaguely
pr(vcer.i: h> the channel plan, Tlie anijlt bct.v/ect; tli<'
channel and the general valley trend is lesr. than 90^.
Rm Regular Meanders - Characterized by <^ clearly lep^ated
]:jattern ,
Tm Tortuous Meanders - A more or less rev^eated pattern
characterized by angles greater than 90^.
Typical Meander Patterns
Straight Irregular Meander
Sinuous
lURBIDITY
Irregular
High
Low
Moderate
Nil
Regular Meander
Tlie current fluvial process the bank is undergoing.
F; Failing - Active erosion and slumping is taking place.
S: Stable - The bank is composed of rock and has r? very
high root density, or is otherwise piotected from
erosion. Artificially stabilized bank,^: ;Ox)Uld be noted
in the coiTffTients.
A:
Aggrading - Continuous sediment derosition is iakiruj
place^ causing the river channel to ruicrate away fiom
the river bank. Common on the inside of meander bends
v/here it may be accompanied by the presence of a ranee
of early to late serai veoetaiion.
35
RANK FORT'I
Tie range of bank foriiis iz- arbitrarily separated into four c.lar.?<-r v/l':Ioh
reflect the current state of river processes. These are:
F: Flat - The riverbed slofc-s gently to "che begini.iiic of
rooted vegetation, frequently with ovei lapping bar
deposits,
R: Repose - The barik is eroded at high water levels, but is
at the angle of repose of the unconsolidated raaterial
(usually 34<^ - 37°) .
S: Steep - The bank is nearly vertical, due to
consolidation by cernentetion, conip^icticn, root
structure, or soire other agent.
U: Undercut - The bank has an undercut structure caused by
erosion. VJhen undercut banks are stiabJlized by
vegetation this should be indicated in the conrrentb.
GENETIC MATERIALS (P)
Materials are classified according to their mode of formation. Sj-ecific:
processes of erosion, transportation, deposition, mass wasting and
weathering produce sp^ecific types of materials that are characterized
chiefly by texture and surface expression. For addet'' dei ojl, consult t.) c-
Terrain Classif icatiori Manual (ELUC - Sec. 1976), Siibsui f^ce- layers are
noted in a comment. Descriptive teniiino]og^-:
A; Anthropogenic - Man-made or man-modified mater iaLs;
including those associated with mineral exploitatjor> cino
waste disposal, and excluding archaecJogical sites.
C: Colluvial - Product of mass wastage; rrinerals that have
reached their present position by direct, gravity-
induced movement (i.e. no agent of transportation
involved). Usual] y angular and poorly soi.ted.
E; Eolian - Materials transported and dei;xjsitGd b^ V'ind
action, Usucdly silt or fine sand v/ith thin cross-
bedding,
F- F.Uivial - Mal-.erials trar^s^orted and de^-osited by sti.€.airi:-.
and rivers. Usually rounded, sorted liito horizontal
layers, and poor.ly contacted,
K: Ice - Glacier ice.
L: I.ar;ustrine - Sediipents that have settled frorr siispensioti
in bodies c;f standing fresh water or that have
- , accumulated their margins through wave action. May
be fine textured with repjetitive annua] layers (varves) .
36
yUNV Z'ff'T i^NIUniDM Sb31131 "IVildVS ^3lH\hr. 3'n
- N3g INlOd 1"13J UO 1]3N3d IdOS 3Sr; - a"1B]D31 3il£iM
37
38
3
C
C
o
o
(U
i-
39
o
o
40
i
1
f
f
1;
1']
1
ll
;j
r ■
■J
>
It
J
;
1
O
m
CO
iX>
va
s
r>
lO
O
«
M
tn
■0
1
! _
1
1 -
1
1
1 _
57
n
IN
O
m
<j?
CD
kC
J* ,
ut 1
^ 1
^ 1
r-» fl
iO R
o
X)
SI
/I
■ I
i/>
rs
O
p^
01
<A
m
lO
lO
<o
u>
in
10
10
<s
a
to
at
in
o '
in
I'
<
C
I
(
ce 1
r-» j
n*
O
i£.
Cb
lO
IC
«
10
1^
O
o
D
n
n
D
-»
;
n
IN;
O
us
u>
lu>
iis*
" -
o ~
, —
i
fs*
■*
O
r>
KL
«l>
u;
p -
NS
\r
m
o
i»
r-i
l£>
ISl
•0
le
o
<0
T
n|
no!
in|
ml
a
mi
oj
Cl|
•tf 1
ao!
^1
p^B
'1
IS
«
>«
(St , _
r>
?
"1
J
i;
■»
►
r»
4
■»
«
1
I
<
1
1
j • — ^
cr
•r—
4J
C
o
o
cu
S-
Ll_
1
1 -
I -
unuogi <j —
n
^ r
n uimosi < — ;
n
n
1
t
D
Tt
n
» niuiOgi<
n
-i"
u
u
u
. b
M
n
n
n
:
to ' 'I
\n 1 J
m j
J iuiuQg]<- — 1
i uiuiogi>
J
n
>n
IN
u>
lA
o. uimogi>
r
1 _ I
r
-I
■)
r>
I unuogp
t
^ t
1
I
— -
<
i
T
A
n
n
= imnogi;>
r
_ u
r
_ u
ij
">
n
^1
n
n
?j niuiggx >
—
n
in
ly
in
o mulogix
3 poo
in
I 9po3
9
a
[ sajoads
r
c
_ ^
> a poo
. sayoads
<
r
t|
I SPOD
' sefoads
» ^
» apoo
X sajDads
1
O
9
J .III
u
_ \
</
%
■<
^
r
^3
>
r
1
r
1
>
! ."I
«
1
r
f S .III
r
-
lO •
JQ
5 " ^.III
-
1 II
t
%
<
Hi
^
t
? II
IS
*~ C
II
■ ' ■ r
■<!
? II
? a3v
■ ■ r-
•%
K
C
M
^
r
' - — V
^ S II
' 2 33v
mm
' u
' s
S'" II
? 83V
•1 a3v
— i,
}!
— ' u
f
?
i
' 33v
a
IT
n
1 I
33v
«■
p
~}S
—
r
5 ^
! Q) T
» 4J 1
' r? 33¥-
iS .
1^
> §
. o
)
) "
0) T
1 ^ ^
-■
fl-^ ~
-> 0)
i?
^ .2
— i
_;
Q 0)
1 8 0
<
r
r
r
r
[
!,§ 0
n
m
n
! u)
(
1
0
5 93v
<•
1"
33v
S
— f
PI
~ " p<
n
1
i «
1 (r.
1
J::^ 0
p 33v
"
•
(
r
^ m
^> J=
r
f
I;
r
«
!
; 9poD
sayDadg
en
<N
CO
a poo
say aads
Q
n
~~ <»
i\
"""00
j
apoo
soyoads
J3
— Iw
pi
— ■
IN
*
apoo
sayoads
4
; S apoo
I gsayoads
J
C
III
III
1 -^a3v
m
~ IT
III
<\
lO
in
— «
^aSV
r<
— Ifl
M
•C
r<
1
III
; +a8v
~ t
4 ^ — '
) M
« >^
i .III
+a8v
t
t
«
p
I o
J °
6 11
R
IN
«s
«>
1
•
I 11
a2v
R
_5
s
aav
PI
n
-a
fsi
— •»
O
IM
11
a3v
' ' n
ri
— (N
M
IM
- O
IN
1
J "
a3v
r-
p.
— p<
PI
t\
— 3
IN
II
aSv
i»
^
rs
ni
01
CO
r-
o
I
00
I
a3v
<r>
"~ (0
~ «o
a3v
o<
-- m
- ,^
10
I
a3v
PS.
I
aSy
— «
p%
•»
° i
1
s: 0 !
0
fS)
C
in
<
~ p»
0
a3v
(O
~~ ' (TM
0
a3v
in
~ rt
0
aSy
in
* «
■" PI
a poo
sajDads
O
<n
1 "
apoq o
sa-fDadcj ^
a poo
' safoadg
O
ch
apoo j
sayoads j
~ - O
apoo
sajDadsi
1
- o
<»
i!
00
'<<UX3B^ I"
3uj3t?H
fT>
m
1
■i:
poqqawj
1 • i
rv.
poipai^ _
1 1— ^
f .
poipaK 1
:-7; i
pqmaKj
' .'O 1
Ps
<•
^1
1 —
^ 1 ;
J <i. CL T,
41
,4
r
s
li
I-
1
j PP3H
' '}o joqmnfi
if — 'jQTica
t
■ } —
■(i (1>C4/"0N)
;-] Xjfsuaaj
sppaa
(l€</*oN) I
.•]jo Joqmn|«j
o
cn
42
APPEDSDIX B
Lengths of hydroaccxistic sample transects,
cross-sectional area of each depth strata covered
by the 10° cone width, and volume of water
sampled by depth strata for hydroacoustic transects
sampled in Libby Reservoir during August, 1984.
43
/^pendix Bl. Lengths and volumes across 38 hydroacoustic transects in Libby
Reservoir sairpled during August 1984.
Mea. Length^ Total Volume (Area x length) by depth interval (m^ x lOQ)
Transect (m) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
Tenmile
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Peck Gulch
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
areaCM-^)
2024
1982
1966
2016
2212
2358
2200
2205
2913
1846
1495
1768
1457
1724
2180
1888
1489
754
1161
554
1850
728
2207
1518
3056
1943
1947
1619
3315
3441
1023
1159
2541
3439
909
3661
3203
2094
8.75
177.1
173.4
172.0
176.4
193.5
206.3
192.5
192.9
254.9
161.5
130.8
154.7
127.5
150.8
190.7
165.2
130.3
66.0
101.6
48.5
161.9
63.7
193.1
132.8
267.4
170.0
170.4
141.7
290.1
301,1
89.5
101.4
222.3
300.9
79.5
320.3
280.3
183.2
26.25
531.3
520.3
516.1
529.2
580.6
619.0
577.5
578.8
764.7
484.6
392.4
464.1
382.5
452.5
572.2
495.6
390.9
197.9
304.8
145.4
485.6
191.1
579.3
398.5
802.2
510.0
511.1
425.0
870,
903,
268.5
304.2
667.0
902.7
238.6
961.0
840.8
549.7
43.75
885.5
867.1
860.1
882.0
967.7
1031.6
962.5
964.7
1274.4
807.6
654
773
637
754
953
826
651
329
507
242
809.4
318.5
965.6
664.1
1337.0
850.1
851.8
708.3
1450.3
1505.4
447.6
507.1
1111.7
1504.6
397.7
1601.7
1401.3
916.1
61.25
1239.7
1214.0
1214.2
1234.8
1354.8
1444.3
1347.5
1350.6
1784.2
1130.7
915.7
1082.9
892.4
1055.9
1335.2
1156.4
912.0
461.8
711.1
339.3
1133.1
445.9
1351.8
929.8
1871.8
1190.1
1192.5
991.6
2030.4
2107.6
626.6
709.9
1556.4
2106.4
556.8
2242.4
1961.8
1282.6
78.75
1593.9
1560.8
1548.2
1587.6
1741.9
1856.9
1732.5
1736.4
2294,0
1453.7
1177.3
1392.3
1147.4
1357,6
1716,7
1486.8
1172.6
593.8
914.3
436.3
1456.9
573,3
1738.0
1195.4
2406.6
1530,1
1533,3
1275.0
2610.6
2709.8
96,25
1948,1
1907,7
1892.3
1940.4
2129.0
2269.6
2117.5
2122.3
2803.8
1776.8
1438.9
1701.7
1402,4
1659.3
2098.2
1817.2
1433.2
725.7
1117.5
533.2
1780.6
700.7
2124.2
1461.1
2941.4
1870.1
1874,0
1558,3
3190,7
3311,9
113,75
2302,3
2254.5
2236.3
2293.2
2516.1
2682.2
2502.5
2508.2
3313,5
2099,8
1700,6
2011,1
1657,3
1961,0
2479,7
2147,6
1693,7
857,7
1320,6
630,2
2104.4
828.1
2510.5
1726.7
3476.2
2210.2
2214.7
1841.6
3770.8
3914.1
TOTAL 76.1 km
■1/ Based on boat speed & time corrected using known distance transects.
44
APPENDIX C
Temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and
conductivity profiles in Libby Reservoir during
1983 and 1984.
JULY 20/29. 1983
INTERNATIONAL
BOUNOARY
BAILEY
BfllOGE
igure CI .
Temperature isopleths in Libby Reservoir
in July, August, and October-November,
1984.
45
Figure C2. Temperatures measured at the surface, 15 m, and
30 m depths of three areas of Libby Reservoir
during 1983 and 1984 .
46
ID
CD
u:
1/1
"J
C J
UJ
■-•s:
ex
0)
CD
O)
■rl
o
>
u
Q)
lli
W
m
a
Q
fd
QJ
M
rH
(U
0 •
CO -vT
fd 00
0) cTi
fd
O ro
00
CO (Ti
0) tP
-I c
o u
U
CP
■H
:i33J) iN3W3ynSb3W 30 N01IdA333
47
u_
t J
Li'
LL
t-J
a"
if
cr
U
t J
o
3"
CD
en
CD
o
fd
(1)
fd
Q)
i-H
■H
(— ;
(U
r 1
CH
Q)
XI
4-)
C
-H
0)
•
5^
13
00
W
fO
dJ
c
c
rd
CU
U> ro
>iCX>
X
0
(U
C
>
•rH
5-1
O
D
CO
T!
w
•H
>^
•H
O
tt-l
>
0
(D
U)
cn
x:
0)
Pi
(D
1— 1
>i
0
U3
■H
H
1-:]
ur.i
CJ
u>
U)
r J
U)
aj
■TT
r-
3*
n
(\J
fu
r\j
f o
r\j
CM
\_ _ \
I
C J
, ^ |_
— f— ■
IT
CJ
1 ~-
<VJ
r\j
rj
r\j
rj
u
0)
CP
•H
Cm
48
Q
a:
t >
a
on
IxJ
IX
'IJ
CD
J
C.J
Q"
a.
" )
CJ
UJ
-J
(. J
UJ
cr
h -
C J
t- ■
'J
CI
CJ
;J.
U 1
( J
\)
( I
U
t J
tJ
L J
UJ
Q.
UJ
(/I
■SI
a
-J
CD
o
<c
M
fd
rH
•Hi
EH
CD
-P
c
•H
13
CU
>^
:3
cn
•
0)
e 00
cr>
0) ^
U
-)->
u
Hi m
nc! 00
C a^
O
U
tn
H
T5
(T3
U
•H
m
•H
O 13
a u
o
>
5-1
0)
CO
cu
O
CO
-i-j
rH
O Xi
U) -H
in
U
(D
•H
P4
49
a"
U J
u I
a
u.
,<
ui
a:
a
ir.
u
t."j
O
J.
r J
cr
C 1
C)
Cj
cc
.J
CJ
a"
CI
f J
i ^. \
1
I
1"-
L' :
O
CTj
I/)
3*
3*
3"
f\J
ru
CD
a)
m
CD
O)
(l'^3J) iN3W3ynSb3W 30 N011bA31-j
o
fd
<u
u
fO
T3
O
X
0)
05
Q)
x:
+J
•H
(U
fd 00
O ro
00
-p
a -H
O 5-1
w ^
u
(U
CP
•H
50
',.U
m
CD
-H
d
R
fCi
TJ
U.
O
m
Pi
■H
Q)
(d
C 00
>i
O C
> 00
1-H ON
o
cn
•rH
CP
O ^
-P
5-1
O
m
o
in
CJ
Ln
o
in
o
Ln
o
oo
CD
-J'
o
rn
ro
m
CM
OJ
'\J
r\j
r\)
r\j
r\j
f\j
nj
f\i
0) >
a, (u
o w
C/3 0)
U
•H
Cm
(113d) iN3W3ynSU3W JD NDIIbA.113
51
a.
o
UJ
a-
CD
01
0
fO
(U
u
fd
T5
!h
0
U-\
X
(L)
Pi
Q)
-P
•H
0)
5-1
13
03
(U
e 00
0)
U
C
03
c
-M
fd
U
^
00
en
0
U
U
•rH
■H
U-l
•H
U
(U
a
^
•H
0
14-1
>
0
5-1
(1)
CO
s:
(U
-M
oi
(D
.-H
0
CO
•H
M
IJ1
0
in
0
in
0
to
0
in
0
ID
1/)
CO
-.-r
rr
0
0 1
-r
:r.
m
m
m
OJ
r\j
rv
ro
CM
nj
r\j
r\)
r\)
r\i
(\)
r\i
00
u
0)
S-l
Hi
tn
■H
fa
iN3W3yngb3W 30 N0IibA313
52
o
CL
a
a
(.3
a
m
CT
m
nr
cr.
"J
a
cr
cr
C5
CJ
C3
o
o
o
o
O
o
o
0^
LT)
3'
m
fVI
o
cr
CP
rr
=r
=r
3"
ro
O")
m
f\J
f\j
f\j
r\j
f\J
r\j
r\j
(11
CO
•71
•H
>
m
0)
X!
Xi
•H
h:i
u
(y
1 ,
W
fd
U
cu
1 I
c
•H
(D
^
t
W
(13
00
0)
as
e
C
(13
0 ro
00
01
x:
tH
0)
CP
1—1
cu
•H
0
:3
H
T3
U
(U
en
•H
iN3W3yn5H3W JO NOIlbAm
53
J
a:
Q
a.
a'
Lul
'/^
ll I
a
tr.
-n
cr
CI
O
fd
u
cd
fd
(d
fd
u
cu
■p
c
-H
(U
U
:3
00
c
(d
c
CD
>lOO
X
O ^
CP
0) C
> -H
O 3
•H
O
H
o
>
0)
(u
-p «
0)
o ^
U
CP
•H
Cm
54
a:
LJ
o
X.
O
■J"
a
".J
i )
; )
C J
a
aj
a
O-l
J
U"
J
OJ
Q'
(_)
L J
LT
tri
; )
^
LJ
LtJ
L.)
Q.
e_)
C.J
Uj
U"
_l
I'D
0
fd
fd
fd
fd
u
c
•H
:3
(d
■"^
e 00
(U
u
c:
fd
-p
(13
u
00
c
a^
0
u
u
-H
■H
o
-H
0
>
0
U
Q)
03
x;
Q)
-p
CD
0
w
•rH
H
u
•H
55
APPENDIX D
Suirniary of tributary habitat survey informtion
by reach for tributaries surveyed during
1983 and 1984.
Table Dl .
Summary of tributary habitat survey information
by reach for East-side tributaries to Libby
Reservoir surveyed during 1983 and 1984.
iLilaitari;
Little JacksonO^ Cr.
Jackson Cr .
No. Forkb/
So. Forkt!'
Barron Cr.
Brlstow Cr.
Ms. Fork
So. Fork
Ural Cr. ^
— b/
Geibler Cr.^^
Parsi
Cr.
Middle Fork
No. Fork
Big Cr.
Steep Cr.
Good Cr.
N3. Pork
So. Fork
Drop Cr.
Ebst Branch
West Branch
Boulder Cr
Sullivan Cr.
Poverty Cr.*^
— ti/
Dodge Cr.
So. Fork ^
No. Fork
Young Cr.
So. Fork
First nurrber is percen
second nun\ber
Beasb
Reach
length
(km)
Stream
Sitdfic.
area
Cradle
(»1
1
1.0
2
6.7
16.5
3.0
3
9.3
3.5
I
7.3
3
8.9
1.7
3.0
2
4.0
6.5
6.3
3
21.6
2.6
2
2.9
3
11 .7
5.0
4.9
3
z/ .J
3.2
55
3
21.7
5.2
\
1.7
2
2.7
5.0
1.0
2
1.4
5.0
1
2.2
2
8.8
6.2
l.B
2
2.5
7.2
1
2.0
2
3.7
18.4
£ • /
3
8.0
4.6
2
2.7
3
18.1
8.7
1
3.1
3
3.5
9.6
1
3.4
2
3.6
16.3
1
12.3
4
194 .0
I
1.6
2
19.0
Xi .4
1
5.0
2
e'.B
6.2
5.2
3
18.5
3.8
3.5
3
11.3
4.5
12.0
4
86.2
2.4
12.1
4
33.9
0.9
3.0
3
9.8
5.6
5.4
3
23.9
2.2
4.1
2
9.3
2.1
4.0
3
11.6
1.2
3.5
4
9.7
12.3
4.8
3
19.7
4.2
5.2
3
46.1
7.6
1.9
2
1.4
7.4
3.1
2
3.5
1.0
1.5
3
2.1
2.9
3.4
3
4.4
3.0
2.3
3
6.5
4.5
3.6
3
12.3
6.9
3.0
2
5.6
12.6
2.4
2
6.7
10.0
1.5
4
1.6
2.5
1.6
4
5.1
1.9
2.8
4
16.6
1.0
2.8
4
16.6
1.0
6.8
4
23.6
4.2
3.1
4
17.5
8.2
2.3
3
16.3
8.3
Average Channel Wetted
Cover n\
fmL InaUsam QisiUfias^ icml iS2kmL
width width
19.5
37.8
10.9
11.6
25.9
18.2
39.1
40.6
23.9
31.4
34.5
38.4
25.4
22.9
30.5
19.2
24.2
15.8
38.1
20.5
48.0
24.1
24.4
19.2
18.6
19O Spawning
Gravel
6.1
23.2
5.9
11.1
9.0
9.0
16.1
11.7
10.2
6.6
9.0
6.1
6.1
10.0
7.1
5.1
6.1
2.6
12.5
5.7
4.7
9.7
9.0
7.8
3.8
3.5
74
39/81
44
25.3
26.3
14.3
6.8
4.5
4.5
2.2
36
35
36/37
73/75
7
15
425.7
295.3
28.7
14.8
10.9
16.0
9.6
7.6
5.4
5.0
7.1
3.8
3.3
3.3
54
30
35
35
63/67
45/73
65/80
60/63
40
24
30
27
233.3
12.6
29.3
2.3
20.5
9.7
6.2
56
37/77
27
5.5
15.6
3.0
6.2
5.1
4.4
12.1
10.0
3.7
5.2
4.5
4.9
4.1
4.8
5.9
4.0
3.6
2.0
6.0
4.7
4.3
5.7
5.3
4.9
3.3
31
42
44
51
18
45
33
55
49
42
33
31
23
42
20
21
13
11
41
8
6
6
7
9
19/18
17/65
19/59
40/64
30/41
31/31
15/19
58/55
51/34
28/45
12/3
17/60
37/79
42/68
15/57
7/85
40
43
46
33
25
47
31
29
29
27
19
55
11
13
31
27
65.2
59.5
5.4
106.0
36.5
54.3
23.3
153.5
114.9
47.9
26.1
31.1
18/48 20
8/73
32/64
8/9
3/29
7/76
17/71
14/85
22
21
47
17
29
31
30
461.8
81.9
69.9
51.5
17.4
150.6
34.2
437.8
558.2
346.9
52.5
54.5
of streanfcank with overhead cover less than or pmiai ^n i m -.k^.^ h, .. ■ , ,
s the percent oe strean*>ank with overhead^To^^r T^er^^^l f7t^l Te'^^leXl^^lT..'''
cursory survey identified reach as having limited fish production potential.
56
in 00
0)
u
o
U 00
5-1
C
•H
O
■H
-U
03
B
U
o
4-1
c
■H
CU
>i
>
5-1
03
>i 5-1
0)
>
5-1
Z5
Cfi CU
0)
-P 0)
•H >,
>i
5-1 O
fd 4->
-P
:3 cn
X! CU
•H -H
5-^ U
+J fd
-M
<+-i :=i
o ^
■H
>i 5-1
5-1 -P
fd
e Q)
B ^
:=i -H
CO in
CM
Q
0)
EH
S H
00
00
00 vo
00 ro
•
• •
m
(7t vo
CO
iH
00 n
o m
m
ft
1-1
vo
in
in 00
vo 00 1 1
vo
vo
n
in
ro in 1 1
vo
i-H
in
VO
CO ro
vo r« 1
in
vo
in ^
vo 1
>
>
^ of
uT' in 1
CM
CM
CM rH
ro CM 1
p-
O
o
r- o
53 1
in
r-
vo vo
<^
r-
ro j
in
in
r-
in
(N
CO
in
vo 1
n
in
o
vo
o
o
CTl
vo
r-l O I
r-
CT>
CO
in
o
r-t O
•
•
•
o
r-
in
00
CM
CM
rH
CM iH
o m I I
o vo I
o in fo CM
in CO •* CM
00
CO
o o o
CO
o o o r~
^ vo n
o vo in
in CM o CM
^ f-f CM CM
m CO CM
PO
O iH CM
• • •
CO rH 00
cn iH (N
m m CM
0\
CM CT>
• • r~ rH iH ON in
CO o
eH in n po o 00
CM CM CM
co
CM vo O 00
^ ro ^
CM
00
O
vo O O
O ro CM
vo
vo r- o
m rH ro
^ ^ in
vo vo CM ro
rH r-< m rH
04
4J
3
W
u
u
U
(U
u
•H
3
s:
0)
>
•H
Cm
CL4
o
CO
u
u
o
w
u
s
0)
rH
ft
•H
U
t-l
o
b
O
cn
i-i
u
I
c
o
(0
5
(1)
o
."^
UH
U
3
(fl
U)
U 0)
4J m
§^
3
(U (0
5 m
■9 §
e 0)
rH 5
O 0)
4J >
l^
°S
01 J=
(/I U
rH U
0) 5
> U
O 3
U UH
0) >
s: o
u o
0)
> TJ
o m
0)
5-g
•H 01
5 .5
O (U
in
s
O "4-1
u O
.4J rH
c 5 0)
4J tn <u
57
APPENDIX E
Near-shore floating and sinking gill net catches
(number of fish per net night) by species in the
three areas of Libby Reservoir during 1983 and 1984.
in
m iH rH rO I
• • • • • I
VO O O O I
I o
I Ol •<3'
I • • •
I O rH {N
CO
CN
O
V
CO
CM O rH CNJ r-H
I— I O O O
j j I fn o r-i
! I I O CM rH CD
cr» 00 ro iH IT) iH
• •••••
CM in iH rH O O
1 T <X> ^
I • • o
I O rH «X)
■H iH rH
• « •
rH O
r»- iH CM iH ^ <V3
00 r~ CM CM CM o
m r-i
00 rO ^ O rH 00
o o I tN o r-
ro o
00 vo
rH m
• • •
o o o
"H rH
I • • •
I I I o o o
o o
V
I I I I rH
I I I I o
iH rH m CTt VO
I • • • . •
I O O O «H O
rH in
o o
I CNJ rH CM
I I I O O O
I rH rH 00 <y>
1 • « • • •
I O O in rH O
rH 00 CO
O CM O
V
CM r~ m vo vo
• • • a • •
o "fl* <£> ■'3'
in CM in CO 00
• •••••
rH CM CM CM 1^ rH
rH ro rH
ro
• • o
CM ro ro
vo rH r~ vo in
O O rH CM ro rH
^ rH in o
O O O CM CM CM
a\ ^
O C3 <S
cr> rH CT^ rH in 00
• •••••
O O O rH rH rH
in CO «^ r«- 00 <Ti
• •••••
o o o in m CN
ro CO
• • •
o o o
in <T> r~ rH
• •••••
CN O rH CM CM rH
ro o ro CT» in cr>
• •••••
O rH rH in
in in o^
• • •
rH CM rH
CM ^ tr O O O
o o ^ o o
r-i r-i i-i ^ f-i
^ O
CN rH CN
(1)
ro
ro ro CO ro ro ro
00 00 0> 00 00 00
<Ti CT^ rH CTi (Tl <Tv
>i • -U . • .
rH tJiai4J > U
^ ^ CO 00 ^
00 00 cr> m ^ 00
o> o\ rH rH 00 cr>
t-t t-H m rH
j:: rH rH
r • O -H ^ <U
00 ^if
00 CT> 00
(j\ i-i cr\
58
so Ci
o b
s
O I
>i • -U • • •
i-H DiDj-U > O
iH CN
. - O -H (1)
I i
CO
CM
r vo
in
ro
1
•
•
1
•
•
• •
•
• •
i
u
vo o
o
o
1 CM
iH iH
00 <N in cs
1
1
1
rH CO
1
•
•
•
•
1 1
• •
•
• •
CM
iH
o
1
o o
sH O
Q)
fo CM 00 ro
1
o
•
O
•
•
•
• •
•
• •
•
in
1 o
u 1 r~i
^ r~i
\^
iH oj ph
rH CM rH
\^ \ji
•
•
•
•
•
•
« •
• •
•
•
o
CO
O
O rH
ro o
CO CM
CM
rH
0\ CO
1
<^ rH
i-H
in
00
1
CM
rH CM
iH f-H
1
rH 0%
ro
1
•
•
•
1
•
• •
g
O
o
o
1
O
O O
CM O
1
O O
o
V
>>
1
1
CN
CO 0\
1
1 rH
o
•
•
•
1
! 1
• m
O
1
1
o
O
CM rH
1
1 o
rH
1
vo
rH
t-i
CM
rH
rH 0%
1
rH rH
ro
o
1
•
•
•
•
• •
• •
i
• •
•
1
o
O
o
CM O rH
0\ rH
1
o o
rH
V rH
CO
r-> CO
r-» 00
in
ro
•
•
•
•
•
•
• •
• •
•
•
a
CM
m
in
rH
CM rr
rH
CM rH
ro
■H
rH
rH
CM ro
rH
in
00
m
in 00
in in
in
cTi in
rH
•
*
•
»
•
•
9 •
• •
•
• •
•
iH
t-i
rH
ro
o m
V£> CM
rH
o o
rH
n
CM
00
■•4'
o
r>. o
O 00
in
ro vo
•
•
•
•
•
•
• •
• •
• •
•
o
(N
o
o
in
o ^
rH <Tv
ro
o o
o
rH rH
O
o
in
t-~ in o
CM in
in
in vo
ro
•
•
•
• •
• •
•
• •
•
(N
CN
CM
CM in
rH O
rH
rH rH
o O
O O
« 00 O ^^CN
5^
O
rH
rH rH
rH rH
CM rH
CM
ro
CO
ro CO
ro ro
^ 00 00 "sr
^ 00
00
CO cr>
CO CO
^ CO <y> cTi ^ 00
00 <y\
a\
o^ rH <y> o^
CO CT^ rH rH 00 CT>
Cr> rH
00
rH
rH
rH rH
0> rH 0> rH
rH
a\
ro
rH •» ""rH
rH
00
•>rH ^ -
-in
vo CM
CO in cTt
-ro CM CM -CM
ro CM
CM
rH
rH rH
rH
CM CM ro rH
rH
00
59
ro VD o in
» • • « «
r-« rH cs m
-1 I 1
O I I
V
<M ^ CO
9 9m
04 o m
t o o
in CO
• •
o o
00 vo o vo
• • • • •
^ O ^ >H O
(S] vo ^
• • •
CO <N O
^ iH ""I" 00 VO
CN r~- iH o o
CO iH CS
^ vo ^
O 00 iH
CM ro vo
• • •
o o o
iH ro ro
• • e
o o o
I I I ^. I
I I I O I
I rH (N CN| in
I • • • •
I o o o o
o o
o\ in
3 -H a
o ^ in <N vo
• • « • •
tN O tN in 00
l£> r~ iH Q
• • • • • S
rH O iH fH fO Cl,
"sj* ro in
• • •
o in in
iH 00 m
• • •
O rH iH
in rH
rH
m O rH
• • •
O CN CNi
O T CO
00 ^ o
r-i i-< r-i i-i
CM rH CM
m
fO CO CO ro ro
^ CO ^
00 00 00 00
00 CTt 00
CTl rH 0^ OS
OS rH Ol
rH rH rH rH
iH rH
«. m
>. k CVl ^ 00
fcCM «•
00 00 tN O VO
VO CM
CN rH CM rH rH
rH ^ rH
•
>1 • -tj • • •
rH cn D^OJ > O
cfi'Hj >
60
in o
• •
in in o
• • •
rH O rH
m O
• •
rH O
o in m tn o o
• •••••
00 O 00 VD
(H ro iH
in o o o in in
• •••••
rH in CO 'S' o vo
in
as
o in o j
iH o cs I
I in in
I rH O
in o o o o o
VO rH O rH Ol
CM rH
in I o o in in
• I • • • •
o I cs rH ON ro
eg
o in in in o o
cTi r~- o r*^ cTi
rH in rH rO rH
in o o o in o
{N in "sj" ^ vo
>-H CN T
o
o
CN
in in o o
• • • •
r~» ^ ro ^
o
o o o in in
• • • • •
CNJ <N rH ^ in
O
CN
o in
iH O
o ro I 1 o I
in
o
1 I
O rH I
in in in o m cn o
c e « 9 • • •
OOf-ld— lOO O iH
in
o
in
o
•13 5 d
0)
o
in
in
in
o
O
o o in in in
in
•
•
•
•
•
•
• • • « •
•
•
rH
vo in
iH
rH
CN
CS CVJ rH O O O
O
o
1
in
1
1
1
in j in j 1 j
1
1
1
1
«
o
1
1
1
O 1 O ! 1 !
1
1
1
in
•
in
•
1
1
O
•
i 1 1 ! 1 !
1
1
1
o
o
1
1
«H
1
1
O
in
o
in
o
O
in o o in 1 in
in
•
•
•
•
•
•
• • • • 1 •
•
•
rH
in
in
rH
rH
rH
rH CM rH O i O
o
o
C^J
cs
CN
CN
rH
CM CN CM CN CM CN
CO
00
m
00
ro
ro
n
^ 00 00
CJN
CO
00
CTl
00 00
00
00 CO ON ON ^ CO
rH
cr>
cr>
rH
a>
o\
CTl
OS ON rH rH 00 ON
00
rH
rH
rH
rH
rH
r-i r-\ ON rH
ON
" - rH
rH
CJN
«. •'CO CO >•
rH
in
in
»H
r~
VO rH rH CM
CV)
iH
rH
rH
rH
rH CM rH rH
4->
•
rH CM
•
•
•
•
• • O -H Q)
•
rH D^-U > O
II
61
in IT* in in tn
• • • • •
iH O rH O O
moo 1 ir> «x>
• • • I • •
O rH fH I O ID
o in in o m
iH in ro
CM (N rH
in m m o o CM
• •••••
rO in rH o ro
Q m If)
t-t O C4
in in o in o
• • • • •
rH <T( 00 ^
in o in o o
• • • e •
o ro r«» cNi «
in o in in o
«5 r- in o
«N cvi in in m
o in o in o CM
fs vo cNj o a>
rH £N m
in o in
• • 9
00 o
m o o o o
in «T> in <Ni
rH rH
in
o
o m I o m
o . » « »
rH O I r-{ r-tO
moo
• O 0
O rH rH
o m tn o m CO
9 ® 01 O O 0
HI «NI rH m CM (— I
lo-l !
1 i 1 ° M
1 i 1 m 1 1
o m o m m
e « • s Q
00 m rH £N
m o m o o oj
m rH CN «^ ro
o m o 1 o
• • • I •
rH O rH I rH
m o
• •
rH ro
i z «.
! m o
I o
rH 1
m O rH
O M O
o o I mow
CM OO I CN iH g
CN CN CS CM U
o o m m m m
e « o $ a •
CO rH rH Csl
Ol CM CM CM CM O
ro
fO ro 00 oo ro
CO 00 CTi CO CO
<T> <Tl iH <Ti
VD CM 00 m
CM rH r-i r-i
>1 • -JJ • • •
ro ^
CO 00 00
po 00 crv ^ 00
00 m rH rH 00 Ol
CT» rH OS rH
rH •> ""rH
00 CM CM fc. CM
CM CM OO rH
£ rH CM
• • O -H CJ
XJ >H M >i C
62
3
I in o IT) I
I • • • I
I O tH O I
o
m in LD o in
• • • • •
r~ CTv CN 00 cH
I I
I O O O I
CM
o
o in in o o
• • • * •
iH in fo ro CN
CN
o
in in in in o
o • • • •
cTi oi r» CM in
CM
CO
o
Cm
in o o in in
• • • • •
o CM r- in iH
o
CP
I S I
9
O
5 Oj
4->
in
1
in in in
in
1
1
• • •
•
o
1
O O rH
o
1
1
1
in
in
1
1
•
•
1
iH O 1
iH
rH
o
o in o
O
CN
•
• • •
•
•
o
CM
>H CN CN
CN
1
1
1
1
•
1
1
O r-i 1
o
I
o
in
o
! i i
•
•
1
iH
1 1 1
o
1
O
in in o
in
in
• • •
•
•
1
iH
O »H CM
o
o
U
CM
CN
CM CN CN O
M
cn
ro
00 m ro
CO
00
<T> CO 00
oo
00
rH CTl CTl
(J\
■-I
iH
rH rH
fH
f-\
w CN -
CO
00
CM O WD
<o
CM
iH
r-i
>l
•
cn
■^4j >
•
o
m
•
>
63
APPENDIX F
Annual catches (number of fish per net night) of
fish in floating gill nets set during the fall and
sinking gill nets set during the spring in Libby
Reservoir 1975-1984.
Table Fl. Average catch per net night in floating gill nets set during the
fall in the Tenmile and Rexford areas of liibby Reservoir in 1975
1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1984.^
Yfiai
Parameter 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983 1984 1977
Surface
temperature (°C) 16.1
Number of nets 129
Average catch of
RB
2.8
2.0
0.0
Total Salmo
4.8
MWF
2.0
CRC
4.0
SQ
4.2
RSS
3.3
W
<0.1
CSU
1.9
KDK
0.0
Total
20.2
17.2 15.6 16.7 15.6
31
/o
T3
16
1 Q
/y
3.6
6.3
4.9
4.8
2.5
2.0
1.4
1.2
0.0
OJ.
<0.1
<oa
6.1
8.4
6.3
6.0
2.3
1.2
1.4
0.6
4.2
3.0
6.5
8.8
4.7
4.2
2.1
1.9
7.9
7.3
2.0
0.5
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.2
2.4
0.9
1.1
1.2
0.0
0.0
0,2
0.0
27.6
25.0
19.7
19.2
range
16.7 16.3 15,6 7.6 to 17
70 24 28 24
2.4
1.9
1.5
1.2
0.7
0.7
<0.1
1^
0.4
3.6
4.2
2.6
1.0
0.4
0.8
15.1
12.6
11.0
3.5
1.9
1.3
0.2
0.7
0,2
<0.1
0.0
0.1
1.2
0.4
0,2
7.1
0.3
6,5
31.7
20.5
22.7
5,4
3,5
^ Catches prior to 1983 reported by Huston et al. (1984) ■ '4.
^ Abbreviations explained in "Methods" section under "Fish Abundance..."
^ Prior to 1983 very few hybrids were identified as such, although they
were probably present in the samples.
64
Table F2. Average catch per net night in sinking gill nets set
during the spring in the Rexford area of Libby
Reservoir in 1975, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984.^
Parameter 1975 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984
Surface tempertaure (°C)
Number of nets
Average catch of:^
RB
CT
RB X WCIV
MWF v;
CRC
NSQ '
RSS
DV
LING
CSU
FSU
Yp -
Total
12.8
12.2
11.1
11.1
11.7
12.7
111
41
41
38
36
20
0.8
0.3
1 A
1.4
0.7
1 A
1.4
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.4
<0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
<0.1
0.6
6.6
6.4
7.2
1.0
2.1
2.9
0.3
1.0
0.7
7.2
24.3
59.2
2.3,
, 1.2
5.8
2.8
4.3
8.0
^ 1.4
2.8
0.7
1.9
2.5
1.4
1.9
2.2
0.8
1.5
1.8
<0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.5
0.4
37.3
26.1
23.5
36.3
18.6
63.2
7.9
11.1
9.1
5.8
10.9
5.6
0.0
0,0
0.0
0.0
0,2
0,8
56.8
50.0
53.4
56.1
66.0
147.5
^ Catches prior to 1984 reported by Huston et al. (1984)
^ Abbreviations explained in "Methods".
^ Prior to 1984 very few hybrids were identified as such,
although they were probably present in the samples
^ Numbers of redside shinres were not recorded in 1975,
although several hundred were caught
65
APPENDIX G
Vertical distributions of fish and zooplankton
compared to temperature profiles and euphotic
zone depths by date in two areas of Libby
Reservoir during 1983 and 1984.
u
<
U
H
U
2
O
<
u
M
EH
>
00
CO
o
.-I
•H
B
C
Eh
o
>
Q
*M ^
CM
u
3:
u
o o
Eh
LD
o
(ui) Hidaa
66
67
U4
O
^4
u
u
W
2
M U
O [5
>
Q
Eh
W U
> :s
CQ
00
o
Q)
i-i
•H
£s
C
0)
Eh
CM
*H
. O
(Ti
CO
ld
w
(ui) Hidaa
69
Eh
<
U
EH
W
M
O
u
M
w
>
00
in
ro
I
rH
•H
e
0)
O
>
a
u
IS
u
CQ
vH ra«Nir4 <\!^>* (^"^-^T* CNi '-i*4*4»*
, o
o
S
W
• ro
O
ro
ro
O
70
71
72
73
74
75
Dm
EC
U
W
2 >
Q
<; cQ
M
W U
> ;s
CQ
00
00
T5
M
O
(U
U
76
En
12
00
as
T3
u
O
M-l
X
CD
o
>
Q
Eh
<
U
E-i
W
M EH
<: m
M
Eh
W
>
Eh
U
CQ
CM H <M
u
s
Eh
(ui) Hidaa
77
fa
:s
a
IS
80
(/) rO «sD (Ti CN LO
83
(ui) Hidaa
85
86
APPENDIX H
Timing of juvenile and adult movanent through traps
located in Bristow, Big, Young, Fivemile,
and For tine creeks during 1984
and tag return information for
1983 and 1984.
7-
6-
5-
4-
15 I 16 1 17
WESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUt[]
RAINBOW TROUt|
RBxWCT HYBRID0
18 Tl9
20
JUNE
21 24
1^2546
27 Va-id
1 I 2-111 12 I13-ia 17
JULY
25-
20-
15-
10-
westslope cutthroat trout[]
RAINBOW TROUt|
RBxWCT HYBRID0
n
i\ iil'U\ '^5 » 'i6 I 'i7 I 'i'^ I S5 I 20 I 51 I 85 Ig3 I 54 I S5 I S6 I » I'ifi I S5 1 30 I T I i I S' I '4 I'S 1*6 17 I'B
JUNE JULY
Figure HI. Timing of adult (top) and juvenile (bottom) trout
movement downstream through a trap located
in Bristow Creek during 1984.
87
14-
12-
10-
B--I
2 -
16 iH-aa 1
JUNE
WESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUtQ
rainbow trout i
rbxwct hybridQ
41
[A
maw
17 I 18 I 19 I 20 I 21
120-
110-
100-
90-
80-
60-
40-
30-
20-
10-
185
I
WESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUtQ
RAINBOW TROUT^
RB « WCT HYBR1D0
~^\J Pi8 Pig P20 1^ [l2 r23fl4P2S
12 I 13
JULY
Figure H2. Timing of adult (top) and juvenile (bottom)
trout movement downstream through a trap
located in Big Creek during 1984.
88
00
CD
T—
I
UJ
oc
o
z
5
I-
o
oc
§
QC
X
O
UJ
a.
LU
CZ3
ii
o
oo
o> z
c
3S
I — I — I — I — I — I — I — I — r
ou)Oi/)Oinou)0
in
J" Ui
% Z
J- 3
CM
Ui
"I — r
m o
(0
0)
c
e
0)
a
fd
o
u
0)
-p
c
o
c
(d
e
(d
(U
-p
cn
;3
-p
c
0)
0)
>
o
00
tn
C
•H
Ti
M
CU
(U
u
-P Cn
o a
u o
-P >H
-P c
.-I -H
fd 0)
-P
14-1 fd
o u
o
a
-H cu
B fd
•H
H -P
u
tn
•H
o
CM
HSId JO ON
3?
■ *>"
36-
32-
28-
UJ
i «
12-
8-
□ WESTSlOPe CUTTHROAT TTOUT
I RAINBOW TROUT
Qr8>WCT HYBRID
■iillL-Ti m -0-4!
APRIL
la ' i« '» 'ii '12 'a '24 'as 'm'ii MwaoJiiaJ**
MAY JUNE
40-1
36
32-
2S-
1
i w-
• 7 • > 10 II 11 U V4 II W'l; W ll'JO 21 22 21 24212<2l2*2Slei 2 1 4 • « I i t BIIUU'UUMiri*
JUNE JULY
32-
28
is 20
la'^n'^t •■31 <
ii'20'21 '22'a'a4'2s'a|j3o'aiji,jM'i»'i^Jao'ji 'ja^^'a'jjji,^'^ 'tjs 'lo'ii'^i^Ji Vij^^a'i^'ai '22'2j'»4' jj'ayi,^ J ""^o
JUUr AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NQWCMMR
Figure H4. Timing of juvenile trout movement
downstream through a trap located
in Young Creek during 1984.
90
LU
ai
cc
o
m
111
>
u.
-P Cn
C C
0) -H
e U
0)
>
O
e ^
0)
4-> (U
O U
U
-P 0)
.—I
— -H
g e
O 0)
-p >
-P -H
O
Xi
^ c
•H
Q)
-^
•H (D
C -P
dj fd
> u
:3 o
•p
o
-p
CP
-P o
3 ^
fd
o
fd
Q)
u
CP -P
•H d ^
g > 00
•H O CTi
Eh 13 ^
r 1 — r
CO CM T-
HSId J0d3ai/\inN
HSIddOON
0)
CP
•H
91
FORTINE CREEK
X
(O
E
u.
O
d
20-
19-
18-
17-
16-
15-
14-
13-
12-
11 -
10-
9-
8-
7-
6-
5
4H
3
2
1
QwESTSLOPE CUTTHROAT TROUT
I RAINBOW TROUT
QrBxWCT HYBRID
19 • 20
22 ' 23 • 24 • 25
JULY
27 ■28tjo' 1
AUGUST
Figure H6. Timing of juvenile trout movement
downstream through a trap located
in Fortine Creek during 1984.
92
Table HI. Tag return information for adult trout tagged in
Libby Reservoir and its tributaries during 1983
and 1984.
Tagging Infomatioo-
Return Information
LocatiOTi
Tagged
Tag#
Date
Sp3/ L
Wt Date
Lb/
h/ . r/
we^/ Location'^/
2494
06/15/83
WCT
407
544
11/05/83
381
680
Black Lake Bay (LK)
2493
06/15/83
398
526
07/04/83
Big Creek
2499
06/15/83
WCT
401
526
10/— /83
No location
2554
06/06/83
wrr
372
456
08/26/83
330
526
Mouth of Tobacco R. (IK)
2569
06/07/83
425
—
09/24/83
406
454
Mouth of Barren Ck. (liC)
2598
06/10/83
WCT
397
544
07/03/83
356
Mouth of Elk R. (IK)
2780
06/17/83
WCT
370
816
09/23/83
394
567
Westbank Tenmile (LK)
2790
06/18/83
WCT
375
517
08/11/83
Lower Elk River, B.C.
2795
06/19/83
WCT
395
535
09/— /83
406
317
Peck Gulch (LK)
3438
06/25/83
WCT
380
536
08/10/83
440
963
S.P. Tobacco Bay (LK)
3448
06/28/83
WCT
305
249
11/16/83
War land area (LK)
3460
06/29/83
WCT
395
526
09/30/83
395
680
Koocanusa Bridge (LK)
3807
07/02/83
WCT
380
425
10/22/83
381
680
Sutton Creek Bay (LKl .
So. Pt. Bristow (LK)°/
3439
06/23/83
WCT
391
580
05/22/84
391
473
4094
06/14/84
WCT
392
530
06/18/84
381
No Location
4068
06/16/84
WCT
402
621
06/16/84
393
567
Peck Gulch (LK)
2584
06/08/83
HB
417
448
04/29/84
445
907
Mouth of Young Ck. (LK)
2593
06/09/83
WCT
380
47
04/29/84
356
No location
3450
06/29/83
WCT
405
522
04/29/84
356
No location
4058
06/08/84
WCT
381
544
06/16/84
\J\J/ JL\J/ U*t
406
Above Sutton Ck. (LK)
4185
07/02/84
ILD
"KfO
SI 7
Mouth Young Ck. (IZ.)
4127
06/15/84
\J\j/ z>v/ ot
406
Murray Bay (LK)
3815
07/14/83
V J/ yf±/ OH
Tobacco Bay (LK)
4043
06/07/84
HJlKJ
SRI
UD/ V // O**
Ana
907
No location
5867
07/16/84
WCT
359
366
07/22/84
356
Mouth Young Ck. (UC)
2575
06/07/83
WCT
395
550+
07/11/84
381
Fivemile a. (LK)
4021
06/05/84
WCT
407
713
06/17/84
406
East side of Dam (LK)
4066
06/09/84
WCT
407
576
06/13/84
356
454
Rexford area (LK)
2783
06/16/83
WCT
406
521
06/22/84
406
793
Fivemile Creek
3426
06/21/83
WCT
376
481
08/09/84
431
By Libby Dam (LK)
3398
06/16/84
w:^'
410
598
08/13/84
406
In front of Dam (UC)
2594
06/09/83
WCT
387
512
09/— /84
No location
4012
06/04/84
WCT
371
571
09/~/84
No location
4182
07/18/84
WCT
382
544
09/08/84
356
Above dam east (LK)
5856
07/05/84
WCT
380
490
09/07/84
406
907
10 miles below Rex (LK)
4310
07/06/84
WCT
406
520
07/07/84
416
793
Peck Gulch (LK)
4299
07/21/84
HB
450
550
07/22/84
431
Left side by dam (LK)
5527
06/28/84
WCT
390
586
09/09/84
381
454
2 Mi. S. Peck Gulch (LK)
4342
07/19/84
w::^'
362
444
09/08/84
356
East above dam (LK)
4346
07/19/84
HE
352
550
09/23/84
Mouth Barren (LK)
5489
06/19/84
WCT
377
455
07/13/84
1/2 mi. No. Dam (U?)
5544
07/05/84
RB
404
488
07/12/84
Westshore Dam (IK)
3488
06/19/84
WCT
395
424
07/26/84
No location
5524
06/27/84
RB
405
430
07/19/84
381
Peck canpground (LK)
5539
07/02/84
RB
359
339
07/19/84
317
Kootenai River
5560
07/11/84
HB
401
415
07/11/84
406
West shore above Dam (LK)
5546
07/06/84
WCT
357
351
11/16/84
304
2 mi. So. Bridge (LK)
4224
07/18/84
RB
365
410
08/04/84
279
Mouth of Pinkham Ck. (LK)
4226
07/18/84
w::r
378
402
08/04/84
279
Mouth of Pinkham Ck. (LK)
4216
07/02/84
WCT
352
412
11/30/84
406
Kootenai River below dam
fjah.Ttap
Young Creek:
Big Creek:
Five Mile:
Pinkham:
93
Table . Continued
Taaainq Informaticn
Return Infonnation
Location
Tagged
Tag# Date Sp L Wt Date
L Wt Location
Bristw:
f\C /I Q /QA
Uo/iy/o4
wcr
0//Uj/o4
noutn 01 canyon CK. (LK)
Purse Seine
TemLle-Acea
Sutton Creek
5461
05/04/84
RB
302
315
AA / /A J
08/ — /84
425
Canada area (UC)
2E
2601
11/28/83
WCT
308
278
T O '/AT /OT
12/01/83
noutn or Warland Ck. (LK)
Rexford Area
S. Border Buoy
5197
04/10/84
RB
340
417
04/28/84
343
227
Koocanusa Bridge (LR)
Young Cr. Bay:
5159
03/29/84
VCT
405
743
06/03/84
406
Above bridge (LK)
5161
03/29/84
HB
313
349
06/11/84
406
Rexford boat temp [IK)
5155
03/29/84
RB
308
313
06/05/84
311
340
Koocanusa
5132
03/29/84
RB
432
694
07/04/84
Gold Creek
5163
03/29/84
HB
357
481
08/13/84
406
793
Near Dam (LK)
5160
03/29/84
VCT
358
481
06/10/84
330
340
Canyon Creek
So. Pt. Young:
5112
03/29/84
WCT
310
331
06/16/84
330
Above Souse Gulch (LK)
5120
03/29/84
RB
348
440
09/— /84
No location
5116
03/29/84
382
626
07/12/84
NO location
Far So. Tobacco:
5177
03/30/84
wcr
304
290
05/27/84
304
Rexford Point (LK)
5174
03/30/84
WCT
387
608
08/11/84
393
1134
5 mi. N. Elk River (LK)
So. Hurray Spg.
5071
03/28/84
RB
399
653
04/24/84
397
653
N. pt. Fivemile (IJC)°/
N.N.Pt. Tobacco;
5045
03/28/84
RB
417
712
08/09/84
432
West shore above dam (LK)
5188
04/09/84
HB
337
432
04/03/84
468
North of Bridge (li?)
5065
03/28/84
WCT
316
362
08/27/84
432
680
L. Koocanusa
5061
03/28/84
WCT
296
249
10/01/84
Mouth of Wigwam, B.C.
5055
03/28/84
WCT
403
667
05/15/84
432
Behind Dam (LK)
5051
03/28/84
WCT
387
607
04/15/84
406
Near Bridge {IK)
5186
04/09/84
WCT
338
431
05/02/84
330
680
Tenmile area (LK)
5411
05/01/84
RB
332
386
06/14/84
330
340
Btwn Marina & Warland (LK)
5262
04/13/84
WCT
334
335
06/11/84
330
453
Behind dam (LK)
Tobacco Bay:
5001
03/26/84
RB
353
544
06/20/84
330
Mouth of Boulder Ck. (LK)
5254
04/12/84
RB
325
367
06/— /84
330
Mouth of Pinkham Ck. (LK)
5003
03/26/84
WCT
398
689
05/27/84
386
Tobacco River
5440
05/02/84
HB
352
490
06/14/84
No location
5078
03/28/84
RB
420
816
06/23/84
1355
793
Mouth of Pinkham Ck. (LK)
5438
05/02/84
WCT
319
353
05/27/84
680
No location
5089
03/28/84
RB
386
608
04/20/84
368
567
Rexford area (LK)
5004
03/26/84
HB
401
734
07/01/84
406
793
Mouth of Parsnip Ck. (LK)
Far So. Tobacco
5180
03/30/84
WCT
418
721
05/25/84
470
Bristow Ck.
Sullivan Creek:
5228
04/14/84
WCT
398
671
05/22/84
409
648
S. pt. Tenmile Ck. (LK)** ,
5232
04/12/84
RB
416
762
06/15/84
413
716
N. pt. Fivemile Ck. (LK)^
5227
04/12/84
WCT
280
245
09/13/84
330
453
2 ml. S. Peck Gulch (LK)
5021
03/27/84
RB
430
703
08/— /84
425
Canada area {IK)
5022
03/27/84
RB
335
403
11/07/84
330
Koocanusa
Poverty Creek:
5210
04A2/84
WCT
302
317
06/22/84
318
West above dam (LK)
5218
04/12/84
HB
447
839
05/08/84
431
Koocanusa Bast (LK)
94
Table . Continued
lagging. InfOCnatiai Return Infonnation
Location
Tagged
Tag*
Date
Sp
L
Wt
Date
L
Wt
Location
Mouth Elk:
5365
04/19/84
DV
541
1415
08/30/84
558
1588
Wigwam River
5363
04/19/84
WCT
310
312
08/31/84
374
680
Wigwam River
5368
04/19/84
VICT
338
367
08/10/84
304
Elk Dam, Elk River
Kikomun;
5332
04/17/84
RB
376
562
07/24/84
368
340
Peck Gulch (LK)
5327
04/17/84
RB
443
816
06/04/84
355
Just above bridge [IK)
N. Kikomun:
5351
04/18/84
RB
250
190
04/— /84
Mouth Kikomun (LK)
5338
04/18/84
WCT
326
371
06/03/84
Mouth Kikomun CLK)
Bristow Creek:
511
07/14/83
RB
445
585
06/14/84
435
626
Big Bend (LK)'^
779
06/20/83
VCT
410
550+
10/12/83
381
Canada (LK)
773
06/20/83
WCT
390
484
09/20/83
386
571
S. pt. Tenmile Ck. (LK)'
Big Creek:
742
06/28/83
WCT
384
412
Big Creek
218
07/14/83
HB
416
534
12/— /83
No location
Bristow Creek
443
06/27/83
HB
372
412
05/18/84
406
Parsnip Mouth (LK)
6/
^ Species abbreviations explained in the "Methods" section.
°' Lengths and weights for returns were often estimates from anglers.
^/ (LK) designates Libby Reservoir.
°^ These returns were captured in our sairpling gear.
95
Table H2. Tag return information for juvenile trout tagged with
dangler tags in Libby Reservoir tributaries during 1983
and 1984. Species abbreviations were explained in the
"Methods" section. Lengths and weights of returned fish
were estimated by anglers.
Taaaina Informaticai
Return Information
Location
Tagged
Tag#
Date
Sp
L
Wt
Date
L
Wt
Location
Pifih Trap
Young Creek:
5455
06/08/83
HB
168
47
10/09/83
304
Below Elk River (LK)
356
06/21/83
WCT
195
70
10/— /83
228
War land area (LK)
2082
06/30/84
WJT
213
109
09/08/84
241
Souse Gulch (LK)
3553
07/19/84
WCT
192
76
09/27/84
254
150
Kokomun Creek, B.C.
561
06/21/84
WCT
142
29
08/— /84
B.C., Canada
2532
07/11/84
WCT
156
40
08/07/84
177
Rexford Cairpground (LK)
Big Creek:
890
06/18/83
WCT
160
38
08/14/83
203
Kootenai River below dam
971
06/19/83
HB
180
54
08/21/83
265
Peck Gulch (LK)
480
06/27/83
HB
150
32
08/02/83
177
Big Creek
852
06/30/83
HB
184
54
07/30/83
Big Creek
880
07/01/83
WCT
156
33
12/— /83
No location
889
06/18/83
HB
169
39
05/— /84
279
Mouth Young Creek (LK)
960
07/09/84
WCT
151
30
07/— /84
Big Creek .
Tenmile area (LK)^
2602
07/06/84
WCT
141
22
08/21/84
189
54
3199
07/09/84
WCT
164
37
09/— /84
No location
2912
07/04/84
HB
136
17
152
Big Creek
482
06/21/83
WCT
204
74
07/22/83
Big Creek
Captured in our sampling gear.
96
APPENDIX I
Food habits information for fish collected
during August 1983 from Libby Reservoir
&
.a
u
XI
a
am
u «
in js
(0
•;3
•r4
<0
o
'8
O
1 1
1 U-) 1 1
1 ^ 1
1 3 M
i-t CI
o in
^ r^ rH r~ oi m I o
00
CTl >£> £N a\ CO
iH r- in
n in o in
(n "s? in CO ^
in iH r-( o> I* f-- 00
tN in (n in CN|
CO
oovoo^inoor-iro
^ Tr r-
n ro fs
in
Minvovovo"<rrooo
o o o o o o
ro po ro fO ro ro
ro. ro fO, fO
V) /^ V) A v| A
97
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I I I I I I I I I I I I
V
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
222221 I I I I I I I
V V
«-( f-H fN O) iH I r-i
O O O O O I O
m o
o
1-1
so *
m
o
o
(N
00 ^ o ro o in 1-4
O
o
o iH m oo
tH O O O
otfHt-iooairooiH | v© I rn
iH i-l rH V I I
loool looool I i
o\r»minooo»inwvooori»o<N
o o o o o o
ro m ro ro
(*> ro ro CO CO
vt A v| A v| A|
ill
98
I Eh I I t^ [ I
.a
00 O rH ^ 00
■ EH Eh
Eh
O
00
o
• u
o
vo t-" in ^ c>i I I
O O i-H O CS I I
2
CO rH iH in 1
• • -Eh - Eh
o o o o I
^ J
a i!
•r-
o
u
5
I I Eh I I I Eh Eh
■3
^ n m <Ti 00 <N
o
tn '4< 00 in o 00 iH
5
o
•H
EH EH Eh
cooooitm<*"!j'VD
■U CO
o o o o o o
CO ro ro CO ro ro
ro ro, ro CO CO
v1 A v| A M /\
(J
a
en
00'
99
I'^iiiaiiii^ii
O O I
(N p-i r- n r~
0» CI CO CM rH
vecsmr^veoi I cs cm m in cs
ISI i 1^1 I I 1^1 I
I I t I I I I I I I I I I
m I I I I I I I I I I I
CO j j 00 00
o r- o CO o
CM CM
I I
or^or-o I CO I mm | loo
I I P; I SIS I a
o r~ o in o o in
vo m vo r- vo m 04
I I s I I I p;§*R I I "
ooofooinmoi-i I «*> I r-
M O 00 CO I I
omoinooootnr-r-inr-
or-a\|oiooooaovorooo(o
o o o o o o
f> m ro CO
ro CO d n fo
v| /\ v( A V A
r-l
2J
100
■I
O
tS iH N fH
O O O O
^ tN ro
■H O O O
o
rH ^ ^
O O O
1 '~i
m
in
(M 1
• •
o
O O
o
o
o
in
00 o <N cTi o in ro
«» I o »-t
fM o c» ^ ^ r» M
VO
o
iH CM
o o o
» 00 rH r-
o cs o o
(SMincocororH'S'inr-rHmvo
i£>r-r-{^ocrir~cri(N'X>c-io<T>
eommvoincor^TrrotN
r- t-t r-l 1^ •«*•-( r-i
o o o o o o
ro CO fo
d fo ro CO ro
v| A. V) y\ v| /\
101
I H I I I f I
I I I H I I
O O
o o
O <Tl
fO O
H Eh o o
o o
<s ff> a\ ^
VO fH cN in in
O iH <-l O E-l
O O O r-l O
o o o o o
1-1 in cs m o>
o o H o o o
o o o o o
o
1^
o
o
00 ^ ro 00
i> VO iH {VI in
o o o o o
o o o o o
VO 00 <H I
VO O O I
o o o H <
O O O I
00 VO
o a\
o ot
o o
o
o
o
•H m in CO ^ m M
1-1 * o> in n iH o
(vi oi VO m o o
iH 00 o ro o o o
o o o o o o o
o
o
O tl
VO ^ ^ 00 (*> c>i
i-t cs 00 r- <N r-
ininocsoMroE-i
« o o o o o o
o o o o o o o
o
H Eh O
1-1
O iH
o o
o o
vor~a»mr~r-i^o
vor~<Nr~mcviaicN
O<*>'«S'iHfl0<S»O
CNOOOiHOOm
oooooooo
o o o o o o
ro ro f> ro CO
ro. o ro. <*> fO ro
Vj y\ V| A V /S
on
00
VO
102
APPENDIX J
Average estimted densities and conposition (%) of
zooplankton by genera in three areas of Libby Reservoir,
1983-84
Table Jl. Mean zooplankton densities (#/l)and per cents (in
parentheses) estimated from 0-30 m vertical tows during
1983 in the Tenmile area of Libby Reservoir.
Uaynn±a.
08/16/83
1.20
0.35
1.72
0.74
0.04
4.05
(30)
(9)
(42)
(18)
(1)
08/29/83
0.80
0.16
2.76
1.40
0.01
5.13
(15)
(3)
(54)
(27)
(1)
09/06/83
1.44
0.34
3.25
1.94
6.97
09/21/83
1.81
0.06
5.86
5.45
13.18
\^'*}
10/05/83
1.85
T
2,54
1.66
( ■)
10/17/83
1.80
0.01
1.98
1.37
5.16
(35)
(T)
(38)
(27)
(— )
11/01/83
0.78
T
1.40
1.26
0.01
3.45
(23)
(T)
(40)
(36)
(1)
12/06/83
0.43
1.35
1.07
2.85
(15)
(-)
(47)
(38)
(-)
103
Table J2. Mean zooplankton densities (#/l)and percents (in
parentheses) estimated from 0-30 m vertical tows during
1984 in the Tenmile area of Libby Reservoir.
Date
Daphnia
Bosmina
Cyclops
Diaptomus
Epischura
Total
01/06/84
0.55
2.29
0.84
0.04
3.72
It c\
(15)
(— -)
(62)
(22)
(1)
01/16/84
0.53
3.79
1.44
0.01
5.77
(9)
(— )
(66)
(25)
(T)
02/02/84
2.56
0.05
4o81
2.11
9.53
(27)
(1)
(50)
(22)
(— )
03/05/84
0.28
0.02
1.47
0.97
2.74
(10)
(1)
(54)
(35)
(— )
04/03/84
0.28
0.02
1.20
0.87
2.37
(12)
(1)
(50)
(37)
(— )
04/23/84
0.59
0.03
0.88
0.62
2.12
(28)
(1)
(42)
(29)
(— )
05/08/84
0.60
0.04
0.79
0.73
2.16
(28)
(2)
(36)
(34)
(— )
05/2V84
1.55
0.07
1.09
0.58
3.29
(47)
(2)
(33)
(18)
(— )
06/08/84
1.99
0.33
3.53
0.19
6.04
(33)
(5)
(58)
(3)
(— )
06/22/84
1.91
0.72
8.09
1.14
0.01
11.87
(16)
(6)
(68)
(10)
(T)
07/03/84
3.22
1.22
9.35
0.31
0.07
14.17
(23)
(9)
(66)
(2)
(T)
07/19/84
1.12
0.74
3.34
0.37
0.01
5.58
(20)
(13)
(60)
(7)
(T)
07/31/84
1.93
1.78
5.78
1.42
0.05
10.96
(18)
(16)
(53)
(13)
(T)
104
Table J3. Mean zooplankton densities (#/l)and percents (in
parentheses) estimated from 0-30 m vertical tows during
1983 in the Rexford area of Libby Reservoir.
Date
EJaphnia
Bosmina
Cyclops
Diaptomos
Epischura
Total
08/17/83
0.48
0.11
1.24
0.81
0.03
2.67
/TON
(18)
(4)
(46)
(30)
(1)
09/07/83
0.75
0.07
1.90
1.91
T
4.63
/I c\
(16)
(2)
(41)
/ AT \
(41)
(T)
09/21/83
1.31
0.03
5.34
5.90
0.01
12.58
(10)
(4Z)
f A'1\
(4/)
IT)
10/06/83
0.70
0.03
2.01
2.26
5.0
(14)
(1)
f A(\\
(4U)
(4d)
( — )
10/19/83
1.02
0.01
2.39
2.86
6.28
(16)
(T)
(38)
(46)
(-)
11/02/83
0.58
0.01
2.13
1.95
0.01
4.68
(12)
(T)
(46)
(42)
(T)
12/08/83
0.55
0.01
2.56
0.80
0.04
3.96
(14)
(65)
(20)
(1)
105
Table J4. Mean zooplankton densities (#/l)and percents (in
parentheses) estimated from 0-30 m vertical tows during
1984 in the Rexford area of Libby Reservoir.
Date
Daphnia
Bosmina
Cyclops
Diaptoraus
Epischura
Total
01/09/84
2.13
0.09
4.11
2.49
0.01
8.82
(24)
(1)
(47)
(28)
(T)
02/02/84
2.50
0.06
3.36
2.09
8.01
(31)
(1)
(42)
(26)
03/07/84
0.98
0.04
4.00
1.19
6.21
(16)
(1)
(64)
(19)
04/05/84
1.82
0.01
6.62
1.64
10.09
, . ...
(18)
(T)
(66)
(16)
04/27/84
2.07
0.07
5.58
0.74
8.46
(24)
(1)
(66)
(9)
f — - J
05/10/84
3.50
0.32
12.15
2.09
18.06
(18)
(2)
(67)
(12)
05/23/84
3.92
0.12
9.51
1.31
— ,_
14.80
(26)
(1)
(64)
(9)
(— )
06/06/84
2.80
1.49
8.74
0.35
13.35
(21)
(11)
(65)
(3)
(— )
06/22/84
2.09
0.80
7.01
1.35
11.25
(19)
(7)
(62)
(12)
( — )
07/03/84
2.04
0.94
7.38
0.51
0.01
10.88
(19)
(9)
(68)
(5)
(T)
07/19/84
2.34
0.94
6.12
1.16
0.01
10.56
(22)
(9)
(58)
(11)
(T)
08/01/84
1.93
1.08
6.97
1.35
0.06
11.39
(17)
(9)
(61)
(12)
(1)
106
Table J5. Mean zcx)plankton densities (#/l)and per cents (in
parentheses) estimted from 0-30 m vertical tows during
1983 in the Canada area of Libby Reservoir.
Date
Daphnia
Bosmina
Cyclops
Diaptoimis
Epischura
Total
08/18/83
5.40
7,23
4.33
11.96
(32)
(— )
(43)
(25)
^-r,, -' (— )
09/08/83
2.64
0.08
3.23
4.92
T
10.87
(24)
(1)
(30)
/ A C \
(45)
(~)
09/22/83
2.97
0.09
3.28
4.09
0.04
10.47
(28)
(1)
(31)
(39)
(T)
10/07/83
4.64
0.16
4.85
6.13
0.01
15.78
(29)
(1)
(31)
(39)
10/20/83
2.52
0.03
3.64
4.03
10.22
(25)
(T)
(36)
(39)
(— )
11/03/83
11.17
0.25
7.89
8.03
27.34
(41)
(1)
(29)
(29)
(-)
107
Table J6. Mean zooplankton densities (#/l)and per cents (in
parentheses) estiitiated from 0-30 m vertical tows during
1984 in the Canada area of Libby Reservoir.
Date Daphnia Bosmina Cyclops Diaptoirus Epischura Total
07/05/84
4.94
0.64
5.00
2.67
13.24
(37)
(5)
(38)
(20)
(— )
07/20/84
4.76
0.02
11.34
2.59
0.03
18.42
(25)
(62)
(14)
(T)
08/02/84
5.00
0.40
2.83
0.67
0.01
8.9
(56)
(4)
(32)
(8)
(T)
108
APPENDIX K
Average seasonal catch of macroinvertebrates
by order in near-shore and limnetic tows on the
surface of Libby Reservoir during 1983 and 1984
1
l^ble Kl. Surface macroinvertebrate densities and bionrass by Order during the suitsner
1983.
TEmiLE EEXEQBD CANADA
N.S. L Combined N.S. L Combined N.S. L Combined
(# tows = 14) (# tows = 10) (ft tows = 8)
Terrestrial:
Hynenoptera 43 428 235 3 24 14 4 4 4
Pscoptera ^ 5 17 11 3 20 12 - 8 4
Orthoptera ~ 2 — 1 - 3 2
Hemiptera
Homoptera 17 12 15 7 - 3 4 13 8
Coleoptera 12 — 6 3 - 2 21 13 17
Lepidoptera
Neuroptera
Other 17 6 11 7 11 9
TOTAL TERRESTRIAL 43 463 278 23 58 41 29 38 34
Aquatic:
Diptera 17 21 19 7 10 9 17 42 30
Tricoptera - 4 2
Ephemeroptera
Other
TOTAL AQUATIC 17 21 19 7 10 9 17 45 32
GRAND TOTAL 110 484 297 30 68 49 46 84 65
Hymenoptera .238 1.712 .975 .018 .081 .049 .002 .008 .005
Pscoptera 0.008 0.019 .013 .003 .035 .019 .016 .008
Orthoptera 3.301 - — 1.650 — 2.811 1.405
Hemiptera
HoiToptera 0.076 0.146 .111 .226 .113 .004 1.088 .546
Coleoptera 0.176 .09 .215 .108 .718 .297 .507
Lepidoptera
Neuroptera
Other 0.640 0.042 .341 .023 .005 .014
TOTAL
TE3RRESTRIAL 4.373 1.91 3.141 .485 2.932 1.708 .724 1.409 1.066
Aquatic:
Diptera 0.053 0.125 .089 .003 .007 .005 1.018 1.012
Tricoptera .026 .013
Ephemeroptera
Other
TOTAL AQUATIC 0.053 0.125 .089 .003 .007 .005 1.018 1.038 1.028
Parts
GRAND TOTAL 4.426 2.035 3.231 .488 2.939 1.714 1.742 1.447 2.109
109
T^ble K2. Surface macroinvertebrate densities and biomss by Order during the fall 1983.
n
N.S.
L
Combined
N.S.
L
Combined
N.S.
L Combined
(# tows =
16)
(# tows =
14)
(#
tows =
10)
Terrestrial:
Hymenoptera
4
2
3
2
20
10
15
I^coptera
2
y.z
2
2
1
Orthoptera
Hemiptera
2
8
5
■, . 2
1
17
T7
X /
Homoptera
4
2-
3
0
A
oic
^0
14
420
C
o
Coleoptera
2
4
3
in
11
20
10
15
Lepidoptera
3
2
Neuroptera
A
17
13
Other
4
4
4
7
17
12
3
•)
TOTAL TERRESTRIAL
18
22
20
19
64
42
483
AT
Aquatic:
Diptera
10
10
10
?
i'i "
Xi
13
97
in
54
Tricoptera
z
1
^hemeroptera
Other (Plecoptera)
3
2
TOTAL AQUATIC
10
10
10
Q
1 Q
14
100
xu
GRAND TOTAL
28
32
30
OJ
56
583
Gcaos/ha
Terrestrial:
Hymenoptera
.013
.013
.013
.001
.0005
.026
1.374
.700
Pscoptera
.002
.005
.004
.003
.002
Orthoptera
Hemiptera
.009
.048
.028
.338
.169
.205
.935
.570
Homoptera
.0003
.006
.003
.002
.160
.080
.451
.035
.243
Coleoptera
.002
.012
.007
.124
.257
.190
.556
.162
.359
Lepidoptera
.019
.009
Neuroptera
Other
.034
.112
.073
.027
.137
o082
.004
.002
TOTAL
TE31RESTRIAL
.060
.196
.128
.153
.896
.53
1.261
2.506
1.883
Aquatic:
Diptera
.054
.004
.029
.027
.052
.040
.309
.047
.178
Tricoptera
.017
.009
Ephemeroptera
Other
'■...si-
.003
.001
TOTAL W3UATIC
.054
.004
.029
.312
Parts
GRAND TOTAL
.114
.200
.157
1.573
2.553
2.062
110
Terrestrial:
Hymenoptera
Pscoptera
Orthoptera
Hemiptera
Homoptera
Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Neuroptera
Other
TOTAL TERRESTRIAL
Aquatic:
Diptera
Tricoptera
Et)hemeroptera
Other
TOTAL AQUATIC
GRAND TOTAL
Terrestrial:
Hymenoptera
Pscoptera
Orthoptera
Hemiptera
Homoptera
Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Neuroptera
Other
TOTAL
TERRESTRIAL
Aquatic:
Diptera
Tricoptera
E^hemeroptera
Other
TOTAL AQUATIC
Parts
GRAND TC)TAL
22
14
11
47
3
50
.056
.008
.057
.121
.005
19
11
49
22
22
71
.050
.002
.004
.060
.028
.144
.032
20
1
11
4
11
48
13
13
61
.053
.001
.006
.030
.043
.133
.019
.005 .032
.126 .176
.019
.151
111
Table K4. Surface macroinvertebrate densities
and biomass by Order during the
spring
Terrestrial:
Hymenoptera
Pscoptera
Orthoptera
Hemiptera
Homoptera
Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Neuroptera
Other
TOTAL TERRESTRIAL
Aquatic:
Diptera
Tricoptera
E^hemeroptera
Other
TOTAL AQUATIC
GRAND TOTAL
Terrestrial:
Hymenoptera
Pscoptera
Orthoptera
Hemiptera
Homoptera
Coleoptera
lepidoptera
Neuroptera
Other
IDTAL
TERRESTRIAL
Aquatic:
Diptera
Tricoptera
E^Jhemeroptera
Other
TOTAL AQUATIC
Parts
GRAND TOTAL
N.S.
31
1
6
14
5
58
Combined ITs. ^'^^o^r^--, Caim
^ Combined N.S^ tTc
108
5
113
171
.199
.001
.011
.238
.842
.041
1.332
.468
.006
.474
1.806
(# tows = 26)
Combined
31
11
49
158
158
207
.140
.007
.004
.046
.036
.233
.602
.602
.835
31
1
4
12
.5
4
53
133
2
135
4
16
11
254 433
4
258
3
436
274 447
.169 .169
.003
.004
.007
.142
.421
.039
.783
.199 .017
.033
.401
.060
.080
.535
.003
.538
1.301 1.111
.012
.710
.025
1.482
6
14
344
3
347
361
.086
.108
.046
.240
.698 1.457 1.067
.019
1.096
1.562 1.336
112
I^ble K5. surface macroinvertebrate densities and biomass by Order during the sum^r
N.S.
Combined N.S.
.BEXEQBH.
CANADA
Combined N.S. L Combined
I*™bf;r/h^
Tferrestrial:
Hyirenoptera
Pscoptera
Orthoptera
Hemiptera
Homoptera
Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Neuroptera
Other
TOTAL TE3^RESTRIAL
Aquatic:
Diptera
Tricoptera
Ephemeroptera
Other
TOTAL AQUATIC
GRAND TOTAL
Terrestrial:
Hymenoptera .5
Pscoptera
Orthoptera
Hemiptera .01
Homoptera .034
Coleoptera .879
Lepidoptera
Neuroptera
Other .135
TOTAL
TERRESTRIAL 1.558
Aquatic:
Diptera .171
Tricoptera
Ephemeroptera .010
Other
TOTAL AQUATIC .181
Parts
GRAND TOTAL 1.739
(# tows = 18)
.269
tows = 12)
22
15
19
2
6
4
20
19
19
24
4
14
2
1
15
6
10
83
52
67
21
26
24
2
1
23
26
25
.06
78
92
25
9
17
22
6
14
6
8
7
28
8
18
47
14
30
6
3
4
9
3
6
143
51
97
25
17
21
25
17
21
168
68
118
/ i
r tows
- 12)
6
6
6
6
6
6
20
14
17
9
11
10
6
3
9
4
50
43
46
11
11
11
3
1.5
6
3
4
8
4
25
17
21
75
60
67
.385
.213
.007
.078
.001
.146
.004
.057 .073
.065
.009
.030
.093
.010
.01
.032
.485
.005
.011
.122
1.506
.008
.104
.051
.440
.009
.058
.086
.973
.008
.046
.015
.514
.015
.006
.234
.022
.031
.011
.374
.011
.027
.081
.090
.017
.054
.060
.030
.438
.998
1.957
.7
1.329
.692
.350
.522
.105
.138
.005
.258
.051
.155
.586
.017
.065
.004
.325
.01
.105
.143
.258
.051
.155
1.023
.069
.546
.543
1.141
2.215
.751
1.484
1.715
.419
1.068
113
. p I".
APPENDIX L
Initial modeling effort on the Libby Reservoir
fishery by the United States Geological Survey
United States Department of the Interior
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Water Resources Division ;: ; / .
301 South Park Avenue, Room 428
Federal Building, Drawer 10076
Helena, Montana 59626-0076
October 24, 1984
Bradley B. Shepard
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife
and Parks - - ' -
Route 1, Box 1270
Libby, Montana 59923 . . - r.?:
Dear Brad:
Our proposal with your agency was to construct and test a computer model that
describes the effect of reservoir drawdown on the trophic dynamics of Lake
Koocanusa. During the first year (FY 84) of the modeling effort, our plan
was to develop a preliminary model for Lake Koocanusa. This preliminary model
was to be a coarse model by which the feasibility of continuing model develop-
ment would be evaluated.
After review of literature that addresses ecological structure and function of
reservoir ecosystems, Rodger Ferreira's original approach was to adapt either
the CLEANER series of aquatic ecosystem models developed for the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency or the CE-QUAL water quality models developed at
the U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station- However, because of
the numerous literature-derived variable coefficients and large amounts of
data required for these and similar models, Rodger was advised against their
use. Determining cause and effect relationships would be difficult because
of the large number of coefficients; the coefficients might not even be
applicable to Lake Koocanusa. At a meeting, March 6, 1984, at which you,
Steve McMullen, Rodger Ferreira, and Jim LaBaugh of the U.S. Geological
Survey were present, development of a simplified model of reservoir drawdown
and carrying capacity of fish was decided as the best approach. If this
effort indicated a relationship between reservoir drawdown and fish biomass,
the U.S. Geological Survey was to continue model development of the trophic
dynamics of Lake Koocanusa.
Analysis of fisheries data from Lake Koocanusa showed no strong correlation
between annual reservoir drawdown and catch as an estimate of fish carrying
capacity. A regression of reservoir drawdown with catch of rainbow trout per
net-night during autumn at the Rexford site (fig. 1) had a coefficient of
determination (r^) equal to .087 and was not significant (p>F = .477)
(table 1). At the Cripple Horse site a regression of the same variables
(fig. 2) also showed a poor correlation (r^ = .013; p>F = .791) (table 2).
114
Page 2
The first year of reservoir growth of rainbow trout by migration class was
also regressed against annual reservoir drawdown (figs. 3, A, and 5). These
regressions were not significant, p>.05, and explained little variation in
the amount of first year reservoir growth (tables 3, 4, and 5). However,
there is "hint" of an inverse relationship (fig. 4) which describes an increase
in the first-year reservoir-growth of migration class 1 with decreasing
reservoir drawdown (r^ = .335; p>.05 = .080). Perhaps additional data would
better define this relationship. Log transformations of the fish growth data
and the catch data did not improve any of the regressions.
Regression analysis indicated a relatively strong relationship (fig. 6, table
6) between increasing condition factor of rainbow trout and increasing reser-
voir drawdown. This relationship is significant (p<.05) with 82 percent of
the variation in fish condition described; however, this trend was not expected
based on our theoretical understanding of the effects of reservoir drawdown.
The increase in "robustness" of fish netted during the fall could be the result
of greater reservoir surface-elevation recovery in the summer and fall following
a relatively deep reservoir-drawdown. Or it could be the result of relatively
few fish, compared to the amount of food available, being able to take advantage
of the increased density of food organisms concentrated by deeper reservoir
drawdown.
The basic logistic equation of population growth on a yearly time step was
used to model" changes in population growth, as represented by the catch data
in response to carrying capacity as represented by reservoir drawdown. However
the regression relationship between fish catch at Rexford and reservoir drawdowii
with an equal to .087 was used to force the "model" to match the observed
data. Consequently, the "model" had no meaning with respect to understanding
how reservoir drawdown was related to changes in fish population or could be
used to predict these changes.
Based on fisheries data that we have at the present time, it appears unlikely
that a model could be developed to simulate the effect of reservoir drawdown
on fish production of the reservoir. Lack of a strong correlation could result
from several reasons: 1) The fish data represent fish populations that exist
soon after reservoir impoundment. Fish populations have been observed in
other reservoirs to fluctuate sharply during the first five to ten years of
impoundment until trophic equilibrium is reached. 2) Reservoir drawdown might
not have varied enough to show a change in the size of the fish populations!
Reservoir drawdown from one year to the next varied by no more than 20 feet
during the first five years of impoundment. These years were most likely
^IVJ"^ ^.000^ t'^ophic instability. During the last four years of data,
ly/y to 1982, reservoir drawdown from one year to the next varied from 12 feet
to only 4 feet. These years most likely are a time of trophic equilibrium.
3) If major controlling factors on fish production occurs by changes in the
food web, there may be a lag time before reservoir drawdown would show effects
on fisheries production. It may be that the only ways to distinguish the
effects of reservoir drawdown might be to draw the reservoir down to the same
elevation for several years in a row to allow a new trophic equilibrium to be
reached. 4 Other factors affecting observed fish production in the reservoir
could result from changes that occur in tributary streams. A change in water
quality or quantity of the streams could affect fish spawning or juvenile
growth and therefore recruitment to the lake. juveuixe
Because many other factors could be complicating a direct effect of reservoir
drawdown on fish production, a model that incorporates severfrinput factors
115
Page 3
might be used to indicate various channels of indirect effects. Attached is a
flow chart for a proposed model that incorporates changes in the food organisms
of fish. Major changes include the availability of benthic invertebrates,
terrestrial insects, and zooplankton. Each of these food organisms are
theoretically affected by reservoir drawdown in the model (fig. 7). The
changes in zooplankton are controlled through changes in primary production
as estimated through regression models proposed by Woods and Falter (1982).
Changes in the thermal structure and mixing stability, which are factors
affecting primary productivity in Lake Koocanusa, will be driven in the lake
model by use of a thermal model developed by Adams (1974). Change in the
number of fish with time is controlled by a self-regenerating fish stock
routine that, by default, will use historical rates of fish growth and mortality
The rates of growth and mortality are adjusted by specified amounts depending
on how the biomass of fish predicted by available food energy compares to
the biomass of fish predicted by the self-regenerating fish stock model.
Determining by what amount growth rates and mortality rates will be
adjusted will be determined as part of the calibration process of the model.
Model output will be on an annual basis, however, changes in the fish popula-
tion will be calculated on a seasonal basis, starting with spring. Using
seasons will allow simulation of changes in food organisms as affected by
reservoir drawdown.
Input driving variables for the model would include:
1) Reservoir elevation change per season (ft)
2) Mean solar radiation per season (cal/cm^/min)
3) Water temperature of inflow and outflow ( °C)
4) Volume of inflow and outflow (Ac. ft)
Input state variables for the model include:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Initial number of juvenile fish in tributaries
Historic growth rates of fish in tributaries and Lake Koocanusa
Historic mortality rates of fish in tributaries and Lake Koocanusa
Fishing rate in Lake Koocanusa
Recruitment coefficients, a and b, of spawning fish
Initial temperature profile of Lake Koocanusa (°C)
Initial surface water elevation of Lake Koocanusa (ft)
Season of spawning and emigration
Number of migration classes of fish
Percentage distribution of fish among migration classes
Age of migration for each migration class
Total number of fish in reservoir during intitial year
Light restrictions and water density controls for zooplankton
Water temperature controls for fish
Driving variables incorporated as block data in the model:
1) Mean quarterly number of terrestrial insects per m2
2) Mean quarterly number of benthic invertebrates per m2 at each of
three sampling areas
3) Mean quarterly euphotic zone depth (ft)
4) Mean quarterly euphotic zone dissolved solids concentrations (rag/L)
5) Mean quarterly surface illumination (foot candles)
6) Mean quarterly percent growth of fish resulting from zooplankton,
phytoplankton, and terrestrial insects
116
Page 4
All organism counts or biomass values will be converted to units of energy
(kilocalories) for internal calculations of energy flow in the model. Details
will need to be worked out for reservoir elevation changes as related to
inflow and outflow volumes. Either inflow and outflow volumes will be specified
by the user and a resultant reservoir elevation change calculated or the
reservoir elevation change can be specified and outflow volume adjusted to
correspond with inflow volumes.
Model output variables will include:
1) Cohort population size for each cohort by year
2) Length of individuals in each fish cohort by migration class and year (mm)
3) Weight of individuals in each fish cohort by migration class and year (gm)
A) Total spawning biomass per year (gm)
5) Recruitment number of fish to the reservoir each year
6) Total catch of fish each year (gm)
Development of the model will continue through FY 1985 and 1986. Output from
the model during development will be analyzed to determine the most important
factors that affect the production of fish. This analysis will be accomplished
through calibration checks with actual data and sensitivity tests. If output
from the model is determined not to represent changes resulting from actual
occurrences of important factors in the system, new directions in modeling
or sampling will be considered. If new directions in modeling or sampling are
not feasible, the model will not be developed any further. If new directions
in sampling are feasible, or if output from the model is determined to
represent changes resulting from actual occurrences of important factors in
the system, the model will be developed further and refined with each successive
year of sampling.
The feasiblity of adapting the model to Hungry Horse Reservoir will be
determined in early 1986. If the model is appropriate, it will be applied to
Hungry Horse Reservoir and further refined during 1986.
During model development, the Montana District will receive assistance from
James LaBaugh (GS-13 Hydrologist-Limonology) , who will act as advisor to the
project. Jim is familiar with lake and ecosystem modeling as part of his
work in the Lake Hydrology Group of the Office of the Regional Research
Hydrologist, Central Region.
Project Products and Reports;
Model output will be in the form of a computer printout. A progress report
describing model development will be published as a U.S. Geological Survey
Water-Resources Investigations Report at the end of FY 1985. At the end of
FY 1986, a final report describing the model and the trophic dynamics of each
reservoir will be published in a referred scientific journal.
117
Funding :
Page 5
The total cost of the project in FY 85 which includes programming the proposed
flow chart, running calibration checks, and conducting sensitivity analysis,
is $56,200. Funding can be adjusted to comply with the dates of your operating
fiscal year. The project will be funded as a cooperative program with the
Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Because data collected by
your agency from Lake Koocanusa and Hungry Horse Reservoir is used for the
modeling project, a portion of the the cost is included as direct services.
Therefore cost to the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks is $22,500.
Funding for the federal side of the costs are provided through the Merit Fund
program of the U.S. Geological Survey.
Proposed Funding Arrangements for FY 85;
Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife
U.S. Geological Survey and Parks TOTAL
Matching Funds Matching Funds Direct Services
$28,100 $22,500 $5,600 $56,200
A breakdown of the total costs for model development of Lake Koocanusa durine
FY 85 is as follows: ^
Employee Cost (Salary and Benefits);
Rodger F. Ferreira, GS-12, Hydrologist (Biology)
James W. LaBaugh, GS-13, Hydrologist (Limnologist ) -
Gary W. Rogers, GS-12, Computer Specialist
Travel Expenses:
Transportation:
Kalispell (2 trips)
GSA Vehicle: 1 month Q $131 /month
800 miles @ $0.17/mile
Denver (3 trips)
Airfare: 3 trips @ $440 trip
Per Diem: Rodger F. Ferreira, 21 days Q $75/day
Computer Operation and Maintenance;
Prime System Operation costs. 6 months @ $300/month
Maintenance: 6 months @ $100/month
Model and Data Storage, Tape backup: 10 months @ $15/month
Computer operator costs: 10 months @ $15/month
Computer Supplies
Direct Services
TOTAL
$37,390
7,170
$44,560
$ 130
140
1,320
1 ,580
$3,170
$1,800
600
150
150
170
$2,870
$5,600
$56,200
Sincerely,
George M. Pike
District Chief
Enclosures
118
CITED REFERENCES t'' ^
Adams, D. B. , 1974, A predictive mathematical model for the behavior of thermal
stratification and water quality of Flaming Gorge Reservoir, Utah-Wyoming:
Cambridge, Mass., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, unpublished
Masters Thesis, 213 p.
Woods, P. F. , and Falter, C. M. , 1982, Limnological investigations: Lake
Koocanusa, Montana, Part 4: Factors controlling primary productivity:
Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions
Research and Engineering Laboratory, Special Report 82-15, 106 p.
119
NUMKKK ()!• I'l Sll l^l^K NKT-Nl CUT
c
I
I
o
^ CD
rt
O O
CX) cu
3
I—
o
n
rt
rD
cr
o
rt
Cl O
c
ftj rt
OQ
rt
m
O
fD
ft)
-1 0
< -o
O I—
n n
CL
03 n
s: ft)
CL 03
o
r'
03
?r
fD
O
o
o
03
C
C13
D-
C
<-(
H-
00
rt
>
c
n
C
g
CO
Pd
<
O
M
?0
o
»
ri
O
s
120
C
CJ
O
o
d
OJ
u
o
ri)
C
Ui
•i-l
' — (
Q.
M
( — '
*>
<u
CO
Q
CU
OS
Q)
C2
r;
4J
4J
0)
o
4-J
CJ
\J
»>
t>
CD
CNI
00
Q
\J
4—1
XJ
rrl
O
t ,
M
o
>— t
E
w
0
l_i
M
•H
U
w
•H
B
4J
CT3
iJ
<
c
O
•H
4-1
M
m
60
OJ
C
•H
60
(U
3
DS
1
T3
i— t
H
o
o
«0I
«
\rt|
-1
O
an
•
o;
or
o:
3
O
to
to
o
N
I
^ eo
00 f>.
>- f"' o
<>• rj
t- o o
• I •
— I "O
CO o>
3
o
Ui o
lii »
4 z oe
a '-' p
iM»-r>iV-oo~*r>irMr>-»^f^
•-0»-pr>if«irMr>jr>irj«M
a "f
rj W- iA>
K- fsi
to o
>o p ^
It* >j
O D O
I I
>j in
3 O
»
r> to
to -o
M lA
rs.
CO
«> •*
M
r>-
O}
p. O
0
tNi 00
■0
00
t\l
9. 0
0
0
r- «0
rvi 0
0
k-
1
ISI
1
eo -
« lo
*r> ^ F- O f*^ Bn m
IN* -o D *o ^ 00
00000-0 o
^ V- 00 ko to
O m FM r\j
«t >ri O O- N» O
^ *r» 10 O
o fM 00 'O w
• ••••••
^ <r >#
o b o
000
o D o
o p o
o D o
O D O
O ir\
00 p >r
O o
O o
000
D O O
000
Bo o
O v>
►* -o
.1. . .
Lo (/^ lA
O O
O O
o o
o o
o o
o o
O FO
r
o;«- o o
0|— o o
o o
O IfO O O |~» o
O ^ O U»
o k) o o .0
O K% O %1 *M «0
O !o O O ]IM »-
O O K» lo
r
121
o
■ ♦
H
M
o
>
M
to
o
2
4-1
D
ID
00
—
■H
'O
•
<u
3
tiJ
O
0
Ui
0)
M
«J
T
c
•in
•>
>
w
Ui
•H
3
,—1
tfl
»u
CXi
l_J
rrl
w
u
1.1
o
0)
U)
(U
•-i
ex
CO
•H
3
u
C
C
CO
x:
4J
4-1
(A
c
U
•H
CO
CO
bO
4-)
CO
3
0
'O
l-i
OJ
4J
4-1
o
0
a
c
■H
CN
03
CO
r- (
0
0
4-t
o
4.)
CO
u
I
I
CM
<U
3
00
•H
1H0IN-X3N H3d HSId iO HaaWON
122
(1)
c
3
•H
O
c«
3
<U
CO
l-i
trJ
T3
00
V-i
d
•H
•H
O
.H
>
U
e
dl
CO
tfl
W
QJ
)-i
QJ
U)
1— 1
U
CO
O
D
32
C
C
Cl>
(0
-H
D.
>^
•H
M
U
CO <r
u
o
e
x: o
o
*-i
CO
O
c
e
u
o
<
u
0)
■H
X.
u
Cfi
•H
00
4-t
c
CO
•H
4-1
o
c
O
to
•H
in
c
CO
Ul
o
00
o
a;
o »
1
1
rsi
0)
rH
J3
CO
H
Oi
«oi
o
o
o
Ui
o
A
»
c
■K
•
is
&
o
X
u
lU
CO
3
o
-i
•
o
>
O CO
or r-
0O|
0|
O|oc
r|.u
CO o
0!IM
I I
cc oc
Ui O
O ^ O)'' CO O KtjtO s>
.-■Or-.-O-O-OOPJO-io O
»-t^»-^.-OK>KlK» >» 00 -O
«DOoo'o<r-r^O»Ar>-4AO-
9>w^o•l/^0'K>^.m r-'o oo
.| . ,
t/\ -^t \*rs >t trt 'Sf tA lA t/\ <^
CO »
o -*
00
|0 <M
O 00
o
»- o
O rvi tf^ 1^ fsi
-O »-
i«0 »- O m to
<\t t- o o
'<M CM <V »-
<NI O O
O r-
fNieoraoo^r-rvjrs.
|»»0>*|0iri"0i0 t>- mU»iM
i-OOO'OOO'NifO^MfOT-KI^
i50 0ooot^f^l«-fl00jirioo
r..ON--ov-(Ni-^ ir\ LTV o <o
'•O 00 O '<n OO r- ITS. Kl 00 |-0
W% ~# i/^ ~f iy%cO'OaOf^'(^^
tU
a- O
7
-o
>
IQC
u
;Ui
_l
o
f~ o
,UJ
O
]<n
lo
>
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
O ■O ~»
»- r.
-* <NJ to
O O O :o o
o o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o c>
o o o o o
O r- 00 O
o »- o ir*
»A ^ fO rsj
' « « «
— 1
»# 00
•o <>•
o
csi
rsj */>
<o i-O
»- N. O
«^ 1
z
»-
■r- ^
O
00 O ~f
M
»-
T- O. OO
«—
ro ,0
"° 1
■O K>
-o K> r-
1- o-
Kl (M
»
5t
O O
O |0 u->
00 o
CM »r«jr-
2; !
in
fin
"* i**
r- 9- <0
00 t
•O <M
lU
OC
o
r- ~r
•-.^ rj
imI-o
»- fo|%»
i
QC
~r
X
»^
csl T-
f\»l«- fx
rsi cM|fM
CM 1
O
■o
o
1
OC
X
•o
-i
i
oc
UJ
STI
00
o
•
1
1
1
o
LU
<m;o
*-
i
]
~t O r-
t/> O CM
^ o ^^
O o o-
CM O CM
in O CM
-» O
-« o «-
OO o ■*
t r-
M
!•«
|5
!r
2-
f—i
a
UJ
CM -O
^ o
1/)
-i
-i
««
t
'-I
-)
Ui
o
o
,<x
or
*/l
o
lU
4/1
a
oc
-J
o
«
o
O
«-•
»- j^t
z
Q
oc
QC
o
•4
■a
Z>
1- lUi
Ui
o
a
or
i
1
a
u
U-
z
O
O
O
<□
r
X
Z
Ui <5C
ct
3
13
Oi M
Z>
«/>
\^
0.|U.
Q
123
Q
o
>
U
CO
i-i
»^
CO
(0
I—
rH
lu
O
0
0)
hJ
C
•H
O
(0
(fl
CO
•H
r 1
C
o
"
4-i
<0
Ui
oo
•H
e
B
o
fr
4-1
3
o
)-l
0
c
•H
<0
1-1
O
►>
»>
Q
x:
•>
*>
CO
o
>_j
M
Ui
•H
O
0
>
>
OJ
'JD
'Ti
(U
(U
)-i
i*-t
CO
o
u
nj
■V
QJ
>^
1-1
X
4-J
■J)
•H
U
CO
•H
OC
CO
1
I
m
a;
u
SHHl-lNl'rilK Nl
124
HIM OHO
o
o
o
o
o
o
CO
u
00
•H
e
e
o
M
*4-(
4-1
3
o
u
iJ
o
•H •
td d
I-" 5
o
«4-i t3
o
CO
x: u
4-1
o u
00 o
I
>
•H
O
>
u
(U
M rH
QJ CO
1-1 3
C
l-i c
CO <0
>> >.
I XI
4-1
CO HD
M 01
•H 4J
>4-i a
•H
o
U-l
I
!3
u
•H
CO
4-1
t/l
CO
■r-t
4-)
D
to
4-1
CO
cn
OC
o
o
•H
CU
a
'/)
o
u
GO
_j
QJ
c
03
Qi
1
1
•H
ar
<
>
ro
z
(U
UJ
a
m
XI
a
t—
O
SI
T 1
ol
X V-
o
o
o
o
o
o
It ^1
O
QC It-
O |4
Of
O «
X <UJ
1^
U IXi
o r
INI
-o o-
^ >o
o
■o -J-
o o
(Nl XX}
O iKl
O
o o
o ro
o o
uo in
O O
i/. o
,o X
Ui O
o. u.
4^ UJ
lUJ O
is u.
lO
I3
-o fv.
00 u>
o
u^ o
in
I <M OO
I »r> (M
« •
I v\ O
I ru IN/
*0 K> fNI
OO o >rs «M irv
O o- CO «-
L/^ o o *—
•r\ <>■ j<» lA
m f\j ^
r« 00 1^ O O-
»r> O m ^
• * I * *
O ■<)
o
o o
r*. l/^
O O fM
O O
INI CO
<Ni o
'O INI
-o o -o
T
pj o
«a o> «o
l> INI o-
o- rg o-
»- T-
rg IN
^- O N.
O OO o
r-. >f r«. fM
fM >A «rt v»
fv f>. o «Ni
Irx tn O It- 'O
r>- KN ^ ko tr*
o> (M K r<(
-t to
OO «Ni o
<>■ O O
UI OO
irt «0 'O
o
tn »-
DO a
K Kl f>J
ft -o \ri
O Kt O
|»r in o- p»-
o in o w> ■« m
o K» rvj -J m
r^fNjfoOu> ^ O -r- ^
oo«— |r-OOI/>^OOtr»
Ft''
IN»
fsi trO
O r-
■O «\J
K> UN
•O ~»
no
O ro
I
ir\ K> o o K>
O o h# «— • — r\j
UN O INI f-^ on
-o O O- K> ^
^oo>i|0<>Oir>«-
[^v-OQ'U-vr^rv.Qo
>^»-oooooo
ooooopooo
oopoooooo
OODOOOOOO
oopoopooo
OODOODOOC-)
oooooooota
oODC'Or-iooo
ooooopooo
roK>iNifoi^ -orvjorw-j
|NJfMOr-0»-00^D
r'--r-'-r-'-
t/1
o
O
<✓!
cx
>-
IX
_J
UJ
-I
1
O
«I
»-
»✓»
—1
^
*I
<J
_J
-r
.ID
:d
UJ
n
o
or
»-<
IX
u^
1^
O
Uj
i_J
1/^ r.
rv
o
o
-J
>-
o
111
*i o
n
i<n
3 UJ
-o
z
O (X
rt
o
l-H -I
'i
iJI
¥~
Uj
O
OJ p
( »
<l
•«
Z
or ^
*/l
01
o
1/1
u. u
u
z
-<
o o
O
l/l
y-
t»
1
*/l
tn
r X
X
<U
or
or
z
or
o
a.
U-
O
»-
fx
UJ
o
•
125
o
o
u.
o
»—
o
!!
:• o
>♦ t«-
II
l«
.1
!l
I
I
'I tfs
* o
• I
I
I
I
I
.1 »-
I
I
I
•
I
I <n
■♦ m
I
I
I
»
I
I o
■ I
,1 kr>
W
2
O
Q
a
I— I
o
>
OS
w
CO
<0
(0
3
C
«0
o
o
o
c
•H
£3
O
•H
U
CO
U
00
•H
e
e
o
u
u
o
5
o
c
•H
CO
0
o
4-1
CO
o
u
u
Ui
u
•H
•H
0
o
>
>
u
(U
tn
(A
(U
V-i
u
(0
o
c
c
CO
CO
>A
*-i
-n
t-l
'J3
■H
i-l
(0
•H
00
(0
01
1-1
3
126
m
(A
CO
o
d
o
•H
j
1
•
o
iu.
>
o
•
o
'■ A
O. X
o
o
•l
o
•*! *"
o
a
o
o
o
«
«0
]
CO
u
W)
•H
E
B
o
o
c
c
:5
o
O 5
CO
4J 'XJ
O )-i
V-i -H
00 o
1 >
u u
•H (U
0 cn
> OJ
Ui 1-1
(U
W r-l
QJ CO
i-i 3
c
>-j c
CO CO
di
>^
1 X)
CO TJ
U 0)
•H U
U-i o
•H
l-i TJ
O OJ
U-( (-1
Cl
(/)
a (f)
•H 03
tJ
'11 CO
•H 'J)
C
iJ CO
C/) U
o
c o
o >^
•H
cn OJ
:^
GO
0) c
CtJ -H
I
I
CO
OJ
fO O
-* iO
o
m ;o
«- o
o ^
►1 f\J.
0|
'_J
.4
oc
■ y-
1
;o
1
>
1
1-
z
u
UJ
1
o
o
z
>UJ
UJ
o
<0(
1 a.
a
1^
(A
oc
■D
vu
o
o
CK
,o
o
O
1^
U.'
0|
X ui
oir
O |0
z
IO UJ
lu O
X u.
»-« -J
o <
I
T— rvj r- rvj IT- ^ o t/^ CO i/A
l'0 0>op»-'0f>.-*0rvir>
r- T- w~* K*. o ^
r'-or^0f>^-0-0fcr\ o O
fvj »M Ki <M K> Ki ;K< K>
<VJ «rt 0>
CO (SJ IK1 <r-
O m «0 l/>
o «r i-o o
^ o o
w^i lA o v»
O K1
O ^ '
r\j rNj r\i rsi
r>- o r> <vj >»
o O
-O K» fv» s» O
-O »- O hi K> O.
■o >» p- o.
r- «0 m to O- OO
c^ o -» |h. «n
O ^ *o ^
«A O O
u-1 (D
~» o
on T-
O (M
ty. .o
«- •* O
1- I »-
I I
■O O ts.
I
■O -o
o o o
to O CO
O O- O p-
y o o- o
J !•-'
<Ni rv r>j rg
O ^'^ r-
«~« ^ O
Ki rg v-i o
*- o rO
«- -J |0 rg
to »A o.
O ^ rg ^
m i/\ *r» »rv
. .| . .
t/^ tr* O -o
r- f\J f\i
r\j r\j *M fvj
O
O <i r-
O
O ;0
r- ,00
irn r\j
fvj <\j r\j
r\j r\j r\t
rg m
,o
o o
O O
O O O O
O O
O V.
UJ
o o
O D
O O O O
O.O
E
\r\
>
o o
O O
O O O O
O O
rg
lOr
o o
O D
O O O O
O O
o o
ju..
o o
O O
O O O O
O O
rg O
IvO
o o
O O
O O D O
O O
O Vvj
'<rt
>
o o
O O
O O O C>
O O
O O p O
^''^
\f\ o
OO ^
J i '
*— -o <i
r«
O rj
rg rg
<r- D
rg rg
rg rg
rg rg rg
i I
i I
rri o
»0 O
>r O
1^- o
w-i O
T- O
O
l> o
rg O
0;0- N»
OiO- O-
O i/-
GO rg
«— ir»
O- ^ O
OO w-\
rg O O
•I • •
■O O rg
C^ I
O
or
O
Ql
Qt
_i
UJ
!z
1
o
<
>^
z
UJ
or
iZ
O
<UJ
UJ
o
or
o
_< ■
o
o o
O
I—
z
O a
ot
o
»-« <4
*t
QC
>-
UI
o
UJ O
O
41
O
«1
1^
QC jlO
or
:»
io
1
u. 'u.
u.
z
o,o
O
|3
CO
z
lU
oc
or
|z
Of
a
A*.
o
1
'>
,<K
!✓>
(&
o
1
1 «
127
I 4
o
:2
M
o
>
w
o
a
(d
(0
3
C
(0
o
o
o
1^
(0
•J
c
•H
CM
(0
(0
(0
c
o
•H
U
00
a
o
u
5
o
C
•H
CO
W4
O
:j
o
o
u
T)
QO
•H
•H
o
O
>
>
u
u
a»
'J3
<u
l-i
u
—i
03
o
3
C
Ui
C
CO
OJ
>^
i-i
X
i-i
c
•H
U
CO
•H
oo
(0
I
in
128
<0| z
0 <
01 ui
f-- «M
o
o
o
o
o
o
a
r«
■o ;
• ■
Ol
5
o
c
•H
•
CO
d
)-i
:^
o
O
:3
CO
M
0
U
u
•H
Ofl
O
1
>
V-i
•H
0)
o
CO
>
(U
tH
CO
l-l
3
1-1
d
03
(0
1
u
m
u
(U
•H
4-1
O
•H
U
T3
o
01
U
Cl
a
•H
(0
U
(/)
CO
•H
U)
U
D
C
4-J
CO
O
o
r-
o
o
•H
'/)
01
'/I
01
CO
Ui
GO
d
1
•H
1
lO
OJ
—1
o
o
I"-
o
o
b
o
o
o
o
o
p
rO :
O '
Ofi ^
O I
Oil
O r-
O O
O PO
' r-
M
<
CL
>
i
o
Z
i
Ui
UJ
»-
O
iuJ
i
>-)
:c
-1 ,
Of
Ui
UJ
lac
ui :
O
€Jt
QC
a.
ID
Q
Of
or
o
O
o
O
.•^
i:
1_)
O
: z
M -a
«/\ Ui
'■oc tt
uj O
z
J o
°
Ui
CO O
iTt rg
Kl ^
l-c
o
tn
oc
X.
vrt (CO
QC
Ui
ST
O >i-
1
O
lii
1
»-
*/>
1
I
;1U
O ~*
T\i
P
*t
O O
CM
;>
UJ
1
r- O
oc
U. T- .
or)
O
u
-1
fj
o rj
►/I
o io
ro
>
O
■J o
i
I
fs«^»Ni(»»'Oor>w>^.Ki^C>r
0>rOKro>-|«o>/>oo^r^.
c>-r^or--if\-o«oooor-
«o oo
•7- \n ^ O « w-< ;^ rsi
ooiaooo«oao«Oaococo
Al >f fVJ 'O
^ K> ^ K» ^
O- -O O So OO
N
^ to
Kl m
m O
K» irt rx o <>•
«0 O 00 V- K«
t>- oo m
o K» r»- r- ^
vr> •» O ,0 «»
00 r». r- ■«- O
o- o> lA r<. K» N»
i>i jm ^ ■—
00 IIM C -
tf^ >0 'O
r>. o> p ^
_ «^ «^
SO <M
)> o
o m
K> o
«CJ (T
O »- -» »
KirMO»-f»-'0-0|K>
op^or«"0<Mk>
<MinOw-vO-*-00
n m K
K> 1^ KV
nu -o r<i
0 O O
|o »» O
K> 9- >0
r\i «» «vj
O
1 • • •
.*- o
h-.
— I
«» tr* »- |0
r- t
IN IO <M t». O -O
O BO Kl o r» r\i
O ^ to O ^
•» O ITM «M lO Kl
f\j rs* po *A L» t>
in ru o s# M Kl
O tn O oo o fO in
m Kl ru o
rg >» I
CM L— I
o o~
O O kn m
o Kl o 00 K
o l-o o o »»>
O Irvi o Kl »- ^
O k> O o oo m
o U- o oo ^ e>
Oht o ~r 00
O -J
I 00
O Oi
t
^.
O O D
o o o
OOP
O o o
o o o
o o o
O O CI
OOP
o o ex O
O O O O
O O D O
O O o O
O O D O
o o o o
o o o o
o O D o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
O D
o o
o n
rsj r«. D
m -» ro
o NO CO
m -o ai
»/i
or
o
nr
>-
or
-J
UJ
«»
Z
1
o
««
*-*
*/>
i/i
f-
»✓>
'-/
-1
<J
■«a
<4
-J
I
,3
■n
Ui
»-
Cj
o
a
OL
z
Kn
m
o
lii
«j
1>-I I3f
oc
o
Q
_/
o
Q
UJ
« O
o
1/1
3 UI
4
Z
o <^
ti
»n
o
*~* ^
•J
<JC
tn
»-
UJ
o
Ui CI
r»
«f
ra
-1
Z
u *rt
<n
or
tn
O
1
t/l
u u
u.
z
-<
o o
o
tn
t-
l-M
1
tn
>n
K be
X
UJ
DC
QC
Z
3 P
or
o
in *y\
in
Ck.
u.
Q
1
OC
c/1
Ed
O
«
129
oi
o
X'
Ol
O I
t- I
.A I
Q
o
>
a:
Ui
0)
o
.H
a
00
ON
•CT>
c
C
•H
y*
3
cn
3
<-•
CO
o
o
o
01
-J
fs fv. f- r- f>. r- ^- 41 -o o o o 4* <> o 4i o ^/^ *o
f-^ /-^ fi' » f \ »^ pry p*-\ »*^ ^ ^ ^ "O ^ t #0 r-^ f*.
c
•H
•
c
3
0
0
(-1
TD
u
:5
0
c
•H
•H
m
0
u
>
Ui
0
)->
1-1
0
4-1
0
3
U-i
0
•H
«-i
iJ
•H
T)
•H
C
0
QO
u
1
1
vO
'"J
u
MC).I.:>V".I No 1.1. lU.MK)
130
<
x:
4-1
d
•H
1-1
w
r*
\~-t
03
o
O
O
I — ^
C
•H
4-1
•
O
c
u
:5
4-1
o
0
CO
c
•H
CO
)-i
•H
O
<+-(
>
O
U
(U
u
03
o
OJ
4->
V-i
a
nl
-H
>+-(
CO
3
d
C
o
C
•H
CO
4J
■H
-o
c
o
o
(U
4-1
a
o
■H
TD
0)
o
•H
iJ
CO
CO
•H
tJ
CM
03
00
■u
Ifi
C
• o
O
•H
03
-<r
«
GJ
U
00
1
o
1
J3
1 1
1 1
1
i
o '
1
■
1
Q
Q
o
o
1
t
m
oc
•
1
o
a.
o
z
o
1
!
*^
\
1
lu
1
•
o,
j
«
fM
1
>
!■«
■ o
o-
i
U.
l<3
i
1 1
•
oe
o
-o
o
»^
■o
o
1
■o
.u.
o
UJ
CO
rj
o
>»
1 A
O
z
:«#
o.
O
>-
at
»-
■o
o
o
o
o
i
f>.
o
-i
u.
(✓>
r-
»/>
UJ
•o
O
>/>
o
£jr
•o
r'.
o
o
««
•o
lA
■o
r-
1
o
■o
rvi
«o
Ui
»/>
oo
o
-J
~»
o
^
u.
o
o
r
O ]<
>r CO
</\ ;0
O (O
<M|0
•-io
o rs)
o o
u. |t
»- rvj ^
Ml r--t O
Ui O
a u.
<o >«
<»■ o
o
■o o
o ■»
to «M
o- p>
o o-
o o
O ~J
O r-
O oo
o o
O rj
f»- O -J
CO CO -O
«0 */>
m *M
u~\ o
fM ^ O
•o r>- o
<0 O'
■* r~
»»
Kl
CO
O f\i
IU
■O NO
rO
CO
^ -*
r-
to
CO
>o
tn
»— »/> o
X
4
r- O
«-
O
<M
fo
00
f-
w-\ o- O
UJ
w> <o
o
•o
<M
f<- -J CO
iO-
z
-* O
--r
o
00
o
o
«r>
<>■ f>- >o
00 O
CO
o
o
m
K» K%
'oc
ex
Kl O
K>
o
r\j
>r
<M
O <\J -o
iU
o
u.
■O f>-
>o
o
K>
u\
Kl
o
<o Ul CO
K> k/\
■O »- CO
K> ^ ^
•- |0 Kl
•o r\t o-
K p >o
00 k/^
. .1. .
o p o
• *
^ i/> 00
oo -»
^ l/^ CO
to »- N»
fv o Kl
O >»
-O O O-
cn ru
rvi Kl
^ O
lf\J K»
O
^ CO
o T-
(O fVI
o o o o
00
t- tr\
Kl
LA
-o
o *-
CO
O
UI
K)
I-
oo
o kr>
r- rv"
Kl
D
-O
-o
00
sj-1 V-
o
■O
on
K>
u-« O
o
■o r-
oo
««
(NJ
K>
Kl l>
in
(M >0
1^
>
fM
O
fM
-o
O Kl
Kl
o o
c
IM
rvi
o
>f O
<M
CO O
Kl
•O
IV.
ir»
fv.
-t -O
T
vt U\
VA
K>
K>
Kl
f
K>
r-~i Kl
Kl
Kl K>
Kl
o
D
O
o
o
o o
o
o
O
o
o
Q
o
o
o
o
cr»
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
D O
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
r.i
o
vf
o
m
o
-o
lA
lA
■J
Kl
K'
Kl
Kl
K*
Kl
Kl
Kl
rviKi.jtn-or^oo(>o«—
o K> o o r» Kl
O Kl o O r- rK
O Kl o K> o
O |oO O CO ^ IM
O O O -O >>. fv.
O AJ O Kl
O O O *A
o. o o
rsi o IO D
I» Kl .
O •*
z
o
ID 3 UJ
lO o |ac
•✓I i/i O
O *- O
O -I =3
UJ J« Z
or 1/^ ; o
4 »-• U i/>
tJ K UJ »-
O «1 O 4
WO I- Ot X
«/i O 1
u z
O ^ IH
l/> (Tl
X UJ a OC
^ a. u- o
131
Figure 7.— Proposed flow chart for ecosystem model of Lake Koocanusa
a)
START
I
I
I
►
Tit
HO
►
kit
4
Coliorf
Output
fitter-
ST'O P
^ecruihCT)^
\
recrulU
■for 4JI u\t\orts
■hr ^It <
//» J"
'.0 ho rf^
5a««i
t)/o*»»«S T*'' Alt
132
A
Enitr
Artier
So lar
i'l^rffnc^ Area J
i
f>riff{/t fff 1^.
2 -fDv
o^c -for
I
I
1
^ A^e -for
I
I
133
I
Ho
Z 9 F-hM
I
-fuh in tu*i-<.i^
recruits i-o
1
Of M -fW
-jt/t* r*s^^\/oir In
■f/i(i m Res. /W-
i
oj^ (it e6.ck ,If '
Jfhrae Su^^l^
^;»>iA5S of Wrte^^ci
I
product I i^ih th ^
***** »^ heirmst.
I
\r€S'4l^i'tu /rem
I
I
Bn4t^ Ort ^ur/iicc
ma
1
i
■ I
ccilcM/a-h. pff^anfj^
J
n,\roric
APPEM)IX M
Comments by Gene R. Ploskey, Aquatic Ecosystems Analysts,
on the First Annual Report (1984) and proposed Work Plan
(in prep.) for the study "Quantification of Libby Reservoir
levels needed to maintain or enhance reservoir fisheries"
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM ANALYSTS
POST OFFICE BOX 4188
FAYETTEVILLE. AR 72702
PHONE 501/442-3744
December 20, 1984
Brad Shepard
Montana Dept. Fish, Wildl., and Parks
P. 0. Box 67
Kalispell, Montana 59903
Dear Brad,
On attached sheets you will find my comments concerning your work
plan and first annual report on the Libby Reservoir project. You
obviously have put a lot of thought and effort into the project,
which is one of the more comprehensive sampling efforts I have
seen in recent years. The results should contribute signifi-
cantly to our understanding of the ecology of cold-water reser-
voirs in the U.S. Time constraints forced me to restrict comment
to perceived problem areas. I hope my thoughts are of some use
to you.
Merry Christmas,
Gene R. Ploskey
136
Work Plan
Page A (top) — I agree that changes in living space associated with
water-level fluctuations may limit fish-food resources and produc-
tion, but negative impacts are most pronounced when drawdown occurs
during the growing season. Impacts in winter are usually moderated
by low water temperatures that reduce primary production, food
requirements, growth, and predation. Primary and secondary produc-
tivity would be low regardless of water levels, I can visualize
protracted negative impacts of winter drawdown on benthos produc-
tion because overwintering populations in the fluctuation zone
are decimated annually and reproduction and recolonizat ion would
require several months during the following spring and summer.
Algae and zooplankton production typically is minimal in winter,
and therefore unlikely to be limited by drawdown, unless the draw-
down occurs during spring, summer, or fall. The highly seasonal
nature of zooplankton and phytoplankton production, and dessication
resistant overwintering mechanisms in the former group (e,g,,
ephipial eggs) make protracted damage unlikely.
Pages 5-21 — I have no problem with your sampling efforts as you seem
to have adequately covered all important variables. Your efforts
on food habits, zooplankton, and benthos are good and will be
indispensib le for defining trophic relations.
Page 21 (objective 5) — I have serious reservations about using habitat
suitability models to assess impacts of water-level fluctuations,
A loss of habitat to drawdown (especially in winter) rarely causes
a proportional reduction in fish abundance. Habitat suitability
models have been most criticized because habitat units rarely can
be correlated with density or standing crop, A better approach
to assessing impact of winter drawdown might be to compare size-
specific mortality of fish or abundance among seasons.
If mortality is substantially higher during winter drawdown than in
summer, some basis exists for implicating drawdown as a detrimental
^ agent. Most literature indicates that fish metabolism, consump-
tion, and growth drops substantially in winter, although stomach
contents may not decrease due to reduced food processing rates,
i,e,, a -food item may require days to digest. Due to reduced food
needs, winter losses of invertebrate food resources and predation
on young fishes should be less significant in winter. I have often
found positive correlations between fish abundance and annual
water-level fluctuation whereas habitat losses due to fluctuation
might suggest that the effect would be distinctly negative. Until
the mechanisms and effects are understood, relying on habitat
changes to project population impacts could be misleading.
Page 24 (Revegetation) — Vegetation in the upper fluctuation zone is
very important for spawning and nursery habitat for certain
species, especially in warm-water impoundments, California
Biologists have had some successes along these lines — see McCammon
and von Geldern (1979) in Predator-prey Systems In Fisheries Mgmt.
(SFA Publ., Page 431), NAJFM 2(4): 307-315, and an excellent review
137
by Whitlow and Harris (1979). A copy of the review by Whitlow and
Harris is enclosed.
Page 27 (Factorial Analysis of Variance) — Statistically, a weak part
of the study is that 3-4 years of replication probably will be
inadequate to statistically quantify relations between reservoir
operations and changes in populations of fish or fish-food biota.
Seasonal and areal variations inmost variables usually exceed
annual variations, especially when annual fluctuation regimes do
not differ significantly from year to year. Consequently, you may
, not be able to demonstrate significant differences among years
unless you standardize the data by area and season and use these
standardized deviates as replicates, I prefer to use one-way
analysis of variance to look for differences among years, seasons,
or areas because 3-way ANOVA's always yield many interactions that
cannot be explained. If adequate replication is a problem because
.„ samples from different areas are highly variable or have different
variances, try standardizing all dimensions (years, seasons, or
areas) except the one you want to test. You will want to use a
nonparametr ic test such as the Kruskal-Wal 1 is test if sample
variances are not homogeneous.
In my experience, the ability to predict reservoir-wide operational
effects on fish requires at least 8-10 years of data unless you
are lucky enough to sample fewer years under highly variable flow
conditions.
The limited replication of hydrological cycles (4 years; 4 springs;
4 summers, etc.) should not prevent the study from meeting its
stated objectives or your group from formulating valuable recom-
mendations to maintain or enhance the reservoir fishery. It
probably will force the development of a more conceptual than
mathematical model for predicting effects, and one with more
assumptions. For example, documented differences in summer benthos
populations in areas that were dewatered one winter and not another
can be used to project effects on fish that feed on benthos by
using trophic transfer coefficients and many assumptions.
Your sampling seems more than adequate to describe the reservoir
trophic system and to suggest the important interactions between
target fishes and their habitat and food resources. Therefore it
should be adequate to conceptualize a trophic model. However, the
3-4 years of data probably will be insufficient to derive relations
between reservoir operations and biotic variables, relations that
' are needed to drive a trophic model. Unless operational trends
differ significantly among years and seasons and affect different
areas, it will be impossible to attribute a change in fish-food
biota or fish to operations.
As you indicated, the best chance for success lies with obtaining
significant modification of the water-level regimes in one or two
of the years, which would at least permit paired comparisons of
means of biotic variables.
138
Page 28 — If you pursue a trophic model, you may have difficulty
modeling fish species for whom only catch per unit effort data were
recorded. Salmo and kokanee should be less of a problem.
Final Annual Report (May-Oct., 1983)
Page 27 (last sentence; 1st full paragraph) — Zooplankton production
may also be limited by high rates of water exchange (> than once in
30 days). However, production already limited by temperature (in
winter) will not be impaired significantly by high rates of water
exchange.
(2nd full paragraph) — I can think of no better justification
for your efforts than the fact that we know virtually nothing about
the biology of cold-water fishes in reservoirs. What you find
should be valuable to conservation and regulatory agencies who will
run into similar problems in the future*
Page 44 (Predicting benefits) — I believe the development of a trophic
model for fish is premature because it cannot predict effects of
operations on fish unless driving variables are identified and
related to reservoir operations. Food types consumed by fish
are primary driving variables of a trophic model. If you have a
species of fish that consumes 3 food types (benthos, zooplankton,
prey fishes) and plan to use a trophic model to project effects of
water levels on this species, you must guess or project the effects
of water levels on the three food types in order to drive the
model. You may find you can project effects of some operations
(such as drawdown) on fish recruitment, growth, or mortality with-
out having to first project effects on fish foods (among other
things). Trophic models also tend to have large errors (+ 150
percent of actual values) associated with predictions. A well
thought-out conceptual model can be as useful as a mathematical
modelj less expensive to develop, and readily changed as new infor-
mation becomes available. I recommend a thorough analysis of all
data to fill in or correct your existing conceptual model (alluded
to in Pages 38 and 43 of the Annual Report and Page 4 of the Work
Plan) before considering a complex trophic model. I would guess
that other operational constraints will severely limit the amount
of operational modification possible.
It would be difficult to justify an elaborate model to predict
effects of operations on fish if operations are too inflexible to
be altered significantly. From your extensive data collections you
should acquire a workable understanding of essential water-level
requirements from which you probably could develop a suitable
rule curve.
Page 45 (last paragraph) — Unless analysis of your data yields
relationships that provide other driving variables, your proposed
trophic model will be weak.
139
DOE/BP-1 2660-2
June 1985
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11