Quince culture. An illustrated hand-book for the propagation and cultivation of the quince with descriptions of its varieties, insect enemies, diseases, and their remedies

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OLIFIC QUINCE, FROM A FIVE

S PR
OLD TREE.

MEECH’

BRANCH OF FRUIT OF

YEAR

QUINCE CULTURE

AN ILLUSTRATED HAND-BOOK FOR THE PROPAGATION AND
CULTIVATION OF THE QUINCE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF ITS VARIETIES, INSECT ENEMIES, DISEASES
AND THEIR REMEDIES

5
ea) |

3 BY
wT} Ww! MEECH, A; M.
eed
SECRETARY OF THE VINELAND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, AND

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE NEW JERSEY STATE
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION.

NEW YORK
ORANGE JUDD COMPANY

1919

vl TABLE OF CONTENTS,

CHAPTER XII.

Promoting Fruitfulness without Pruning......ceccesesee- 74
CHAPTER XIII,
Flowers and Fruit..........0.. Perr rrr:
CHAPTER XIV.

Thinning the Fruit... eeeeeneeoenee eee @eeeseoeeeceeeGessneeee se ves
CHAPTER XV.

Gathering and Marketing.......ccccccccavee, ...saesudenaeme

CHAPTER XVI.
The Profits of Quince Culture... ...:cccsscos-. pussnsuibncen en

CHAPTER XVIL,
Diseases of the Quince........seee08 rer

Winter-Kaiing, <....< .<ssi00s sees oncceadepessaenbaunehnemen
CHAPTER XIX,

Insect Enemies of the Quince.......ccccccsccccccccccosses Ob

CHAPTER XX, , |

Additional Insect Enemies... .... 0s ecccoscccacesecnsantmunneeee
CHAPTER XXI,

Some Fungi Injurious to the Quince.......cecececcesccees 145
CHAPTER XXII,

Varieties of Recent Introduction........ PP re ER
CHAPTER XXIII.

Chemical Analysis of the Ash of the Quince........++++++. 163
CHAPTER XXIV.
Birds—Toads—Rabbits—Mice......-secccceccccsccccccccse 140
CHAPTER XXV.

Medicinal and Economic Uses of the Quince ....eceseseees 172

Figure

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Frontispiece, Fruiting Branch of Meech’s Prolific Quince.

Page

1,2,3. Typical Forms of Angers

2 ae les

4,5. Typical Forms of Orange

or Apple Quince-------- 23

6. Champion Quince....--.--- 24

47, Chinese Quince-.---.-....=-.- 24

ipelier Gninee 225.22 252--. 26

9. Meech’s Prolific Quince_--- 28

10. Missouri Mammoth Quince 30
ie Ppar eines .-. 5... 2....-- 31
12. Portugal Quince-------._-- 31

. Rea’s Mammoth Quince _--_ 32
. Laying out in Squares-_----
. Laying out in Quincunx... 44

16. Quineunx by Circles ------ 44
ay. Hixed Marker... ---.--= 2. 45
18. Adjustable Marker ---.----- 45
19. Movable Triangle. --------- 45
a0. Cocaine Board ~ 2... - 46
21. Locating Board in Use. ---- 46
22. Good Tree Digging --.- ---- 48
23. Bad Tree Digging --------- 48
24, 25. Heeling-in Trees- ------ 51
a 7 3) a ae 55
27. Mound or Stool Layering-- 57
ger Larce Catting.©..-- 2.2... 58
are f.008 Graitme .-2- =. 2: -..- - 58
mie oon Outing’)... 02-2... 59
31. Splitting Knife and Chisel_ 60

eaeere Grathine 26 veel... 60
5. epuice Grafting .......2... 60
34. Saddle Grafting --_-._..__- 61
35, 36. Side Grafting _...__.__- 61
37, 38. Crown Grafting ------.- 62
39, 40. Budding Knives ----..- 62
ol, Silent Bada... . 2.2... 63
42. Cutting a Bud -.._.-.....-- 63
45. Training a Shoot froma Bud 63

(V1)

It OU

Figure Page
44, Pruning Shears-----...---- 65
45. Buds and Branches... ------ 66
46. Tree before Pruning ------ 70
AY. Tree after Pruning.-_.-...- 71

or

Or Or or
Sanmaeue

~

or

. Bad and Good Pruning __.. 72
. Effects of Bad Pruning ___. 72
. Injury from Bad Pruning__ 73

. Result of Good Pruning -__ 73
\ Apap Fas S09 Se Geo 75
. A Cheap Step-Ladder- --___- 79

. Stave Basket 79
. Fruit Crate
. Stem at a Bud as Affected

by Reestilia aurantiaca___ 86

. Stem between BudsAffected

by Reestilia aurantiaca___ 87

. Fruit and Stem as Affected

by Restilia aurantiaca___ 88

. Spore of the Restilia, Mag-

nified 400 Diameters-____ 89
60. Allorhina nitida -_-..-____- 89
61. Leaves Affected by Morth-
lera Mespilt 2. 90
62. Morthiera Mespili, Magni-
fied 400 Diameters----___- 91
63. Mycelium of the Fungi____ 91
64, Hencersonia Cydonia, Mag-
nified 400 Diameters ---- - 91
65. Leaves Affected by Hender-
sonia Cydonia-..........- 92
66. taar Blirhbe 62.289 sc0e" 93
67.. Larva of the Borer----.--_--- 98
68. Pupa of the Borer -__.-_..- 98
69. Beetle of the Borer_------- 98
40. WVGGily Abii 68 22 325 100
71. Cut-Worm, Moth.-..-___-_-- 102
2. Chrysalis of the Variegated
Cot- Worth 2. ans s 358 103

VIIt

Figure Page

73. Larva of the Variegated
Cut-WOrm......cccccccccccee 103

74. Eggs of the Variegated Cut-
WER venccecn0.
75. Larva and Moth of the
Dark-Sided Cut-Worm.... 103
76. Agrotis scandens... 104
77. W-Marked Cut-Worm 104
78. Moth of W-Marked Cut-
WOE. s csctsccassacescnccse 104
79. Calosoma Scrutator........ 105
80. Calosoma calidum........e. 105
81. Eggs of Handmaid Moth... 106
82 to 87. Larva of Handmaid
MOiliewcceve cis sssae5 - 107
88. Chrysalis of Handmaid
MOU siiccccacvecsaccenccciess 100)
89. Handmaid Moth........ee.. 108
90. Tachina Fly—A Parasite... 108
| 91. Fall Web-Worm, Larva.... 109
92. Chrysalis of Fall Web-
WOED yc ds daeness ae acne 109
93. Moth of Fall Web-Worm... 109
94. Bag-Worm—All Stages..... 110
95. Cryptus inquisitor..... Pr ee
96. Hemiteles thyridopteryx—
Mal©.<ccccccccccccccccccesss 11s
Female ....cccccccccccccccccss 112
Corn Emperor Moth—
LATVA cccccccesccaccccsces 112

103

97.
98.

99. WeEMAIlG pret ccccedscesswes 113
100. MAIS = sere ce.ac'ews occas eewe 113
101. White-Marked ‘Tussock-

Moth—Larva...cecceesees 115
102. Pupa...cccccccccccccccccee 115
103. Male cpesscemasc- eovces 115
104. Pear-Tree Slug—Female.... 117
105. 117
106. Polyphemus Moth, Female 120

107. Male icesiececccesccwsucce! 20
108. Chrysalis. ..cccccccscece 121
109. DUAL A acsepececuecesewesntet
110. RAIGOOR, Gepewiaces sane ovine. ae

111. Long-Tailed Ophion........ 123
112. Cotton Tuft, Larva and

SSCSCOKC CCHS SESHESES SESE 124

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS,

Figure Page
113. The Green Aphis...-ecessceee 125
114. Leaf Crumplef.....ssceceees 129
115. Leaves Destroyed by
CrumpleP.....ccscceccccccce 129
116. Tarnished Plant-Bug....... 130
117. Pear-Tree Blister-Beetle... 131
118. Chrysomelians....ee-ceceees 131
. Quince Curculio....<.ssceses low
. Cryptophasa unipunctata.. 134
- Scolytus rugulosus......... « 135
. Perforations of Bark....... 136
. Breeding Chamber Under
the Bark: ... 000 -ccccvcesses 13G
124. Parasite of Larva......e.e0- 136
125. Rose Beetle ....ccccccccccscce 1at
126. Male Gipsy Moth........e«. 139
127. Female Gipsy Moth ........ 139
128. Gipsy Moth Caterpillar.... 140
129. Gipsy Moth Pupa........... 140
130. Limb Infested with Scale.. 141
131. Underside of a Young Larva 141
132. Adult Female Containing
YOun® .vcceccccuscecntau enue ae
133. Adult Male Insect .......... 142
134. Bud Moth, Twice the Nat-
UFAl SizZe.. 6. ccccccccocccnces 144
135. Larva, Three Times Natural
SiZG sa sccccoawnuainans wsideee eee
136. Central View of a Pupa.... 144
137. Dorsal View of a Pupa..... 144
138. Young Quince Affected

with Rust. csps<s dou scare
139. Spores of Quince Spot Fun-
PUSie os wasn wanwmaleace cooccece 150

140. Badly Spotted Quince...... 151
141. Quince Affected with Black
ROG}. vice saewacuuman= seca
142. Pale Rot of Quinces........ 154
143. Quince Affected with Ripe
144. Ripe Rot of Quince from
ADDPIO...ccceccsevdascvceusam ame
145. Quince Showy with Decays 158
146, 147, 148. Saving Girdled
TICS « ecccvcccce ~-eteeeecee@ 171

PREFACE.

To cultivate any fruit with the highest success there
must be sullicient knowledge of what is involved to
enable the cultivator to assign a reason for what he does
both to the soil and to the tree.

The object of this work is to furnish a mannal or
hand-book for the novice and those who are already more
or less informed, and yet desire a work of reference to
consult in the various operations necessary to attain the
highest success in quince culture.

Aware of the imperfections of everything human, the
author does not expect that this attempt to furnish a
collective exhibit of the points of greatest interest per-
taining to this culture of a much-neglected fruit will be
beyond criticism. The demand for a work on quince
culture is urgent, and is shown by many letters of in-
quiry from all parts of the country. Solicitations have
been numerous, asking the author to write this book,
and give the world the results of his experience.

On consulting the large hbraries of the great cities,
and those in smaller cities and towns, no separate work
was found on quince culture. Interesting articles are
scattered through many volumes on agriculture, horti-
culture, and gardening, showing marked improvement in
the culture of nearly all fruits. There are works more
or less pretentious on the culture of the apple, pear,
peach, etc., but the various articles relating to the quince
are dispersed through so many different books, that
the labor of finding them, when the information they
contain is wanted, is too great to be generally undertaken
by even those having access to ample libraries.

After deciding to prepare this manual, the author spent
a year re-examining all the points, as the seasons favored,

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10 PREFACE,

to be well satisfied in regard to all the insect enemies
and diseases of the quince, and in reading whatever he
could find upon any part of the subject. Besides the
many points of interest in his own experience and obser-
vation, he takes great pleasure in acknowledging his
indebtedness to the writings of Charles Downing, John
Lindley, J. J. Thomas, A. 8. Fuller, 8. W. Cole, W.
Sanders, P. B. Mead, and others in the department of
propagation and culture. In studying the insect ene-
mies of the quince, his own observations have been
greatly aided by the works of Harris, Packard, Riley
and Saunders, on entomology. In observing the dis-
eases to which the quince is subject, substantial help
has been derived from Professor Arthur’s researches on
the blight, and the North American Fungi of Professor
Ellis. In the hope that it may prove a serviceable help to
all who shall consult its pages, it is respectfully submitted
to the public by the author.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.

Since the publication of the first edition of this work
a number of insect enemies have been investigated, and
several species not then suspected have proved injurious
to the quince. All these, as well as the important fun-
gous diseases to which the quince is subject, are de-
scribed in this volume, together with their preventives
and remedies. Of special interest will be found the
chapter on the analysis of the quince, by Dr. H. W.
Wiley. Condensed descriptions of the varieties of recent
introduction have also been added, thus bringing the
work up to the present date.

W. W. MEECH.

INTRODUCTION.

We live in a progressive age, when knowledge is
greatly increased, and the mental horizon widened by
the researches and observations of experimenters in hor-
ticulture, as in every other pursuit. Improvement in
quince culture has been remarkably slow, yet, on the
whole, has certainly attained to an encouraging state of
progress. The markets of the country are beginning to
be fairly supplied with this fruit, where but a few years
ago it was very scarce.

For both ornament and profit I know of no fruit that’
can be planted with better promise of success than the
quince. In acity yard, or a village garden, there will be
some spot for a tree or two; and on a farm, large or
small, the judicious planting of this fruit will be a most
profitable investment. The method of culture here
described has been attended with marked success. In
practice, the difference between success and failure often
depends on a little thing, very easily overlooked by the
most skilful. But as a good general organizes a victory
out of a defeat, so will a good culturist learn by his
failures to succeed in further trials, as by them he gets
back to first principles.

Quince culture is both an art and a science. One
great reason why the cultivation of the quince has been so
much neglected is, that it was accepted as a foregore con-
clusion that no success was to be expected in the place
and with the facilities at command. But now, with the
multiplication, improvement, and cultivation well under-
stood, and reduced to some degree of exactness, it is as
reasonable to expect success with this as with any other

fruit.
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12 INTRODUCTION.

It will be of great service to understand the prin-
cipal laws governing the growth of plants, and the
application of those laws to this fruit. The method
of culture most in agreement with these laws will
always give the greatest promise of success. As was
said at a meeting of the Maryland Horticultural Soci-
ety: “This fruit deserves systematic cultivation, in-
stead of the careless system of a tree here and there in
the corners of fences, and in wet places, untrimmed and
choked by weeds.”

In 1872 the editor of the ‘ Horticulturist” asked :
«Why does not some one, of a careful turn of mind,
forsaking the beaten path of fever for strawberries, cran-
berries, pears, and peaches, study the characteristics of
the quince, and learn its needs of soil and climate, and
then follow them up by planting a good orchard ?” The
author has done this, and here gives the results of his
experience.

The aim in this manual is to furnish all nee¢od infor-
mation for the profitable cultivation of quinces in all
places where they will grow. Let this fruit, for which
there is no substitute, be no longer only a luxury within
the means of the rich, but become so common and abun-
dant that it may be enjoyed by all. It will greatly
increase the true wealth of the nation to provide all
classes with all the varieties of fruits in their seasons, and
so extend the means of health and happiness.

SINCE CULTURE

CHAPTER I.
HISTORY OF THE QUINCE.

CypontA, to which the Quince (C. vulgaris) belongs, is
a genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order Rosacea,
sub-order Pome, and nearly allied to Pyrus, with which
some botanists unite it; but it is distinguished from Pyrus
by having many seeds in each cell, and by the abundance
of mucilage in the seed cells. It is found all through
Western Asia and Southern Europe, whence its cultiva-
tion has been extended. .

The rabbinical traditions of the Jews make it the
most ancient of all our fruits, dating back to the Garden
of Eden ; and there, by its exquisite beauty and delight-
ful fragrance, tempting Eve to commit her first disobedi-
ence. In harmony with this tradition, is the fact that
the quince grows in high perfection all through Palestine
and the surrounding countries. This fruit at Hebron is
so mild that many eat it out of hand, as we do apples
and pears. Both Jews and Mohammedans make great
use of it for various confections, preserving it in earthen
vessels akin to the crocks in use among us. According
to the ‘* Horticulturist ” for 1848-9, ‘“The quince of Persia
attains a weight of fifty to sixty ounces; ripens on the
tree or in the store, and can be eaten like a soft ripe pear.”

It was early cultivated among the Greeks, who called
it the Kudonion Malon, the Cydonian Apple, and used

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14 QUINCE CULTURE.

it extensively as a preserve. Its botanical name, Cydo-
nia, comes from Cydon, a city on the island of Crete,
where it grew abundantly. They found it then, as now,
<‘both toothsome and wholesome.” A writer in the sey-
enth volume of Putnam’s Magazine tells how the ancients
testified to their appreciation of this fruit by dedicating
it to Venus. They regarded it as the emblem of both
love and happiness. With it they decorated the temples
of Cyprus and Paphos. It was the chosen ornament of
the statues of Hymen. In the garden of the Tuilleries
there is a figure of Hercules holding quinces in his hand.
According to Plutarch, Solon enacted a law that this
fruit should be the invariable feast of each newly-wedded
pair before they retired to their nuptial couch. Homer,
the Asiatic Greek and father of epic poetry, three thou-
sand years ago described a garden in his Odyssey with
such classic beauty, and sympathy with the real life of
the people of that age, that we almost wish we had lived in
his Smyrnian home to regale ourselves with the luscious
quinces and other fruits there grown in their perfection.

From the classic plains of Greece, where it may have
formed the sacred shade of Academus, this golden fruit,
in genial fellowship with literature and the arts, traveled
into Italy, where Virgil, the prince of Latin poets, threw
over its own inherent charms the rhythmic spell of his
enchanting lays. One of the magic effusions of his genius
appears in the beautiful lament of the shepherd Da-
mon, in the VIIIth KEclogue, where he honors the quince
by placing it among the select exponents of a higher
order of nature, hypothetically conceived to illustrate the
irremediable determination of the lover’s despair.

The quince was, according to Goropius, the golden apple
of the Hesperides. Columella, the most elegant and ex-
tensive agricultural and horticultural writer of his time,
‘¢who scattered incense upon the altar of its virtues,”
extolled it as the promoter of both health and pleasure.

HISTORY OF THE QUINCE. 15

The Elder Pliny, with the fond instinct of the true
pomologist, eloquently descants upon its valuable prop-
erties, and paints the tree as it appeared about Rome,
with its branches depending to the ground, jeweled with
starry fruit. In fact, ‘‘ the clever criticisms of this early
naturalist soon became lost amid his enchanting pane-
gyrics.” Different varieties of the quince (more than we
possess now), he tells us, were cultivated in profusion
throughout Italy, ‘‘both for ornamental and useful in-
tents.”’ Like the orange and lemon in our Northern States,
it appears sometimes to have been grown in boxes, which
*“were exposed for admiration in the ante-chambers of
the great.” He extolled most highly its health-imparting
and medicinal virtues, enlivening his classic descriptions
with a warmth of enthusiasm which ‘‘must inevitably
fill the modern admirer of the quince with enduring
delight.”

Professor Targioni, an Italian horticulturist, informs
us, that at the present time the peasantry in some parts
of Southern Europe highly prize the quince for perfuming
their stores of linen, and that in the yet warmer lands it
is still found as gratifying to the palate as to the nostrils.
A recent traveler in Persia, after speaking of its use as
a dessert, says it is yearly forwarded as presents to Bag-
dad, where the highly perfumed odor is found so power-
ful, that if there be but a single quince in a caravan, no
one who accompanies it can remain unconscious of its
presence.

The Italian name of the quince, cotona or cotogna, is
believed to be the origin of melocoton for a quince, as
melocotogno is the Italian for a quince tree. The Spanish
melocoton is a peach tree grafted on the quince, or the
fruit of this, but memdrillo is the Spanish name of the
quince, as malum cotoneum is the Latin for a quince-
apple. The Portuguese name is marmelo, from which
comes our marmalade, a most valuable form of pre-

16 QUINCE CULTURE.

serving the Portugal quince, one of the best quality.
In the south of France, on the border of Garonne,
quinces are extensively raised to make marmalade,
which is called cotignac, from the Italian. The French
name of the quince is coing or cotgnasier, a corner, and
seems to have been applied from the old idea of planting
this tree in a fence corner. The Dutch call the quince
Kivepeer, and the Germans Quzitte or Quittenbaum, and
both cultivate it quite extensively. From Royle’s Illus-
trations of the Himalaya Mountains we learn that ‘‘ The
quince plants introduced from Cashmere do not differ
from those already in India (Cydonia vulgaris). It is
found, either in a wild or cultivated state, on the ramifi-
cations of Taurus and Caucasus, Hindoo-Khoosh and the
Himalayas, or in the valleys included within them.”
“They are abundant at Bokhara and other places in the
north of Hindoo-Khoosh.”

It is now found growing spontaneously on the banks
of the Danube and in Southern France. It is also exten-
sively cultivated in various parts of the French Republic,
especially at Angers, whence the stocks of young trees
are sent abroad by the million. arly in the history of
England we find accounts of its culture, where it was
employed for hedges as well as for ornament and fruit.
It seems to have traveled with the march of civilization,
and been celebrated in song as in mythology.

The Pilgrims early brought it to New England, where
it was cultivated on the rugged hillsides and in the
valleys; and as they spread over the country in their
migrations, they carried with them the older varieties
of this fruit. The chief improvements in the varieties
and modes of cultivation are the result of the last half
century’s experience ; and now, as we see all parts of the
civilized world interested in this fruit, we hail with joy
its progress and success.

4

STRUCTURE OF THE QUINCE TREE. 1?

CHAPTER I.
STRUCTURE OF THE QUINCE TREE.

THE root and top are the two principal parts of all
trees. When raised from seed, a plant or tree has first
of all a main or tap-root, which goes down into the
ground, where it ramifies,and gives support and nour-
ishment to the top. The point where the root and top
meet is the collar of the tree. Trees grown from cut-
tings do not have a tap-root like seedlings, but make up
for it by the large number of /aterals which they send out.
The top, consisting of the trunk and branches, termi-
nating in twigs with their leaves, is the counterpart to
the root system. ‘The quince, in these respects, differs
in no way from other trees. The bark of one year old
twigs and shoots is beautifully flecked with a thick dot-
ting of light-colored spots, caiied lenticelles. They are
corky formations, having just projection enough to give
a slight roughness to the surface.

The duds are of two sorts, leaf and fruit. The buds
of the quince that produce fruit push out short growths
from one to three inches long, on the ends of which are
the dlossoms and fruit. The leaf buds resemble them
at first, but when expanded are destitute of the organs
of the flowers and fruit. The quince makes its most
vigorous buds on the sides of its shoots instead of the
ends, and, when well cultivated, growth continues until
the autumn frosts nip the terminal buds. A large num-
ber of the buds are Jatent, and may remain dormant for
years. ‘I'hey are Nature’s reserve to grow when others
are destroyed. When a vigorous shoot has been well cut
back, buds often push on each side of the visible buds,
giving three and sometimes more growths at one place.
The latent buds are developed when large branches are

18 QUINCE CULTURE.

cut back or broken off by accident, or when even the
whole head of the tree has been removed. In avery vig-
orous tree it is quite common to have the buds push
their threefold development simultaneously; the central
growth bearing the blossom, and those on either side of
it only making wood-growth. Occasionally two of the
three bloom together. By observing the position of
the buds along a branch, in going the length of five buds
you can so prune as to give any desired direction to the
new growth, and thus form a symmetrical tree.

The leaves, with their stipules, form the foliage of the
tree, and seem to serve much the same parpose for it that
the lungs of animals do for them. Leaves not only give
beauty to the tree, but are necessary to its existence.
They are formed of a series of veins, between which is
the cellular tissue or parenchyma, which consists of
numerous cel/s of various forms, with air spaces between
to increase the surface exposed to the air and sunlight.
There are about 25,000 of these breathing pores in each
leaf, through which moisture and air are received, and
vapor and carbonic acid given off. By this process the
sap in the leaves is thickened, and the material of woody
fiber elaborated. The wood of trees is chiefly carbon,
which the leaves have absorbed from the air. Their ni-
trogen comes from the combined influence of the air, the
sun’s light and heat, the humus of the soil, and the action
of potash. Analysis of the ashes shows that a very small
part of the constituents come from the soil. The air
is an abundant storehouse of exhaustless capacity, full
of the materials of plant growth, to which each culti-
vator possesses a key. Every man and air-breathing
animal on earth is helping to keep this atmospheric
storehouse filled with the material of plant growth
by every breath exhaled ; and so all animated creation
is at work for the tiller of the soil. Not only are
the leaves the laboratory of the growing wood, but

STRUCTURE OF THE QUINCE TREE. 19

also of the fruit. Ifwe would have perfect fruit, we
must have plenty of good healthy leaves to mature it. If
diseases or insect enemies are allowed to deprive a tree of
its leaves, the growth both of wood and fruit will suffer
accordingly.

The flower of the quince consists of a five-parted calyx,
urn-shaped, of a green color; a corolla of five pinkish
colored petals, quite broad at the outer end, and five
styles in the midst of many stamens that fructify the
seeds. In exceptional cases there are six petals, and oc-
casionally a semi-double blossom with ten. The seeds
are in five large cells, in each of which are two rows
of seeds, covered with a thick mucilage. The quince
flowers in May, and sometimes a few flowers ap-
pear in June. In exceptional seasons the quince, like
other trees, will bloom in autumn. I had a young tree
bloom full in the fall, that put out quite feebly the
next spring, and died entirely the second year after.

The fruit is either apple or pear shaped, and covered
with a white down, that affords partial protection from
insect enemies. If the quince is gathered before it is
fully ripe it is very slow in coloring, and may never wear
the rich golden yellow it would if left to mature as
Nature intended. Though one of the hardest of all
fruits, it is also one of the easiest bruised, and then most
rapidly decays. arly ripening varieties are not as high
flavored as the later, and much socner decay.

The life force or vital principle acts on the carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and mineral matters which
are combined in the formation of the cellular structure
of the tree in all its parts. The mystery of plant life is,
that the germ in the seed has in it the organizing power
that determines both the form and functions of the cells
by which it builds up all its growth. Chemical analysis
reveals the various elements and their proportions in the
. vegetable cell; but the utmost skill of the chemist, with

20 QUINCE CULTURE.

all his knowledge of matter, has never enabled him to so
combine these elements as to produce and build up living
organic matter from what comes to him without life.

CHAPTER III.
VARIETIES OF THE QUINCE.

THERE is a difference of opinion among horticulturists
as to what constitutes a variety. Some classify all the
varieties as being either apple or pear quinces, without
regard to the other differences. Others class as varieties
all that show distinctive differences in their habits of
growth, time of ripening their fruit, shape, and quali-
ties of color, fragrance, and flavor. To the latter class
the writer allies himself, and will be governed in his de-
scriptions accordingly.

Traveling over this country from east to west or from
north to south, we find a great number of seedling
varieties that have no distinctive names, but are called
by their possessors after the well-known varieties from
which they are supposed to have sprung, or which they
most closely resembie. On this point Charles A. Green,
of the ‘‘ Fruit Grower,” has well said : ‘‘ Almost every-
thing in the shape of a quince that is not known to be
Angers or Champion is called Orange quince. The race
of Orange quinces has sprung from numerous seedlings,
and there are numerous types of it all over the country
that vary in shape, size, quality, and dates of ripening.
I have given this matter the closest attention, and find
in my travels that the Orange quince is divided into
many strains coming from different sources. Quinces
have sprung up in gardens, have been planted, propa-
gated, and called Orange quince, for the reason that they

VARIETIES OF THE QUINCE. 2]

resembled that quince more closely than any other vari-
ety. In many cases these are not Orange quinces, but
seedlings that vary considerably. I do not doubt but
that Meech’s Quince is one of these variations of the
Orange quince, of an improved type.”

In harmony with this view of Mr. Green, I first called
this variety the Pear-sbaped Orange Quince, and only
consented to change it to Meech’s Prolific when my hor-
ticultural friends showed that it needed a different name
to avoid being confounded with some of the other pear-
shaped varieties. I have seen samples of half a dozen
seedlings grown in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, each
of which was clearly distinct in tree or fruit, or both.
A seedling tree in Philadelphia bears a very pretty quince
haying the marks of the old Orange quince. At Jen-
kintown, Pennsylvania, is a seedling tree growing more
upright than its parent, but the fruit very closely re-
sembles it. In Bridgeton, New Jersey, is a seedling that
produces a beautiful specimen of the obscure pyriform of
mild acid quality. In Millville, New Jersey, is a seed-
ling shaped like an apple, except that it is very deeply
ribbed from the blossom to the stem all around. In
Vineland there are two good seedlings of the apple and
pear shapes, and each of them an improvement on its
ancestry. So, no doubt, close observers will find it all
over the country. The fruit books and catalogues offer
but a very short list of varieties. I here give, in alpha-
betical order, the varieties of most importance, as now
found in cultivation, with a few not very commonly found.

1, ANGER’S QUINCE (Cydonia vulgaris).—This variety
has a remarkably strong and vigorous root system, which
has made it valuable as a stock for dwarfing the pear.
The nurserymen of this country import large quantities
of these stocks every year for this purpose ; and for the
Champion quince, which succeeds better on them than
on its own roots, —~

22 QUINCE CULTURE.

In my experience the Angers has been very uncertain.
Sometimes it is entirely barren, and then, azain, bears
abundantly. The fruit varies from the shape of the
‘ apple to the pear, having generally a modified form

W

Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3.
ANGERS—THREE FORMS,

between them. Sometimes it attains to a weight of
twenty ounces. ‘The fruit ripens quite late in the fall,
and will keep well in a common ceilar, ike apples. The
flesh is a little coarser than that of the Orange. |

2. APPLE or ORANGE QUINCE (Cydonia vulgaris v.
maliformis). This is generally known simply as the Orange
quince. Some speak of the Apple quinceas distinct from
the Orange; but, as generally understood, they are one and
the same variety. One old author speaks of the Orange
and Angers as one and the same; but he could hardly
make a clearer mistake. ‘The Orange variety is most
cultivated in New York and New England, prokae
because of its early ripening.

The o/d Orange quince tree is very readily distinguished
by the trunk and larger limbs having very rough excres-
cences all around them at very short intervals. The
color of the leaves and of the bark on young twigs is
perceptibly lighter than on the other varieties, includ-

‘

VARIETIES OF THE QUINCE. 23

ing seedlings. The strains of the Orange quince that
have evidently sprung from its seeds, will generally be
found to have smoother trunks, with deeper color of
leaves and of the bark on the twigs. The shape of the
fruit in the old Orange quince is like a Rhode Island
Greening apple or a Fallawater. It is often broad-
ened toward the stem, and occasionally shapes up to
the stem like a Seckel pear. In some of the newer
strains the whole body of the fruit is more elongated.
The color is a rich orange, which is often marred by
red spots as the fruit matures ; and when fully ripe

Fig. 4.—ORANGE, OLD TYPE. Fig. 5.—ORANGE, SEEDLING.

these spots sink below the surface, and after a little
while become centers of decay. This decay is frequently
seen while the fruit is yet on the tree. The flesh is
generally tender, and the flavor good, though not as
high as in varieties that ripen later. This lack of high
flavor is much more noticeable in New Jersey and fur-
ther South, where it ripens about the middle of Sep-
tember, when the weather is hot, than in New York and
further North, where it ripens later, and cooler weather
brings the fruit to a higher perfection.

The time of ripening in all places will vary with the
variations of the season. Trees in very full bearing will

24 QUINCE CULTURE.

take longer to perfect the frait. I have seen a difference
of two weeks, which was clearly attributable to this cause.
A fair weight for the Orange quince is about half a pound;
but in favorable circumstances it will come up to a pound,
and has reached twenty-two ounces. In many parts of
the United States it has long been the most popular
variety, though some of the seedlings which bear this
name are inferior.

3. THE CHAMPION QuINcE.—This variety is one of
those but lately brought to public notice. It is described

ae

‘B

sa

Fig. 6.—CHAMPION. Fig. 7.—CHINESE.

as being ‘“‘obscure pyriform, between the shape of an
apple and a pear, with the stem inserted at the base of an
unusually prominent lip, and inclined ; the skin a lively
yellow, strongly russeted for a short distance around the
stem ; calyx set in a remarkably deep and strongly corru-
gated basin.” The tree is very vigorous, and comes early
into bearing. The fruit is larger than the Orange. It
ripens later than any other quince, and has been grown
to weigh twenty-four ounces.

VARIETIES OF THE QUINCE. 25

It is especially difficult to propagate from its own cut-
tings. ‘The growing shoots have avery dark color, which
is peculiarly its own, and distinguishes it from others.
It is unusually subject to blight in some parts of the
country. In some sections it grows vigorously and bears
abundantly, while in others it is a very moderate grower,
and bears accordingly.

4, CHINESE QUINCE (Cydonia Sinensis) is a variety
cultivated for ornament. In the Southern States it is in
favor for its fruit, which sometimes attains a weight of
two anda half pounds. I have found the quality good
for a preserve, though the grain isa little coarse. The
tree grows to the hight of thirty feet or more. The fo-
hage assumes a beautiful red tint in autumn. The
flowers are rosy red, with a violet odor. It blooms in
May. The fruit is very large, smooth, oblong-oval, and
of a greenish yellow. The flesh is firm; and when pre-
served turns to a beautiful pink. It ripens late, and
keeps a long time in sound condition.

This quince was taken to Holland at the close of the.
last century, and to France in the beginning of this,
and fruited in the Jardin du Roi in 1811. It proved
hardy in Paris, but the season was short for its fruit to
ripen well. It succeeds in the West Indies, and in the
United States south of Maryland. To swell some cata-
logues the Chinese quince trees have been called Hong
Kong and Lutea.

5. DE BourGEAUT is a late French sort, described as
“Feathered trees,” and in appearance looks quite differ-
ent from any other variety.

6. FontenAy or NEw Upricut.—This derives its
name from its upright form. It is slender and branching,
and forms small, compact trees. The bark is very light
green. Itscuttings root very readily. It isused for stocks.

7. FuLter Quincr.—This new variety was discovered
about twenty years ago by A. 8. Fuller, at Ridgewood,

26 QUINCE CULTURE.

Bergen County, N. J., on the grounds of a neighbor,
from whom he obtained cuttings and propagated a few
trees. The original tree was broken down and com,

Fig. 8.—FULLER.

pletely destroyed by the workmen while building a new
house, and but for the timely notice of Mr. Fuller would
have been lost to the world. The beauty of the fruit,

5 EP EB ti
r

VARIETIES OF THE QUINCE. 27

when it assumed a rich golden yellow early in the season,
was what first arrested Mr. Fuller’s attention. ‘‘It is
large and uniformly pear-shaped, occasionally with a long
slender neck, not larger than a man’s thumb. Flesh
fine-grained, with very little of the usual grittiness com-
mon to the quince.” Dr. Thurber adds to these points
of Mr. Fuller’s description, that the surface is somewhat
ridged, that the calyx is set in a deep, wide basin, and
that the flesh is remarkably tender and well-flavored.
The specimen figured weighed nineteen ounces.

8. THE JAPANESE QUINCE (Cydonia Japonica) is the
well-known flowering quince of our gardens, and is con-
spicuous in early spring for its brilliant flowers. Itisa
thorny, straggling, and bushy plant, sending up numerous
suckers, which admirably adapt it for forming hedges, for
which purpose it is often used. The fruit is generally
elliptical, but often resembles a peach. The color is
greenish yellow, often with blushing cheeks. The flesh
is very hard and firm, but strongly aromatic. ‘The jelly
made from it is excellent. It will flavor two or three
times its own bulk of other fruits. The scarlet flowers
of the Japonica, as they open among the first blossoms
of spring, are unsurpassed in their brilliancy and the
charm they impart.

9. MerEcH’s Prouiric Quince.—This variety is the
most uniformly prolific of all known varieties. So far
as I have been able to trace its history, it originated in
Connecticut over thirty years ago, and was slightly dis-
tributed under the name of the Orange quince, or with-
out any specific name. Some trees were taken to New
York, Ohio, and New Jersey, but no general attention
was attracted to its merits until the stock came into the
hands of the author, who, after testing it beside other
sorts, published in 1883 an article in the American
Agriculturist, describing it under the name of the Pear-
shaped Orange Quince. | The article attracted the atten-

28 QUINCE CULTURE.

tion of the venerable Charles Downing, who wrote
that he judged, from the description, it was a new va-
riety, in which opinion he was fully confirmed by a
subsequent examination of the fruit. He expressed his
belief not only that it was ‘‘an acquisition to the quince

Fig. 9.--MEECH’S PROLIFIC.

family,” but ‘‘ worthy of general cultivation.” So far as
tested, it has justified his good opinion.

The trees of this variety are exceedingly vigorous,
fully equaling, if not exceeding, the Angers. The trunk
is smooth, and entirely free from the excrescences of some
other kinds. The bark of the young twigs is darker than

VARIETIES OF THE QUINCE. 29

that of the Orange, and is beautifully flecked with len-
ticelles. The leaves are very broad in proportion to their
length, and of a deep shade of green. ‘The blossoms
are very large. ‘lhe buds have been substituted for
those of the rose in floral designs with happy effect. It
is not uncommon for one year old trees to blossom in the
nursery rows, and occasionally bear fruit to ripeness.
Such trees, after being transplanted, have uniformly
borne every year after, so that I could show the horti-
cultural wonder of fruit on every age from one to twelve
years.

The fruit is obscure pyriform, very large, of a bright
golden yellow, exceedingly fragrant, and of high flavor.
The skin is of a very fine texture. The cup of the stem
end is very small, and often entirely wanting; that of
the blossom end is not as large as in most other varieties,
and is less corrugated. The superiority of the fruit in
erates or cans has been well proved by the highest prices
in the home markets as well as in the large cities.
The time of ripening, early in October, has been found to
suit all classes by coming to the tradesman and consumer
between the earliest and latest, when the season favors
its highest perfection. It has weighed as high as eighteen
punces on full-bearing trees, though twelve to fifteen is
a good size, giving seventeen fruits to the rounded peck.

A Frenchman has this in his catalogue: ‘‘ Meech’s
Prolific.—Remarkable for its productiveness, uniformity
in size, regularity in bearing, and superior quality. It
meets every requirement of a perfect quince.”

10. Mtssourl MAMMOTH QUINCE.—This variety origi-
nated in Massachusetts. It was carried to Ohio, and
from there to Kansas City, Missouri, by J. M. Slocum,
who sold the stock to 8. C. Palmer, by whom it has been
disseminated. After being tested some twelve or fifteen
years, it was accepted with so much favor as to receive
the commendation of the Missouri Valley Horticultural

30 QUINCE CULTURE.

Society, and from that Society received its name. The
description of the tree is, that it is a healthy and vigor-
ous grower, very productive, and a regular bearer; that
‘‘when planted at one year old, and well handled, it
will bear in five years,” and ‘‘after it comes well into

Fig. 10.—MIssOURI MAMMOTH.

bearing the yield is from one to two bushels per tree.”
‘The fruit, which ‘‘ripens about the time of the Orange,
is very large, pyriform in shape, and very rich and
aromatic.” The stem is set in a broad basin, and the
cup of the blossom end is deeply corrugated.

11. Musk or PINEAPPLE QuiINcE.—This is an old

VARIETIES OF THE QUINCE. 31

variety, that produces a large fruit, but is now discarded.
It had its celebrity in this country fifty years ago. The
Musk was one of the sorts spoken of by Columella.

12. PEAR QUINCE (Cydonia vulgaris v. oblonga).—It
receives its name from being shaped like a pear, oblong,
and tapering to the stem. ‘The fruit is yellow, the flesh
a little darker than the Orange, and much tougher, be-
coming woody around the core. It is of medium size,
and though one of the oldest, is also one of the poorest
varieties. It ripens much later than the Orange. Its

Fig. 11.—PEAR. Fig. 12.—PORTUGAL.

chief excellence is its high flavor. It is now little culti-
vated, better sorts taking its place.

13. THE PorTUGAL QUINCE (Cydonia vulgaris v.
Lusitanica) is the earliest ripening of all the varieties,
being ten days earlier than the Orange quince. It is
not a vigorous grower, but has been used forstocks. The
leaf is a little longer and wider in proportion than the
Orange quince. The trunk and branches are peculiarly
marked by excrescences as smooth as those on the old
Orange are rough. The fruit is large,a little oblong,
tapering from the middle each way, like a Kieffer pear.

32 QUINCE CULTURE.

The quality is excellent. When cooked the flesh turns
purple or crimson. The color of this variety is a very
bright yellow. The reason it is so little cultivated is
that it is so shy a bearer.

14. ReEA’s SEEDLING, or REA’s MAMMOTH, was raised
by Joseph Rea, of Coxsag-
kie, Greene County, N. Y.
It is believed to bea seed-
ling of the Orange, though
in shape it is obscure pyri-
form. It ripens later than
the Orange, and keeps
very well after ripening.
The flavor is excellent.
It has attained a weight
of twenty-two ounces in
New Jersey’s sandy soil.
To attain full size the tree
needs high culture with good thinning. But for the
tenderness of the trees in some localities, this variety
must have reached a much wider dissemination.

15. THe Sweet Quince.—This variety is so named
because the fruit is mildly acid and not very astringent.
The tree is a good grower and bears abundantly. T. B.
Jenkins, of Chambersburg, Penn., says this variety was
raised from seed about 1830, and has been a regular
bearer. The fruit is described as being medium to
large, roundish oblate, and somewhat ribbed; color yel-
low, but not so bright as the Orange. The stem is set
in a broad, dull brown, and rough, knob-like projection,
while the calyx has large, long segments, set in a deep
basin much corrugated. The flesh is firm and of a deep
yellow, coarse grained, a little tough, and not very juicy.

Fig. 13.—REA’Ss.

SOILS FOR THE QUINCE. 33

CHAPTER IV.
SOILS FOR THE QUINCE.

THERE isa diversity of opinion as to what kind of soil is
best suited for the quince. One class of observers, who
have seen this fruit growing in high perfection in the rich
accumulations washed down from the hill-sides for ages,
insist on a moist or alluvial soil. Others, with a suc-
cessful experience in a light sandy loam, may favor that.
Others still, observing that quinces grow successfully on
all kinds of soil, except dry sand or wet swamps, would
plant it anywhere, from the low lands along the sea-coast,
or margins of lakes and ponds, streams and rivers, to the
higher plains and table-lands, or on the hill-sides and
hill-tops of quite elevated locations.

This fruit has attained high perfection in the moun-
tain regions of Georgia, and North and South Carolina.
J. Van Buren, of Clarksville, Georgia, says: ‘‘ It is not
unusual to raise quinces five to five and a half inches in
diameter, fair, smooth, and beautiful, and of high flavor.”

The quince adapts itself to different soils and circum-
stances with remarkable success. The soil may have
a preponderance of sand, gravel, or clay, and yet be rich
in those fertilizing materials which adapt it to all wants.
An analysis of the wood, bark, and fruit will show that
the soil and atmosphere together have supplied it with
potash and Jime, soda and silica, alum and iron, mag»
nesia and chlorine, phosphoric, sulphuric, and carbonic
acids, and moisture. To these add decaying animal and
vegetable matter, with needed water, light, heat, elec-
tricity, and the aérial gases, and we have the perfection
of fertility. A heavy clay soil will be improved by the
addition of sand or silica, because it will make it warmer,
and more open and friable. A light, sandy soil, will be

34 QUINCE CULTURE.

made better by the addition of clay or alumina, because
it will make it more compact and retentive of moisture.
Lime and chalk will produce effects intermediate be-
tween the silicaand alumina. The mechanical condition
will be found quite as important as the chemical constitu-
tion of the soil. When the mineral elements of fertility
near the surface become too much reduced or exhausted
by long cultivation, it will be helpful to work the soil
deeper, bringing up the reserve forces; or by the addi-
tion of a perfect fertilizer, the growth will go forward
with success.

In selecting soils, the first choice should be a strong
loam, with enough sand in its composition to make
it work easy. In a deep, strong soil the trees should
not be expected to come into as early bearing as in
the sandy soil, because the greater vigor of growth
does not so soon tend to the formation of fruit buds;
but when they do bear they make up for any lost time
by the abundance and quality of the fruit, and greater
longevity, and immunity from disease. A gravelly loam,
if not too gravelly, is the second choice, because it comes
the nearest to the first in all the more desirable qualities.
A light, sandy soil is the next choice. It is a very de-
sirable soil on many accounts ; and where it has a clayey
subsoil, asin my Vineland orchard, excellent results may
be attained. It is not every one who can have his choice
of soils, and it must suffice to use the very best available.
After an experience of over twelve years with a light,
sandy loam, I am well satisfied with its advantages. It
is easily worked, yields excellent returns, and maintains
ahealthy growth. The clayey soil is chiefly objectionable
on account of its being often too wet and heavy. Where
the clay is not in excess, this soil is capable of being
drained and otherwise improved, so as to give promise of
good results. If only the proper cultivation be given,
any soil that will yield good crops of corn and potatoes

SOILS FOR THE QUINCE. 35

may be used for the quince. ‘This is especially true all
along the sea-coast of the New England and the Middle
States.

In many sections of the country, soils of all these
varieties will be found along the rivers. There will be,
first, the alluvial of the river basin in a strip along the
river bank, varying in width, and overflowed every year
by freshets, which leave it more or less enriched by silt.
Then, secondly, there will be the belt of sandy soil,
usually a rich loam, suited for almost every kind of crop.
Back of this, and rising on the hill-side, is the more
sandy and gravelly land, of variable quality, and more
affected by droughts. The middle belt is preferable for
the quince, as, indeed, it is for most other crops. But
on them all the quince will succeed by skilful manage-
ment.

The quality of the fruit on a wet soil is much more
woody and astringent than on a rich and well-drained soil.
A wet soil is always inimical to successful fruit culture.
If for any cause it is desired to plant trees where a wet
and heavy soil cannot be properly drained, the ground
should be raised enough for the surplus water to pass off ;
though it is doubtful whether any amount of drainage
can make a spot so situated profitable for this purpose.
Excessive moisture is as bad as want of water.

A soil that is too dry will retain needed moisture in
the heat of summer by being well cultivated. A hard
and shallow soil, by being worked deep, and thoroughly
mellowed, will resist drought successfully. Butif the sub-
soil be clayey we must not deepen so as to make the soil
hold water like a basin. In deepening a clay soil very
much we may necessitate drainage. Water-soaked roots
are no better for the health of the tree than wet feet are
for the health of man,

36 QUINCE CULTURE.

CHAPTER V.
MANURES FOR THE QUINCE.

WHATEVER can be used to increase the fertility of the
soil by supplying plant food isa manure. The chemical
analysis of any plant will show its constituents, and give
the relative proportion of each, and so serve as a guide
in supplying what that plant needs. About nine-tenths
are water and air; the rest is made up of earths and
metals, as lime, clay, iron, magnesia, silex, potash, and
soda, with gases and combustibles, as oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, chlorine, carbon, sulphur, and phosphorus.
In the process of growth the plant selects such of these
as its nature demands; and when it dies and decays it
restores to the earth these elements of fertility.

Artificial fertilizers are made by mechanically com-
bining in desired proportions the elements of plant food,
to supply any deficiency of the soil under cultivation.
The action of any manure depends on its soluble salts.
‘The salts contain the sulphur, phosphorus, and carbon,
as sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, and carbonic acid,
and the chlorine as muriatic acid.”

All animal and vegetable matters in the process of
decomposition form ammonia. It is estimated that the
annual rainfall on an acre brings to the soil enough
ammonia and nitric acid from the air to equal one hun-
dred pounds of guano. The soil, to get the full benefit
of this atmospheric manure, must be kept porous to
receive it, and well drained that it may not run off on its
surface. When fire consumes vegetation, its gases return
to the air, leaving as ashes the earthy matters drawn from
the soil. In the process of decomposition the result is
the same, only the combustion is slower.

Wood ashes contain all the elements of plant food ex-
cept nitrogen. Two and a half tons of seasoned hard

MANURES FOR THE QUINCE. 37

wood yield a bushel of ashes. In one hundred pounds
of such ashes there are about sixteen pounds of potash,
which is needful to good fruit. There are next three
and a half pounds of soda, five and a quarter pounds of
phosphoric acid, and sixty-seven pounds of lime and
magnesix. A mixture of one part ashes with three parts
of chip dirt is an excellent top dressing for the orchard.
When the needed potash can not be had in wood ashes,
a substitute may be made of the muriate or the sulphate
of potash. Nitrate of soda and muriate of potash im-
prove the quality of acid fruits. Lime is valuable in
most soils by its solvent effects on the silica they con-
tain. If lime be found in the ashes of a plant, it will be
valuable as a fertilizer of that plant; and such is the
case with all hard wood trees like the quince. It also
improves the fruit.

Salt is so valuable to the quince, that it must be con-
sidered indispensable to its highest success. I no longer
think of raising quinces without salting every spring
before the trees begin to grow. I have learned not only
to salt my quince trees, but my pear trees as well. It
does them good not only in promoting a healthy growth,
but I think acts as a preventive of the blight, to which
both are subject. It may do this by its chlorine or by
its soda, or by both combined, through the spongioles of
the roots effecting a change in the sap and the wood.
We know not how, but have found the effect favorable.
Besides these effects it also promotes fruitfulness. I sowed
about three quarts (the quantity for a tree large enough
to bear a bushel) around a barren tree early one spring,
and the year after it bore well, and so continued from
year to year. Quince trees along the sea-coast may be
expected to do well. Trees at Newport, Rhode Island, .
that were set for screens in exposed places, yielded ex-
cellent crops of very fine quinces. Salt acts as a solvent
of other materials of fertility locked up in the soil. In

38 QUINCE CULTURE.

land fertilized a long time with superphosphates, there
is an accumulation of fertilizing material that salt makes
available. The lime and phosphoric acid lock up what
the salt liberates. As good results were obtained with
one quarter salt and three quarters phosphate, as from
all phosphate without the salt. The salt and phosphate
in equal parts produced a fine crop of corn on a mucky
soil. Two hundred pounds of salt on three-fourths of
an acre gave me the best crop of German millet I ever
grew. It will be found valuable with quinces, pears,
plums, peaches, and apples.

Heavy soils will usually be found to contain enough
potash, but in an insoluble condition. Ordinarily a
good top dressing of salt will make this potash available
to promote a fruitful condition. The German potash
salt, kainit, and muriate of potash will be found service-
able to most orchards. Nitrogenous manures stimulate
the growth of leaves more than the fruit. The mineral
manures, such as potash and salt, aid most in perfecting
the fruit, especially the seeds, the thing of greatest effort
in Nature’s laboratory.

The value of any fertilizer is determined by the amount
of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen it contains.
Nitrogen is expensive as an ingredient in the commercial
fertilizer, and if it can be obtained free from the air, it
will be a very great saving to us.

‘‘“The atmosphere is chiefly composed of oxygen and
nitrogen ; and water, of oxygen and hydrogen; and as
there is always in the air more or less water, the element
hydrogen is always present. Now under certain circum-
stances, the nitrogen and hydrogen combine in the air and
formammonia. The oxygen and hydrogen in the air are
supposed not to be united in a chemical combination, but
to form merelya mixture. Hence this nitrogen is called
the free nitrogen of the air, as distinguished from that in
ammonia, which is not free.”

MANURES FOR THE QUINCE. 39

Accepting the theory of the chemists, that ‘‘ somehow
or other plants take nitrogen from the air,” it is probable
that they take it in the form of ammonia, and not as
free nitrogen. But free or combined, it is evident from
experience that most soils will be improved by the appli-
cation of a quantity beyond all that is supplied from the
air. ‘The fact that the leaves of plants absorb gases should
convince us that they may take nitrogen, either free or
combined, though it does not combine very readily with
other substances. Lawes and Gilbert, from experiments
conducted wnder glass, concluded that plants could not
take up the free nitrogen of the air. Professor Atwood,
from experiments conducted im the open avr, arrived at
the opposite conclusion.

The supply of phosphoric acid from ground bones is
never out of place in the quince orchard; and if the
bones are first treated with sulphuric acid, their action
will be more speedy. Bones in lye, or hard wool ashes
kept wet for a very long time, will become useful without
grinding, as they soften and crumble.

The quince is a great feeder, and has the faculty of
using all kinds of manures. When I plant trees I fill
the large holes with rich earth. The chip dirt of the
wood pile mixed with the top soil of the hole is good.
The sarface soil of the poultry-yard to the depth of two
or three inches is excellent. Road wash from the gutters
of the highway does well; and better still are the glean-
ings of the street gutters of the village. Trees well set in
these rich earths grow well to a bearing age, whea they
should be annually supplied with plenty of good manure.
Their annual growth is a safe guide to needed treatment.
If the shoots grow less than a foot every year, they need
feeding or pruning, and probably both. Manure may
be applied to the trees by all the usual methods at
any season of the year, but better in the fall and spring
than late in summer. Old and feeble trees have been

40 QUINCE CULTURE.

rejuvenated by liberal manuring combined with judicious
pruning. A feeble or a starved trey, if it bear at all, will
only yield small fruit of indifferent quality. As much
as ten bushels of salt may be sown on an acre if the soil
is good; but a poor soil will not bear heavy salting with-
out injury.

Many will not be able to secure all the manure they
need from common sources, and will of necessity have
recourse to chemical fertilizers. To such I would recom-
mend ammonia, about three per cent (the sulphate of
ammonia may be bought, of twenty-five per cent purity);
phosphoric acid, about ten per cent, equal to phosphate
of lime twenty per cent ; potash, about twelve per cent,
equal to sulphate of potash twenty-two per cent; salt
(chloride of sodium), about ten per cent, and lime five
per cent, with about three per cent of magnesia. If
they are not in the soil, add a little silica and iron. If
the soil is heavy and clayey, the rest of the mixture may
be sand or silica. If it is sandy, then muck will be found
excellent. If the soil is in good proportions, these va-
rious fertilizers may be applied without being mixed, in
quantities according to the judgment of the horticul-
turist. Full-bearing trees will be benefited by an in-
crease in the amount of potash, as the fruit contains a
much larger proportion of this than the wood. Decayed
vegetable matter, or humus, in the soil acts as a solvent
of all its mineral elements to make them available as
plant food, especially the potash. Cotton-seed meal, with
the addition of a little phosphoric acid and potash, is
a good manure; but the cost will be considerably re-
duced by feeding the meal to cattle and using the
manure.

LOCATION, TRENCHING, ETC. 41

CHAPTER VI.
LOCATION—TRENCHING-—DRAINAGE—CULTIVATION.

Location.—The planter should select the best spot
at his command. In deciding which is best, he will
need to consider well the kinds of soil as well as their
location, and secure the greatest number of the conditions
of success. If his valley is wet and subject to frost, he
must go up on the hill-side, and, if need be, plant on the
hill-top.

As to aspects, any may be selected when the other
conditions are equally favorable. A northern aspect is
to be preferred, where the season is long enough to insure
the ripening of the fruit, because it is safer from late
spring frosts. In the Middle and Southern States this
will generally be the case. A southwest exposure will
have advantages at the North, because, when there isa
frost, the morning sun will be more gradual in its effects.
For a like reason, trees near a large body of water escape
frost by its ameliorating influence ; and in case of frosts,
the slight fogs that may rise soften the rays of the
morning sun enough to prevent the injury of a sudden
thaw. On the banks of a small stream in a deep ravine
would be a bad location almost anywhere in the Northern
States, because of the danger from frost.

TRENCHING.—One of the objects of trenching is to
improve a soil that is too sandy by the admixture of clay
from a suitable subsoil beneath it. If the subsoil is not
clayey, then the surface soil must be improved by clay
top-dressings and the coarser manures. If farm-yard
manure has been composted with peat, swamp muck, or
river mud, it is all the better. The trenching may be
done either by the spade or the plow. If done by hand,
go down twice the depth of the spade, and the work will

42 QUINCE CULTURE.

be efficient. If done with a plow, the furrow slice
should be narrow, that the whole of the ground may be
thoroughly pulverized very deep. Where we find a light
sandy or mucky soil on a compact subsoil, it may be well
to cross-plow, the more thoroughly to mingle the two
together. }

DRAINAGE.—Whenever it is found best to underdrain,
the method should depend on facilities. Where there are
plenty of cobblestones, it isa good plan to place them ina
suitable ditch, and cover them so as to leave the surface
much as it was before the drain was dug. This will be best
in many parts of the country. In sections destitute of
such material, tiles become a necessity. The ditch is better
made between the rows of trees, so as to be reached only
by the smaller roots ; and for the same reason it is well
to cover the joints of the tile. Three feet may be deep
enough; but always make sure that the fall to the outlet
is sufficient to carry out the water. Land that needs
draining at all is never likely to be made too dry by good
underdrains between the rows of trees. Some prefer
open drains to tile or cobblestone. If proper drainage
has not been secured before the planting of the trees, it
will pay to do it afterward. The drains, however, must
always be so placed as to carry off the water.

CuLTIvATION.—The importance of thorough cultiva-
tion for this fruit can not be too well understood. Clean
culture is helpful in avoiding the borers, because it leaves
no weeds and grass around the tree to make a shelter for
them. If the ground is stirred often, besides keeping
it free from weeds, it will absorb a much larger por-
tion of nitrogen from the air, and so be enriched. The
atmosphere presses it into the soil with a weight equal to
a column of water thirty-three feet high; and if it is con-
stantly kept pulverized its power of absorption is greatly
increased, and it is much less affected by drought.

The quantity of water evaporated from a soil well

LAYING OUT THE ORCHARD. 43

tilled is surprisingly less than from a like soil untilled.
The experiments at the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege, with a light sandy soil stirred four inches deep,
showed an evaporation of 542 barrels of water in seven
days from an acre, while a like soil undisturbed evapo-
rated 1,276 barrels a week ; a saving of nearly 105 barrels
a day. <A heavy clay soil cultivated four inches deep
evaporated 904 barre!s an acre, while 1,020 barrels were
lost from a similar acre undisturbed during the week; a
saving of about 17 barrels a day by cultivation. Similar
experiments in New York at the Experiment Station
showed similar results. The crops that have been pro-
duced on a poor soil by most thoroughly working it are
a demonstration of its great value to all crops. It may
be well to stir the surface every week of the growing
season.

CHAPTER VIL.
LAYING OUT THE ORCHARD.

It is desirable to have the trees of an orchard in
straight rows, not only for beauty, but for convenience

Fig. 14.—-LAYING OUT IN SQUARES.

in cultivation. If the rows are begun crooked, the diffi-
culty will increase as the planting progresses ; but if the

44 QUINCE CULTURE.

first row is straight, and the distance from tree to tree

equal, the added rows are easily made to correspond.
The two methods of laying out an orchard are in

squares, and in triangles and hexagons, commonly called

Fig. 15.—LAYING OUT IN QUINCUNX.

quincunx. Most orchards are laid out in squares, but
in equilateral triangles the ground will hold about one-
seventh more trees at the same distance apart. There is
no way to set as many equidistant trees on an acre as in
equilateral triangles. To lay out the ground in squares,
the first thing is to form a right angle, which will be in-
cluded between two lines six and eight feet long, con-

DADDY
AVA IININX
NAV

a

Fig. 16.—QUINCUNX BY CIRCLES.

nected by a third line ten feet long, as shown in the figure.
Having formed this right angle, the extension of the six
and eight feet lines will show where the rows of trees
are to be planted at any desired distance. Parallel lines
will show where to plant the successive rows till the

a

LAYING OUT THE ORCHARD. 45

whole plot is planted. A ten-foot pole may be used in-
stead of a line or cord to lay out the angle. If exact
measurements are made there will be little need of
sighting the rows.

The guincunz plan is simply to lay out the orchard in
equilateral triangles. Whatever distance be decided on

==

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j, =

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Wh =
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—

Fig. 17.—FIXED MARKER. Fig. 18.—ADJUSTABLE MARKER.

between the trees will be the length of the radius of a
circle, which can be easily swept with a cord of that
length, or by amarker for this purpose. The fixed mark-
er is made by nailing two light strips to stakes the width
apart for the distance from tree to tree. ‘The adjustable
marker has one of the stakes
movable on a bar, and fast-
ened with a key at any de-
sired distance.

I have found no way so

convenient as to make a tri- se

angle of narrow boards the

desired length, nailed at the |
EEE EPL CRITE BOE NTT),

ends, and with braces from
each point to the middle of
the opposite side, fastening
well at the intersections. Having a base line, I move
this triangle along from one tree to another, making
holes and setting trees at the points. Repeat the oper-
ation for each row till the trees are all planted.

Besides the gain of about one row in seven over squares,

Fig. 19.—MOVABLE TRIANGLE.

46 QUINCE CULTURE.

the quincunx plan allows of cultivation all ways, which
keeps the ground in fine condition with the least labor.
Laid out in squares fifteen feet apart, an acre will take

Fig. 20.—LOCATING BOARD,

two hundred trees ; in quincunx, at the same distance, it
will take two hundred and twenty-two trees. At twelve
feet in squares it will take three hundred and two, and

‘ Say (ei er Mf aie RIN TET ;
ge Ta illite ! Git: —— ws wet gi '

iy a Se

eh SSS YUM

YY my — mW
FE gis yy if pl

Fig. 21.—LOCATING BOARD IN USE.

in quincunx three hundred and seventy. At ten feet in
squares it will take four hundred and thirty-five, and in
quincunx four hundred and ninety-seven trees for an acre.

TRANSPLANTING THE QUINCE. 4”

After the peg is placed for the location of the tree, it
will be found convenient, when the triangle is not used,
to have a board seven or eight feet long with a notch on
one side in the middle and a hole at each end equidistant
from the notch. Place the board so that the notch will
receive the peg, and stick a pin through each hole. Lift
the board, leaving the pins, and dig the hole for the
tree. Replace the board on the pins, and set the tree in
the notch, and it will be sure to stand where the marking
peg was driven. With pins enough to do this, the entire
orchard may be laid out before a tree is set.

CHAPTER VIII.
TRANSPLANTING THE QUINCE.

No part of culture is more important than transplant-
ing, and, as generally practised, none is done so badly, or
with less regard to the principles involved. The digging
often robs the tree of nearly all its fibrous roots, and the
planting crowds what few are left into the smallest hole
that will hold them ; so that, between the careless digger,
and the thoughtless planter, the tree dies; or, if it lives,
makes a feeble growth, and never affords satisfaction to

any one.

How and when to transplant are the two chief points
‘on which depend success or failure. In taking up a tree
great care is necessary to preserve all its roots, large and
small. If every root and rootlet could be preserved in-
tact, and then well placed in the new location, there would
be but little check to its growth. The nearer we come
to this the better the prospect of success. The length
of the roots being reckoned equal to the hight of the
tree, we can tell about how far from the base of the tree

48 QUINCE CULTURE.

we should begin to dig to get under the outer portion of
its roots. What is commonly called a forked spade is
the best implement I have used, as it does not cut the
roots, and bruises them but little. The digger should
stand with his side toward the tree, and this fork will
then go down so as to lift the roots entire, by work-
ing from the outer ends to the tree. The larger share
of fibrous roots will be found comparatively near the
surface.

As soon as the tree is dug, earth must be thrown over

Fig. 22.
GOOD AND BAD DIGGING.

its roots to keep them from drying by sun or wind. A
cloudy day is desirable, and is all the better if damp and
without wind.

If the tree has been raised from seed it will have a tap-
root ; but if from a cutting there will be only laterals to
care for. If any roots are bruised or broken in digging,
it will be well to pare off the bruised parts smoothly, and
cut the ends of broken roots with a slant upward, so
that the callus formed will emit roots downward from
these cut ends.

The hole for the tree should be about two spades deep,

TRANSPLANTING THE QUINCE, 49

and wider than the roots are long. In most soils it pays
to dig a hole from four to six feet across to plant a one
year old tree, and still wider for older trees. Throw out
the subsoil by itself, and either spread it around on the
surface, to be acted on by sun, rain, and frost, or to be re-
moved for other uses. ‘The top soil is then filled into the
bottom of the hole, and the tree set on this so as to be a
little deeper than it was before. Fill in among the roots
with rich soil rather than manure ; for though it may be
well rotted, it will be generally too dry, and if fresh will
injure by the fungi it produces. Rich manuring on the
top of the ground after the tree is planted will promote
a vigorous growth. When the hole is nearly filled, a
very liberal mulch of leaves, straw, or any such materiai
should be well spread in, and covered up with earth. It
will prevent the tree from suffering in drought, promote
the absorption of nitrogen from the air, and by rotting
become a good fertilizer. If the tree has large roots,
great care is needed to insure them against hollows that
produce decay. <A little water may be needed to make
sure that the earth presses against every part. After
the operation is well performed, watering on the surface
will not be needed, as the mulch prevents evaporation.
If so watered at transplanting as to get the earth well
pressed against the roots, and then properly mulched,
trees will never need watering again, except by natural
rains.

How much rooin to give the quince depends on cir-
cumstances and surroundings, and the form of head de-
sired. Such writers as Cole, Thomas, and Downing rec-
ommend six, eight, ten, and twelve feet apart. I have
tried them all, and decided on fifteen feet as being close
enough for the highest success. By studying the possi-
bilities of this fruit, we must .decide how wide we will
plant. Sometimes a quince tree exceeds all expectation.
In 1857 there was a quince tree near Geneva, New York,

50 QUINCE CULTURE.

that was thirty feet high, with a trunk six feet around,
and had branches extending over a circle seventy-five
feet in circumference. It was thought to be the largest
quince tree on record. I have read of a tree on a thorn
root that produced five bushels a year. On this root
the quince is long-lived. But [ have seen the trees
over sixty years old on their own roots, and still bearing
well.

The size of a tree most desirable for transplanting
must necessarily vary with circumstances. As a rule,
young an‘1 thrifty trees will grow best, because they lose
a smaller proportion of their fibrous roots. Large trees
are more likely to be checked by transplanting, because
of the greater loss of roots. Jf the tree to be trans-
planted has not been cut back so as to reduce the top to
a good proportion with the roots before being set, it
must not be forgotten afterward,.as much depends on
this. If there has been a great loss of roots, as is often
the case, it is better to reduce the top very severely,
perhaps to one or two buds of the new wood. The tree
will be larger at the end of the season’s growth, and of
better form.

A suitable preparation of the ground is more conven-
iently made before the trees are planted. No pains
should be spared to so prepare the ground that it will
exactly supply every want of the trees, and at once push
them into a vigorous growth. If not well prepared
then, no after labor can fully supply the deficiency.
The importance of thorough work was illustrated by the
experience of a man who had a hundred trees to set, and
going from home for a day, left a man to plant them in
his absence. Returning at night, he was offended with
his help because he had only set nine of the hundred.
So he discharged him, and next day planted the ninety-
one remaining himself. But, to his surprise, when they
bore, the crop from the nine was worth more than that

TRANSPLANTING THE QUINCE. 51

of the ninety-one. In tree planting, as elsewhere, ‘‘ haste
makes waste.” If worth doing at all, it is worth doing
right.

The quince should not be planted in grain or grass,
and especially a clover sod. Low, hoed crops, like beans
or turnips, can be cultivated among the trees when small,
because their culture necessitates fertilizing and stirring
the ground; but as soon as the trees get large, nothing
else should be allowed to grow among them. If the
roots happen to get frozen while above ground, they will
die if thawed in the air; but if buried in the soil, and

~

mA)
{ ly , " ds ie,
/ LY
} x,

Ss i
I P4 Vga) 4

TWO METHODS OF HEELING,

allowed to thaw there, they will live and grow. To
freeze and thaw in the earth does them no apparent harm.

If a tree has become dry and shriveled in transpor-
tation, its plumpness may be restored by burying both
top and roots for a few days; but if put in water, it
may become water-soaked, and so fail. The stem and
branches of a newly transplanted tree may be greatly
benefited by watering before the leaves appear, especially
when there has been much loss of the roots. When the
trees come to the planter from a nursery, it is best to
heel them in at once; for there is no way in which they
can be kept so well as in the earth. Once properly
heeled in, the planter can take time to plant each tree.

52 QUINCE CULTURE.

Trees received in the fall for spring planting can be
kept in this way in good condition, and will be ready to
plant earlier than where the planter waits till spring be-
fore ordering them, because in the hurry of spring work
some must necessarily wait.

If trees are heeled-in in bundles, those inside are not
pressed by the earth, and become dry. If the trees slope
toward the south, they will not thaw out as soon in
spring, as the tips shade the ground toward the sun.
Heeling-in erect is only recommended where there is
danger from mice. The place for heeling-in should be
high enough to secure freedom from all danger of the
trees becoming water-soaked. A sheltered situation is
most desirable. 3

CHAPTER IX.

WHEN TO TRANSPLANT—KEEPING A RECORD—EF-
FECTS OF WINDS—STRAIGHTENING TREES.

-'T'H8 best season to transplant is when the sap is compar-
atively dormant, between the fall of the leaves in autumn
and the development of the buds inspring. To decide in-
telligently what is the best time to transplant we should,
as far as possible, take into account the various agents
that influence vegetation, such as the relative warmth of
the soil and atmosphere, and the mildness or severity of
the climate in winter. Then, again, the nature of the
soil will be an important consideration, as also the facility
for doing the work in the best manner.

The greatest difference between the mean temperature
of the earth and the air is in October, when the earth a foot
below the surface is from a degree to a degree and a half

WHEN TO TRANSPLANT, ETC. 53

above the mean temperature of the air. Some soils are
much warmer than others, and serve as a natural hot-bed
for the roots of the newly-set tree, encouraging the for-
mation of a callus on cut and bruised roots as well as the
emission of many new roots, and so preparing for a
vigorous start in the spring, as well as a successful win-
tering. The greater cold of the air preyents the buds
from starting until the warmth of spring, when vegeta-
tion generally becomes active.

Where the climate is too cold for the newly-set
trees to carry forward the healing of cut and bruised
roots, which is the case where winter sets in early, and
the ground freezes as deep as the roots extend, there will
be great danger from fall planting. The freezing and
thawing of all heavy soils operates greatly to the disad-
vantage of all newly-planted trees. In warm, dry, and
sandy soils, if the setting is well done any time before
winter begins, or even during the mild spells of winter,
success is a reasonable expectation.

The soil is cold in the spring, and is much more
slowly heated than the air, which stimulates the buds,
and new leaves are developed more rapidly than the
roots, and, as a consequence, the reduced roots of the
transplanted tree are heavily taxed to supply the needed
moisture. Now unless the top was cut back in pro-
portion to the roots, the tree will suffer, and may die.
Often the spring-set tree leaves out as well as the fall-set
tree, but suddenly dries up and fails because the roots
can not supply moisture. It does not matter whether a
tree is just set, or has been long established, if moisture
does not get into its top as fast as it dries out the tree
will die, in the summer or winter, fall or spring.

Trees set in the fall are in more favorable circumstances
to get the benefit of the winter and spring rains to settle
the earth among their roots ; and being thus established,
they are ready to commence new growth in the first warm

54 QUINCE CULTURE. ~

days of spring. Now where this is delayed till spring, it
is often quite late before the ground is ready to work ;
and if the season be backward, it is all the more impor-
tant to have them in their places. Nurserymen generally
not only send out the first choice in the fall, but give the
trees a more careful handling, as they have more time at
command. If not ready to set the trees, it may be better
to secure the stock and heel in till ready.

Spring planting will suit better than fall in Northern
latitudes, where the ground freezes very deep, or where
the soilis heavy and heaves with frost. At the North
the trees are liable to be thrown up by alternate freezing
and thawing, and the roots are often injured by being
saturated with water in a heavy undrained soil. If the
situation is very much exposed, staking may save the
rootlets from being twisted off. If delayed till spring,
always do this work as early as the circumstances will
allow.

KerEPING A Recorp.—When different varieties of
quinces have been planted in the same orchard, it will be
useful to preserve a record or map of the location of
each variety, as the labels on the trees soon fade, and
memory is not to be trusted in years of change. Such a
record will be found valuable for the use of new propri-
etors, and, in case of the death or remoyal of the planter,
will be of much importance. No system of labeling can
be of equal value.

Errects oF Winp.—Whether winds will benefit or
injure trees will depend on their character, and the
degree of force with which they move. The swaying of
the limbs and branches of trees as they are movel by the
common winds that blow in every direction are beneficial,
serving for them the purpose that exercise does for the
animal creation. All know that exercise strengthens and
promotes growth, and only becomes injurious wien it is

t

PROPAGATION OF THE QUINCE. HH

\we

excessive. So with the motions of trees produced by
winds, especially during the growing season.

‘The mild wind blows

And beauty glows,”’

but when the storm king rides on the wings of the wind
in the sweeping hurricane, what was a benefit becomes
an injury. Experiment has shown a diminished growth
in the part of a tree not movel by the wind, an1 that
wind-breaks are very desirable to prevent excessive sweeps
of winds and storms.

STRAIGHTENING LEANING TrReEES.—Trees in an or-
chard are often seen out of an erect position, which may
arise from winds or other causes. In all such cases it
will add to beauty and the convenience of culture to
straighten up the leaning trees. Tis is easily done by
setting a stake a little distance from the tree, an1 then
fastening the tree to it with a wire or cord, thus securing
it in a perpendicular position during the growing season.
I have found a single year’s growth in the desire. posi-
tion all that was necessary for permanence. It is best
to do this when trees are quite small; or, if large, when
blown over, without delay.

CHAPTER X.
PROPAGATION OF TH QUINCE.

THE quince may be multiplied from s2ed;, cuttings,
and layers. The seed of a species will always produce its
kind, but the seed of a variety is uncertain. If propa-
gated from layers or cuttings, or by grafting or bud-
ding, the trees will alwa73 b2 of the same varicty as the
parent tree.

1. PRoPAGATION BY SEEDS.—AII the reco25 v2 -

Us

56 QUINCE CULTURE.

of merit seem to be chance seedlings, which suggests that
seed should be selected from the best specimens of the
choicest varieties, that there may be still further im-
provement. Quince seed for planting should never be
allowed to get thoroughly dried before it is planted. If
not convenient to plant when taken from the fruit,
preserve it in moist sand till spring, when, in a well-
prepared seed-bed, it should be covered two or three
inches deep, and treated as other seedlings. Any one
desiring to improve the quince by seedlings will do well

Ie

Nos
Sl(Sss
SS o~

we (ake
a

to study the theories of Van Mons, of Belgium, and
Knight, of England, as described by Downing.

2. PROPAGATION BY LaAyeERs.—It is a very simple
operation to bend down a limb, an1 keep it covered with
moist earth till it is rooted, and then cut it from the
parent tree. If the bent branch is partly eut off or slit
up under a bud, or twisted like a withe at the lowest
point, it will help both the bending and rooting. A wire
twisted around the layer just below the bottom bud in
the ground, and holes punched through above and below

PROPAGATION OF THE QUINCE. 57

the wire, may help; or the holes may be made through
the layer in the buried portion to stimulate its rooting
from the callus of the wounds. The bark is sometimes
cut nearly around the layer just below a bud, and bits of
wood removed below this cut to induce the formation
of a callus, from which roots are emitted. It is some-
times necessary to fasten down stiff branches with a
forked peg or a weight. Young shoots of thrifty trees
make the best layers. arly spring is the best time to
put down layers, that they may be well rooted by autumn.

Mound Layers or Stool Layers differ from the others

), WN
\ vf ANY
NY 4,
‘N \i\ WV, la
SAM
SN ik! N

\
Wee as
K CY

» Xe
SS
‘

\
\\

\N s x 4G SS
WN < ; NS

Fig. 27.—MOUND OR STOOL LAYERING.

by having the earth heaped up around them instead of
being buried in the earth. The sprouts from stumps or
around growing trees, being well banked up, will readily
root as high as moist earth presses against them.

3. PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS is probably the best
method of multiplying quince trees. Cuttings of large
branches are better than those of small shoots. The
amount of wood seems to measure the vital force to form
both roots and tops. From twelve to fifteen inches is a
good length, enabling us to plant deeply, and so guard
against drought. Small cuttings may be cut shorter, and

58° QUINCE CULTURE. ~

have a piece of apple or quince root grafted on to push
them. The chief thing is to guard against the exhaus-
tion of sap by evaporation until roots are formed. Fa-
cilities for regulating light, heat, air, and moisture with
precision will enable us to succeed with a succulent cut-
ting furnished with a few leaves. When the air is

SSeS
_ NS)

ZZ

Ys 5 70,
LA ®al\\ 7
J yyy Ra EZ

ie,

y - Y
Vigo
U/ fff LT

= a
ee

y ne
wz SiN

Fig. 28.—LARGE CUTTING. Fig. 29.—ROOT-GRAFTING.

warmer than the earth, buds are excited more than roots;
and when the ground is warmest, root growth is most ex-
cited. Hence the custom of burying cuttings inverted
during the winter, to keep the buds dormant while a
callus is forming for the emission of roots.

In preparing the small cuttings to receive the pieces of
roots grafted on them. the chief thing is to have their

PROPAGATION OF THE QUINCE. 59

cut ends fit, so that the inner bark shall match at least
on one side and at the end of the cutting.

These grafted cuttings may be quickly dibbled in,
making a hole deep enough to receive the whole length
except a bud or two above the surface. Holding the
cutting in the hole at the right depth with the left
hand, push the earth firmly against the cutting with the
dibble, as you would in planting a cabbage. For lack of
such firming the earth there are many failures.

The fall, after the leaves have dropped, is generally
preferred for taking the cnttings ; but they may be taken

y}
i Li
= 4 f
a Ly
ee LZ,

Fig. 30.—R00T CUTTING,

much later. I have had some cuttings grow in the open
air, which were made in May, after the trees were growing.

Root Cuttings a foot or so long are best prepared be-
fore the buds swell in spring. I have trees from pieces
of roots cut off by the plow as late as June. Plant at an
angle of about forty-five degrees, or as near as you can to
their natural position.

4, PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING is successful where the.
inner barks of both stock and cion are made to fit to-
gether. A union forms most readily between varieties
of the same species ; next between species of the same
genus, and is limited by genera of the same natural order.
By this law one variety of quince will do best grafted on

60 QUINCE CULTURE.

another ; and next on the apple, white thorn, and June-
berry. On the white thorn it escapes the borer.

The choice of wood for cuttings is last year’s growth
from near the center of the tree. Be sure they are from
healthy and vigorous trees.
If trees are propagated from
bearing ~ood they will come
into fruit sooner than if from
blind wood. Here is a rea-
son for the difference in the
bearing age of trees from the same parentage.

Spring is the best time for grafting, except the root
grafting already described. In March we work by the
methods best suited while the bark adheres to the wood,
and later by those suited to a bark easily separated
from it.

Cleft Grafting is the most common method, and is
done by cutting off the stock smoothly, and splitting it

ill

\ Wt

Fig. 31.
SPLITTING KNIFE AND CHISEL.

Fig. 32.—CLEFT GRAFTING. Fig. 33.—SPLICE GRAFTING.

down from an inch and a half to two inches, according
to the size of the stock and the thickness of the cion.
Into the cleft set the cion, with the end sut wedge-
shaped, the outer edge a trifle thickest, and so placed
that the liber or inner bark of the graft and stock shall

PROPAGATION OF THE QUINCE. 61

match ; then bind and cover all exposed parts with wax
or clay, and the work is complete.

Splice Grafting or Whip Grafting is only adapted to
small stocks. If the stock and cion are of the same size,
they will make a perfect match.
If one is larger than the other,
they will match on one side and
end. Cut each with a slope about
an inch and a half long, and
make a tongue for convenience
in matching the parts. Bind to-
gether and wax well.

Saddle Grafting is a modifi-
cation of whip grafting easily
understood by the illustration.

Side Grafting is a simple way of propagation free
from some of the objections to cleft grafting. It isa
very convenient method of inserting a limb to restore
a balance to the head, or provide shade for exposed

Fig. 34.—SADDLE GRAFTING,

Fig. 35.
SIDE GRAFTING—TWO METHODS.

parts. The first method is like budding with the bud
extended to acion. The second is like cleft grafting, in
a cut on the side of a tree or limb.

Crown Grafting differs from side grafting by having

62 QUINCE CULTURE.

the stock cut off as in cleft grafting. It is specially ser-
viceable for stocks too large to split, and is best done

CROWN GRAFTING.

when the bark will slip. The stock is not split, but the
tongue of the cion is slipped down under the bark as in
budding.

The advantages of cions with only one or two buds are,
that they do not dry as soon as longer cions, they

Fig. 39.—BUDDING KNIFE,

afford less leverage to winds, and are less liable to be
injured by birds lighting on them.

Fig. 40.—BUDDING KNIFE.

5. PROPAGATION BY BuppDING follows the same law of
affinity observed in grafting. ‘The buds may be taken

PROPAGATION OF THE QUINCE. 63

from wood of the growing shoots well matured, or from
the preceding year’s growth. A cion too late for graft-

Fig. 41.—sTICK OF BUDS. Fig. 42.—CUTTING A BUD,

ing may be treated as a cutting till its buds can be used.
The bark of a quince tree can be raised for the insertion
of a bud most of the growing season. ‘The best place to
insert it is near a bud, or where a bud
has become a branch, as the supply
of cambium is there most abundant.
The bud, with its shield of bark, is cut
from above or below, beginning to cut
half an inch off, and so cutting as to
leave a thin piece of wood under the
bud. On the stock cuts are made
like a T. ‘The corners of the bark
being lifted, we slide the bud to its
place, and complete the operation by
winding a ligament of bass or raffia
around the stock above and below
the bud, tying it securely. Fig. 43.—TRAINING A

Failure may arise from injury to poe ee ae

the cambium in cutting and raising shoot; B, place to cut off the
stock after ward.

64 QUINCE CULTURE.

the bark of the stock, from too narrow a cross-cut to
receive the shield of the bud, from using immature
buds, from the shield being too short (it should be at
least an inch long), and from being loosely tied, so as to
dry out. The south side of a stock is dryer in summer,
and so is to be avoided.

CHAPTER XI,
PRUNING THE QUINCE.

In a natural condition we may regard it as a rule that
the tree will maintain a harmonious relation of all its
parts. The roots and branches will correspond with
each other. Every twig, bud, or leaf removed from the
top, and every fiber and spongelet cut off from the roots,
will hurt or help the tree. No one is competent to re-
duce the roots, or diminish the leaves and branches,
unless he possesses enough knowledge of the laws which
regulate the action of the organs of vegetation to foresee
the effect which will follow such removals. J. Lindley
truly says: ‘‘ If well-directed, pruning is one of the most
useful, and, if ill-directed, it is among the most mis-
chievous operations that can take place upon a plant.”

1. PRUNING AT TRANSPLANTING.—As already stated
elsewhere, all bruised and decayed roots should be re-
moved ; but the case is different with healthy roots. We
must remember that every healthy and unmutilated root
which is removed is a loss of nutriment to the plant, and
that, too, at a time when it is least able to spare it; and
there can not be any advantage in the removal. The top
should always be cut back at this time, so as to preserve
a balance in its proportion to the reduced roots. If we
infringe on the reciprocal action which naturally exists

PRUNING THE QUINCE. 65

between the roots and branches, evil results will surely
follow. The accumulated life-force sets the roots to
forming new spongioles, and the buds to developing
their leaves ; the elementary substances, which the roots
absorb, are acted on by the leaves,and the new mate-
rial thus prepared extends both the roots and branches.
If transplanting has been well performed, the tree will
need little more pruning than would otherwise be desir-
able to promote a more vigorous growth; but if the roots
have suffered in being dug, there will be a decided ad-
vantage in cutting back the new shoots to the fewest

Ve; =

U ie

inl AT an ih

Fig.44.—PRUNING SHEARS,

buds that will give the desired form to the head of the
tree.

2. PRUNING FoR Form.—The intelligent and obsery-
ing horticulturist will find, by starting with a young tree,
that he can secure almost any fourm desired, by judicious
pruning. Trees make the most vigorous growth from
terminal buds. By cutting off the shoots by upper and
under buds the new growth will be upward or downward ;
and side buds will give a growth to the right or the left.
Keeping in mind the general principle that limbs must not
grow so as to cross and chafe each other, I have settled into
the practice of cutting back all my trees annually, begin-
ning when they are one year old, and following them up
as they increase in size and multiply their branches. The

66 QUINCE CULTURE.

cut should be made far enough above the bud to insure
its not drying out, and near enough to grow over the
end as the tree enlarges. The age of the tree, and its
thriftiness or feebleness, must be taken into account in
determining how far back to cut.

The quince tree is naturally inclined to grow into a
bushy head, but it also pushes up one or more leaders,
and can be trained into a regular tree-form if that be
desired. To secure an upright growth, cut back the
leader to an inside bud. ‘To spread out branches, cut so
as to leave the bud on the outside. Clean off a large
portion of the little twigs that multiply and die along
neglected branches, and besides saving resources, you will

Fig. 45.—BUDS AND BRANCHES.

improve the smoothness and beauty of the limbs. The
fact that so many of these die along the limbs is Na-
ture’s admonition to prune the tree. It is quite com-
mon for the buds along a vigorous shoot to develop
threefold, and it will add to the beauty and symmetry
of the form to begin with the young tree and rub off all
but the strongest bud ; and where limbs are not wanted,
rub all off. This will direct the energy of the tree
into the most desirable channels. It is worth while to
go over a tree for this purpose a number of times
during the growing season, because one strong shoot
is worth more than two or three feeble ones having
the same amount of material divided between them.

PRUNING TE QUINCE. 67

At « (fig. 45) are triple buds at a favorable age to easily
rub off supernumeraries. At 6 they are so far developed
as to need the knife to cut off the extras. Ate we have
the vigorous shoots growing as desired.

How muc! to cut back each year is a matter of judg-
mont. Inashoot from one to two feet long, cut back
about half the length. A growth of three to five feet
may be reduced a little more than one-half. Treated in
this way, the tree pushes vigorous side shoots, and makes
a lower head, which is less affected by winds, is more
convenient to keep in order, the fruit is easily gathered,
and however heavy the crop, the branches are so stocky
they never break. If a cone-shaped head is desired (and
this is the ideal form of many), it can be secured by
leaving the lower branches longest. The natural flow
of sap to the upper branches will be diminished, and
increased in the lower, and thus their growth will be
proportionzlly increased. If the branches are nearer
than four to six inches, eut out those worst situated, or
least likely to be fruitful. A judicious thinning and
shortening of crowded and irregular branches will promote
both thrift and fruitfulness. When a shoot pushes so
strongly as to attract to itself too much of the nutriment
of the tree, pinch off the end, and repeat the operation
till its buds push like those on the other shoots, till, by
compelling an equal distribution of nutriment, all shoots
grow in like proportions, if not equally.

3. PRUNING TO Promote GrowrTH.—When a stunted
tree is cut back judiciously, the remaining buds may be
expected to grow with renewed vigor, because the forces
of growth are concentrated on a smaller number of buds,
The inner bark of a feeble tree is thinner, and the sap
vessels smaller; the more concentrated growth thickens
the bark and enlarges the sap vessels; and so there is a more
ready flow of all the nourishing fluids, and a consequent
increase of growth. In the laboratory of the leaves the

68 QUINCE CULTURE.

sap is matured, and as it descends through the bark to
the roots it deposits the matter which is added to the
tree ; while the part of the sap not thus expended goes
into the alburnum, and joins the upward current, com-
municating powers unknown to the recently absorbed
fluid. What is thus true in regard to a feeble tree is yet
more manifest in stronger and older trees.

To secure all the benefit, the pruning should be done
in the winter, when there is the greatest amount of
vitality stored up for use the coming season. In the
Jatitude where the ground seldom freezes deep, the tree
continues to absorb food by its rootlets, which is dis-
tributed over the branches. But when the prunings are
wanted for cuttings, they will be found that much
stronger for the same reason. I have never taken off
cuttings for propagation earlier than December or Janu-
ary, though I have no doubt of their success when taken
earlier.

I can not too strongly recommend a severe pruning of
feeble young trees, both in the nursery and orchard. If
we leave only a bud or two, the concentration of vigor may
restore a healthy growth to the tree, which will continue
as long as other conditions are favorable.

4, PRUNING FOR FRUITFULNESS.—The general law
is, that excessive growth and great fruitfulness can not
co-exist in the same plant. Accordingly, a number of
devices are employed to so far change the growth as to
secure the formation of fruit buds. ‘* The buds of fruit
trees which produce blossoms, and those which afford
leaves only, in the spring, do not at all differ from each
other, in their first stage of organization, as buds. Hach
contains tlie rudiment of leaves only, which are subse-
quently transformed into the component parts of the
blossom, and in some species of the fruit also.” From
the freaks in Nature’s mode of operation, it is plain that,
while the various parts of a blossom differ both in ap-

PRUNING THE QUINCE, 69

pearance and office from the leaves, yet, under some cir-
cumstances, they all assume the same appearance and
office. Accepting this idea, we are still unable to ex-
plain how or whya given course of treatment causes a
tree to convert a part of its buds into flowers, by furming
their leaf-scales into calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistils,
while its other buds become branches clothed with
nothing but leaves.

The period of fruitfulness varies in different species of
plants, and in different varieties of the same species. It
is often in our power to advance or retard these periods
by our methods of cultivation. The law as stated by
Lindley is, ‘* Whatever produces excessive vigor in plants
is favorable to the formation of leaf-buds, and unfavor-
able to the production of flower-buds; while, on the
other hand, such circumstances as tend to diminish lux-
uriance, and to check rapid vegetation, without affecting
the health of the individual, are more favorable to the
production of flower-buds than of leaf-buds.”

(a.) Root Pruning, if performed at the right time,
checks too vigorous growth in highly cultivated trees and
renders them fruitful. How far from the trunk of the
tree to cut off the roots must be determined by the size
of the tree. Wm. Saunders recommends from three to
six feet from the stem, according to the size of the tree,
and to perform the operation by digging a circular
trench, so as to cut off all the roots. He says: ‘‘ If done
in August, the supply of sap will immediately be lessened,
the wood-maturing principle accelerated, and fruit-buds
formed. The operation has been performed in spring
with but little benefit, but if done in the fall can not fail
in producing the desired results.” F. P. Gasson cuts off
the roots of a tree four inches in diameter, within two
feet of the trunk, only leaving a circle of roots four feet
in diameter ; and this, too, after the leaves have fallen in
autumn. He fertilizes liberally in the fall with solid

70 QUINCE CULTURE.

manure. The following spring and summer he waters -
well with rich liquid manure, especially if the weather bs
dry; and besides, gives an annual dressing of lime. Asa
result of this treatment his trees make short, stiff wood.
well supplied with fruit buds. He thins out the small
and poor fruit, and then allows the trees to bear full

Fig. 46.—FIVE YEAR OLD TREE BEFORE PRUNING (From Photograph).

crops. ‘The pruning is done every second year, widening
the circle of roots at each successive pruning.

The unproductive tree is sometimes brought into bear-
ing by being transplanted. The check to growth stops
the leaves from consuming the nutriment accumulated
in the branches, and which they would have expended in
making more wood, and so nutritious matter accumulates
and fruit-buds are formed. ‘The same principle is seen
to operate in the abundant crops that follow the years

PRUNING THE QUINCE. rp:

when trees have their crops destroyed by late frosts. An
excessive crop so far exhausts the nutritious matter
stored in the branches, that the tree takes an off year to
recoyer and lay up for the next.

(b.) Pruning the Limbs to promote fruitfulness must
of necessity be done in the summer, when it will reduce
the young wood-growth, and so lead to such an accumu-
lation of sap in the branch as will organize the remaining
buds to produce fruit. ‘‘If of two unequal branches

SSS By

—— —_-

Ay é

—_

Fig. 47.—FIVE YEAR OLD TREE AFTER PRUNING (From Photograph).

the stronger is shortened, and stopped in its growth, the
other becomes stronger; and this is one of the most
useful facts connected with pruning, because it enables a
skillful cultivator to equalize the rate of growth of all
parts of a tree.”

This shortening of the growing twigs should be done
when they are so tender they can be pinched off with the
thumb and finger. If the next bud immediately pushes
into another extension of the shoot, it wi.l be necessary
to pinch off again a little further on, even to the third

92 QUINCE CULTURE.

or fourth time. An excess of wood is the occasion of
barrenness oftener than is supposed. The tree exhausts
its strength in sustaining and extending its woody fiber
at so many points, that it has little vigor left to form
fruit-buds or mature a crop of fruit. Nature intimates
this sometimes by all at once dropping off all the fruit
that is set after an abundant blossoming. ‘The outer
branches are most fruitful as a rule; and if the head is
kept open the fruit is better.

The two pictures of one of my trees are an illustration
of such an experience. This tree, now eight years old,

Fig. 48. Fig. 49.

BAD AND GOOD PRUNING. RESULT OF BAD PRUNING.
grew about sixteen inches from the cutting the first
year, and was then transplanted, and cut back to within
six inches of the ground. The second year it made a
growth of four shoots of about five feet each; and these,
in turn, were cut back to about three feet, throwing out
the side shoots that form the head. When five years old
it stood eight feet and five inches high before it was
pruned. It has borne since it was three years old, the
last crop being one hundred and twenty quinces, the two
largest filling a quart can. The longest shoot grown
with this crop was six feet and four inches, in the midst
of several others only a little shorter.

PRUNING THE QUINCE. 73

I have thus far treated of pruning as it should be done
with the knife or shears, before the limbs are large
enough to need a saw. But when trees have been
neglected till large limbs are to be cut off, it is im-
portant that they should be so cut as to give a good
prospect of healing over; else they may be the occasion
of decay going into the very heart of the tree. If the
cut is made several inches from the body, there is no
possibility of healing over, and decay is inevitable. On
the other hand, if the limb is cut so as not to leave a
projecting stump, it may grow over entirely in a few

Fig. 50.—DECAY FROM BAD Fig. 51.—RIGHTLY PRUNED
PRUNING. BRANCHES HEALED OVER.

years, especially if well waxed or painted. As a rule, if
the limb cut off is an inch or more in diameter, it is well
to cover the wound. Gum shellac dissolved in alcohol
to the thickness of paint is as good as any thing to apply.
It is very adhesive, soon hardens, keeps out the air and
water, and is not affected by weather changes. It is too
thin to hinder the lip of the growing bark from closing
over the wound. Grafting wax, or a composition of
equal parts of resin and tallow, melted and applied with
a brush or swab, has been successfully used. A medi-
cated tar, made by dissolving half an ounce of corrosive
sublimate in half a gill of spirit, and then heating and

74 QUINCE CULTURE.

mixing in tar, is found excellent. If too thin to handle
conveniently, mix in a little whiting or chalk dust. Sal
ammoniac or spirits of hartshorn will dissolve the corrosive
sublimate more easily than the spirit. It is an insecti-
cide, and when a gallon of soft water is used in place of
the tar it is a good wash to kill all insects and their eggs
on the bark. If nothing better is convenient, a little
grease of any kind will have a good effect on the wound.

If a limb bleeds when it is cut off, it may be worth
while to apply Anight’s Composition of four parts scraped
cheese with one part of shell lime, or other pure lime.
pressing the composition strongly into the pores of
the wood. With this he found he could instantly stop
the flow of sap in the largest branch. The worst time
to prune is when the sap begins to flow actively in the
spring. By contact with the air it sours and becomes
poison to the bark. We ought not to close this topic
without suggesting, that when the smaller limbs and
twigs are cut off a good sharp knife is not always the
most desirable implement to use. It often slips and
injures what is not intended to be cut away. Small
limbs can be pruned more rapidly with a good pair of
shears.

CHAPTER XII.
PROMOTING FRUITFULNESS WITHOUT PRUNING.

1. Tu1s may be done by restricting root growth by
pruning or cutting in the roots, as described on a former
page, and need not be repeated here.

2. Bending down strong-growing branches without
fruit-buds, has been found to retard the circulation of
the sap sufficiently to induce fruitfulnoss. Tue pendant
form becomes fixed by a single scason’s growth, and may
be so skillfully arranged as to secure symmetrical and

FLOWERS AND FRUIT. 45

ornamental trees. July and August are favorable months
to tie down. The branches are secured to pegs driven in
the ground. All kinds of trees and plants may be in-
duced to flower and fruit, no matter how
luxuriant their growth, by a judicious use
of the bending process.

3. Ringing the branches. This is done
by taking off a ring of bark wide enough
to arrest the circulation of the sap, com-
pelling it to accumulate above the ring.
The same effect is often produced by a
ligature made of wire. The effect is to
produce early maturity in the fruit and
an increase in its size, but at the ex-
pense of its quality. ‘There seems, how.
ever, to be no use for this operation on the quince.

4, Grafting is a method of inducing early fruitfulness.
A cion from a young seedling may be grafted on the
limb of a bearing tree, and thus be brought into a fruitful
condition much sooner than if left on the seedling stock.
This is advantageous in testing new varieties.

<< +o7o—-

CHAPTER XIII.
FLOWERS AND FRUIT.

Ir has long been observed that a very full blossoming
often results in but little fruit ; sometimes none at all.
Why is it thus? A variety of causes may operate to
produce the failure of fruit. If the weather be so un-
favorable as to prevent the blossoms from performing
their appointed work, failure is inevitable. When the
weather is very dry while the trees are in bloom the fruc-
tification is often too imperfect to set the fruit, and the
blossoms dry up and drop off. Or, on the other hand,

76 QUINCE CULTURE.

if there happens to be a long wet spell just at the time
of blossoming, | have observed that the beating rain pre-
vents the blossoms from performing their natural office
of fructifying, and failure follows. For the pollen of
the stamens to become perfectly matured, it is necessary
that the blossoms have a few days of favorable weather
after they are expanded, to enable them to fulfill their
office. A tree may appear to have but a few blossoms,
but with favorable weather for all to become perfected,
so that each produces fruit, there may be an excellent
crop. Asarule we want our trees to carry too much.

Again, blossoms will be found to fail because of the
severity of the preceding winter. It may destroy, the
germs of the fruit without killing the other parts of the
blossom. In such cases, all will appear to go right for a
time; but, as with other things in nature, the antecedent
cause will ultimately produce its legitimate effect, and
the beautiful blooming proves to be only the forerunner
of disappointed hopes.

Still again, a tree may blossom abundantly, and the
fruit set and grow for a while, but all at once the whole
falls off. This may arise from the tree being too feeble
to sustain the crop set. Like aman with too heavy a
load for his strength, he carries it all a little way, and
then drops it exhausted.

Once more, it will be noticed that some varieties are
more likely to fail after a full blossoming than others
growing near them. ‘This is chiefly owing to the differ-
ence of vigor and fruitfulness in different varieties.

A study of the peculiarities of the different varieties is
of great importance to the cultivator. It is a matter of
interest to observe that the great number of blossoms
provided for in the economy of nature is to secure the
certainty of fertility. Many will dry up and disappear
as soon as they have done their fructifying work, while
those attached to the stems bearing the fertilized fruit

THINNING THE FRUIT. (yi

do not so soon disappear. The petals retain their color
and stand out with prominence so long after the others
have withered away as to suggest a second blossoming.

CHAPTER XIV.
THINNING THE FRUIT.

THE story is told of a man who said it took him thirty
years to get moral courage to prune his fruit trees. A
large proportion of cultivators never attain the courage
of their convictions in this matter. By far the most ex-
peditious method of thinning fruit is to prune judi-
ciously. In some varieties, after having pruned quite
severely, there is too much fruit set to be carried to
maturity, and a large thinning out is a necessity to pre-
vent the trees from overbearing. ‘To many, it seems an
unjustifiable waste to pull off the finely-set specimens ;
and with a serious doubt as to the wisdom of the oper-
ation, they allow their trees to overbear. As an inevi-
table result, the fruit is small and inferior, the trees
are overtaxed in the effort to mature more than they
are able to perfect, and, as a consequence, they must
have an off year to rest and recuperate. We hardly
realize that a tree is overbearing till the fruit has at-
tained considerable size, and then we hate to pull off
enough to relieve the strain. I sometimes take off half
or two-thirds, and then there is a plenty left to be of the
first quality. The number of bushels will be about the
same, and the quality of the fruit greatly improved. In
years of abundance the large fruit will sell when the
small finds no market at any price. This difference in
the market value of fine fruit and that produced by
overbearing trees shows the great importance of properly
thinning,

78 QUINCE CULTURE.

The thinning of quinces should not be done till
we can judge pretty well which would fall of them-
selves; and this generally shows quite well by the time
they are as large as a man’s thumb. Whether this
natural thinning is the effect of insect stings, or of dry
weather reducing the moisture below a sufficiency, or of
a natural selection securing ‘‘ the survival of the fittest,”
is not always easy to determine. Besides all these reduc-
tions, it will often be best to remove many others from
very prolific trees. If, for any cause, thinning has been
delayed till the fruit is quite advanced, still it is best to
do it, and relieve the strain on the tree. By combining
with this thinning of the fruit a thorough cultivation
of the soil, a poor variety may excel a better one that is
neglected. This will be more especially observable in
young trees. They seem to be more easily affected than
when older. But even the old trees seem to be rejuve-
nated and show fruit improved beyond their possibilities
under neglect. |

It is hardly necessary to say that deformed and imper-
fect specimens are first to be removed, with any that
show signs of insect stings; and that all wormy fruit
should be destroyed or placed where the worms will die.
Deep burial in the earth will generally kill them ; so will
fire or water. If taken as early as it ought to be, the
green fruit will have little value as food for any kind of
stock.

CHAPTER XV.
GATHERING AND MARKETING.

Ir the trees have been properly pruned annually, it
will be a long time before they are too high to reach
the fruit from the ground. When, in time, the fruit is

GATHERING AND MARKETING. "9

borne too high to reach, a common step-ladder will be
found convenient. A cheap and convenient step-ladder
may be made out of two pine boards, six inches wide and
one inch thick, for sides. The steps should be of the
same width, and mortised into them, with a wider board
for the top. The bottom should be wide enough to
stand firmly, and the top only wide enough for standing
room, with a basket for the fruit.

The stave basket, being smooth inside, and therefore
less liable to bruise the fruit, is preferred to the old
splint or chip basket. The size used to be for five half

Fig. 58.—A CHEAP STEP-LADDER. Fig. 54.—STAVE BASKET,

pecks, but now itis generally forfour. The old standard
crate for shipping fruit was eight inches wide, fourteen
deep, and twenty-three and a half long, outside measure.
The ends and partition were cut from three-quarter inch
pine, seven and a half wide by fourteen inches long.
The bottom and top were six and a half wide, and three-
eighths of an inch thick. The sides were of four slats of
the same thickness, and twoand a balf inches wide. ‘The
whole crate consisted of thirteen pieces, often with a
planed end for marking. These proportions are varied,
some being wider and shorter, or narrower and deeper,

80 QUINCE CULTURE.

according to the choice of the shipper or maker.
Crates being seldom returned as ‘‘ empties,” they are
about enough less in capacity than the bushel to cover
the cost of the crate. Baskets are now returned, but
probably will not be much longer.

For marketing, as well as for home use, quinces should
not be gathered until fully ripe, as they do not, like ap-
ples, pears, and peaches, ripen up in color and flavor
after they are picked. If gathered too early the quince is
comparatively worthless. If the cultivator of the quince
does not desire at once to dispose of his fruit, the later
ripening sorts can be kept for a long time by being care-
fully spread out in a cool chamber till the frost necessi-

Fig. 55.—FRUIT CRATE.

tates their removal to the cellar. With proper care
quinces may be kept till April in common cellars.
Of course, with retarding-house conveniences all fruits
may be kept at will. Asa rule, it will be found that the
best time to use or sell quinces is soon after they are
ripe. If kept too long the demand for them, as with
most other fruits, ceases, and they are not sought for.

There is always a market for quinces in the large
cities, and, if the quality is good, at paying prices; but
often the best market will be in some of the smaller
cities and towns. The producer will find it advanta-
geous to look out for such markets before the fruit is ripe,
so as to know just where to send it when ready. There
is a class of customers who always want the best fruit,
and are willing to pay for it. The best is found in the
end to be the cheapest.

THE PROFITS OF QUINCE CULTURE. 81

CHAPTER XVI.
THE PROFITS OF QUINCE CULTURE.

THE profit of quince raising depends, first, on the vari-
ety raised, some being too unfruitful to ever yield profit-
able crops; next, on the skill and care of the cultivator,
the best varieties being unprofitable when neglected ; and,
lastly, on the demands of markets. Hitherto there has
been a market for even poor quinces; but as crops increase,
only good fruit will be in demand at paying prices.

N. Ohmer, of Dayton, Ohio, reported, in 1869, that he
had two acres in quinces ; that three-fourths of an acre,
ten years planted, had yielded crops six years regularly;
and that in 1868 he gathered from three-quarters of an
acre 300 bushels, which he sold at $2.50 a bushel, whole-
sale. A New York cultivator of the Rea’s Mammoth
raised on a third of an acre acrop worth $500. I have
found a ready market for quinces when well put up in
both tin and glass cans, at paying prices, in the markets
of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and smaller cities.

My first planting of the Meech’s Prolific was only
eight feet apart, quincunx, and the trees averaged half a
peck when five years old; doubled it the next year, and
trebled it when seven years old. Taking one year with
another, my entire crop has averaged $2.50 a bushel. I
found, when the trees were eight years old, that they
averaged $1.22 a tree that year, being about $450 an acre.
The Rea’s has yielded a crop next in value to the Prolific
at my place in Vineland, N. J.

By the report of the New Jersey Horticultural Society
for 1884, it will be seen that C. L. Jones had a yield of
782, making seven and a half bushels, from two trees in
his yard at Newark. He sold many of them at $6 a
hundred, realizing $22.50, besides having 200 for himself

§2 QUINCE CULTURE.

and friends. The two trees had been ten years planted,
and show what can be realized from the most favorable
conditions of growth and marketing. From the prices
reported in several other States, the successful cultivator
of this fruit could not fail to make it profitable.

CHAPTER XVII.

DISEASES OF THE QUINCE.

DISEASES in trees arise from a variety of causes, such
as insect depredations, loss of vitality from bacteria, and
fungi preying on the living tissue; or there may be organic
disease reproduced from unhealthy stocks and seeds.
One form of existence is destroyed to produce another.
‘The elements of life by death and decay enter into new
forms of life. Disease in one department of nature may
provide for a want in another.

The chief known causes of disease in quinces are
bacteria and fungi. ‘They are both low forms of vege-
table life, the first multiplying by the division of a single
cell, the second producing several spores inacell. Of
the various bacteria, each acts in a way peculiar to itself.
Some produce disease, some act as ferments, others assist
in the ripening of fruits, and still others aid in the re-
generation of organic matter to form cell-structure.

The fungi are cellular, flowerless plants, which receive
their sustenance from the earth or the organized bodies
on which they grow. They differ from cther plants, in
general, in chemical composition, being chiefly nitrogen
instead of carbon; and in their method of growth, ab-
sorbing oxygen and giving out carbonic acid. All the
higher forms of plant life may have one or more of these
low forms to prey on it as a parasite by its absorbing

DISEASES OF THE QUINCE. 83

roots or mycelium, or live within it asa saprophyte. A
healthy tree possesses sufficient vigor to resist the attacks
of diseases, and may grow on successfully when a feeble tree
would be destroyed. A fungus may be so concealed in
the tissues of a plant on which it is thriving, that its
presence will only be known by the mycelium cropping
out with spores on the surface.

1. QuINCE Biicutr.—It seems to be well established
that this disease, also called fire blight and twig blight,
is the same as the pear blight in the pear and the apple
blight in the apple. The disease has been produced in the
June-berry (Amelanchier Canadensis), the English Haw-
thorn (Crategus Oxyecantha), and the Evergreen Thorn
(Crategus Pyracantha), by inoculation, and may prob-
ably be so produced in any member of this family of trees.
Every part of the tree above ground is subject to its
attacks. It may extend only to tender twigs, or it may
entirely destroy the tree. ‘The presence of this disease
may be recognized by the granular appearance of the
bark on the tender twigs, accompanied by the exuding
of a gummy substance, of a peculiar odor, quite sticky to
the fingers in the morning after a heavy dew, and drying
up so as to glisten in the sun, when it forms into granu-
lations on the discolored bark. 'This gummy substance,
as scen through a microscope, resembles filamentous
threads, each being strung with sacks of bacteria, ready
to burst and scatter their infinitesimal germs by the aid
of the lightest breeze, or to be washed to the earth by
summer showers. The author was aided in examining
this gum from a blighted twig by Prof. J. B. Ellis,
author of ‘‘ North American Fungi,” and it was found
that so little as could be picked up on the point of a pen-
knife, put into a drop of water on the glass slide of his
microscope, revealed an innumerable number of spores,
or bacteria, too small to be described. ‘The stomata of
a leaf, examined at the same time, was large enough to

84 QUINCE CULTURE.

take in a dozen of them at once. Hence the ease with
which the disease may be spread.

Prof. J. C. Arthur, botanist of the New York Agricul-
tural Station, who has given much time to the study of
this disease, suggests that ‘‘The bacteria escape from
the tissues in the slimy drops that ooze out from the
diseased parts, especially in damp weather. They are
washed off and freed from the viscid part by rains, and
upon becoming dry are taken up by the winds. Being
now suspended in the air,a damp day, dewy night, or
light rain would bring them in contact with the delicate
surface tissues of fresh cracks or wounds, in the most
favorable way to introduce the contagion. This is quite
in accordance with the fact that the disease usually starts
at the ends of the branches, but also appears sometimes
on the larger limbs, and even the trunks. It also ex-
plains the fact that the rankest growers are most subject
to attack, these exposing more tender surfaces, and, upon
the disease obtaining a foothold, furnishing more succu-
lent tissues.” Insects are almost sure to carry the disease
wherever they go, after contact with these exudations.

The theory that ascribes the blight to bacteria is so
well proved that it is needless to notice the older theories
which obtained before 1880, when Prof. T. J. Burrill, of
Illinois, began experiments to demonstrate this. ‘‘ The
bacteria connected with pear blight are all of one kind,
and of only one kind: not the bacteria of putrefaction
or of animal diseases, but a kind that have never been
found anywhere except in blighted fruit trees. These
have been named Micrococcus amylovorus. The former
word, the generic name, means very minute bodies; the sec-
ond, or specific name, means that they are lovers of starch.
They are very minute vegetable organisms, and live on
starch or similar substances. They multiply by dividing
into two, like the figure 8; these divide again, this process
of division and subdivision going on very rapidly.”

DISEASES OF THE QUINCE, 85

The bacterial theory seems to account for all the
phenomena connected with this disease. The bacteria
found in the disease will produce it from inoculation in
about a week; and by the second week the stem and
leaves of the twig will be dead, and by the third week
the disease will be extended down the limb, marking its
progress by the brown bark and blackened leaves peculiar
to the blight.

Bacteria may enter through the flowers as well as the
tender tissues of the growing twigs, or any opening in
the older bark of the trunk and limbs. No visible effect
is likely to be seen for several weeks. In June, and on-
ward for a number of months, it may be seen as branch
after branch reveals its presence. It grows very slowly
in cold weather, and rapidly in warm and moist weather.

I have found the annual salting of both quince and
pear trees, when done before the spring growth begins,
to operate as a preventive; but can not say there will
be none in the future. Later salting has not always pre-
vented it. When the disease is manifest, no time should
be lost in removing and burning the diseased portions.
Be sure to cut far enough below the affected parts to re-
move all the disease.

So long as there remains any portion of the trunk or
branches not encircled with the blight, the tree may re-
cover. I have trees that have done good service for
several years, which were all destroyed except a strip on
one side. The diseased parts were cut away, splitting off
the blighted wood from one side of the trunk, and the
rest has grown well, now nearly covering the split portion.

Accepting the bacterial theory of the disease, we might
propose to control it by spraying the trees with some
antiseptic ; but in practice the best thing we can do is
to prevent it as far as possible, and diligently destroy
every trace of the disease.

The microscope shows that both leaves and fruit are

86 QUINCE CULTURE.

more or less protected by a coating of natural varnish, sup--
posed to be wax or silica. Whatever it may be, it is best
to observe what soils and fertilizers supply it. Ashes and -
lime are found to improve the quality of fruit, and it
may be assumed, also, that they increase the vigor of
growth, and so aid in resisting the attacks of bacterial
and fungoid diseases.

2. ORANGE Rust (Restilia aurantiaca, Peck; Cen-
tridium Cydonia, El\lis).—This fungus affects the stems
and fruit of the quince in June and onward. In asingle

Fig. 56.—STEM AT A BUD AS AFFECTED BY THE RZSTILIA AURANTIACA,

instance I have seen it on the leaf stalk. The spores
are of a beautiful orange color, globose in shape, with a
membranous envelope, and are produced in sacks or
pustules, which form an enlargement on the stems, re-
sembling the black knot of plum and cherry trees. The
little blackened quinces remaining on the trees after
the leaves have fallen, attest its destruction of the fruit,
and warn us against its neglect. Once in a while a stem
survives its attacks, and so of the fruit. As the disease
progresses the granules burst, forcing their sides upward,

DISEASES OF THE QUINCE. 87

and opening out with a multitude of cups, notched at
the edge, and shedding a profusion of yellow dust, which,
as it falls, reminds one of the shower of sparks from an
ascending rocket. ‘The cups are bell-shaped, edged with
a pretty fringe around their margins; and are so nu-
merous as to entirely girdle the twig or half cover the
fruit.

These cups, called peridia by mycologists, appear to
have burst through the outer covering of the bark on

Fig. 57.—STEM BETWEEN BUDS AFFECTED BY THE RASTILIA AURANTIACA,

the twigs and the skin of the fruit. The cups some-
times rise a tenth of an inch above the surface, with the
lower parts attached to the substratum. ‘The bursting
peridia shed a liberal shower of their golden dust around
them, which is scattered by the winds, carrying the spores,
or, more strictly, the protospores, because they produce
the true spores or fruit, so that each grain of this dust is
the seed of more of these epiphytal plants. Before the
oidium or fungus bursts out in the clasters of cups so
prolific of dust, the surfaces of affected parts show numer-

88 QUINCE CULTURE.

ous little elevations or pustules, which become ruptured
as ripeness is attained, when the fungus pushes through
the opening, at the same time bursting by radiating
fissures, and forming a fringed edge of the cups. The
fringed edges are often recurved, revealing the orange
spores crowded together within. At first, and while
contained within the peridium, they are concatinate or

Fig. 58.—FRUIT AND STEM AS AFFECTED BY THE RAZSTILIA AURANTIACA.

chained together; but when dispersed they are scattered
about the orifice, and often mixed with the colorless
cells from which they have issued.

Aslice of the fruit cut out before the fungi are matured
enough to burst the cells, shows the yellow color of the
dust in its granular formation, as confined by the cellular
substance of the cups. Each of the protospores con-

DISEASES OF THE QUINCE. 89

tained within the peridia may germinate, and produce
not only one, but many vegetative spores, which are ex-
ceedingly minute, and may be regarded as the embryos
of a fresh crop of fungi. If a vertical section be made,
the fungi will be seen to spring from beneath, the spores
or protospores being clustered at the bottom. The tooth-
like fringe is only a continuation of the cellular substance
of the cups.

It is possible that the fluid parts of the spores are
absorbed by the growing plant, and as the result, the
plant has become inoculated with the virus, which is so
destructive as often to discourage the horticulturist. It

Fig. 59.—SPORE OF THE RS-
TILIA, MAGNIFIED 400
DIAMETERS. Fig. 60.—ALLORHINA NITIDA,

requires a great stretch of the imagination to reach the
possible limit of their mysterious increase and consequent
injury.

The spores of the Restilia aurantiaca are from
twenty-five to thirty thousandths of a millimeter in
diameter. j

The only effective remedy yet discovered, is to gather
aud burn the affected parts of stems and fruit before the
spores are scattered to spread the disease.

The festilia aurantiaca on twigs attracts tne com-
mon green and brown dung beetle, Allorhina niiida. It
isa scaribeide about the size of the common brown May
beetle, and very strong. ‘This beetle, though a friend to

90 QUINCE CULTURE.

the quince cultivator, sometimes eats into corn and vari-
ous fruits. |

3. QuINCE LEAF BROWNNESS (Morthiera Mespili v.
Cydonia, C. and E.).—This fungoid disease of the
leaves is indicated by reddish-brown spots, which show
on both sides of the leaf, with a small black speck in the
center of each spot, which speck, on being magnified,
appears to be four spores in one, each of the four being
elliptical, and ending in a thread as long as itself. The

i)
‘ pl
SRY iter Soy
a B R
on
rT: .
SEAS Ae peas Tne
~ eee ravers =
\ dank: Semin a
“
fi
Sing
Ss Bes
Sha
- “

neXt Nigaass
Mee

Ra a
RS SSeaT

=

Fig. 61.—LEAVES AFFECTED BY MORTHIERA MESPILI.

rounded spots extend into coalescing brown patches,
sometimes covering a large part of the leaf. The en-
largement of the spots is due to the extension of the
mycelium of the spores, which, as the disease progresses,
kills the leaves, and they drop to the ground. The older
leaves generally show the disease first, and from them it
extends toward the ends of the branches, sometimes nearly
defoliating the tree. It occurs on trees of every age.

In studying this disease, Soraner put some spores on a

te JA
yi

DISEASES OF THE QUINCE. 91

healthy pear leaf, which there germinated, and in two
weeks produced the brown spots with the black specks in
the center. In the winter he found on the fallen leaves

Fig. 62.—MORTHIERA MESPILI, MAGNIFIED Fig, 63.--MYCELIUM OF
400 DIAMETERS. THE FUNGI MAGNIFIED,

what he thought to be the same fungus, producing an-
other set of spores (ascospores), which became ripe in
April and May. Such fungi are able to grow slowly
through the winter, ready to spread the disease on the
new leaves in the spring. He also found the fun-
gus capable of wintering on the bud-scales, without
entering on a second stage of development. Young
and weakly trees are more susceptible to its attacks than
stronger growing trees. The pear and thorn are also
subject to its attacks. The only sure remedy is to gather
and destroy the leaves.

4, YELLOW LEAF Spots (Hendersonia Cydonia, C.
and E.).—This is another fungus on
quince leaves, resembling the Morthiera
mespili, except that the spots on the
leaves are yellow and produce a thick-
ening of the leaf, with a development
on the under side of the spots like the
bursting of the cluster cups of the Res-
tilia aurantiaca, only smaller. The

Fig. 64.
. ‘ HENDERSONIA CY-
spores are elliptical, marked with three pownra, waGyirrep

bars across, dividing them into four 400 DIAMeters.

92 QUINCE CULTURE.

parts, as shown in the cut. The destruction of affected
leaves is recommended, especially as many of them are
also affected with both of these fungi together.

5. LeaF Mitpew (Podosphera tridactyla, Wall).—
This disease consists of a parasitic white mildew spread-
ing interlacing filaments over both surfaces of the leaves,
but developed most perfectly on the upper side. , The
disease appears in June, producing a multitude of color-
less spores, which spread the fungus rapidly to other
leaves and trees. Late in July it produces its fruit

Fig. 65.—LEAVES AFFECTED BY THE HENDERSONIA CYDONIA,

as so many dust-like dots of regular form and size.
These round, dust-like specks are the sacks which
contain the resting spores, which withstand the rigors of
winter, and reproduce the leaf mildew the next year. It
is most thrifty on the leaves of a vigorous tree; but,
with the favor of shade, may thrive on a weakly tree. It
is also found on the leaves of apple trees, and proves very
injurious to cherry leaves, often causing them to fall
prematurely. Sulphur dusted on the leaves when they
are wet is recommended as a remedy.

DISEASES OF THE QUINCE. 93

6. Lear Buiegut.—This is very unlike the leaf blight
of the apple and pear. The specimens examined have
not yet revealed to us the cause. It first appears on the
edges of the leaves ; sometimes on one side only, but more
generally reaching nearly all the way around the leaf. At
first it is of a reddish brown; but as it extends inward
toward the mid vein, it gradually assumes: a deeper hue,
till at last it is almost jet black, and covers very nearly
all the blade of the leaf. As the disease progresses the

Fig. 66.—LEAF BLIGHT.

edges of the tenderer leaves curl upward, and eventually
the whole dies and falls.

7. Quince Rot (Spheropsis Cydonia, C. and E.).—
This disease usually begins at a few points on the surface
of the fruit, and spreads regularly in enlarging circles
until the whole fruit is decayed. As these spots enlarge,
the centers grow dark, and soon may be seen asa mass of
black points, which contain a multitude of brown spores,
each capable of spreading the disease. A sound quince

94 QUINCE CULTURE.

being inoculated with a piece of the surface of one dis-
-eased, the spores germinated, and the rotting slowly
progressed to the twenty-second day, under a bell glass,
when the decayed spot was an inch and a half in diam-
eter, and showed fruiting points of the disease.

So long as the wax-like covering of fruit remains per-
fect, it is difficult for the spores of disease to affect it;
but the sting of an insect, the abrasion of a chafing limb,
or a bruise will make a way for the germs of disease to
enter. Hence the importance of great care in handling
the fruit. No other preventive is known for this disease.

8. Bark Bounp or Hive Bounp.—This may arise
from the depredations of scale insects weakening the
vitality of the cells, or it may arise from an undue reduc-
tion of the top in pruning or grafting, producing a dis-
proportion between the leaves and the numerous cells
under the bark, by which their expansive force is weak-
‘ened too much to push out the bark; or injury to the
roots may so far weaken the power of these cells that
they become unequal to the task required of them. Pro-
vision is made for the expansion of the bark by the forma-
tion of cork-like cells, called suber cells, which expand so
as to rupture the outer bark, and allow a proper enlarge-
ment of the growing tree. very tree has its own suber
cell, and so the rifts in the bark of each are according to
its own peculiar character, no two appearing just alike.
When, from any cause, the tree has become bark bound,
a slit of the knife will help in doing what these cells
failed to perform. The slit should be very carefully
made, lest, instead of helping, it injure the tree by its
severity. Be very sure the malady exists before the
remedy is applied, or great harm may follow.

WINTER-KILLING. 95

CHAPTER XVIII.
WINTER-KILLING.

THERE is a difference in the hardiness of quince trees.
Some varieties endure severe freezing better than others.
A variety that lives one winter may die the next because
of the changes surrounding it; and so a tender variety
“may live, when one naturally more hardy dies. Sudden
changes often work disastrously. This was seen in the
winter of 1853-4 in a belt of country extending from
New York to Michigan. Quince trees and pear trees on
quince stocks were greatly injured by rapid successions
of very warm and intensely cold weather. The result was,
that nearly all the trees that were not sheltered were de-
stroyed, or so weakened that they continued to die till
late in the summer. The warmth had promoted sap
circulation, and the sap, suddenly freezing, formed little
crystals in the wood, which lacerated the fibers by every
motion of the swaying trees. This cause may be supple-
mented by such a freezing and thawing of the limbs and
branches as dries the life out of them. In all such cases
the injury to trees will be in proportion to the expos-
ure, and so the protection of good wind-breaks is of
great importance. In that season of such widespread
loss, those trees that chanced to be sheltered from the
winds escaped. It was also observed that the loss was
not so great with trees on clayey soil that shed off the
water, as on sandy soil that was filled with water.

Trees transplanted in the fall, too late for the cut
roots to heal, and for all to resume their normal func-
tions, may in consequence fail to supply their tops with
needed moisture, and they will become shriveled and
winter-kill in consequence. The newly-set tree badly
planted may suffer by the frost lifting its roots out of

96 QUINCE CULTURE.

their places, in which case it is likely to be winter-killed.
A mulch sufficient to protect the roots from freezing
during the winter is a wise precaution, not only to pro-
tect the newly-planted trees from intense cold, but will
be a safeguard against winter-killing in those well estab-
lished. It has been found highly beneficial to trees to
have a mantle of snow cover the ground all winter, be-
cause it protects the ground from sudden changes. A
winter rain freezing on the limbs will do little harm,
unless accompanied by winds, because there is no danger
of drying out the sap. The cold may be severe enough
to weaken the vitality of fruit-buds, and they may all
drop off after they have blossomed.

Trees are able to endure greater cold in a dry atmos-
phere than in a moist one. In elevated situations, trees
will endure a severer temperature than in valleys or low »
down the hill-sides.

It will operate favorably to so cultivate the trees as to
secure an early growth and ripening of the wood, that it
may be in thé best condition to endure the severity of
winter frosts. When stimulated to grow very vigorously
late in the season, the young wood is more likely to suffer
than that produced earlier in the season.

The thermometrical and hygrometrical conditions act
together, and the hardiness of trees will be determined
by the power of the tissues to withstand the pressure
that will burst them if they contain too much sap, or to
shrivel them by drying out their moisture, and so de-
stroying their vitality.

A wise precaution against winter-killing in sections
where there is danger, is not to cultivate late in the .
season. The culture that stimulates a late growth of
soft wood that does not ripen before the severity of
winter sets in is to be avoided. The immature wood is
easily injured, the grain is ruptured by freezing and
thawing, and the disorganized cells in spring are no

INSECT ENEMIES. 97

longer able to perform their office. Secure an early
growth of wood, that will ripen in time to be ready for
all changes of weather, and you will have the satisfaction
of haying done wisely.

CHAPTER XIX.
INSECT ENEMIES OF THE QUINCE.

EntTomoLoaists have estimated that, on an average,
there are from four to six insect enemies to each variety
of plants. The insect enemies of the quince exceed this
average, but are not so numerous as the enemies of the
apple. Quite a portion of them are alike the enemies of
both.

ATTACKING THE TRUNK AND BRANCHES.

1. THE RoUND-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER (Saperda
candida, Fabr.; Saperda bivittata, Say).—This is an
American insect, first described by Thomas Say in 1824.
Trees growing on high ground are, other things being
equal, more largely infested than those on low land. In
its larval state it is called the Round-headed Apple-tree
Borer, to distinguish it from a flat-headed species, which
also preys on the apple, but not on the quince tree. In
its imago, or perfect state, it is commonly known as the
Two-striped Saperda. The full-grown larva is about an
inch long, cylindrical in form, fleshy, and tapering from
the head to the tail. The round head is of a chestnut-
brown color, horny, and polished. The jaws are quite
black, and fitted to cut the fiber of wood much as it is
cut in boring with an auger. The chrysalis is lighter
colored than the larva, and is marked by transverse rows
of minute spines on the back, with a few at its extremity,
which probably aid it in casting off its puna skin. The

98 QUINCE CULTURE.

insect, in all its stages, will be readily recognized by the
accompanying illustrations.

During the months of May and June this beetle
emerges through a round hole, haying completed all its
changes from the egg to theimago. It comes out in the
night, and hides during the day among the leaves, which
are now its food. The sexes pair at night, after which
the female deposits her eggs in the bark at the collar of
the tree. The eggs are the size of a small pin-head, and
may be looked for from May till August. Their entire
life history embraces about three years. Within about

| Nee tit 4
| np

Fig. 67.—Larva. Fig. 68.— Chrysalis. Fig. 69.—Lectle.
ROUND-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER.

two weeks from the laying of the eggs, they hatch into a
larva, which penetrates through the bark to the sap-wood
the first season, where they form a burrow, and may
often be detected by the discolored appearance of the
bark of young trees, or by the fine-grained castings they
have pushed out of their holes. They remain in the tree
three years, becoming each year more destructive. Be-
fore the end of this time, as they approach the comple-
tion of their Jarval growth, they cut a passage through
the heart-wood of the tree, extending it outward to the
bark. These passages are cut very direct up to this
point for a future exit, or they may be found turning
abruptly back in any direction. With an instinct bor-

INSECT ENEMIES. 99

dering on intelligence, the larva now fills the upper part
of its hole with its woody dust against the bark ; then
turns round and fills it below with woody fibers of the
heart-wood, when it again turns its head upward, and
there rests till, in the next spring, the matured larva
casts off its skin and reveals the chrysalis. In three
weeks more the pupa has become a beetle, the soft parts
soon harden, and in a few days it makes its way through
the castings in the upper end of its passage, cuta a
smooth round hole through the bark, about three-six-
teenths of an inch across, from which it escapes.

Remedies.—The best remedy is to prevent the beetle
laying the eggs in the bark of the tree. This may be
done by wrapping petroleum paper, or any like substance,
around the collar of the tree, letting it reach from the
ground high enough to protect it. Alkaline washes
have been found distasteful to this insect ; and a wash
of strong soap-suds thickened with washing-soda will
keep it away. Wash as early as May and June, and
keep the ground clear of grass and weeds for a harber.
I have found clean culture a good protection when
neglected trees were badly infested, and some were de-
stroyed. A good formula for a wash is two pounds
of soft soap and a quarter of a pound of sulphur in a
pail of water. Apply with a swab or brush.

Christopher Shearer, a very successful horticulturist
of Pennsylvania, recommends a wash of four gallons of
whitewash, two quarts of clay, two quarts of fresh cow
dung, and one quart of strong lye, with water enough to
mix well. Scrape the earth away from the collar of the
tree, and apply with a swab or brush in May and August,
reaching well up the tree. Return the earth that was
removed. He finds it effective with the peach and
apple trees as well as the quince. The main thing is to
prevent the laying of the eggs, and this does it.

Harris recommends plugging up their holes with came

100 QUINCE CULTURE.

phor. Downing advises to heap ashes or lime about the
collar of the tree. He would protect nurseries by wash-
ing young trees with a solution of a pound of potash to a
gallon of water.

If the larve have already got into the trees they should
be dug out or destroyed in their holes. Annealed wire
or small strips of whalebone have been found useful to
run into the holes. Besides the summer examinations,
it is well to look over the trees in the fall and winter to
make sure the larve are not in them.

2. THE QUINCE SCALE (Aspidiotus Cydonia, Com-
stock).—This is an enemy found on quince trees in
Florida. The scale is gray, and somewhat transparent.
The shape is convex and the size only about six hun-
dredths of an inch across. The remedy is a strong solu-
tion of potash or soft soap, applied with a swab or brush.

3. THE Woo.iy ApHIs (Aphis lanigera or schizoneura,
Hausmann).—The downy plant lice, now placed in the
genus Hriosoma, are among the
most destructive species. This
aphis was imported on fruit trees
from Europe, and yet in England
it is called the American Bight.
It is most commonly found on
apple trees in the colder sec-
tions. It was on the quince tree
in an apple orchard at Northamp-
ton, Massachusetts, where it at-
tracted my attention some years
ago. The tree had numerous
shoots like those that spring up around apple trees, and
these were abundantly infested. J am thus particular in
giving the location, as I have not seen it on quince trees
farther south, and have not seen any notice of it on the
quince by other writers. It may be readily recognized
by the woolly covering from which it takes its name,

Fig. 70.—WO@LLY APHIS.

INSECT ENEMIES. 101

(See figure 70.) The numerous punctures they make
in the bark of the tender shoots produce warts or ex-
crescences on the bark, till the limbs become sickly, the
leaves turn yellow and drop off, and sometimes the whole
tree dies.

Remedies.—The lady-bugs and their larve, the larve
of the Syrphus and lace-winged flies, ard the little chal-
cid fly (Aphelinus mali, Hald.), all feed on these plant-
lice. ‘The old bark should be scraped off wherever it
makes a harbor for them, and then with a stiff brush
they should be treated to a solution of lime and sulphur
(five pounds of lime to one of sulphur in two gallons of
water, heated till the sulphur is dissolved). The earth at
the roots, as far as practicable, should be exchanged for
fresh soil. A pound of potash in a gallon of water is
effective. Another application is made, melting three
ounces of resin with the same quantity of fish oil, and
applying it warm with a paint brush. Spiders spin their
webs over and feed on them at their leisure.

4, THE SEVENTEEN-YEAR CICADA, commonly called
Locust (Cicada septendecim, Linn.).—This insect de-
rives its name from the time it requires to pass through
its several changes. The long intervals at which they
appear, and the little damage they do to the quince, make
any extended description of the seventeen-year locusts,
however interesting, quite unnecessary here. It may be
found in any good work on entomology. The damage
done by these insects can not be prevented. They can
not eat, and the only injury they do above ground is
confined to the small branches in which they deposit
their eggs; but when they go over a whole tree in this
way it becomes a serious matter. These branches die
and fall off, and there is nothing to do but trim off the
rough ends with a smooth cut. In the larva state they
do much injury to the roots of trees. The birds, poultry,
ete., destroy many. The plow destroys more in culti-

102. QUINCE CULTURE.

vated grounds. The work of these interesting insects,
however, is confined chiefly to our native woods, and
their numbers, consequently, can not easily be reduced.

CLIMBING CUT-woRMS (dAgro/id@).

CuT-worMs are the caterpillars of widely-spread species
of nocturnal moths. Most of them confine their depreda-
tions to young and succulent plants, which they cut off
just above or below the surface of the ground. Four
species of this numerous family are in the habit of
ascending trees at night, and doing serious damage
by eating off the growing twigs and foliage. Or-
chards in light sandy soil are most lable to their

Fig. 71.—MOTH.

attacks. While the several species differ in size, in color
and markings, both in the larva and imago state, they
are much alike. In their general appearance they are
smooth and naked larve of some shade of gray, green,
brown, or black, with dusky markings. The female lays
about 600 eggs on the twigs of the trees, where they do
their mischief. They eat at night, and are, therefore,
seldom seen. Having finished their nocturnal meal, they
fall to the ground, and hide in the earth.

5. THE VARIEGATED Cut-Worm ( Agro/lis saucia, Hub-
ner). The moth, with wings expanded, measures about
an inch and three-quarters across. ‘The fore wings are
grayish brown, marked with brownish black. The hind

INSECT ENEMIES. 103

wings are white and pearly, shaded toward the margin
with pale brown. ‘The chrysalis is of a deep mahogany
brown, with dotted markings on each side, and sharp

Fig. 72.—CHRYSALIS OF THE VARIE-
GATED CUT-WORM.

Fig. 74.--EGGS OF THE VA-
Fig. 73.—LARVA OF THE VARIE- RIEGATED CUT-WORM,
GATED CUT-WORM. a, Magnified ; b, Natural Size.
pointed at the tip. The larva pupates in the ground,
where it forms a smooth, oval, earth cocoon. The larva
becomes full grown by the middle of June, when it is of

Fig. 75.—LARVA AND MOTH OF THE DARK-SIDED CUT-WORM.

a dull flesh-color, mottled with brown and black, hay-
ing elongated velvety black markings on the sides.

6. THE DARK-sIDED Cut-Worm (Agrotis Cochranii,
Riley). ‘the moth is light gray, marked and shaded
with brown, and smaller than the Variegated. The larvais
a little over an inch long, with dark ashen gray sides and

104 QUINCE CULTURE:

lighter color above. The chrysalis in the earth cocoon is
about seven-tenths of an inch long, yellowish brown with
darker brown markings.

7 Tae CiimBina Cut-Wosm (Agrotis scandens,
Riley) is very destructive to buds and tender stems and
leaves. ‘The body of the moth
is about seven-tenths of an inch
long, and the spread wings meas-
ure nearly an inch and a half
across. The fore wings are of
a light bluish gray with darker
markings. ‘The hind wings are
pearly white. The larva is about
an inch and a half long, of a hight yellowish gray, varie-
gated with dull green. It hasadark line along the back,
with fainter lines along the sides. The spiracles are
black. The chrysalis is brown.

Fig. 76.—AGROTIS SCANDENS.

8. THe MAmEsSTRA Picta, or W-MARKED CuT-WorRM
(Agrotis clandestina, Harris), feeds on succulent plants,
low bushes, and the buds of trees. It is supposed to
have two broods a year. The first transformation of the

Fig. 77.—W-MARKED Fig. 78.—MOTH OF W-MARKED
CUT-WORM. CUT-WORM,

chrysalis to the moth occurs about the first of June and
the second near the end of August. The fore wings are
of a dark ash-gray, inarked by deeper colored lines, mak-
ing their zigzag course a distinct W, uear the outer hind
margin. ‘he hind wings are a dull white, faintly tinged

INSECT ENEMIES. 105

with brown on the outer edge. The chrysalis is of the
shining brown color common to the species. The larva
is light yellow, variegated with three broad, black, longi-
tudinal stripes, one on each side, the other on the top of
the back. The head, belly, and feet are tawny. The
lateral black stripe consists of numerous transverse black
marks on a pure white ground. On account of its
stripes, Dr. Melsheimer called it the zebra caterpillar.
It does not conceal itself in the ground until it is ready
to pupate.

Remedies.—The common red ants capture and kill
them. Insectivorous birds devour them. As prevention

Fig. 79.—CALOSOMA SCRUTATOR. Fig. 80.—CALOSOMA CALIDUM,

is better than cure, we may attract the moths by little
bonfires, and destroy them. We may attract them by
cider, and water sweetened and flavored with vinegar.
We may keep the larva from climbing the trees by
fastening around them strips of tin or zinc like inverted
funnels. Cut-worms, like other caterpillars, have de-
stroyers in the Tachina flies, and the Ichneumons are
their parasitic enemies. I discovered one of these climb-
ing worms a few years ago in the very process of destruc-
tion by parasites. The worms crawled through the skin,
leaving no visible mark, and then spun their cocoons on

106 QUINCE CULTURE.

the stem that supported the cut-worm. Further obser-
vation showed that they pupated ten days before coming
forth to repeat their work of destruction. The female
of this parasite lays about 100 eggs, which shows that
they are capable of doing much good service. The car-
nivorous beetles Calosoma scrutator and Calosoma cali-
dum (Fabr.) are very active in hunting and eating all
the species of cut-worms. ‘The latter is a very beautiful
beetle, with copper-colored spots on the wing covers.
Their aid as destroyers of noxious insects should be
better known and appreciated.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

9, CATERPILLAR OF THE HANDMAID MOTH, or THE
YELLOW-NECKED APPLE-TREE CATERPILLAR (Datana
ministra, Drury).—Of all insects that prey upon the
leaves of quince trees, I have found the caterpillar
of the Handmaid Moth most destructive. As one of

Fig. 81I—EGGS OF MOTH.

its names suggests, it is also destructive of the foliage
of the apple and also of the cherry. The eggs are laid
on the under side of a leaf, selecting one near the end of
atwig. They are fastened in nearly straight rows to one
another as well as to the leaf. They vary from about 150
to 180, each the size of a small pin head. They hatch at
varying times from July onward, occasional broods com-
ing out as late as September. At first they only eat the

INSECT ENEMIES. 107

pulp of the leaf, leaving a pretty network of veins ; but
in a few days they devour the whole leaf, and when full
grown sweep every thing before them. Side by side in
solid phalanx along the twigs and branches, they feed

——+4
Fig. 82.—BEFORE THE FIRST
MOULT.,

MOULT,

ARAL) AOS {i
RT tt ra BN fir

1\ /
— , he Nina K 4
5 ry WAS yy f Y a
"

\J

ont

i.

ey,
M4

Fig. 84.—BEFORE THE THIRD
MOULT. Fig. 86.—AFTER THE FOURTH MOULT.
gregariously, resting between meals in the same order,
with both head and tail recurved over the body. If
touched or otherwise disturbed they at once throw their
heads from side to side in a spiteful manner, or let them-
selves down by a silken thread, always double, which
they rapidly spin out of their mouths. Their bodies are

Fig. 88.—CHRYSALIS.

Fig. 87.—LARVA AT REST.

well covered with long, soft, whitish hairs. They moult
four times, and attain their full growth in five or six
weeks, and are then about two inches long. <A_ black
stripe extends along the back, and three black stripes

108 QUINCE CULTURE.

alternate with four yellow ones on each side. With
expanded wings the moth measures about two inches
across, sometimes two and a half.

The sexes have some points of difference. The an-
tenne of the male have two rows of fringe beneath, with
very short hairs nearly to their tips. In the female the
antennee are naked. She is larger than the male. ‘Their
color is a light brown. ‘The head and a large square
spot on the thorax are dark chestnut brown. The hairs
on this spot can be erected so as to form a kind of crest.
The fore wings are slightly notched on their hinder
margins, with from three to five transverse brown lines,
and one or two dark spots in the middle (sometimes

Fig. 89.—HANDMAID MOTH, Fig. 90.—PARASITIC FLY.

lacking), and a short, oblique, dark line near the outer
margin. In repose, the hinder part of the body is
raised up, and the fore-legs stretched out before the
body. The illustrations will aid in recognizing them at
every stage of their life history.

Remedy.—They are easily found by the naked limbs
they have stripped of their foliage, and also by their
droppings on the ground, and when found can be pulled
off and crushed. The Tachina flies deposit their eggs in
them. A small Ichneumon is also known to prey on them.

10. THe Fatt Wes-Worm (Hyphantria textor, Har-
ris).—The appearance of web-tents in trees after the
tent caterpillar of early spring has disappeared, has
raised the question whether there be not a second brood.

INSECT ENEMIES. 109

But the tent caterpillar of spring only preys on a few
kinds of trees, while the later sort are ready to work over
a very wide range. ‘They are much smaller, and eat
very much longer. The fall web-worm is a caterpillar
of the family of Arctians or Tiger moths. The name
Ilyphantria means a weaver, and is very appropriate and
descriptive ; for the first thing they do when hatched is
to spin a web on the leaf where they are hatched, under
which they eat the pulp of the leaf. Their webs are so
closely woven as to hold their excrements as a fine powder.

The moth is white, with tawny yellow fore-tnighs and
dark-colored feet. The antenne of the males are doubly
feathered beneath, and those of the female have two rows
of teeth on the under side. The expanded wings meas-

Fig. 91.—Larva. Fig. 92.—Chrysalis. Fig. 98.— Winged Insect.
FALL WEB-WORM,
ure about an inch and a quarter across. In repose they
are not crossed on the back, but are roofed or sloped
down on each side of the body. It only flies at night,
when it lays its eggs on leaves near the end of the twigs,
during June and July. In the North there is but one
brood a year, but in the South there is often a brood in
June and another in August. These caterpillars feed on
the quince, apple, pear, and a good many other trees and
shrubs. They attain their full growth in about three
months, when they separate to seek places of conceal-
ment, where they pupate in thin and almost transparent
cocoons, in which they remain through the winter as
chrysalids. The full-grown caterpillar is over an inch
long, with a slender body. Their general color is gray,
with a tinge of greenish-yellow. Trees defoliatel by

110 QUINCE CULTURE.

them are likely to be barren, because it is too late to
form new foliage with fruit buds.

Remedy.—Gather and destroy them in their webs.
The Spined Soldier-bug (Podisus spinosus, Dallas) pierces
their bodies with its beak, and sucks them empty. There
are birds that pierce their webs and destroy them in
spite of their concealment.

11. Tue Bac-Worm, Basket-Worm, or Drop-Worm
(Thyridopteryx ephemereformis, Haw).—The bag-worm

a, Larva; 0, Chrysalis; c. Female; d. Male; e, Female bag opened; /, The
Worm and its Bag; g, The Young.

Fig. 94.—THE BAG-WORM, BASKET-WORM, OR DROP-WORM.

of the United States has a range from Alabama on the
south to Massachusetts on the north. The Germans
call it Sack-trager (sack-bearer). It feeds on almost
every variety of trees, including the quince. ‘The names
applied to this caterpillar are significantly descriptive.
No sooner is it hatched than it begins to make a bag-
like house on a tender leaf. Standing on the leaf, with
its little tail turned up, it spins a silken ring around it-
self, fastening bits of the leaf on the outside, and adding
to the lower edge of the ring as they increase it upward,

INSECT ENEMIES, 111

until it reaches the tail, forming a sort of cone, as at fig-
ure 94, f. As the caterpillars increase in size they enlarge
their houses upward, until the elongation makes their bags
so large and heavy they hang to one side, instead of being
upright, asatf. They are full grown about the end of
July when hatched the last of May or early in June.
The habit of the full-grown worm of letting itself down
by its silken threads, suggested the name of Drop-worm.
When they travel they extend the head and enough of
the body to use three pairs of legs, each provided with a
strong claw, while the five pairs of very short legs within
their case retain a strong .hold with clinging hooks.
They moult four times while growing. At each time
they close the mouth of the sack, and retire for two days
to cast off their skins. In closing the bag, a hole is
always left at the end large enough to throw out their
excrement and their cast-off skins. The body is cylin-
drical and soft, and that portion usually concealed in the
case is lightercolored. At maturity they fasten their bags
securely to the twigs of the tree, instinctively avoiding
the leaf-stalk that will fall. Then they line them with
soft silk, and turn round, with their heads toward the
lower orifice, where they wait to cast their skins and be-
come chrysalids. Up to this change the sexes have been
alike in appearance ; but henceforth they are easily dis
tinguishable. The male chrysalis has the form of ordi-
nary chrysalids, being about half the size of the female.
The female chrysalis has no sign of encased wings, legs,
and antenne, appearing asa naked, yellowish bag of eggs
with a ring of soft light brown hair near the tail. After
three weeks the male chrysalis works down to the end of
his bag, and, hanging half way out, bursts his skin, and
emerges as a moth with a black body and glossy wings,
as at d. The male is proportionally stout bodied, with
along abdomen, and broadly pectinated antenne. The
female has neither wings nor legs. The bag-worm is

112 QUINCE CULTURE.

exceedingly hardy and vigorous, and readily adapts itself
to any food available.

Remedies.—There is no surer method of destroying
them than to gather the cocoons as they hang on the trees
and burn them. They are easily seen during the winter.
This is emphatically applying the ounce of prevention
that will save the pound of cure. ‘Two insect friends aid
us, both ichneumons. The Cryptus tnquisitor (Say) 1s
about two-fifths of an inch long. The Hemiteles thyri-
dopteryx (Riley) is about one-third of an inch long.

Fig. 95. Fig. 96.— Male. Fig. 97.— Female.
CRYPTUS INQUISITOR. HEMITELES THYRIDOPTERYX.

Five or six of these sometimes occupy the body of a
single bag-worm. After destroying the worm, they spin
for themselves, within its cocoon, small white cocoons.
12. THe Corn Emperor Motu, THE Io EMPEROR
Motx (Hyperchiria Io, Linn., Saturnia Jo, Harris, Hy-
perchiria varia, Walker).—The common name of this
moth probably came from
its feeding on corn and for-
aging on both trees and veg-
etables, a very uncommon
habit with insects. It not
only feeds on the quince, but

Fig. 98.—LARVA OF THE CORN :
EMPEROR MOTH. a wide range of trees and

vegetables. The moth is
very beautiful, and only flies at night. The sexes differ
both in size and color, the male being the smaller. His
color is a deep yellow, with purplish brown markings. His

INSECT ENEMIES. 129

one. In its larval state it draws a few leaves together,
within which it prepares a place of abode, and in which
it winters when about one-third grown. With opening
spring it resumes activity, and leaves its case in search
of food, and continues to grow till the early part of June,
when it shuts itself up in its case, and becomes a reddish
brown chrysalis about four-tenths of an inch long. As
a larva it was a third longer. As a perfect moth it
comes out in about two weeks, with wings expanded to
seven-tenths of aninch. The body of the larva is a dull

Fig. 114.—c, Head of Larva, magnified ;
d, Size of the Moth.

THE LEAF-CRUMPLER.

greenish brown, with a horny plate on the top of the first
segment, and a flattened dark prominence on each side,
below the plate. Each of the other segments is marked by °
a number of dark dots, each giving rise to a single brown
hair. The head is a dark reddish brown. There is only
one brood a year,from eggs laid in July. There is a
striking contrast between the markings of their two
pairs of wings. The fore wings are pale brown, with
patches and streaks of silvery white. The hind wings
are plain brownish white. The under side of both pairs

130 QUINCE CULTURE.

is paler. Besides the quince, it feeds on the apple, cherry,
plum, and sometimes the peach leaves.

Remedies.—Gather and destroy the cases in which
they hibernate. A small Ichneumon fly is a parasite on
it; and the two-winged Tachina fly (Tuchina phycita,
Le Baron), which closely resembles the common house
fly, also preys on it.

ATTACKING THE BUDS.

21. THe TARNISHED PLANT-Bue (Lygeus lineola-
ris, P. Beauv.).—This injurious insect is about one-
fifth of an inch long. The males
are generally darker than the females,
the colors in both varying from a
dark brown to a greenish yellow
brown. The head is yellowish, with
three narrow reddish stripes. The
beak is about one-third the length
of the body, and is folded under it
when not in use to puncture the
buds, and suck out their juices.
These punctures seem to poison both
the buds and young leaves. A whole
branch is sometimes seen to wither and die from their
injuries. The thorax has a yellow margin, with several
yellowish lines running lengthwise. Behind the thorax
is a yellow V-like mark, rather indistinct. The legs are
yellow and the wings dusky brown. When handled they
emit a disagreeable odor. ‘They do their mischief in
about three weeks. They lay their eggs on the leaves.
The young bugs are wingless, and of a green color.
Otherwise they resemble their parents. They are in-
jurious to the quince, pear, apple, plum, cherry, etc.

Remedies.—They are sluggish, early in the morning,
and may then be shaken off and destroyed.

Fig. 116.—TARNISHED
PLANT-BUG ( Enlarged).

INSECT ENEMIES. 131

ATTACKING THE FLOWERS.

22. Tuer PEAR-TREE BuiisteR BEETLe (Pomphopea
enia, Say). This beetle is a little over half an inch
long, with head and thorax punctated, and a little
hairy. The roughened wing cases are marked with
two slightly elevated lines. The color is a greenish
blue. They eat the entire flower except the stamens.
They sometimes eat the tender leaves at the end of the
limbs. Besides the quince, they eat the blossoms of
the plum, cherry, ete.

The remedy is to jar them down early in the morning,
and destroy them before the sun warms them to activity.

23. A BEETLE just about the size of the asparagus beetle,

Fig. 117. Fig. 118.
PEAR-TREE BLISTER BEETLE. CHRYSOMELIANS,

but with yeilow-striped wing-covers like the cucumber
beetle, is a Chrysomelian that sometimes riddles the petals
of the quince. It eats the buds before the petals have ex-
panded. They feed singly or in groups, and when dis-
turbed, hastily fly away. I first found them on the
quince in the spring of 1887.

ATTACKING THE FROIT.

24, THe Curcuiio (Conotrachelus Crategi, Walsh).
—This beetle is an indigenous insect. Its home is
the wild haw, from which it has come to be very
injurious to the quince. It is a little larger than the
plum curenlio. The color is ash-gray, mottled with
ochre-yellow. It has a dusky, almost triangular spot at

132 QUINCE CULTURE.

the base of the thorax above. ‘The wing-covers have
seven narrow longitudinal elevations, with two rows of
dots between them. Its piercer is folded under the
thorax when not in use. It feeds on the quince both in
the larva and imago, burying itself entirely in the fruit.
Occasionally it attacks the pear.

In May the beetles come from the chrysalids, pair, and

commence laying their eggs in June. In piercing the
s fruit they make a cylindrical hole

a little larger than the egg, and
enlarged at the base. In this
the egg is laid, and hatches in
a few days. The larva burrows
through the growing fruit near
the surface, seldom penetrating to
Fig. 119.—quincE cuncurro the core. At maturity it leaves
(Greally Enlarged). the fruit through a cylindrical
opening, after which it buries itself in the earth two
or three inches deep, aud remains unchanged till the
following May, when it pupates and becomes a beetle.

Remedies.—Jarring the beetles off the trees on sheets
and killing them, if thoroughly done, will prove effective.
Gathering and destroying the fruit that falls, or that
which does not fall if it has been stung, will be helpful in
destroying them.

There are several caterpillars besides those named that
prey on the leaves of the quince, which we have not yet
been able to name with certainty. One isa large and
nearly black caterpillar ; and another is small, and mot-
tled like some of the span worms.

ADDITIONAL INSECT ENEMIES, 133

CHAPTER XX.
ADDITIONAL INSECT ENEMIES.

Since the first edition of this work was published sev-
eral additional insect enemies of the quince have been
discovered, or recognized as being more or less injurious
to either the fruit or plant; consequently, I have
thought best to give a brief description of these, with
notes upon their habits, and remedies whenever known.

ATTACKING THE BRANCHES.

XYLOTRECHUS COLONUS.—A small, slender, longhorn
beetle, somewhat less than one inch long, and of a light
brown color, and large dark patches on the back and
wing-covers. Has been found boring in the twigs and
larger branches of the quince, but mainly in those that
are diseased and dying. This insect usually attacks
diseased trees of various kinds; consequently it cannot
be considered as especially injurious to the quince. ‘The
most practical way of destroying this pest is to cut off
and burn all diseased twigs and branches as soon as their
condition is observed.

ATTACKING TRUNK AND BRANCHES.

The Cryptophasa unipunctata, Don., is a very pretty
species of Lepidoptera. Years ago it was observed in
the Black Wattle, Acacia decurrens, but now is destruc-
tive to all trees of the Losacee, and includes the plum,
apricot, peach, cherry and nectarine.

The full-grown larye are about one and one-third
inches long; the truncated head tapers in front, with
ample mouth-parts for burrowing. The body is in
twelve segments, of a dull, pale chocolate brown, except
the second, which is pitchy black, ‘The spiracles and

3 Tt.ye aT CATT mar ty
tea QU EXCE Cll iukets

thoracic feet are paler. Along the back, placed trans-
versely, there is a series of double ovate shining spots,
which vary in intensity in different individuals. <A few
short hairs are on all the segments, and most numerous
about the head and anal extremity. ‘The caterpillars
burrow at right angles to the heartwood, and thence
downward twelve to sixteen inches, concealing the
entrance to their burrows by caps made of fragments of

Fig. 120.CRYPTOPHASA UNIPUNCTATA.

a, Larva; b, Lateral view of enlarged segments; c, Pupa; d, Anal seg-
ment or cremaster; e, Adult—all natural size except b and d, which
are enlarged.

wood and bark, cemented together so as to resembie a

portion of the natural bark. When disturbed in their

burrows they move rapidly up or down, and are loath
to leave them. They pupate in their burrows near the
park, and the emerging moth, having softened the cover
to the entrance, comes out early in the evening and
attaches itself to the branches, ready to mect its mate.
The moth is exceedingly delicate and easily killed, Its

ADDITIONAL INSECT ENDMIES. 135

fine silvery scales rub off easily from its body, which is
an inch long. The white fore wings spread two anda
half inches. The darker hind wings spread a little over
two inches. The antenne are pectinated, and about
half an inch lor.g. Very destructive in Australia.

Remedy.—TVhey are said to be attracted by light in
the evening, and when caught may be easily killed.

THE Frvuit-BaArK BEETLE (Scolytus rugulosus, Ratz.).
—Fig. 121 is a very small but destructive beetle, that
attacks the plum, pear, peach, apple and quince. Weak
and sickly or injured trees are, or have been supposed te
be, its choice; but vigorous,
healthy trees are destroyed by this
pest. It attacks the branches
and twigs as well as the trunk.
The beetles are very minute, dark
brown, cylindrical in their gen-
eral form, with wing-covers hay-
ing small punctures between the
grooves. The thorax is also
punctured. The head is verti-
cel, with short, strong jaws, and
autenne short and strongly - .couvcus RvGuLUsUS.
clubbed. It is about one-tenth (Zuarged twenty diameters.)
of an inch long, and one-third as wide. The white
larya has a small brown head, and is transversely wrin-
kled, footless, and is as long as the beetle it produces.
The adult comes out in May, and fresh burrows are
formed as late as October. ‘*The female perforates
the bark, and, after pairing in the anterior part of her
nearly vertical breeding chamber, burrows longitudinally,
laying eggs to the right and left as she progresses. The
larve eat laterally outward, forming nearly straight
channels, furrowing the sapwood more or less, unless
the bark be thick, and forming finally a pupal cliaamber
in the wood,” from which tue matured Leetles escape

136 QUINCE CULTURE,

through the numerous holes seen in the bark, each sim-
ilar to that by which their mother first entered. Fig.
ma 122 shows _ perfora- | |
tions of bark, and
Fig. 123 a breeding
chamber under the
bark, both natural
size.

Remedies.—lf in a
vigorous tree, flowing
sap may drown the
larve, hence their
supposed preference
for weakened trees,
and the need of good
culture and care.
Trees very badly in-

en 129. fested should be Fig. 123.
burned in the winter, when all the insects are in them
1 the larval state. They have a number of parasitic

SSS

Fig. 124.—PARASITE OF LARVA (Chiropachys colon).

enemies, one of which (Chircpackys colon, enlarged eight
diameters), is shown in Fig. 124, and they are also the

ALDITIONAL INSECT ENSMIES, 137

prey of birds that pick off the perforated bark and
eat both larve and beetles. Washes, both poisonous’
and offensive, are sometimes applied to the bark as a
protection.

ATTACKING THE LEAVES.

THe Rose BEETLE OR Rose CHAFER, Macrodactylus
subspinosus, Fabr., is so named from its fondness for
roses, and its annual appearance is with the blooming of
the damask rose. The beetle (Fig. 125) is about seven-
twentieths of an inch long, with very long legs, pale red,
and tipped with black feet. The body is covered with a
short ash-colored down. It suddenly appears about the
time when grapevines bloom, and is active
from thirty to forty days, swarming upon
its choice of plants, which vary somewhat in
different years. Partial to flowers, it also
feeds on leaves of a wide variety of trees, and
choice fruits. The female beetle deposits Fig. 195,
about thirty eggs an inch or two below the ®0SE BEETLE.
surface of the earth ; these hatch in about twenty days.
The larva is a white grub, which feeds on roots till
autumn, when it goes below frost, returning in the
spring to pupate in May near the surface of the ground,
thus completing its life circle in a year.

Remedies.—Prof. Riley found Hlateride larve de-
stroyed the rose beetle larve. They are not affected by
the arsenical poisons used for other pests, but yield to
carbolic acid, one gallon to one hundred gallons of
water, sprayed on plants they eat; and to scalding
water and. kerosene. Dusting with air-slaked lime,
or spraying with lime water, a peck to the barrel, is
also recommended.

TENT CaTERPILLAR (Clisiocampa Americana, Har.).
—The moth is an inch and a half across the wings,
which are ashy brown or a pale brick color, marked by
two light lines obliquely across the fore wings. Their

138 QUINCE CULTURE.

general color is a reddish-yellow brown intermingled
with gray. The female is larger and lighter colored,
with antennz more slightly pectinated than the male.
They fly at night in June and July, and lay their eggs
on small twigs. Their first choice is the wild cherry,
and next the apple, but they feed on the peach, quince,
plum, and quite a number of other trees.

The full-grown larve are about two inches long. As
they grow they enlarge the tent, and moult four t mes.
At maturity they scatter, and often goa long distance
before spinning the cocoon, in which they pupate in
from seventeen to twenty days.

ftemedies.—Tachina flies and ichneumons are their
parasites. The Baltimore oriole and the cuckoo eat them
by piercing the tent, leaving their empty skins. A
spray of any arsenical poison on the foliage will be
effective. The eggs are easily seen by looking over the
infested trees any time after the leaves fall, and are
often in easy reach. Early in the morning and late in
the day most of the caterpillars are in the tent, and then
can be easily destroyed.

THE TINGIs (Corythuca arcuata).—A small bug with
the thorax and wings spread out ijeaf-like; the fore-legs
are simple, and the beak reaches to the end of the breast.
It sucks the juice of the leaves of the quince and other
kinds of trees, sometimes occurring in sufficient numbers
to check their growth. ‘‘It winters in the adult stage,
hiding wherever it can find a chance, and makes its ap-
pearance in spring quite late, and in small numbers. It
lays its eggs upon the leaves in clusters, and from these
hatch the wingless bugs, which feed in company until
well grown. Late in summer they reach their full —
growth, scatter about, and finally hibernate.”

Remedy.—Spray with kerosene emulsion ; in autumn
burn accumulated leaves and rubbish that furnish win-
ter quarters.

ADDITIONAL INSECT ENIMIES. 139

Gipsy Morn (Ocneria dispar, Linn.).—This is a
European insect, introduced by L. Trouvelot of Massa-
chusetts about 1870, for the purpose of experimenting
in cross-breeding with silk worms. ‘The experiment
was a failure. ‘he insects escuped from bim, and their
progeny has become widely distributed in Massachusetts,
but as yet not elsewhere.
It is destructive to almost
every kind of tree and shrub.

The male moth (Fig. 126)
measures about an inch and
seven-eighths from tip to
tip across the fore wings,
which are dark yellow- Fig. 126.—MALE GIPSY MOTH.
brown, with black wavy lines across them. The hind
wings are an inch and a quarter across, and marked
with dark lines radiating out from the body, and divid-
ing as they spread. ‘The outer edge of all the wings is
dotted with a row of black spots. The antenne are
broadly pectinated. The female moth (Fig. 127) meas-

aT
wal
"

Way
ASEAN
x3
ee

Fig. 127, FEMALE GIPSY MOTH.

ures two and three-fourths inches across the wings, and
is marked much like the male on a very light ground.
The hind wings are two and one-eighth inches across,
very light, and otherwise like the male. The antennez
are thread-like, curving towards each other at their tips.

149 QUINCE CULTURE.

A full-grown caterpillar of this moth is shown in Fig.
128, and a pupa in Fig. 129.

Remedies of various kinds have been tried and are
still in use, but the most effectual thus far has been the
gathering of the larve and co-
coons by hand, although spraying
with poison solutions, and espe-
cially one made with arsenate of
lead, has proved to be of consid-
erable value.

; xy The larva of an insect resem-
— bling that of the corn-ear worm
<< (Heliothis armigera), which pu-
SRV pates in the ground, did great
4) damage to the leaves of quince
ZB and apple trees in June and July,

ly

Fig. 128. Fig. 129.
1891, on the grounds of H. 8. Buck of Coeur d’ Alene
City, Idaho. This insect has not, as yet, been identified
by entomologists.

INSECTS GENERALLY DESTRUCTIVE,

SAN Jose ScAaLe ( Aspidiotus perniciosus. Comstock).
—'Jhis species of bark louse received 1ts common name

El mt

ADDITIONAL INSECT ENEMIES, 141

from San Jose, California, where it was first discovered
in this country, and its specific scientific name is fully
deserved because it is
one of the most per-
nicious pests of fruit
trees generally that
has appeared in the
present century. It
was first seen in Cal-
ifornia about 1870,
and since that time
became widely distrib-
uted on nursery
stock, also on fruits
and on the bodies of ae
larger insects, birds, Fig. 130. timp INFESTED WITH SCALE.
and by various other means. It infests the bark, twigs,
leaves and fruit of the quince
and other trees. At first the
young are inconspicuous, but
they rapidly increase in size
and numbers, till the bark is
incrusted with scales, present-
ing a grayish appearance as if
the trees were coated with
lime, or ashes. In spring the
young appear crawling from
under the scales, and through
the summer there is a constant
succession of generations. The
young are active and spread
rapidly, until each female be-
Fig. 131. uNpERsipe or A Comes fixed and begins to se-
YOUNG LARVA. crete 2 scale, and when full
grown casts off her lezs and antenne, and there receives
the visits of the male, an active two-winged insect. It

142 QUINCE CULTURE.

differs from the oyster-shell bark louse by being nearly
round, or slightly elongated and irregular. It is flat,
and when fully grown

A lis about one-eighth of

; 2 oe an inch across. The
middle of each scale is
marked with a black
or yellowish point
slightly elongated.
yf | When crushed a yel-
i pase) lowish, oily liquid ap-
Ma ait pears on the bark,

: = often changed to a
purplish color. Young
scales are darker than
Fig. 132. ADULT FEMALE conTarnrnc When older and larger,
YOUNG. and look black, while

those still younger are yellowish. A section of pear
stem is shown in Fig. 130, covered with the San Jose

4}

Sey la a
Sy .
M4
LFF. es

Fig. 133. ADULT MALE INSECT.

ADDITIONAL INSECT ENEMIES. 143

scale, natural size, while at Fig. 131 the underside
of a young larva, and at Fig. 132 an adult female,
both of the latter greatly enlarged, also a winged male
at Fig. 133.

Remedies.--Badly infested trees should be burned.
Insecticide washes and sprays may be used on trees less
infested. Spraying with kerosene-and-soap emulsion is
highly recommended. ‘Trees thoroughly washed in
winter with a saturated solution of potash, and in sum-
mer drenched with kerosene emulsion, will be well pro-
tected from all sorts of scale insects. Its natural ene-
mies are the Aphelinus fuscipennis, a very minute,
yellowish parasitic wasp, a foe to all scale insects. Two
species of lady-birds also feed on this scale. The
*“Twice-stabbed” lady-bird, Chilocorus bivulnerus, a
black, hemispherical beetle an eighth of an inch long,
with ared spot in the middle of each wing-cover. The
other is Pentilia misclla, 1 minute black insect, scarcely
as large as the scale it devours.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT BUDS.

A very small scarabeid beetle, the Valgus canalicu-
latus, spends its larval stage in rotten wood. It is
numerous enough some years to do considerable damage,
eating out the fruit buds when they are small. <A spray
of arsenical poisons is all that is needed to destroy them,

ATTACKING BOTH BUDS AND LEAVES.

THe Eyer-Spotrep Bup Motu (Zmetocera ocellana)
is closely allied to the codlin moth, which it resembles
in size and form. Its generic name is from the Greek
word, signifying cut-horned, the base of the antennez of
the male having a notched appearance. The specific
name is ocellana, from the Latin for eye-like, because of
the eye-like appearance of a spot on each front wing.
It was common in Eurcpe over a century ago, and is
now widely distributed in America. It has borne differ-

144 QUINCE CULTURE.

ent names and classifications in the past, but all are
synonomous with that here given. Dr. Harris called it
the eve-spotted Penthina, and said: ‘‘It is difficult at
first to conceive how such insignificant creatures can
occasion so much mischief as they are found to do.
This seems to arise from the number of the insects and

"

Fig. 134. BUD MOTH, TWICE Fig. 135. LARVA, THREE TIMES
NATURAL SIZE. NATURAL SIZE.

their mode of attack, whereby the opening foliage is
checked in its growth or nipped in the bud.” The fore
wings expand about three-fifths of an inch, with leaf-
like venation (Fig. 134). The head, thorax, and both
the inner and outer parts of the fore wings are dark
ashen gray; their middle portion is cream white,
streaked with gray. ‘The under-
side is darker, with light costal
streaks on the outer part. There
are streaks of lead-blue in their
markings. The hind wings are
ashy gray. In June and July the
moth lays her eggs upon the leaves,
where they hatch and feed under

Fig. 136. Fig. 137. the protection of silken tubes which
they spin, drawing the edges of the leaves about them.
When about half grown, the larva, having moulted three
times, leaves its tube and leaf to seek a place for hiber-
nation in a silken cell which it makes in any angular
roughness of the bark neara bud. If the bark has no
angular place the larva cuts one to fit it, weaves its
silken covering, disguised by particles of bark and dirt.
Now it is about a quarter of an inch long. With the

<2.

wii add filling: ar
ia ae ac

INSECT ENEMIES. 113

fore wings are marked with a zigzag line near the base,
and two oblique wavy lines near the outer margin, with
other spots on the middle forming the letters A, H, all
of a purplish red color. The hind wings are hairy, and

purplish red next to the body, with a narrow curved
band of like color near their posterior margin, and within
this band there is a curved black line. On the middie
of the wing is a black spot with a bluish center, on which
there is a silver-white line. The upper side is ochre-
yellow ; the head and thorax purplish brown. The an-
tenne are broadly pectinated, while in the female they

Fig. 100.—cORN EMPEROR MOTH, MALE.

are feathered very narrow. ‘The anterior wings of the
female are purplish brown, or a faded cream color. The
zigzag and wavy lines across them are gray, and marked in
the middle with a brown spot, surrounded by an irregular

114 QUINCE CULTURE.

gray line, and towards the base are covered with a thick
wool-like covering. ‘The posterior wings resemble those
‘of the male, as do also the head and thorax. The ex-
panse of the wings is from two and three-quarter inches
to three inches and a half.

Soon after pairing the female lays her eggs in elusters
of twenty to thirty. The eggs are top-shaped, flattened
at the top and compressed on the sides; about one-
twentieth of an inch in diameter, and creamy white, with
a yellowish spot above, which gradually increases in
color as they come to maturity, when it is almost black,
and the yellow Jarva show through the sides. Beginning
their work as early as June and extending it nearly
through September, it is easy to see that they may do
great harm. The broods remain together till near ma-
turity, when they separate for pupating. The full-grown
caterpillar is two and a half inches long, pcea-green, with
a broad brown stripe, edged white, lov down on the
body. Beginning with the fourth ring, there is a brown
triangular spot on the under side of each. The breath-
ing pores are yellow, ringed with brown. Each segment
of the body is dotted with little warts, armed with
clusters of branching spines. ‘The prick of these sharp
spines irritates the skin like the sting of nettles. Up to
the age when they separate, the groups move in a regular
order, guided by the thread spun by the leader. They
moult four times, attaining maturity in August and Sep-
tember, according to the time they were hatched, when
the caterpillar will measure two anda half inches in length.
The full-grown larva descends to the ground, where it
draws together leaves or any other convenient material
for an outer covering, within which it makes a cocoon
of tough, gummy, brown silk, in which it changes to a
chrysalis.

Remedies.—lf not discovered before they are half
grown, when together, they can be readily found and

INSECT ENEMIES. 115

destroyed after they separate, by their large droppings.
The larvee are attacked by two parasites; one a very small,
unnamed, four-winged fly, the other the Long-tailed
Ophion (Ophion macrurum, Linn.).

13. THe VAporer Morn, THE WHITE-MARKED TUS-
sock Morn (Orgyia leucostigma, Smith and Abbr.).—
This moth takes the name Orgyia from a word signifying

Fig. 101.—LARVA OF WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH.

to stretch out the hands, on account of its resting with the
fore legs extended. The English name, Vapor Moth, is
applied as descriptive of the males ostentatiorsly flying
by day, or vaporing, when most other moths keep con-
cealed. The name White-marked Tussock Moth is ap-
plied as descriptive of the four little hairy tufts on the

a)

ae.
yg

s

\
mg DES
P|
sp
ior}

~~!

®
ra
.&
co

~
es

5 ie EC,

Fig. 102.—Pupa. Fir. 193.— Male.
WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH.

back of the caterpillar. On each side is a row of smal!or
tufts of fine, yellow hairs. A narrow dark stripe runs
along the back, and a wider dusky stripe runs along each
side. There are two long black plumes on the first ring
and one on the top of the eleventh ring. They are

116 QUINCE CULTURE.

something over an inch long at maturity. The body is
bright yellow, and the head coral red. Though not
gregarious, they are often numerous enough to be very
destructive to the foliage of the quince and other trees
and shrubs. bere are two broods ina year. The first
hatch about the middle of May, and the second late in
July. The first brood complete their growth by the
midd'e of July, spin their cocoons on the Jeaves or
branches of trees, and enter into the chrysalis state.
The chrysalis has little downy hairs, and three oval
clusters of bran-like scales on the back. ‘They pupate
eleven days, when the female comes forth wingless, and
the male with wings that expand an inch and three-
eighths. The wings are ashen gray, crossed by darker
wavy bands on the upper pair, which are also marked bya
black spot near the tip, and a very small white crescent by
the outer angle. Their antenne are broadly pectinated.
The body of the female is a very thick, oblong oval, in
distinctly marked sections, and of a lighter gray than
the male. She waits on the outside of her cocoon for
the coming of the male, and after meeting him lays her
eggs in an irregular inass on the top of the cocoon, which
is spun between the leaves, and then covers them with a
frothy looking substance, which hardens to brittleness,
and is then impervious to water. After laying her eggs
she drops to the ground and dies. The young larva,
when seriously disturbed, let themselves down by silken
threads ; and when the danger seems past they climb up
the threads to regain their former situation.

Remedies.—The leaves attached to the cocoon show
where their eggs are laid, so they can easily be found
during the winter, and destroyed. There are nine species
of two and four winged flies that are known to he para-
sites of this insect in the larval state.

14. PEAR-TREE StuG (Selandria | Blennocampa] Ce-
yasi, Peck).—This caterpillar is called a slug, from its

INSECT ENEMIES. 117

appearance in the larva state. The name Blennocampa
signifies a slimy caterpillar. Its favorite trees are the
pear, cherry, and quince, and it is sometimes found on
the plum and mountain ash. Ordinarily there are but
few on a leaf, but sometimes the leaves are fairly spotted
with them. Thirty have been counted on a single leaf.
Professor Peck, of Massachusetts, wrote its natural history
in 1790 with such critical accuracy that litt!e has been
since added to our knowledge of its life history. It is
now quite generally spread over the country. ‘This slug
comes from the eggs of a saw-fly, about one-fifth of an
inch long, resembling the common house-fly. Its body
is glossy black. The first two pairs of legs are clay-

Fig. 104.—Female, Fig. 105.—Zarva.
PEAR-TREE SLUG,

colored, with dark thighs. The hind legs are dull black
with clay-colored knees. The wings are transparent,
slightly convex, and uneven on the upper side, with
brownish veins. They reflect the changeable colors of
the rainbow, with a smoky tinge in a band across the
middle of the first pair.

The female is provided with a saw-like appendage,
with which she cuts a curved incision through the skin
of the leaf, in which she lays her eggs singly, and gener-
ally on the under side, from about the middle of May
into June. In fourteen days they begin to hatch. At
first the slugs are white; but soon a slimy matter oozes
through the skin, and covers their backs and sides with an
olive-colored, sticky coat. The head is small, of a dark

118 QUINCE CULTURE.

chestnut color, and is entirely concealed under the body,
which tapers almost to a point at the tail, which in re-
pose is turned up a little. They have twenty very short
legs, a pair under each segment, except the fourth and
the last. They grow for twenty-six days, casting their
skins five times, and eating them every time till the last.
After the last moult they show a clean yellow skin, free
from viscidity. They now show the head and segments
of the body very plainly, and are about half an inch long.
In a few hours after this last moult, they leave the tree
and burrow a few inches in the ground, where they form
little oblong-oval cavities, lined with a sticky, glossy
substance. In these cells they pupate; and in sixteen
days the change is complete from the worm to the fly,
which bursts the cell and crawls out to seek its mate.

The flies of the first brood lay eggs for a second in
July and August, and the second brood go into the
ground in September and October, where they remain
till the next spring, when they in turn change to flies.
Where they are very abundant the foliage is entirely de-
stroyed, and before the trees can again clothe them-
selves with leaves, it is too late to perfect fruit buds, and
barrenness must follow. If they are allowed to continue
their work year after year, the trees not only become
barren, but die.

ftemedies.—We may catch the flies if we see them
laying their eggs, for they are not very shy. Saunders
says, if the tree is shaken while they are at work, “they
fall to the ground, where, folling their antennze under
their bodies and bending the head forward and under,
they remain for a time motionless.”

Powdered hellebore in water, an ounce to two gallons,
or either of the poisons, white arsenic, London purple,
or Paris green, a teaspoonful to two gallons of water, or
air-slacked lime, or ashes, or any dry dust, or slug-shot,
sprayed or dusted on the leaves, all seem to be effective.

INSECT ENEMIES. 119

I have found the dry earth under the trees all-sufficient,
if applied before they are ready to go into the ground,
and the poisons may therefore be avoided.

A very minute ichneumon fly, a species of Hneyrtus,
deposits an egg in the egg of the saw-fly; and from this
tiny egg a maggot is hatched, which lives on the egg of
the slug-fly, and when it has consumed it, becomes
a chrysalis, and then a fly. Prof. Peck found that many
eggs of the second brood were destroyed by ‘‘this atom
of existence.” The Vireo and Cat-bird eat them from
the leaves. In dusting tall trees a sieve fastened on
the end of a pole is a convenient implement. An old
tin can well punctured with holes is a very cheap sieve
for the purpose.

15. THe Potypuemus Motu (Telea Polyphemus,
Sim; Attacus Polyphemus, Harris). It is called Poly-
phemus after one of the giants in mythology bearing this
name. It is one of the largest of the native American
silk worms, belonging to the genus Aftacus. The wings
of the female spread fully six inches; those of the
male a little less. It is of a dull ochre-yellow color,
clouded with black in the middle of the wings. On each
of the fore wings, near the center, there is an eye-like
spot transparent in the center, crossed by light lines, and
surrounded by rings of white, red, yellow, and black.
Before the eye-spots of the hind wings are large blue
spots, shading into black. On the front margin of the
fore wings there is a gray stripe, which crosses the fore
part of the thorax, and near the base of these wings are
two short red lines, edged with white. At their tips are
also two small dark spots. The hind wings are cut off
almost square at the corners, and near their margins
have wavy lines like those on the fore wings. The an-
tenn of the males are very broadly pectinated ; of the
females, lightly feathered. The combinations of form,
color, and markings make them very beautiful.

120 QUINCE SULTURE.

Finding the larve every year on some of my quince
trees, I have studied their habits with a great deal of in-
terest. So far as 1 know, I am the first to prove that

Fig. 106—THE POLYPHEMUS MOTH, FEMALE.

they have two broods a year. Packard is certainly mis-
taken when he speaks of ‘‘ our native species bearing but
a single crop of worms,” for this one is double-brooded.
The chrysalis that winters in the cocoon is proportion-
ately short and thick, of a reddish brown, and distinctly

Fig. 107.—THE POLYPHEMUS MOTH, MALE.

marked in cylindrical rings. The larve of the first brood
only pupate about twenty days, spinning their cocoons
in June and July, according to the time they were

INSECT ENEMIES. 121

hatched ; for the cocoons that winter, vary considerably
in the time of bringing out their moths. They generally
come out late in May and on into June. Then they lay
their eggs, usually singly, on the under side of leaves,
each moth laying several ;
hundred, which hatch into
caterpillars in ten or twelve
days. The eggs are one-
tenth of an inch across,
much flattened, and of a
color approaching to white.
At first the abdomen of the Ran eee
female is so heavy with the abundance of the eggs that
she flies only short distances.

The caterpillar is a shade of green so near like the
leaves around it, one often has some difficulty in discoy-
ering it, even after he has found where to look by its

fl MTL itorny
} if
d i

\

AA AR AWN YS SSR

Fig. 109.—wORM OF THE POLYPHEMUS MOTH.

large droppings, and also because of its habit in repose
of clinging to the under side of the twig with the
back down; and the length of the body is so greatly
contracted as to hunch up the segments. It has twelve
large segments, each nearly as thick as a man’s finger
when the body is shortened to two inches ; but when ex-

122 QUINCE CULTURE.

tended to three inches, as it often is in traveling, the
thickness is greatly reduced.

The worm moults four times, at intervals of ten days,
and then a fifth time after twenty days. Soon after the
last moult it draws a few leaves together, within which
it spins a short, thick cocoon of pure silk. In confine-
ment I have found it spins enough of its cocoon in a
single night to entirely hide itself; but it evidently con-
tinues to spin much longer on the inside, as its motions
indicate. Like all its congeners, it spins a double thread
from its mouth, gumming it enough to make it strongly
adhesive, not only to all points of attachment, but to all
parallel and intersecting threads. When finished it is

Fig. 110.—cocooN OF THE POLYPHEMUS MOTH.

water- proof. It pupates soon after the cocoon is com-
plete, and in about twenty days the moths of the first
brood appear.

The twelve segments of the Hee are each marked
with three side rows of very bright yellow spots. The
seven segments in front of the posterior also have a
very bright line or bar, slightly inclined forward, and
reaching from the dot of the upper row to that of the
lower row, and passing the dot of the middle row. On
the back is a row of small hairy elevations, one on the
top of each segment. The head is pale brown, the spi-
racles pale orange, and the V-shaped band around the
tail is a purplish brown. The feet of the first three seg-
ments are sharp claws; the next two segments are foot-

INSECT ENEMIES. 123

less, followed by four with very strong powers of attach-
ment; then two more are footless. The terminal segment
has pale brown feet.

They feed on the oak and elm as well as the quince.
Harris was mistaken in saying that the ‘‘ outer covering
of leaves which fall off in the autumn bear the enclosed
tough oval cocoons to the ground.” I have always found
those on the quince fastened securely around the stem,
so as to avoid the danger of falling to the ground. The
second brood spin their cocoons in August and September,
and these furnish the winter quarters for the chrysalids.

)

Fig. 111.—LONG-TAILED OPHION.

As soon as they are out of the cocoon the limp wings
unfold, and they crawl to some place where they can
hang and dry, all which takes place in an hour, when
they can fly.

Remedies.—At the annual pruning, such cocoons as
have escaped previous gathering shou!d be looked for
and destroyed. During the summer and fall, the larve
may be subdued by hand picking, the place of their loca-
tion being found by their large droppings. Insectivorous
birds and poultry feed on them. It is estimated that
four out of five of the larve of this moth are destroyed

124 QUINCE CULTURE.

by its parasitic enemies. The largest, and perhaps the
commonest, is the Long-tailed Ophion (Ophion macru-
rum, Linn.). It is a large yellowish brown ichneumon,
that lays its eggs on the skin of the larve, to which they
adhere by the gum surrounding them, and hatch in a few
days. A two-winged tachina fly is also often found as a
parasite on this caterpillar. Its larva is a fleshy and foot-
less grub, of a translucent yellow, and about half an inch
long.
16. Corton Turt (Lagoa crispata, Packard).—This is
a very singular variety of the caterpillar family, which
derives its name from the
crinkled, woolly hairs on the
fore wings of the parent
t+ moth. ‘The thorax and
4/7 lower part of the sides are a
Wey; slate-colored, dusky orange.
#7 §=©It makes its cocoon by inter-
weaving its long hairs with
‘ — its silk. The cocoonis long,
aches ean ic) ori cylindrical, and dense. The
ee oecey eadlvanced growth; ,me 8Kkin Of the very #MEmmape
ar aro tg: is found protruding from
the cocoon after the moth has escaped. When I first
saw the Lagoas on the quince trees, the caterpillars were
about athird of an inch long and looked like so many tufts
of white cotton. Hence the common name I have given
it. After they had moulted, and grown to about three-
quarters of an inch in length, they appeared less hairy,
the back being wide in proportion to the length, with the
corrugated parts conjoined, reminding one of a trilobite.
17. THE AppLE-TREE APHIS (Aphis mali, Fabr.;
Aphis malifolia, Fitch). The name Aphis means to
exhaust, and is well applied to this little insect, which
proves itself a great exhauster of vitality on all trees on
which it lives. They have small beads, armed with

INSECT ENEMIES. 125

three-jointed beaks, which puncture the tender foliage,
and through which they suck out the juices of plants.
Their eyes are round, without eyelets. Their antennze
are long and tapering. ‘Their legs are long and slender.
There are but two joints to their feet. Their wings are
nearly triangular, and the upper wings, longer than the
body, are nearly twice as large as the lower. In repose
these wings cover the body like a steep roof.

‘The most wonderful thing about them is the way they
multiply. ‘The males die soon after they pair in autumn.
The females lay their eggs on the bark near the leaf buds,
and then die. In spring, when the leaves begin to grow,
the eggs hatch and they begin their depredations. All

we
s

cK

Fig. 113.—THE GREEN APHIS.

the young lice are wingless females. In ten or twelve
days they attain to maturity, and by a viviparous genera-
tion they begin to give birth to a daily increase of about
twenty. This second generation are also wingless fe-
males, and soon multiply by the same process as did the
first. Thus they multiply throughout the season, with-
out the appearance of a single male, till in autumn they
produce a brood of both sexes, as well as the viviparous
form already described. During the summer, some
of the females acquire wings, and, dispersing to other
trees, found new colonies. ‘They are generally wingless,
but when winged, look like the males, with a black head,
thorax, and antenne, black dots in a row along each

126 QUINCE CULTURE.

side, black nectaries an1 tail appendage. The neck is
green, the body is yellowish green, striped often with
a deeper green. The young are almost white. The
wings are transparent, with dark veins.

When they become gorged with sap, the excess is
thrown out through two little tubes, which project, one
on each side, from the anterior part of the body. These
are their nectaries, through which they eject a honeyed
fluid known as honey dew. ‘To feed on this, a variety of
ants and flies will be found to visit them. The ants,
with whom they live on friendly terms, stroke the
aphides with their antennze to induce them sooner to
void this sweet liquid, which they hastily devour.

Experiment has shown them capable of producing
eleven generations in seven months, when frost closed the
opportunity. In a heated room they continued to repro-
duce a constant succession, without the intervention of
males, for four years. Even then there was nothing to
show why it might not have been continued still longer.
Dr. Burnett considers this anomalous mode of increase
as a process of budding, and that the whole series, like
the leaves of a tree, constitute only one generation,
resulting from the previous union of the sexes. Réaumur
proved one capable of increasing to six thousand millions
in five generations. The leaves of trees infested with
aphides soon become distorted, or curled back so as to have
their tips touch the twig whence they sprung, thus pro-
tecting them from the sun and rain.

Remedies.—The eggs can be destroyed by a wash of
caustic lime or soda. The young may be destroyed by
alkaline solutions, and by tobacco water, made by boiling
a pound of stems in a gallon of water. ‘Twigs can be
bent into it with but little waste of the solution. Small
birds in winter hunt over the trees for its eggs, and in
summer for the lice. The Jchnewmon fly deposits her
egg in the aphis, and this soon produces a destroyer,

INSECT ENEMIES. 127

The Aphis-lions and the Lace-winged flies produce larvee
which destroy them in abundance. Myriads of aphides
are destroyed by Lady-birds and their larve. There are
nearly a hundred species of Lady-birds, all of which are
our helpers. I have found the large black ant of great
service. They concentrate on limbs infested with lice,
and clean them off. I count each nest of ants worth a
dollar a year as insecticides.

The Syrphus flies (Syrphus politus, Say) lay one egg
in a group of plant lice, which hatches out a footless,
eyeless, flattened, wrinkled, green and purple maggot.
Their bodies are supple, and their mouths are provided
with a triple-pointed dart, with which they pierce the
aphides, and suck them dry.

A black aphis appears some years in considerable num-
bers on my quince cuttings, just in time to destroy open-
ing buds. Later I have found it in large numbers on
the young shoots of growing trees. I have not yet
determined with certainty its position in the aphis
family.

18. Katy-pID, THE BROAD-WINGED Katy-p1IpD (Cyr-
tophyllus concavus,Say; Platyphyllum concavum, Harris).
—Platyphyllum means a broad wing, and is used to dis-
tinguish this from the Southern Katy-did, which belongs
to the genus Phylloptera. tis a green grasshopper of the
order Orthoptera, and derives its common name from the
note of the male, which is produced bya kind of taboret.
The triangular overlapping part of each wing-cover forms
a strong half-oval frame, in which a thin, transparent
membrane is stretched. The friction of the taboret
frames against. each other when the wing-covers are
opened and shut, produces several distinct notes closely
resembling articulate sounds, and corresponding with
the number of times the wing-covers are opened and
shut. In the stillness of the night these notes may be
heard a long distance, as rival notes answer from adjacent

128 QUINCE CULTURE.

trees with emphatic assurance ‘‘ Katy did, she did.”
These notes are continued all night.

The body is pale green ; the wings and wing-covers are
of a deeper shade. The legs are also green, and very
long. The thorax is rough, marked by two slightly
transverse furrows; and being curved down a little on
each side, with a slightly rounded elevation behind,
somewhat resembles a saddle. The insect is about an
inch and a half long, the female having a projecting
ovipositor. The wings are shorter than the wing-covers,
which, with their strong midrib and regular venation,
much resemble a leaf. These large wing-covers are
both oval and concave, and inclose the body within,
meeting above and below at their edges like the two
parts of a bivalve shell. The piercer of the female is
broad, laterally compressed, and curved like a cimeter ;
and in both sexes there are two little thorn-like projec-
tions from the middle of the breast between the fore legs.
The antenne are very long and slender. They attain
maturity in September and October, when the female
lays her eggs in two intersecting rows of eight or ten
each, along the twig of the tree, the bark being rough-
ened under them. The eggs are slate-brown, about one-
eighth of an inch across, shaped much like flax-seed, and
overlap each other like shingles. They are gummed
securely to the twig. They hatch in the spring.

Remedy.—Gather the broods of eggs on the twigs at
the annual pruning; or capture and destroy the mother
before she deposits her eggs. They are often found on
grapevines, both eggs and insects.

19. THe OBLONG-WINGED Katy-pip (Phylloptera
oblongifolia, De Geer) is so similar in habits of feed-
ing and laying its eggs as not to need any separate
description.

20. Tur Lear-CrumP er (Phycis indigenella, Zeller).
——The common name of this insect is a very appropriate

ADDITIONAL INSECT ENEMIES. 145

opening spring the little brown larve leave their winter
quarters, resuming their destructive work, first in the
buds, and later upon the leaves. They are full grown in
June and July and then about half an inch long (Fig.
135), and pupate ten days in a silken tube or cocoon
among the leaves they have killed. Fig. 136 presents a
ventral view, and Fig. 137 a dorsal view of a pupa,
twice natural size. When the moths emerge they keep
very quiet through the day with their wings folded roof-
like over the body, looking like the bark of the tree.
At night they pair, and lay their eggs singly or in clus-
ters of two to seven. The larval period extends over a
part of two years, but they are single brooded.

Remedies.—In Europe five species of parasites, and in
the United States three others, prey upon this pest.
Besides these, the large mudwasp, Odynerus Catskillen-
sis, paralyzes this and other like larve, and puts them
in cells of mud as food for its own young in its larval
stage. Birds also destroy them. Hand-picking has
been tried, but is impracticable on a large scale. But
for the protection of their webs we could destroy them
with kerosene emulsion. Paris green at the rate of a
pound to one hundred and fifty gallons of water may be
combined with Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide, and
accomplish a double protection. ‘This treatment will be
most effective if applied when buds and leaves are ex-
panding, as then it eats part of a bud or leaf in one
place, or the side of a flower in another, so as to do the
most damage. Dr. Riley recommended burning fallen
leaves in autumn, and this is advisable in all orchards
and gardens for the destruction of hibernating insects
and many fungous diseases.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

THe AppLtE Worm or Copiin Mori (Carpocapsa
pomonella, Linn.), was brought to America about 1800,

146 QUINCE CULTURE.

and has spread widely. It adds the quince and pear to
its bill of fare. It is double-brooded, and very injurious.
The moth lays her eggs singly on the blossom end of
the fruit, where it hatches in a few days, and burrows
for the cere, feeding asit goes... In three or four weeks
it is full grown. and crawls out of the fruit to seek a
place to spin 1‘s eccoen end pupate, coming out with
wings in ten to fifteen days later. The second broods
do not issue as motlis till the next spring.

Remedies.—Spraying the trees with any of the arsen-
ical poisons when the frnit is small, is most relied on to
destroy the larva before they get into it. Those that
escape and mature in fallen fruit are trapped with bands
placed around the trees. Where there are plenty of
apples, other fruits are little sought; but in western
New York, where quinces are largely grown, the codlin
moth is a very serious enemy.

CHAPTER XXI.

SOME FUNGI INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE.

BY DR. BYRON D. HALSTED.

In this chapter the reader’s attention is called to a
group of enemies of the quince that consist of minute
plants. Fungi are usually so small that they can only
be seen with the microscope, and consist of fine threads
which run into the substance of the quince stem, leaf
or fruit, and rob it of its vital juices. The spores they
produce are minute bodies, capable of growing into new
fungi when conditions are favorable. Spores serve the
same purpose for fungi that seeds do for higher plants.

The orchardist’s attention is called to those kinds of
fungi that have proved to be the most destructive to
guinces, 'eaving out of sight a large number that occur

FUNGI INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE. 147

infrequently, as a rule, and without serious results. It
might be said in passing, that the quince, including its
foliage, branches and roots, has no less than ninety-six
kinds of fungi upon it. Some of these that prey to a
disastrous extent upon the fruits are also found upon
the leaves, causing them to blight and fall away. This
is a matter of considerable importance when the question
of remedies is taken up later.

The fungi treated in the following pages are arranged
somewhat in the order of their appearance in the orchard,
and not as to their ultimate injurious effects. Many of
the engravings are from photographs of the specimens,
and, of course, all color and something of the other
characteristics are necessarily lost. However, it is hoped
the reader may be able, by their aid, to fully understand
the text, and obtain through both an insight into the
nature of these troubles.

THE QuiINcE Rust (Restelia aurantiaca, Pk.).—The
first fungus to make its appearance upon the quince
fruit in early summer is the rust. While the fruit is
quite small the fine threads of the rust plant grow
through it, and in one or more places the green color is
replaced by orange, the quince at the same time usually
becoming distorted. In the orange patches small pim-
ples appear, which continue to enlarge, and from them
short horns project and soon become ruptured at the
top. Within these horns or tubes the bright orange
spores are borne in great abundance and readily fall out.
Four young quinces thus ruined by the Restelia are
shown in Fig. 138, and the horns or spore-bearing tubes
may be seen projecting from the surface of the young
fruits. As time passes, the affected fruit, failing to
grow or enlarging but slowly, becomes hard by drying,
and either falls to the ground or remains upon the trees
as a worthless and unsightly product until the close of
the season,

148 QUINCE CULTURE,

This rust of the quince is a form of fungus that lives
during a part of its development on the two kinds of
juniper, namely: the red cedar and the low juniper, and
is recognized upon the stems by the swollen nodules and
the reddish color.

To repeat, the fungus known as Gymnosporangium
clavipes, C. & P., one of the kinds of cedar galls, is a

Fig. 138. YOUNG QUINCES AFFECTED WITH RUST.

form of the rust (Restelia aurantiaca, Pk.) that attacks
and injures the quinces. This rust stage also grows
upon apples, hawthorns, and the Juneberry, or shad
bush, as it is sometimes called. It is often quite abun-

FUNGI INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE, 149

dant upon the hawthorn fruit, but it is only when upon
the quince that it becomes of special interest to the
fruit-growers.

It is important to know that the rust grows on the ju-
niper in one of its forms. If the spores from the juniper
galls were prevented from going to the quince, the trouble
in the orchard would soon be at anend. Again, if it
were only between the junipers and the quinces the case
would be simpler; but as it is, there are the Juneberry
and the hawthorns which serve as breeders of the trouble-
some parasite in the hedgerow and wood lot.

The rusts (and there are hundreds of kinds upon as
many different species of plants) are not subdued by
spraying with fungicides; at least, this defensive art has
not been successfully practiced with them. They are
deep-seated, gross-feeding fungi, and haye done the
larger part of their harmful work before their presence
is manifest. Properly timed, there is but little doubt
that spraying would check germination of the spores as
they come from the cedar galls, borne by the early spring
breezes. But knowing that the quince rust is associated
with the galls of the cedars, the best thing to do is to
destroy these trees and shrubs in the vicinity of the
orchard. The largest kind of cedar galls are associated
with a rust of the apple.

Tue Quince Fruit Spot (Lntomosporium macula-
tum, Ley.).—When the quinces approach their normal
size, small brown spots appear, which soon enlarge, be-
come confluent and turn to almost a black color. The
decay is quite superficial and the ripe fruit thus spotted
may be used, but the size is not what it would other-
wise have been, and the price of the unsightly fruit is
much reduced thereby.

This spotting is due to a fungus that, upon the pear,
has been known for a long time as the one causing the
cracking of the fruit, and on account of the peculiar

150 QUINCE CULTURE.

shape of the spores, shown in Fig. 139, has received the
generic name of Hntomosporium, or spore resembling an
insect, while the last part of the botanical name, macu-
latum, means spot. In other words, the name when
freely translated is as descriptive of the fungus as it well
could be. The destruction which this fungus does to
the quinces is second only to the ravages it works in the
pear orchard, some varieties of the latter fruit failing
unless saved, as they can be, by spraying. If it were

Fig. 139, SPORES OF QUINCE-SPOT FUNGUS.

confined to the fruit the damage might be less, but both
quince and pear leaves suffer heavily. They become
spotted and early fall away, leaving the branches bare,
with their spotted and stunted fruit in full sight. It
goes without further remark that the tree must hold its
leaves green throughout the season to do the best work,
and the fruit is dependent upon the foliage for its sus-
tenance; therefore, anything that defoliates is injurious
to the fruit, even if the latter in itself is not subject to
attack from the same enemy. A view of a badly spotted

FUNGI INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE. 151

fruit of the quince is shown in Fig. 140. If, for exam-
ple, worthless or neglected pear trees are standing near
quince trees that are troubled with the spot, it may
be that the former are the source of infection for the
latter, and should be removed. ‘The rule works in the
opposite direction as well, and a hedgerow of starved

Fig. 140 BADLY SPOTTED QUINCE.

quince trees may be a menace to the choice sorts of pears
growing near by.

Bad as the fruit spot may be, it can be controlled, in
great measure, by thorough spraying, thanks to the pro-
longed tests of fungicides in this direction at several
experiment stations.

THe Brack Ror oF THE QUINCE (Spheropsis ma-
lorum, Peck).—A common, and therefore destructive,
decay of the quince appears upon the fruit when it is

152 QUINCE CULTURE.

less than half grown. Almost invariably the first signs
of the rot are to be found at the blossom end of the
quince, and from there it rapidly extends throughout
the whole fruit. At first the skin, losing its normal
green color, turns to a light brown, and shortly after
this the dark pimples appear, scattered in the tissue
close beneath the skin, which is ruptured when the
spores are matured. The ripe spores are olive brown,
about twice as long as broad, and form long, slender
coils as they are pushed out of the small hole in the
skin, They ihe minate quickly in water, and therefore
render it easy to inocu-
late healthy fruit with
the fungus. An infest-
ed quince of small size
is shown in Fig. 141.

Some years ago the
® writer made a study of
q the spheropsis of the
apple and pear along
with that of the quince,
and as the spores are
the same in size, the

Fig. 141. QUINCE AFFECTED WITH coloration alike in all,

BLACK ROT. and inoculations easy
from one kind of fruit to another, it is safe to conclude
that the three are all the same.

A field observation in this connection bears directly
upon the results above stated, and has a practical value
that the orchardist will quickly appreciate. A large
apple tree stands in an orchard surrounded on three -
sides by quince trees. The fruit, not of the best, is per-
mitted to drop and accumulate upon the ground in mid-
summer, it being an early autumn sort. These fallen
apples in 1890 were badly infested with the spheropsis,
as also frequently the fruit upon the tree. It was a

FUNGI INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE, 153

noticeable fact that the quince trees that were close to
this tree, some of them almost under it, were the most
severely attacked. While there was no actual transfer
of the infection by artificial means to demonstrate the
fact, the writer is quite willing to hold the opinion that
the quince fruit received the germs of the decay from
the apples that were rotting by the half bushel only a
few feet away. ‘That the decay should begin at the
blossom end is not unexpected, for there the spores, and
the water causing them to germinate, would naturally
lodge. The growing filaments of the spores would there
find an easier entrance than elsewhere, because of the
adhering floral parts. Near by, and with branches inter-
locking, stands a pear tree, and the fruit was quite badly
infested with the sph@ropsis. Similar trees further
away from the apple tree were less troubled with the
decay, which only strengthens the opinion that all three
kinds of fruit are naturally susceptible to the same
infection, and the germs pass from one to the other
through the air, or by means of the various insects that.
visit the fruits, especially those with broken surfaces,
due to partial decay. The inoculations that were made
in the laboratory seem confirmed by observations in the
orchard. If the assumption holds, and it appears to be
a sound one, it follows that the apple tree is a source of
spheropsis infection for the quince and the pear. The
apple bears comparatively worthless fruit, and the
quinces are the most valuable of all in this instance.
There are several courses to pursue, the best of which
cannot be foretold. If spraying is to be employed, it
should be upon all three kinds of trees—apple, pear and
quince. If the axe is to be used, it should be laid at
the root of the apple tree. But if the apple tree is to
be saved, the fruit fallen from it should be removed and
destroyed. This, with faithful spraying, to be treated
of later, should save both the pears and the quinces.

154 QUINCE CULTURE.

THE QUINCE PALE Rot (Phoma Cydonia, Sacc.).(?)—
Next to the black rot the most prevalent decay of the
quince is the one that may be well called the pale rot.
This is a more rapidly growing fungus than the sphe-
ropsis, and may run through a large quince in a few
days. It begins at any place upon the fruit, producing
at first a pale spot, from which the skin may easily be
removed. ‘The threads of the fungus soften the flesh of

Fig. 142. PALE ROT OF QUINCES.

the quince more than those of the black rot, and the
skin soon wrinkles, and at the same time is ruptured in
many places, from which short tufts of threads develop.
These small spots, usually circular in outline, are at
first colorless, but soon turn to a handsome shade of
pale blue. A fruit with these numerous spots, or broad-
faced pimples, is shown in Fig. 142. As the days pass,
there is a spore cavity formed below the surface of each
spot, and from this the spores finally issue in a thread

FUNGI INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE, 155

of slime through the ruptured center of the spot.

There has been a fungus found in Europe upon the
quince, which, from its description, may be the one
here under consideration. It was not met with upon
the stems associated with the rot in question, and as
access is not easy to the European specimens, the name
for the stem form is here given tentatively. If it is
upon the foliage in this country, it may follow that it
passes from the leaves to the fruit, and this view of the

Fig. 143. QUINCE AFFECTED WITH RIPE ROT.

subject suggests that leaf treatment might be as advan-
tageous for the pale rot as for the fruit spot and the
black rot. In treating for one the remedy would be
applied for all. This is an encouraging fact connected
with spraying for these fungous enemies.

THe Ripe Rot oF QuiInces (Gleosporium fructi-
genum, Berk.).—There is a decay of apples which is
quite destructive, causing brown depressions in the fruit,
that become dotted over with pimples, producing multi-
tudes of pinkish spores, It has been known as the Bit-

156 QUINCE CULTURE.

ter Rot, because of the disagreeable taste of the infected
parts. Since it has been proved that the same fungus
causes a decay of maturing grapes without the accom-
panying bitterness, the name of Ripe Rot has been ap-
plied to the fungus upon both kinds of fruit. That the
same species thrive upon the quince is shown by the
fact that the microscopic structure and measurement of
parts are the same, and the decay can be produced in its
normal form by inoculating the healthy quince with
spores that are taken from the grape or apple ripe rot.

Fig. 144. RIPE ROT OF QUINCE, FROM APPLE.

A quince, with one side badly infested with the rot, is
shown in Fig. 148. The quince being still green, there
is little contrast between healthy and diseased portions ;
but the latter is evident from the shrunken condition,
as well as the numerous spore-bearing pimples. to be
seen. A specimen of ripe quince fruit showing the same
trouble, but produced by inoculation from the apple, is

FUNGI INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE. 157

seen in Fig. 144. This decay is controlled by the fun-
gicides to be later considered.

THE QuINCE BLotcH.—The most obscure trouble of
the quince that has been studied is what may be called
the Quince Blotch. There is no decay, in the ordinary
sense, connected with it, but the fruit when only partly
grown becomes blotched with black. ‘This retards the
growth of the immediate portion of the fruit, and soon
the quince shows irregular depressions corresponding
with the areas covered by the dark development.

A fungus is constantly associated with this blotching,
and by isolation it was found to grow upon a colorless
jelly called agar, and produce spots that correspond in
outline with those upon the quince. The pure virus of
the blotch, removed from the culture tubes and intro-
duced into holes and cuts in healthy fruit, will produce
the first indications of the blotching, but in a few days
some other germs find entrance and the experiment
must close.

OTHER DECAYS OF QUINCES.

The fungi that have been briefly described do not
include all that produce a decay and destruction of the
fruit, especially after it has been gathered from the
trees. The most rapid decay of all is due to the pres-
ence of the black mould that causes the Soft Rot of the
sweet potatoes, namely, Rhizopus nigricans, Ehrb.
This mould does not seem able to attack the quince di-
rectly, but gets a foothold through any bruised, cut or
otherwise mutilated surface of the fruit. Some other
fungus, which in itself is neither deep-seated nor, there-
fore, serious, may prepare the way for the mould, and
thereby be of much indirect damage. Fruit, for exam-
ple, that may have only a few small patches of the ento-
mosporium, or quince spot, is sometimes ruined by the
rhizopus starting at the affected place and running

158 QUINCE CULTURE.

quickly throughout the whole fruit, when the quince
almost melts down and becomes black with the profusion
of spores upon the surface.

The gray mould (Monilia fructigena, Pers.) is
another enemy similar in habit to the black mould.
This fungus is ene of the most serious to plums and
cherries, causing their decay in a few hours. While
quinces are not exempt, they, like the apples and pears,

Fig. 145. QUINCE SHOWY WITH DECAYS.

may be attacked if the fruit is packed while wet and
left without ventilation.

There is a black rot, strictly so-called, which is occa-
sionally met with in quinces. The fruit becomes almost
the color of coal. There is a fungus associated with
this, a member of a genus not usually accused of para-
sitic habits. It is a Pestalozzia, and does not seem to
be recorded for this fruit. It has not been cultivated,
and may prove to be the same as is found upon other

FUNGI INJURIOUS TO THE QUINCE, 159

similar substances. In Fig. 145 is shown a quince with
striking forms of decay.

In this connection one cannot dismiss, without a word,
the thought that when fruits are nearing maturity they
are approaching also that condition when vitality is at a
low ebb, the seeds within the flesh being the only por-
tions abounding with life. It therefore follows that
fruits may be subject to both fungi that prey upon liv-
ing tissue and those which are satisfied with the non-
living organic substances.

The importance of keeping the natural barrier against
this latter class, in all its strength, cannot be easily over-
estimated; in other words, the skin, if preserved un-
broken, will shut out the larger portion of the fruit
enemies of a fungous nature. Fungi that work upon
the skin and go no deeper may be among the most de-
structive kinds, because they provide an easy entrance
for forms of moulds that otherwise would be excluded.

TREATMENT.

In view of the fact that the quince fruit is subject to
many enemies, some making a vigorous attack, as the
rust in early summer, and others, as the fruit spot and
the black rot, soon arriving, while later on several spe-
cies make havoc, it follows that any treatment, to be
most effective in preventing the destruction, must begin
early in the season.

The two compounds that merit full commendation
here for their effectiveness in checking the ravages of
fungi in the orchard are the Bordeaux mixture and
cupram (ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate).
The following are the formule for preparing these
fungicides :

(1) The Bordeaux mixture—

Sulphate of copper, 6 pounds
Quicklime, 4 pounds
Water, 22 gallons

160 QUINCE CULTURE,

Dissolve the copper sulphate in one gallon of hot
water, and in another vessel slake the lime with a gallon
of water; add the milk of lime slowly to the copper solu-
tion, stirring constantly, and strain through a sieve or
coarse gunny sack; finally, add twenty gallons of water,
and the mixture is ready to be applied with a spraying
pump.

Good results are obtained with a mixture of half the
above strength, which consists in doubling the water, or
correspondingly diminishing the copper and lime. In
like manner a one-third strength is often recommended,
especially for the last sprayings.

(2) Cupram (the ammoniacal solution of copper car-
bonate) consists of—

Carbonate of copper, 5 ounces
Ammonia water (strength 4 F.), 3 quarts
Water, 50 gallons

Wet up the copper carbonate in a quart of water, add
it to the ammonia, and when completely dissolved dilute
with water, as needed.

It is well to use the Bordeaux (1) for the first half of
the season, beginning as soon as the leaf buds open, and
spraying the trees at least once each week. During the
second half of the season, continuing until September,
the cupram (2) may be used.

There are so many destructive fungi common to all
fruit trees, that it is wise to spray all trees of the orchard,
whether apple, pear or quince. If fruit falls badly it
should be gathered and destroyed. Let no rot get a
foothold anywhere.

For the preparation of this chapter the author has
drawn largely upon a bulletin* he published a few years
ago. Some of the cuts have been reproduced here.

**‘ Some Fungous Diseases of the Quince Fruit,” Bulletin No. 91, New
Jersey Experiment Station.

VARIETIES OF RECENT INTRODUCTION, 161

CHAPTER XXIL
VARIETIES OF RECENT INTRODUCTION,

BourGEAT is a late importation from France, of
thrifty growth, and thick, glossy leaves of a deep green.
The fruit is pyriform, of good size, smooth, a bright
yellow, of excellent quality, and keeps well.

VARIATIONS OF THE JAPANESE QuINCE.—The flowers
of seedlings exhibit a variety of colors and shadings,
from blood red to almost white. There is also a varia-
tion in the shape of leaves and fruit. By years of care-
ful selection in the propagation, Wm. Parry has secured
fruit of large size, of a greenish yellow, with a handsome
blush, the surface ribbed like a citron, and covered with
small white dots. He has named it ‘* Columbia.”

Luther Burbank of California, has produced, among
his ‘‘new creations in trees, fruits and flowers,” a dwarf
tree from seed of an improved Japanese quince, which
‘is the shape of the Belleflower apple, but larger than
the largest, and as smooth and as fine shaped as could
be desired.” We will name it for him the * Belleflower.”

JOHNSON, produced by W. B. K. Johnson of Allen-
town, Pa., is a large, round quince, compressed at the
stem, with a moderately angular surface, downy in the
depressions. The color is greenish-yellow, marked with
small dots. The flesh is yellowish, comparatively ten-
der, with a mild aroma; quality good; ripens ten days
later than the Orange, which it very closely resembles.

SANTA Rosa is a very large, fine-flavored quince,
highly colored and strongly flavored. It cooks very
tender, and can be eaten raw like an apple. ‘The tree is
somewhat straggling, but a strong grower. The fruit is
smooth, and free from fuzziness. Mr. Burbank has
named it in honor of the place of its origin.

162 QUINCE CULTURE.

VAN DEMAN, so named in honor of Prof. H. E. Van
Deman, the former Pomologist of the Department of Ag-
riculture, who says, ‘‘ This variety is one of the very best,
in every respect, I have ever examined, and the tree is
reported as exceedingly thrifty and productive.” Mr.
Burbank writes me that ‘‘in California it often bears
three distinct crops, about a month apart, and some-
times four; the last of the fourth is generally taken by
frost.” The fruit is large, oval truncate, greenish-
yellow, flesh yellow, mild sub-acid, and of excellent
quality.

QuIncE No. 80 is a seedling of Rea’s Mammoth.
The tree is hke it in growth and productiveness. The
fruit is a deep orange color, and the flesh lemon-yellow.
It is nearly round, over thirteen inches in circumference
either way, with the stem inserted in a cup half an inch
deep, the basin of the calyx over an inch deep, and
about two inches wide.

CALIFORNIA 1s a seedling of Rea’s Mammoth. The
trees grow upright, and fruit quite young. The fruit
is pale lemon-yellow, tender, and of high flavor, free
from fuzz.

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, 163

CHAPTER XXIII
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ASH OF THE QUINCE.

DEAR SIR:

After a long delay I am able to send you a complete
analysis of the ash of the quince fruits and wood which
you sent for examination. I fear that the chemical
analysis does not indicate very clearly anything of value
in regard to the nature of the diseases to which the
quince trees and fruits are subjected.

QUINCE FRUIT.
SPHZZROPSIS CYDONIA ROT.

CONSTITUENTS CO,+C CO,+C+-
DETERMINED. “A B MEAN. | FREE. a
7 NTS PAS SCRA |i ceemnery REE

Silicie Oxide, *14.87 *14.87 *14.87 20.32
Phosphoric Oxide, 4.40 4.46 4.43 6.05 7.59
Ferric Oxide, 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.57 0.72
Aluminie Oxide, 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.21
Calcie Oxide, 4.58 4.58 4.58 6.26 7.85
Mavgnesic Oxide, 5.10 5.13 5.11 6.99 8.77
Potassie Oxide, 741.02 441.02 741.02 56.06 70.36
Sodiec Oxide, 41.94 $1.94 $1.94 2.65 3.32
Sulphurie Oxide, 0.53 0.85 0.69 0.94 1.18
Carbonic Oxide, 25.20 24.90 25.05
Carbon (unburnt) *2.30 *2.30 *2.30
Sulphur (sulphide),| trace trace trace trace trace
Chlorin, “ be “ 6 “

Total, 100.48 100.57 100.52 100.00 100.00

*One analysis; +mean of 3 analyses.
PARTIALLY DECAYED (natural),

z co,+C+
CONSTITUENTS CO,+C 4
DETERMINED. A B MEAN. | FREE om

Si O, *9.19 *9.19 ¥*9.19 11.72

P, O 9.59 9.59 9.59 12.23 13.85

Fe, Os 0.42 0.63 0.52 0.66 0.7

Al, Oz 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.14

CaO 5.54 5.50 5.52 7.03 7.97

MgO 5.90 5.80 5.86 7.47 8.47

K,O 445.14 $45.14 $45.14 57.60 65.23

Na, O 71.64 71.64 41.64 2.09 2.37
2 0.91 0.79 0.85 1.08 1.22

CO, $18.71 $18.71 $18.71

Cc *2.79 *2.79 *2.79

Ss trace trace trace trace trace

Cl ss “ “ ‘ “ee
Total, 99.92 99.89 99.90 100.00 100.00

*One analysis; t mean of 3 analyses; + mean of 4 analyses.

164 QUINCE CULTURE,

TWIGS OF THE QUINCE TREE,

HEALTHY,
4 CO,+C+

CONSTITUENTS CO,+C 2.

DETERMINED. = <. ae Ten. cde
Silicic Oxide, *2.49 *2.49 *2.49 3.7
Phosphoric Oxide, 3.54 3.64 3.59 5.36 5.57
Ferric Oxide, ee USE: 0.15 0.15 0.22 0.23
Aluminie Oxide, 0.13 0.09 0.11 0.16 0.17
Calcie Oxide, 37.06 37.08 37.07 55.38 57.51
Magnesic Oxide, 4.10 4.10 4.10 6.12 6.36
Potassie Oxide, $17.27 417.27 $17.27 25.80 26.79
Sodie Oxide, 71.69 71.69 71.69 2.52 2.62
Sulphuric Oxide,* 0.68 0.29 0.49 0.72 0.75
Carbonic Oxide, $31.63 $31.63 $31.63
Carbon (unburnt), *1.19 *1.19 *1.19
Sulphur (sulphide),} trace trace trace trace trace
Chlorin, ‘“ ‘6 “ ‘“ 6

Total, 99.93 99.62 99.77 100.00 100.00

*One analysis; {mean of 4 analyses; } mean of 3 analyses.

KILLED BY FUNGUS R@STELIE AURANTIACA.,.

CONSTITUENTS A B MEAN C0,+C sl
DETERMINED. - FREE. FREE
Si O, *3.76 *3.76 *3.76 4.89
P,.0; 6.90 7.04 6.97 9.06 9.53
Fe, O; 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.19 21
Al, O3 0.35 0.29 0.32 0.42 A4
Ca O 13.00 13.00 13.00 16.91 a Wri ¢
MgO 6.15 6.01 6.07 7.89 8.30
K,O 442.43 $42.43 $42.43 55.18 58.01
Na, O 3.63 73.63 73.63 4.72 4.96
SO; 0.49 0.65 0.57 0.74 0.78
CO, 21.00 20.84 20.92
Cc *1.77 *1.77 *1.77
S8 trace trace trace trace trace
Cl “cc “é 6s 66 sé
Total, 99.63 99.56 99.59 100.00 100.00

*QOne analysis; {mean of 4 analyses.

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS,

ROOTS OF THE QUINCE TREE,

165

HEALTHY.
CO,+C+
CONSTITUENTS CO,--C 37
DETERMINED. A B MEAN. | FREE. adh
Si Oz *7.93 *7.93 *7.93 10.76
2 O 1.67 1.61 1.64 2.22 2.49
Fe, Os 0.84 0.84 0.84 114 1.28
Al, Os 0.38 0.48 0.43 0.58 0.66
CaO 36.18 36.36 36.27 49.20 55.13
MgO 3.05 3.11 3.08 4.18 4.63
K,O 719.83 419.83 719.83 26.89 30.13
Na, O 41.70 71.70 71.70 2.31 2.58
S Os 2.09 1.92 2.00 2.72 3.05
CO, 25.25 25.17 25.21
Cc *0.57 *0.57 *0.57
s trace trace trace trace trace
Cl “ “ 6“ se “
Total, 99.49 99.52 99.51 100.00 100.00

*One analysis; +mean of 4 analyses.
> y

CONSTITUENTS
DETERMINED.

Total,

KILLED BY BORERS.

ee |E

99.63
*One analysis; tmean of 3 analyses.

99.73

ont El iO
FREE FREE.
20.46
2.82 3.55
1.16 1.46
1.35 1.70
51.24 64.43
4.87 6.12
14.20 17.84
2.18 2.74
L72 2.16
trace trace
“ “
100.00 100.00

166 QUINCE CULTURE.

WOOD OF THE QUINCE TREE,

KILLED BY BORERS.

1 O6,4+-C+
CONSTITUENTS CO,+G 2
DETERMINED. A B MEAN. | FREE Lae
Si O, 6.24 6.34 6.29 2.06
P, O 2.92 2.78 2.85 4.10 4.51
Fe, Os 0.78 0.78 0.78 1.12 1.23
Al, O3 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.72 0.79
CaO 41.74 41.66 41.70 60.05 66.03
MgO 4.92 4.85 4.88 7.03 7.73
20 10.49 10.42 10.45 15.05 16.56
Na, O i Ea) 1.75 1.75 2.52 2.77
S Os 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.35 0.38
Cc O2 *30.38 *30.38 *30.38
0.44 0.47 0.46
Ss trace trace trace trace trace
Cl ““ 6é 6e “ es
Total, 100.40 100.17 100.28 100.00 100.00
* Mean of 4 analyses.
KILLED BY BLIGHT.

3 ES. CO,+C+
CONSTITUENTS CO,+C a
DETERMINED. A B MEAN. | FREER. pte

SiO, *3.80 *3.80 *3.80 4.86
P, O 4.31 4.30 4.31 5.51 5.80
Fe, Os 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.54 0.56
ASO; 0.14 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.15
CaO 45.18 45.18 45.18 57.81 60.77
MgO 4.67 4.63 4.65 5.95 6.25
K,O 418.20 418.20 718.20 23.29 24.48
Na, Oo 40.27 70.27 70.27 0.35 0.36
S 0, 1.32 1.11 1.21 1.55 1.63
co, 21.35 21.43 21.39
*0.40 *0.40 *0.40

Ss trace trace trace trace trace
Cl 66 77 “ ‘ec

Total, 100.06 ! 99.82 99.94 100.00 100.00

*Qne analysis; { mean of 3 analyses.

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, 167

They were all made in duplicate, except when indicated
otherwise, and the results of each duplicate analysis are
entered under columns A and B of each subhead, Fol-
lowing this is a column headed ‘‘ Mean,” showing the
mean content of each particular substance as indicated
by the single or duplicate analyses. For the purpose of
more direct comparison tbe component parts of the sey-
eral samples have been calculated to material free of
carbonic acid and unburned carbon, and these results
are given under the column marked CO,-+-C free,
Since, in the case of the root, it was almost impossible
to exclude the sand, which was present as an impurity,
the data have also been calculated to substance free of
silica and carbonic acid and unburned carbon. ‘These
data are contained in the column marked CO,+-C-+LSi0,
free. This explanation will enable you to understand
sufficiently well the tabulation of the results.

As you will notice by the table, comparisons are made
directly between the same parts, as nearly as possible.
For instance, the quince fruit affected by rot is com-
pared directly with the quince fruit of a healthy nature,
although partially decayed from natural causes. In the
same way the ash of the roots of the healthy tree is com-
pared with the ash of the roots of the tree killed by
borers, and in a like manner the ash of the twigs of the
healthy tree is compared directly with the ash of the
twigs of the tree killed by the fungus. The ash of the
tree killed by borers is compared also directly with the
ash of the tree killed by blight. The above, I hope, will
be a sufficient description of the tables to enable you to
understand them thoroughly.

In regard to the lessons which these per cents teach,
a few conclusions may be drawn from a study of the
analytical results. The diseased quince fruit is decid-
edly richer in silica than that of the healthy fruit, while,
on the other hand, the healthy fruit contains a large

168 QUINCE CULTURE,

excess of phosphoric acid over that of the diseased fruit.
The healthy fruit also contains a decidedly smaller por-
tion of potassium. All comparisons of lime, potash and
phosphoric acid which follow, are based on ash free of
silica, carbonic acid and unburned carbon.

The conclusions derived from these data are: that the
rot prevents the fruit of the quince from absorbing its
normal portion of phosphoric acid and tends to increase
the potassium, and indicates that a liberal fertilization
with phosphoric acid might stimulate the tree in some
way to withstand the ravages of the rot.

In respect of the roots of the healthy and diseased
trees, it is interesting to note that the healthy trees con-
tain far less silica in the roots than those of the trees
killed by the borers; the proportion being less than one-
half. This may be explained by the fact that the soil
may work its way into the holes made by the borers.
The roots of the healthy trees also contain very much
larger quantities of potassium than those of the injured
trees; while, on the other hand, the proportion of phos-
phoric acid present in the ash of the healthy roots is
decidedly less than that in the ash of the injured roots.
The injured roots also have a larger quantity of lime.

In regard to the twigs, there is a most striking differ-
ence between the ash of the healthy twigs and of the
twigs killed by the fungus. This difference is found in
the practical exchange of the per cents of potash and
lime. In the healthy twigs the lime is in large excess
over the potash, while in the diseased twigs the potash
is in very’ large excess over the lime. This is a most
remarkable fact and shows the effect which the disease
has upon the normal absorbing power of the twigs
themselves.

In regard to the ash of the wood from the trees killed
by borers and blight, it is found that the potash in the
wood killed by blight is in excess of the same constitu-

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, 169

ent in the wood killed by borers, while the reverse is
true of the lime. In general, it seems that a diseased
tree tends to accumulate in its ash a larger percentage
of potash, both in the wood and fruit, than would be
normally present in a healthy tree; in the roots, how-
ever, the reverse appears to be true. There may be
some exceptions to this rule, but the tendency is as
indicated.

Hoping that this information may prove of some use
to you, I am, Respectfully,

H. W. WILEY, Chemist.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
To Rev. W. W. Mrecu, Vineland, N. J.

L70 QUINCE CULTURE.

CHAPTER XXIV. :
BIRDS—TOADS—RABBITS—MICE.

Birps.—Much might be said of the value of poultry
in the orchard to destroy insect enemies. Insectivorous.
birds are also valuable allies for the horticulturist ; but
in merit our domestic fowls outrank them all. It is ad-
vantageous to raise fruit and fowls together. It will be
to the advantage of both if the fowls are im number pro-
portionate to their field of operation.

Poultry are supposed to omit from their bill of fare
some of our insect friends, and it is probable the birds do
likewise ; but all insects are devoured by the toad, which
will clear your room of cockroaches over night, just as
he will your gardens of the vilest of your insect foes. I
find a movable fence, in sections that can be put to-
gether whenever it is wanted, a very convenient thing
for poultry. It may be made of lath nailed on scantling.
Others are using netting of wire cloth, and find it satis-
factory. It is to be hoped that the laws protecting in-
sectivorous birds will be generally respected, and that
our song birds will be left to multiply in our orchards
and gardens. ‘The English sparrow is an enemy to be
destroyed, for doing more harm than good.

RoveEnts.—There are two rodents that deserve notice
as enemies of the quince, apple, and pear.

1. THE Hare or Gray Rassit (Lepus sylvaticus).
—The hare, or rabbit, as it is commonly called, injures
young trees by cutting off the tops and by gnawing the
bark from those too large to eat off. This is often a very
serious damage in both the nursery and the orchard.
They multiply rapidly, and sometimes become formidable.

Remedies.—They are easily caught in traps and snares.
They may also be poisoned by strychnine, a small portion
being placed on pieces of carrot, of which they are very

BIRDS—TOA DS—RABBITS—MICE, 17)

fond. The bark may be protected by smearing it with
blood, or rubbing it with liver, or smearing it with
tobacco water, or lime water, with enough copperas
added to turn it green. A little cheap glue will make
the wash stick to the bark. ‘Thick paper around a tree
will keep them from gnawing the bark. Charles Down-
ing recommends a paint made of a handful of flowers of
sulphur, half a spadeful of soot, a spadeful of fresh cow
dung, with a spadeful of hot slacked lime, applied on a
dry day. He says English gardeners set upswabs dipped
in melted sulphur among the trees in their nurseries.

2. Mrapow Mice (Mus arvicole).—Meadow mice are

Fig. 146, Fig. 147. Fig. 148.
SAVING GIRDLED TREES.

known by various names in different parts of the country,
such as short-tailed field mice, ground mice, ete., and
are sometimes called moles, although they are very dif-
ferent from them. They are covered with long gray
hair, have very thick heads, and very short tails. They
all burrow in the ground. The greatest damage done by
meadow mice is gnawing off the bark of fruit trees.
They do this most when the ground is covered with
snow. Like the rabbit, they multiply rapidly. Their
hiding places may be found in brush heaps, under stacks
of grain and hay, and similar places.

Remedies.—Burn the brush heaps. Set the rails up on
end so as not to make a shelter for the mice, and keep

172 QUINCE CULTURE.

cats or a dog to hunt them. MUawks catch them by day
and owls by night. Skunks, foxes, etc., also help to
lessen their numbers. But, after all, they will multiply
rapidly if grass and weeds are left in the orchard. The
rabbit remedies will also answer for mice.

Girdled trees may sometimes be saved, if the injury is
discovered before the wounds get dry, by banking the
tree with moist earth. A more certain way is by insert-
ing a row of cions around the girdled place, either by
halving them and inserting the ends under the bark
above and below, or by using strips of bark for the same
purpose. The edges of the bark should be cut smooth
and even to insure success. In either case they should
be well protected by grafting wax.

CHAPTER XXV.
MEDICINAL AND ECONOMIC USES OF THE QUINCE.

Every part of the quince is useful. Its scarcity and
consequent high price have kept it in the good house-
keeper’s list of luxuries. But when its cultivation be-
comes more general, it will come within the reach of all,
and be in still greater demand.

In the first century of the Christian era the old Roman
Columella said: ‘‘ Quinces not only yield pleasure, but
health.” A modern writer of note says: ‘‘ Medicinally,
the quince is covling and strengthening. The juice
is good against nausea. The ripe fruit eaten raw is
said to be good for spitting of blood ; also for swollen
spleen, dropsy, and difficult breathing.”

‘The quince in the Materia Medica,” according to
Lewis and Woodville, ‘‘is astringent and stomachic.
The juice in nausea is to be given <n doses of a spoonful
or two; so in vomitings, inodorous eructations, and some
kinds of alvine fluxes. In the London Pharmacy this juice

TSES OF THE QUINCE. 173

was formerly ordered to be made into asyrup called Syrup-
us Cydonareun. or syrup of quinces; and was prepared
by digesting three pints of the depurated juice with a
drachm of cinnamon, half a drachm of ginger, with half
a drachm of cloves, on warm ashes for six hours, and then
adding a pint of red port and dissolving in the strained
liquor nine pounds of sugar. But the only preparation
of the quince it now directs is a mucilage of the sceds,
made by boiling a drachm of these in eight ounces of
water till it acquires a proper consistence. This has
been recommended in apthous affections and excoriations
of the mouth and fauces. It may be more pleasant, but
less efficacious than that of the simple quince.” In 1831
Henry Phillips reported the cure of a severe case of
asthma at Horsham, in Sussex, England, by using quince
wine.

1. QuINcE WINE is made of equal parts of quince juice
and water, with three and a quarter pounds of sugar to
_ the gallon, added before it is fermented. The seeds are
taken out before the fruit is crushed or grated. If the
water is omitted, the medicinal value will be greatly
increased.

2. QUINCE Syrup, made by boiling the richness out of
the fruit, and dissolving, in the water used, sugar enough
to give it a good heavy body, will be found delicious for
the soda fountain. Without the soda it is a pleasant
summer drink in water.

3. QuINcCE WATER, made by pouring hot water over the
dried fruit, and letting it steep awhile, is a good substi-
tute for tamarind water. It is most acceptable to in-
valids desiring a cooling acid drink.

4, BANDOLINE is made by covering the seeds with forty
to fifty times their bulk of warm water, which soon pro-
duces a mucilage used by perfumers and hair dressers.
Many ladies prepare it for themselves to keep their hair
in place. It can be perfumed with any kind of odor.

174 QUINCE CULTURE.

By the addition of a little alcohol it can be kept for a
long time. It is this use of the seeds which causes the
great demand with druggists.

5. QUINCE PRESERVES are made by first cooking the
fruit soft, and then adding as many pounds of pure sugar
as there were pounds of the raw fruit, and simply scalding
it through thoroughly. The importance of not adding the
sugar to acid fruits till after they are cooked soft has not
been sufficiently understood. It is estimated to require
double the sugar if it is put into the fruit at first ; be-
cause the conversion of the cane sugar into glucose or
grape sugar lessens its sweetening power very greatly;
some say more than one-half.

The receipts in the cook books give directions for a
long and tedious process to do what is so short and
simple by this method. ‘To prevent mould on jars of
preserves or jellies, they should be kept in a cool place
and covered closely from the air. A thin paper covering,
wet with alcohol or lard, and gently pressed on the sweet-
meat, is a safeguard; or cover with a thin film of lard
without the paper. Melted paraffine poured over the
confections serves the same purpose, and is very easily
removed when they are used.

6. QuINCE MARMALADE is made by cooking the fruit
soft, crushing to a pulp, and adding sugar to taste. Boil
slowly, stirring constantly to prevent sticking or burning.
When it falls off a spoon like jelly, it is done, and can be
molded in cups and covered the same as jelly. One-
third sweet apples may be added without more sugar, and
_ still the flavor will be sufficient to suit many tastes.

%. Quince BUTTER is made much like the marmalade,
except the addition of sugar. This is a favorite fruit
confection in the Philadelphia market.

8. QUINCE CompoTE.—Pare a dozen quinces, cut them
in halves, and take out the cores. Put in a preserving
vessel enough clear syrup to cover them, and add the

USES OF THE QUINCE. 175

juice of two lemons. Heat the syrup, and add the
quinces, boiling well together. Drain the fruit, and pack
_ it in acompotier. Leave the syrup to thicken a little,
and pour it over the quince.

9. QuINCE SAUCE is made by simply stewing the fruit
soft, then mashing and adding sugar to taste. The ad-
dition of one half apples or pears will greatly increase
the quantity and yet leave a good quince flavor.

10. QuINCES CANNED, or bottled as sauce, are as suc-
cessfully put up as any other fruit for similar use, only
remember to cook soft before adding the sugar, as, be-
sides the sweetening, there will be a toughening of the
fruit. I canned a large quantity in glass jars (the Light-
ning can preferred), first packing them full of the raw
fruit, then filling with water, and boiling till soft in a
common wash boiler on my cook stove. The safety of
the jars was secured by a very thin skeleton frame of
wood on the bottom of the boiler. After the fruit was
soft, the jars were lifted out, and the water poured off,
and half a pound of dissolved granulated sugar added for
~ each quart jar. This made a rich, heavy syrup, which
was returned to the fruit in the jar. Replacing the jars
in the boiler, they were soon boiling again, when they
were ready to seal. Lastly, they were inverted, and left
so till cooled. By this last process it was easy to discover
if the jar and sealing were perfect; if not, bubbles of air
would press in and show at once on the surface.

11. BaxepD QUINCES are a favorite with some. Wash
and core, then fill with sugar,and bake ina dish or pan con-
taining a little water, to eat hot or cold with cream and
sugar. Or, having cut in halves, without paring or cor-
ing, boil till nearly tender, and then, covered with sugar,
bake in a hot oven, basting often with the syrup made
by the sugar and water in which they were boiled. When
done put a lump of butter on each half. Turn the syrap
over them, and serve as before.

176 QUINCE CULTURE.

12. Swreet PrckLEs.—Prepare as for preserves. Cook
tender in water, drain well, and simmer for five minutes
in a syrup of good vinegar, covering the fruit, and add
sugar, one and a half pounds to a pound of quinces, with
spices of cinnamon, allspice, mace, and cloves to suit one’s
taste. The water in which they were boiled can be used
to make jelly. Apint of vinegar to seven pounds of fruit
is a good proportion for sweet pickles to keep well.

13. QUINCE JELLY, when well made, is unsurpassed.
Most housekeepers use the parings and cores of such as
have been used for some other confection. It is better to
leave out the cores, as the mucilage around the seeds may
make the syrup ropy, and hinder success. The skin,
with what adheres, contains the part of fruit richest in
pectine, and so is best for jelly. Indifferent fruit should
be cooked with the skins for jelly. Apples may be used
to increase the quantity of jelly without seriously reduc-
ing the flavor. Cook the apples, and then the quinces
in the same water. The color of all jellies may be kept
light by shortening the time of boiling ; and this may be
done by dividing the fruit into three or four parts, cook-
ing them successively in the same water. By the time
the last is cooked, and the pulp pressed and syrup strained,
the sugar can be added ; by measure rather than weight,
bulk for bulk. When the sugar is added to the syrup a
scum will rise, and should beremoved. No more skimming
is necessary till it is done, when another skimming will
leave it entirely clear. The exact jeliying point in the
process must be determined by trial as the boiling pro-
ceeds. Longer boiling may reduce tt toa syrup again.
As soon as the jelly is done, let the heat subside a little,
and pour into cups to mold it for use; and in a few
minutes after, run a spoon around the top of the cups
to gather the film, when each will be perfectly smooth
and glassy. Preserve from mould as above described for
preserves.

INDEX.

Adjustable MAarke?., sssessessece = Borer, Apple-tTee..cessserseessee

NMIMEINEOE. | aac wed wouee abn acne ecde
scandens ee eeee eceeeeseeeeeeeeeee
Pele LOM? GGNOES . cacccccesacasace
Aim of author in writing.......
Allorhina nitida ee ee ee eeeeeeeeeeee
Analysis, chemical.....cccccceee
AMNZEF’S QUINGE oc cccccccecccescce
Ants, MIM a vavacccatenacna ce ewan 1
NERV oo sWancducse cdednemee wace
Aphelinus Malé ..cccosccccccccecce 1
ADHIG ES on vescsevevescceccd lO, 124,
Aphis VANIGEN Me. oc cecccccccccccese 1
1ONSs « eccccccccccecccccceccese
mali. ee eee eer ee eer eeeeeeeeeeee
malifolic.. eeeeeeeeeceeeeeereeeee
RO MECONOCRNUS Got haaedcccneadcene
WECM EVivacaccdecancesncenvee nue
Apple-tree aphis............e000-
tree borer, round-headed..97, 98
or Orange QUINCE.......6.... 22
Arctians ee eee ee eee eee eee eeeeeeeeee 109
Ash of the quince..........+.... 163
AS CS wee ere eee ee ee eslecescecs acuelt, 86
Aspidiotus Cydonice eereeeeeeeeeee 100
Attacus polyphemus ...seeeeeee008 119
Average yield of Meech’s Pro-
LifiC QUINCE. 2... sees ceeesseeeees 81
PREETI sous Ganueoce vaca ccscesentty 85
Pei WGEMEtlaocecesdasccecsddedb on 110
Baked QUINCES..cccccccccccce seee 175
Bandoline eee ereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeer eee 173
Bark-bound ee eeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseee
Basket for shipping. ........
MSEC WORT cues vaanecdve seas
ECCI. .ccecn dada mecuwaden
PEPIN, USING Olecn eacccascdcccdecce
Bending down branches......s.
Bleeding from pruning .......e.
“esr vce et aes ae ae ade
ight, GeESCTIPtioN....cccccerece
ont SSO SS her aD a
PFOVENGLVG. cvccceccsbcecccana
RECOVETY. cove cccccccccccescce
SPread... ccccccccceccccccescces
MOSBOMG.. 0c ccccccceccccccccccccdly 76
Which will ear? cccssceaen
DLXtULCess cvvereseceee 159

Roun -head eee eeeteeeeeeee
Roemedies.. cos cccecccecccccese
When to look 1. Se eeeteeee
Budding. ..ccccsccccccscccccccsccce 62
BMGs NOWEE «cccrsuasucdeasasecne
PARE dawadadeldasdadcnaena ddan
Leaf ee ee ee eee eee eeee esse sees
Threefold eeee eee eeeeeeeseeeee
Butter, QUINCE. ..ccecscesesecess
Calosoma CALidwm oseccesessecsess
SEER. wducn duboucadendinace
Caterpillar of handmaid moth.
Yellow-necked apple-tree..
Cellular BISSUIG: adesncuas ae eeee eeee
Chalecid FLY ccc ccccsnceccascccscces
ChaMPiON QUINCE 2eeecccscsesees
Chemical analysis... eeccsccccece
CHINESE QUINCE ..cccccccrcccesese
ChrySOME€lians.....cccccecsescee-
Cicada septendecim ...scscececscees
Conotrachelus Crate gis. «.sseccees
Compote Of QUINCE... ...cecscosece
Corn EMPeLror MOTH. ...eseceseee
Cotton tuft. seeeee reese eeeeeeeeeeee

CrGG - daecceéucus ccandanceonvunun
Crops, average yield, value,ete 81
Cryptus INQUISILON .ceeseee eee eeee 112
CultivatiOnicesscevccvaccccescesS 43
CUPTAM..ccccccccccccesccesccececs 160
CurenhOw. cet csnwnees veccduswauue ee
Cuttings, length and how to
plant eee ee eee eceoeeeeeeeeee eens 62
Cutting DAG... ceedaeadeu cavoages 50
Cut-worms, climbing seen eee 102, 104
Pare-pigleG. sa daewenneckaweces 103
Mamestra pict .esescccscseses 104
Variegated. .ccccescocececcces 102
DWE SwVIRL IEC ONE ES 36 2 cso duind amutameln 104
Remedies fOr ...ccccccscseees 105
Cyrtophyllus CONCAUUS -cecccsesese 127
DatanGe Ministra..ceccsesescscesses 106
De Bourgeat Quince, .sescssesese 25
Decay, OCCASION OF eeccsesecesees 73
Digging the TIES 2 ce cccecscccees 41, 48
DiSCASES 2.0.0 cccecccccccc cece cessSa-9Z
TPCT achcuecet obekeedseoun
Bark-bound.. «ees eeeteeeeeeee
BBS ieicc ccasccceccescucecces

Fun
Leaf blight... secs eecesecesece
Leaf

We cece cccccsesccce

ri
82
3

177

178

Page

Diseases—Orange rust........-86-90
Quince leaf brownness...... 90
Quince rot...... 93
Yellow leaf Spots...s.cccscee 91
Drainave.<seceeseoe
Dropping of fruit; why?.. coves
DroOp-WOTM ..ceee-ees
ENcy tus .. +++ coe cccccccecece
Equalizing the ‘growth.. ccccccce
Eriosoma.. eeeeeereee CeeGeeee 100
Evaporation from Soil. .... 00242, 43
ExXGess Of WOOG...ccccccccccesces %2
Fall web-worm.. .. .eee-+eeeeee108-110
Fertilizers, artificial............d6-40
Liquid MaNnuLes...ceeseeee-ee 70
LIME... 06
Salt... eeeteoeeereeeeeee saeeeeee
Flowers ee eeee eevee eeeeseseeeeeeeeed
ee, suites: 005 ccceccsccnes
Fruit....
Keeping eevee @eseeseeeeereeeeeee
Marketing... ..ccocccceccccsecs
THINNING.. .. ..cc-ccccccececed Oy JO
Wax-like covering WAR Spe 86, os

eeeeeeseeesece
seer eeeesece

eeeercesesese

Fruitful branches, which are?.

Fuller QuinCe ..ce-.cesseerececees

Fungi injurious .....e0--+0++++82, 146
Black rot. coccccccce IDL
Blotch... socces 100
Entomosporium maculatum... 149
Fruit spot..
Glaosporium Sructigenum. coe 155
GrayemMol Geena socepweiccne ee oiler
Gi ymnosporangium clavipes... 148
Monilia fructigend.. ..++ esse. 158
IPAIG TOG... <siee sees clecelsscecees 204
Pestalozzia..... be awee beooneem: AOD
Phoma beac Sooo caepeess 1!
RAPS TOU oc sae occ cases scelese cs AOD
Rhizopus nigricans. sceesesecces, 10K,
Reestelid AUPANACH..secceeee 147
Rust, QUINCE. 2.5 .j-.secec.cee 14k
Soft rot.. scee@ereee eeeeeeeeeseee 157
Spheeropsis malorum.. ...cccee 151

eeeereeese

Sreeeeeeerseeere

Gathering fruit too early....... 80
and marketing. cals aldaisie velele BOSON
Girdled trees saved .....-.cecces 172
Good pruning illustrated....... 72
Grafting, Cleftiiisics syes scpecces 00
GEO A rrancdoucdtocmanapiocdon | (il
for early. fruitfulness....... 7%
Saddl eGreeeeeeeCeveoeeeeeeseee 61
Side re eeeeeeeeCseeeeeeeeeeee 61
Splice or oan PR nea ama 61
Time of. *“@eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeseee 60
Gray rabbit........ pilciia sis pee eee
Grain or grass, do not plant in. 51
HATS, LiWGsremeitece sha clise sea cic ces nO
Healing wounds.... Sb <u eS 74
Heeling in, sloping oe erect.. 61
Hendersonia Cydonid. ..ceseceseee 91
Hemiteles thyridoptery2.. Sopcast Ue
Hide-bound eeere @eeeerseseeeeesese 94
History of Quince. ....ceccce...-13-16

pe CELTOT cccccece Ba" 109
YPCTCRIiTiA [O.covcecessessyereene ld

QUINCE CULTURE.

Page
Ay perchivia varie .occcccesececess 112
IGCHNCUMONS i cic cc seve covelssuetta, 100
Insect enemies..........-97, 131, 133

Aphides (for var. see
aphides)............101, 124, 127
Apple-tree borer, round-

headed.... eece cocccccecceeDs 98
Apple WOIM ......cccccccccee 145
Aspidiotus perniciosus.....+++ 140
Bag, basket or drop-worm.. 110
Carpocapsa pomonella.....++- 145
Caterpillar of handmaid

moth..
Chiropachys Colon ..cecesecece
Chrysomelians.........ce..0
Clisiocampa AMETICANA «+ eee
Codlin moth, .......eccccccece
Corn emperor moth.........
COrythUcd ATCUALH...2eereeee
Cotton tutte. eee eeeeeeeeeeee
CrP unipunctata. face
Cureul io. eeeeveeeee eoeeeeesreeeee
Cut-worms..... eeee occcecee 102-105
Eye-spotted bud moth...... 143
Fall web-worm.....++eee..108-110
Fruit bark beetle......ee-++- 135
Gipsy moth
Kat Gid eeeesveeeeeeeeees
Lea crumpler. ...ese- eeecece
Locust eeoeere eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeses
Macrodactylus subspinosus... 137
Ocneria GiSpG?. ....cccccsecnes 139
Pear-tree blister beetle..... 131
Penthina., ..ccccccccccccccccce 144
Polyphemus moth........119-123
QuinGe SCAIC . cccccccccccccces 100
Rose Deetle ...cccccccccccsece
San Jose SCale ...cccccccecece
Scolytus TUGUIOSUS.cecceeseses
Slug. eeeeeereeeeeseeeoeeeeeeeereee
Spined soldier-bug.....+++0-
Tarnished plant-bug ......0
Tent Caterpillar ....e-.eeeeee
Tingis..... eeeeteeeeeeeeGeeeeeese
Tmetocera oCcelland, ...eesceee
Valgus canaliculatus. ..eessee
Vapored moth
White-marked tussock

moth..... a aeisecvceeseecs Ilo,
Xylotrechus colonus..
Insect friends......ccscccscoold
Allorhina nitida..... Re
Aphelinus fuscipennis «esses
Aphis-lions.....
Calosoma scrutator. oeecceese>
Calosomd CAUAUM.. eeeccecsee
Chaleid fly ee eeeeereeeeeeeeseee
Chilocorus bivulnerus. eeceseee

Cry ptus iNquisitO”r .oeesececeee
Dung beetle.. eeeeteeeeereeeeeee
E:NCYTUUS . -sc0cccccccaccosanse
Hermiteles thyridopteryz. aeee
Ichneumons........-105, 106,
Lace-winged flieS......e.---- 127
Loupe eeeeresceseee sees 27, 143
Long-tai isis reverepe abe

eee eeeeseee sess eeessees 108

136

eeeeeseoeeseeseseese 139

127, 128
128
101

eee reseseseses

eereeteseesese

INDFX,

Insect friends=Odynerus Cats-
killensis. eeeet eevee eet eeeeeeeeseee 145
Pentilia Misella. oocesesecesecs 143
Red BVitA tetas scan tawdeweccdee 105
Syrphus HSE. ccccsccecccccuce 127
Tachina flies ...........+-106, 108
Tachina phycite.. seecesees+++ 130
JAPANESE QUINCE. ..eerceeesee-2ty 161
Dell Y, QUINCE. 200. ccccccccscccscse 176
sale ybn pe broad-winged... eeeeee 127
blong-WiN GE .. cece cccccce 128
Keeping & recCord...cccccccccccee 54
FEGODINEG IIIb. ccccsccccsscescose 80
Knowledge necessary to suc-
COSS eccccece eee eeeeeeeeeesesese
Lace-winged flies.. eereeeesereses 127
TEAELU = DINO cides sns'an oe adelaeeias'se aie 127
LAGOA CrisPata, .occcocccccscccccee 124
Largest quince tree on record.. 50
PG REI c.cencdacewe sevnnes oansliOy 57
Laying out the orchard........45, 47
Leaf DION Gcssssevieeacinees cascased 93
Crumpler @eeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeee 128
Mildew ecccoce eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
MPAURS: 1 in cicecddeusieddenestuusemacc 18
PONGICCLOS soccccccsvecs eece SER 29
Le SYLUATICUS.. ccccccsecsccuvecs 133
a e force eeeeeeee eres eeeseeeeeeeee 19
Lime eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee SOchRcesece orl 86
Lindley’s law _ for leaf and
flower-buds eeeeerereesseeee
Liquid ManuTLre ..cccecceccccccece
EOCAtIneg DOATA.. .< 00 ccacccancece
Locust, seventeen-year......... 101
Long-tailed ophion.. eeeeeeeesese 115
Ly gus lineolaris....cccsesceseese 130
Mamestra pict .sccccccccccccscece 104
Manual NECKHCO itecrecoceeccce cone 9
PASTING ovcaccacenssicvevcedecclo-40
Common sources Of ......... 39
SNOMICAL. sccccacecosducesneoc 40
Necessity Of..ccccccccccssccee 36
PUI. oo Vaconescanacuanaeass 80
VEFLE SIS WILE Get cc oae suc ocecenece cane 174
Meadow WNICOCr osc sac cvecweee came 171
Medical uses of the quince..... 172
Meech’s Prolific quince.........
WRIGS, MGAGOW. ccccccececcccesces 171
WENCLGWre oie tceeaecceceeeacncncees 9
Missouri Mammoth quince..... 29
Morthiera Mespili. ....+0000000+-90, 91
Moults of caterpillars........... 107
Mound JAY CTS. cccccccccscccceccce 7
ETLIGCINITIN Ge cecisaweldeviciecealveceesies 47
MALE OPUICOUD ccwccitans cnccccecoues Lil
Musk or Pineapple quince...... 30
New upright quince.......se.06. 25
Nitrogen, sources Of, ..cccesesees 39
Ophion, long-tailed eteeeeeeeeree 115
Ophion MacruruM., ...eeee0000-115, 124
Orange or Apple quince.........
Peete SUBGs wrasagehesnianesansn,. “OO
Orchard, laying out the.......43, 47
Orgyia leucostigmas. «.+e+0++.-115, 116
MICE ATING «cc veccudeues ce cane
Parasites. ....ccce..

cocccecccecees 108] Rabbit, the gray...c..scecccscees

179

Page

Pear-tree blister beetle ,........ 131
lh (ae eee ee ee 116
Phycis indiginella.....ssececesess 128
Phylloptera oblongifolia. ....ese62 128
PICKS, SWOCbs sc cecccccccccsace 126
Pinching in ee eee eee eee eee eee eee
Pineapple Quince.. ..cccccccccess
IGUTLINN sewn tidccsan oes eccenese4e
Distance apart... cccccecccese
Platyphyllum concavus. ...++++ coo 127
Podisus Spinosus.....+++ Saeveedous
Podospheera tridactyld.esseccssee 92
Polyphemus MOtD....cccccccscces 119
POMPHhOPCA CONIA. cccessesesecese 131
Portugal Quince ..ccccccccccccces SL
POUMDry, 210) Olseccacececes< 170
Price of quinces......... eae enue
Principles to be understood....
IETOL Siaamets ce esie celeste sce s aie saesee
Promoting fruitfulness with-
OULPYUVING, <2 ccccccas dacienisa Aaanie
PTOPAGAtiON ...cccaccasecccacnccDd,
By DUGGINE ceccucivaucdeovalssas
CULLINGS. .cceccccccceces+5ty 59
TALhU" cvedcesacdceusesad 59
BY OCTING i <caccccsenses. cou
TOOE Zrafting....cccccccee
TOOL CULTINGS. o.cccecs cscs
BEOGS. cccolcdvececdesceccee
sprouts... eeee eres eeeeeeee
StOO] LAYETS 22. cccccccccce
Best time to layer. .......++-
Formation of callus.........
How to plant cuttings.......
Keeping buds dormant..... 8
Length of cuttings ..........

On what to graft ......cccee-
Preparing for planting....58,
Time to plant...... adccocecee 59
Pruning at transplanting.......
LOPIOMIN To. vceed EAE cacaaes

Fruitfulness.....

Good pruning illustrated...
Healing wounds........2.-%3,
Praning® Tmaibs.ss cssdsssaueen 02
Root pruning........ ensence
To promote growth.......s+
When to prune limbs.......
Roots.
with Ni Wacderesce cade 6606 ened 7
SHG dc tivschusegunanhe <a
Quinces among the Greeks.....
among the Romans....
in America... .scccscees
WOUMLY) .+sesenekeuccacaeaen
Etymology eeeeeeee eee etereee
WOPRNCO.c cn coces neucdere acde
Italy. ee ew ee eer eeee seers eeee
PGE ccccvcdde cosets cman
Tradition... .ccccesesceseses
Parts Of tree ..cccccceccccccece

Trees, ornamental... ..cecec.-

PAL QUINCE... ccceranreeeceereess 31 BStiliG GUIPANLIACA, +400 000000%+86, 89

180

Page

Rea’s Mammoth quince,..eccs.. 32
ReCipes......--cececccccescceelsa-1i6
Quinces, Daked..cccocccesess 175
Quince bandoline ..-cccesees 173
BULLET scaccccwones 174

175
174
176
174
174
175
176
173
173
173

PYeSEIVES -ccccccccccesece
Sauce. eeseeesesese seat eeee
Sweet pickless. eecccecece
VTUPccccecececccesccscces
Water eese ceeseseeeseeeosee
AVINIC.. cacocesecouslsoodcens
Red ANTS; cov oss Hhinlceacesedene eece 105
Remedies for aphides...101, 126, 127
Bag, basket or drop worm.. 112
ISORCTS aes corscce ol ssc creelvassine
Caterpillar of handmaid
mot Seeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeee 108
Emperor MOth., coccsecceccese 114
CUTRCUINO scccccscenscccennewzee 132
Cut-WOIMS . cc cece ccccccccccce 105
Fall WED-WOIM cc ccc cccccces 108
Katydids...ccccccccccscccssce 128
Leaf CrumpleP. cocceesseeeeee 130
MACGs er ceive ticidacese tie cievsswe: lure
Pear-tree blister beetle..... 131
Pear-tree slug......++.+--118, 119
Polyphemus moth.........+- 123
RabDitSecc coccvvceccecccoscoce 170
SCANC.c nase seoesesecmesascsan sie 100
Spined soldier-bug.......... 110
Tarnished plant-bug. eeseece 130
Vaporer, or white tussock
WiGtivc, awar ececvoded cucewons
Restoring withered trees....... 51
Ringing branches forearly fruit 75
Rodents eeeeeeeceoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 170
ROGIS | cckescacecesasebocs cacecaeskls 48
TAD . oc cccccccccccccccssccccece 17
ARTETA a cwcecesdecsacceneerses
Root CULTINGS.cccccccccces A
Grafting... .cce-coccccece eee
Pruning, HOW, WHEN..-eecees
Rot.... : -
Round-headed apple-tree borer
Sack-trager....e. seseeeoseeoeesee
Salt as a fertilizer. .ccccesccccece
Saperda Divittata, cecerecevccesece
candida. eeeecee sees eseseeeetsesese
Saturnia To. eeeceeeeeoeoeeeeeeeeseeeee
Sauce, QUINCE. ccccccecccs-covcece
Seeds ereee sees eeeSeeeeeeeseeeee sess
Selandria Cerdsi.. sesccssecccorece 116
Shears better than knife....... 74
Soils..... Suwa ceeseseuoasesoueess sous 35
DYAining .cccecccccccescccscce
Effect on quality of fruit...
How kept Moist. .ccccceceree
How Selected..ccccccccceccce
8 fcc yr eee ht 4 tana me
ip TOPSsts y ON ee ccceccesesece
Spined soldier-bug.. seeetoese sees
Sprouts FrOM STUMPS.. oc eccccces
SieP-lAadder «ecececreneveneveccvey

9| TTENCHING...cccccccceccccsesccces

QUINCE CULTURE.

Page
Stipules so cccccccoccccccccccceccos 18
StOOl 1AYers...ccccccccccscccocses BF
Straightening ITEES . cccccccccces 55
Suber Cells... .cccccceccccccscsecce 94
Sweet Pickles. .cccccccccccccccees 176
Sweet QUINCE .-ceccccccceccccccce
Syrphus fli€S..-ccccce eeeeceeeeeeee 127
Syrphus POlItUS. ceccceccccccccsoce 127
SYFUP, QUINCE..cocccccccesccecces 136
Tachina flies. ..ccccccccceseeel05, 108
Tachinad phyCit@....cccceseseseses 130
Tarnished plant-bug .cceceseeese 130
Telea Polyphemus ...+seceesese+e+ 119
Thinning fruit, when, which
, --10, 77, 78
Thyridopteryx ephemerceformis... 110
Tiger MOthHS...cccccee-ceeccceceee 109
133
41

eee eeee sess sees seseseeaseses

Toads. SESS SOSSE SESS SESS SSESSSSsSeese

Transplanting .......++++++47, 49, 70
to bring into bearing........ 70
Care in planting. ecccsscesese 50
Cutting BCK.acs0w aes celevinaee 50
Keeping @record..ccccceceee 54
Preparing ground ....cccccce 50
Size for transplanting...... 50
Tit wii vcisinasincnaisianwiaciean wad 52, 54

Unfavorable weathers seeeseeT0, 16

Vaporer moth. .ccccecceccecssses 115

Varieties.... pvecesadecenceeseeoas 161
Anger’s ee ccee cess sees eses sees
Apple, OF OTaNnge..cecceerees
BellefloweIece cocevccccceorsce
California... ceccce eeeeeseeeeee
CHAMPION. ccccccccccecccsscce
Chin@S6.cccecssubacaeccunnpec
COlUMDIaA..-cecccecccerccecess
De Bourgeat....cce-ceesees20y
Fontenay, or new upright..
Fuller..ceccccecccccccccccesese
JAPANESE cocccccccevccesessaiy
JDONNSON.. coce-ccccccesccccece
Meech’s Prolific....cccceccece
Missouri Mammoth, cccccese
Musk, or Pineapples. .ccccese
No. eeeee esses eees esses eeeseeee
Pear ee eeeSeSeS SSeS SSeSeeseSseese
Portugal.. eeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeese
Rea’s Mammoth. eeeeeeeeceees
Santa RoSa......cccccccccccce
Seedlings NUMETOUS...cessee
SWeet QUINCE cececceeccccvece
Van Deman....ccccccsecsss
What constitutes a variety.

When to sell quinces..........-- 80

White-marked tussock moth... 115

Winds, effect Olesisvessnacneue eree

Wine eereee ene evecnedaseeee veseanse 173

Winter-killing, causes, protec-

ak against oeesee becwanemeenSOlstne

oo 18
Woolly aphis. .......+sccee+e-100, 101
Wounds from pruning. ....+...73, 74
Yellow leaf-spots.....--e.cees+-- OL

0| Yellow-necked apple-tree cat-

erpillar. oe. coos cseeeceecceevese J

SENT FREE ON APPLICATION

Descriptive Catalog
gf Rural Books

CONTAINING 128 8v0 PAGES, PROFUSELY
$$

ILLUSTRATED, AND GIVING FULL DE-

SCRIPTIONS OF THE BEST WORKS ON
a |

THE FOLLOWING SUBJECTS

Farm and Garden
Fruits, Flowers, etc.
Cattle, Sheep and Swine
Dogs, Horses, Riding, etc.
Poultry, Pigeons and Bees
Angling and Fishing
Boating, Canoeing and Sailing
Field Sports and Natural History
Hunting, Shooting, etc.
Architecture and Building
Landscape Gardening
Household and Miscellaneous

PUBLISHERS AND IMPORTERS

Orange Judd Company

315-321 Fourth Avenue NEW YORK

Books will be Forwarded, Postpaid, on Receipt of Price

Farm Grasses of the United States of America

By WILLIAM JASPER SPILLMAN. A practical treatise on
the grass crop, seeding and management of meadows and
pastures, description of the best varieties, the seed and its
impurities, grasses for special conditions, lawns and lawn
grasses, etc., etc. In preparing this volume the author’s object
has been to present, in connected form, the main facts con-
cerning the grasses grown on American farms. Every phase
of the subject is viewed from the farmer’s standpoint. [llus-'
trated. 248 pages. 5 x 7 inches. ‘Cloth. “. 23) soe

The Book of Corn

By Hersert Myrick, assisted by A. D. SHampta, E. A
Burnett, ALBert W. Futton, B. W. Snow, and other most
capable specialists. A complete treatise on the culture, mar-
keting and uses of maize in America and elsewhere for
farmers, dealers and others. Illustrated. 372 pages. 5 x 7
inches, Cloth.--.° <9... 42. 0 2

The Hop—Its Culture and Care, Marketing and
Manufacture

By Hersert Myrick. A practical handbook on the most
approved methods in growing, harvesting, curing and selling
hops, and on the use and manufacture of hops. The result of
years of research and observation, it is a volume destined to
be an authority on this crop for many years to come. It takes
up every detail from preparing the soil and laying out the
yard, to curing and selling the crop. Every line represents the
ripest judgment and experience of experts. Size, 5 x 8;
pages, 300; illustrations, nearly 150; bound in cloth and gold;
price, postpaid, . . . 9) + “+, ilie= Wo) ena nes

Tobacco Leaf

By J. B. Krttesrew and Hersert Myrick. Its Culture and
Cure, Marketing and Manufacture. A practical handbook
on the most approved methods in growing, harvesting, curing,
packing and selling tobacco, with an account of the opera-
tions in every department of tobacco manufacture. The
contents of this book are based on actual experiments in field,
curing barn, packing house, factory and Jaboratory. It is the
only work of the kind in existence, and is destined to be the
standard practical and scientific authority on the whole sub-
ject of tobacco for many years. 506 pages and 150 original
Qugravings. 5x 7 inches, Cloth. ... . . 2) ene

£9)

Bulbs and Tuberous-Rooted Plants

By C. L. Atten. A complete treatise or the history
description, methods of propagation and full directions for
the successful culture of bulbs in the garden, dwelling and
greenhouse. ‘The author of this book has for many years
made bulb growing a specialty, and is a recognized authority
on their cultivation and management. ‘he cultural direc-
tions are plainly stated, practical and to the point. The
illustrations which embellish this work have been drawn
from nature and have been engraved especially for this
Gaok., 312 pages.’ 5x 7 inches; Cloth... . . . $1.50

Fumigation Methods

By Witiis G. JoHNnson. A timely up-to-date book ot.
the practical application of the new methods for destroying
insects with hydrocyanic acid gas and carbon bisulphid, the
most powerful insecticides ever discovered. It is an indis-
pensable book for farmers, fruit growers, nurserymer
gardeners, florists, millers, grain dealers, transportation com
panies, college and experiment station workers, etc. Illus-
red. ths, paves =< 7 inches, Cloth. . 5 .):% + $100

Diseases of Swine

By Dr. R. A. Craic, Professor of Veterinary Medicine at
the Purdue University. A concise, practical and popular guide
to tue prevention and treatment of the diseases of swine. With
the discussions on each disease are given its causes, symptoms,
treatment and means of prevention. Every part of the book
impresses the reader with the fact that its writer is thor-
oughly and practically familiar with all the details upon which
he treats. All technical and strictly scientific terms are
avoided, so far as feasible, thus making the work at once
available to the practical stock raiser as well as to the teacher
and student. Illustrated. 5x7inches. 190 pages. Cloth. $0.75

Spraying Crops—Why, When and How

By CLareNcE M. Weep, D.Sc. The present fourth edition
has been rewritten and set throughout to bring it thoroughly
up to date, so that it embodies the latest practical information
gleaned by fruit growers and experiment station workers. So
much new information has come to light since the third edi-
tion was published that this is practically a new book, needed
by those who have utilized the earlier editions, as well as by
fruit growers and farmers generally. Illustrated. 136 pages.
eemresncnes. (loti. aaln. 4S ie 4d 8 fe’! Jel. er

(10)

Successful Fruit Culture

By SamMueL T. Maynarp, A practical guide to the culti-
vation and propagation of Fruits, written from the standpoint
of the practical fruit grower who is striving to make his
business profitable by growing the best fruit possible and at
the least cost. It is up-to-date in every particular, and covers
the entire practice of fruit culture, harvesting, storing, mar-
keting, forcing, best varieties, etc., etc. It deals with principles
first and with the practice afterwards, as the foundation, prin-
ciples of plant growth and nourishment must always remain
the same, while practice will vary according to the fruit
grower’s immediate conditions and environments. Illustrated.
265 pages.. 5x7 inches. Cloth.” -.>... >. een ee

Plums and Plum Caleure

By F. A. WaucH. A complete manual for fruit growers,
nurserymen, farmers and gardeners, on all known varieties
of plums and their successful management. This book marks
an epoch in the horticultural literature of America. It is a
complete monograph of the plums cultivated in and indigenous
to North America. It will be found indispensable to the
scientist seeking the most recent and authoritative informa-
tion concerning this group, to the nurseryman who wishes to
handle his varieties accurately and intelligently, and to the
cultivator who would like to grow plums successfully. Illus-
trated. 301 pages. 5.x 7 inches. Cloth, “2 2s) sn eeee

Fruit Harvesting, Storing, Marketing

By F. A. WaucuH. A practical guide to the picking, stor-
ing, shipping and marketing of fruit. The principal subjects
covered are the fruit market, fruit picking, sorting and pack-
ing, the fruit storage, evaporation, canning, statistics of the
fruit trade, fruit package laws, commission dealers and deal-
ing, cold storage, etc., etc. No progressive fruit grower can
afford to be without this most valuable book. Illustrated.
232 pages. 5 x 7 inches. Cloth. . >> sa)cpee ene

Systematic Pomology

By F. A. Waueu, professor of horticulture and landscape
gardening in the Massachusetts agricultural college, formerly
of the university of Vermont. This is the first book in the
English language which has ever made the attempt at a com-
plete and comprehensive treatment of systematic pomology.
It presents clearly and in detail the whole method by which
fruits are studied. The book is suitably illustrated. 288 ©
pages. 5x 7 inches. ‘Cloth. . .° . @> 2° soe

(11)

Feeding Farm Animais

By Professor THomas SHAW. This book is intended alike
for the student and the farmer. The author has succeeded in
giving in regular and orderly sequence, and in language so
simple that a child can understand it, the principles that govern
the science and practice of feeding farm animals. Professor
Shaw is certainly to be congratulated on the successful man-
ner in which he has accomplished a most difficult task. His
book is unquestionably the most practical work which has ap-
peared on the subject of feeding farm animals. Illustrated.
5% x 8inches. Upward of 500 pages. Cloth. . . . $2.00

Profitable Dairying

By C. L. Pecx. A practical guide to successful dairy man-
agement. The treatment of the entire subject is thoroughly
practical, being principally a description of the methods prac-
ticed by the author. A specially valuable part of this book
consists of a minute description of the far-famed model dairy
farm of Rev. J. D. Detrich, near Philadelphia, Pa. On the
farm of fifteen acres, which twenty years ago could not main-
tain one horse and two cows, there are now kept twenty-seven
dairy cattle, in addition to two horses. All the roughage,
litter, bedding, etc., necessary for these animals are grown on
these fifteen acres, more than most farmers could accomplish
on one hundred acres. Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. 200 pages.
IS A Se ES A eR ea ee em e -

Practical Dairy Bacteriology

By Dr. H. W. Conn, of Wesleyan University. A complete
exposition of important facts concerning the relation of bac-
teria to various problems related to milk. A book for the
classroom, laboratory, factory and farm. Equally useful to
the teacher, student, factory man and practical dairyman.
Fully illustrated with ‘ eee ee 340 pages. Cloth.
54% x8inches. .. Ps ke nha ee

Modern Methods of Testing Milk and Milk
Products

By L. L. VaANnStyxe. This is a clear and concise discussion
of the approved methods of testing milk and milk products.
All the questions involved in the various methods of testing
milk and cream are handled with rare skill and yet in so plain
a manner that they can be fully understood by all. The book
should be in the hands of every dairyman, teacher or student.
Illustrated. 214 pages. 5x7 inches. . .. .. +« $075

(32) 4

Animal Breeding

By Tuomas SuHAw. This book is the most complete and
comprehensive work ever published on the subject of which
it treats. It is the first book which has systematized the sub-
ject of animal breeding. The leading laws which govern this
most intricate question the author has boldly defined and
authoritatively arranged. The chapters which he has written
on the more involved features of the subject, as sex and the
relative influence of parents, should go far toward setting at
rest the wildiy speculative views cherished with reference to
these questions. The striking originality in the treatment of
the subject is no less conspicuous than the superb order and
regular sequence of thought from the beginning to the end
of the book. The book is intended to meet the needs of all
persons interested in the breeding and rearing of live stock.
Illustrated. 405 pages. 5 x.7 inches. Cloth. . . . $1.50

Forage Crops Other Than Grasses

By THomas SHAw. How to cultivate, harvest and use
them. Indian corn, sorghum, clover, leguminous plants, crops
of the brassica genus, the cereals, millet, field roots, etc.
Intensely practical and reliable. Illustrated. 287 pages. 5x7
inches. Cloth. : RIMM

Soiling Crops and the Silo

By THomaAs SHAW. The growing and feeding of all kinds
of soiling crops, conditions to which they are adapted, their
plan in the rotation, etc. Not a line is repeated from the
Forage Crops book. Best methods of building the silo, filling
it and feeding apa Illustrated. 364 pages. 5x7 inches.
Clot Fee MUP ee

The Study of Boceae?

By THomAs SHAw. Origin, history, distribution, charac-
teristics, adaptability, uses, and standards of excellence cf all
pedigreed breeds of cattle, sheep and swine in America. The
accepted text book in colleges, and the authority for
farmers and breeders. Illustrated. 37% ace 5x7 inches.
(a)? | Oe ee ea 5 aia

Clovers and How to ee Them

By Tuomas SHAw. This is the first book published which
treats on the growth, cultivation and treatment of clovers as
applicable to all parts of the United States and Canada, and
which takes up the entire subject in a systematic way and
consecutive sequence. The importance of clover in the econ-
omy of the farm is so great that an exhaustive work on this
subject will no doubt be welcomed by students in agriculture,
as weil as by all who are interested in the tilling of the soil.
Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 337 pages. Cloth. Net . . $1.00

{13)

Land Draining

A handbook for farmers on the principles and practice of
draining, by MANLy MILEs, giving the results of his extended
experience in laying tile drains. The directions for the laying

‘out and the construction of tile drains will enable the farmer
to avoid the errors of imperfect construction, and the disap-
pointment that must necessarily follow. This manual for
practical farmers will also be found convenient for referencé
in regard to many questions that may arise in crop growing,
aside from the special subjects of drainage of which it treats.
Illustrated. 200 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth.. . . . $1.00

Barn Plans and Outbuildings

Two hundred and fifty-seven illustrations. A most valu-
able work, full of ideas, hints, suggestions, plans, etc., for the
construction of barns and outbuiidings, by practical writers.
Chapters are devoted to the economic erection and use of
barns, grain barns, horse barns, cattle barns, sheep barns,
cornhouses, smokehouses, icehouses, pig pens, gtanaries, etc.
There are likewise chapters on birdhouses, doghouses, tool
sheds, ventilators, roofs and roofing, doors and fastenings,
workshops, poultry houses, manure sheds, barnyards, root pits,
Peas pees, 5 x7 inches. Cloth- (°°. 4° >.” . $1.00

Irrigation Farming

By Lute Witcox. A handbook for the practical applica-
tion of water in the production of crops. A complete treatise
on water supply, canal construction, reservoirs and ponds,
pipes for irrigation purposes, flumes and their structure,
methods of applying water, irrigation of field crops, the
garden, the orchard and vineyard, windmills and pumps,
appliances and contrivances. New edition, revised, enlarged
and rewritten. Profusely illustrated. Over 500 pages. 5x7
RE c.g Se ee Sl ca ww tl

Forest Planting

By H. NicHotas JAarcHow, LL. D. A treatise on the care
of woodlands and the restoration of the denuded timberlands
on plains and mountains. The author has fully described
those European methods which have proved to be most useful
in maintaining the superb forests of the old world. This expe-
rience has been adapted to the different climates and trees of
America, full instructions being given for forest planting of
our various kinds of soil and subsoil, whether on mountain
or valley. Illtstrated. 250 pages. 5x7 inches Cloth. $1.50

£14)

The Nut Culturist

By Anprew S. Futiter. A treatise on the propagation,
planting and cultivation of nut-bearing trees and shrubs
adapted to the climate of the United States, with the scien-
tific and common names of the fruits known in commerce as
edible or otherwise useful nuts. Intended to aid the farmer
to increase his income without adding to his expenses or
labor. -Cloth,temo. . . . «= a> eee?

Cranberry Culture

By JosEPpH J. WuitTe. Contents: Natural history, history
of cultivation, choice of location, preparing the ground, plant-
ing the vines, management of meadows, flooding, enemies
and difficulties overcome, picking, keeping, profit and loss.
Illustrated. 132 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. . . . $1.00

Ornamental Gardening for Americans

By Extas A. Lone, landscape architect. A treatise on
beautifying homes, rural districts and cemeteries. A plain
and practical work with numerous illustrations and instruc-
tions so plain that they may be readily followed. Illustrated.
300 pages. 5 x 7 mches. Cloth. . . 5/0) nee

Grape Culturist

By A. S. Futter. This is one of the very best of works
on the culture of the hardy grapes, with full directions for
all departments of propagation, culture, etc., with 150 excellent
engravings, illustrating planting, training, grafting, etc. 282
pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth ....) 32) ateee eee

Gardening for Young and Old

By JosepH Harris. A work intended to interest farmers’
boys in farm gardening, which means a better and more profit-
able form of agriculture. The teachings are given in the
familiar manner so well known in the author’s “Walks and
Talks on the Farm.” Illustrated. 191 pages. 5x7 inches.
Cloth, 2.0 a) 2 we ee fn ie eg meee

Money in the Garden

By P. T. Quinn. The author gives in ‘a plain, practical
style instructions on three distinct, although closely connected,
branches of gardening—the kitchen garden, market garden
and field culture, from successful practical experience for a
term of years. Illustrated. 268 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. $1.00

(15)

Greenhouse Construction

By Pror. L. R. Tart. A complete treatise on greenhouse
structures and arrangements of the various forms and styles
of plant houses for professional florists as well as amateurs.
All the best and most approved structures are so fully and
clearly described that any one who desires to build a green-
house will have no difficulty in determining the kind best
suited to his purpose. The modern and most successful meth-
ods of heating and ventilating are fully treated upon. Special
chapters are devoted to houses used for the growing of one
kind of plants exclusively. The construction of hotbeds and
frames receives appropriate attention. Over 100 excellent
illustrations, especially engraved for this work, make every
point clear to the reader and add considerably to the artistic
appearance of the book. 210 pages. 5x 7 inches. Cloth. $1.50

Greenhouse: Management

By L. R. Tart. This book: forms an almost indispensable
companion volume to Greenhvuse Construction. In it the
author gives the results of his many years’ experience, to-
gether with that of the most surcessful florists and gardeners,
in the management of growing )lants under glass. So minute
and practical are the various systems and methods of growing
and forcing roses, violets, carnations, and all the most impor-
tant florists’ plants, as well as fruits and vegetables described,
that by a careful study of this work and the following of its
teachings, failure is almost impossible. Illustrated. 382 pages.
PINCHES Sa LOEM. | fe we a, ce sy ee

Fungi and Fungicides

By Pror. Crarence M. Weep A practical manual con-
cerning the fungous diseases of cultivated plants and the
means of preventing their ravages. “The author has endeav-
ored to give such a concise account of the most important
facts relating to these as will enable the cultivator to combat
them intelligently. 90 illustrations. 222 pages. a 7 inches.
Paper, 50 cents; cloth. . Bo en ale . $1.00

Mushrooms. How to Grow Them

By Wituram Fatconer. This is the most practical work
on the subject ever written, and the only book on growing
mushrooms published in America. The author describes how
he grows mushrooms, and how they are grown for profit by
the leading market gardeners, and for home use by the most
successful private growers. Engravings drawn from nature
expressly for this work. 170 pages. 5x7inches. Cloth. $1.00

(16)

Rural School Agriculture

By Cuartes W. Davis. A book intended for the use of
both teachers and pupils. Its aim is to enlist the interest of
the boys oi the farm and awaken in their minds the fact that
the problems of the farm are great enough to command all the
brain power they can summon. The book is a manual of exer-
cises covering many phases of agriculture, and it may be used
with any text-book of agriculture, or without a text-book. The
exercises will enable the student to think, and to work out the
scientific principles underlying some of the most important
agricultural operations. The author feels that in the teaching
of agriculture in the rural schools, the laboratory phase is al-
most entirely neglected. If an experiment helps the pupil to
think, or makes his conceptions clearer, it fills a useful pur-
pose, and eventually prepares for successful work upon the
farm. The successful farmer of the future must be an experi-
menter in a small way. Following many of the exercises are a
number of questions which prepare the way for further re-
search work. The material needed for performing the experi-
ments is simple, and can be devised by the teacher and pupils,
or brought from the homes. Illustrated. 300 pages. Cloth.
Gk 7 ACME Ue 5s : oi». TAR oy oe

Agriculture Through the Laboratory and School
Garden

By C. R. Jacxsow and Mrs. L. S. DaucHerty. As its name
implies, this book gives explicit directions for actual work in
the laboratory and the school garden, through which agri-
cultural principles may be taught. The author’s aim has been
to present actual experimental work in every phase of the
subject possible, and to state the directions for such work so
that the student can perform it independently of the teacher,
and to state them in such a way that the results will not be
suggested by these directions. One must perform the experi-
ment to ascertain the result. It embodies in the text a com-
prehensive, practical, scientific, yet simple discussion of such
facts as are necessary to the understanding of many of the
agricultural principles involved in every-day life. The book,
although primarily intended for use in schools, is equally
valuable to any one desiring to obtain in an easy and pleasing
manner a general knowledge of elementary agriculture. Fully
illustrated. 5!4 x8 inches. 462 pages. Cloth. Net . $1.50

Soil Physics Laboratory Guide

By W. G. Stevenson and I. O. ScHaus. A carefully out-
lined series of experiments in soil physics. A portion of the
experiments outlined in this guide have been used quite gen-
erally in recent years. The exercises (of which there are 40)
are listed in a logical order with reference to their relation
to each other and the skill required on the part of the studert.
Mlustrated. About 100 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. . $0.;0

(17)

The New Egg Farm

By H. H. Stopparp. A practical, reliable manual on
producing eggs and poultry for market as a profitable business
enterprise, either by itself or connected with other branches
of agriculture. It tells all about how to feed and manage,
how to breed and select, incubators and brooders, its labor-
saving devices, etc., etc. Illustrated. 331 pages. 5x7 inches.
Cloth. ited. cer 2 ae i ee eens 16

Poultry Feeding and Fattening

Compiled by G. B. Fisxe. A handbook for poultry keep-
ers on the standard and improved methods of feeding and
marketing all kinds of poultry. The subject of feeding and
fattening poultry is prepared largely from the side of the
best practice and experience here and abroad, although the
underlying science of feeding is explained as fully as needful.
The subject covers all branches, including chickens, broilers,
capons, turkeys and waterfowl; how to_feed under various
conditions and for different purposes. The whole subject of
capons and caponizing is treated in detail. A great mass of
practical information and experience not readily obtainable
elsewhere is given with full and explicit directions for fatten-
ing and preparing for market. This book will meet the needs
of amateurs as well as commercial poultry raisers. Profusely
illustrated. 160 pages. 5x 7% inches. Cloth. . . . $0.50

Poultry Architecture

Compiled by G. B. Fisxe. A treatise on poultry buildings
of all grades, styles and classes, and their proper location,
cops, additions and special construction ; all practical in de-
sign, and reasonable in cost. Over 100 illustrations. 125 pages.
Baca inches, Cloth . 0 60 se ee Sp ae Le $0.50

Poultry Appliances and Handicraft

Compiled by G. B. Fiske. _ Illustrated description of a
great variety and styles of the best homemade nests, roosts,
windows, ventilators, incubators and, brooders, feeding and
watering appliances, etc. etc. Over 100 illustrations. Over
125 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. - - - + + = > $o.50

Turkeys and How to Grow Them

Edited by Hersert Myrick. A treatise on the natural
history and origin of the name of turkeys; the various breeds,
the best methods to insure success in the business of turkey
growing. With essays from practical turkey growers in
different parts of the United States and Canada Copiously

illustrated. 154 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. . . - $1.00
(18)

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