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Full text of "A rayze oyfn grund yam, oder, Tsantsig oyzend mayl unern aser"

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8 321 0ื”ืคืฃื˜ืคืฃื”ืš, 


ืจืื•ื• 


ื”0 ื 4ื–ืฉืคืฉ, 


6 10 560166ื˜ื–2 
6 {ืก ื˜ื 1188 


ืกื–ืืกื˜ืกื–ืฅ ืขืก ืฆื–ื–ืคืžืžืขื–ืื˜ 
ืขืœ 


ืฆ8ืก1ื“ืคื– โ€ ื–ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื“.ื–ื˜ืก ื“ื™ื“.ื ื˜ืื’ 
0ื’ื™ื™ืืก ?07 +ื–ืฑ/5001 


= 


0 


: 1 : 
: 
0 


1 :0 ื™ืข 
6 : 


384 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ึนื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืืœืข ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืข 
ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื‘ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจืขืจืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“ = ื“ืขื ื™ืึถืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, 

ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื‘ืขืœืขื”ืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืขื’-ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ ื ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆืขืกื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ- 
ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผืคืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ืง ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืœื™ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืื ื“ืกืœื™ื™ื˜, 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืขื ืก-ื”ืขืœื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ,. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื’ืขืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื–ื™ืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ ื“ืืงืืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืœืงื•ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ื“. 

ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืžืขื ืฉ- 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื˜ื™ืจืื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ ื“ืืงืืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื”ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ืงืจื™ืขื ืก-ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ. 
ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ื”ืขืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืœืื ื ื’, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜. 
ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื–, ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœื™ืฃืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข. 

ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืœืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืœืื ื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ืื• ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ'ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืจืึธืžืื ืขืŸ-ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉื•ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ืื™ื– "ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ". ืžื™ืจ. 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื 
ืงื™ืจืฆืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื , ืืœืก ืืŸ ืื™ื›ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉืขื ื“ืข ืคึผืจืขืžื™ื•ื ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืœืขื–ืขืจ, 


ืขื ื“ืข 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 88 


ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ื™ 
ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก-ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ ? ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžืืŸ ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืื– ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืื•ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื 
ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืข "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื‘ื ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฉืขื“ื™ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื• ืคื™ืขืœืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ืฐืึธื”ื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืื˜ื” ื ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื”ืืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ? ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœืขืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœ? ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื›ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืžืขืจ. ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ-ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ึดืฆึถืœ ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื ืคืจื™ืขื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืงื–ืืœ? ืื™ื– ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจื”ืื‘ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ. 
ืงืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ !' 

ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื’ืข : "ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ' 
ืืฑื™ืกืฆื•ืคึผืึธืจืฉืขืŸ ? 7 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื’ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื•ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืก. 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ืืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ --- ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš. 


ื ืื›ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. 


ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ? ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฃ' 
ืึธื‘ึผื ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 4 ื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืขื ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืจืื›ืข ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ? ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื–ื ืฉืืจืคืข ืฉื ืื”. 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ?. 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืœืข ืคืจืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. | 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ืืงืืจ,, 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจืื“ื–ืฉื (ืคื™ืจืกื˜) ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ืื•ื ืื‘ื”ืขื ื’ื™ื’ืขืจ, 
ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ ื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืœืงื•ื ื“. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ืงื™ื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื, ืื•ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืก-ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื -' 
ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ึทืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ --- ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, 

ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ ื“ืืงืืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ืก ืžืืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจืขื ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื 
ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ 


82 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


3ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ืฉ ืœื•ืก 


ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื. ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื™ืขื ืข 
ื ืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืขืŸ ืžืขืœืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืš, ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื - 
ืกื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืืœืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข? ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืœืึธืคืึธื“ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื“. ืกื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืืจืžื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืœื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึถืš 
ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš. ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื‘ืขืคืขืœืงืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจืฐืขื’ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคึผ 
ื ืึธืจื“, : 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื–ืขื” ืื™ืš ื ืึธืšึฐ ืืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืง- 
ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืขืคื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืืœืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจื™- 
ื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื ืืคืขืŸ 
ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ 
ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืก ืื™ื– ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš 
ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ืขื“, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืข ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื–, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึธืœืงืึธื ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ื™ืžื™ื, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ 20,000 ืœื™ื’ืก --- ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืค 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืœืฉื˜ืจืึธื ? ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ? 
ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืจืื›ืข-ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ืึถื‘ื ืจื•ื - 
ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ึผืŸ ื™ื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืคืื›ืขืŸ ืžืึธืจื“ ืฉึถื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ? 


= ื’ืืจ ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืจ 4 
ืฉื™ื 


ืจ ื .6 , 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 1 


ืื•ื ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจื‘ืœืึทื ื“ื–ืขื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืฉืคึผืขื ื“ืข? ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื™ื. ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ืืœืฅ 
ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืคื•ื ืงื˜. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืข?, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืจื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ื ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืขืคึผ, ื ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืขื“ืขืงึผื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืฆื•ื™ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืจืื›ื˜. ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืžืข:ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื›;ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, "ืืจื•ืžืจื™ื™ื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจื™ืข ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคึผืขืœืฆืขืŸ", ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื. ื ืึธืจืฐืขื’ื™ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ 
ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืœ. 


ื•ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืœืื ืข ! ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืž" 
ื ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืืจื‘ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ื™ื“ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืคึผ, 
ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืข ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืข- 
ื ื™ืก. ืื™ื”ืจืข ืฉื˜ืึทื”ืœืขื ืข ืžื•ืกืงื•ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ื’ืข- 
ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืกื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ -- 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคืขืจื“ืจืขื”ืขืŸ. ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ 
ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืจื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 


ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืข- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืจืืš. ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉื™ืคืข? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื’ืข" 
ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืงืขืกืขืœ- 
ื™ื™ื˜ 

ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืงืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืงืœืืค ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฉืžืขืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืœืึธื–, 


380 ื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืข- 
ื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. | 

ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื“ืจืขื”ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืœื•ืฆ?ื•ื ื  
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ 
ืขืก ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™? ืื•ื ื– ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜? ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืขืคืขืก ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืืคึผื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื ืœืื ื ืขืจ ืžืขืกืขืจ. 

-- ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืืžืคึผืฃ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืื•ื ื . | 

ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืจืขื”ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ืขืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจื”ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธ ื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืคื™ืขืœ ืขืจื’ืขืจืข ื–ืืš. 

--- ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœืฉื˜ืจืึธื ! ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœืฉื˜ืจืึธื! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœืฉื˜ืจืึธื ! ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืจืข ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจื›- 
ื˜ืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืœืื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ. 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจืฐืขื ื™ืขืŸ; ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืื‘ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื”ืขื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ; ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื”ืŸ ; 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืืœืข ืคืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืฆื•" 
ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืœืึธื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืืžืขืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื’ืข ืžืื›ื˜ ? 

ืžืขืœืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืก "ืžืขื™ืœืกื˜ืจืึธื" 
ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงืขืกืข?-ื’ืจื•ื‘, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืจืึธื“, ืฆื•ื•ื™- 
ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืึธืจื•ื•ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืคึผืึธื“ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื ืข ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ-ืžืืฉื™- 
ื ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืขืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืคึผื•ื ืงื˜. ื“ื™ื ืงืจืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืœืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืื™ื– 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ืื– ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื ื“ืœืืš. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ . 
ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื- 
ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืจืืคื˜ ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืœืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืึธื›ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ! ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื‘ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 6 


ื ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืจืื˜ื”ืขืŸ. ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ืœืึธื˜ืขืง. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“, ืื•ื ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืฆื• ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ื–ื™ืคืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื– ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื”ืœ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืขืจ 
ื ืขื”ื˜ ื’ืจืื“ืข ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜. ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืคืขืจืงืœืขืžื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ืจืžืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื›ืืคึผืขืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ : 

-- ืืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ! ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ! ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ! | 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- ืคึผืœืื ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื›ืข ืจืื›ืข-ื˜ื”ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ? 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืคืขืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืืจื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืงืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ. | 

ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืคื˜ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ื’. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืข- 
ื•ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืœื™ืกืขืœ? ืฆื• ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคืขืจืฉืœื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืื ื’ ืฆื•ื 
ืฉื™ืคืข? ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื˜ืข ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืคืข? ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืืœืข ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’. 

-- ืฉื ืขืœ ! ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ืขื”ืŸ, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 

-- ื˜ืืงื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืึถื‘- 
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื”ื™ืจืข? ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืกื˜ ืคืขืจืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืข?ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื, ืื•ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืคืขื”ืœื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืฉืจื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื ืคึผืึถืจ ืฉืจื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืคืขืœ? ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 


78 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื“, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืขื”ื™ืจืขืŸ 
ืคึผืœืืฆืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข. 

ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืคืื ื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืื ืึท 
ื ื–ืขื”ืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืก, 
ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืŸ ืฉืžืขืจืฅ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืขืจืงืœืขืžื˜ืขืก ื”ืืจืฅ. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ื”ืขื ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืœื™ื›ืข ืžืื›ื˜ ืืฐืขืงื ืขื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ึดื™ื ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื ืฆื• 
ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืื ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืกื™ืš ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื– 
ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ? 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ? ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืคึผืœืืŸ ? ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ! ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื ืง ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

ื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ื™? ื“ืืจืฃ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื”ืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจ- 
ื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฉืœื™ืกืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืงึผืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื–ืืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคื•ื– ื–ืึธืคืึธืจื˜ ื ืขื”ืŸ, ื–ืึธื ืืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืขืŸ. ืฉื˜ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื”ื™ื˜,. 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื ืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืจืืคื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื™ื ื ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ืืืœ. ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ., ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืื ืึธ. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื - 
ื“ืœืืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืข ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜. ืžืขื ืœื™ืš, ืื– ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืœืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ . 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ - 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜. 

ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืื? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ืจืขืกื˜ืขืŸ - 


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* ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“"ืค 


ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ืขืจื”ืื‘ืขื ืข ืฉืขื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืฑ" 
ื–ืขืื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื ืื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื 
ืงืึธืกื˜ื‘ืืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ื”ืคืึธืœืข ืื ื˜ื™ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืœืื ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข 
ืงืืกื˜ืขื ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืœืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื“ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
- ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื™ื-ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ืœืื ื ื–ืื ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืืœ- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืืฉืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืข- 
ื”ืขืจืฉืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืืœืฅ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืก 
ืงืจืืคื˜, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื. ื ืขืžืึธ ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœื–ืึธ ื ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ. ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืจืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™? ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ 
- ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธ?ืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ืขืก ืคึผืืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืคืขืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื™ืš ื’ืข" 
ืื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš ื‘ืขื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื• 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื , ืคื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื ืขืก 
ืคึผืืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื ื•ื˜ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื”ืจ ืคึผืืกืขื ื“ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืขืคืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืขื ื˜ื ื™ืกืข, 
ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืขื ื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ื–ืืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืข ืจืื›ืข-ื˜ื”ืื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ,. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขืœืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขื–ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืข? ื‘ืขืจื•ื”ื™ื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืž- 
ื ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืืœืข ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื 
ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ", ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืืกืขืŸ-ืžืึธืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื›ึผืข ืจืื›ืข ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืŸ ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 

ืขื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžึฟ ื’ืขื”ื?- 


46ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืคืขืจ 


--- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืœืขื ื“, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคึผื™ืคืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ืจ 
ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ --- ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ืœืื ื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืœืข ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื‘ืฆื•ืฉืจื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืื‘ื™ืกืข? ืœืขื‘ืขื ืกื˜ื™- 
ื˜ืขืœ ืคืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืืŸ ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ื ืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ 
| ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื•ื ื™ืขืžืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ 

ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื™ืขืก, 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข. ืื•ื ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขืกืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืฐื•ืึธื”? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื’ืขื ืขืกืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“, ืื•ื ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื™ืคืขืœ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืื– 
ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืข? ืื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืคืขืจืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ. 
ืื•ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœืขื ื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ; 

-- ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืšึผ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ืื•ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ 

ืื•ื”ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื” ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ื“ืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืคืข?. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ. | 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœืขื ื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ึธืึธื‘ ื‘ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืื– 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืึธืกื˜:ื ืึธืจื“. ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื™ื˜,. ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื™ื 
0 ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืข 
ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื”ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื‚ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ื- 
ืžืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืžึตื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื— ื–ืึธืœ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืœื™ื›ืขืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 76 


ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ืคึผืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืงืื ื? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ื ืึธืจื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืจื•ืžื™ื’ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื ื ื™ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื ื“ืจืขืžืขืœื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜. ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข 
ืกืฆืขื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืขืŸืšืื•ื™ืคื ืื”ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื“ื™ื 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฉืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืคืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื”ืจืก- 
ื˜ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื›ื˜. ื ืขื” ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืก 
ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื, ืขืœืขื ื“, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืข, ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืข. 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื“ืื˜ื•ื ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื ื“ืขื ื™ืก -- ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ื›ืืคึผื˜, ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืคึผื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืœืขื ื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ; 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. : 

-- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ืข ื ืื›ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ื’ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืืœืข 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืข'ื—ืœืฉ'ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ. ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืืœื–ืึธ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ? 

-- ื™ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื• ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ? 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ืขื”ืŸ 
ืงืื’ืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–, 


24 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื•ื’ ึฟ1ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืœืงืขื ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงื•ื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ืžืื˜ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข 
ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ. ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืžืืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืืกืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขื ืข ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืขื - 
ืงืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืืคืขืŸ-ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื“ ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 
ื ืขืžืึท ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื“ืืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ื ืงื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ. 


2ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 


ื“ื™ื ืœืึธื“ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื•ืœืข ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ? ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคื™ืขืœืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ? ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื ืื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืืœืก ื˜ื™ืจืืŸ, 
ืืœืก ื ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืขืŸ, ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ. ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ื”ื ืคืขืจืื›ื˜ืขื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืœืฅ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืข ืจืื›ืข ื˜ื”ืื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ. ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜, ืื– ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ืขื”ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืžืึธืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ?.ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืข ืคึผืœืข- 
ื ืขืจ. 

ืื•ื ืขืœืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœืึธืžืคึผืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธ- - 
ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 28 ืžึดื™ื™ึดืœ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ - 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 8 


ื ืึธื›ื ืขืคืึธืœื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืœืื ื’ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืคืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ืฉืจืขืง-ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœืขื ืขืจ ืฉื ืึธื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื ื“, ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึธื›ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื ืึธื“ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืขื’ืขืœ-ืžืื›ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืื ื“. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืื? ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ. 
ืงืืคื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืฉื˜ื•ื, ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืข 
ืจืื›ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืคืขื ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืืฐืึธื”ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกืฆืขื ืขืก ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื 
ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืจืื ื’ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ื™ืฃ + 
- ื ื‘ืขืคืขื”? ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืกืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–, 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ-ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืง ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ. ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืžืืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืฆืืคึผืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื”ืžื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืกืฆืขื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืืกืขืš-ืžืึธืจื“ 
ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ื”ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืœื™ื›ืข ืžืื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื ืขืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืจื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื‘ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืงืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืœืึธื–ื™ืึธืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคึผืงืืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืึท ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืจืขื›ื˜ืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืึธื ื ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึฟ 


32 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืฒื™ื ืฉืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื‘ืข- 
ืกืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื’ืขืจืข ื ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืืœ. ืขืก ืื™ื–' 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, 
ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ื™ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜, ืื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืคืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืึธื˜'ืก ื‘ืขืจืึธื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. : | 

ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืึธืจ* 
ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื™ืขืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฆื•ึน ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜. 

--- ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืข --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืึธ- 
ืžืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขื”ื™ืœืคื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืขื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื”ืขืจืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื ืขืœืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื 
ื˜ืจืขืคึผ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก 
ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ื“ืึธืก ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื•ื™ืค 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืขื›ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื ื'ืก ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืขืฉื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืึธืคึผืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืขื ืคึผืื ืฆื™ืจ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืจืขืง 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืึธืคื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืกืฆืขื ืขืก. ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืขืก ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื ื•ึทื•ืื”ื ื–ื™ื ึดื™ื ึถืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ,. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 871 


--- ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 

-- ื’ื•ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉื™ืฃ, ื“ื™ื 
ืฐืึธืก ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ? 

--- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื ืืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ื ืืœืฅ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ืื›ื˜ ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืจืื›ืข ื ืขื”ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ึผืข ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. 

-- ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื ืื›ื˜. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืื›ื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืข- 
ืจืื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื ื•ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–. ื“ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข. ื“ื™ื 
ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืœ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืขืœื˜ 


- ืื•ื™ืฃ"ืŸ ื™ืึผ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ืื•ื ื– ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, 
. - ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืจื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธ- 

ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš ืึธื ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืงืืžืคึผืฃ, 


ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ; ืื™ื‘ 
ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื 
ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 
ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืืจื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžืืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืึธื‘ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื. ืงืืคึผื™- 


ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืŸ ืคืœืื’ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™. ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. ื“ื™ื ืื•ื " 
ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคึผืขืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš 
ื ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ. ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 


210 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ-ืงื•ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ : 

--- ืฉื™ืก, ื“ื• ื ืืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืฃ, ืฉื™ืก ! ื•ื•ืืจืฃ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ! ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึทึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื“ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืขื›ืขืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ืœื™ื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื›ืข-ืฉื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ! ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืคืืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ! 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ื" 
ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื ืจ- 
ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืืคื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืื– ื™ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืœื™ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืืจื•ื ืคื™ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืข- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ืื ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ-ื˜ืจืขืคึผ. ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืžืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื˜ ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื ื'ืก ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืงืก ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืจืข ื—ื™ื—. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืคึผืขืจืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ - 
ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜,, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ืจืขืจืขืŸ 
ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืจืื›ืขื“ืคึผืœืืŸ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ : 

--- ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ! ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ ! ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ืขื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจืื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืื˜ื”, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ. ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืขืจื“ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืœืข ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืจืื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื. ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ ! | 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืคืืœืขืŸ ืืœืก ืึธืคึผืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ืฆืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 60 


ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ --- ืฐื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื“ื• ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืš ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ? 

ื ืฉืจืขืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ืš. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœืืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฑื™ื˜, 


ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืขื‘ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ ื’ืข- 


ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืขืœื˜. ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ : 

-- ืึถื”, ื“ื• ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืขืจืคืœื•ื›ื˜ืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธืŸ, ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ! ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœืื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš. ืงื•ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœืื  
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ! | 

ืจืขื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคึผืึธื”ืŸ, ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื“- 
ืคึผืึธืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™? ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึธื‘ื ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ึผืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืžื™ื ืข ; 

-- ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ? 

-- ื™ื, ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื–ื™ื ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืขื›ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ 4 --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜ ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืจืื˜ื” ืื™ื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืขืฆื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 
ื ืฆื•ืคื? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืืจืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’. ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืขืก ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜. ืืžื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืš ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก. ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ! 

ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื 
ืžืึทืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆืขื”ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก? ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืจื•ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืœืข 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืฉืฆืขื ื“ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื”ืืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืื›ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 


68 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ืฑื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืœืขื ืจ'ืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ืื ืจืขืจืข ื ืข* 
ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘- 
ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืื˜ืึธืœืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืข- 
ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืขื–ืขื“ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ, ื–ืึธื - 
ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืข? ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื™ื 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™? ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’-ืžืืฉื™ื ืข ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ื™ื -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ --- ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ. 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืจืื›ืข ืฆื• ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืงืจื™ืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืžื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืฆื™ืžืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืงืœืึธื”ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื ืขืคื™ื”? ื’ืขืจืขืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืื›ืข-ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืข- 
ืฉืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืจืื›ืข, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜. 


ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืกืขืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืงื•ื™- 
ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืคืœื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืฐื•ืึธื”? ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ 
ืฆื•ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ. 

--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืึธื - 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฆืจื” ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงืจื™ื›ืขืŸ. ืœืึธืžื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืกื™ื - 
ื ืืœ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืจืขื ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข, ืื•ื - 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื’ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ. ื• 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื˜ืืฉืขืŸ-ื˜ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืึธืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืข-: 
ื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื”ืื ื“ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ. 


-- ื“ื• ื’ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื ื˜ 
1 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขื• 07 


ืฉื™ืฃ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœืื’ - 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ืื•ื ื– ืึธื ื™ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืคืœื•ื›ื˜ืข "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

-- ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ? ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ืื˜ืืงื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ? 
ื™ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ? ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ืฉื™ืฃ ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื›ืขืจืœื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืคึผืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

ื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ืขื ืข ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืคึผืื - 
ืฆื™ืจื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืคึผืขืœ-ื“ืขืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื•ื™ืžืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ -- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฆืฑ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืฆื• 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™- 
ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืขื ืก-ืฉื™ืฃ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืœืื ื“ ื–ื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜. ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข, ื ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข, ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืš. 
ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธืœื ื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืงืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™? ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™- 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ื ื–ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™- 
ื›ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืœืึธื–ื™ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, . 

-- ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 

-- ื ืขืจื•ื”ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืื‘ื™ืกืข? ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ืึธื‘ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืคึผืขืŸ -- ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ?, ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืึธืœ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœืขื ืข ื—ื™ื— ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืก ืึธื - 
ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 

-- ื˜ืืงื™ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื’ื•ืคื --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื ื–, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, 


06 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


1ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืกืขืŸ-ืžืึธืจื“. 


ื“ื™ื ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืข ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœ?ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืจืื›ืข-ืฉื™ืฃ", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืืจื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืืœืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจืึธื‘ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ึดื™ืก- 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืข. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื–, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืฆื™ืขืœื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื“ื™ื ืžืื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืข-ื”ืืก, ื ื”ืืก ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ 
ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืจืื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืžื™ืฆืขืŸ 4 ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ื™ืš ื "ืจืื›ืข-ืฉื™ืฃ" ? 
ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื™ืขืžืื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื–ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื“ืขื9? 
ื“ื™ื ื ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงื™ ืื–ื•ื™. | 

ื“ื™ื "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ-ืงืจืืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜. 

--- ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ !, --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

--- ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืืš ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืื ืึธึทื ืข! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื ืข- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืฃ โ€ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ 
ื–ืขืงืก ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

--- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉื™ืฃ, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ 3 -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. | 

ื -- ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ืงืจื™ืขื ืก- 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ :4 


ื”ืึธื‘ืขื– ื’ืขื“ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ืฆื™ื™ื’ื ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืจ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ. 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉื™ืฃ ? ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฆื• ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื‘ืขื–ื•ืš ? ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืกื‘ื” ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืฉื•ื ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ืจืฉื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืœืื ื ื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ : 


-- ืืžืึธ?ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ "ืžืืจืกืขืœื™ื™", 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึถื”ืจ 1762 ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธ- 
ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืขื‘ืฆื™ื’ ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขื 13ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึถื”ืจ 1778, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ืจ 
ืœื ืคึผืื™ืคึผ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ืฉื™ืฃ "ืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืึธืŸ". ื“ืขื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™, 1779 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ืฆื•- 
ื–ืื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึธื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ืžื™ืจืืœ ืขืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจืื ืื•ื. ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1781 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ืื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืืฃ ื“ืข ื’ืจืืกืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขืกืืคึผื™ืง ื‘ืขื™. 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1794 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขื 
6ื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผืจื™ืœ? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืึธื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืืจืข ื“ื–ืฉืึธึทื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ื ืึธืšึฐ ืคืจืื ืง- 
ืจื™ื™ืš, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ืžื™ืจื? ื•ื•ืืŸ ืกื˜ืื‘ืขืœ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงื•ืจืฅ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืคืœืึธื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืขืจ ืงืืžืคึผืฃ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื™, 1868. 
ื’ืจืื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ 74 ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืคึผืฃ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜. 
ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ืฃ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื˜. ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื ื. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ึผืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืœึถืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก ืคืœืื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืื™ื”ืจืข 380 
ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืฉืจื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ; "ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืข ื“ื™ื ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง !" 

ืึถื”, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ ื“ื™ื 
ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืข ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืื›ืข-ืฉื™ืฃ ! 

-- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ื“ื™ื ืจืื›ืข-ืฉื™ืฃ ! ื ืฉืขื”ื ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจ? -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืžื•ืจืžืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœ ืคืขืจืœืขื’ืขื ืจื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื”ืขื ื“ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข, 


264 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ึฟื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื›ืขืจืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื“ืขื ื ืื - 
ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ื 
ืคึผืืกืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื™ืขื“ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’. ืžื™ื˜ืึธื -ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ? ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ? 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’, ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœ ืฉืขื”ืŸ. ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœืื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœืื ื“ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืจื•ืžื™ื ื’ืข 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื•ืจืžืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ : "ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืขืก". 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจืึธื‘ื ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ื™ืขื ืข ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื•ื ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืขื ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืกื™ื’ื ืืœ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 
ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื 29 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืื? ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืึธื“ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืืฑื™ืฃ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืžื™ื™? ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ' 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืข, ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ื”ืึธื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืœื™ื ืงืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจื•ืื™ื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขืงื˜ + 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืžืื ื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืข. ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃืฅ 
ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขืงื˜ 


ืฆื•ื–ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขื• 368 


ืืŸ ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉืœืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคึผืื ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ื“ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ-ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜ ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ื– ืขื›ื˜ 
ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื”ืืคื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื˜ื-ืคืขืจื˜ืฉืข --- ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื˜ ื’ื•ืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ --- ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืงึผืขืจ ืœื™ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื™ื™ื‘? ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ื™ืกืขืŸ. 


ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื " 
ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืืฃ ื“ืจืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 28ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืžืื™ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงื™ื™ื‘? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1803 ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืœืืฆื˜. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ื˜ื”ืึธืœ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™? ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื˜ื”ืึธืœ ื’ืขื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื•ื•ืื ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 120 
ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ. 


ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฆื™ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื  ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืงื™ืจืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜-ื˜ื”ื•ืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคึผ-ืงืœื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคืื” ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข 
ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฐืขืจืคึผื•? ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืื–ื ืึธื•ื•. ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื— : ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงืื ื? ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ? ื ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ? ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ึนืึธืš 
ืืœื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื 
ืคื™ืคึผื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ ืื™ื–, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื ืงื•ืง ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜. 


ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืžืื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ืจ'ืก ืขื ืจ, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกืฆื™ืœื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– 
ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงืื ืืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืจ" 
ื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืื ืจ. 


09 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ืกื™ื™ืจื•ืก ืคื™ืขืœื“, ื ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื“ืขืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจืžืขื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืึธืคึผืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืขื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื ืฆื•- 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืึทืžืขื ื”ืฒื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจ ื ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืื™ื“ืขืข ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 

ื”ืขืจืจ ืคื™ืขืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืึทืžืคึผืื ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸื“ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ื? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื™ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืขืจืคืื”ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™. ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงื™ื™ื‘ืœืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืึธื‘ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืข- 
ื“ืขื ืข ืกื‘ื•ืช. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื‘ืขืฐืึธืจืขื ื˜, ืื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืคึผืืกื™ืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืžื ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฉื˜ืึธืคืขืŸ, ื‘ืขืฉื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืขื˜ืืœืขื ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ืžืข. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ "ื’ืจืขื™ื˜ ืื™ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธ?ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืข- 
ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ืขื 13ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™, 1866 ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ื‘? ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืก ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื•ื˜. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื’ื•ืžืขื ืข ืฉื™ื™ื“ ืืจื•ื ื“ืจืึธื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื›ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ืฉื•ื•ืขืงืขืก. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืึธืœ ืคึผื- 
ืกื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืกืึธืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ื‘ืœ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืขื“ื™ื’ื˜. 

ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขื 23ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ื™ื "ื’ืจืขื™ื˜ ืื™ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ" 
ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื 800 ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืคืื•ื ื“ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืืคื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืœืื ื“ ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืคืขืŸ-ืฉื˜ื™ืœืฉื˜ืื ื“ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜. ื“ืขื 27ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื’ืจืขื™ื˜ ืื™ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ" 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื˜'ืก ืงืึธื ื˜ืขื ื˜. ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ 
ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืข ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื ืข ืืžืขืจื™ืงื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื‘ืœ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื, ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: "ืขื”ืจืข ืฆื• ื ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“". 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ื ืื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืขืŸ, ื•ื™ื 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 201 


ื“ืขื 15ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืคืื•ื ื“ืœืขื ื“, 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขื ืข ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื’ืึธืœืฃ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืขืงื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจ-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขืŸืšืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืฐืึธืก 
- ืคื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจืš-ืคึผืึธืœ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขื ืข ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืข ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ื”ืึธืœืฅ, ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข 
ืงึผืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœื•ืกืงืขืŸ, ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืกื‘ื•ืช ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื’ืขืจ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข. : 

ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขื ืก 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืข? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื–ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืžื™ืŸ 
ืœืึธืš, ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงืขืกืขืœ-ื ืจื•ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืœืฃ-ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคืขืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ืคืขืจืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื•ื ื  ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื”ืจืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 800 ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืืจื˜'ืก ืงืึธื ื˜ืขื ื˜ (ื ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืคืื•ื ื“ืœืขื ื“), ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื›ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื‘ืขืœ, ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ืœื™ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืก ื ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื-ืฉืœืื ื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืืžืช'ืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื‘? ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื˜ 
ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผื ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื›ืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ืฉื˜ื™ืง : 

-- ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื‘? ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 1897 ืื•ืŸ 1898. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื”ื ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืคื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืขืŸ. ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1803 ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจืคืขืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื‘ืœ, ืคื™ืข? ื ืจืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืืœืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 2000 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 4800 ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜. ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื’ืข ื“ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผื ื ืึธืš ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ "ื’ืจืขื™ื˜ ืื™ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ", ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื - 
ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื—ืžื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ืื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื–ืืš ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ื” ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ. ื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืงืขืš 


00 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืขืœ? ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’, ืฆื•ืคื™ืข? ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. ืจื•ื”ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื 180 ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’, ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื”ืขื˜ ื 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืกื˜ืข ืžืื›ื˜. 


0ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืžื” 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืคึผืขืจืฐื•ืึธืจืคืขืŸ โ€ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ (ืžื–ืจื— ื–ื™ื™ื˜). ื™ืขื“ืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกืขื™ื ื˜ ืœืื•ืจืขื ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ,. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ืžืขืจ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ. ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืึถื”ืŸ ื 
ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืขืœ, ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. | 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื ืึธืš ืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ื ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ : ื ืึธืš ื ืึธืจื“-ืื™ืกื˜. ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื ืขื‘ืข?, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื–ืขื›ื˜ืœื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ืฆื•ืฉืžืขืœืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ื›ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืคืืจ ื–ืขืข-ืคืึธื”ืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ืขืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื•ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื'ืŸ ื™ื ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืฃ. ืึถื”, ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจืื•ืจื–ืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ 
ื“ืขื ื ืขื‘ืขืœ! ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ 
ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ! ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืงืื˜ืืกื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืขื‘ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืคืขืœื“, ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ-ืึธืคึผืคืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจืฉืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ โ€ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืืจื˜ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืขืŸ. ื™ืขื ืข 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืกื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืื’ืจืขืจืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ืจืขืŸ ืคืขืŸ ื™ืื 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื  ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 259 


ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืž- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆื• ืฉืื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืึถื”ืŸ 
ืžืืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึถื”ืŸ ื–ืขื’ืœืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืคืื”ืจ. 

ื‘ื™ื– ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืข" 
ืžืขืจืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ื™ืžืข? ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื“ืืžืคึผ- 
ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืึธืจืง-ืœื™ืฐืขืจืคึผื•? ืœื™ื ื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืื›ึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•? ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข 
ื‘ืœื™ืฆืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื”ืข ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœืขื ื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืฆื•- 
ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืื™ื™ื’" / 
ืื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ. ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื–; ืขืก 
ืงืึธื›ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื-ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืžื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ื ืขืจ ืงืœืืคึผื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื ื“ ืคื™ื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ืขืจืข ืงืจืืคื˜. 

ื™ื! ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืœืฃ-ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜: "ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืก !" ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ื™ืคืจื•ื”ืจืขืŸ. 

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฉืœืื ืก ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจ- 
- ื“ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืฆืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืืจื•ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง, ืื•ื ืฆื• ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคึผืืกืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœืขื ืขื ืฉื ืึธื‘ืขืœ? ืืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื‘ืœื™ืฅ-ืื‘ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ. 

ืœืขื ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืข ืคื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืข, ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืคืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ 
ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. 

- ืืจื•ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืข- 

ื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืึธื ื ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 

ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืึธืคึผืขื ืข ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืื?ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืคื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื˜ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ืžื™ืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืžื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 


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258 ื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคึผืขืจื“ืึธืคึผืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื ื–ื™ืš ืืœื–ืึธ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจื. 


ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ืจืื“ืข ืคืขืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคึผืœืืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜- 


ืคืึธืจื, ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื?- 
ื“ื™ื’ืข ืžืื›ื˜. ืื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืคืขื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื“ืขืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืข- 
ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืืŸ --- ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ื–ืึธื’ืืจ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืงืืคึผืจื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืฆื•ืจื™ืกืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื™ืึธื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื, ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ืขื“ืข- 
ืจื™ื  ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืงืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื˜ื”. ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืจื’. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 180 ื‘ื™ื– 175 
ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ- 
ื‘ืขืจื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึท- 
ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื™ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื 94ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ, 1864. ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื™ืึธื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืคึผืืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืจืื•ืจื–ืื›ื˜ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช. 

ืืจื•ื ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ืฉืœืื’ืก ืจืขื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืึธืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืœื™ื•ื›ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ 48 ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข. ื‘ื™ื™ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืจื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ืืจืึธื ืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื›ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข 
ืžื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 


ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืกื‘ื•ืช ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 


ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืขืก ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืืŸ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขื ืขืจ, 
ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: "ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืงืืคึผืจื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜". ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ 


.. ืข ื™ื˜ .ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื  ื“ ,ืขื™ ื 
ืจ ื™ื˜ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 57 


ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ืข, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื 
ืคืจืื ืข: ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก-ืœื™ืขื‘ืข, ื”ืืก ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ืฉืงืœืืคืขืจื™ื™, ืจืื›ืข 
ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื™ ืื–ื ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืข- 
ื ืขืจืข"ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ -- 
- -- ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข 

ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ --- ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ; ืฆื• 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืงึผื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ืคืขืจื’ื ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ, 
ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืงืขื ื˜ ืืœืขืก ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืจ. ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ื“ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ ; ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืš, ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™- 
ื’ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื“ืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ืื™ื– ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ. 

-- ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืืŸ ืฆื• 
ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’-ืื™ื™ืœืื ื“. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ. 

ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืื“ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš ; ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืก 
ืื– ืงื™ืจืฆืœื™ืš ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื. ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืœื™ืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืœืš-ืคืืจื‘ื™ื’. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืคืขืจืžืขื”ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ืงืข, ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ืฐืึธืœืงืขื ืก. ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจื-ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืงืืžืคึผืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 18ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืื™, ื’ืจืื“ืข ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืœืึธื ื’-ืื™ื™ืœืื ื“, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžืฒื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ื•ืึธืจืงืขืจ ื”ืืคืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ืื•ื ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืืกืข- 
ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ึนืŸ ื™ื. 

ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื”ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื“-ื•ื•ืขืกื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืจืฆื™ื’ 
ืคื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ื”ืจ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืื’ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ืคืขืจ 


38 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


--- ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื›ืขืจื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™- 
ื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื”ืœ. 

--- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืš ืจืขื“ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ : ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื  ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ? 

--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืื™ืฃ ืงืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ื“ืขืžื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ื•ื™ื ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ; ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืืœืก ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืฉืงืœืืคืขืŸ. 

--- ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜. 

--- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืฉืงืœืืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืข 
ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืฉืืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ืึธื ืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•. 

--- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™- 
ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื ืื ืฅ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื ื™ืœื˜ื™ื’ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขื”ืจืขื ืฐื•ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ? ืื™ื”ืจ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜. 

--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ --- ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ. ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื’ืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš 
ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ, ืื– ื“ืึธ ื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›- 
ื˜ื™ื ืข ื–ืืš ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• 
ืคืขืจื ืขืคืขืŸ. ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื’ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ , 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœ? ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื•ื™ื ืงืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜: ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ ืึถื”ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”, 
ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข, ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก- 
ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื / 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฆื™ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืคึผืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ืข ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขื, ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืื•ื ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืœื™ืš, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ? ืื•ื™ื› ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืึธืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 258 


ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืืŸ ืฆื• ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืขืก ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืœื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืก, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืขืจืคื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื™ื™ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ? 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš 
ื‘ื ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืึธืคืข- 
ื ืขื ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ; 

-- ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืก ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืคืืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืขืจืคืื”ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื™ืžื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ืคืขืจ- 
ืคึผืืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืขืจ, ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืžืื ื“ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›- 
ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžืืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื ืกื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ืžืึธืœ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ื‘ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ 
ืื– ื’ืจืื“ืข ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืืกืขื ื“ืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ 
ืฆื• ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื– ืื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืื‘ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืœืงืึธืžืขืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’. ื“ื™ื ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืŸ. โ€ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืก ืฆื• ืขืจืจื™ื™- 
ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื–ื ืžื™ื˜ืข? ?4 ื•ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฃ โ€ 
ืคึผืขืจื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ?4 ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืคืืœืขืŸ ? ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš 
ืคึผืืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืข? ื ื‘ืขืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ? ืงืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื™ืขืžืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ --- 

-- ืึถื”, ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ. 

-- ืึถื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš 
ื˜ื™ื˜ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื› ืื™ื—ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ -- 


-- ื’ื•ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื 
ืจืขื“ืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื•ื ื ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืข? ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ. 

--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ? 

--- ืึถื”, ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืืš ืืœืขืก ืคืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขืŸ. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื 
ื–ืืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืืœื–ืึธ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ --- 

--- ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’. ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ, ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื ืึธืšึฐ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ -- ืื™ื– ืœืขื ื“ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 

--- ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ -- ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืื‘ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื, ื•ื•ืืจื•ื 
ืึธื‘ืœืขื’ืขืŸ ? 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืืคึผื™- 
ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง,. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื ืขืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื 
ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื–ืืžืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืจืื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜- 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ืขืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืงืœืืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืœืึท- 
ืกืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื 
ื˜ื™ืฉ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื ืขืœ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืšึผ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก. 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืก ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ืžืข 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ -- ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืจืœืื ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ? 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืฆื•ืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ. 

--- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืข 
ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืœื™ืš ืื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืื™ืš ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื” ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืขื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ืจืขืœื˜ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 08 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืกื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืื•ื•ืข ืกืงืึธืฉืข (ื ื™ื™-ืฉืึธื˜ืœืื ื“), ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืกืขื™ื ื˜ ืœืื•ืจืขื ืก ืคืืœื˜ 
ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืื˜ื”'ืก ื˜ื™ื™ืš. ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืก ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜. ืึถื” ! ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืงืึธื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ื™ืš, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื›ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ! 

ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจืข'ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขืคึผืœืืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื’ืข ื’ืขืคืื ื ื’ืฉืืคื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื” ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืคึผื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜, ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื•ื ืื ื ืขื ืขื”ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ื“ื™ื 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ , ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื– ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืึถืง- 
ื˜ืึธื›ึผื•ืกืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื, ืจืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืœืืกื˜. ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืึธ?ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื™ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคึฟืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื—ืฉืง ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 
ื‘ืงื•ื™ื– ืื–ื ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื•, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ 4 --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ื–ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื– ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜. 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืšึฐ ืื™ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื”ื ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคืจื™ื™ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ? 

-- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ื“ืืŸ ืจืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืข- 
ื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืขืจืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ . 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ื’ืขืฉึฐืคึผืจืขืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืจืขื“ืขืŸ, ืงืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื—ืŸ, 


352 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืœืฃ-ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื ื’ืจืื“ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 


ื ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื™ื™ืื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ / 


ืืฑืกืคึผื•ื˜ืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ื’ืจื™ื ืกืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืœืฃ-ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจื•ืžื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, 
ืื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืžืขืขืจ-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื›ื˜ 
ื‘ืœื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืœืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืึธืกืคึผืึธืจ-ืงืึธืœื™ืจ. 


ื“ืขื 8ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืคึผ ื”ืื˜ืขืจืืก ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 


ื ืึธืจื“-ืงืืจืึธืœื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืœืฃ-ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืื™ื– ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืขื‘ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื™? ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืคืึธื”ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืื™ืžืขืจ ืึดื”ืŸ ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื. ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืกื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืงืกื™ืงืึธ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ืฐืึธื”? ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’, ื“ืึธืš 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืขืจื”ืขืœื˜ื ื™ืกืข ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื  ื 0 ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ื–ืืš ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืื˜ื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื™ื-ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื? ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธื‘ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืœ. 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜. 
ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ืžืขืœืื ื›ืึธืœื™ืข 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. 

--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ืžื•ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื“ืข 
ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืœื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืกื•ืฃ. ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึท 
ืคึผืึธื”ืจื˜ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื  
ืคึผื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฆื•ื ื ืึธืจื“-ืคึผืึธืœ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืขืจื’ื˜ --- 
ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ? 

--- ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคึฟืขื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืกื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 


= - ืื™ ) 


ื™ื‘ ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ 0 ื 
2 ื™ื™ ื™ื™ : ื™ 


4 ื‘ื™ ื 2265 ื ื ื™ืข ืื  ื ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 


;8 ื™ื™ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 281 


ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ืขื’ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื ื“ ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื’. ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืžืื™, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ื’ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื”ืืžื ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, 
ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื”ืืžื ืงืื ืืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ืึธืš ื ืึธืจ- 
ื“ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื™ืš, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืงืœื™ืžืื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ึผืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคื™ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขืžืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืœืฃ-ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืฐืึธืก ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืื˜ืœืื - 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืืงืขืืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธืœืฃ ืื™ื– ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขื–ืืœืฆืขื ืขืจ ืืœืก ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœื™ืฃืš ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™? ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžื™ื™? ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืืœืข ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืœืฃ-ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ. 
ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื‘ืขื ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื , ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืงืขืคึผ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ; ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืงืึธืœื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข 
ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืฉื” ; ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื’ืข ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืก (ืจื™ื‘ืึธื ืก) ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขืจืขื ืข ื‘ืข" 
ืฉืขืคื ื™ืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืขื”ืŸ ืคืืจ'ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’. ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืœืื ืฅ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืœืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืึธืงืขืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืจืขื’ื•ืœื- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข ื•ื•ืืคืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืคืจืึธื”ืจืขื ืข 
ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื ืžืขืกื™ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ื 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, | 

ืืจื•ืก ืžื™ื˜ืื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ'ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขื–ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืœืฃื™ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ื–ืึธื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื–ืขื—ืจ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืืœืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜, 

-- ื“ืึธืก ?ื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


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0 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจ- 
ืคึผื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ'ืก" ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื›ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืคืื›ื™ื’ืข ื”ืืจืฅ. 

--- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืœื™ืคึผืขื ื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜. 

ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจื ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืœืก ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงื™ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืคึผืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. ืฆื•ื”ืืงื˜, 
ืฆื•ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ื‘ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. 


9ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืœืฃ-ืฉื˜ืจืึธื 


ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืกืฆืขื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 20ื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผืจื™ืœ? ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ืขืžืืœืก 
ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื  ื™ืขื ืข ื‘ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืื ืฆืข ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉืจืขืงืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ 
ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžืขืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ื™ืขืฆื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ 
ื ืžื•ืจื'ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ! ืฆื•ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜, ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงื˜, ืฆื•ืจื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื‘ืฉื™ื™ืœื™ื›ืขืก ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ-ื‘ื™ืช-ืขื•ืœื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ- 
ื’ืจื•ื ื“, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืงืขืœื”ืืคื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœื•ืกืง ! 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ืก-ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื”ืขืจืฅ-ืจื™ื™ืกืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืื ื’ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœื–ืึธ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื”ื™ื™ืžืื˜ืกื™ื’ืข- 
ื ืึธืกืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืขืœืข ! ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ ื–ื•ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืขืŸ? ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืื’ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ . 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข โ€ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืขืœืข ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืคึผื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื“ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืคึผืึธื”ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ืึธืš ื 
ื‘ึถืขืฉึฐื‚ื˜ึดื™ืžึฐื˜ึธืขึท ืจื™ื›ึฐื˜ื•ึนื ื’, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 


6 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 9 


ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืœืืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ-ืžืืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ื ื•ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืข- 
ืคืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื˜ืข ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ- 


ืžืืกืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš, ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœื™ืš ! 


ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– โ€ ื ืฉื˜ืจืื”? ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคื ื•ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื— . 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ืกืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜. ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื—ื™ื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืขืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš' ื ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืขืœื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื”ืจ ืึธืคึผืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืฆืืคึผืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขื ืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข 
ืคืœื™ืกื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ื‘ืœืขื ื“ืขื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื”ืืงื˜ืขืก ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ืœืื ื“ืกืžืืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. 


ื™ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืฉืœืื ื’ืขืŸ-ื”ืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ื•ื‘ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื›ืืคึผืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึธืคึผืคืขืจ, ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืืกืขืŸ ืฆื•ื”ืืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืกืœื™ื›ืข 
ื ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆืืคึผืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืื•ื ืฆื• ืคืขืจื‘ืœืขื ื“ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื– ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. | 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืงืœืขืคึผืขื“ื™ื’ืข ืฉืœืื ื’ืขืŸ-ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืžื™ืื•ืก'ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืขืฆื™ืข?ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืึธื”-ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข 
ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขื›ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืข- 
ื“ืข'ืจ ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื”ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ. : | 

ืืš ! ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื– ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคึผืœืืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืกื˜. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืึธื‘ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื” ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื ืžืึธ- 
ืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ืื™ื– ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ืžืขืจ 
ืงืขื ืขื“ืข"ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืœืึทืคืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืง ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ 


248 ืฆื–ื•;::ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืคืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื”ืขื ื“. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ. ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ?ืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื‘ืฆื•ืฉืจื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืืœืจ 
ืื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืึธื˜?-ืคื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. โ€ . | 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื‘- 
ืฉื™ื™ืœื™ื›ืข ืœืื ื’ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉืœืื ื’. ื ืึธืš ื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืจืขื”ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ื–ืขืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืจื›ื˜- 
ืœื™ื›ืข ื”ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืฆืืคึผืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื“ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืจื™ืคืขืŸ ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื– ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื- 
ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื ืขืœ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ื ืขึถืš ืื™ื”ื, 

ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื•ืจื'ื“ื™ื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ! ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื– ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื - 
ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืกืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžืืœื•ืกืง. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื‘ืื ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืŸ'ืก ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข 
ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืึธืคึผืคึผืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืึทืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืŸ ืงื•ืœ : "ืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ! ืจืขื˜ืขื˜ !" ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™- 
ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืืœื–ืึธ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ืœืื ื“ืกืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ืžืขื”ืจืขืจืข. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืจื™ื™ืกืขื ื“ืข ื ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ! ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•" 
ืจื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉ'ืก ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืœืืคึผืขืก ? ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•. 
ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ" ื ืึธืš ื ื”ืื ื“ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื˜ื” ื’ืขืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึถืšึฐึผ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ืข 
ืขืงืขืœื”ืืคื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืง. ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ, ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคึฟืขืจ 24 


ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืงืืคื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืข- 
ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจ- 
ื“ืจื™ืกืœื™ืš. ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•"- 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ืจ- 
ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. : 

ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืึธื“ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืื? ืื™ื– ื•ื™ื ืื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœืึธืžืคึผ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 

-- ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื˜?-ืคื™ืฉ. 

-- ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืึธ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ืงืื›ืžืคึผืฃ ืึถื ืฆื•ื™ 
ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. : 

-- ื ืงืืžืคืฃ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืขืก ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืื”ืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจืก" ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจ- 
ืงึผืขืŸ ืฉื ืึธื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, 

-- ืื•ึผืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ? 

-- ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืื ืฆืข ื‘ืื ื“ืข ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜. 

-- ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก. ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืœื- 
ืฆืขื ื“ื™ื’. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืืจื•ื ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืง. 1 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ --- ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื ืขื”ื ืขืก ืึธืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ืจ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืžื™" 
ืœื™ื™ื›ึผื˜ ืฐืข? ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ. 

ื‘ึผืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืžื™- 
ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืง. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืข- 


46 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื ืขื•ื•ืขืงืกืขืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื ืข?. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ื ืื•ื™ืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื ื˜, ื‘ืขืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ื ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
- ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืขืœื”ืืคื˜ืขืจ "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ" ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜, ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื”-ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืงืึธ- 
ืœื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ-ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืืคึผืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืขืขืงืขืœื˜ 
ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืคื?, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืขืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ืขื ื•ื™. ืื™ืš. ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ื™-ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜. 

--- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ "ืืœืขืงื˜ืึธืŸ"? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืง ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืง ื’ืื ืฅ. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึธื‘ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื‘ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ื™ืึธื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉ, ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื•ืกืง ื–ืึธืœ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืขืง ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื’ืขื ืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ -- ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืžืขื”ืจืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงื™ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื™ื 
ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื ืึธื‘ืœืขืŸ ื ืขืงืจืืฆื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ืจ, 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ืคืื ื’ื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืกืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึธื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืขืจ. 

ืคึผื™ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

--- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ --- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืคืขืœื–? | 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืงืœืืคึผ ืึธืŸ ื ืคืขืœื•, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื™. 

- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขืงื˜ื ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ื–, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ 

ื ื•ืืงืขืจ, ื“ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื˜. ื ืคึผืึทืจ 


ื ืขืจ 6 ื™ื 2 ื‘ื™ 2 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 245 


-- ื ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ? 

-- ื™ื, ืงืึธื ืกืฒ?ืœ, ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืกื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื• ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ 
ืื™ื”ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. | 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืึธื‘ืข? ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ื ืื™, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ? 

-- ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš, ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™?, ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก. 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ื’ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธืคึผื•ืก, 
ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื•ื ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ. 

--- ืึถื”, ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืข? ืื•ืŸ ืื‘ืฉื™ื™ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืขืกืœื™ื›ืขืก ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื ื•ืจ ืœืขื’ืขื - 
ื“ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืคื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื ืขืœ, ื’ืจืื“ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ื’ืจืึธื”-ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื– 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืžื•ืจื ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื›ื˜ ื”ืขื ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืก ื•ื•ืืง- 
ืกืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ืš "ืงืึธืคึผื™ืคื™ืกืœืขืจ",. ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆืืคึผืขืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ืื•ืก'ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืžืืกืข ืฉืœืื ื ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ึน ื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืœื‘ ืจื•ื ื“ืข ืงืืคึผืกื•ืœืขืŸ 
(ื‘ืื ืงืขืก). ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืงืืคึผืกืœืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ืึธืคึผื•ืก ืฆื•ื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืฉืจื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ" ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืขืจ ืฉื ืึธื‘ืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื ืึธื‘ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ื’ืื™, ืขืคืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ: ื ืžืึธืœื•ืกืง, ื 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื 
ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืขืจ ! - ื“ื™ื ื ืื ืฆืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ืŸ ืืœื ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืžืืกืข ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืคื™ื ืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ื ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืข- 
ืคืขื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš. ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืื•ืžื’ืขืขื’ืจืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ 


244 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


--- ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืขืก ืื– ืžืขืŸ ืคืื ื’ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคื˜. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืข, ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืึธืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆืขื”ืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืข ื™ื-ื—ื™ื•ืช. ื ืคืืงื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข 
ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1861 ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ, ืื– ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ- 
ืงืึธื˜?-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. 

-- ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืืงื˜ 4 =- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืก ; ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื™ืึธื”ืจ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืขืจื™ืคื, ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื ืจืื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขืฆื˜, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธืกื˜-ืฉื™ืฃ "ืืœืขืงื˜ืึธืŸ". ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืื˜ 
ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืงืึธื˜?-ืคื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ื  ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ,. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืขืจืจ ื‘ื•ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื 
ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืจื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื”ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื—ื™ื” ืื™ื– ื ืžืึธืœื•ืกืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืื ืฆืข ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืขืจืงื™ื”ืœื˜ืข ืคืขื˜ืข ื–ื•ืคึผ. ื 
ืงื•ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืงืก ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฉืื“ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜. 
ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจืขืจืข ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ื‘ืขืžื™ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื–ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ" ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืขื˜ืœื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืง ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜?-ืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืขื 
ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 

--- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ืคืืงื˜ ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“. ื ืคืึธืœืงืึธืžืขื ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜, ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืคึผืืกื™ืจื•ื ื’. 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื•ืคืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืกื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืืฑื™ืฃ ืงืืคื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื ืขืจ'ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ; "ื‘ื•ื ืขืจ-ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉ". 

--- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ? 

--- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื™ 
ื“ื™ื  ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ. | 

--- ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ื ื˜. 

--- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื›ื˜ ืคื™ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืืคึผืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœืื ื’ืขืŸ 3 -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื - 
ืงื™ื™ืœ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื,, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 243 


-- ื™ื, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ืจื›ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ 

ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื ืข ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, 
| -- ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ื™ืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืข- 

ืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. | 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืžืช -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืื–ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ 
ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงื™ืจื›ืข. ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื ื•ืจ 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึธืœืงืก ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ึดื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜. 

-= ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ื•ื•ืืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ 4 -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืข. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื“ืืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื’ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ืื– ืขืก ื’ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืึดืงื™ 
ื˜ืึธืคึผื•ืกืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ : 
ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืืœืขืื•ืก ืžืื’ื ื•ืก ืคืขืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ืžื™ื™? ืงืื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื˜ืขื•ืช 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ. ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธื˜ืคึผื™ืฉ. ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ืข 
ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜. ืขืก ื’ืขื”ื˜, ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ ืื•ื ื ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืข, ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืจืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคืขืœื– ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื ื ืึธื˜ืขืก-ื“ื™ืขื ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ื’ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื–, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื ืฉืœืึธืคืขื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ืึธืคึผื•ืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืึธืฃ, 
ืคืื ื˜ืืคึผื™ื“ืืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืžืขื ื˜ ืงืื•ื•ืืœืขืจื™ืข ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืืจื™ืฉืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืขื ื“ืข ืืง- 
ื˜ืึธืคึผื•ืกืขืŸ ? 

-- ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก, ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ืฐืข? ืื™ื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืึถึธื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื–ืึธืจ- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืกืข ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืœืื ื’ืข ืคื™ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื ื“. ืืŸ ืืงื˜ืืคึผื•ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืœืืคึผืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื - 
ื˜ืืง?ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืขื’ืœื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก 
ืœืื ื’. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื”ืขื ื“, ืคื™ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื ื˜ืืงืœืก ืงืขืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™- 
ื›ึผืขืŸ ืื ื’ืจื™ืฃ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ืœืขื’ืขื’ืจืขืก ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื’, 


42 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื”ืœืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื? ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืœืืš ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื™ื ื•ื•ืืงืกื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ื ื•ื•ืื”ืจืข ืจื™ืขื–ืขืš-ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืขืข-ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืค- 
ืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืืกืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืœืืš, ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ. 

-- ื™ื -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ --- ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื”ื™ื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ืœืคึผืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธ- 
ืžืขืŸ "ืึธืงื˜ืึธืคึผื•ืกืขืŸ", ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜ืขื˜ : ืื›ื˜-ืคื™ืกื™ื ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
"ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจืก", : 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉ ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ื’ืข- 
ืคืจืขื ื˜. | 

-- ื™ื -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื–ืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• 
ืึธื ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื ื™ืขืžืืœืก ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืึธืงื˜ืึธืคึผื•ืกืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื›ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืžืึธืœ ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื” ื ื™ื˜. 

--- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ? ืคืึธืจื•ื•ื™ืจืคืข ื ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื• ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืก ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง, ืื– ืื–ื ื—ื™ื” ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ, 

--- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจืข'ืจ ื”ืืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

--- ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

--- ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ? 

--- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ?' 

--- ื•ื•ืื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ? 

--- ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื™ื ื˜ ืžืืœืึธ. 

--- ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื™ื ื˜ ืžืืœืึธ ? ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคึผืึธืจื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื ? 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ืจื›ืข. | 

--- ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ืจื›ืข ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 


ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ ื™ื™ ื ื 


ืฆื•ื–ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 24 


ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธืจ ื ึดื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืœื™ืšืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจืœืื ื ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคืขืจืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืื–ื ื ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืœื•ืก ืื™ื– ืืœื–ืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›- 


ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืคืึธืจืฉืœืื’. 


ืื•ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื 
ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืงึผืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงืœืึธื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ื ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืš ืืœืข ื’ืขืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“; ืื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืข- 
ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืœ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ื" ื ืึธืš ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. | 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื˜ืืงื™ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจื ืกื˜. ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขื ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืžืืก 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ืžื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืื ื›ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 


-ื™ื—ืฉืง ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’- 


ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืขืจืคืื”ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜- 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ-ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจื ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืงื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. 

ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื–ื™ืฆืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ-ืคืœืื - 
ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืขืŸ; ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ืฆืขื”ืŸ 
ืคื•ืก ืงืื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 00 ืคื•ื ื˜; ืœืื ื’ืข ืื ืขืœื™ื“ืขืŸ, ืžืื ื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 1,700 ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืก ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ืื ืขืœื™ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข 
ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืจื™ื™ื”ืข ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– 1,700 ืื™ืŸ ืฆืึธื”ืœ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืคืึธื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื ื’ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื-ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ืขืง ; ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ-ืคืืจื‘ื™ื’ืข ืžืึธื ื“ื™ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื” ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืจื™ื™- 
ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžืข?, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืื ื“ืขื“ืข ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื•ืœืขื˜ืขืŸ (ื‘ืืจื˜ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ) -- ื ืฐื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื”ื ืขืจ ืคื™ืฉ, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืœ, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืคืื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ื, ืขืกื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜, 

ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผืจื™? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ 
ืฉืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 


240 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืืŸ ืขื ื“ืข ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ? ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืฆืขื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืœื™ื’ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆื•" 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื– ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ื‘ืขื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื•ื ื’, ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
: ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข. ื“ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืขืœ? ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจื•ื ื ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืคืึธืจืฉืœืื , ืื– ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืฃ 
ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื  ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื–ื ืฉืืœื” ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื’ืขืก ? ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ: "ืงืืคื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื”ืืœื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ?" ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื™ืข? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ืจ- 
ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜. ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ, ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ , 
ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื”ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืื–ื ืคืจืื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืึถื”ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืขืก ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ? ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื” ืื™ื– ื“ืื“ื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืึธื ืคืจืื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืึถื”ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื ื™ืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืื•ื ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ืฅ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื ืขืžืึธ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ. ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ, ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื–ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืึธื ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืจื™ืกื™ื’ ื ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืžืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ ืฆืŸ ืคืขึทืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื. ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื’ืขื ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš 


ื ื•ืข ืืข ืื‘ ืจ ื‘ืจ ,402 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 99 


ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื’ืขืœืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขื˜- 
ืฆืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข, ืœืื ื’ืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœืืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืื ืฅ 
ืฉื˜ื™? ืืฐืขืงื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืข-ืื™ื’ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืึธืคืขื ื“ืข ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื–ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ื•ื™ืš-ืคึผืื ืฆื™ืจืก, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืงืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ื’ืขืคึผืื ืฆืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ืคื•ืก ืงืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืคื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืื ืฆื™ืจืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื™ืข? ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืคื™ืข? ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืืจื”ืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง. 

ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื™ืื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืืžืื–ืึธืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื•ืขืง 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 


8ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ืึท ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืข ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื˜ืœ-ืคื™ืฉ 


ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขื  ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืžืขืจื™ืงื- 
ื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืœืฃ (ืžืขืขืจ-ื‘ื•ื–ืขืŸ) ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืงืกื™ืงืึธ. ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื”ื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉ ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™?ืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืขืœืข ื‘ืขืฐืึธื”ื ื˜ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืืจื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคื™ืข? ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 16ื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผืจื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืžืืจื˜ื™ื ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื“ืืœื•ืคึผ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืžื™ื™?. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ืกื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืคืœืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื–ืข? ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– 
ืืœืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื, ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜- 
ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. 

! ืงืขื ื“, ืงืึธื’ืกื™ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆึตื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืจืื˜ื”ืขืŸ 


238 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ึฟื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจ-ืคื™ื‘ืขืจ --- ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืงืจืื ืงื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื ืคื™ืขืœืข 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜. 
ื“ื™ื ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ื’ืข ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜- 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคืขืจืžืขื”ืจื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืขืจืฆืขื”ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืœืข ืคึผืขืกื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจื™ืึธ ื“ืข ืœื ืคึผืœืื˜ื ื‘ื™ื– ืคืœืึธืจื™ื“ื. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื•ืกืขื ืขืœ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ื ืข ืคึผืœืื ืข ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจืื•ืจื–ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•- 
ืคื•ื™ืœื˜ืข ื ื™ืคื˜ื™ื ืข ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื ืคื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื 
ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ื ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ื™ื-ื”ื™ื ืจ, 
ื–ืขืข-ืงื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืจืึธื–ื“ืคืจืขืกืขื ื“ืข ื–ื•ื™ื’-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืŸ. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืคื•? ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ื™ืœืขื ื™ืก. ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ืงืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผืื•ืœืคึผืขืŸ, ืžืขื“ื•ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื•ื˜?- 
ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืขืจื“ ืงื•ื ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ. 

ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืืœืข ื–ืขืข-ืคืึธื”ืจืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืข- 
ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื“ื•ืฆืขื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื˜ืฑื™ื˜ืขื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™. ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืคืจื™ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ื™ื’ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื–ึดื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ "ืื™ืš" ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืืืจื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉืื“ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื›ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ื–ืืคึผืืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืจื•ื ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ืขืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื‘ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ื ื™ืื’ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืื˜ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื˜ืฑื˜ืขืŸ, ืึถื”ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื ืื˜ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื›ืœืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืกืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ. 

ืึทืœึตืก ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื˜ืฅ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก? ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึถื”ืœ 
ื–ืขืขื–ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืคึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื”ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคึผืื ืฆื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜, ืงืข 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืข-ืื™ื’ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื 
ื–ึตื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ืคื™ืฉื™ื”ื•ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคึทืื ึฐื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 87 


-- ืื”, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! ื”ื™ืœืคืข, ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ !-- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ. ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืจื•ืคืขืŸ "ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจืจ" ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื˜ื•ืžืœืขื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ "ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ". 

ืื™ืš ืื•ึผืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืข- 
ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืžึดื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธื“-ืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜. - : 

-- ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืคื™ืฉ, ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืคื™ืฉ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื’ืขืžื•ืจืžืขืœื˜. 

-- ื™ื, ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ื’ื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืคื™ืฉ, 
- ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืคืขื”ืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜. ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื - 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืื™ื ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืงืจืืคื˜. ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคืขื”ื™ื’ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืงืœืขืคึผ, ืื– ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ืŸ ืœืข- 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืคึผืืจืื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ืขื ื ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขื 12ื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผืจื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืžืืจืึธื ื™ ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื–ืขืข-ืงื™ื”. ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ- 
ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžืื ืื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืกืข ืกื™- 
ืจืขื ืขืŸ (ื™ื-ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ืก) ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื’ืึทื ื’. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉืขื”ื ืข, ืคืจื™ืขื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื–ื™ื’- 
ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 21 ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ื‘ื™ื– 1600 
ืคื•ื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขื—ืจ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ื–ืืš ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืจืึธื–ื“ืคืจืขืกืขื ื“ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืขืจืฆืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืžืืกืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฉืขื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืข- 
ื“ืขืงืขืŸ ื ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื—ืจ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ? ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืจืขืกืขืŸ 
ืฐืขืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจืคื•ื™?ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืคึผืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืžื˜ 


236 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจ (ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ) ืœืึธื–ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื™? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืœืื ื“ ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืขื. ื“ืึธ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื ื•ื˜ืข 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื”ืขื ื“ ื ืขืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื˜, ืื– ืขืก 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืจืื™ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ืขืขืจื’ืขื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืึธื ืฉื™ืœื˜ืขืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜ ื ืงืจื•ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื™ืขื ืข ืคึนึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ ื”ื ืื” ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™?ืœ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื‘ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืขืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืžืขืจืง- 
ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ-ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ, ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจื ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขื˜. 

ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืคึผื™ืงื˜ืืœื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื ืขื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื“ืขื ืžืึธืœื•ืกืงืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื˜ื™ื ื˜-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคืœื™ืกื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ. 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืœื™ืกื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืฉ ืืœืก ื•ื•ืืคืข ืฆื• ืคืขืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืคื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื‘-ืคื™ืฉ ืงืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ื ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืืœืžืืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืขืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืกืข, ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื ืขืฅ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคืœืื›ืขืŸ ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ-ืคื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืึธื ืจื•ื ื“ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืจืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฐืขื ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืคื™ืขืจืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ื ื˜. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืคืœืขืงืขืŸ. ืœื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืฅืŸ 
| ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืฆืืคึผืขืœื˜, ื’ืขืงื™ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืง, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืœื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื™ึดื 
ืืจื™ื™ื ืคืืœืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื“, ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ื›ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกื™ื™? ืื•ืžื ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ืขื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจ- 
ืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืคึผืืจืืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜, 


= ื ื ื ื ืืข 1 ื ืจ ื‘ืฉ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 8 


ืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืงื•ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจืกื˜- 
ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืฉืžืึธืœืฆืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืืงืก ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืขืจื -ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืœืงืœืื ื“ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก. ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผืจื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืื˜ืื’ืึธื ื™ืขืŸ, ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืขื - 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ 
ืึธื‘ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœื-ืคึผืœืื˜ื, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผืจื™ืœ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืจื•ื ื•ื•ืื™ (ื ื–ื™ื“-ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง), ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืืœืฅ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ, ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืงืจื•ืžืข ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื“-ืืžืขืจื™ืงื. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืจ ืžื™ื™ืœ?, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืคึผืื ืขื–ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 

ืืจื•ื ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ืคืืจืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคึผ ืคืจื™ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื–ื™ืœื™ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืฆื• 
ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืขืจื’ืขืจื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ืจื™ื™ืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข 
ื˜ืขื’, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผืจื™ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืคึผ ืกืืŸ ืจืืง, ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื“ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ืื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื ื ืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื?, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฆืืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข 
ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ืื‘ื ืจื•ื ื“, ืืจื™ื‘ืขื”ื™ื ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื™ืืจื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ 27,000 ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื›ืกื“ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืข, ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขื ืขืœืคื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผืจื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืก ืœืื ื“ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ืืžืื–ืึธืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืš,. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืคืขืจืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคืœื™ืกืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืืกืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคืขืจืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืขืจ-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื–ืืœืฆืขื ืขื ื˜ืขื 
ืื•ึผืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ, 


204 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื‘ืืจื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืœืึธื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืจื™ื’, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืคืืจืžื™ืขื ื˜ืึธ-ื‘ืืจื’ ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• 
ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ-ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื”ื ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื . ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข 
ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืขืขืจื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜. ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื™ื-ื•ื•ืืงืกื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคืขื“ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ 900 ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืคื™ื ื ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ืง. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืก ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืคืืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ. ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืึธื– ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืคึผ, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืœืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืคื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื™ื-ื—ื™ื”'ืœืืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืจื ืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืก ื•ืฐืึทื”ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืืœืก ื ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืก ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก-ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ. ื™ื-ื”ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขืจืขืŸ (ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื‘ืขืจ) ืคืจืขืกืขืŸ 


ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืืœืก ืคืึธืจ-ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•-ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, 


ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืืœืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–. 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื ืขืœ. ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืœืงืœืื ืจ 
ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื”ืžืึธืจื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื” ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืืœืงืœืื ื“ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื’ืขื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืœืืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ-ื ืขืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ื•ื™ื ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืคื•ืก 
ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืŸ-ืฆื™ื”ึผืขืจ, ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก- 


ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื‘ืข ืคืœืขืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืื ืฆืข- / 


ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืจืžืœืืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜-ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 


ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืขืจื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ' 


ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืืš. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืœืขื‘ืขืจื™ื’ืข ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉืขื”ืŸ ื–ืึธื™ 


2 :1 :0 ื™ื˜ 


ืื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื˜ 


=( 5 ื™ืข 1 ื‘ื™ 2 ืจ ืื‘ื‘ ื•ืจ ืขื‘ .ืขื” 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 3 


ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืข- 
ืคืจื™ืขื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื ืขื ืื‘ืขื ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ื ืึธืš ื ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, 

-- ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื ื™ื™ืขืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืœืข ื ื™ื™ืขืก ! 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ? 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืขื ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ ืฆื•ื 
ื ืึธืจื“"ืคึผืึธ? ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ? ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืคื™ืœืŸ ื™ื, ื”ืึธืฃ ืื™ืš, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ 
ื•ื•ืื• ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœืขื ืขื ืงืขืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืฆืจื•ืช. 

-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืึธื‘ื’ืข- 
ืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ืื™ื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื’ืขืŸ 


| ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื. 


-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ืžื˜. 

ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืงืจื™ืขื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืข 
ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืึธื ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผืจื™ืœ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ืŸ ื’ื ืข- 
ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจืขื’. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ "ืคื™ื™ืขืจ-ืœืื ื“? -- ื 


ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืฆืขื”ื ื“ืœื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜. ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืข 


ื™ื-ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ "ื˜ืขืจืึธ ื“ืข? ืคื™ื•ื ืึธ" --- ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ืš ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื™ื™ื ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืจ. ื“ื™ื 
ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคืœืืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืจื’. ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืžื™ืขื ื˜ืึธ ื‘ืืจื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื–ื™ื™? 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 6200 ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืืจื’ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ. ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืขื˜, 
ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื‘ืืจื’ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื ืขื‘ืขืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื˜ื”ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ?ื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื ืฆึตื™ื™ื›ึถืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืขื”ื ืขืก 


232 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


-- ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืจืขื›ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขื˜ืึธืจ --- ืื™ื– ืœืขื ื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ --- ืฐื•ื™? 
ืื™ืš ื˜ืืงื™ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืคืึธื“ืขืจืขืŸ. 

--- ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื ืกื™ื™? ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 

--- ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ,' 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืขืจื“ืืžื˜ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจื“ืืžื˜ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. | 

--- ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึทื ืกื™ื™ืœ ืื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื™ืขืฆื˜. 

-- ื ืึธืšึฐ ื ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื” ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื ืึธืš. 

--- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืฆื•ื ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ึนืึถืš 
ื“ืขื ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ? ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ? 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื  ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืฐื•ืึธื”? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื ืขืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืงืืคื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึท 
ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืื–ื™ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข 
ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืข ื™ื-ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืžื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืจื™ื 
ื–ืืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืึธื”ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื ืขืœ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธืœืืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืคึผ ื”ืึธืจืŸ. 
ื“ืขื 31ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ, ืื•ื ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื”ืจ ืื‘ืขื ื“ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืก 
ืฉืคื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืืœืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจ 
ื’ืขืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื’, ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืื ื ืขืค 
ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืข- 
ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื. ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืขืฆื™ื™- 
ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืืจื˜ืข ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื“ื™ื ืงืืจื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืžืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื’ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ื- 


ื™ื™ ื™ื™ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 21 


7ื˜ืขื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 


ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืš ืึทืžืึทื–ืึธืŸ 

ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจืขืŸ. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื˜ื”ืžืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื™ื-ืœื•ืคื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื—ืฉืง ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืขืกื˜ ื 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืื›?, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื™- 
ืคืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืข ืื˜ื”ืขืžืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื ื’ืข? ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ 
ืฉืขื“ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืงืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืื“ืขืŸ. 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืงืขื ื“ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืœื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ืืš! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืงืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ! ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืœื•ืคื˜. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ. 

ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืื˜ื”ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืงืจืืคื˜, ืื– ื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ. ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ึผืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืื”ืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื•ื’ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืจื™ืฉื˜ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ. 


, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื“ืื ืง 


ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ?, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืจืข- 
ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืขื ื ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืจืื ื ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ. 

--- ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื --- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ 
-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืคืœื™ื›ื˜, 

-- ื ื™ึทื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืข --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ 
ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ืจืขืŸ. 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืœืื ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, 


=,.+ = 


0 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืœืื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืื™ื™ื– ื ืึธืšึฐ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ? 
ืื™ืš ืœื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข 
ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื”ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜. 

ื•ื™ื ืคื™ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผื™ืขืจ ืื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜. 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ึดืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ? ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–-ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก ? 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืข ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ืึธืคึผืคึผืคืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืข? 
ืœื•ืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ื–ื™ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืืœื‘ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜, ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืืคืืจืื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื‘ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื” ืื‘ ื“ืขื ืื˜ื”ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘- 
ืœื™ื›ืข ืœื•ืกื˜. | 

ื“ื™ื ืื•ื”ืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืืœื‘ ืขืœืฃ ืคืืจืžื™ื˜ืึธื’. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืœึตื ึธื™ืคึฐื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื™ืขืจืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื–ื“ืคืขืœื“ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืขืœื“ ? ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ? --- ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจืื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืšืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื— ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจ 
- ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืคึผืข ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืงืœืืค ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื“ืขืง. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืจืื›ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืžืึธืœ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžืฉื•ืคึผืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื–, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื ืืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืงืจืื›ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืงื- 
ื ืึธื ืขืŸ. ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธืœื ื˜ ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืคืืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ื", 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื  ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 529 


ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืขืจืคึผืขืกื˜ืขื˜ืข ืœื•ืคื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืข- 


ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื”ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜; 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ื•ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื 
ืืจื•ืžื ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜. ืคื™ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืืจื˜ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื  


ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืกื™ืกื”. 


ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื  ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืฉืืคื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื“ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ; ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜-ืžืื ื’ืขืœ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ 
ืืœืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ, ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืžืขืจืฆืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื’ื•ื ื’. 

ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืคืขื”ืœ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื–- 


{ = ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 


ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ืขืจ' ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืจื•ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื“ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืจื•ื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื– ื“ืขืง, ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ืคื•ืก ื“ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ื“ื™ื 


ื™ื’ืื ืฆืข ื™ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ 


ื’ืขืฉืœืึทืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจ- 
ื˜ืขื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืก-ืžื™ื˜ืข?ืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ื, ืื– ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื ืงื˜ 
ืืจืึธื‘ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ืงืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœืืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

-- ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ --- ืžื•ืจืžืขืœื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘. 
ืื™ื”ื ื ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื ื”ืื ื“ ืฉื•ื•ืืš ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜, ืืœืก ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื– ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 

ื‘ืืœืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืจ ืงืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– 
ืืจืึธื‘ ื•ื™ื ื ืงื•ื™?ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก. ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืง- 
ื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื ืข? ืฆื• ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ- 
ื‘ืืœืืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืืจืึธื‘ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืืจื•ื™ืฃ, ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ืคืื ื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื›ื ืกื˜ืข 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืจื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืึทืจืจืขืŸ. 


28 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื’ืขืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืื ืืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืื“ 
ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืขืจ ; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ื’ืจืื“. 
--- ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ื ืขืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, 
ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืงืจืื ืขืŸ ื’ื™ืกืขืŸ ืึธื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ื“ืขื ื“ืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
--- ื™ื, ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืจืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ; ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื•ื™? ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื 27 ืžืขืจืฅ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื›ื˜ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืก ืื™ื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืคืฃ ืคื•ืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ืึถืšึฐ ืืœื–ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืจืฆื™ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ "ื ืึธื˜ื™?ื•ืก" 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืžืขืจ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืฉืขืŸ. 
ืื•ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ื”ืจ ื ืื›ืžื™ื˜ืื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืŸ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข 
ืงืœืขืžืขื ื™ืก. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืื˜ื”ืขืžื˜ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ, ื–ื•ื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขื”ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื”ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืึถื”ืŸ 
ืงืจืืคื˜, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืœืึธื–. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™?, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคึผื™ื™ืŸ, ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึถื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื“, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื•ืจืžืขืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ ; 
--- ืืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื˜ื”ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ื•ืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ! 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืข ืœืื ืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื ืข 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืกืงืืคืื ื“ืขืจ-ื‘ืขืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, 
ื“ืขืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื ืข 
ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก-ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืงืฐืขืจืึธืœ-ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืึธื‘ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื˜ื”ืขื. ื“ืึธืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืœืขื ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจืื“. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืจืš- / 
ื ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืขื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’. 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืšึผ ืžืขื”ืจ ืงืจืืคึผื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืคื•ืก 
ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืืงืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ืงืื ืืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜-ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืขืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืค 
ืœื•ืคื˜ ื•ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืšึฐ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืขืš 


2 : : : . ื‚ึตึผ : 
ืจ ืจ ื ื 5500 3 42 ืจ ื™ื™ื‘ ื™ื‘ 5 ื ื ื 8 ื™ื‘ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 44 


ืžื™ื˜ืข? ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึทึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืจืึธืจืขืŸ. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ื•ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืก ืคืจื™ื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

--- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื ืœืื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขืจ 4 -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. " 

-- ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืœืขืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื”ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจ- 

ื˜ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืขืจืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืข? ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื™ืฆืขืŸ. ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื™ืขืฆื˜, ืฉืจื™ื™- 
ื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื‘ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืจืขืงื ื™ืกืขืŸ. 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื ื ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 
ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœ: | 

-- ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ! ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš, ืงืึธื›ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

-- ืงืึธื›ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ? --- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

-- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ืคื•ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ, 
ื–ืื’ืืจ ื”ื™ื™ืก ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ื™ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ืขืก ื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ืคืขืจื”ื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืจื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ; ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืก ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงื™ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ --- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. ื‚ 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงื™ืš-ืฆื™ืžืขืจืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืืจ- 
ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ืœืืฆื™ืึธื ืก-ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ; ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื–ืืœืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ื.ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคื•ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื”ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืขืจืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืจืื“ ื”ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ืœืืฆื™ืึทึธื ืก-ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืจื•ืจื›ืœื•ื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืืจืฑื™ืกื ืขื’ืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“- 
ืงืึธื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’. 

ื’ืื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื’ืจืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 


226 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ? ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืขืŸ ื”ืืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื–, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–- 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืขืจืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ืง ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธื›- 
ืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ, 

--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืึธ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืžื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืฆืขืžืขื ื˜. 

--- ื™ื, ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ? ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืขืฆื” ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ? 

-- ืืš! ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึท- 
ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืจืึธืจืขื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

--- ื ื•? ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ } -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜. 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
--- ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–"ื•ื•ืขื ื“, ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜. ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื– ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจืคืจืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืขืก ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ,. ืคื™ืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืคืœืืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืคืจื™ื”ืจืขืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืœืืฉ ืคึผืœืื˜ืฆืขืŸ. ืคื™ืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืขืกื˜ืข ื›ืœื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืก ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืขื ืงืื ืืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ ื–ืึธืœ ืืœื–ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืืกืข ืื™ื™ื–, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“, ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืืš, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืจืื“ืข ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ืœืฃ. 

--- ื™ื, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงื™ ืื–ื•ื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ? ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ื 
"ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 

-- ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื–ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• 
ืคืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข 


ืฆื–ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 329 


ื˜ื™ื˜ืข? ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื–, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื•- 
ืคืจื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืืœืขืก. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ! ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ? ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ. 

ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืงืจืืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืข? ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคึผืขืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืขืŸ, ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื ืจืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ. ืืœืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข 
ืœื•ืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜, ืื– ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืฉืืคืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืึธืคืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ื“ืขืจืฆื•. 
ืฐื™ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื ื•ื’. ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก-ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื–ืืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืงืืจื‘ืึธื ื™ืง ืขืกื™ื“ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืื˜ื”ืขืžื˜ ? ืื•ื ืฆื• ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, ืื•ื ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืึธื˜ืืฉ.-- ืื–ื ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ื?, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
"ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื”ื™ืžืขืจ, ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืื ื˜ื™ืงืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ืฉืืฆืขืŸ, 
ืคึผืขืจืžืึทึธื ื˜ ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขื”ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ื! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜, 

ื™ืขื ืขื ืื‘ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขืฆื•ื•ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืงืจืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜-ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื 26ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™'ื ื”ืืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–-ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืข? ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืจืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื”ืœืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืืง ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื›ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. 
ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืช'ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื‘ื˜ 


224 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


--- ืคื™ื ืฃ ื ืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืจ ื˜ืขื’ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ 
--- ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ 48 ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ! | 

--- ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืขืจื“ืขื --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื“. ืœืขื ื“ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ --- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ 
ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขื ืžืขืขืจ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื 
ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื– ! ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืื‘ืจ ,ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื”ืืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื–. 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืื•ึนื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืœื–ืึธ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืœืื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคึผื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื™ื–ื“ืงืขืจืงืขืจ. ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ื” ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืข ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ืื˜ื”ืขื-ืฆื•ื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ . 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–-ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืคึผื™ืขืคึผ 
(ื’ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึทึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ. ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
(ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’- 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื ืขื–ืขืฅ ืื– ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื™ืžื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืจื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืึธืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขื›ื˜ ืงืืœื˜ืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ ืฆื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื–ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–-ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืจืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื ื™ื™ืข ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื•ื ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืœื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ื” ืฆื• ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจื ืกื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœืื’ืข . 
ืื™ื–. 

-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืงืืœื˜- 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ --- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ? ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ื˜ ื™ืข 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 223 


ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื-ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ืง ืื•ึผืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื ืฆื• ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื”ืืงืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืกื˜ืข ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืงืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื”ืืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื“ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืืงืขืŸ 
ืื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžื˜, ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืืจื™ื, ืงืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขื ืžืขืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืง ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ืจืืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืง 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื”ืืงื˜ืข ืื™ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃึผ'ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ. 
ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš. 

ื ืึธืš ื ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืœืขื ื“ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืžื™ืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื ืขืงืœืฒื™ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ'ืก ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜. 

ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืฐืึธื”? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื™ื-ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ. 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื™ืžื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ื•ืขืงืกืœื•ื ื’. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื”ื˜, 

ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืกืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืื– ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขื - 
ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึถื”ืŸ ืึดื‘ืจื•ื” ื’ืข- 
ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ืืงืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ืคื•ืก ื“ื™ืง. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืืกืข ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืงืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื ืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืจ ื˜ืขื’, ื›ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืื™ืฅ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืึธืจืขืŸ. 


98 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืื•ืืจืก,. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื ื ื–ืื ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ, ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ, 

--- ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืข --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ -- ืื•ื - 
ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ืข ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืขืจื ืกื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ืขืคืื”ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ ืคื™ืขืœ ื”ืึธืคื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ื” ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข. ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ื–ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื ื•ืจ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื™ื– ืคื™ืข? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืจื ืคืืจ'ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜. 

--- ื’ื•ื˜, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ื”ื ื“ื™ื 
ื”ืื ื“ ืืœืก ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงื™ื™ื˜. 

-- ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื” ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธื ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืง -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื”ื™ื’ ื ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื” ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธื ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ,. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœึผ 
ื”ืึธืคืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

--- ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืคืข ืึธื ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. 
ืงื•ืžื˜, ืœืขื ื“. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกืงืืคืื ื“ืขืจืก (ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ), ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“'ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืก ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืขืจ ืฆื• ื”ืืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื–. 

ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืืœืข ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืข ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืข? ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื™'ื 
ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ืœืึธื“ืขื ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืคืึธืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ืœืขื ื“ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื™ื ื•ืจ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ื“ื˜ ื”ืืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜, - 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ืงืœืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืœืขืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืง ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ืง. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืึถืšึฐ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืก 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 1 


--- ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขืจืจืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจืœื™ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจืœื™ื™ ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืคืึธืจ ; ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืขืจ, ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ. 

- ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฅ 

ืจื•ื”ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืจืื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ืขืŸ ื ืœืขืงืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื˜ื”ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง. 

-- ืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ืก -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ --- ืงืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–ื–ื‘ืืจื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ;- ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืคืื”ืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืžืขื”ืจ 
ืœืขื‘ืขื ืกืžื™ื˜ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• 
ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. | 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš 
ืžื•ืจื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืœื•ืคื˜-ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ? | 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืคึผืืก ืงืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืจืฆื™ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืข 
ื ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขื ื“. ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึนึผืึถืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื 
ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืคึผืจื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื ืึธื›'ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืืคึผืืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜, ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืื˜ื”ืžืขืŸ. 

--.ื ื•, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืจืฆื™ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–-ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก ? 

-- ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข, ืคื™- 

ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–-ื•ื•ืขื ื“. 

-- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข ืžืื›ืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ? 
-- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื“ืึธืคึผ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื ืื˜ื™ืจ- 
ืœื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžึผื™ืจ ืขืก ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืขืจ. 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ? 

-- ืื™ื™ื ืคืืฃ. ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืข? ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืขืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ-ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ ื”ืืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื–. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืื? ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื–ืขืจ- 


30 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื•ื’ ื˜ึฟื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


-- ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืคืขืจืœืื ื ื˜ ืกื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ 

-- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, 

ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ' ืคืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึธ- 
ืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก 
ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืึธืš ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 90 ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืขื ื ืขืŸ 
ืงืื ื? ืื™ื– ืื–ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืืคื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื - 
ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ ืื–ื ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืœืื ืข ืื™ื– ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื™ืื”ืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื ืข? ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืžืขื ืœื™ืš. 

ืื•ื ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืึธื‘ื ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ืงื•ื™ื 
ืื™ืžืฉื˜ื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืก. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคืืจ'ืŸ ื”ืื ื“., ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจึผ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ. ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžื ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ?, 

--- ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืจืฆืืžื˜ ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 7 

--- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืชืคื™ืกื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–? 

--- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, 

| 6ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 


ืขืก ืคืขื”ืœื˜ ืœื•ืคื˜ 


ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–-ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– 
ืื™ื™ื–, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืคื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ! ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืžืคึผืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืžืขืจ. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืœืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜. ื ืึธืšึฐ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ; 


3626 .ื 2 ืืข ืชื ื ื ืื™ ืืข ื•ื•ื™ืจื‘ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 319 


-- ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ -- ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฆืืžื˜, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืืžืช'ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื•ื ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืจื•- 
ื”ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื˜ืืงื™ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกืœืึธื–ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

--- ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•- 
ื“ืจืขื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืก ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ --- ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื‘ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืจืื’ืข! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื‘ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืื? ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง. ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืคืืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืฐื•ืึธื”? ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืจื ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืจื™ืฃ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืื‘ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืžื™ืฆืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจืขื ืขืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืœืขื–, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœืจ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงื™ 
ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ : 

-- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื–ื˜ ? 

-- ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื•ืจืฅ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. / 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื˜ืืงื™ ื“ืขื 
ื”ืขืจืจืŸ'ืก ืคืขืจืคืืกื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื– ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง "ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืขืจืฉืขื—ืžื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ. ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืŸ. 

--- ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธ, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืข --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื‘ื™ื– ืžึดื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ืงืืกื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 


218 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


--- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
--- ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืคึผื ื™ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ื”ืขืกืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืื•ืก ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขื”ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืขืจื“ ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ื ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืข ืฉืขื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืึธ ? ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื’- 
ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ-ื”ืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ ื ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจื”ืื‘ืขื ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืื™ื™ื– ? ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืค- 
ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืืคืขืŸ ืฉืขื”ื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื”ืื‘ืขื ืขืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ื“ื™ื ื‘ืข- 
ืฐืึธื”ื ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื, ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข, ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืข 
ื’ืจื•ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ืขืคึผ! 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืœ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜. ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคึผืื ืืจืืžื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ืื–ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ! ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™?'ืก ื‘ืขื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ : 

--ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ? ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืจื•ื”ื™ื , ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขืจื’ืขืจืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืžื™ืื•ืก. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืคื™ื ืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”. ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ 
ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืึธื‘ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜. ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืคึผืึธืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ืคืขืจื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–"ื•ื•ืื ื“. ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืกื™ื˜ืข? ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืจื ืขื ื“ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจื ื™ืกืข ืฆื• ื‘ืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืคืึธืจื˜ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืคืื ื ื˜ ื’ื ืืจ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜. 

--- ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–- 
ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ ืคืขืจืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื”ืŸ. 

--- ืื•ื‘ ืื™ื•ื™ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืึธืจื ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– 
ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขื”ืœื™ืš. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžึดื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ืคึถืขืจื‘ึทืœื™ื™ื‘ึถืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 27 


-- ืืš, ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืขืจืœื™ืš, ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืขื”ืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ? 

-- ื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจ, ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ืœืขื ื“ ? | 

-- ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืคืขืœ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ - 
-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจื“ืจื™ืกื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฐื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืขืก ืฆื•ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ื™ื, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืžืช, 
ืื– ืื–ื ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืงืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ื™ืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ. 
ื ืžืขื ืฉ ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™.: ืคืขืจืœืื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื 
ืคึผืขืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, | 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงื™ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืขืœ ืฉืขื”ืŸ, ืฆื•ืคื™ืข? ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’. ื“ืขื ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืขื”ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื›- 
ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ืžืœืื›ื™ื, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ. : 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ืึธื‘ื ืข- 
ืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“, 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ, ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? 4 --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

-- ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืฉืœื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืึถื”, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœืขื ื“ืขื˜, ืคืขืจื‘ืœืขื ื“ืขื˜ ! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœื˜ 
ืื–ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื’ืœืื ืฅ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืœืข ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืคืขืจื“ืขืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืœืจ ืึธื‘ื ืข- 
ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜. 
ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜. ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืข ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื‘ึผืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืœืื ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ึนื™ ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื™ืš ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข 
ื‘ืœื™ืฆืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืœืึธื“ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ. 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืžืื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืฉืžืขืจืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืจื•ื”ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืจืขื’ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื’ืข ื–ืขื”ื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืจืืคื˜. 

=-- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ึดื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื’ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 


26 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคึฟืฑื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ืงืœืืคึผืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื–, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ. 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืึธื‘ึผื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

-- ื™ื -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ --- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ื’ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืจื’. 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ, 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ --- ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืขืจ- 
ื“ืืžื˜ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ื”ื 
ืฆื•ืจื•ื” ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜,. ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืคึผ- 
ื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ? ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœืึธื“ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืคืืจึผ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืขืŸ ืงืืžืขืจืื“. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื–ืึธ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื’ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–. ื“ื™ื ืงืืœื˜ืข ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื‘ืืจื’. ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ื ืขืฆืืžื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื  ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ืš. ืฐืึธืก ืื ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’ืขื ืื ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืœืึธืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืข ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ื“ืขืจ ืื‘ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–-ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืื•ึผืŸ ื ืข- 
ื‘ืœื™ืืกืงืขื˜, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืขื ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ื™ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืงืึธืœื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ื›ืข 
ืขื“ืขืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืคึผืืœืืกื˜, 


= 8 - 63 0 ืื˜ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 25 


-- ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ? 
-- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื–, ื ื ืื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ืืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื‘ืืจื  
ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื–ื ืฆื•ืคืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜. ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืืกืข ืื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 


| ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื–ื™ืฆื˜ 
ืืœื–ืึธ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–. 


--- ืฆึดื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ. ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ! 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืืงื™ ื™ืขืฆื˜. ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื“ื™ื ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–- 
ื‘ืืจื’ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืžื•ืจื, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืœืื’ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืืœืฅ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจื ื™ืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืฐืึธื”? ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื ื“ื™ื™ื›ึผืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืžื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึนื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ. 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’. ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื‘ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืฆื• ืœื™ื ืงืก ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜. 

--- ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื‘ืืจื’ ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžืขืœื˜. 

-- ื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืœืขืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืืืœ. ื‘ืืœืจ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืคืขื”ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ 


14 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ื• ื”ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื?, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ 
ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ 
ืื™ื”ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืืœืข ืžืขื - 
ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ. ื’ืขื”ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืงืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ื™ื“ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ'ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืก ืื•ื ื ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืืกื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื•ื›ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื• ืคืขืจ- 
ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื•ื” ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื™- 
ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื ืข, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžืคึผืืก, ื“ืขื ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ. ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื-ืงืืจื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ : 

-- ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืกื‘ื” ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ? 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืฆื•ืคืืœ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ, 

-- ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืืœ 4 

--- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜. | 

--- ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืคืื”ืจ ? 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ. 

-- ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜? ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื•ืœืจื™ื  ? 

--- ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื‘ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืข? ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ืจืื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 


ื™ื™ 
ื ื 4 


3024 


ื 


,ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ 


ื™ืข 


= ืขื™ 3 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 13 


ื’ืขื‘?ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืื?, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœืึธืžืคึผ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืืฐื•ืึธืจืคืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ืœื™ื– 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ืงืืกื˜ืขื ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืฉืจื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืœื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืืœ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื 
ืึธื ื˜ืจืขืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงื•ื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

-- ื“ืขื ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ 


-- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– 


ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ ? 

-- ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืคืข?! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ื“ืืžืืœืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืึธืจืขืก ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืก. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ --- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ? 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ืฒื™ืœ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจืขื ืขืŸ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ. 

-- ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืืœื“ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘. ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ืฆื˜, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืข?? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ. 


ืžึตื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ. ื–ืืืœ, ืื•ื ืจืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืžืฆื•ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ 
: ืŸ 


212 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ื˜ ืกื™ืœืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืกืขืŸ, ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข ืงืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ืื˜ื”ืžืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜, ื”ืืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืืจืคืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ื ืขืจ ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืึธืคืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ, ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ 
ื ื ื™ื™ืขื ืงืœื™ืžืื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ืžืื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ืขืจื˜ืจืขื ืœื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื•ืึท 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืกื™ืœืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืึธืจืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื ืขื’ืขื ืจ 
ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืข ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืขืจืขืจ ืงืœื™ืžืื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ื˜. ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ. 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืขื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ื" 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืจ 
ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ืข- 
ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™? ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. ื’ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื‘ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื . ื“ื™ื 
ืœืึธื“ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™- 
ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜,.ืื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื‘ืืจื’ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ื—ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื ืขื 
ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืขืŸ. 
ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืคึผืืกื™ืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื”- 
ืจืขื ื“ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจ- 
ื˜ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืฐืฒื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจ- 
ื“ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื’ืื ื ืขื - 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. 
ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ื”ืจ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื  ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืื’ืจ- 
ืงืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืขืœ? ื”ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืคืึธืจ. ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืฉืžืืจืง ื, ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืขืœ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขื™ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ 


ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 211 


ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 
-- ืื™ืš, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื 91ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ, 1808, ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 


| ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื“"ืคึผืึธืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื ืจืื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืขื”ื ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืœืื ื“ ืฐืึธืก 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืฉื•ืืจืฆืข 
ืคึผืึธื”ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ืขื”ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›- 
ืฉื˜ืื‘ "ืขืŸ". ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ึผืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืœืฑื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ : 
-- ืื“ื™ืข, ื–ื•ื ืŸ ! ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื” ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ื“ื™ื 
ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืœืื ืจ ! 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". | 

9ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 


ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™! 


ื“ืขื ื ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขื 22ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ, ืื•ื ื–ืขืงืก ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื” 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื™ื–ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื“ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืื›ื˜-ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง --- ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ืื– ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’. ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืขื›ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉืžืขืจืฅ. ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืžืขื”ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื? ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ื”- 
ืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธืคืขื ืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืก ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืงืื ื ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื–. ื•ื•ืื• ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื– ? ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ึผืข ืงืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืึถื”ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ ?. ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืขืจืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ืึธืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ืงึผืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข, 
ืงืื ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ื™ื’ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืคื•ื™ื ืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืกื˜ืื“ืขืกื•ื•ื™ื™ื–. ื–ื™ื™ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืฆื• ืื˜ื”ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 


20 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื  ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืคืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื•ืึธืœืงืขื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื–ื™ื“ืขืŸ; ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื•ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ-ืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืขืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ึผ ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœ, ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ื™ื, ืื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื- 
ื›ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆื™ื’ืข, ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขืจื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืข? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, 
ืื– ืคืืจ'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืœืื ื“, ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข? ื•ื•ืขื’ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืžืื›ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงืฒึทื™ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืคื™ืข?ืœ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืฅ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื‘ืืจื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืจืคื™ืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืกืืœื˜- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ืคึผืื ืืจืืžื ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ื’. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธึท- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืฉื ืขืข-ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืœืขื ื“ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืฉืœืึธืคืขื ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ. 

ื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจื“ืคึฟื™- 
ื›ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ?, ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ืœืขื›ื“ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื ืึธืœื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืืกืงืขื˜, ืฉื™ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžืขืกื˜ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆื˜, ืื•ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืข? ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืœืึธื–, ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื 
ื–ื™ื“ื“ืคึผืึธืœ, ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื“-ืงื•ื ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืšึฐ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

--- ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข, 

--- ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ, ืึธื ืฆื™ื™ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื ืœืึธื– ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ. - 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืœืข ื–ืขืงืก ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ. ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’ืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ืกื˜ืข ืœืื ื“, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืข, ื”ืืœื‘ ื™ืขื”ืจื™ื ืข ื ืื›ื˜. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ:ืื•ื ืžืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 509 


' ืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืœืงืขื ืก. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ืš ืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืงื™ื™ืŸ. ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช 
ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 


- ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื‘ื™ื– ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื•ืฐืขืœื˜. ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœ. ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืก, ืฐืึธืก 
! ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืข ืขื’ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ืจืึธื’ืœื™ืคืขืŸ. ืคืืจ 
ืื–ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืงืขืš-ื–ืืžืœืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืืžื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’- 
ื™ืงื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคืจืื ืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ'ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืจื™ื”, ืืจื•ื ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ, ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ. 
-= ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืงืœืขื”ืจืขืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืื– ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืจึตื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•- 
ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธื‘ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืืกืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ื“ืืคื™ืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื“'ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื˜ื ืขืงื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืขืก 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™? ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ? ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš. ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื™ืื’ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื™ืฆื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฆืึธืจืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
-ืคึผืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื ืึธ- 
ื”ืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœ, ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืคืฆืขื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืคืึธื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขืจืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขื“ืงื˜ ื ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืžืึธืœื•ืกืงืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืื ืฆืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื ึผืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ืžื™ื. | 

ืื•ื ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืœืื ื“ืขื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ 


208 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ืœื™ืš. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื ืœืื ื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ, , 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืฆื•ึนืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸื“ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืก, ืื•ื ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ืคึผืึถืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื– ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸื“ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืข? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืข- 
ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืงืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืคืขืจืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื ืงืขื ื™ื’ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคื•ืœืขืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฉื˜ืข- 
ื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืคืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืข?, ืฆื•ื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืฐืึธืœืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืฉื˜ื™? ืื• 
ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ืก ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืจืื“ืข, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก, ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืœืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืœื–ืึธ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื–ืืš. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืžืึธืจื ืขืŸ: 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคืขืจืคืืœืขืŸ. ื“ืืŸ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 90ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืขืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 29ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ ืคืื ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืงืก ืžืึธ- 
ื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ืข ื ืื›ื˜. ืžืึธืจื ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”- 
ืœืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืจื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื”ื™ืžืข? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ึทืืœึนื‘ ื™ืึถื”ืจ ืืจื•ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืคืืจ'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžืึธืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸ-ืฆื™ื™- 
ื›ืขื ืก, ื“ืืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืก ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก, ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฐืขืงืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคื? ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื. 
ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜, ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืงื•ื ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. 

--- ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืก ืžืื›ืขืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

--- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸื“ืฉื˜ืจืื”-. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 07 


ื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืคื™ืฉืขืจ-ืฉื™ืคืข? ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืฆืœืืฃ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขื“ืœื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ืงื•ื™ื 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื. 

-- ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืึธืžืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 

-- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืื– ื ื™ื˜? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ื™ืขื“ืขืก 
ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื ืขืคื™ื”ืœ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืžืขืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขืจื ืข?, ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ื 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืืœื˜ ืืจืึธื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจื ืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืœืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืื ืฆืข ืกื˜ืื“ืข ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช. 

-- ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉืขื”ืŸ, ื ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืงืกืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜. 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจ- 
ืคืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ื-ืคืขืจื“. ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ-ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœ, ืื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื™- 
ื’ืขืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืคืึธืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ 
ื•ื•ืขื ื’. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื’ืœืื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึธื ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืงืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ืคืœืื›ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธืœ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธืจืกืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ 
ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืขืคื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืžื’ืขื˜ืื ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ืžืึธืจืกืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ื-ืคืขืจื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ึผื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื ืกื™ืœ? (ื™ื-ื”ื•ื ื“), ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื "ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ื ืžืึธืจืกืขืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืคืขืŸ ื’ืœืื˜ 
ืื•ึผืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืขืœืขืคืื ื˜-ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืคึผืขืจืžืึธืœื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš, ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื”ืจ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ืข 
ื ืึธืจื“-ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉืจืขืงืขื“ื™ื’, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืื• 
ืื•ื•ืขืงืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ืขืคืื”ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜. ื“ืึธ ืึธื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ 
ืคืขึทืจืคืึธืœื’ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื ื˜ื—ื™ืขืจืข ื’ื ืื’" 


206 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืคืขืจื’ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืฉืขื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืข. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืœืงืึธืžืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™? ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ? 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืกื™ืœืก (ื™ื-ื”ื™ื ื“) ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืกืขืŸ (ื™ื-ืคืขืจื“), ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœื–ืึธ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืคื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื”ืืคืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ ื–ื•ื™ื’-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื™ื-ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ 
ื ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื”ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคึผืืกื˜ื•ืš ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืื•ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ื- 
ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืขืจื ืึธื˜ ื ืขืคึผื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืข ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜. 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืกื™ืœืก (ื™ื-ื”ื™ื ื“) ื•ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข. ื’ืจื•ืคึผืคึผืขืŸ-ืฐื™ื™ื– 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ-ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืข. ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืŸ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–. ื“ืขืจ "ืขืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืืœื‘-ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ "ื–ื™ื" ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืฆืขืจื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืข; ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ืงื•ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืื•ืžื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืขืคืœื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกืคืืžืขื˜-ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฉืขื”ืŸ, ืžื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืืคื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืจืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื‘ื™ื™ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ื–ื•ื™ื -ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื™ืœืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื”ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจ ื›? ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื --- ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœ- 
ืงืึธืžืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืจืžื- 
ืกืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื” ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืข ื™ืื ื“-ื—ื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ืขืข-ืขืœืขืคืื ื˜ืขืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื ื•ื™ืฆืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ 
ืคื™ืก ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื“ื™ืง. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

--- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ,. ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ืื˜ืืงื™ืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™? ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืก ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš. ืคืขืจ- 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“.ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ 508 


ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜, ืื•ื ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืงืืœื˜ืข ื ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก? ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– 
ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ึดื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืœืงืขื ืก, ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธ- 
ืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื 20ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืข ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ 
ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืงืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธืคืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึธ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ืš 
ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ื" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ืื™ื– ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจื ืขื ื“ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื - 
ืกื™ื™? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™? ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืคืึธื”- 
ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœืื ื“. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข 
ืžืืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืกืืœื˜-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืžืืกืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ื ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื™ืขืœืข ื–ื•ื™ื -ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืื ืคื˜ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื™ื-ื”ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืจ- 
ื˜ืŸ. ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืคื™ืขืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ืข ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืื ื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจื™ื™ ืึธืจืขืจ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืžื•ื–ื™ืจื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ 
ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคึผืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื ืื ืฅ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

-- ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื–ื ืœื™ื™ื“ืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื™ืขื’ืขืจ ื•ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืœืข ืื•ื ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. 

-- ืืœืข, ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืคื™ืข? ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจื˜ -- 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืข?ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืงืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืฑืกืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ 
ืืœืข ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืืจืืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื›ื—ื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ื™ืจืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืœื™ื™ืจืขืŸ, 


:20 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ึฟื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคื•ื™ื ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืขื–ืœืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืœืึทืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื–. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขื’ืขืจ ืึธื ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื ื™ืื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ืจื˜. ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื ึนืึถืšึฐ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืŸ 
ื ืขื‘ืขืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ืคึผืขืจืฐืึธืœืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืึธื’. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืืœื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืžืข?. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื–, ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืคึผืขืจื“ืจืึธืงืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื”ืขืจืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ, 
ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขืขืจ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœืงืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืšึผ. ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. 

--- ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื ืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃืฅ 
ืฉื™ืคืข? ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืขื˜ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืข? ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืข ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึผืึธืœืืจ-ื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจ-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ึนื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ืžืขืขืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืืœืขืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืืจืคืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจื•ื™ื‘-ื˜ื”ื™ืข- 
ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ื“ืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ืฆืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘-ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจื-ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื‘ืื˜ืจืึธืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ื”- 
ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ื ืขืคืจื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื”ื ืื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, ื“ื™ื 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 303 


ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ, ื“ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืœ ื’ืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื . 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืžืืคืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ โ€ 
ื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ. ื“ืึธืš ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืงืจื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืื˜ืขืจ (ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’) ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืข" 
ืžืขืจืงื˜. - 

ื“ื™ื ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืจืขื. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื 
ื ืืงืขื˜ืข, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ืžืึธื ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืขื ื™ืกืข, ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ,ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืžืึธืœื•ืกืงืขืŸ (ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข), 
ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืข. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืฉื•ืžืขื˜ 
ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืขืŸ ืคืœื™ืขื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ืขื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืคืœื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืงืœื™ืึธืกืขืŸ". ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืœืื ื . ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืฐืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื'ืœืืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. 

ื“ืื ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืจื™ื™ืš ื‘ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 

ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืึธื”ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ืก (ืคืขื˜-ื ืขื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ), ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ึผืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคืœื™ื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ื™ืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคื•ื™ื ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืืœื‘ืื˜ืจืึธืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืคืœื™ืขื’ืขืœ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืก ืคืื ื’. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžื—ื ื•ืช 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจื-ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ, ื‘ืœึฐืึถื” ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ืคืœื™ืขื ืœืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™" 
ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ึดื™ืง, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ืœ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืคืืจืึดื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืืฒื™ื ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืืœืก ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืก-ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ. ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜ืขื˜ ื ืคืฑื’ืขืœ, ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ื ืงึผื ื™ื™ื˜ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืืงื•ืจืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืŸ ืืฑื™ืœ-ืœืึธืžืžึผ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ'ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜: 

-- ืฉืื“ืข ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืงื ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืœืึธืžืคึผืขืŸ. 

ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืืกืขืŸ ื ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™- 
ื–ืขื’ื“ืขืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœ-ืฉื˜ืืื˜, ื ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื™ืขื’ืขืœื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, 


02 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธืจื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืฉืขืจ, ืื– ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื ืขืจื’ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืœืื ื–ื™, ืื™ื– ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’. ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืึธืจื™ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื ืขืžืœื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื’ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื, 
ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื– ืคืขืœ- 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื‘ืขืจื’, ืฐืึธืก ืคืื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืจืื“, ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืœืื ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื“ื™ืคึผืึธืœ. ื”ืขืจืจ ืžืึธืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืœื™ื–ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืฉื›? ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืžื™ื™?. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืื ื“. ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ืจื ื ืขื”ืื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืœืืš ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ื ืขื”ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง, ื•ื•ืื”ืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจื•ื ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ืข ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืึธื ืงื•ืงืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’. ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ? 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืขืจื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. 

--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžื -- ืฆื• 
ืื™ื™ืš ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขื”ืจืข ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื ื™ื™ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ืข ืœืื ื“. 

--- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืืŸ ืขื”ืจืข ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื ืคื•ืก ืืฑืฃ ื ืœืื ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื–ืืžื“, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜, ื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื”ืขื ื“ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืึธื›ื ืขืคืึธืœื ื˜; ื“ื™ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข" 
ื”ืื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืžืืกืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขื ืข ืฆื™ืขื ืขืœ, ื‘ืจืขืงืœืืš ืœืื•ื•ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืž- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืœืื ื“ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืšึฐึผ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื˜ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 201 


4ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืจ-ืคึผืึธืœ 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื”ืขืจืขื "- 
ื“ื™ื’ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ 
ืืจืฑืคึผื ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– 
ืคืจื™ื™. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืฆืขืœื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืืš ืื™ื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– 
ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื- 
ืกืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื‘ืœืึธื”, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืึธื–ื™ื ืจื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืงื;ื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื , ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื”ืœื™ื ื’ื’; ืื– ืขืก ืคืื ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืจืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. 

-- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคึผืึธืœ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื ืข- 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. 

--- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืขื ืคึผืขืจืฐืึธืœืงืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ, 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข, ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืขืจื‘ืึธืจ- 
ื’ืขื ืข ืคึผืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืขืจื”ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก. ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืข? ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื”ื ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜. 
ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžืึธ- 
ืœืขืŸ ืงืื ืืœ. ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืึธืคืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื˜ืขืœืขื˜ืงืึธืคึผืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ืขืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืข" 


60 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื•ื’ ืคึฟืฑื–ืขื 1 ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืฃ 


ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื‘- 
ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžืึธืœ 
ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ืงืœืืคึผืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืข. ื 
ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื•ื™ืื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื”ืจ ืื‘ืขื ื“ืก. ื‘ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืึธื‘ืคืจื™ืฉืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜-ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆื˜, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื”ืœื˜. ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื™ื ื ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข? ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึถื”ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข, ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธ- 
ื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœืฅ ื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืกื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื 
ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–. ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื™ื–, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืกื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–-ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœ. 

ื™ืขื ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’. ืžื•ืจื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžืึธืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื ืงืœืืคึผ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื˜ ืึถื‘ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื˜ืžืึธืก- 
ืคืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื’. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคึผื˜, ืื– ืงื™ืจืฆืœื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืืจื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜. 

ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ื”ืจ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื‘ืœื™ื– 180 
ืคื•ืก ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ึนืŸ ืคืขืจืคืจืึธืจืขื ืขื ื™ื. ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ 
ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืื•ื ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”, ื“ืขื 19ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

--- ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื™, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. 


ืฆื–ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’. ืžื–ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 209 


-- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื“ื•ืจื›ืžืื›ืขืŸ --- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงึผืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’. 
ื‚ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื 07ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืจืื“. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœ- 
ื–ืึธ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 22 ื’ืจืื“, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 1,800 ืžื™ื™? ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ 26 ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื ืขืœ ืœื•ื™- 
ืคึผืขืŸ, ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืึถืœ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. 

ื‘ึผื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”ืœ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืœื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ" ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื ืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื– 
ืฆื•ื ืขื“ืขืงื˜ืข ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ. ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ'ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื 
ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืขืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ 
ื™ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื•ืคืขืœืข. 

ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืืฐืขืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”, ื“ืขื 19ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ืื? ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืขื ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืคืึธื”ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืขื›- 
ื˜ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืงืื ื ื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืืœืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ 
ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ืึธืจืขืจ ืงืฉ- 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื‘ื–ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ? | 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ 
ืื– ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื‘ื“ืขื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื–. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืงืืœื˜ืข ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืขืจืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœืืค ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœืขื ืขื ืจื™ืขื–. ืžื™ืจ 


208 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืคื™ืขืœ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื - 
ื ืืœ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืก-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืื”ืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขืก ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ื‘ืขืฉืœื•ืก. ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื - 
ืœื™ื›ืข ืคืจืื–ืข ; "ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื’ืขื”ื˜, ื ืขื” ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜"; ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. "ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืœืข ืžืฉื•ื ืข!? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข. 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืขืกืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™* 
ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. ื“ื™ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜'ืจืข- 
ื–ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืข ื”ื›ื ื•ืช. ืืจื•ื ืคื™ืขืจ ืื•ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•- 
ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ื ืืจื•ืžื™ื’ืข ืื™ื™ื–ื“ืœืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ, ื“ื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื“,. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืกื™ืจ ื“ืืจื•ื ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืืœื˜ืข ื˜ืขืžืคืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื– 
ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื. ื“ื™ื ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื‘ืขืจื . ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ืŸ- 
ื‘ืขืจื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืš, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 2,400 ืคื•ืก. ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื ืข- 
ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื’ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื ื’ืข- 


ื’ืขื”ื, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 27 


-- ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ื–ืขื”ืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื , ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜. 

-- ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืข ืฉื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื- 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื“ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข --- ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ื ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืฆื• 
ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืืœืขืก 4 -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘, ืื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ. ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึธื ืคื™ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜-ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜. 

-- ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึทึผืœึธืืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœ 
-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ืฆื•ืื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืฆื”, 
ืื•ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›- 
ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ืคื™ืขืœ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจื˜. ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื– ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ืกืืžืข ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผื•ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ืึถื ืฆื•- 
ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื˜ืขื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ืขืŸ. 

-- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื–ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื’ืข 
ืงืจืืคื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืื• ืื•ื™ืคื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืค- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ? ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื“ืขื ื•ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื–ืืš: ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ืึธืจื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–-ืžืขืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืข? ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ืขืŸ, ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืงืขืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืกืืžืข ืคึผืึธืœ, ื‘ื™ื™ื ืกืืžืข ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืจื“, 
ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ืคึผืึถืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื 
ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– -ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื“ ืคึผืึธืœ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–. ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขื ื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืœืื ื“. 

-- ืื™ืš ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš : ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื™'ืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืข? ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ 
ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ึทืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจื˜ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ! 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืคึผืึธืœ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื’ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืจืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื• ืคึทึผืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ื–ึดื™ืšึฐ ื’ืข' 


206 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


?ืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ 
'ื ื–ืืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืฉ ืึถื‘- 
ื’ืขื“ื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืืœื–ืึธ ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก ! ืœึฐืึธืžึดื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื›ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ! 

--- ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™,, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก. 

ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ,. ืื– ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ 
ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืงืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื -- ื ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–! ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ -- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื– ! ื™ื, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืžืขื ืœื™ืš. 

-- ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- 
ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜, 
ืื– ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ืงืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืœืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ; ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื–ืฅ 
ืคึผืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. 

|-- ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™?ืœ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ -- ื–ืขื”ืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, 
ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขื ื•ืขื’ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–- 
ื‘ืขืจื’, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ืคืจื™ื™, ื“ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ื™ื˜, ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืขืจื˜, ื“ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื– ืœื™ื ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ? ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. 

-- ื™ื, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื˜ืืงื™. ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–- 
ื‘ืขืจื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืคื™ืขืœ. ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคึผื•ื ; 
ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš, ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืชื— 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ? 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืงืืœื˜ืข ื˜ึถืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžึดื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžึทืื›ึถืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 208 


-- ื ื•, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ --- ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ? 
| - -- ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืขืกื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. 
| = -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ? 

-- ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. ืื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ื˜ืข? ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ. 

-- ืืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืืœื‘ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจ" 
ืคืขืŸ -- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจื ื™ืกืข ! ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืš, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ื" 
ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. 

-- ื ืึธืšึฐ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“-ืงื•ื ืข? ! ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืืœืขืก ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 

ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืง" 
ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืืŸ, ื ืขืžืึธ, ืื™ื– ืขื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™" 
ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื‘; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจื ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืจืข ืื™- 
ื“ืขืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื–ืขืข-ืคืึธื”ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืจื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื–ื“ืžืขืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืœ. ืคื™ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื™ 
ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก ื‘ืขืฆืึธื”ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจื ื™ืฅ 
ืคืขืจืคืจืึธืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื“- 
ืคึผืึธืœ 4 ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื–ื“ืžืขืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื™ืข? ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ? ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืงืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื ื–ืืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ ? ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ.. 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืข, ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขืฆื˜, ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™" 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžึดื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืจืขืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืจ-ืคึผืึธืœ, ื ืคึผืœืืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ 


204 ืฆื•ื–ืื ืฆื™ื  ืคึผื•ืฑื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžืขืจ'ืŸ ื–ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜. ืืœืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื™ื ืคืขืจืคืจืึธืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื  
ื”ื™ ื™ื™ 

-- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื– 
ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ืฉื˜ื™ืง } 

--- ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืšืฃ 
ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš, ืื– ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืขื ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธื˜- 
ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืืกืข ืื™ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ. ื“ืึธ 
ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจืขื ื™ืฅ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืคึผืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื• 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–-ื“ืขืง ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื˜ืืงื™ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืคื ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ื“, ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืงื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืงืืœื˜ืข ืคืึธืจื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ. " 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ? ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื 
ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืขืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืขื ื“ืข. ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“ืืžื˜ืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืืžื˜ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื ืขืคืจืึธืจืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืžื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืืกืข ืื™ื™ื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ ืงื- 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฆืจื”, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงืจื™ื›ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื 


ืžื™ืื•ืก'ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื•ื’ ืคึฟื•ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'} ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 28 


ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืžื ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ืืžืึธืœ ืคึฟื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–-ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืจื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸื“ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืขื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืข 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจื. ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคื˜ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืจืืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–-ืคืขืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฆืืžื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจื ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื ืฉืคึผืืจ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื”ืืกื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคึผืขืจืคืจืึธืจืขื ืข ืžืืกืข ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืงืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืžืข- 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึถื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื˜. ืึธืคื˜ืžืึธืœ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื ื ืขื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืข- 
ื“ืขืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืจืขื’ ืฉื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืžืืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขืกื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ืื‘- 
ืฆื•ืจืืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื”ืขืง. ื“ื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื–. 

-ื“ืขื 18ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœึฐืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืข ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื’. 

-- ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื“ืขืง ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื•ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜. 
ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื“ืขืง" ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืข-ืคืึธื”ืจืขืจ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื”ื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจื ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืขืก- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื‘ื™ืกืข? ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืœืงืขื ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ื™ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™" 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื 08ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืจืื“ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ึฟืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ืกืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ื™ื–-ืคืขืœื“, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ 
ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–. ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื ืขื’ืœืขื ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืืจืคืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื’, ื‘ื™ื– 200 ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจื™ื™ื”ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืื™ื™ื–-ื•ื•ืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸื“ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืืกืงืขื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืื•ึนื - 
ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉืคึผื™ืขื ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืขืจืคืจืึธืจืขื ืข, ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืขืกื™ 


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209 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”ืœ? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืฉืœื™ืกืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืืกืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืฅ 
ื“ืขืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜. 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืœืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื-ื”ื™ื ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ื-ื‘ืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืขื’ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื’ ื•ื•ืืจื™ื ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื  ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืืคึผืืจืื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืšึฐึผ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข 
ืงืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ืืจื™ื, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืงืขืœื˜, 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืข;- 
ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึถื”ืจ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธื ืื˜ ืžืขืจืฅ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื?ืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืคื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข 
ื™ืคึฟื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ื›ืกื“ืจ. ืคื•ืœืข ื–ืขืงืก ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื“ืขื 19ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื• 
ืฉืขื˜ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ืึถืจืงื ื™. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฐืึธื”ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืกืขืŸ ืกื™ืœืก (ื™ื-ื”ื™ื ื“), ืึธื›ืขืจ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ-ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ืคืขืจืคืืœื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื’ื–ืœืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืขื 16ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ ืืจื•ื ืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื–. ื“ืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขื’ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืžืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืคึผืืจื˜. ืึธื‘ึถืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื . 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืจืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœืข ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืคืขืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขื” / 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึทืœืืจ ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ื˜ืืกื˜ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืฆืขื ืขืก. 
ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื ืื ืฆืข ื”ืขืœ-ื’ืœืื ืฆืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืงื™ืฑื›ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ ; 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ืคืึธืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืŸ, ื ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜. ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืขืจื“-ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื 
ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืงืืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฐื•ืขืœื˜; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื–ืขื”ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืืœื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜. ื“ื™ื ืคึผืื ืืจืืžื / 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 201 


ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ? ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉืืœื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐื•ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ึฟืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืœื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืืœืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 14ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 20 ื‘ื™ืŸ 928 ืคื•ืก 


ืœืื ื’. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 


ื–ื™ื˜ืฆืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื. ื ืขื“ 
ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื– ืึธื“ึถืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ืžืขืขืจ; ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืขืก. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึถืšึฐึผ ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ืฆืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ -- ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ืขืœ? ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื“ืขืงืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื‘ืฉืœืื , 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื™ื™ื–-ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ. ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ-ืคืื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธ- 
- ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ "ืื™ื™ื– ื‘ืœื™ื ืง" (ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื‘ืœื™ืืกืง). 

ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงื™ ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื–- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ, 
ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื’ืœืื ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืžืืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืึธื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ึตื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืึธืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืœ-ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ. ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืฑืคึผื ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืืžืขื˜ื”ื™ืกื˜-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸืšืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ. ืžืขื”ืจืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืงืจื™ืก- 
ื˜ืืœ-ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ ืฉืขื”ื ืขืก ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจืžืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธื‘ืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืืœืฅ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ืข ืื™ื™ื–-ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืœืฅ ืฉืขื”ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืจืื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืžืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืข' 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื›ืืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ'ืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืข?, ืื•ื ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืจืขื ื•ืœื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื - 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื–ื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื™? ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึนึผืึถืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืึธืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื ืงืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 


200 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื›ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธื˜ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ. 
ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืก ืงื™ื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื ื. ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื•ื™? ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื•ื™? ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื™ื’ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืš. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืึธืœืงืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืœืš. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข ืžื™ืœืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืขืงืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืœืš ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืขืคืœื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืžืืง, ื ืจืื“ืข ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืœืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš ืคืขืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืœืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื ืขืคืืœืขื ืขืจ "ื–ื™ื"-ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ื ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืงืขื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืกืข? ื˜ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืข 
ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 

ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื ื“ืขื 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ. ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื•ึน ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืœืฅ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ื“ืขื ืงืขื ืขื“ืขืจ'ืก ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืกื•ืฃ ื›? ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืื•ืก'ืข ืกืงืื ื“ืืœืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜, 
ืื– ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ืžืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 


3ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื– ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืคื•ื- 
ืฆื™ื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจื™ื“ื™ืืŸ. ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืข ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืง- 
ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทื”ืจึถืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ (ื“ืขืจ ืขืง ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜)?ึธ 


ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืขืจ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืืœืข ื‘ืขืžื™ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ืจืขื˜ : 


ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืข- 
ืงึผืื ื˜, ืื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืงืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” 
ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื ืื˜ ืžืขืจืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื ืื˜ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ - 289 


: ื’ืขื˜ืื ืฆื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืžืฉื•ื ืขื ืขืจ,. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืœืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืขื ืฉื•ื ื, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืก ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 
- ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื’ืข ืคึผืึธื˜ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืข? ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื–ืึธื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื ืข? ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง, ืื•ื ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืฆื• ื‘ืข- 
ืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. | 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืกืขื ืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงึผืขืจืคึผืขืจืก. ื“ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื˜-ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข? ืฆื•ืจื™ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื”ืืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื ืžืืคืข ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืข ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืฆื• 
ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš. ืกืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ 
ืจื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื•ื•ืื”ืจืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜-ืžืขืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคึผืึธื˜ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ;ืืœื˜ืง ืคืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขืจ ืœืขื ืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืืžืึธืœืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืื?ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืก ืกืฆืขื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, 
- -= ื ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“ 4 --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื”ื 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 
-- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธ 
ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืœืก ื™ืขื’ืขืจ ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืื’ืจ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืขืจื™ื™. 
-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข -+ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 4 
ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจื˜ --- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜:-ื”ืืง, 
-- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
-- ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธึท ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืคืขื ื“'ื’ 
ื ืฉืืจืคึผืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืžื—"?ืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ โ€ ื ืกืงืื ื“ืืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™' {- 
ื”ืืจืคื•ืŸ-ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืžืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ื•ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื•ื ื™ื’ืข- 
ื ืขื”ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื’ืขื•ื•ืฒืจืข; 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื›ืขืก'ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืึธึถืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื "ื–ื™ื" ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืฉืœืขืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืข- 


288 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื”ื™ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™?ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ, ืื•ื ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ืžื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ื–ื™ื 
! ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืก ื ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืก ืžืืฉื™ื ืข. ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืฆื• ืงืœืืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืืœืฅ 
ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ. : 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืคึผืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ื“ืืžืึธืœืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜-ืคืขืœื“ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืคืขืจื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืื ื’ืจื™ืฃ. 
ืึธื ืคึผืื ื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธื˜ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืกืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืจื•ื“ืฃ 
ืฉืœื•ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืœืขืคึผ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืงืืžืคึผืค ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื™ื-ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ! ื ืขื“ ืœึถืขื ึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืื ื’ืขืงืฐืึธืœืขืŸ? 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืื˜ืฉื˜ ื‘ืจืื•ื•ืึธ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื 
ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœืคืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืงืจืืคื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืขืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœืขื ืขืจ ืฉื ืึธื‘ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก. ืžืื ื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœื™ืš ืฆื•ื”ืืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืกืขื ืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆืืคึผืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ; ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉืจืขืง ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืข ื™ื-ื”ืขืœื“ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ืจื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืขืงืขืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื”- 
ืœืขื ืขืจ ืฉื ืึธื‘ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธืงื˜ ืึถื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืึธื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข, ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜-ื”ื•ื™ื–. 

ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื“ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืงืจืืคึผื™ืจืขื ื“ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื ืึธืจื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื™ื–ื’ืขื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืžื•ืจื'ื“ื™ื’, ืื– ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘. ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜ ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจืก", ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข 
-ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื ืขืŸ ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ื ืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขืกืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื ื•ื ื’. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคึฟื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืฃ 27 


-- ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืคืข? ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืขืŸ. 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื  ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืจืื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜. ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืื–ื ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœืขื ืขืจ ืฉื ืึธื‘ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข? ืืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื•ื™ื ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืฉืคึผื™ืขื–, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ 
ืžืขื”ืจ. 

-- ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื ื•ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืื ื“, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืจื™ืขืฃ 
ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื”ืขืกืœื™ื›ืข, ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืฆื•ึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื”ื ืขืจ. : 

ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื”ื ืขืจ ! ื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ึผืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืžื™ืื•ืก'ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืก. ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข 
- ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื 
ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืคืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ, 
ืฐื•ืฒื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ื ื“ืœืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ-ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜- 
ืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืžื•ื™? ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืจื™ื™ื”ืขืŸ ืฉืืจืคืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆื™ื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ 
ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธื”ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜- 
ืคื™ืฉ'ืก ืงืึธืคึผ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ื‘ื™ื– ืื›ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืœ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ "ืกืคึผืขืจืžืขืกืขื˜ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื”ืขืกืœื™ืš, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืกืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ืžืึธื’ื˜. ื“ื™ื ื ืื ืฆืข ืœื™ื ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– -- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืขืŸ---ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื’. 

ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžื™ืื•ืก'ืข "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจืก" ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– 
ืืœืฅ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆืŸ ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื ืข ืงืจืืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ื ืขืจ, ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธื˜ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืœื™ืš ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื™ืขืœ 
ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื™ื - 
ืื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื’ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื ืขืœ ืžืื‘ื˜ืœืึธื–. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื 


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26 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึธืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืคืขื˜ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

--- ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื -ื™ื•ื’ืึธื ื’ ืฆื• 
ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ 1 --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. ' 

-- ื ื“ื™ื•ื ืึธื ื’ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืก ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืกืข ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, 
ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ? ื™ื, ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื ืจืขื›ื˜. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘, ื ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืจื“ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜-ืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืœื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ืขื ื ืึธืจื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข 
ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ืฉืื“ืข, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื–ื ืงืœืืกืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืืฑื™ืกืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืืจื™ืžืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืึถื”ืŸ ืื™ื™ืš: ืคึผืึธื˜ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื ืคึผืขืจืงืึธื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ืžื•ืคึผืจ 
ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืก, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ื ืขืžืื›ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืขืจื ืขืจื ื™ืก 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก 
ืื•ึผืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืคื™ื™ืคื˜ "ื™ืขื ืงื™ ื“ื•ื“ืœ". ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ : 

-- ืื™ื—ืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืึถึธื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ? ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื•ึนืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–, ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ? 

-- ื™ื, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”. 

-- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข, ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืืกืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื• 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ. ืึธื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืข, ืฉืขื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคืขืจ- 
ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื”ืขื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืžึดื™ืšึฐ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึธื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืงึนืืžึฐืคึธึผืฃ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธื˜ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, 


ึผึฐ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคึฟืขืจ 208 


--- ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืืœืขืื•ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืŸ- 
ืœึผืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึผื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ึดื™ืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื 180 ืคื•ืก ืงืื ื’. 
-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื‘ื™ืกืข? ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
| ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธื˜ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืงืœืขื ืขืจ. 
--- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืคึผืึธื˜ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, 
ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ืึธืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆืขื”ืœื˜, ืื– ื ืคึผืึธื˜ืคื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืขืจ-ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื™ื-ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข 
ึผืื ื“, ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ --- 
ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ; 
-- ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ! 
-- ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื›ืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื˜ --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ืืœืข 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื. ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜, 
-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื ืืจื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืข ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื ืžืขืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃึผ ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคืขืจื ื™ื ืคื˜ื™ื’ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืœืฑื“ืขืจืฒื™ืขืŸ. 
-- ืึถื”! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ, ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ, ืฆืขื”ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’, ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื˜ืจื•ืคึผืข ! 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ! 
-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื™ืš ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื 
ื™ืื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ? 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ- 
ืคืื ื’ืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื ื” ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 6 ืจ ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ 
ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. 
-- ื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
-- ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืง, ืืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ ืคืืจ ื ื ืื ืฆืข ืคึผืœืึธื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ-ืคืื ื’ืขืจ, 
-- ื ื•, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ --- 
ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข? ื™ืื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ื ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ. 
--- ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื™ืื ื“ ืžืื›ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื ื•ืจ 
ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 


284 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


-- ืืš! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคื•ืŸ-ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ -- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ืขื’ืขืจ-ืฉื™ืคืข? ! ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜- 
ืคึฟืึธืœืขืก ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ! ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื ืึธื–ื–ืœืขื›ืขืจ ! ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืคืขืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“ืืžื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ! 

ืจืขื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ื•ืคึผืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืžื™ืฆืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ. 

--- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ-ื™ืื’ืจ ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ -- ื“ืขืจ 
ื—ืฉืง ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืงืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืขืŸ. ืึถื”! ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจ ื ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื™ืื ื’ื“ ืžืื›ื˜. ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ 
ืขืก ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืขืจืขืŸ, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“, ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ? 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ืึธืจื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–-ืžืขืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื”ืจื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ (ื ืฉืžืึธืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืžื™ื), ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืื–ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจื“ื“ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืœืื ืจ. 

--- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ. ื™ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื™ืื ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืœืื ื“ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธ? ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืขืงื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜. 
ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ, ืื– ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื”ืจื™ื ื’ ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืคึผืขืจื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืขืŸ . 
ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื”ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื? ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื™ื ืื”ืขืจ, ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืืœื–ืึธ, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜. 

--- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื˜ืืงื™ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜, ืึธื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–, 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. 

ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื•ืคึผืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก, 
ื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื ื•ื ื’. ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื‘ื™ืกืข? ื‘ืขืจื•ื”ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ ; | 

--- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื–-ืžืขืขืจ ? 

--- ื™ื, ืœืขื ืจ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคึฟื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 288 


ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ. ืคืขืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจืข ืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–, ืื•ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจืื˜ื” ืื™ื–, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจ- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜. 

-- ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ--- ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื“ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื  ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš ืึธื‘ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข, ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, 
ืžืขื”ืจ ื‘ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ. 1 

ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืœืขื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืื™ื ืขืจ'ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

--- ืืจื™ืžืขืจ ืœืขื ื“! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืขืจ ืคืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ืขื‘ืืš 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจื ื™ืกืข ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ ืจื™ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธืšึฐ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ. ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ;: ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืงืื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ื’. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ, ืึถื”ืŸ ืœืขื”ืจื ื•ื ื’, 
ืึถื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’. ืื™ื”ื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืคื™ืขืœ ื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจ. ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฉืขื ืง ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

ืื™ืŸ ืืžืช'ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื˜ืืงื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ึผ ื ื˜ื”ืขื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืืœืก ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืคืื ื ืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื‘ืงื•ืžืขื ื™ืก. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ืงื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืืžืึธืœื™ื ื’ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืข- 
ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืจ, 

ืืจื•ื ืขืœืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืืคึผื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžื—ื ื” 
ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืจืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื•ื”ื™ื , ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธื ืื˜ ืžืขืจืฅ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ื”ืขืจื‘ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืฆื•ึผ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืขื ื˜ื—ื™ื™? ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื”ื ืข. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™* 
ื˜ืขื ืก ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื–ืจื— ื–ื™ื™ื˜, 


289 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื“ืืจื•ื ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืก ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืจืขื˜ื–ืขืœื”ืืคื˜ืข, ืื•ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื. 
--- ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืคื™ืงื• 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 
--- ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 
--- ื“ื•ืจืš ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืข ืจืขื›ื ื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื“ื™ืขื•ืข โ€ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืคึผืขืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืงืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฉืขืคึผื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืžืขืช ืœืขืช, ืืœื–ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื’ืขื ื•ื™. ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืขืจ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ. 
| -- ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜, ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ -- ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืึธ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฉืืจืคืขืŸ ืžื— ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื›ืืคึผืกื˜ ื ื–ืืš ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ื• ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ : ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืื™ื™ื ืื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืคื™ืขืœ ืึธืงืกื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ (ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ) ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื  ื’ืืœืึธืŸ 
ืœื•ืคื˜. ืื™ืŸ 24 ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืฑื™ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 480 
ื’ืืœืึธืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜. ืขืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืึธืœ 480 ื ืืœืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก? ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. 
| -- ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื˜ืืงื™ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 
--- ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ -- ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 1,800 ื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ. ื 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– 200 ื ืืœืึธืŸ. 200 ืžืึธืœ 1,800 ืื™ื– 200,000. ืฆื•ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆืึธื”ืœ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ 480 ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืก 628, ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ื–ืขืงืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื  
ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ. 
--- ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื– ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ? 
--- ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
--- ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ึดื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ -- 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ --- ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืข? ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ - 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. 
ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™? ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืคืขืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ. 


- 6 ื’ืขืจืขื ืคืืœืก == ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื’ืขื•ืขืฆื˜ -=ืฒ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขืชืฃ ื ืืจื™ืฉ ' 


! ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 1 


ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื–ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื˜ืขื ืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ. ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ืžืขืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคึฟื•ืŸ ' 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ึผืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื–ื–ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืข 
ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึท 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืืœืข ื“ืขื ืงืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ? 

ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคึผืจืึทื™ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืœืขื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ื ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ืืœืฅ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืคึผืœืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืคืœืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ. 
ื ืคื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ื”ืืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ืœืขื ื“'ืก ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ 
ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืœื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื 
ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืกืงืื ื“ืืœ, 

ื“ืขื 14ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ 
-- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืืŸ, ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ? 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“---ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ --- ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžืืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธ 
ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืข? ืžืขื”ืจ. 

-- ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฃ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”, 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืฑืคึผื–ืขื›ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืก ื”ื™ื™ืžืื˜ื” 
ืคืืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืŸ ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ืœืื ืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 


280 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืขืœืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืœืื ื“. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš 
ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ื”ืขืœืข ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸ-ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืงืœืึธืจืขืŸ ื ืขื’ืื˜ื™ื•ื•-ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืœืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืื•ืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ. 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืžืขืœืก-ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื’ืจืื ื™ื˜ ืžืืคืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ื ื“ืืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืขืจื“-ืงื•ื ืข?. 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื‘ืขืจื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืขืจ- 
ืœื™ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืข, ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืข ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜. ื’ืœืื˜, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืข? ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืงืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•. ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื’, ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ื‘ืขืจื’, ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื”ืœืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆื• ืžืึธื”ืœืขืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืคืึธืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข. 

ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 

--- ืืฆื™ื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืข? ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉ 
ืฆื• ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื–ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง. ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’. 

ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ืคืืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื‘ืืœื•ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉืึธืกืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื ืงื•ื™ืœ? ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืื ืึธื ืข. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืงืจืืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื’. 


2ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื ืงืึทืžืคืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื-ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื 


ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื ืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 13ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 14ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’?ื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื“ืขื ืงื˜ 
ืืจื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืŸ.ืงืฒื™ืคึผ ื”ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ 
ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ,. ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื”ืจื˜ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื•ึนื ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ? --- 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืกืฉื•ื’ืขืช ! ืืจื™ื™ืŸ- 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ึนื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 29 


ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืจื™ื’ืข ื–ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืจื’ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ ื“ื™ื 
ื”ื™ืžืืœืื™ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื™ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื•ื ื˜ ื‘ืœืื ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื‘ื™ื– ืคื•ืคืฆืขื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข 
ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื ืคืœืึธื›ึถืขืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื 
ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 48 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื™ืœ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืฉื˜ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜ ืื– ื“ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืืœืขื ืข 
ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืจืื›ืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื– ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืžืขื›- 
ื˜ื™ื’ ื ืขื ื•ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืื ืฅ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 1000 ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืึถื”, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืœืื’ืข ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขืฆื˜! -- 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืื• 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึถึธืšึฐ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื ื•ืจ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ืข 
ื”ื™ื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ! ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ! ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืืœืขืก ื‘ึฟืœื•ื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ื’ืขื“ืขื›ื ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ? 

-- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืึธื ื“ืขื ืงื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™? 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ืคึผืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคึฟื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. | 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื 
ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ื‘ืขืคืขื”ืœ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ืข ืœืึธื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื ืืจื•ืžื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžึถืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืขืก ืงืœืึทื”ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืฉืœื™ืš 


28 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ึฟืฑื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
| ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื 13ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืœื™ื’ืก. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืื ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ "ื”ืขืจืึธืœื“" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 40 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜. 
ืงื•ืจืฅ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืคึผืืจืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจืขื ืื˜ืข 
"ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก" ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื 60 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™- 
ื›ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืข ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื™-ืฆื•-ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื ืึธื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ืืœืขืก 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืœืึธื“ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืืืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื– ืžื™ืจ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืืœืฅ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืื• ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืฉ 
ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. | | 

ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืงื™ื™ื˜. 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืค- 
ื ื™ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ --- ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜. ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจื ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืœืื ื“-ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืงืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื”ื•ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื–ืึธืœ ื ืžืขื ืฉ 
ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ. ื ื—ื™ื” ืฐืขื˜ ืงืจืืคึผื™ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืคืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ืกืคืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืข- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜. ื“ื™ื ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืข ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ; ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฆืึธื”? ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืก ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืก ืงืขืŸ 
ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ. | 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 42 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ ื“ื“ืœ 


ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืžืื ื›ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืœืื ื›ืึธืœื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืื ืึธ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’. 

ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ื™ื–ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืขืจ. ื–ืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื“ื™ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืœืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื”ืึธ-, 
ืคืขื ื•ื ื’" (ืงื™ื™ืคึผ ืื•ื• ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืึธื•ืคึผ, ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ). ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ- 
ืคืื ื ืขืจ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ื˜ : ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืก ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื– 
ื“ื™ื ืึธืจื™ืžืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื” ืคืขืจืœื™ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคืื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ืข ื—ื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืคืขื”ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ., ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืง- 
ื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื- 
ื”ื™ื ื“,. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืคืจืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ 
ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืงืืœื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื 
ืžืขื ืฉ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื“ืขืœืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืึถื“ึนืขึถืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืขื”ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืžืขื ืฉ- 
ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™? ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื™ื” 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืขื ื’ืข ืคืœื™ื”ืขื ื“ืข ืคื™ืฉ. ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื“ืขืœืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ืื’ื“ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืœื™ื ืง, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึถื‘- 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ืื•ื ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื”ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืฉ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ืคืืœื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธ? ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขื ืžื•ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืขืœืคื™ืŸ. 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืœื™ื”ืขื ื“ืข ืคื™ืฉ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคืึทืกืคืึธืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคืœื™ื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 


26 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืคื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ, ื ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื’, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคึผ-ื”ืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื•ืจื, ืื– ืื•ื ื– ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™- 
ืœื•ืก", ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ, ืื–. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื–ื•ึนื™ 
ื ื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ื ืึทื”ืขืคื˜ ืฆื• ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื‘ื•ื•ืืจ- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื– ืคืจื™ื™ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืขื”ืจืขืŸ-ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืข- 
ื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ ืึธืŸ 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื  
ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื‘ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ืื–ื 
ืคืขืจืœืื ื’ ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื– ืฉืื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ืื‘ืืœื“ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคืืจ'ืŸ ืงื- 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– 
ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื” 
ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžืึธืœ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ' ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืกื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก?" ืื™ื– ื ื•ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืžืขื”ืจ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืžืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ึน ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ 
ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืง ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื’, ืคื•ืŸ 22ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื‘ื™ื– 19ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜. ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึธืคึถืขืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง "ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืขืขืจ". ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืจืื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืขืจืคืืกื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืขืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 8 - 


ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืฉื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ- 
ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืขืก ื ืขืžืœื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™; ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืืš ืงืึธืจืง-ื”ืึธืœืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ืข 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืขืงืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืกืข? ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืจื™ื™ื–, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืืš ืงืึธืจืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืœื™. 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืกืืจื’ืืกืึธื™ืžืขืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืœืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ื“ืจืขื”ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืื™ื”ื ืึถื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืคื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืจื’ืืกืึธ 
ืžืขืขืจ, ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืจืขื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืœืฃ. 1 

ืคืึธื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื–ื“ืžืขืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืžืึธืจื™'ืก ื˜ื”ืขืึธืจื™ืข 
ืื™ื–. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขื“ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข 
ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืคืขืจื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ืขื ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืจืฆืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื:ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืขืจื’ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืœืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืง ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคึผื™, 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข 
ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ : ืจื•ื“ืขืจืก, ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ. ืžืื ื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืื ื’ ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ-ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ื–ืืคึผืืก ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
|ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื™ื‘ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ึผืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขื ืœืื ืจ. , 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ, ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคึผืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืฉืขื”ื ืข, ืฆื•ืฆื™ื”ืขื ื“ืข ืื™ื™ื–-ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข, ืจื™ื™ืฆืขื ืจ ืฉืขื”ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืกืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขืึผ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ 22ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืจืึธื–ื–ืžืขืขืจ, ื•ืื•ื• ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืืกืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจื ืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ-ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื-ื•ื•ืืงืกื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื ื–ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒื™. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึฟืึธืจื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ 
ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืึธืŸ 


24 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคึฟื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืฃ 


1ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืจืึธื–ื“ืžืขืขืจ 


ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก? ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ. ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืคึผืœ;ืขื˜ืฆืขืจ. "ื ืึธืœืฃ-ืฉื˜ืจืึธื" 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื. ืขืจ ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ึทืžืข ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื ืขื ืจ 
ื‘ื™ื™ ืคืœืึธืจื™ื“ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆื‘ืขืจื’ืขืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืง- 
ืกื™ืงืึธ ืฆื•ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ; ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจืฐืขื ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื 
ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืงืขื”ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืœืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืœืขื ื’ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ืจื™ื ื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืจื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข ืคืœื™ืกืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœืฃ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืกืืจื’ืืกืึท-ืžืขืขืจ". ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืก ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธืœืฃ-:ืฉื˜ืจืึธื" ืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืืจื•ื. 

ื“ืขืจ "ืกืืจื’ืืกืึธ ืžืขืขืจ" ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืคืœืื - 
ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ,. ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข 
ื™ื•ื™ืขื–ืข (ืœืึธื ืงืข), ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืกืืจื ืืกืึธ" ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ "ืกืืจื’ืื–ื", 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคืœืื ืฆืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืืœืฅ-ืงืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก "ืงืขืœืคึผ?. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืœืื ืฆืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืขืŸ, ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึธืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก, ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคึผืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื–ื“ืžืขืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื– ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื’+ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื ื™ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืกืข ื ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื ืคึนึผืึธืจ ืฐืึธื›ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜. | 

ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื’ืจืึธื–ื“ืžืขืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ . 
ืื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 


ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืŸ. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 278 


ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืึธืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™- 
ืœื•ืืก". ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœืขื ื“'ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ึผ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืื ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธื“ื™ื•ื ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืึธื ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืžืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ืข 
ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. 
ืœื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื  ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื–ืืžื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื ืœืื ื’ ืžื™ืจ 

ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™?ืœ ืฉืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ 
ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื‘ืืœื“ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื”? ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืคึผืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืงื ืขื›ืข? ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืŸ ืึธืจื˜. 

-- ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื“ืฒื™ื˜ืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ --- ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ? 

-- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ -- ื™ืขืฆื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ืคืื ื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ" 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืึธื - 
ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึธื‘ืคืืœืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข 
ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื ืœืึธื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš 
ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื‘ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืฐืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืคืขื”? ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืขืจ ? ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™- 
ืคืขืŸ. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐื•ื™? ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืขื ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ? 
ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ? 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึทืคืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจื™ื”, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 


272 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ 
ืคืจืขืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืœื•ืกื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืœื™ืขื’ืขืœื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื‘ืจืื˜ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขื”ืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขืงืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ื“ืึธืš ื ืขืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืื ื“-ื˜ืืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืคืขืจื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืึธื”ืœืฆืฒื˜. 


ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืคืข- 
ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ื™ื ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืืš ืฐืึธืœืงืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืข- 
ืคืขื”ืจ ืื›ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื . ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื’ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฉืืœ- 
ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, ืงืจืขื‘ืกืขืŸ, ืคืขืœื“ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืฉื ืขืงืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืคืœืื ืฆืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืจืขื’ืœืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื - 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ. ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืขืœื˜ ื ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ. 


ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ืงืคึผื™ื™ื ืข 
ื”ื™ื™ื”ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื–ืืžื“, ื•ื•ืื• ืกื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื”ืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื”? 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืึธืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคึผืึธืœื™ืจื˜ ื’ืœืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœื™- 
ืคืขื ืข ื’ืœืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื”? ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื˜ืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืกื˜. 


-- ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ึดืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืึถื‘ื’ืขืจื•-. 
ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืคื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ? ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื”. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 21 


ื‘ึฟื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื‘ืืœื“ ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืงืื ืืจื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื˜ืึธืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ื™ื’ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื˜. 

ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืืฉืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื‘ื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื ื™ื’ ื‘ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืืจื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืข- 
ื‘ืข? ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื˜ืึธืง. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื”ื•ื–ืฉืขืจื™ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจ'ื—ืœืฉ'ื˜, ืื”ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืคื•ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื ื™ื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืคึผืืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืื ืขืฅ. 

-- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜-ื‘ื•ื™ื -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ืจ ื ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงื•ื›ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื’ื ืข- 
ืฉืœึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ื™ืขื›ืฅ ืจืขื“ืขื ื“ื™ื  ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืกืข ืงื•ื›ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืืคื˜. 


ืžื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื”? ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื ื™ื -ืงื•ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืจื•ื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื’ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืข- 
ืจืื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธื›ื ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜, 

ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื•ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืœืื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืขืœ. ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืฐื•ืขื’ื˜. ืฉื˜ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื‘ืœืึทื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืฉืึธื˜ืขื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื–. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื”? ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื - 
-ืจืขืจืข ืงืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื. ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจื•ื™ื‘-ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืžื ืขืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ 
ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืข 
ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœืืš ืคื•ืŸ 


20 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜, 
ืึถื‘ื’ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื‘ืื–ืืœื˜-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื”ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜- 
ืคืึธืœืข ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ืžืืกืขืŸ 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขืงื™ื”ืœื˜ืข ืœืื•ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืข ื”ื•ื™ืคืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืข?. ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข ืžืืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ. 

ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื  ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ 2280 ืคื•ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื ืขื”ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืข- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืจื•ื ื ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื , 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืขืœ. ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืœืืš, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ื ืจืข- 
ืกืขืจืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืจื•ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืง: 
ืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ืึธืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ-ืœื™ื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™?ืœ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื”ืืคื˜. ื ืงืจืขื ืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืขืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืึธืกื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื–ื ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืœ, ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืืจืคืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃื” ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ 
ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ : 

--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ื ื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื˜ืึธืง! ื ื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื˜ืึธืง! 

--- ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ื•ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ื 
ื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื˜ืึธืง ? 

--- ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื˜ืึธืง ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคืืจืืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื” ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืšึฐ ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื ืขืŸ ืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืžืขืŸ. : 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ืœืขื ื“ . 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ืคึผืื ื’ืก ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื“ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ื‘ื™ื”ื ืขืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ื ืข ืื™ื - 
ื–ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึถืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ึถืขึทืžึทืื›ึตื˜ ื ื ึถืขืกึฐื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืคืขึฒื ื•ึนื ึตื  ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืขืŸ 


* ื™ืจืข ืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 209 


ืžืขืŸ ืื•ึผืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื›ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฆื•ืฉืžืึธืœืฆืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ืึธืกืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžืขืœืฅ-ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ ? 

-- ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืึดึถื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจืจ ืื•ื ื– ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืื™ื– ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ? 


ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ, ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉืžืขืœืฅ-ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ' ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืืจ- 


ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ? ื•ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ื ืข ืžืขื˜ืืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืก, ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ? 

-- ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื“ืืจื•ื --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ื ืงืื ืืœ, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืจืฆื˜ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืฑื™ืกื ืขืœืึธืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื”ืข?ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืข? ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืงืืžืคึผืฃ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ, ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื- 
ืžืึธืœืก ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืžืœื—ืžื” ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– 
ืคืึธืจื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืืกืขืจ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื‘ืขื–ื™ืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ื ื‘ื•ืจ --- ื“ืขื ืคื™ื™ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืคื™ืขืœืข ื™ืื”ืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข 
ืคึผืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื™ืขื“- 
ืœื™ื›ืข ื”ื™ื™ื”ืœ. 

-- ื–ืขื”ืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ืจ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ืข- 
ื“ื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš: ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืื ืืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื“ืืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ืฅ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

--- ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ 


ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ 


ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœื˜ -- ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“, 
ืื– ื“ืืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื’ืขืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื ืึธืจ, ืื– ืื™ื– ืื–ื ืคื? ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ื–ื™ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืงืื ืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ? 

ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ืฆื• ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ. 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืจืขื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืขืจื ืขืจ. ืขืจื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืื ื™ืฅ ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื ืข, 
ืืจืึธื‘ื”ื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืงื ื™ืข, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš. ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจื ื™ืกืข ืื™" 
ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 


208 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื–ืึธื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึทืคืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื‘ืืจื’; ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื ืข- 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข 
ื”ื™ื™ื”? ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™? ื–ึดื™ืšึฐ ืืจื•ื™ืกื›ืืคึผืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืœืื ื“. : 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืง. ื‘ืืœืจ 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, ืื•ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขื 
ื‘ืจืขื’. | 
--- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจึนื“! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 

ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื‘ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืžื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื- 
ืœื•ื ื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ. 
ืคื™ืขืœืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– 800 ืคื•ืก. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื’ืื ืฅ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ื ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื–ืืžื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ืก ื”ืื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืฉืฆืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืฐืึธืœืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“. ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื‘ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœืื ื ืข, ื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึท- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืœืื ื ื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืคืขื ืก ื’ืœืื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ- 
ืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจื? ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื•ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื 
ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื•ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ืขื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. 

--- ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื”ื™ื™ื”? ืื™ื– ืคื•? ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ ? ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึธื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœืŸ- 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 207 


== ื ื™ื™ืŸ,. ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืœืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืคืขื ืข ื’ืœืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ? 

-- ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืขืœืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ? ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ืขืก 
ื ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืข ื”ื™ื™ื”?. ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฆื•ืคื? ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื ื•ืฅ ืื™ื”ื ืืœืก ื”ืืคืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื’ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืข? ืื™ื™ืš ืคืจืขื ืขืŸ : ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื–ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก- 
ืคืึธืœึถืขืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ? ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ? ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ 
ืงึผืขืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ื“ืืจืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืข- 
ืจืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. 

--- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ืืจืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก-ืงืจืืคื˜, ืื™ื”ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื”. 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืคื™ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ, ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ื ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™- 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื“ื™ื•ื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™" 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ-ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื“ืึธ, ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขืฆื˜, 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืคืืจืืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื˜ื•- 
ื–ืขื ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ-ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืฆื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืง- 
ื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืืœืก ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ-ื ืจืขื‘ืขืจ ? 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก. ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืกืงืืคืื ื“ืขืจืก (ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ) ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื”. 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ื ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉืืคืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื•ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื ื•- 
ืฆืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืก 
ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ืžืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ื– ืžืขื”ืจ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ื ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืœื™ืš ื‘ืขื“ืื ืงื˜, ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืื’. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื, ื’ื™ื˜ 


26 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื ื‘ืืจื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืš. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืง (ืึธื–ืขืจืึธ), ืื•ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™? ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขื ื“. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืžืขืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืื• ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื ืจ 
ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘. ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืก. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ึถืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื ื“ืข ืœืึธืš, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื”ื™ื™ื”ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ'ืก ื”ืขื ื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืกื˜ืข 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

--- ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืขืจืœืึธืฉืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ืึธืกืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืจื ืขื ืจ 
/ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืืœื˜, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื”ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืงืื ืืœ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื”ืืคืขืŸ -- ื ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขื 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœ,. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“, ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ. ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜, ืื–ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืืคืขืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื• ! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื–ื ื”ืืคืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. 

--- ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ ? 

--- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื•ื --- ืฆื•ืฉืžืึธืœืฆืขื ืข ืžืขื˜ืืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ. ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ ืืœืก 
ื ?ื•ืคื˜-ืฆื™ื”ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื”ื ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ 
ืคืจื™ื™ ืึธื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ. 

--- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืจื™ื ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธื‘ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ 
ืึดื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ ? | | 


5 1 5 0 23 ,ื 


= ืฑ 2 2 ื•ื˜ 5 ื 0 ื™ื˜ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 268 


ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, ืื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืขืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืขืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธืง ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš 
ืืจื•ื ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืืœื™ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ? --- ืึดื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง --- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ? ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืœื™ื•ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ? 

ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื ื•ื˜-ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ืคืจืขื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ : 

--- ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืก, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ? 

-- ืึถื”, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ? ' 

-- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ? 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ื–ื™ื. 

-- ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. 

-- ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืื ืฆื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ืงืœืขืจืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. 

ื˜ืืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ 
ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืก. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื 
ืงื•ืง ื˜ื”ื•ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืข- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ื’ืื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืจื•ื ื“ืข ืœึถืึธืšึฐ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื 
ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืขืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืืกืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข 
ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœืขื ื“ื˜. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ 
ืื•ึผืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื•ื˜ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืก ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 


204 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข 
ื˜ื”ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื ืœืืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืข- 
ืฆื•ื•ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืœืื ื ื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืขื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืฉืœืื ื’ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืข ื’ืขืกืœืืš, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืจื’ืœืืš. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจื ื™ืกืข ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืœื•ืคื˜-ื‘ืืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื ืœืืฃ. ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืืคื˜. 

| ืื•ื ืคื™ืขืจ ืื•ื”ืจ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜ 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ื‘ืœืึธื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืขืจืงื™ื”ืœื˜ืข ืฆื•ืฉืžืึธืœึผ- 
ืฆืขื ืข ืžืขื˜ืืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ, ืคืœืื›ืขืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’-ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืื•ืžื“ืจืขื”ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื– ื ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธื‘ื ืขืฆืืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืืจื™- 
ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื– ืืœื–ืึธ ืคืขืจื‘ืœืืงื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ื" 
ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทื”ืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ. ื ืขื ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคึผื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš, ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉืขื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš'ืฅ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœืึธื“ืขื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ืคืขืจืžืื›ื˜. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“. ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ, ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข. ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืฉืคึผืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื”?ื˜ ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขืœืขื ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืฉืœื•ืก ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื, 
ืื•ื ืฆื• ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืœื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ - 
ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžึดื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจื™ื”, ' | 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืšึฐ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ. ืจืขืจ ืžืึธื ืึธ- 


| ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 208 


- ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืžืึธืœืฆืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื”ืขื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ื™ื’ืข ืžืื›ื˜. 

ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืก 
ืคื•ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื•" 
ืงึผืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืึธืœึนึผืง 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื™ืึธื”ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคืขืจืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืคื™ืขืœืข ื ืขืœืขื”ืจ- 
ื˜ืข ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืขืก ืื™ื– ืืžืช, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคืึธืœ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ 
ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื‘ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื”ืึธืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืข- 
ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืžื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ื-ื‘ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืื ื“ืข- 
ืจืข ื™ืžื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืจื™ืขื–ืขื ื”ืืคื˜ืข ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ (ืจืขื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ) 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืคืฆืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื–ื ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืฉื ืขืœืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืžืขืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื™ืคืขืœ", ืึธื“ืขืจ 
"ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคื™ืฉ" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื ืœื™ืฉ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืŸ ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ "ืžืขืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ืข- 
ื›ืขืœืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืื ื ืข ืขืงืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื ืึธื“ืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืง ื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืก ื•ื•ืืคืข ืฆื• ืคืขืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื’ื ืขืจ. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉืœืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจืื•ืจื–ืื›ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืขื’ื ืขืจ'ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืžืขืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื ืึธื“ืœืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืšืฃ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื ื™ืคื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ึนื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื-ืคืขืจื“ืœืืš -- ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื ืคืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืžืคึผื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ------ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืื ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืžืคึผืฒื˜. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, 
ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื•ืงืขื ืก ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืืจืคืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“, 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉ. ื–ื™ื™ ืขืจื ืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื– ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืึธืจืขืจ ืคื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, 


208 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื - 


ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืœืงืขื ืก, ื•ื•ืืจืคืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ื”ืืคื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื. ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืœืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ, 
ืืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธืœ,. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืืœืก ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืื•ื " 
ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. | 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื’ ื ืื ืฅ ืฉื ืขืœ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ 
| ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื - 
ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื  ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื 
ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ. 


0ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฐืึทืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ-ืžื™ื ืขืŸ 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื 20ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜. 
ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ-ื’ืื ื’, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื– 11 ืื•ื”ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื ืขืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืื? ื ืึธื›- 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก ืคืื” ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜. ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจืŸ- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉึดืื™ืฃ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
0 ืžื™ื™? ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืจื™ื›- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜. 

ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืœืึธื“ืขื ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื-ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ื ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. | 

ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืข- 
ื“ืขื ืข ืคืื ื˜ืืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ืข, ื‘ืข- 
ืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ-ืคืืจื‘ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 21 


ื’ืขื ื“ืขืก, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืคึผืœืื˜ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืฃ ืกืึธืœืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ื, ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึดื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื’ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ืกืื™ืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื›ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธื”ืจ, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืข" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื–-ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜, ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืกื™ืฉืข 
ืงืจื™ืขื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ ืกืึธืœืึธืŸ'ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืงืื ื“ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืคืจื™ืงื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืฆื• ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืขื’ื™ืคึผื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืจื™ื›ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ื’ ืžืื›ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืขืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ืื”ืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข 
ืคืึธืจึดื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืžื‘ื•? ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืจื“-ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืก 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื˜ื”ื™ื™?ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืื™ื”ืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืช ืœืขืช ืคืขืจ- 
ื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฐื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืข?ื˜-ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืืœืก ื“ื™ื ืงืื ืืจื™ืฉืข, ืื–ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืืœืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ "ืื˜- 
ืงืื ื˜ื™ืก", ืฐืึธืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื™ื“. ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจ- 
ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคื? ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืžืช ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ? ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื–ื•- 
ื›ึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืŸ. : 

ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ืขืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ ืืจื•ื, ืื™ื–ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฐืฐื•ืขื’ื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื’ืจืึธื–. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืจ- 
ืืœื˜ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ? ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข 
ืคืืงื˜ืขืŸ ? -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ื ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. 

ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื? ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ. 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 


200 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื”ืืคื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ; ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื”ื 
ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืคืขื ืก ืคืืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก- 
ืคึผืœืึธื˜ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืื ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื”ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืืœืขื ืข 
ืžื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืข ื’ืืกืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜: ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื– 
ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ืคึผืึธืžืคึผื™ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึฐื”ืจ 79 ืคืขืจืฉืึธ- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืื ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ื•ื•ืขื–ื•ืื•ื•ื™ื•ืก. 

--- ื•ื•ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ --- ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื“ืึธ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ? 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ืืจื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืจื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืข ืฉื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ื ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ืคืจืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืงืจื™ื™ื“-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคืขืœื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜: "ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืก". 

ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืข- 
ื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜, ืื– "ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืก" ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 


ื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืœืื ื“, ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื ืข- 


ื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืื•ืจ- 
ืืœื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืฃ ืคึผืœืื˜ืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 2298 ื™ึนืึธื”ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, 
ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ืฐืขืจืง, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืืœ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืœื˜ืข ืขื ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืขืจ. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขื˜ืจื˜ื”ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, 
ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืึธื ืก-ืœืขื”ืจืขืจ ืืจื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ืœืขื”ืจื˜ืขืŸ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืŸ ื”ื•ืžื‘ืึธืœื“ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 1769 ืื•ืŸ 1889, ืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืก ืึถื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื–ืืš ืื™ื– 
ื ื•ืจ ื ืคืื‘ืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืข ืขื ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜. ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืข 
ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผื, ืื–ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื™ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
ืื™ื™ื ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืŸ-ืคืึธืœืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืงืจื™ืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืจ-ืืœื˜ืข ื’ืจื™ื›ืขืŸ. : 

ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืึธ'ืก ืฐืขืจืง ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ืื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืขืœื“ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืข ืคึผืืกื™ืจื•ื ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืœืข- 


4 = ื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 259 


ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืืกืขืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืืคืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืข ื”ืขื ื“. ื”ื•ื™ืคืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืืกื˜ืขืŸ, ืฉืœืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœืขืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืืœืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื”ืขื ื“ืข ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืงืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื-ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืืœืขืก ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื? ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื ืžื‘ื•ืœ? ืืžืึธืœ?ืœ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื•ืฐืขืœื˜ ? ื•ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืึธ ? ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืคืขืจืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ? 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ืขืจืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืจืข- 
ื˜ืขื ื™ืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืึธื ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ'ืŸ ืืจื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื”ื ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ื•ื-ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืข- 
ืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืึธืงืข? ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืฆื™ื™ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื’, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ: "ืงื•ืžื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืœึผืึธืžึดื™ืจ ื ืขื”ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ". 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื‘ืืจื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืขืœื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื™- 
ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ืืจื•ื. | 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืื›ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ื”ืข- 
ื›ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืœืื›ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœ 
ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื‘ืœื™ืฆืขืŸ-ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ื™ืขืจ-ืžืืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ'ืก ืื•ื™ื’ ืงืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ-ืžืืกืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืคืœืืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืงึผืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืึถื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฑื™ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ; 
ื’ืขืฉืžืึธืœืฆืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื?, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืื˜ืขืจ --- ื“ื™ื ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคึผ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก-ื’ืœื™ื”ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ื”ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ ืืจื•ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’. 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืœืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืื•ื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื‘ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืึธืจื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข 
ื“ืขื›ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึทื›ืขื ืข ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœืขืŸ, ืฆื•ืจื™ืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืจืฆื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืšึฐ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืึธืกืงืื ื™ืฉืข โ€ 
ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืขึถื˜ึฐื•ื•ืึฐืกึธ ื•ึตื•ื™ื™ื˜ึถืขึถืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึถืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ึฐืขึถื–ืขึธื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืจื‘ึธื•ืช ืคึตื™ืŸ ืจื™ืขื–ืขื ึธ- 


258 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืืœื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึฟ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื™ื’. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ื ืึธื›ื ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ 
ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข, ืึธื‘ืฐืึธื”? ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข 
ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืœื™ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ื™ืข- 
ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืฉื ื™ืฆืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืก- 
ื˜ืข ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ืžืก ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ื“ื™ื 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื ืื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื’, ื•ื•ืื• 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืืจื’ ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœื˜ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืฉืœืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืœื•ื˜ื”. ืขืจื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื”ืึธึท- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืœืืš, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืืกืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื•ืžื ืขืคืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ื”ื™ื™ื”ืœืขืŸ, ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืข 
ื ืจื•ื ื“ืœืึธื–ืข ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ืš, ืื– ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคืขืจื ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืึธื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื‘ืข- 
ืฉืขืคื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื ื•ื™ืฆืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ื›ืข ื”ืขืจ- 
ื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขึทืœึทื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ืขื’. ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฉืฆืขื ื“ืข ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืฉืืœ-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืงืจืขื‘ืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืข- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื–ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–. ืžืื ื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืจืขื‘ืกืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื”ืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจืขื“ืขืจ. | 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ : ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืข? ื™ืึธื”ืจ- 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ? 

ืึธื‘ืฐื•ืึธื”? ื ืžื•ืจื ืื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข 
"ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจืก", ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื–ื™ื™ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืค- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืžื•ื•ื˜ 
ื ืึธื›ืคึผืึธืœื ืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข, ืคืœืื›ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืš 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 27 


ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœื•ื˜ื” 
ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื ืขืœืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ-ื”ื•ื™ืคืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜. โ€ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืžืขื”ืจืขืจืข ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ. ื’ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืกื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืก ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืงืขื ื™ื’, ืืœืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 

ืื•ื ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ื”ืจ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื”ืืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื ืึธืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื ื’ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืึธืœ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ืึธื”ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจื™ืื•ืŸ ืึธื”ืŸ ื–ืืคื˜ -- 
ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ-ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืขืจื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื‘ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™" 
ื‘ืขืœื˜ ื ื ืื ืฆืข ื•ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฉืจืฆื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ืขืงืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืขืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืฆื•ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’. ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื•- 
ื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ื’ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืื ื ืขื ืขื”ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืขื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืœื™ื•- 
ืกื™ื’ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืึธืœื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืขื“ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ื’ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ึผืข ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืฉืžืึธืœืข, ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื ืœืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ืึถื‘- 
ื’ืจื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืœืฉืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจืึธื‘ืฆื•ืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ'ื”ืจื "ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžื ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ- 
ืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคึผืœึฐืื™ื–, ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืœ- 
ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืึธื˜ ืึธื˜ ืคืืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, - 


2060 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืืœืฅ ื‘ืœืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ. ื‚ 

ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืคืขืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืืœืฅ ื”ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ื ืข ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืœืืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ืื–ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜. ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ? ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึทืžืขื ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ; ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉ- 
ืœื™ื›ืข ื”ืขื ื“? ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจื ืขื ื“ 
ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื–ื ืืจื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื‘ืขื–ื•ืš! ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืงืึทืœืึธื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืจื™ืกื™ื’ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ื ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจืคืึธืœื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื˜ืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ? ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงื™ ืื–ื•ื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืคืขื ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 

ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื”ืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืขื ืข ื–ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ (ืคึผืื“ืขืฉ- 
ื•ื•ืขืก) ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืš ื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขื ืงืจืืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื 
ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืข ืฉื™ื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจืื’ืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ึถืขื”ืื˜ ื ืคื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ-ืฉืคึผืจืืš, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื”ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื‘ืืจื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ 
ืื›ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ึฟื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 258 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืขื›ื˜ 
ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืื ืฆื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื”ืขืœ. ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื™ืขื ืข ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื”ื ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฆื•ื•ืขืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืข- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึถื”ืŸ ื ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืข. 


ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืŸ. 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืงืขื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื“ืึถืšึฐ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืœืื ื ื–ืื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื”ืžื™ื’ืข ืขืจื“, ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืงื ืึธื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื“- 
ืœืืš. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ. 


ื’ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืกืขื ื“ืข ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืขื ืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื–. ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืœืื’ืก ืจืขื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ืจืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ืขืฆื˜. 
ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืœืื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื ื’ืขืคื™ื”?, ื•ืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ 
ืึธืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืึถื”ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื˜ืืงื™ 
ืœึผืขื›ืขืจืงื™ืš, ืžื•ืจื ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืจืขื’ืขืŸ-ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืขื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ! ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื - 
ื–ืขืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื•ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ืžื ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื 
ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื˜ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 


ื ืึธืš ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืข- 
ืจืข ืคื™ืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื’. ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื'ืœืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื•ื™ื 
ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืคืขืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืกื™ื’ืœืึธื–, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืกืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืคืขื ืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขืงืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืœืื˜ืข, ืงืœืขืคึผื™ื ื’ืข ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžึตืึธืœ ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 


254 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื ืขื”ืžืขืฃ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืขื ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ. 

ืืจื•ื ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ื™ืขื ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืื ืฅ ืื•ื ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ืขืคืœื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ืžื™ืขื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ "ื ื™ื™ืŸ". 

--- ื“ืืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ื™ืš ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืื’. 

--- ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžืึธืœ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ -=- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืœืฅ ื‘ืฒื™ื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ-ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืœื•ืกื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื™ื ืื ื’ ื™ืขืฆื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ? 

-- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืื™ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืก ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืข? 
ืขืจืžื™ืขื“ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืื ื’, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืคืœืืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ื’ ื ืื ืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. 

--- ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจื™ื’. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš. 

--- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ- 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืจื“ืขืจืึธื‘ืข-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืžืื›ืขืŸ, ืึถื”ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื‘ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, | 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื“ื™ื 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจืื ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืœื•ืคื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉื‚ืข ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ; 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืจืขื ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื“. ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึผืื ืฆื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืœืฉื•ืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ . 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื˜ืืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืืœื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืข- 


ืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 288 


-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ึนืึถืšึฐึผ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ? -- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ื”ื ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื“. 

-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธื›ื–ืขื”ืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ืคืขืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜. 

ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื™ 
ืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ืงืึธืžืคึผืืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื ืึธืš 
ื–ื™ื“ ืฐื•ืขืกื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. 

ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ? ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืค- 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื  ื‘ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื ืึธืš ืขืœืฃ 
ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืœื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคึผืึธืจื, ื•ื•ืื• ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืฐืึธืœืงืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ืขืœ. ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืกื™ืžืŸ ืคืื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืื• ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืขื’ืขืœ-ืฉื™ืฃ. ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืขื ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ื ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื™ืžืขืœ, ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ืื•ื ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ึนื ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืก- 
ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืขืš-ืจืขื”ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืงืœืืคึผืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก. 

ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจื˜ืข ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 18 ืœื™ื’ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจืขื’. ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืืœื–ืึธ ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืขื - 
ืงึผืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ืขื“ืขืจ'ืก 
ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคื? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ื™?, 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืœืืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 


282 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ 3 ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืงืจืขื˜ืึธ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจืฉื™ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ืขืฉืื ืง ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื - 
ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ื“ึถืขื ื™ืึถืšึฐ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืจืงื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’. 


ืคื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ืึท ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื 19ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื” ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ื’. 

--- ื ื•, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’. 

-- ืืœื–ืึธ, ืœืขื ื“ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜. 

--- ื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืคืข? ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื“ืืžื˜ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืึธื‘ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. 

--- ื™ื, ืœืขื ื“. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื‘ืื ืงื™ืจืขืŸ. 

--- ื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ืื ืงื™ืจืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ -- ื‘ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื‘ืื ืงื™ืจืขืŸ ? 

--- ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ืง-ื”ื•ื™ื– --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ --- ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึถืงืขืืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืงืืกื˜ืขื ืก. 

ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืข 
ื’ืึธืœื“ื“ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืก ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืฐืึธื”ื ื˜ ืคืึธืจื™ื ืข ื ืื›ื˜. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื“ืขืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื•ืกื˜ ืฆืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื”ื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ื™ืจืงื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฑื™ืกื ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜ 
ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธ. ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืขืฉื™ืžืคึผืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ --- ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืขืŸ. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ืข 
ื ืื›ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 


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ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 261 


ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ืคื™ื ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

-- ืืžืช! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืืงื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื•ืžืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขืฆื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื ืฉืขื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ 
- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืึถืœึฐื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
: --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื”ืœื˜ื”ืื˜, 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ ืึธื ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืกืง ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, 

ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืฉืึธื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœื“. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืจ ืืืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื”ื™ืžืขืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืืœืก ืื•ื ื ื•ืฆื‘ืืจ, ืืœืก ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ื?, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืืจื™ืžืข, 
ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ื—ืจื˜ื” ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืจื™ื’ื˜, 

-- ืื•ื ื ื•ืฆื‘ืืจ, ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ืคืขืจื“ืจื™ืกืงื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ --- ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื”ื™ืžืขืจ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ? ื–ืืžืข? ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ? ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืก ืื™ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื›ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืขืŸ ?4 ืจืขื ืงื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข, ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื’ื˜ืข 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืœืื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืจืื ื™ืฉืข ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ ? ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืื”ืœื˜ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข? 
ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 1.... 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืจื™ื™ื“. ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืขืจื“ืจืึธืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขืจืขืจื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจ ืขื ื˜ืจืขืงื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืื‘ื”ืขื ื’ื™ื’. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ืขื‘ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคื™ื”ืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื’ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข, 

ืืฆื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืขืฃ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฆื•ื•ืขืง 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืคืขืจ ื’ืึธืœืจ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ 


200 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืืกืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื ืขืฉืึธื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืข ืงืืกื˜ืขื ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืœื“, ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืขื“ืขืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ืึธืกืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืกืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช. ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืงืืกื˜ืขื ืก ืืจืฑืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื• 
ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1702, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืงืœืึธื”ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืงืืกื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืœึผื“ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืขืจืคืื”- 
ืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืขืœืข 
ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. 

--- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช 
ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื 4 --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœ. 

-- ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื 
ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืœืจ, 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ืงืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขืœื™ื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืจื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื–ืืš. ืึถื˜ 
ืงื•ื ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืขื”ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืื• ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืื“ืงืืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ. ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฅ ื ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืฆืขื”ืœื™ื ืข ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืขืŸ ? 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืืฑืกึผืคืึธืจืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธ ื‘ื•ื›ื˜ืข 
ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉืื“ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™. 

--- ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

-- ื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืขื ืฉืืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึธื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื- 
ื ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ --- ื“ื™ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืขืœ ื ืขืœื“ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ื ืึธืš ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ, ืžืขืŸ ืฉืืฆื˜, ืื– ืจื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 249 


-- ืคึผืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 

ื‘ืขื ืจื™ืขืฃ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืงืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข. ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขืจืฆืขื—ืœื•ื ื’ ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. 

-- ืืœื–ืึธ, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
-- ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื™ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื“ื™ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื’ื™ื•ื, ืื– ืืœืข ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช 
ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื“ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื ื’ืข'ื˜ืขื ื”'ื˜, ืื– ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืข- 
. ืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื ืึธืœื“ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืืงื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ ืงืขื ื™ื’ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืขืคืขื”ืœ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ 
.ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืื“ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื“ื™ื–. 

ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื ืขืžืœื™ืš, ื“ืขื 22ื˜ืขืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ, 1702, ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ืึธ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืขืจืฉื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœืึธื˜ืข. ืื“ืžื™ืจืืœ ืฉืื˜ืึธ- 
ืจืขื ืึธ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคืขืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื'ืก ื”ืขื ื“. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš ืื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื? ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืคืขื”? ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฉื˜ื™? ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื•? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’. 

-- ืืœื–ืึธ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธ ื‘ื•ื›ื˜ืข, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืขื ืขื ื”ืืคืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ืจื? ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึถืœึถืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ืš, ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืืœืขืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ึทืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื“ืจื™ืง 
ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงื ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื 
ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœ 
ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœืึธืžืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜, ื ืขืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ-ื‘ื ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึฟืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืขืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 


248 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงืขื ื™ื 'ืก ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืงืขื ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื›ืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืื ื“, ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื ืœืื ืจ 
ืคืขืจื–ืืžืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ื”ืืื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืก 
ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืื˜, ืื– ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืจืึธืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื , ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืฉืืจืœื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ. 

ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืŸ ืืœึตื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื›ื˜ืข, ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืขืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืœ- 
ื“ืื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ. ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืืฃ, ื’ืึธืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืœื˜. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืขื˜ืืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื˜ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™- 
ืคืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืคืืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืงืจื™ืขื ืก-ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1702, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืœื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืœืึธื˜ืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึท- 
ืžืื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื“ืžื™ืจืืœ ืฉืื˜ืึธ-ืจืขื ืึธ. ื“ื™ื ืงืจื™ืขื ืก-ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ื‘ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื? 
ื“ืขื ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ืคึผืื ื’ืก ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืœื“ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ 
ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ืงืื“ื™ื–, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’, 
ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœืึธื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื“ืžื™ืจืืœ ืฉืื˜ืึธ- 
ืจืขื ืึธ ื›ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื”ืืคืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืก- 
ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืœื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ืจื? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื ืึธื›- 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื™ื™ื ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธ, ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืจื“-ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืœืืงื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ื“. | : 

ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขืจ ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืขืจ- 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืืœ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืจื•ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ 
ืืฑืกืœืึธื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืขื ืœื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืขืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื ื ืืจื™ืฉืข ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืขื ืฅ ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืœื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ึนืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟืึธืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืคืจืื ืข: 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœ 1 


ื ืขื ื ืื™ 6 222 ืขื‘" 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 24 


-- ืึถื”, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธ ? ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืš ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืš. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืขืŸ ?ึธ 

ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ืคึผืœื•ืฆื™ 
ืœื•ื ื’ืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื˜ื•ืžืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขื ื˜ื ื™ืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืืœื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื•? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ -- ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ? ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ื™ืš, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืขืŸ ? 

-- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ื•ืžืœืขื ื™ืก ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืึถืš 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ }! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœื˜ -- ืงื•ืžื˜, ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืข? ืื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืข. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ. ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜. 

-- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ื ื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืขืŸ. ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข- 
ืกื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ื ืคืจืื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืขืŸ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™? ื“ืึธ ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ.. ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ื’ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ -- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ืื ืขื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1702,. ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ืฐื•ืข? ืื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜. ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืขืจ- 
ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื– ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผื™ืจื™ื ืขืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึถืšึฐ. ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื 
ืคึผื™ืจื™ื ืขืื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืขืจื’, ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึธื‘ ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ. 
ื“ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ืคึผืขืจืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ืฆื• ืคืขืจ- 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืœ, ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื ื–ืฉื• ืืœืก ืงืขื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื˜ื”ืจืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืงืขื ื™ื’ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ, ืึถื‘ืฐื•ืึธื”? ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื™ื™- 


ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืข ืžืขื›ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ,. ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ืื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš 


26 ื•ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืึธืž" 
ืคึผืืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฆื• ืœืื ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืข ื”ืืคืขื ืก. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืœื–ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ืข ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืฉืึธื“ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื™ื™ืจื˜ 
ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืžื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ื•ื•ืื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื? ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืจืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืจืขื’ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜, ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืœืขื ื“'ืขืŸ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก ื ืข- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจื™ื ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื ืก-ื™ืงืจืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื”ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืกื™ื ื ืืœ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื- 
ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ื“ืขื“ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ. ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืขืค- 
ืคืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”ืœื˜ 
ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืงืœืึธื”ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃืฅ 
ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืฐืึธื”? ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ึนื™ืคื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืžืื›ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ื ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 8+ 


ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืื’ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืขืกืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜. ืื•ื ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ. ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ื ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืข- 
ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 


ืคืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืข? ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ 


ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื›ืืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขื”- 
ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื” ืžื™ืจ ื ืฉืจืขืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืฆืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ? ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคึผื ื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื ?4 ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืื? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื, ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืคื™ืขืœ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืข? ื‘ืืœื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืžืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ, ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื” ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื–ืฉืืœืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืœืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืขื ื–ืืืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืฆื• 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ืฆื™ืžืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. 
ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคืืกื˜ ืžื•ื˜ื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืืš, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“. ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืกื˜-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขืงืขืžึฟืคึทึผืคื˜ ืคืืจ ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜. 
ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืืจ ื ื‘ืื ื“ ืคืขืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื”ืขืœื“ืขืŸ-ื–ืขืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ? 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ? ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš.ื ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก- 
ืงึผืขืžืคึผืคืขืจ 4 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืจื ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืื›ืคึผืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืข- 
ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข 4 ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ ืื›ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื˜ืึธ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ? ืืจื•ื™ืก 


244 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืขืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคึผืขืŸ? ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืจืขื ืงื•ื ื’ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืžืื›ืขืŸ ! ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงืขืŸ 4 ืฐืึธืก ืื ื‘ืขืœืื ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงืœืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื. ื’ืจืื“ืข ืคืขืจืงืขื”ืจื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื’ืืกื˜-ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื”ืื ืจืขืœื˜, ื“ืึถืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ, ืื– ื ืขืžืึธ, ืืœืก ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืจ, 
ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืื•ื ื’, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ืคึผืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื ืฆื•ืคืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื”ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื 
ื–ืืš ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืขืจื“ืจื™ืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื–ืึธื - 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืข ืงืืคึผืจื™ื–ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ื•ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ 
ืคืื ื˜ืึธืจื™ืŸ. ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืืžืึธืœ ืคืืจ 
ืขื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ืื–ื ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื ื™ืก, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขื ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ื•ืื•, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื ืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืึธืœื“, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ืขึนืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”ืœ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ืึธื‘ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืงืขื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืคืึธื”ืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ 
ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื 
ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื”ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆึดื•ืœึดื™ืขื‘ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืœืข ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื - 
ืคืืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื ืขื ื“- 
ืœื™ืš. ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ื™ืขื“ืข ืจื’ืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 


"': 


5 
+ ื˜ื’ = ื™ื™ 
.ื™ื™ ื™ืฉื™ ื™ื“ืฅ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 243 


ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ืขืจื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืขืจื™ 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ. ืืœื–ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธื˜ืขืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“ ! 

ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืœืขื ื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš; โ€ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืข 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืœื•ืก ! ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ 


ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ื“ืื’ืขื ืขืŸ ? ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ืœืขื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืœ 


ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื ื ื•ื˜ืข ื ื’ืขืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš, 
ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืจืขื›ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ื›ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ? ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืœืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืง ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืกื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืœืื’ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืขื–ืขืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ 
ื ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืขื - 


- ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ืื•ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืข- 


ื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื– ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืœืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื, 

ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– 
ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ, ื“ืื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื—ืฉืง ื ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืฉืืœืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธ- 
ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก?. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคื? ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ื™ืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ื’ืข- 
ื“ืื ืง, ืื– ืงื™ืจืฆืœื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš. ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื–ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื•ื™ื ื“ืืžืึธืœืก 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ. ื–ืืืœ, ืื•ื ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžืคึผืืก ืฆื• ื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธ: ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ึดื™ืšึฐ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ, 
ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 


242 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ึฟืฑื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื›ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื‘ืจืืœื˜ืืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึถืšึฐ ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืกืœืึธื–, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืžื™ืจ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืœืื ื“ 
ื ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข 
ื˜ืขื’. | 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืืฑื™ืคื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืคืึธืจื˜- 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ : 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืก. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’. ื“ื™ื ื ืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื•ื ืงืข? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืจืื“ืข 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื™ืขื ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืจืขื›ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืขืจืคื™ืœืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 

--- ืืœื–ืึธ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“ ืื•ื ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื’ื ืืœ. ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืœ? ืื™ื– 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืžืืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื’ืขืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืึธื ืืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืฉืคึผืฒื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื ืจื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ื ืฉืœื™ืกืขืœ ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืฉืจื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื™ืคืขืœ,. ืืœืขืก ืื™ื– ืืœื–ืึธ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื‘ืขื ืจ, 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื ื–ืืš --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ื‘ื˜ ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. 

--- ื ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึถืš 
ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืขืŸ. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืขืžืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื ื–ืืš, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื’ืขื ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืข? ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื™?ืœ. ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื– ื ื•ืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืื ื“ { ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ 


ืื˜ 
ื™ื 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 241 


ื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืคืขืœื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ึผืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืืงืขืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื ื ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก, ื ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืžืึธื ืื˜, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืœื™ื’ืก (ื ืœื™ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžื™ื™?). ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข 
ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืขืจื“-ืงื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืืœื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื. ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก. 

ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื‘ืจืืœื˜ืืจ ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืก, 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื’ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ. ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืืœื‘ 
ืื™ื ื–ืข? ืกืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืขื ื˜. ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึทึธืงืขืœื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง, 
ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืข 
ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืœื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืขืก ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืืจื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฆื•" 
ื˜ืจืึทื ืขืŸ. ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ืื™ืš 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื”ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืคืขืจืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 
: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ 


ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฉื•ืŸ. 


-- ื ื•, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื” ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื—ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ ืื–ื 


ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ 


ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืืจื™ืฉ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ,. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื•ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš. 

-- ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื’ืขื ืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ! ----ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ -- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื›ืขื˜ื• ,,ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 


240 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื’ืœื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคึผืึทื–ื™- 
ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืข ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ' 

ื“ืขื 18ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื ืื ืฅ ืคืจื™ื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื‘ืจืืœื˜ืืจ --- ื ืฉืžืึธืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืžืขืขืจ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ : ืืŸ ืื•ื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืงืขื”ืจื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ืกืขื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื ื ืึธืš'ืŸ 
ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืง. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืš 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜, ื•ื™ื™? ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืžืืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœื™ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ืื™ื”ื 
ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืžืื›ืขืŸ, ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื, ืื– ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืข- 
ืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืžืึธืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึธื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื›ืืคึผืขืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืขื”ื ืขื ื”ืขืจืงื•ืœืขืก-ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืœ, ืฐืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคึผืœื™ื ื™ื•ืก ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื–ืขืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 


8ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ื™ื ืฐื™ื ืึท ื‘ื•ื›ื˜ืข 


ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื ! ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืคื™ื ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจืื˜ ืžื™ื™ืœ. ืœืื ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืœ, 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืึธืงืขืื ืขืŸ. ื“ื•ืจืฃ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื ืคืึธื”ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื ื ืึธืš ืืžืขืจื™ืงื. ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืงืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื•ื•ืืคืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™- 
ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ืขืœ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื ื’ื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ืšึผ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ื™ืฒื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ?ืœ: ื“ืขืจ ืกืขื ื˜ ืœืึธื•ืจืขื ืฅ, ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคึผื™, ืืžืื–ืึธืŸ, ืคึผืœืื˜ื, ืืจื™ื ืึธืงืึธ, ื ื™ื’ืขืจ, 
ืจื”ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืœื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธืงืขืืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ื‘ืข- 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 239 


-- ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ. ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืงื™ื™ื˜, ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ ืžืื›ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืคืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืืžืึธืœ ืึธื‘ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืจื•- 
ืงืขื ืข ืžืืกืข, ืึถื”ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืึถื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฐืึธื”ื ืขืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืื™ื”ืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ. 

--- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืœืื ื’ ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืก ื ืึธืšึฐ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ? 

|- -- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื™ืึธื”ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ. 

--- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก? ืคืึธืจื˜ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืจ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืฆืขืœื˜. 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคึฟืึธืจื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™? ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื’. 

ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™- 
ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืื ืฅ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ื“- 
ื“ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืจื™ื”ืจืขื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืข ืกืฆืข- 
ื ืขืก. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืขื ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืžืืกืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืจืึธืกื˜ืขื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืจื•ืื™- 
ื ืขืŸ, ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื ืงืขืจืก, ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจืก, 
ืงึผืขืกืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืคึผื™ืขืœ ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืคืจืขืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจื•ื™ื‘-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ? 

| ื™ืขื ืข ื ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื - 

ื ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืคึผืืกื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ ื ื•ืจ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืœ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืืœืื›ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ื•ืก. 

ืฐืึธืก ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื‘ืจืืœื˜ืืจ, ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคืขืจืื•ื - 


238 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื“ืขื ืข ืคืœื•ืก-ืคืขื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ื’ ื™ืขื“ืข ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื•ื ืฆื• ื‘ืขืฉื™ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉืึธื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ- 
ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ 
ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื‘ืืจืข ื–ื•ื™ื’-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืื ื›ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ- 
ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 16ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืกื™ืฆื™ืœื™ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื™ืก. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ืื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืคื•ืคืฆื™ื  
ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ, ืฉืžืึธืœืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืœืื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื ืื ืฅ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื ื ื–ืื, ืื•ื ื–ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืึธึถืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื . 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืืจื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืื•ึผ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื  
ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜. 

-- ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจืŸ" 
ืคืขืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืืœื–ืึธ ื ืคึผืืก ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื‘ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื ืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื. 

--- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืขืก ืื™ื– ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื . ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืขืก ืจื•ืคืขืŸ "ื•ื•ืื ื“" ืคืขืจืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืงืื ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื™ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื˜ื—ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื ืื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื ืขื ืขื ื“ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ืฉื”. : 

--- ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื  ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ --- ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื•ื™ื 
ืฆื• ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ! 

-- ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ื•ื•ืื ื“ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ --- ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื‘ืจืืœื˜ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืื•ื˜ื. ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืขืœื– ื“ืขื 
ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื• -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ --- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ืคืืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืื ื™ืฉืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ? 

--- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’, ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ. ื“ื• ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ืื– 
ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืืžืึธืœืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“-ืงื•ื’ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื ึนืึถืšึฐึผ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื‘- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืงื™ื”ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื‘ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืœื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื”ืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก ืงืจืืคื˜. 
ืจ = -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ? 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 27 


ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 16ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื” ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข 
ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 18ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื‘ืจืืœื˜ืืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ืžืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ึทื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืœืข ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ืข 
ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื ืื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื’ืข" 
ื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืข ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื? ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื 
ืืจื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ื ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืึถื ืฆื•ืฉืข- 
ืคึผืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœื–ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืœืฑื™ื– 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื›ืืคึผืขืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืฉื ืข?, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื–ืืš ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื-ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื 
ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ; ื–ืขืข-ืคื•ืงืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื‘ึผืขื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืื ื ืข ืขืงืขืŸ; ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธืœืš- 
ื‘ืจืืกืขืŸ -- ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข, ืงืึธืกื˜ื‘ืืจืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืคื™ืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจ-ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืจื•ื ื“-ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ืฉื˜ืขืจ-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, 
ื‘ื™ื– ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉึดื™ืฃ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื . ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ-ืคื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืืœืก ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–. ืžืขืŸ ืขืกื˜ ืื™ื”ื 
ืคืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜, ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ื˜, ืžืืจื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืืœืฆืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง. ืื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืข" 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืŸ-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืื ืฆืขืจื˜ืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื™ 


26 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื˜ืจืึธืฆื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืืœ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ ืคืขืจืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ึนื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื ื’ืขืจื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธื˜ื”ืขื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืื– ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื”ื™ืฅ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 

--- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ื™ 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืคืขื”ืœ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืกื™ื’ื ืืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ืื•ืŸ. 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืœื•ื˜ื”. ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ?ืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
-ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืงื˜. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื 16ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคึผ ืžืื˜ืื‘ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 


7?ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื 


ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืื™ืฉ, ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจืข:ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ืขืœืข ื ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืจืื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ. ืขืก ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืืจื•ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืจื’, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื ืข, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืข ืœื•ืคื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืขืคึผื˜ื•ืŸ (ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืืœื˜ืข 
ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ) ื–ืึธืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืœื•ื˜ืึธ'ืŸ (ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื). 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ืžืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืงืœื™ืžืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืžื ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืก, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื“ื™ื 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืขืจืคืื”ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื”ืืœืคืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. : 

ืื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืจืฆื™ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื ื™- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื™ื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ 600 ืžื™ื™ืœ. ืžื™ืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 28 


--- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืฉืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื– ื ื™ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืš. 
ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืืœื˜ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืงืืกื™ืึธื“ืึธืจื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื ื™ื•ืก 
ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 19 ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜-ืจืขื›ื ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“, 
! ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขืฆื˜, ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื ืึธื™ 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืขื™ื (ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขืจ). ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึถื”ืจ 69 ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืงื™ื™ื ืข 
ื ื™ื™ืขืก ื ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1866, ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื™ึนืึถื”ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ "ื ืขืึธืจื’ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ", ืึธื“ืขืจ "ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ื–ืฉ", ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ 
ืขืก ืื•ื™ืก. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ 
ืืคืจืขื–ื, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืขื ืงืืžืขื ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ื ืฉืžืึธืœืขืŸ ืงืื ืืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืืคืจืขื–ื 
ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ?, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื•ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ื“ืขื ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืืจื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืจืขืงื. ื“ื•ืจืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืคืขืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. 

-- ืื•ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืงืื ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขืฆื˜ ? 
-- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

- -- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืกืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืขืœืข ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืืžืขื ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืจืืœืขืŸ-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืืจ- 
ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื•ืจื›'ืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืจื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื”ืขืœืขืŸ ืคืึธืกืคืึธืจ ืงืึธืœึดื™ืจ. ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืคืœืืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืื•ืŸ 


24 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ื  ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื–ื ื”ื™ืฅ ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขืจื•ื”ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื ืขืจื˜ืจืขื ืœื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. ื™ื•ืจ 
--- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ -- 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขื”ืŸ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืงืืคึผื™- 
ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ : 

--- ื™ื, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ื’ ื’ืจืื“ ื”ื™ืฅ. 

--- ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผื™ืจ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ. : 

--- ืึถื”, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ื“ืืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืฐื•ืขืœ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ ืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ? 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. 

--- ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ? 

--- ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืึธื›ืขื“ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 

--- ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืขืœืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืขืกืขืœ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื”ืื ื“ ืฆื•ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึธื‘ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ 


ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
--- ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™- 


ื’ืขืŸ. 
--- ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืกืื ื˜ืืจื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื ืจืื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืื ืืœ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™- 
ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื ืขื ืงืืžืขื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœื™ ืงืืžืขื ื™. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืฆื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจืจื™ื’ืข ืขื™ืฉื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ 


ื™ืื 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 238 


ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืกืฆืขื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืงืืกื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธืœื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื. ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช 
ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃืŸ 
ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืคืึธืจื. ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื‘ ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืฉื™ืคืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืข? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืืœืขืก ืฉื˜ื™? ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื ืขืฉืจื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืื™ื”ืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก, 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” 
- ื’ืึธืœื“ ืื™ื– ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ? ื ืึธืšึฐ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“? 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ? ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจืื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืจืื’ ื™ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื” ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ 
ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื™ื’ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื‘ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ; "ื•ื•ืื• ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ?? ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืœื™ื˜. ื‘ื™ื– ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืŸ ืื–ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ื™ืฅ, ืื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืึธื‘ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธื‘ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ึนื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 


232 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืึทื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ืง. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื– ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื ื™ืงืึท- 
ืœืืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคึผ ืžืื˜ืืคึผืืŸ. ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืœืื ื“. ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื˜ 
ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืข? ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. 

--- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืจืขื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฆื•ื ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืฉืจืื ืง ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขื ืคื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืžื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืงืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืข ื›ืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉึดืื™ืฃ: 2100111 ืž1 1001115 

ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื– ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื” ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ืขืคืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืกื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืืš 
ื ืึธืœื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืœ ืขืจ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื“ืข ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ,. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืึธืœื“-ืฉื˜ืื ื ืœืืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข 
ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืจืขื’ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื’ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืึธืคืขืจ. ื ืึถืš 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืคื™ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ื ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” 200,000 ืคื•ื ื˜ ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืก ื’ืขืœืจ. . 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืขืกื˜ ืคึผืขืจืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ 

ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื“ืจืขืก, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™-ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื“ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงื ืึธืคึผ, ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื ืกื™ื’ื ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸื™ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึนึผืึธืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื” 
ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืื?. ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืขืง. 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 6 ื’ืข" 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 

--- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ? 

--- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

--- ื“ืืŸ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืขืŸ,. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืืืœ, 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืกืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืฉืœืึธืคึทืขืŸ. ืึดื‘ึถืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืจื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ื’ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 21 


ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ? ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ืขืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืื ืงืขืŸ, 
- ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืขืก -- ื ื–ืืš 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ื‘ืขืคืขื”ืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืœืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืข- 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื•ืื• ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ, 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ 
ื–ืืง-ืคืœืึธืกืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื  ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืกืคืึธืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ; ืžืขืขืจ-ื‘ืจืืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ืขื’ื™ืคึผื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืคืขืจื’ืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืš ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ; ืจื™ืžืึธื•ืจืขืŸ 
(ืฉื™ืคืก-ื”ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ), ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืคื™ืฉ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื‘ืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืข, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืงืจื™ืขื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงื–ื? ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืื ื ืขืŸ ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธื‘ืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกืฆืขื ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ืžืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืขื“ืขืจื ืขื ื ืืจื˜ืขืœ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขื ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืืจื•ื, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฉื ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืœื™ืŸ 
ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. 

-- ื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื - 
ื“ืขื˜ -- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ? 

ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™? ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉื•ื™ื‘, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื™ืขืžืื ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ. ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ื ืขืžืึธ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื‘ืขื ื ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื 


230 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื  ื˜ืฑื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


--- ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื’ืขืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ! 

--- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ? 

--- ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื›ืœ. ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ื’ืื ืฅ ื ื•ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ื" ืฐืขื˜ 
ืงึผื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื‘ืจืขื’, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™- 
ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. 

--- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื–ืขื”ืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜- 
ืฉืœืึธืกืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. 

--- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืœืขื ื“ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคืขืจืœื™ืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ืข ื–ืืš, ื“ืืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืš. 

ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ึดื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ืขืŸ. ืฆื• ืœืขื ืจ'ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ืจืฆืœื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืืœืก ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข,. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื™ืข?ืœ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืื™ืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื . ืึถืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื–ืขืงืก ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜. 

ื“ืขื ืคื™ืขืจืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื•ืกื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื ืœืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ. 
ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืข? ืงืื ื“ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ื ืข- 
ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื ืื˜ืข "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ", ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ, ืื•ื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืกืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™. ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืขืจืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ; ืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ืก, 


ืฆื•ื–ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 29 


--ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืงืœื•ื’ ื’ืขืจืขืจื˜. 

-- ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ, ืคืจื™ื™ืคื“ ืœืขื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข. ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื ืขืกืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ 
- ืžื•ื– ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื ืœื™ืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืคืืœ 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืืœ, ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 

ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 

ืขืก ืื•ื ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื”ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืจืื›ืข. 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’. ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ ื–ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ 
ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขื›ื˜ 
ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ? 

--.ื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ? 

-- ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ, ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืึทื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. | 

=- ื ื•, ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืืจืึธื‘'ื’ื ื‘'ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ? 
| -- ื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืข. ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคึผื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• 
ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ; ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื ื”ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ? ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืง, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜. ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื–ื ื–ืืš ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืžืื›ืขืŸ. 

-- ื’ื•ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“. ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืจื ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืืœ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืืœืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ืืœืข ื“ืขื 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื ืœื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ? ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืึธื‘ืจืขื›ืข- 
ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ. ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ. 

-- ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“, ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืข" 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืื™ืขืงื˜ ? 

--- ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, 


8 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื”ืืœื‘ ื™ืึถื”ืจ ืืจื•ื. | 
--- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื• ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืืจืฉืขืจ } -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขืจื’ืขืจื˜. 
--- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืึธ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื ื, ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื ืข ืคื•ืŸ "ื•ื•ืืŸ" ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื–ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืœื™ื”ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึธืงืขืื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืฉื•ื•ืืœื‘ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื 
ืœื•ืคื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 4 ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืงื™ืจืฆืœื™ืš ื‘ืจื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื, ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึถืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืขืฆื˜. 
--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืกื™ื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืžืขืจ; ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื“ื- 
ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ : ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืขืŸ. 
ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืื‘ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ? ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ? ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธืคื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื‘ืจืขื  ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื --- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื– ื ื™ื˜? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื– ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืขื ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคืขืจืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคึผืœืืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ? 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื™ืฃ, 
--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ --- ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™? ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจ . 
ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืœื’ืขื ื“ืข 
ืคืจืื ืข : ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฐื•ื™? ืื•ื ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ? 
--- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื•ืจืฅ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, 
--- ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ: ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ? ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– 
ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื”, ืขื ื˜ืฐื•ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•- , 
ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ? 
| --- ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“, ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืฆื•ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื- 
ืœื™ืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื ืึธืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื- 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœึฟ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. ื“ืืจื•ื ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื™ึดืขืŸ 
ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ, 


+ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 227 


ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื" ืฆื• ืคืขืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืขืŸ. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ืื–ื ื’ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ? ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื ืข" 
ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื " ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฆื• ืคืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜. 

--- ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขืจืื“ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืืงื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืจื™ืกื™ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ? 
ื‘ึผืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื˜ืืงื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืงื–ื? ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ? 

ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื’ื˜, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 

-- ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืึธืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ 
ืืœืฅ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. | 

-- ื–ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“. ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ. 

--- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื• ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ? 

-- ื•ื•ืื• ? ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ? ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจื ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื™ื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคืขืจืœื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ืขืขื ื“ื™ื ื˜. 

- ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืจื™ื™- 
ื–ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื™ืžื™ื, ืฐืขื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืืœึตื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ! ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ --- ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ! 

-- ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึถื‘ื’ืข- 
ืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื  ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงืœืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืžืช, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ'ืก ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื” ื ื™ื˜. 
ื ืขืžืึธ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื– ื“ื™ื ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ืึธ? ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงื™ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ึผ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืจื™ื™ ืคืึธื–ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ, ืงืึธืžืขืจืื“ ืœืขื ื“, ืจืขื ืงื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื, 

-- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืืœื–ืึธ ? ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื– ื ืขืžืึธ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ื“ืื ืขืŸ ? 

-- ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง, ืื– ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขืจืขื ืคืืœืก ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืข?- 


206 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


-- ื ื•, ื”ืขืจืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ -- ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ ? 

--- ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื, ืคืจื™ื™ื ืจ ืœืขื ื“! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืข- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

--- ืฐืึธืก ? --- ืื™ื– ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ --- ืคืึธืจื™ื’ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืก ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื“ื•ืจื‘ื’ืขืžืื‘ื˜ ? 

--- ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื ื•- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงืื ืืœ! 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจื˜. 

-- ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื ืจืขื›ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- 
ืื™ื—ืจ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฉืืจืคืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ? ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืกืื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ืคึผื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืืจื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•- 
ืžืขืŸ : 

-- ื™ื, ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืฆื•ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื– 
ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ-ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ืืœื–ืึธ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜! 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคึผืœืฑื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื™- 
ื’ืขื ืข ืื ื ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ืึนื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขื 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ : 

--- ืืฆื™ื ื“, ืœืขื ื“, ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื•. ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื ื– ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ? 

-- ื ื ืื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืข ื–ืืš! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ืงืืคึผืจื™ื– ื•ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื•ื ื– ืืฐื•ืขืงืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ืžืขืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™- 
ืœืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. 

ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื  ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืขืจืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงื- 
ืคึผืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก 


ืึธื ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. 


ื ืขืžืึธ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื—ืื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื“ืื - 
ืงืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื - 
ื ึถืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืžืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ืื•ื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง "ืื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ื 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ - 228 


ื ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ืง ืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจึผ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ื™ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ, ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื™ื ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืงืฐื•ื™ืจึผื“ื™ื’ืข 
ืฉื™ืœื“ืงึผืจืขื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธ- 
ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื“ืจื™ื ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก, 

ืื•ื ื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ ื ืึธืš ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ-ืจืึธื“. ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข, ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ื ืืœืขืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื˜. 
ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืคืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขื ืึธืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ื”ืืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ื" 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ื“ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ืŸ-ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืœืื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืข- 
ืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ, 

ื ืึธืš ื ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™- 
ืขืจ-ืจืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ; 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ! 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 


6ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืคื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ, ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ื" ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื. ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืฉืึธื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืœื•ื–ื™ื•ื. ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืจืข 
ื“ื™ื ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ 
ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, 


224 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืคืขืจ 


ื ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื  ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 

--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ'ืก 
ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืœ? 

--- ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื ืจืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ื“ืืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜. ืื™ื™ืš ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื ื“ื•ืจื›" 
ืคืึธื”ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืื ืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. - 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ'ืก 
ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืจ- 
ืขืงื™ื’, ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื–ืขืงืก ืคื•ื ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจืึธื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ-ืจื•ืจืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจืœืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื ื–ืขืŸ-ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืืจื•ื ืฉึดื™ืฃ 
ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื—ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ, ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืื•ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืจืึธืจ. ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

--- ืืฆื™ื ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ?ืœ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฆื• 
ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ'ืก ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื 
ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืกื™ื’- 
ื ืืœืขืŸ, ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืคืขื”ืœืข ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ืจื™ื™- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื“ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืžืขื˜ืืœืขื ืขื ืงื ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ื–ืืžืขืจ. 

ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื’ืจืื“ืข ื•ื•ืื ืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 228 


ืื•ืŸ ืืงืื‘ืื”. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื . ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ ื—ื•ืจื‘, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืฉื” ื”ืึธื˜, ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆืขื”ืœื˜, ื’ืขืจืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคึผื ื™ื ืืœ ืคึผื ื™ื. 

ืื•ื ื–ืขืงืก ื“ึถืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ. ืฉื™ืฃ ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ, 
ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ื•ื™ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜. ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื—ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข 
ืงืœืืคื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืขืฅ. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืื? ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ- 
ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœ?ืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืขื ื’ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœืขืจ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจืจื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงืื ืืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืœืข- 
ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ืฆืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื ื‘ืœืืกืข ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜. 

-- ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ืข ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜-ื”ื•ื™ื– ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ืข ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜-ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืขืฅ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ --- ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ, ; 

-- ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ืคืึธื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 

--ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™- 
ืขืจืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ,. ืงื•ืžื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ื’ืข- 
ืคืขืœื™ื ืกื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื ืข? ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 

ืคื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœืจ 


222 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขื ื˜ ื•ื™ื 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ, 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื ืึธื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ื 
ืฐืึธืจืฃ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื–ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ื ืข- 
ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงืขื”ืจ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื– 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ,. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืงืจืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืจื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื  ื‘ื™ื™'ื ืคืึธ- 
ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ื ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืจืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื—ื™ื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืฉืืจืคืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืึธื ื ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื™ืื ื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ื ืจืื“ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ'ืก ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ. 1 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืงืจื™ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื•ื ืึธื ื’ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžื™ื” ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื 
ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ื ื˜. ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจื’ืข- 
ื ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื’ืึธื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื›ืขืจ 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืจืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš. ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื˜ืืงื™ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื ืึธื ื’ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืžืืง, ืคื™ืข? ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืืœื‘ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื ื“-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. 

ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืงื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก? ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื ื™ื™ืข ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ื“ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืœื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืืจืึธื‘- 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื—ื ื” ื–ืขืข-ืฉื•ื•ืืœื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืขื ื™ืคึผื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืขื ื˜ืœืืš (ืงืื˜ืฉืงืขืก) ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืš ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืคืœื™ืขื’ืขืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคืึธืจ- 
ื˜ืจืขืคืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ึฟื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜. 

ืื•ื ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ืคืืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืคึผ (ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืœืื ื“ 
ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ) ืจืืก-ืžืื”ืืžืขื“, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื•ืขืฅ 


; 


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ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 221 


ืœืื ื’. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ 
ืฉืœืึธืฃ. 

ืฉื˜ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื  ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืข? ืฆื•ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืื›ื˜- 
ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื ืึธื ื’. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ? ืื™ื™ื ื ืขื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืฉืืจืคืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืขื–. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœ- 
ื‘ึผืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืฃ, ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. | 

-- ืคืขืจืคืœื•ื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ! 

-- ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื˜. ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื”ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืข? ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืจื•ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™- 
ืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืข? ื’ืขืงื™ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืกืขืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืขื ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืืงืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื ืึธื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืžืึธ? ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ื ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื ืข? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืคืœื™ื ืงืข, ืคืขื”ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข 
ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ) 
ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื˜ืืงื™ืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ' 
ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืฉืึธื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืœืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืคึผืฃ-ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืื ื™ ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื ื™ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืขืœื˜. ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืขืจื’ืขื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื” 
ืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืื ื’ืจื™ืฃ ืื•ืกืฆื•ืžื™ื™ืจืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžึดื™ื“ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ 2ืขืจืคืึธืœื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื ืึธื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื™ 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืึธืš, ื•ื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื“ืขืข ืจืื›ืข ืฆื• ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื“ืจืขื” ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ'ืค 
ืื‘ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ : : 

-- ืคึผืืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ! ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ! 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืึถืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 


200 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื ืึธื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ึน 
ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ? 

--- ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืš --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืžืขืŸ --- ืคื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ืื ื“. ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืขืคืขื”? ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืขืš- 
ืจืขื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืคืื ื ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš. ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืจื•ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื ืง, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื‘ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื ื•ืœื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, ืœืขื ืจ, 
ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

--- ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขืžืึธ'ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉ ืื™ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ืื ื“, - 

ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื™ื– ืืจืึธื‘ื ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื 
ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ื•ื™ื ื ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื’ืึธื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืข? ืœืื ื ื–ืืžืขืจ. ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืื ื“ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื  ืฆื• ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ. ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ืื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื - 
ืœื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืœืื ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืจืขืจืขืœ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืคืข ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ'ืก ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื ืข? ืืจืึธื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง 
ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจื ืื ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ื’ 
ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืคืืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื“ืขื, ืื•ื ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื’ืึธื ื’ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“'ืก ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื’ืึธื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื’ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืขืง. 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืœื•ืก-ืคืขื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉืืจืคืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉืจืขืง ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 219 


ืื– ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืื ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืžื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืคืืจืืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื’ืึธื ื’. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื•ืกื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• 
ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ื™ืื’ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืก. 

-- ืึถื”, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ. ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ! 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜- 
ืคึผืึธืจื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื ืึธื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ื—ืฉืง ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ืื ื“. 
| = -- ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืข? --- ื‘ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืึธื ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ? 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื–ื ื™ืื’ืจ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื•ื˜, ืื•ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื•ืงื ืฆื•ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืฆื•ื ืฆืึธื”ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜, ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืขืก ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

-- ื ืคืจืื ืข, ืฆื• ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ? 

-- ื ื•, ื•ื•ืข? ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื ืึธื ื’ ืึธื ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจื˜ --- ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืžืึธืœ 
ื•ื•ืืจืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ื” ืื™ื”ืจ ืึธื ื’ืจื™ื™ืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ 
ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืืจ ืื–ื ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืจื 


ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื ืฉืืจืคืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื”ืื ื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืื– ืขืก ' 


ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื ื™ืื’ื“. ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื?, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื’ืึธื ื’ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ, 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื•ืกื˜. 

--- ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ --- ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืจืื˜ืขืŸ ?4 ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืขืก ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ ? 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื‘ืขื ื˜ืข 
ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–. ืื™ืŸ ืžืืœืื™ืขืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืกื˜ืœื™ื›ืข 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืืจื•ื ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ื™ื’ 
ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 

-- ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 


218 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


--- ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ื ื•ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื–ืืš 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. 

--- ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

--- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜, 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ. 

--- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ 4 --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

-- ื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืžืึธืœ ื“ืึธ. : 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” 
ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ. 

ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืึถืš 
ื—ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–. 

-- ืึถื”, ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ! ื–ื™ื ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ --- ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืคืขืœ. ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ? ืื™ืšืฃ 
ื–ืขื” ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ! ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื 
ืงืขื”ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ื”ืจืข ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ ! 

-- ื ื“ื™ื•ื’ืึธื ื’! ื ื“ื™ื•ื’ืึธื ื’! ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ -- ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงื™ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื“ื™ื•ื ืึธื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืกื™ืจืขื ืข --- ื' ื™ื-ื’ืขื˜ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ื–ืขืข-ืคืจื•ื™?" ืึธื“ืขืจ "ื–ืขืข-ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืขืœ" ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื™ืžื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื”ืืœื‘ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ืคื™ืฉ. ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืงืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื 
ืฆื•ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื’ืขื ืขื ื˜ ื "ื–ืขืข-ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืขืคึผ", 
ืžื•ื– ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืืŸ ืืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืืจืžืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ื. ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ 
ืืœืก ื ืืจื™ืฉืข, ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืข ืื‘ืขืจื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืขืจ- 
ืคืื”ืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื ื“ื™ื•ื’ืึธื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืืœืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืืœื‘ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ืคื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 217 


ื ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ 
ืžืืกืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ื“ืึธ ืืจื•ื ื–ื•ืขืฅ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืงืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืžืขืฉืขื ืข ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืจื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ืข ืคื™ืฉ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื•ืก ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื™ืขืœ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงืื ืืœ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืŸ ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื”ื ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ. 


ืคื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื ืขืœ 


ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืขื“ืื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ, ื˜ื™ืจืงื™- 
ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืื ื“ืขืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืขืœืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ- 
ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืœืืš ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฐืึธื”ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื•ืื™ื ืขืจ,. ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืขื“ืื” ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื - 
ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ึดื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธืกืคึผืึธืจ ื’ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ, ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืš, ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืจื ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ื ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื”ื ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜; 

-- ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ? 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ืจ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื 
ื ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื–ืขื”ื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืจืืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ, 


216 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


--- ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ?4 -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 

--- ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ? 

--- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ! 

--- ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš, ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ?' 

--- ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ- 
ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืืจื•ืžืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื ! 

--- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ? 

-- ืขืก ื’ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื•ืข ! ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื“ื•ืจืš ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืœืื ื“ ! 

-- ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœ. 

--- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ? --- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 

--- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื‘ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ? ืื™ื– ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ื“ืึธ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืื ืืœ ? 

-- ื™ื, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ "ื“ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื ืขืœ". ืขืจ ืคืื ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ื–ื•ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคึผืขืœื•ื–ื™ื•ื. 

- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงืื ืืœ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ? 

-- ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜, 

--- ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฆื•ืคืืœ ? 

- ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฆื•ืคืืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื›ืœ, ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื ื•ื ื’. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงืื ืืœ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžืึธื”? ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงืื ื? ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืข- 
ืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 

--- ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืขื ื˜- 
ื™ืจืขืงื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ? 

--- ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ? ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืขืก ืื™ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™- 
ื˜ืืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคึผืขืจื˜ --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื  ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื - 
ื“ื•ื ื’, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 4 ืจืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 15 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข. ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืืœื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืื ื“ืขืœ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 
ืคึผืื ื’ืข ื™ืื”ืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืฆื• ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ 2800 ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขื’ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืขื ื™ื  ื ืขืงืึธ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืงืื ืืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืœ 
(ื ื™ืœื•ืก) ื‘ึผื™ื– ืืจืื‘ื™ืขืŸ. ืคื™ืขืœืข ืงืขื ื™ื’ืข ื ืึธืš ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜, 
ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืงืื ื? ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืึธืžืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคึผืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ. ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืœื™ืฃ ืืœืžืื - 
ืกืึธืจ, ื ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธืŸ, ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืื ืืœ, ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฐื•ื™ื–ื™ืึธืŸ. 
ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ืขืฅ ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืงืื ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืื™ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืข- 
ื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 

-- ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืœื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื - 
ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขืกืขืคึผืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืขืฅ ืงืื ืืœ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื ืึถืš 
ืื™ื ื“ื™ืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืงื™ืจืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืคืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜- 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, 


-- ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ืกืžืืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืืœืข ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืข 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜-ื”ืขืœื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืก-ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขื ืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ืขื”ืจืข ืคืขืจื“ื™ืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ, 
ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืขืœื ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ -- ื 
ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜. 

-- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ืกืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืคืขืจื“ื™ืขื ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื, | ื• 

-- ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืขืฅ ืงืื ืืœ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื- 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ --- ืื•ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืื›ื”ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, | 


24 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคึฟื•ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃื” ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื ื 
ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ? 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื ืึธืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืึทืงืก, ื‘ืขื’ืขื ืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

--- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก ? 

--- ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืกืงืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืขื–ืขืœืืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืง- 
ืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ,. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืงืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื›ืึธื“ืขืกืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 40,000 ืื™ืŸ ื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืงึผื•ึผืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

-- ืืœื–ืึธ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืคึผืึธื”ืจื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืื™ืจื ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืื• 
ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื’ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžืขืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื™ืขื’ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืื™ื“ืขืŸ ? 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข, 

--- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ? 

--- ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ืžืฉื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื”ื•ื™ืš ืคึผืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืœืืš, ืื– ื ืงืขืžืข? 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืก ืึธื‘ื’ืขื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ, 
ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ? 

-- ื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื ื•ื™. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืขืฅ 
ืงืื ืืœ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜. ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืจืึธื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืŸ- 
ืžืขื ืข ืขื ื™ืคึผื˜ืขืจ. 

--- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืขืฅ ืงืื ืืœ? ื•ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื? ื ื™ื™ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื‘ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื”ื™ืžืขืจ. 

--- ื’ืื ืฅ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืึธ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืงืื ืืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืืฑืคึผื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืข 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžึฟืฑื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 23 


-- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ? 

-- ื™ื, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ืžื™ื ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื’ืข 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ื‘ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉื™ืคืœืืš ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ! ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ- 
ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืคื™ืขืœ? ืžืึธื”ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ, ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฑื™ืกื ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืžืึธืœืข. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ : ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืž- 
ืคึผืืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขื ืžืขืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื—ื™ืจื•ืฉ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ืคืก-ื‘ืจื•ื›ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ? ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืก ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ, ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืข 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืžืคืงื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื™ืขืกื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
-- ื“ื™ื ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ-ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืคืขืจื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืคืื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืขืฉื™ืฆื˜ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš, 
ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืคืจืขื ืขืŸ ; ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜, ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš "ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื" ? 

-- ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
-- ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืจืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื”ืจ- 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ? 

-- ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื˜? ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ! | 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ ืคึผืจืขื”'ืก ืืจืžืขืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฉื”'ืก ืชืคืœื” 
ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขื’ื™ืคึผื˜ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื 
ืื™ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื", ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•- 
ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ 
-- ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ?4 

-- ื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ; 


212 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื. ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืึธื ืจื•ืคืขืŸ 
"ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื”". ื™ื, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืงืœื•ื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ. 

--- ืืžืช, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ. ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™- 
ืœื•ืก". ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš. ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืก, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื. 

--- ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื 
ืืžืึธืœ ื ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื™ืžื™ื. 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! ื“ื™ื ืืœื˜ืข ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึธื”ืœืขืŸ 
ืื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจืจื™ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื. ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืก ื“ืึธ ืคื™ืข? ื ืจืขืกืขืจ, ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื? ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ.. ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ื•ืื•,. ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืœื™ืšืฃ, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื  
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 

--- ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก --- ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

--- ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ืงืœื™ื ืขืจ. 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื™ืึธื”ืจ-ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืงืจืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ? ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ืฉืจื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก. 

--- ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ึนืึถืšึฐ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืืจื•ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ; ื“ืืจื•ื ื˜ืืงื™ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืจื ืฐืึธืก. 
ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืคืืจ'ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธื ื˜ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคึผืขืŸ -- ืื– ื“ื™ื ืืœื˜ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ 
| ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื ืคืึธืจ ืืœืก ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 211 


ื‘ืขืฉื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืจืฆืขื”ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ืื™ื– ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืื™ื ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื”ืขื’ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ืคื™ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ืข ืœืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
-ื™ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ืงืืจืืœืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขื ื“ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื™ื-ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืข ืœืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฉืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจื”ืื‘ืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืืจืึธืœืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจื ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ืคืขื - 
ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

| ืื•ื™ืคืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืฉืขื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื 

ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืฉืฐืึธืžืขืŸ (ืกืคึผืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขืก), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืขืŸ-ืจื™ื™ืš --- ืฆื• ื“ื™ื 
ืคึผืึทืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ืฉืฐืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ืคืขืจืฉื™ืข- 
ื“ืขื ืข ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ-ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” 
ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ ื ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืžื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืข ืคืœืื ืฆืข ืฐืึธืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ- 
ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืืคืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก, ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจึผื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืค- 
ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืขื˜ืฆืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืคืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื“ื•ืจื›ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืกื˜ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืกืึธื•ืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืคื™ื“ื, ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 190 ืžื™ื™ืœ. ืืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืขืจืฉื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจื™ื’ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื“ืจืขื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืขืŸ ื ืกื™ื’ืืจ. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ : 

=-- ื ื•, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืœื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืžืขืขืจ 4 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื—ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืืœืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ? 

-- ื™ื, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ื™ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– 


20 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคึฟื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืฃ 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ 
ื’ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืก ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ืขื ืก ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืืจื™ื™ื ืคืึธื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ืขื”ืื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขื - 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ, ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”- 
ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื‘-ืขืœ-ื“ืžืื ื“ืขื‘ (ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉ), 
ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ.. 


ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืงืื ืืœ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื 32 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœืื ื . ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืงืขืŸ ืคืึธื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื  
ืฉื ืขืœ ืื™ื”ื ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืื ื? 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ,. ื“ื™ื ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื-ืกื•ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืขืœ, ืื– 
ื“ื™ื ืื™ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื”ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื’ื™ืคึผื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืžืึธืœื™ื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื”ืื ื“ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื”ืืคืขื ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข. 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก? ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืขื ืžืขืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜. ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื’ืข ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜, ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก, ืื•ื ื 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ื ืื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืข- 
ืคืขื ื™ืก, ืื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขื ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ืžืึธืงื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืข. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ืจ 
ืืจื•ื ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ืจื˜ืข ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืขืœื™ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ. 
| ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืขืคืขื ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืžืืจืงืขืŸ, 
ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžืึธืฉืขืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื™ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืืจื•ื ืฉื˜ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 209 


: ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ื 
ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื - 
ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. . : 
-- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 
| = -- ืื™ืš ืฆืขื”? ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
-- ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืœื™ืขื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ. 
-- ืึธื ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–? 
-- ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื’ืขื ืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื - 
ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : "ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ื˜ืข? ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ", ื“ืืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืข'ื™ืฉื•ื‘'ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ; ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืขืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืŸ. 
- ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืคึผืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืฉื ื•ืช, ืื– ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 
ืคื™ืขืจ ื˜ืขื’ ื›ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืขืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืžืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš, ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ืžืึธืกืงืื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ ืึดืžืืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ื‘ืข- 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
ืื™ื”ืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื ื“ืข ืงื•ืคึผืึธืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื”ืจืข ืžืึธืฉืขืขืŸ (ืžืื—ืžืขื“ืื ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ืจื›ืขืŸ), ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื˜ื”ื•ืจืžืก, 
ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืœืึธื ืงืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื‘ืขืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืฉื ืข? ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื—ืœื•ื. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืคึผืื ืืจืืžื ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื - 
ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืคึผืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืจื- 
ื‘ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื”ืจืื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ืจืืžืื ื˜. ื“ืขื ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ืื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื‘ืืจื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืื ื“ ื ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฉืžืึธืœืขืŸ ืคึผืืก. ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“ ื‘ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1839. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื‘ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืื ืฑืขืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ืจ, 


208 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ 16,290 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืืคึผืื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื 20ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื”ื™ืžืขืœ, ืžืขื”ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึดืžืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืืœื‘-ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื ึนืึถืœึถืฃ 
(ืžืขืขืจ-ื‘ื•ื–ืขืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฉืข ืืœื–ืึธ ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ? ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข 
ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

--- ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื ืึธืœืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš 
ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ. 

--- ื–ืขื”ืจ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืฉืžืึธืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื‘-ืขืœ-ืžืื ื“ืขื‘, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืขืฅ ืงืื ื? ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื“ืืจืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื–ื ืงืื ืืœ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืžืื›ื˜. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื“ืขื, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืึถืš 
ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผื ! 

--- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ื ืขื–ืึธื ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื ? 
-- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ? 

--- ืื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข 
ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื’ื™ืคึผื˜ืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืžืึธื–ืึธืžื‘ื™ืง ืงืื ืืœ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ื ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึทืงืขืืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš, 
ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ืœืขื ื“ ? ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืžืืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื’ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคึผืขืจื“ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืฃ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 20 


ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ'ื—ืจื 'ืขื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื ืึธืšึฐ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืœื•ืก-ืคืขื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืกื˜ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ื‘-ืคื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 25 ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขืจ ืžื•ื™?ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืงืก ืจื™ื™- 
ื”ืขืŸ ืฉืืจืคืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื•ืจื'ืจื™ื’. 

ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื˜ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ืžืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืคืจืขืกืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืขื‘ื™ืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืŸ ื—ืœืง. 

ืื•ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคืึธืœืงืึธื ื‘ืขืจื•ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืจื™ื”ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื‘ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจืขื ื˜ : ืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ืก, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™- 
ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ื”ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก, ืื– ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขืจืงืฐื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื“ืขืœืขืจืข ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉืขืจ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ : 

-- ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืขืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืขืก 
ืœืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืœื™ื™ื“ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื™ืึถืšึฐึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกืคึผืึธื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ื”ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ 
ื ืขื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™. 

4ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ. 


ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ 


ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ 99ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ืœืึธืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ 20 ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืงืื ืืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ืžืืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืืงืื“ื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ. ืกื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ึนื™ืš 
ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืงื™ืœื˜ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืืจืืœืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืงืึธ ื“ืข ื’ืืžื 
ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1499, 


26 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœ? ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™- 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืข? ื ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืœืขื›ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืžื–ื™ืง'ืก ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžืึธืœ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ 
ืฆืืคึผืขืœ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืืคึผืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื– ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ืžื ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฉืข- 
ื“ื™ื ื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืข- 
ืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืœืคืœืึธื– ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื ืขืœ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ-ืคืื ื’ืขืจ'ืก 
ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืง ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจึผ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืง. ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ึน ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข'ืจ ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ ื˜ืจืื ื™ืฉ, ืื™ ืงืึธืžื™ืฉ ืฆื• 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื 
ืคื™ืขืจ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืข ืงืขืคึผ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 


ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืืฉ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื–ืขืงืขืœืข ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœ? ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™-, 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ืฃ. 


ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฃ . 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 


ื‘ืขื’ืœื™ืงืขืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 


ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื ื•". 


ืžืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืข ื‘ื ื“ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืขื ื“ : 

--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืื ืง, ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“ ! 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื•ืจ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืคืœื™ื›ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืงื•ืจืฅ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜., 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื ืข? ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ 


= 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 208 


ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืงืœืืค ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 

ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ื ืคึนึผืึถืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื  ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึดืคึผ- 
ืคืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืฉืœื™ื ื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจืงื™ื”ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืข. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื—ื™ื” ืึธื ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื ืงืืžืคึผืฃ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื•ื™? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืขื ื’ืขื’ื ืขืจ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐืึธืจืฃ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืืคึผื™- 
ื˜ืืŸ. ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื , ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืึธื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืคึผื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืคึผืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ 
ืงึผืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ'ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš. ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ื•ืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื–, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืื“ืขืŸ ืฉืื“ืขื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื”ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’. ืื•ื ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืžื–ื™ืง ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ืžืื›ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืขืœ?ืœ ืขืจื’ืขืจ. ื ืื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืŸ 
ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ืื™ื”ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืฆืืคึผืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื˜ื”, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ 
- ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืคืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ื™ื 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืœื•ืก-ืคืขื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืกืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืžืขืกืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืื™ื”ื 
ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืขืกืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืืคึผืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜, ืึธื˜ ื”ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, 
ืคืืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ืืœืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืขืŸ ืงืืžืคึผืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืคึผืืจืืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ. ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึธื™ 
ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืกื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื ืฆืขืจ ืžืืกืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืกื•ื™ืœ, ื ืึธืšึฐ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™- 


204 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื ืœื™ืข- 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ- 
ืœื™ื›ืขืก ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 

ื“ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉ, ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืขืจ 
ืืจืขืžืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข'ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœ-ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืืง ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืข? ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜. ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื“ืจื™ื™- 
ืกื™ื’ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืคืขืœึผื™ 
ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ. 
ืื™ื”ื, ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข'ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืข,, ืื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ืžืขื—ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื“ื•ืฆืขื ื“ 
ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืžืขืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึถื‘. ื ืึธืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธืก ืขื ื˜- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืขื ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืขืจ'ืก 
ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื . ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื ื˜ ืื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, ื ืึธืšึฐึผ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื•ืฉืขืœ ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืจืขืง. 
ื ืจื™ืขื–ืขื ื”ืืคื˜ืขืจ ืฉืึธื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ืึธืจื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉืขืจ. ืฉื ืขืœ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื•ื™? ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคืขืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืจืขืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืจื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข 
ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ื›ืžืขื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื‘-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ'ืก ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื–ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’. ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžืขืจ'ืŸ. ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 208 


ืื•ื ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื - 
ืคืื ื’ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ืคึฟื•ื ืคืื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืจืื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ื”?. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ ื‘ืขืจืš 600 ืคื•ื ื˜. 

ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ 

ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื”?. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื”ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜, ืื•ื ืฆื• 

ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืข- 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื“ืขืงืœืืš ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืฉื™ืฆืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื—ื™ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื - 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื‘ื™ืกืข? ืึธืคืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืกืขืจ, ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืœื™ืกืขืŸ. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื•ื™ื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืืจื•ืžื ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืžืื ื˜ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืืœื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื ืคึผืขืจืœ? ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืงืึธืงืึธืกื™ื ื•ืก,. ื“ื™ื ืขื›ื˜ 
ืจื•ื ื“ืข ืคึผืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืขืจ?, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืึธืžืขื ืข ืงืœืึธืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจื”ืื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘- 
ื ืขืฉืืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืคืจืื ืง. ืื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’- 
ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ืขืงืœืืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื ืขืžืึธ ืฐื•ื™? ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจ? ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืจ- 
ืคึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืจ, ืื•ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืืžืึธืœ 
ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื”?. ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธืœ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ื ืข ืฉืจืขืง ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืคืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื - 
ื˜ืื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืขื”ื ื“ืœื™ื ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ืขืจื•ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื " 
ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ืง, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ื™ื - 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ื ืฉืึธื˜ืขืŸืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืื ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“. ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขืจืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ื ื™ื˜ 


= 6 | 277 2 6 
;ื™ื™ ",ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ 


202 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื, ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืื ื’ืข, ื”ืขืกืœื™ื›ืข ืคื™ืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืืจื•ืžื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคืจืขืกื˜ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืงืึธืก-ื ื™ืก. ืื•ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’, ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœ, ื“ืืŸ ืขืคืขื ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉืืœืื›ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื™ืึธื“ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืขื ืขื ื˜ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข 
ื™ื-ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืฉืœืึธื ื˜ ืึธื‘ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืขื”ื ืข, 
ื’ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืข, ืคื™ืขืœื“ืคืืจื‘ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข. 

ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืคึผืขืจ?- 
ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืกืขืœืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืจื•ื ื“, ื“ื™ืง, ื‘ืข- 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฑื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืžืืœื•ืก- 
ืงืขืŸ ืฉื™ืกืขืœืืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืขืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ื ืข- 
ืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฆื™ืขืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืจ ื’ืข- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื’ืขื”ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจืึธื‘, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆื™ื’ืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื“ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ื ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื-ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื”ื™ื™ื”?, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื ื›ื˜ืคืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืกื˜ืข ื™ื-ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืก 
ื’ืขืจืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืื™ื– ื ืื ืฅ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืขืŸื“ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื”ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื”? ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธื”ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ืืจื•ืžื™ื’ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ื”ื™ื™ื”ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ-ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ึผื™ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืจื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 201 


ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืึธื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ ื“ื™ื ืงื•- 
ืคึผืขืจื ืข ื”ืขืœืžืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜-ืคึผืื ืฆืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ืจ, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืขื”ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ืื ื“ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข! ืื•ื ืฆื• ืคืขืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืกืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ืขื”ืžื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜. ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื™ื ื‘ืœืื™ ? ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืžืขืกืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืŸ. ? 

ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืข ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื 
ืงืขืคึผ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, 
ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืคืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžืขืกืขืจืก, ื ื•ืจ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื• 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ื ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืœืข ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื–ืืž- 
ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื”ืื ื“, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื”? ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื— ืึธื ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื ืงืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ. 

ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœืขื ืก- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“. ื ืึธืš ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 18 ืคื•ืก. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืœืึธื ืงืข. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื–ื•ืžืคึผ-ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžืืกืขืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื-ืฉืœืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขื ื“ืข ื–ื•ื ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื–ืืžื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืึดื‘ื™ 
ื’ืขื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธืœื•ืกืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ-ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืืกืขืŸ ื”ืขืกืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื. 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืขื ืขื ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ืงืจืขื‘ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™" 
ืงืขืš ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืš ืจืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉืจืขืง ืฆื• ืงืจ 


200 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืขืขืจ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืข 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ื‘ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ-ื’ืขืคืื ื’, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืข? ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืžืื ืืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื‘ืขืคืขื”? ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื ืงืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคืœืืš, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 

--- ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- 
ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื”ืขืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื›ื˜ืข ? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืžืึธื ืื˜ ืืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืฉื™ืคืœืืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ-ืคืื ื ืขืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ, ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืžื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื’ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื  ืคืืจ ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ-ืคื™ืฉืขืจื™ื™. ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ- 
ื™ืื ื“ ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืžืื›ืขืŸ. ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืœืึธืžึดื™ืจ ืึธื ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื  ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืฆื•ืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ 
ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ื-ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืข- 
ืจืื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื˜ืืœืขื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผื™ืฉืฒื“, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ืžื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืก ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ืข- 
ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ : 

--- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื . ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจืึธื‘ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื ื’ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ ืคืœืืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืœืงืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืื‘ื™ืกืข? ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื™ื-ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ. 

ืึดื™ืšึฐ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึทื’ืกืฒ? ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“,, ืื•ื ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 199 


-- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื  
ืฆื• ื ืขื”ืŸ 4 

-- ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’. 

-- ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. 

--- ืื•ืŸ. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ? 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ --- ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–. 

-- ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจื™ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื 9 / 

-- ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื  ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื, 
ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื ืืืจ ื ืึธืœืฃ. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฆื•ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ื ืข ืืคืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื. ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืžืข?, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืšึฐ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ื“ื•ื ืงืข?ืœ. ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืขืœื‘ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืื ืืืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืžืขืขืจ-ืงืื ืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืก ื ืข- 
ืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ-ืคื™ืฉืขืจื™ื™, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื™ืœ. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ. ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืœืข- 
ืฆืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืึธื‘ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืœืื ื ื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื“ืขืจื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืค, 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื˜ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืขืจื ืขืจื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืœืื ื“, ื ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื 
ืคืขืจื”ืืกื˜. ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืึทื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืขื‘ืœื™ื ื’ --- ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืขืจื“ ืื•ึนืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ืขื ื“, 

ืืจื•ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ื ืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืข? ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸื“ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื’ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืขืžืœื™ืš ืคืœืืš, 
ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืจืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ? ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 


108 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฉืฆืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจ? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื’ืœืึธื– ืงืืกื˜ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืคืฉืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื ืคึนึผืึถืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ 
ืคืจืื ืง. " 

--- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจืœ ! 

--- ืคืืจ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืืฃ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• 
ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 
ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ืคืืจ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ? 

--- ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžื•ืจื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ? --- ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืฆืขื”ื ื“ืœื™ื ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ื™ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ? 

--- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืืจืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ, ืœืขื ื“, ืื– ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฉื™ืคืข? ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

--- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืึธื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืื™. 
ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ โ€ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื ืื ืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ. ื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื•ื™? ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืืจืคืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืขืก ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก. 
ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื™ืขืžืื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืืง ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’., 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื‘ืจืื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืคืื ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 

ื–ืืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ื ื™ื˜ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜ -- ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ื•, 
ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™?, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ ื“ื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ? 

-- ืื™ืš? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืืืจื˜ ืขืก ? --- ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื  ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ื ื™ื˜. 


3ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 


ืึท ืคึผืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึทื ืขืŸ 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืคื™ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ืืจื˜. 


ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ. 


ืืœ 
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ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 197 


ื“ื™ื ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื“ืขืงืœืืš ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ 
ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื”'ืœืข ื’ื•ืคื ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜. 

-- ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจืขืจืข ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 

ื˜ืขืจ 4 --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

' -- ื™ื, ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืขืก ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜. ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆืขื”ืœื˜, ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืข? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื–ืข?- 
ื›ึผืข ืคึผืขืจืœ-ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืก ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืค- 
ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ! 

-- ื›ื, ื›ื, ื›ื ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ -- ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืค- 
ืฆื™ื  ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืกืชืžื ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืึถื‘- 
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

-- ื™ื -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจ? ืžื•ื– ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ?4 --- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ืฒื™ืœ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธ ื“ื™ื ืจืึธืœืข -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจ" 
ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจื˜ -- ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจ? ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืจืึธืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ. ื“ื™ื 
- ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืคืขืจ-ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ. ืžืขื– ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืœืึธื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืข ืื™ื– ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ืขื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’- 
ืœื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืจื ืข. ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืข ืคืขืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ืžืึธืก. 

-- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืืงื™ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืข ืคึผืขืจ? ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ? 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืฆืขื–ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืข- 
ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื” ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจ?, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ื’ืข ื’ืขืœื“ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” 
ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคึผืจืื ืง. 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ื›ืœื” ืงืื˜ืขืจื™ื ื ื˜ืขื ื“ืขืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ 
ื ืขืœืื›ื˜ --- ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ-ื”ืืœื“ื–ื‘ืื ื“ ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื 
ื”ืืœื‘, 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจ?! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™?ืœ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ 
-- ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ืคึผืื˜ืฉืขืจืงืขืก, ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ. โ€ / 

--ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 


106 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืคืข? ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื”ื ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืื’ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืจื™ื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืขืจืœ-ืคื™ืฉืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœืึธืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ. 

--- ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. : 

--- ื™ื, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื‘ ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ... 

--- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจืื’ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ : 

--- ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ื˜ื ืขื”ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ? 

--- ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš, ืึถื”ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืข?! ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”, ืื– ืื™ื™ืš ื ืขืคืขืœื˜ 
ืขืก ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื•ื˜, ืึถึธื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘, ืื™ื– ืขืก ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืฃ. 

--- ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš ? ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ? ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ืจื ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืื–. ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืข ื–ืืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื ืžื•ืจื, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืืกื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื”, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืคืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืจืื’ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

--- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ื ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืขืจืœ ืคื™ืฉืขืจื™ื™ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจื™ื ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ืคืจืขื’ 
ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. 

-- ื™ื, ื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ื’ื˜ --- ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื–ืืš 
ืฉืื“ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜-ืืœืขืก ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ื 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ื ืคึผืขืจืœ? 

--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžื˜ 
ื ืคึผืขืจืœ, ื ื˜ืจืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ; ื‘ื™ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ืฆื™ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืขืจ, ื”ืืœื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ; ื“ืขืจ ื›ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื ืคึผืขืจืœ ืื™ื– ื ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขื ืžื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืกืคืึธืจ-ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ-ื–ื•ืฑืขืจืข ื–ืืœืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืœื™ื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš --- ืคืืจ'ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ืึธืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงืจืื ืงื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื ืžื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืจื˜ืข ื“ืขืงืœืืš. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคึผืขืจืœ-ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืงืึธืœื™ืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืขืจ?ื“ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, 


1 ืขื™ ื™ื˜ ืื™ ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื™ ืื‘ื™ 
14 ืื™ ื™ื˜ ืจื™ืขืง 


ื•ื™ 


ื™ื™ื‘ืขื˜ 


2 = 


ืฉืืจ -ืฉ 


= 


ืœืช 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 16 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื 
ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืึธืŸ. ื™ื, ื ืึธืš ื ื–ืืš : ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื•ืจื ืคืืจ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ? 

-- ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืšืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืื™ื™ืš 
ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืื– ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืขื˜, 
- = -- ืขืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื’ืขื ืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืฉืจืขืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืคืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ื ืขืŸ ื 
ื”ืื™ื–ืคื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ื™ืื ื“, ืืœื–ืึธ ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”, โ€ 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ?ืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ื’, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื•ื‘-ืขื•ืคื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืืžืช ื–ืึธื ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ื ืžื•ืจื ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. ื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ-! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืขืคึผืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื‘ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื”, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืื™- 
ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื”ืœื‘ืฉื”, ืื–ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”- 
ืžื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš! ื ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืึธืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึธืคืขื ืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืคืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜ ืื– ืื™ืš ืคื™ื”? ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ืขื”ื˜ืึธื  ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ื-ืžื–ื™ืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืื– ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ-ื ืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 
ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืงืึธืžืขืจืื“ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, 
ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ื–ืื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื–ื ื–ืืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ! ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจ 
ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- 


104 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืฃ 


ื ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืึธื ืื˜ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™? ืืจื™ื™ื ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืื ืืืจ ื ืึธืœืฃ. ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื ืื›ื˜. | 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืžึฟืึธ- 
ื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ 
ืคื•ืก. 

--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื‘ื™ื™ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืข? ืฆื™ื™ืœืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ื‘ืืจืขืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืœ, 
ื“ืึธ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ, ืฆื• ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื™ืึธื”ืจ, ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฉื™ืคืœืืš ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœ? ืคืื ื’ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื 
ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืขืจ?-ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœ- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜. 

--- ื’ืื ืฅ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! ื“ื™ื ืึธืจื™ืžืข ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืึถื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึธืจื™ืžืข 
ืงืขืจืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืกืš ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ, ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. 

-- ื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื•ื ื’! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ? ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืขืŸ 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ? ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืขืคืจื™ืขื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื ืืจื™ืฉืข ืžืึธื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื›ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื . ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 
ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืคืข? ืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืึธื  ? 

--- ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืฆืขื”ื ื“ืœื™ื’ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืจ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

--- ืคืขืจื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืก ื’ืขืœืจ ? 

--- ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ! ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืื ืืžื, ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ, ืงืขืŸ ื ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ-ืคื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคืขืจื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื ื“ืึธืœืืจ ื ื•ืึธืš. ืžืขืŸ ืฆืึธื”ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ื ื ืขื•ื•ื™- 
ืกืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืžื•ืฉืขืœ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคึผืขืจืœ, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืขืจืข ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืื›ืขืŸ 
ื“ืืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืก ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’, ' 

-- ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜, 

--- ืืœื–ืึธ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืคืจื™ื” ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืึธืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืขืจืœ-ืคื•" 
ืฉืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ืืืจ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื 


.ื˜ืข ...ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ืขื™ 5505 2515 4 - 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืœ 108 


ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš? --- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

| -- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืกื˜, ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืื™ื ืคื•ื–ืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื'ืœืืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืž- 
ืœืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื ื”ืึธืืจ. ื“ื™ื ืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืจื™ืื”'ืœืข ืื™ื– ื 
ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื—ืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืึธื”? ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืขื - 
ื“ื™ื’ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ 4 --- ืื™ื– ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

-- ื™ื, ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ! ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžื™ื”ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฆืึธื”? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื ื–ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื• ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืื–ื ืžื™ืœืš-ื™ื ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืขืจืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื™ืœ. 

ื ืคึผืึถืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ. ืืจื•ื 
ื”ืืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืœืฃ- 
ืžืขืขืจ. 

2ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 


ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึทื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 


ื“ืขื 28ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜-ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–, ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืœืื ื“, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืจื’ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ 
ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืื™ืšืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืขืจื“ ืขืก ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ืœืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื‘ืขืฉื”ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืŸ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ืœืึธืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉืขืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจ?, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืจื•- 
ืžื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืคืขืจืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื—ืฉืง ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคื™ืฉืขืจื™ื™ ? 

--- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 


102 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืข ืžื—ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจืก" ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ. ืืจืึธื‘ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ 
ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ 
ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžืึธืœ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ึผื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืึธืกืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื– ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื’ืœืึธื–. ื ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ึผืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ื ืœืื ื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื—ืฉืง ื ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืึธื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื ื™ืื’ื“ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืข ืจื•ื™ื‘-ืคื™ืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื ืขืœ, ืคื™ืขืœ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืึธื ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ื ื? ื‘ืขื™, ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ื‘ืขื ื ืืœ". ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืชื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืืœืก ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ืจืขื’ ื™ื, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื ื”ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืคึผืจืื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืื™- 
ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืงืจืึธืงืึธื“ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจื•ื™ื‘ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข. 

! ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืื•ื ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื”ืจ ืื‘ืขื ื“ืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืืœื‘ 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš. ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืœื™ืกื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืœืš. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื–ื ืงืึธืœื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ? ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื” (ืžื•ืœื“) ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืฉืžืึธืœืขืจ 
ื”ืืœื‘-ืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 

ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืข : ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜. 

-- ืื–ื ืžื™ืœืš-ืžืขืขืจ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ --- ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืžื‘ืื™ื ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. 

ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืข? ืื™ื”ื ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื  ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ืจ ; 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก ? ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืจืึธืš 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื  ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 101 


ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืืŸ ืื™ื’? ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธื–ืฉ, ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื›ืข- 
ื“ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธืืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืึธื“ืœืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ึต- 
ื‘ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงื™ืฉืขื ืค. ืคึผื™ื’ืืกืขืŸ -- ืื–ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ 
ืคื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืœื™ืขื ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืขืœืข ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ึผ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ 21ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 29ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื  ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™- 
ื™ืขืจื ืข ืœืึธื“ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ืขื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืข- 
ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืžืืกืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื 24ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ืงืึธืงืึธืก 
ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืกืืžืข ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึถืšึฐ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ึนืŸ 
ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืืœื‘-ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืข? ืงื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจื”ืขืœื˜ื ื™ืกืžืขืกื™ื’ 
ืคื™ืข? ืœืื ื ื–ืืžืขืจ. ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก. ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืจืื“ ื•ื•ืืจื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ืงืขืœื˜ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขื 25ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื”ื™ืžืข? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื 
ื‘ืจืขืงืข? ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ. 

ืืจื•ื ืคื™ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื‘ึผืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื 
ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ-ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื–ืขื’ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื ื–ืข? ืฆื™ื™ืœืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื“ื ื™, ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืืœื™ืขืŸ, 

ื“ืขื 96ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื 
2ืคื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจื™ื“ื™ืืŸ. ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื 


190 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื“ืขื ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคึฟื•ืก, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื˜ืขื . ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ื  
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืืœืข ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื•ื™ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื™ื-ืœื•ืคื˜. ืคืึธื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืขืก 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ื ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืึถืจื“- 
ื ื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืขื ื’ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ื, ื“ื™ื 
ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ื ืื™ืžืขืจ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืžืืกืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื™ื-ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืืš. ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืฉืžืืงืข ื‘ืจืื˜ืขืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜-ื–ืขื ืœืขืจ, 


ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื™ืžื™ื ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ - 


ื•ื•ืขื’ ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ื”ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืืœื‘ืื˜ืจืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืืŸ ืขื–ืข?; 
ืคืจืขื’ืื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื›ืืคึผืขืŸ 
ืคื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืคืืขื˜ืึธื ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ื“ื™ื 
ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื™ื-ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš, 

ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ-ื ืขืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคึฟื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจืขื˜ืขืŸ, ืคื•ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื•ืคึผ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืจืงืจืขื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ/ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืืจืžืื“ื™ืœืืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ?-ืคื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื” 
ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉื™ืฆืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื”ืืจื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ืงืืœืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืคึผืื ืฆื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ. 
ืžืื ื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™-ืขืงื™ื ืข ืคึผืื ืฆื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ืคื™ืขืจ-ืขืงื™ื ืข. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืจืขืงืึธืžืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜, ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื–ืื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคึผื ื™ืกืข ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืข- 
ื“ื™ื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ื ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืšึผ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ึผืจื•ื™ื ืขื ืงืึธืœื™ืจ, 
ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฉืžืึธืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืคึผืืกืงืขืœืืš. ื‘ื™ืึฐื‘ืึธื ืก -- ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขื”ื - 


ืืจื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื  


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 189 


ื“ืึธื˜ ืืœืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื‘ืขื ื•ื’ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ; ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืข ืฉื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืฉืืคืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืื•ื ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืจืื›ืข-ืคึผืœืืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ืกื•ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜, ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข? ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืœื“ืขืŸ 
ืื•ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขื 24ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ, 1808, ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ื™ืคื ืื‘ืข ืฆื• ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืขืšื™ืจืขื”ืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ืกื™ื’ืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื- 
ืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื ื™ืœื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœ. 

ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืกืขืงืกื˜ืื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ-ื’ืื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืงืจืขืกืคึผืึธ, ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 
ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜-ื˜ื”ื•ืจื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
- ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืคืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื•ืขืจ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื›ืžืขื˜ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜-ื˜ื”ื•ืจืžืก. ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื”ืืคื˜. ื“ื™ื 
"ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืžืื›ื˜, ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜. 

ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ึผื˜ื™ื’, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืจื™ื™ื ืข, ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืคืขื ืข ื ืœืึธื–. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ 
+--+-4-40---ื– 
1ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 


ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ 


ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื‘ืขื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขื‘ืขื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื. ืžื™ืจ ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ื˜ืจืื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื”ืจืขื ื“. ื“ื™ื ืกืฆืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ - 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ! ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื, ืื•ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’ืข ืจื•ื”ืข 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ! ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ื ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืจื’ื•ื ื’ 
ื ืึธืš'ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ-ืคื™ื™ื ื“, ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ! -- ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืื” ืฆื• ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ? 
ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™? ื–ื™ื ืžืขื”ืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜, ืื– ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืžืึธ? ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืžืึธ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืข?- 
ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืื›ื˜ื•ื ื . ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจื“ืขื›ื˜ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ืขื‘, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืจืื›ืข ืฆื• ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ. 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื™ื ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื’ืขืคืขื ื ื ื™ืก, ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ืฆืืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืืง- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ --- 

158 


ื”ืื ืฉ ืงืจ +" ืื˜ = = 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 17 


ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธ- 
ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". | 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืึธืœื ื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜, 

-- ืืœื–ืึธ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืืงื™ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืŸ ? 

-- ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืจื•ื”ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ. 

-- ื™ื, ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคึผืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขื ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึทืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืคืขืจื–ื™ืขื ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ-ืžื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ืจืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 

-- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ื-ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืื ืฅ ืคืจื™ืขื“ืœื™ืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ --- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจื•ื™ื‘-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืึธ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 


ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ. 


ื : ' 
ื™ื™ ืจืื’ ืืฉ 42 ื 2 6. 


180 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืคึผืืœืืกื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉืขื”ื ืข ื–ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืคึผื•ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš, ื ืึธืš ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 900 ืคื•ืก. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ-ื ืขื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืœืืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“. ืืจื•ื 
ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ,, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื’ืœืื ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืคื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ืขื“ืขืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธ- 
ื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื–. ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึฟ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืคื™ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืœืื ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืœืึธืžืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื 
ื”ืืœื‘-ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืข, ื‘ืœืืกืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืข 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ. 

ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืจืง- 
ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉืžืึธืœืข, ืœืื ื ื’ืข ื‘ืขืจื’ืœืืš, ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื‘ื™ืช-ืขื•ืœื. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืจื ืข? ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ืึธืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืœืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ-ื–ื™ื™ืœ. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืืงืขืŸ 
ื ื ื’ืจื•ื‘. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืช-ืขื•ืœื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ 
ื™ื, ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืื ืงืขืจ 
ืžืื˜ืจืึธื– ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืข- 
ืขืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ืจ ืื™ื– ืœืื ื ื–ืื ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขื ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜- 
ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืงื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืจื•ื‘ ืคืขืจืฉืึธื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ื ืงื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื’ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืžืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืš ืฉื™ืฃ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื’ืื’ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืžื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ื•ืขื’, ืืœืฅ - 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 188 


ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืข ืคืœืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขื”ื•ืคึผื˜ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืœื˜ืข 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœ-ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืืœืก ืฆื™ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ื“ืึธืก 
ื™ืื™ื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜. ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึถื”ืจ 1694 ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™- 
ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืกืึทื ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ื ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขื–ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจืคืœืื ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 

ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืก-ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื”ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึดื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืœืื ื ืข 
ืงืึธืจึผืืœืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืœืืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ-ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืœืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจ ื’ืจืื“ืข 
ื ืคืขืจืงืขื”ืจื˜ืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจื“-ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืจืฆ- 
ืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. 

ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืฉืขืœืืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ.. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœืืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื–ื ืฉืขื”ื ืขืก 
ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื‘ืจื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข. ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ-ื‘ืขื›ืขืจืขืœ? ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคึผืขืจืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืขืคึผืœืืš 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืขืŸ ื—ื™ื”'ืœืืš ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœืจืขืจ 
ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืžืึธื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื– ื ืฉื•ื ื ื–ืึธืœ ืคืขืจื“ืขืจื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉืขื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. 

ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืœืืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ืžืœืืš 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ื’ืข ืคืื ื˜ืืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ-ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื“ื•ื - 
ืงืขืœืข ื ืืœืขืจื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 300 ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜-ืฉื˜ืจืื”- 
ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืขืจื”ืื‘ืขื ืข ื’ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœ- 


184 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขื”ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฆื• 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขื ืจื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืข. ื“ืขื ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื  
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื•ื - 
ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื ? 

--- ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 

--- ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ. 

--- ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืคืขื”ืœ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. 

--- ื ื•, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ, ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœืจ ืึธื ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ 
ืึดื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื. | 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจืื ืงืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ืื– 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื”ื ืคืจืื’ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ. 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข 
ื’ืข'ื™ืฉื•ื‘'ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืŸ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜, ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ. ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธืคึผืขืœื˜ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ 
ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ 
ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. | 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจืึธืคึผ, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื’ืื ืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคื™ื™ื ืขื, ื“ื™- 
ื ืขื ื–ืืžื“ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธืจื˜. ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ (ืœืึธื ืงืขืก) ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืจืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืคื•ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืึทืจืืœืขืŸ- 
ืจื™ื™ื‘; 


=* 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 183 


ื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ื ืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืจืฆื™ื’ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืืœื˜ ืœื™ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื‘ืขื˜ืขืœ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืกื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืขืจื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืื ื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื ื“ืื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืจืขืŸ ื ืขืœืขื›ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืขืจื ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืก ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืงืœืืค ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ื”ืขื ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื”ืžื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืขืจืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆื•ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขื”ืื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜- 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ. ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืœืก 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืฆื• ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืงืืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืข? ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืคืขืจ- 
ื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ. 

-- ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืก ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื  ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื ื”ืขื ื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื‘ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ' 

-- ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 

ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜, ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ. 

-- ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ? 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ, 

ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ื”ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืจืื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืœืŸ 
ื‘ืœืืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆึตื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืข? ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขืคึฟ-. 


182 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฐืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื  
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ื ืฉืืจืคืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืขื“, ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ, ืฉืœืขืคืขืจื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืคืขืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื ืข- 
ื’ืื’ื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื–ืื?, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึถืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืคึผืจืขืกื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™? ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืก ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืขื ื˜- 
ื“ืขืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ. ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ : 

--- ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ? 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืข ืื™ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืกืข? ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜. 

--- ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื ืึถืšึฐ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ --- ืื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืึธืœืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ื—ื›ืžื” ื’ืขืœืขืจืขื ื˜ ? 

-- ื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื”ืึธืกืคึผื™ื˜ื? ื’ืขื“ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื™ืึถื”ืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฆื™ืจื˜, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืืœืก ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื. : 

--- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืคืจื™ืขืจื™ื ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ. 

--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก !---ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ---ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“- 
ืœึดื™ืšึฐ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืจืื˜ื” ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ? 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ืงืจืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

--- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ืื™ื–. 

--- ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. 

ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืงืœืืคึผืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜. ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืงืจืื ืงื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืข ื‘ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ / 
ืžื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื ืขื”ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืŸ ืกื•ื“. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ-ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืข- 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžืฑื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 181 


ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืขื‘- 
ื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข. ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื - 
ืœื™ืšึฐ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, ืึดื™ื– ืคืืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก. 

ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ? -- ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืื’ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธืคืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืืจ- 
ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื›ืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข. ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. 

ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืžืขืจ, ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืกื™ื’ืข ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจืคืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื’ืขืœ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืฃ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืข? ืื•ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืข- 
ื‘ึผืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื˜ืื ืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื”ืจ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืคื™ื›ืขืŸ ืจืขืคึผืึธืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ-ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 

ืืจื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื”ืจ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ึฐื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžื ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื  
ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืขื ืจื™ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืข ื’ืข 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคึผื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ 


180 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ืฐื•ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ? ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืฆืึธื”ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืกืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืš, ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ ืคืขืจืœืื ื’ื ืขืŸ ? 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ืฆื•ืื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฆื• ื’ืขื ื™ืคืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ื ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ, ืœืขื ืจ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืจืื“. ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื ื’ืขืกืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืœืึธืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืง ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ. ื ืขืจ ืœืขื ืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื–ื ื ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. 

ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ื - 
ื“ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื—, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื•ื™ืฉื•ื ื’. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ื™- 
ื‘ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืก-ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ 
+ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜, 
ืื– ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ื ืงื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขืžืคึผืคื˜ ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ื”ืขื ืื™ื– ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืื– ื ืงืขืœื˜ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
/ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืื™ื– ืืœืขืก ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ, 


4ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืค. 


ืึท ื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื ืื•ื™ืฃืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืšึฐ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืœืขื”ืจืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืžืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉ 
ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืœืึธืฃื™ื’ืขื˜ืจืื ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืก ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืคื™ื”ืœื˜ 


= 6 645= 46. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 179 


-- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืข, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 
ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ืฆื•ืื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืงืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืงื ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื ืืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืข- 
ืจืื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ื ื–ื™ืจื”. ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืขืŸ ืคืœื•ื›ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืคื™ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื‘ื ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื ืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. 
-- ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืื•ื ื– ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื ืขืคืจืขื ื’ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
-ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืก ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื‘ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคืึธืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 
-- ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื–ืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืคืจืขืกืขืจ ืคืจืขื”ืœื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ! 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ืข ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 
-- ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืคืึธืจืฉืœืื  ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื - 
ืกื™ื™? ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 
-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ? ืื‘ื™ ื ื•ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 
-- ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืจืื˜ื”ืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœึถืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืขืกืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ?ืึธืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™? ืึธืคึผืขืกืขืŸ; | 
-- ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 
-- ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจื“ืจื™ืกื˜, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ-ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ, ืืš, 
ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื“ืืžื˜ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ! ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื’ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜. 
-- ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืึธื‘ึผื’ืขืจื•ืคึผืขืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ึถืขืŸ ืคึถืขึทืจื ึถืขืกึถืขืŸ ื ึธืขึถื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืขืกืขืŸ ? 


178 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื™ื ื ื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื , 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืžื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื- 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆืึธืจืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ึผืึธื–ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขื ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืข- 
ื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืืก. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืข- 
ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ 
ืคืขืจืคืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜. 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื›ืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ 
ื“ืึธ ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™? ื ื™ื˜ ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ? ืึธื“ึถืขืจ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ 
ืื™ื”ื ืคืึธืจ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™? ื ื™ื˜ ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื›ืืคึผืขืŸ ? ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืคื™ืœื•, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื’ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืคืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืœึดื™ื•- 
ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ? --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืกื•ื“. 
ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื‘ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืืœื“. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื ืคึผืึถืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, 
--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื™ืš ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžืึธื”ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืžืืš, ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 
--- ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 
--- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจื ืขืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ื“ืืžืึธืœืก 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ? ื•ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ? 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืคืขืจ- 
ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ; 
--- ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘- 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฉืคึผืืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื•ื™-. 
ื˜ื™ื’ ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ? 
|-- ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื  ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืคืขื”? ืžื•ื– ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ? 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 17 


ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื•ื™ื ื“. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึถืšึฐึผ ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคึผืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืžื- 
ื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืืš- 
ืจืขื”ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืืœื˜ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืข ืคืจืื–ืข, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื 
ื™ื ืื ืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืคึผืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฉืคึผืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข- 
ื ืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืšึฐึผ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื ืขืžืึธ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ืื•ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื”ื, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ืจ, 
ื•ื•ืื• ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืึถืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ 

ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื™ื"ืงืืจื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™? ืฆื•ื ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ื•ืžืขืœื˜ ? 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืืžืช'ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื•ื ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงื- 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืคืึธืจ, ืึธื‘ืฐื•ืึธื”? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ืงื™ืจืฆืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืขืคืขื”ืœ, ืื– 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ื ืึถืšึฐ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงื™ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื ืขืœ- 
ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึธืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐื•ืข? ืื™ืš ืืœืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ? ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ื’ืข" 


16 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื•ื’ ื˜ึฟื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื‘ืจื•ื ืก'ืœืืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึถื”ืŸ ืขืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืœื•ืžื™- 
ื ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื-ื! ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคึทึผื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืืจึผื™ืขื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฆืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ึผืขื” ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•? ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข: ืื•ื ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื‘ึผืืจืข. ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ-ื™ืžืืกืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืขื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืžื•ืจืืฉืงืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืจ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ'ืก ืื•ื™ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืืจืฃ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ื—ื™ื”'ืœืืš, ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขืจืฆื• 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืกืงืึธืคึผ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื ืคืขืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื-ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื'ืœืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื™ื– "ืื™ื ืคื•- 
ื–ืึธืจื™ืขืŸ?. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืื™ื ืคื•ื–ืึธืจื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืงืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืืกืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ-ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื’ืœื™ื”ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืžืึธืœืฆืขื ืขื ืžืขื˜ืืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืขืคื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืจ. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืœืขื - 
ืฆืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืœื™- 
ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืขืจ ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉืขื”ื ืข ื“ืขืœืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืขืœ ืฉืขื”ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ'ื ืคืึธืกืคืึธืจ- 
ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ื™ื-ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืงืึธืœื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื—ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืคึนึผืึถืจ ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ึนืึถืšึฐึผ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก-ืืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ืžื•ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจื ืขืกืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข, ืึธื‘ื”ืขื ื’ื™ื’ ืึธืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงื™ืจืฆืœื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 18ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข, ืื•ื ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ืข ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ืฉึดื˜ื•ืจืžึดื“ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 178 


ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœืขืžืคึผืขืœ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ 
ื ืจืื“ ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื‘ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ. ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืคืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื ืข : ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื ืขืŸ ? ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืขืจืคื™ื - 
ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ 
-- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ --- ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืขืจืคืื”ืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธืคืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื‘ืืจืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ืขืจ ืขึนืจึฐื“. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืžื•ื ื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ'ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ื‘ื™ื–ื“ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื™- 
ืžืขืจ ืืœืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืขืŸ ื”ืขืคืœื™ืš: 
"ืืœืก ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

ื“ืขื 16ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืคืึธืจ. ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืœื•ื™ืคืขื ื“ืข ืฉืึธื˜ืขื ืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ื ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื . ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืข? ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฐืึธืœืงืขื ืก 
ืื•ึผืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜. ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืงืืœื™ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื”ืขืœ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ืื ืคืื ื’ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื– ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืงืœืึธื”ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื”ืขืœืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข. 

ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื—ื™ื”'ืœืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืคืึธืกืคืึธืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜. ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 


14 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืœ "ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืึธืงืึธื“ื™?? ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืก 
ื•ื™ื "ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜". ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืจื•ื ืคื™ืข? ืงืจืึธืงืึธ- 
ื“ื™ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™. ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ึตื™ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืข 
ืจื•ื™ื‘-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืคืขืจื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืืžืึธืคึฟ, 
ืื– ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืงืจืึธืงืึธื“ื™ืœ-ืึธื‘ื’ืึธื˜, ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืกืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืจืึธืงืึธืจื™? ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ. ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ? ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื™ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ืขืœ ื‘ืข- 
ืฐืึธื”ื ื˜ืข ืขืจื“-ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื–ื“ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืืจื•ืžืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืจืื ื’ืข ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื•ื•ืืจ- 
ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื ืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื™ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืข? ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืŸ ืœืื ื ื–ืืžืขืจ, 
ืžืื ื›ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ืืจืึธื‘ื–ื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. 

ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข- 
ืกืื ื˜ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ 
ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ื˜ืขืจืžืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ื’ืจืื“ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืืœื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื  
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื’ืจืืจ. 

ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ 

ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืžืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืขืฑ ื“ืจื•ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฉืื“ืขืŸ. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ึถืขื•ื•ืขึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’: ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 173 


-- ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขืŸ !---ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™" 
ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืงืœืœื•ืช ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืขื’ื˜. 
ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืขืจ ืงืจืืคื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืคึผืืจืขื ื˜ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจืื•ืจื–ืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขืงืจืึธื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ 
ืคึผืืจืขื ื˜ืฉืข ืฆื•ื ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืข'ื”ืจื’'ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื•ืžื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™- 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืืจืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืขืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืจืขืง ืฆื•ืœืึธืคืขืŸ. ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ืžืคึผืคื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื”ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืœืื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ืงืœืืคึผื˜ืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ-ืœืื ืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืจื™ื™ 
! ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืขืจืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง 
ืจืขื’ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื’ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ืึธืจืขืก ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืก. 


3ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ 


ื“ืขื ื ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื 38 ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื - 
ื“ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืจืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื›ืขื ืขื ืจื™ื’, 
ืื– ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืงืจืืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืงื™ื™ื˜, ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืฉื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ื ืขื ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื™ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืžืึธืจ, 
ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืข? ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื›ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืจืกื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ "ืจืื“ื–ืฉืืก". ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– : "ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ึนื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืึธืงืึธื“ื™??. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขื›ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ื—ื•ืก, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื - 
ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืคืขืจื’ืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืงืจืึธืงืึธื“ื™? ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 


1/2 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ืคืขืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืข- 
ืฉืขื”ืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืฐืึธื›ืขืŸ ืœืื ื . 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื‘ื™- 
ืคืข? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืง ืฉืืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื . ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื ืฃ 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืคืึธืจื˜ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 4 --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ? ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืœืื ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืึถืš 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื“ืขืง, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– ? 

--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืœืืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื’ื™ืš ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ืึธืคืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื ื™ื˜? ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

--- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ! 

-- ื“ืืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ื“ืขืง. ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ื“ืขืง ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข, ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื 
ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื•ื™ื ื ื•ืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืืœืขื - 
ื“ืขืจ (ืคึผืืจืขื ื˜ืฉืข) ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฅื“ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื•ืจื'ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืงื•ืœ, | 

ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืงืจื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผืกืง ื’ืขื”ืื˜, 

ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ืกืฆืขื ืข; ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ ืœืขื ืจ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืื˜ืืงื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื•ืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืึธืŸ ื’ืืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ืจืขืจื˜ ื ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ/| ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 171 


- ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ. ืžืึธืจื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืจื™ื™ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืคืึธืจื˜- 
ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ. : 
ื ืึธืšึธ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืึธ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคืขืจื ื™ื™ื’ื˜, 
ืืœืก ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืื™ื– ื ืขืขื ื“ื™ื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜, ืื– ื ืขืžืึธ ืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื? ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืื– ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื”ืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. | 

-- ื“ืืจืฃ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื ื™ื˜ 4 -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. | 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ ? 

-- ืœืขื ื“ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืข? -- ืื™ื”ื ืœื™ื ื˜ 
. ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ : ื“ื™ื ืื›ื™ืœื”. ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืงืื ื’ืืจื• ืคืœืึธื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื”ื. ืื™ื”ื ืืืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜. ืืคื™ืœื• 
ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ'ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜. 

ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™?ืœ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืจ 
ื ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื™ืขื ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ืืจืžื˜, ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื˜ืจืืžืคึผืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืฆื•ืฆื•- 
ืžืื›ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื ืื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืจื•ึนื”. ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜. 

ืื•ื ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ื”ืจ ืคืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืืœืฅ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืืจื•ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™?ืœ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืืจืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ื™ื ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ 
ืฆื• ืขืจืคืจื™ืฉืขืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื– ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื- 
ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข, ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 


10 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืฃ . 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ื•ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ืขื™ืขื’. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืืœืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื 
ืœืขื ื“ ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ืกืขืจืข ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืืœืข 
ืžืึธืœ,. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•" 
ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื” ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืขืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคืขืœื–, ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืขืจ ื™ื-ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืžืึธื ื˜ ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™? ืื™ื– ืฉื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ. 

--- ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ --- ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื–ืขืข-ืžืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ืžืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืขืจ ! ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–-ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, 
ืคื™ืขืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืขื ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืื”ืŸ- 
ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง ! ืืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ! 

ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื”ืจืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข, ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›- 
ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจื˜ืข ื“ื™ื ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™- 
ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ืกืžืืŸ ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืคึผื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ื™ืŸ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืงืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืกื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ. 

--- ื“ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืคืขืœื– ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™?'ืก ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื" 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืึธืš-ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืขืก ื’ืขืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ 


ื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ : 
-- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื, ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 


"ืื˜ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 109 


ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ? ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคืขืจืœื™- 
ืจืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื’ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ืฆื• 
ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ. 

-- ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

- -- ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื”ืขืค- 

ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. 

-- ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ืžื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ! --- ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื™ืคืœืืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, . 

-- ืื–ื•ื™ ? ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืœืืš ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืœืืกืขืŸ 
ืื•ึผืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื ื™ืœื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืœื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคึผ. 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืืงื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ืึถื”, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื“ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงื ืึธืคึผ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืกื™ื’ื ืืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืคืขื”ืœ 
/ืขืจืคื™ืœืขืŸ. 

-- ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™- 
ื˜ืืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ. ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ. ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ", ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ื“ืข ืคื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื“ื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืžื•ืจื, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืื™ื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื™ื™ื ื›ืืคึผืขืŸ. ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ? 

-- ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜-- 
ืื™ืŸ ืืžืช ื–ืึธื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืจื™ืžืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขื”ืจ ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืืœืก ืคืขืจื”ืืกืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื• ืขื ื–ืึธืœ 
ืคื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ืืžื™ืœื• ืื™ื™ื ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืจืืจืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœื™ืจืขื™ 


168 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื”ืึธื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืคืข? ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข 
ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ'ืก ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืฆืจ, ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธืกืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืึธื‘ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธื‘ืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื. 
ืจื™ื ืงื•ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืกืœืขื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื”'ืŸ ื”ืื ื“, 

--- ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ, ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ --- ื ืžื•ืฉืข? ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ื›ื“ืื™ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ 
ืื–ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜. | 

--- ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™? ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ 4 -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ --- ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืขืจืžืึธืจื“ืขืŸ ?4 ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜. ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืืŸ ืขื•ืœื— ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืขืจืฆื™ื’ืขืจ, ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ 
ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื™ื™ืœ'ืก ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ. ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื  ืœืื ื ืข, ืฉืžืึธืœืข ืฉื™ืคืœืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืจืข ื”ืืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื - 
ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืคึผืืคึผื•ืื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. 

ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืก ืžื•ืจื ื ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขื ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžื•ื˜ื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื ืžื—ื ื” 4 -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉืœืึธื–ืข, ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™?, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ืคืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ืฉื“ืขืงืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืžื•ืจื ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ, ืคืืจ ื ืงืจืืš ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืืจ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ื.-ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžืขื”ืจ ืคืืจ'ืŸ ื“ื•ื ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืืจ'ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฅ, ืึธื‘ืฐืึธื”? ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืฅ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ื ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืœืืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™?ื•ืก" ื ืขืฉืึธื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืึธื’ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ืฉ-ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ื™ืœืขืŸ. | 

--- ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืคืขืœ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืืก ื ื™ื˜. ืžืขื ืœื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ื™ืคื˜ืขื˜. 

-=ื™ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื• ืขื ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื˜ืขืœืจืขืŸ 1{ ื”ืึธื;ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื - 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 167 


ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคึผืขืจื“ืจืึธืกืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ } 
ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื—ืฉืง ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 

ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื’ืขื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื‘ื™ืกืข? ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื–ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™? ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืงืึธื˜ืœืขื˜. ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื›ื˜-ืžืขื”?, ืื– ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื•ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืขื•!ืจืขื ื“ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืจืข ื’ืขืฉืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงืœืœื•ืช. 

ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืื•ื ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ืคืึธืจืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืื•ื™ืค- 
ื ืขืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธื”ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืืœืฅ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ืืจื•ืžื™ื ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืœืืš, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜. 

ืื•ื ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ. 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื”?ื˜ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ืงืื ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ื’. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ืคึผืขืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™" 
ื›ืขืจ ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฐืขื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืขืœื– ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืขื˜ืฅ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜. 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื›ืกื“ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ืขื˜ืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคื™ืฉืœืืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื•" 
ืฉืขืœืขืŸ. ืฆื•ืœืขืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื˜ืฅ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืžื•ืฉืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื 
ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืŸ ื ืขืฉืจื™ื™ 
ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื•ืฉืข? ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจ ื ื‘ื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ? 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืขืจืฅ-ื ืขืฉืจื™ื™, 
ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืขื ืก-ื ืขืฉืจื™ื™, ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืžืฆื™ืื” ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขื ืžื•ืฉืขืœ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึทื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ 


166 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืŸ ืฆืึธื”ืœ? ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฉืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ืขืงืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. ืžืื ื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื– ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธื›ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืœืฅ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืึธืืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฐืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืฉืขืคึผืกืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืืงืขื˜, ื‘ืœืฑื™ื– 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืข- 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืืจื˜ืข? ื ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ื™- . 
ื ื™ื ืข ื˜ืฉื™ืคืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–ื“ื ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืคึผืื˜ืฉืขืจืงืขืก. ื›ืžืขื˜ 
ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืคืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื ืก, ืคื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืื ืฆืขืจืก. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื 
ืืงืกืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืขื ืข ื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืื ืฆืขืก, ืคื•ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื™ืก-ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. : 

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึธื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืง- 
ื–ืื ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™- 
ื›ืขืŸ ืจืื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ "ืžืื“ื", ื“ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืคึผืขืœืขืจื™ื ืข, ื ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื ื-ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืื - 
ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืœื™ื ื’ 
ืฆื•ึผ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ืกืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื ืฆื•ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืจื™ืขื’. ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืขืจ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืค" 
ื“ืข ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ. : 

ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืคึผืืคึผื•ืื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื. ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืœื™ืืจื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืข- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ "ืืกืื™ !1" ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ึนืึถืšึฐ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ืš, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื™ื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. 

ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื˜. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ-ืคืจืขืกืขืจ 


+ ื—ื™ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 168 


-- ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. 

-- ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš 

ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ืžื™ื˜ืข? ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื™ื˜ืฆืขืŸ ! 

| --- ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ, ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ? 

-- ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ! 

-- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ 
ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื. ืคึผืืคึผื•ืืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืจื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื ื’ืจื™ืฃ. 

ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœืขืŸ ื ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืกืข ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืขืจื˜ื™ืขืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื”ื ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคึผืึธืจื. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ื’ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืก 
ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืŸื“ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ-ืื•ื™ืคื’ืื ื’ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื ืขืœ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืืœืจ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืคื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื ืขืœ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื” ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข 
ืคึผืืคื•ืื ืขืจ. ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ืคืขืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืก ื’ืข- 
ืฉืขื”ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืขืจื•ื”ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ. ืืจื•ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึถื”ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืื ื’ 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืจืข 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ึผืข ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”, ื“ืขื ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ' 
ื“ืขืง. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ-ื˜ื”ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืœ 
ืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืคืขืจื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืž? 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคึผื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื‘ื™ื›ืขืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ื˜ ืคื™ืจื• 
ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื• ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™"ื“ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื 1 


164 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–. ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืคึผืืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘- 
ื’ืขืคืื”ืจืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข, ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื ืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื ืžื—ื ื” ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื—ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืึธื”? ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ืึถืšึฐึผ ืื•ื ื–. 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ืืจืขืžื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืžื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ื“ืขืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืฐื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืฅ 
ื™ื. ืฐ 

ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ื“ืขืจ , 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืข? ืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืกืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ื˜ืขื ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืื? ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืื ืึธ. ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ืขืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, 

--- ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. 

--- ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“. 

|-- ืึถื”, ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื•ื™ื ' 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ืื ื“ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคื™ืข? ืงืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืืžืขืœื˜ ? : 

-- ื™ื, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธื“.. 
ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ืคื™ืกื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื. 

--- ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ืคื™ืกื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. : 

--- ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. : 

--- ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื‘ื™ืกืข?ืœ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ == 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ืจืขื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื˜ืจื•" โ€ 
ืงืขื ืข ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ? ื•ื•ืื• ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ' 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืข 1 ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ? 

--- ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ !.. . 

-- ื™ื, ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขื• 168 


ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืœืขื ื“, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืจื- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืกืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. : 


2ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ ื ืขืžืึธื™ืก ื‘ืœื™ืฅ 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื™ืžื™- 
ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜. | 

ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ื– ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืคืืœืขืŸ, ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื‘ื–ื™ื›ื˜- 
ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื™ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ?, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธึท- 
ืคืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืฆื•ื ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื  ืฆื• ืคืขืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื˜ืืงืข. 

--- ืคึผื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืคืขืŸ (ืžืึธื ืงื™ืก) ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ, 

-- ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“. 

-- ืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืขื•ื•ืข ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืฉื ืขืœ 
ืฆื•ื ื™ื. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ื–ืืš. ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืงืืžืคึผืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ื ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื ืื™ื–, ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ึผืขืจ 
ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืืงื™ ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืžึผื•ื–ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข, ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืคืขื ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ- 
ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. : : 

ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืคืจืขืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–. 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืข? ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืื•ื ื ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’. ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทืคึฟืขืŸ. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืฉืืœืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึทึผืœึตื™ื™ืฉ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ. ืขึถืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ึดื™ืšึฐ 


102 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืงืื ื’ืืจื•ืก. ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืœื™ืš ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’-ื‘ืขืง, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืืœื™ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืงืื ื’ืืจื• "ื–ื™ื" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื 
ื–ืืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืœ, ื“ื™ื ืงืื ื’ืืจื• ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืึธืจืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ื™ืœื›ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื ืึธืคึผืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ืืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคึทึผืึถืจ ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื  ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ื 
ืงืื ื’ืืจื•ืก ื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืข?-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข". 

ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขืŸ.. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ึผืขืจืฉืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- 
ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืื™ื™ืš ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืจื™ื›ื˜. ื–ืขื”ื˜, ืคื™ื ืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆืขื”ืจืขืŸ ! ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ืžืงืขืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืื ืืจ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข? ืฆื• ืคืขืจื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ื™ืื’ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ื•ืฆืขื ื“ ื“ืขืจืฉืึธืกืขื ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข. ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ื”ืจ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ-ืื•ืฆืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืข? ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ืคืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. 

ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืคืขืจื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคืืš. 
ื“ื™ื ื ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ืงืึธื˜ืœืขื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื™-ืึธื˜ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ื 
ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืจื•ืš, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจืฐืขืงื˜ ืืŸ ืืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื 
ื—ืฉืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ-ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืฆื• ื’ืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืขืคืœื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“-ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืœืก ืคืึธืจ-ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื ืื ืืกืขืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืืœืก ื“ืขืกืขืจื˜ (ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜) ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืข ืžืฉืงื” ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืงืึธืกื™ื ื™ืก. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืืจ 
ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉืืคืขืŸ. 

--- ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ? 
--- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

--- ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืžืขืจ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืข- 
ืคืจืขื ื˜, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 161 


--- ื‘ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื‘ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ! ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึถื ื’ืข- 
ื–ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื–ืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืงืื˜-ื ื™ืก ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ืœืึธื–. 

-- ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ 
- ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืฉื ืืคึผืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืฉื›ื•ืจ'ืขืŸ ! | 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืคื•ื™ื’ืข? ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜, 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคื™ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืœื™ืขื’ืขืœ, 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคึผืืจืื“ื™ื– ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืืš ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืœื™ืจืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืึธื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื‘, ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื’ืขืœ--ืงืืคืข-ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืœื™ืขื ืขืœ ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืึธื‘ืขืœ. ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื "ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ". 

ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’ืข? ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ืจ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœืึธ- 
ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื›ื—ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื 
ื™ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœืื ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ื•ื’ืขื ื˜ ืคื™ื˜ ื 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืœืข- 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš. | 

ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืื•ื ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืงืึธื˜ืœืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฆื•ืคืืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื˜. ืืจื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืกืžื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืขื ืข ืจื•ืคืขืŸ "ื‘ืืจื™- 
ืึธื˜ืื ื’",. ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืืจ ื 
ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืืกื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื™ืœ 
ืื•ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื "ื‘ืืจื™-ืึธื˜ืื ื’" ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื‘ืขื ื“- 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ื ื™ืื’ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, 

ื’ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืกื˜ืืจืฅ 


160 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื‘ื™ืจื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืข? ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืข?. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืจึนืขืŸ ื”ื•ึนื ื’ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ืžืึธื ืขื ืก ืฆื• ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื™ืื’ืจ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืกืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
| ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืขืก. ืฆื•ื ื ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ 
ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ืืœื“-ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืœื™ืงื˜, 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืข ืกืขื•ื“ื”. 

-- ื ื•, ืœืขื ื“ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ --- ืืฆื™ื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ?4 ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืคืขื”ืœื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ? 

--- ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืงืืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืคื•ื™ื ืข? ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืงืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืคืึธืจ-ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื 
ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืงืึธื˜ืœืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคื™ืขืจ-ืคื™ืกื™ื’ืข 
ื—ื™ื”, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื“ื™ื’ื˜. 

--ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืืจื- 
ื“ื™ื–ื™ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

--- ื˜ืึธ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื™ืื ื’ื“! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื’ืขื•ืึธื’ื˜ -- 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง, ืื– ืคืขืจืงืจื™ื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜. 
ืœืึธืžึดื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื™ื. ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ? 
ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืคืืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“'ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื˜ืœืขื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืื˜ื” ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืขืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ืขืจ-ืคื™ืกื™ื ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ. ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืคื™ื™ื ืœืืš ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืคึผืืจืื“ื™ื–-ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœ ืฆื• ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืค, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืก, ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื–. ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ื”ืืœื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ื• 
ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื˜. | 

--- ืึถื”, ื‘ืจืื•ื•ืึธ, ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ื”ืขื ื“ ืฆื• 
ื›ืืคึผืขืŸ ? 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ืฉื˜ื™ืง ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
--- ื–ืึธืœ ื ื•ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคึผืฑืขืจ! 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 159 


ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืงืึธืœื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ" 
ื‘ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉืขื”ืŸ ืคืืจ'ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื‘ืืจ ืคืืจ'ืŸ ื’ืึธืคึผืขืœ-ืžืขืคืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ื ืคึผืืคึผื•ืืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ืืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœึฐืืฅ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคึผืืจืื“ื™ื–-ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ 
- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืืœื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืข ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ืคื™ืกื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืจืื“ื™ื–-ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื”ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜. 

-- ืคึผืืจืื“ื™ื–-ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืืš ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืœ ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื—ืฉืง ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

| ื“ื™ื ืื™ืฒื™ื ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืืœืื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ืคืขืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืฆื• ื›ื™ื ืขื–ืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ืžืืœืื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขืคืœื™ืขื’ืขืœื˜ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื“ืึธืš ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืขืก ืึธืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข 
ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขื˜ืฆืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืœื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ, ืคืขืจื’ื™ืคื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืœืืš, 
ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 
ื“ื™ื ืคึผืืจืื“ื™ื–-ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืงืœื•ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืกืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืฆืขื”ื ื“ืœื™ื ืข ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ, ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคึผืืจืื“ื™ื–-ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ; 

--ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขืก ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟืขืกืึธืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื ื•ื•ืขื ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืงืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™, ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืข?ืœ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืืœืก ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก, 

ืงืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืกืข? ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื™ืคื™- 
ืกื™ื ืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 

ื‘ึผื™ื– ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื—ืจ ืคืืจืžื™ื˜ืื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืกื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื ืขื™ 


158 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื˜ืœืขื˜ืขืŸ ืœื™ืขื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจืœืื ื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื ืขื ื“ 
ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคื ื•ื ื’ ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ื•ื•ืืœื“-ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืข? ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื“'ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืขื”ืŸ ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงึผืึธื - 
ืกื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืื ืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ. 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
(ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืื™ื™ื–-ืคื•ื™ื ื’ืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืื ื ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›- 
ื˜ื™ื’, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ืจื ืคืืจ 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืืžื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืื ื“. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ึทืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื 
ืคืืจ ื ืฉื•ื ื, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 

ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ืคืขืœื“ (ืœืึธื ืงืข), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ืื’ื“ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื‘ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. | 

--- ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ื ืื™ืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืกืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 

--- ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื™ื ืขืกืขืŸ !.-- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

--- ื ื™ื˜ ืืžืช ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- 
ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ื“ืึธ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ื ืื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ื ืื™ืขืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืึธืš ื ืชืขื ื™ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. 

--- ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืคึนึผืึท- 
ืคึผื•ื ื’ืื™ืขืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ื’ืขืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื—ื ื” ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ื ืื™ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. 
ื™ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขื– ื–ึดื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืขืจืฆื™ื”ื•ื ื’, ื“ืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืึธื‘ืขืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคืขืจืฐื•ื™ืœึฐื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ืžื˜, ืื™ืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 157 


ืžื™ืŸ ืคืœืื ืฆืข), ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื’ืจื™ื ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ื 
ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ. 

-- ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืœืขืก. ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขื”ืœืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืขืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ื– --- ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืข ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ 
ื ื•ืจ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืก ื‘ื™ื™-ื–ืื›ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ื‘ืจืื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ื™ื, ืœืขื ื“ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ --- ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง, ืื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึถื”ืŸ ืงืึธื˜ืœืขื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืœืื›ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื™ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐึผ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ. 
ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ-ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ืงืขื ื™ื’, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืกืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืคืขืจืœื™ืจืขืŸ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฆืขืœื˜ -- ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ 
ืงืึธื˜ืœืขื˜ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื•ื ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืก ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ. 

ืืจื•ื ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข 
ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜' 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื›ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜, ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ื™ืงืืžืขืจืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึถื‘- 
ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ. 

ื™ืขื ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ื’ืขืฉืœืึทืคืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ื“ืขื ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื™ 
ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื ืขืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ 
- ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื ืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข. 
ืงึดืึธืžึทืขึถืจืึธื“ืขึถืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกึทืขึถืŸ ื“ื™ืขึถื–ืขึถืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ื“ืขื ืึดื™ื ึฐื–ืขึถืœ ืฆื• ื‘ึถืขึถื–ื•ื›ึถืขืŸ. 


1 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืžืื ื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ื”ืืœื‘ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ื’. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ 
! ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขืœืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 

-- ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ื™ืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื›ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืข? 
ืึธื‘ื‘ืืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื”ืืจืคื•ืŸ-ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ 
ืงืขื ื™ื’. ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงื•ื›ืขืŸ ? 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ! 

--- ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืื›ืœ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ-ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ืงืขื ื™ื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืฉืึธืœืื›ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืืจื•ืžื ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื’. ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืขืŸ-ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืคืขืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืคืขืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื›ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืงื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืชื‘ื•ืื”-ืžืขื”ืœ. 

--- ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ืœืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. | | 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืข- 
ืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื ืจืขื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื ื•ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

|--- ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš. ืื™ืš ืžืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืขืŸ-ืžืขื”? ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืื ื’ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืœื•ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงืขืŸ. 

--- ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. 

--- ืืžื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

--- ืืš, ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฉื ืขืœ?! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ---, 
ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืœื™ืจืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜-ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜-ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืืงืกื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืข= 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืืœืก ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ื–ืฆื•ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ 
ืคึผืืœื-ืงืจื•ื™ื˜, ืื–ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขื‘ืœืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืืœืก 
"ืื‘ืจืึธื•ืก", ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืืœืื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืขืกืขืŸ, ื™ืืžืก (ืื–ื 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 1868 


ืคึฟืึธืจ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืข? ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืึธื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคืืจ 
ื‘ื•ื™ื-ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคืืจ ืงืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืคืืจ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. 

--- ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืื ืฆืขื ื“ื™ื’ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื–ื ืœื•ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜, 
ื“ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ. 

-- ืœืขื ื“ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืึธืžื™ืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืื ื™ื‘ืืœ, ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืขื ืฉืขื ืคืจืขืกืขืจ ! ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืกื›ื ื” ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ! ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืžืึธืจื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื›ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืจืขืกืขื ืขืจ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ื ืื ืฅ ืœื™ืขื‘, ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข? ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืขืกืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฆืขืœื˜ 
-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ. ื’ืขื ื•ื  } ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ื˜ืืงื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจืฉื˜ืึธืคึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืคึผื“ืขืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืืœื–, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืืžืึธืœ ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื. 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื•ื•ืขืง ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ-ืจื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื 
ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขื, ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ื™ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 
"ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜-ื‘ื•ื™ื". ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืžืขื”ืœ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉืžืืงืกื˜ืขื– ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ื ืกืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ? ื’ื™ืœื‘ืึธื. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืืจื˜ืึธืงืึธืจืคึผื•ืก". ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืชื‘ื•ืื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ื ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜-ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื” 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื•ึฐ 

-- ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขืจืจืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ื™ืš ื‘ืืœืจ 
ืึธื‘ื‘ืืงืขืŸ ื ื ืขื‘ืขืง ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืงืขืŸ. ืขืก ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื 
ืžื™ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืงืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจืขืš-ื’ืœืึธื– ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื ืข- 
ืคืฒื™ื’ื˜ ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืฃ. 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ื”ืขื ื“ืข ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ. ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื™- 


, 


154 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขึถืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื™ืขื”ืจื™ื’ืข ื’ืข 
ืคืื ื’ืฉืืคื˜, ืึธื‘ืฐืึธื”? ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš. ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ? ืื™ื– 
ืžืื™ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืฉืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืขืœ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜. ื“ืขื ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืคืจืขืกืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืง ืึธื ืฆื•ืคื™ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ 
ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ,. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื ืงืึธืงืึธืก-ื‘ืฑื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื‘ื ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ 
ื™ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืœืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืขืจื ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ. 

--- ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืขืคืœื™ืš ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื . 

--- ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™?ืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžื—ื™ื” ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืึธืงืึธื“ื ื•ืก. ืื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืื’ืขื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืœืึธื“ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึทึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืื“ืข ื ื™ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืขืจื“ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ 
ืื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ, 

--- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ 
--- ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–. 

-- ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคึผืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื --- ื“ื™ืขื–ื˜ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื ืจื™ื ืก. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. 


== ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ { --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื’ืกืฒื™? ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธื’ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 153 


- ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ื”ืขืจื™ื’ืข ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก. 

-- ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ --- ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืกืขืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ! 
ื‘ืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื˜ืœืขื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข! ืฉืื“ืข ื ื•ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข, 
ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืกืขื•ื“ื” ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื ืœื™ืง, ื ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืจืื˜ืขืŸ 
ืึถื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืื›ืœ. 

-- ื ืืฉืขืจ! ืคืจืขืกืขืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ -- ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืฆื• ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ืคืจืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืข! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืข? ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืกืขืŸ. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ? 

-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื’ืข- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืงืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืŸ 
ืืŸ ื”ืึธื– ืฆื• ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืฐืึธืœืฃ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื‘ื™ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ! ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื–, ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ืขื“ืขืจ 
ื ืคื™ืขืจ-ืคื™ืกื™ื ืข ื—ื™ื” ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™-ืคื™ืกื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืืœืฅ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื“ืืžื˜ืข ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข. 

-- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื’, 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“. ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื™ืขืœืขืŸ. 

-- ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจืขืŸ 
ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง. 

ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืืœื‘ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืืœืข ืคืขืงื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืื ื“ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขื ื–ืืžื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, 

1ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืข? 


ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืขื  ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ 


ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืก ื ืขืžืื›ื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื ื ืึธืš ื ืœืื ื ืข 
ืื‘ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจื" 
ืฉื•ื ื’. ื ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืขืจ ืื™ ื ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 


152 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 


--- ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒืค 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืœืื ื“. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ื˜ 
ืื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 

--- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ? ืขืก ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขืŸ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืื•ื ื– 
ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ื–ืื ืขืŸ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ืฉืง ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืข? ืฆื• ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ ืคืืจ'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืึธืจื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื ื™ืก ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืฃ. ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืžืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ, 
| ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืคืจืขืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื ื™ื‘ืืœืขืŸ (ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ-ืคืจืขืกืขืจ) ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื” ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื ืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ.. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืก 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื– ืื™ืžื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ื˜ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื“ืขืจืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืขื ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื 
ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืœืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึธ- 
ื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืืœืก ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ-ืคืื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืขืจืคืื”ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ื ืขืžืก ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืข- 
ื ืขื”ืžืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ื›ืขืงื•ื•ืขื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’., . 


ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืœื™ืง- 
ืœื™ืš ืื ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื’ืขืจ ืฐืึธื ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื’ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 151 


ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’. ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ืขื‘ื›ืข" (ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืึธื‘ืคืืœ) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคืขืœื–,. 

-- ื ื•, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ --- ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืคืขืจื“ืืžื˜ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง, ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื ื“ื™ื 
ืžืฉื ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืขืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ -- ื ืึธืšึฐ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœ-ืžืึธื ื“ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ืขืžืืœืก ื ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ --- ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืฆื• ืคืขืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื•, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืขืจืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข 
ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜. 

-- ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ ! --- ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜ ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื“ื™ื "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืจ- 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ื‘- 
ืจื™ื ืขื ืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืื˜ื” ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืคืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืจืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ. ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืจืขืกืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืจืข, ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 

-- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื– 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคึผืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ! 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืคืจืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืจื 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™?, ื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ?4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืœืื ื“-ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืงืึธื˜ืœืขื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืื’ืจืขืจืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ, 


150 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื•ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคื? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

--- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคื? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืฐืขื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, 
ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื ื‘ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ. 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขื ืงื˜. 
ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืืœืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ืœืื ื“. ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ืฆื• ื’ืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ื• 

ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืืก-ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื™. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืš-ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ : 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืšึฐ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื‘ืคืืœืขืŸ ? 

--- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
--- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• 
ื”ืึธืคึผืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•? ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืขืค 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืžืขื—ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ . 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื . ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื ืขื›ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื” ืคื•ืœ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืขื ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœื˜ ืึธื‘. ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืค- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ "ืคืœื•ื˜ื”" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื‘ืคืืœืขืŸ "ืขื‘ื‘ืข". ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืข ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืืœืข ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคืขืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ ืึธื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข. 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืœื•ื˜ื” ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืืก, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคื•ืœืขืŸ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ "ืคืœื•ื˜ื”" ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš. ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื” ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜-ืžืœื›ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจื“ื™ืขื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืขื”ืจืข, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจืœื™ืš. 

ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืขืจื•ื”ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืงื™ืจืฆืœื™ืš 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ึฟืฑื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 149 


-- ื™ื, ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื›ึผืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืžืื›ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“ืืžื˜ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•" 
ื™ืงืจื™ื›ืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ืฉืืจืคืขืŸ 
ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ! ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ 

ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื”ืึธืืจ. 

: ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืงืจืืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœืข ื•ื•ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
- ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื’ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ืžืึธื ื˜ ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™?ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื” ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื’ึดื™ืœื‘ืึธื. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื ืื›ืžื™ื˜ืื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื ื™ืœื‘ืึธื, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืคืขืœื–. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืข? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœืื ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขื“ื™ื ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคืขืœื–, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื•ืจื ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ื”ืึธืคื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ'ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืœืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืึธื‘ืคืืœืขืŸ 4 ? 

ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืงืืœื˜- 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ึนืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜-ื”ืขืจืฉืขื ื“ืข ืžื™ื ืข, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจืขืŸ. 

-- ื ืคื‘ื” ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 4 --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 


148 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืชืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, 
ืื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›'ืŸ ืงืืจืืœืขืŸ-ืžืขืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื– 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื•ืืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื˜ืึธืจืขืก ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืก. ืžืขื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืจืขื“ื˜. 

ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ-ืขื ื’ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืฉืžืึธืœืข ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ึทืŸ ื™ื, ื–ืึธ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงืื ืืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื ื ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ื ืข ืคืืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืฆืืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ืขื . ื“ื™ื ื˜ืึธืจืขืก ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืœื™ื’ืก ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืึธืก ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ื’ืข ืฉืžืึธืœืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ื 
ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืคืขื”ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื 
ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ื•ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืคืขืœื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืขืก 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื ืขื ื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืžืึธื ื˜ ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืึธืจืขืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ืฉื™ืฃ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืฉื™ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง- 
ืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืœืื ื ื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื . 

ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื, ืื•ื 
ื“ื™ื ืืจื•ืžื™ื’ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ-ืžืืŸ'ืก ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืœ 
ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ-ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ืข- 
ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื  ื ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื•ืœื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืื? ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืœืื ื“-ืงืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืึธืจืขืก 
ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืก, ืื•ื ื ืึธื›ืฆื•ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื 
ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื™ืฉื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ ืจื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฆึทืขืŸ. 

== ื“ืึธ ืึดื™ื– ื–ึฐืขึฒื”ึถืจ ื ืฉืœืขื›ึฐื˜ืขึถืจ ื™ื! == ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 1 


ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงื–ืืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื– 
ืื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ื’ื˜ --- ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืงืข" 
ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืขืŸ, ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ืึถื”ืจ ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ -- 


-- ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜. 
| --ืืœืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ -- ืื™ื– ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืฆื•- 


ืคื™ืข?. ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืœืื ื’ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ, ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ? 

-- ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืจืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื”ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื , ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืง- 
ื–ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื”. ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ 
ื ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฉื ืืคึผืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื“-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ 
ืงึผืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืคืขืจื”ืืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขืœ?ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ. ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื˜ืืงื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ื ืข ืœืื ืข ? 

-- ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจื“ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื™ื™-ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

-- ืึถื”, ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจ'ืก ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ืžืชื ื” ! 
-- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงึผืึธืจืืœืขืŸ-ืžืขืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื ืึธืจื“-ืึธืกื˜ ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืืœื™ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 11,340 ืžื™ื™ืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ 8280 ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื’ืก. 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ "ื ืึทื˜ื™?ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ-ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืงื•ืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึถื”ืจ 1770. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคืขืœืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื—ืฉืง ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืจื•- 
ื”ื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืื ืฅ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืงืืจืืœืขืš-ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ื ืขืฆืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื ืกืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 


146 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ืคืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

--- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืก ืืœืขืก ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

-- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื• ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืคืก-ื‘ืจื•ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ืคึผืขืจืจืึธืกื˜ืขื˜ืข 
ื‘ืœืขื›ืขื ืข ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœืข, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจืื - 
ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘. ืขืคืขื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึถืคึผื™- 
ืฆื™ืขืœืข ืคึผืืคึผื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืžืึธืœืกื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึธื˜ืข-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื–. ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขื ื™ื’ ืœื•ืื™ ื“ืขื 16ื˜ืขืŸ. 

--- ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื–. ืœื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืจื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืจืืœืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึท 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื”ืจืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข -- ืคืืจ ื ื™ื-ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉ ืคืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืงื‘ืจ,.ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

0ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ 


ื“ื™ื ื˜ืึธืจืขืก ืžืขืขืจ-ืขื ื’ืข 


ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 27ื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 28ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื™ืงืึธืจื ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืขื  
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 780 ืœื™ื’ืก. 

ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืื ื•ืืจ, 1808 ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 

--- ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจ ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืก ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืึธื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืขืŸ ? 

--- ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ? --ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื ืขื”ื ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ืง- 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืื ืง, ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืžืขืจ; ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื“ื™ืš ืคืจืขื ืขืŸ : 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขืฆื˜ ? ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ ื“ื•ื ืฆื• ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืขื ื™ืึธื”ืจ 
ืฆืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืึถื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืคืึธืจื˜ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ ? 

--- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข! --- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ?ืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงืœืึธื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืœืื ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ 
241 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 148 


ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื–'ืก ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ืจืขื ืข 
ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ. ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคืึธืจืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืขื ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš. ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื‘ืขื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื›ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžื•ืจื, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืจืื›ืข ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืื– ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
- ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืก ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืžืชื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื”ื ื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื• ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืจืฆื™ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืฉื™ืคืก-ื‘ืจื•ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืขืŸ. : 

ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืืจืืœืขืŸ ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ 
ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ื ื’ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื–'ืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืื ืึธื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ืžืื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ "ืืกื˜ืจืึทืœืื‘" ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. 


ื“ื•ืžืึทื ื˜ ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข, ืื– ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื–'ืก ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื–ืข?. ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข 
ืฉื™ืคืข?, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื™ื™ื–ื˜. ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื - 
ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. โ€ - 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ืขื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ : 
-- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื–ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ? 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืืงื™ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ? ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขื 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ืืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืื™ื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธ- 
ืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื–ืข?ืœ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืžืช, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืฉื™ืคืข? ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืกืืœืืžืืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืฆื•ืฉืžืข- 


144 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืฃ 


ืคึผืขืจื•ื–'ืก ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื•ื•ืื ื™ืงืึธืจืึธ, 
ืื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืฉืคึผื•ืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ืœืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืึธืšึฐ ืงืืœืงื•ื˜ื, ืื™ื ื“ื™ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคืขืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื–ื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธืกื™ื™ืขื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืจืข- 
ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉืข" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 23ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื•ืืจื™, 1827 ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจืื - 
ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื’ืขื ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื•ื•ืื ื™ืงืึธืจืึธ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
| ื“ื™ื "ืจืขื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ืฉืข" ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื ื™ืงืึธืจืึธ ื“ืขื 7ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืœื™, 
7 ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืื ืงืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืœืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ---ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ื›ืœื™ื, ืื ืงืขืจืก, ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจืึธื ื–ืขื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ : "ื‘ืื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืขืžืื›ื˜", ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื ืขืœื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืคืก-ื‘ืจื•ืš. ื“ื™ืœืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธื›ื ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืคึผืึธืจืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจ- 
ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืœืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ? ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ืžืึธื ืื˜ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืึธื”ื“ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืœืงื•ื˜ื ื“ืขื 7ื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผืจื™ืœ, 1828. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืืจื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงืขื ื™ื’ ื˜ืฉืืจืœื– ื“ืขื ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืžืึธื ื˜ ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก- 
ืฉื™ืฃ "ืืกื˜ืจืึธืœืื‘", ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื ืขื 
?ื ืคึผืขืจื•ื–. ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืคืื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืข ืžืขื“ืืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื”ืจืข-ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื• ืงืืœืขื“ืึธื ื™ื. 
ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื ืขื ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– 
ืื•ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืึธืŸ'ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉืคึผื•ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ืฆื•ืคืึธืจืฉืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืึถืšึฐ 
ื“ื™ืœืึธืŸ'ืก ืึธื‘ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ืืกื˜ืจืืœืื‘" ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ? ื˜ื™ืงืึธืคึผื™ื. 
ื“'ืื•ืจื•ื•ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืก ื“ืึธืœืžืขื˜ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื -ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื 
ื“ืขื–ืขืจื˜ื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืฐืึธื”ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืื ื˜ืœืึทืคืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื•ื•ืื ื™ืงืึธืจื. ื“ื™ืœืึธืŸ ืื™ึดื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืข ื˜ืขื’ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึธืคึผื™ืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ืืกื˜ืจืึธืœืื‘" ื ืขื“ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 143 


ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื™ื™ื ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื . ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื- 
ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืคื? ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ? 

-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข? ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜! -- 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ืื•ึผืŸ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ?4 -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜. 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ื ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื™ื™ื• ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ : 

-- ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึถื”ืจ 1785 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืขื ื™ื’ ืœื•ืื™ ื“ืขืจ 16ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื“ืข ืœืื ื’ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข 
ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื’ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ "ื‘ืึธืกืึธืœ" 
ืื•ืŸ "ืืกื˜ืจืึธืœืื‘", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธึฐื”ืจ 1891 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ึนื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืœืข ื ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ืึธื ืืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืื ื™ืงืึธืจืึธ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ื ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื - 
ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจืžืึธืจื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข. 
ื“ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื’ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื•ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื ืขื ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื“ื™ืœืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1824 ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืœืึธืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืงืึธืคึผื™ื. ื. ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืงื•ื™- 
ืคืขืŸ ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆืขื—?ื˜, ืื– ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืข? 
ื•ื•ืื ื™ืงืึธืจืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 
| ื“ื™ืœืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธ ื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื 
ืคึผืขืจื•ื–, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื– ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืขืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื 


142 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื• ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ; ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื-ืฉืœืื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื•ื ื™ืจืึธืคึผื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืกืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื ื’ืึธ ื˜ืื‘ื•, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจืžืึธืจื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื™ื™ื ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ื ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึถื”ืจ 1403, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ืืจื•ืกืขืœื™, 
ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืฃึผ ื ืืœื™ืœืขืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืคื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ 
(ืœื•ืคื˜-ืžืขืกื˜ืขืจ). : 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื˜ืขื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ื“ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ื“ืขื 27ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื” ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ืืืœ, ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืื ื“-ืงืืจื˜ืข, ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ืขื ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืคื™ื ื ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ : 

--- ื•ื•ืื ื™ืงืึธืจืึธ. 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื ืื›ืจื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืค 
ื•ื•ืื ื™ืงืึธืจืึธ ืื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ,. ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื-ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืจ ?ื 
ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ืื™ื– ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืึถื”ืจ 1786, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ : 

-- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืื ื™ืงืึธืจืึธ ? 

-- ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

--- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืข? ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ 
"ื‘ืึธืกืึธืœ* ืื•ืŸ "ืืกื˜ืจืึธืœืื‘" ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื-ื”ืขืœื“ ืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ื– ? 

--- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื—ืฉืง ื“ืขืจืฆื• ! ืคืืจ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ? 

--- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ? 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื. 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื’ื™ื™ ื ืคื™ืขืจืฆื™ื’ ืคืขื“ื”ืึธืžืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ (ื ืคึผืขื“ื”ืึธื ืื™ื– ื–ืขืงืก ืคื•ืก). ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจื? ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจ- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื’ "ืงืืคึผืึธื ืึธ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ึนื™ืš. ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืคืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ 


ื˜ื™ ืขืจ ืขื™ :ื™.ื™ ื™ื™ 


! ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 141 
ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื --- ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืกื˜ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜. 
ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืงืœืขืจ- 
ืžืึธื ื˜-ื˜ืึธื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืจืขืงืขืœืืš ืžื™ืœื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื 900 ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื’ืขื’ืœืื ืฆื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ืข ืžื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ. 
- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื™ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ- 


ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜- 
| ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ : 


-- ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ื ืœืื ื’ ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืขื ืข ื—ื™ื”'ืœืืš ื“ื•ื™ืข" 


ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื–ื ื•ื•ืื ื“ ? 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืงืขืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืืŸ ืื›ื˜ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ (ืฆืึธืœืœ). 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ 
ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืืคืฉืจ ืคื•ืŸ . . . 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃึผ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ : 

-- ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืžืึธืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื™ืึธื”ืจ, ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ื• ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ, ืงืึธื - 
ืกื™ื™ืœ ? 

-- ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ืขืจ 


|| ื ืืื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 


ื ืขื ืขืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืงืœืขืจืžืึธื ื˜-ื˜ืึธื ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื“ื•ืจื›ืœื•ื™ืคืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืขืงืฐื•ืื˜ืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื ืื˜ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืขื›ื˜ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸื“ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื”ืจ ืื•ื ืขืจื˜ืจืขื ืœื™ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜, ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืก, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืžืขืจ ืจืขื’ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื ืจืื“. 

ื“ืขื 19ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜'ืก ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืœืื ื“ ื˜ืื™ื˜ื™. ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืจื™ื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข 
ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ึผืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ. ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืจื™ื”ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ-ื ืขืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืกื˜ืข, ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืกื˜ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, 


440 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขื”. 


--- ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข. 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ! | 

ืคืึธื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืงืœืขืจ- 
ืžืึธื ื˜-ื˜ืึธื ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืข ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ "ืžื™ื ืขืจื•ื•ื" ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึถื”ืจ 1822. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืŸ 
ื ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื-ืžื™ืœื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžืื“ืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื“ืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืคืขืจืœื™ื™ 
ืงืœืืกืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงืืœืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ 
ืคื•ึนืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ื ืฐืขื‘ืก. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงืืœืš ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขืก- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื 
ื ืขืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืื“ืจืึธืคึผืึธืจ ืื™ื–, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ- 
ื”ืึธืึธืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธื”ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื“ืจืืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืขืจื”ืืจื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืœืืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™. ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื˜ ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ืžืื“ืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืคืข. ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ. ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืึทืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืจื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ. 

ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืืžืึธืœ, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื'ืœืืš ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืงืก (ืึธื–ืขืจืึธืก) 
ืืจื•ืžื ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“. ืืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ื ืจื™ืคืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ. ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธืจืžืขืŸ, 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข, ืื•ื ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจืข ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื ืจืื ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ 
ืื”ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืจื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืขืจื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜/ 
ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืงืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ืคื•ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ. 
ืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขื 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 19 


ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ . 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜-ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื ืœื™ืง- 
ืœื™ื›ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ-ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืคืจืขืกืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืงืืœื˜ ื ืขื™ 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. 


ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืคืึธื”- 


- ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 


"ืคึผ?ืึธืจื™ื“ื ืกืึธื ื“ืขืจืœืขื ื“". 
9ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื•ื•ืื ื™ืงืึธืจืึธ 


ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜ืข ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื - 
ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ื•ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืึธืจืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ ืฆื• ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ืข ื‘ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืึธืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื”ืจ ื‘ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขื ืข ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ึผืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืคื•ื™ืœื˜. ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืื ืงืขืจืก, ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึธืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืœืคื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธืžืึธื˜ื• 
ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืื ื•ื•ื™?ืœ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืืœืก 
"ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคึผืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข", ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืฃ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืืจืคืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืœืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืขื›ืขืจืขืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธื”ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ื’ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืคึผืœืืฅ ืคื•ืŸ 870 ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจืื˜ ืžื™ื™ืœ, ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืืจื? ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืœืข- 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ืก- 
ื’ืœืึธื– ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ึผืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื'ืœืืš ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึถื”ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ โ€ ืฉื™ื›ื˜ ืงืืจื? ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืงืข ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขื˜, ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืงืึธืจืืœ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืŸ --- ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™- 
ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืขื ืงืึธื ื˜ืฒื™ 
ื ืขื ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื˜ื”ื™ื™?. 


ื”ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ; 


138 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


--- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืึธื‘ืจื ื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš. 


--- ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืค 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ืึธื“ึผืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ืฉืœืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืœื™ื›ืข ืžืืกืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืฉื™ืฃ. 

-- ื ืฉื™ืฃ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืจืขืง. 

-- ื™ื -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ื’ื˜ -- ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข 
ืฉื™ืฃ, 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ื™ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจืข ื–ืขื’ืœืขืŸ ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจืึธื‘ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขื ืžืืกื˜-ื‘ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืขื ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคื‘ืจื•ืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฉืจืขืงืคื™- 
ื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืขืก ื‘ื™ืœื“. ืคื™ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขื’ืขืœ-ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืจื•ื™, ื”ืืœื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื”ืขื ื”. 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœืขืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš, ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื ืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ --- ื ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืงืขืŸ 
ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืื ื’ืขืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช. ืื™ื”ืจ ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ืงืึธืค, 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ืขืก ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข" 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ. 

ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ! ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ - 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ื 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 17 


ืฆื•ืจื™ื™ืกืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืžืืœื•ืกืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืจื•ื™ื‘-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื ืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 


ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. ืžืื ื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืคืจืขืกืขืŸ. ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ 


ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื‘ืึธืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1861 ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ" 


ืžืึธืœื•ืกืง, ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืž" 
ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ 18 ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืจ 
ืคื•ื ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืจ "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ" ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืคึผืขืจืคืึธืœื ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื›ืกื“ืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื 
ืคื™ืขืœืข ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขื™ืึธื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜. ื“ื™ื 
ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืงืก. ื“ื™ื 


ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืก ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขึถืจ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. 


ื‘ืึธืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืื ื“ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 
- ื“ื™ื ืžืึธืœื•ืกืงืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ืขืค 


ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืงืืœืžืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
- ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ 


ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข 
ื’ืขื ื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืฉืคึผืฒื™ื–. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ืกืฆืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืกืขืจื™ื™. 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื›ืืคึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึธืคึผืคึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 


ื”ืขืกืœื™ื›ืข ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืกืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ 
ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืจืขืคึผืขืจืข ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืกืœื™ื›ืข ืžื- 


ืคื•ืกืงืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืžื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ึฐืกึถืขืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ! ืื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื™ื-ื’ื–ืœื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ืืกืขืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜-ืคืขืœื“; 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื ื‘ื•ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื•ืฐืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืขืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืฆึถื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืื ืขื“ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื‘ื™ืกืข? ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืขื–ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ? ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื™ืขื ืข ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข. ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืžึทื™ื˜ ื 


: ื™ื™ ื™ืขื™ื‘ืืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ : 
| - -- ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข4 6ืฉื™ื™ 8 ื™ื™ 


1: 


16 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ, ืื– ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ื•ื•ืืจื•ื 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 
ื“ืขื 27ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืึธื ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืกืขื ื“ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืขืจ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืงื•ืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืขืจืžืึธืจื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืึธื”- 
ื ืขืจ, ื“ืขื 14ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ, 1779. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึธื‘ื ืขืคืึธื”- 
ืจืขืŸ 4860 ืœื™ื’ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืจื™ื” ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™. ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื”ืื•ื•ืื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกืขื ื“ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœืื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื. ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ? ืื™ื– ื ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืงืื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื’ ืžืื•ื ื-ืจืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 1200 ืคื•ืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ- 
ืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืฃ. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ืฉื ืขืœืขืŸ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืžืืจืงื™ื– ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื›ื˜ ื ืจืื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจื•ื 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ 139 ื’ืจืื“ืขืŸ ื ืึถืšึฐ ืžืขืจื‘. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืœื“ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆื•ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื ืขืฆืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืคื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืจ- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœึถืข ืžื™ื ื™ื 
ืคื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืืกืงืขื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืืœื™ืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึธืœื“, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืœืคื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืฆืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื‘ืืจืข ื™ื-ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื–ึตื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคึผืึธืจืฉืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžืึธืœื•ืกืงืขืŸ (ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข) 
--- ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืึถื”ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจืขืจืข ืคึผื™ืก . 
ืฆื•ื ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืึธืคึผ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืึธืœื•ืกืงืขืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคื™ืก ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข 
ื ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืกื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ึทืื ืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 135 


ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืข? ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 24 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื - 
ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื -- 7,800 ืคื•ืก, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ื™ื ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 86 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื‘ื™ื– 49 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืื‘ื™ืกืข? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื’ืก. 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœื ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ? ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ืœ. 

-- ื’ื•ื˜, ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ 
ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึถื‘ืฐื•ืึธื”ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ื•ื™ื 12 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืจ ืคื•ืก, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ืืืœ. ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ื" ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื™? ื 
ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. : 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืœื ืขื ื“ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉืคึผืืจื–ืื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืจืข- 
ื’ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ืื ื ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจื˜ืข ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 
ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืคืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ? ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืข- 
ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื—ืจื˜ื” ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื–ื ื’ืขืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜, ืื– ืขืก ื•ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ ืงืœื™ื’ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ' 

ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืœืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืื? ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ืฉื•ื™ึดื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ื ื ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืื•ื˜ื”-ืึธืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ 480 ืคื•ืก. ื’ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 


134 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


-- ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื–ืืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ --- ืื™ื– ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ 
(ืคึผืืจืข) ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืขื ืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืคืจื™ืฉื˜ 
ืืœืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืžื•ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืืœืฅ ืื•ื ืฆื• ืคืขืจ- 
ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืขืœ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืืจื•ืฑื™ืกืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืื˜ืคึผืฃ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืœืืงืก-ืจืขื ืขื ืก, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ืฉืžืึธืœืฆืข- 
ื ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืขื“ืขืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. 
ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืืกืขืŸ ื–ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืขื’ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“. ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ืคื•ื–ืึธืจืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืื - 
ืฆืข ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื—ื™ื”'ืœืขืš, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืคืขืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจืืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืื™ื ื–- 
ืœืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš, 
ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก-ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื™ืขืœ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ืขื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ? ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืึถื”ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืืจื•ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ืขื“ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ืืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื“ืขืกืคึผืึธื˜, ื ื˜ื™ืจืืŸ -- 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ืคืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืจื - 
ืกื˜ืขืก ื’ืขื–ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ื ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ื’ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึทื™ 
ืจืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ : 
- = -- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื–? 

-- ื™ื, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 


ืฆื•ื–ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 103 


ื“ื™ื ื ืื”ืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืจืขื”ืจ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื›ืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื™ื›ึผื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืขืกืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 


ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– 


- ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื 


ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื ื˜- 
ืงึผืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึถื”ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’, ืึธื“ืขืจ "ื ื•ื˜ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ", 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ : 

-- ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืึธืงืขืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœ?ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ? ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื•ืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ื! ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“ืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”. ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ 


- ืื™ื”ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ 


ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืกึผ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ืคึผื•ืœืก, ืึธื“ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืกืคึผืื–ืžืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืžืขื ืฉ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื  ืื™ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฆื™ืจืงื•ืœืืฆื™ืึธืŸ, ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืก- 
ืงืจืืคื˜, ื ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜-ืฆื™ืจืงื•ืœืืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื. ืื•ื ืฆื• ืฉืืคืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฆื™ืจืงื•ืœืืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืฅ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, 
ื–ืืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื”ืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื˜ื”ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืืคื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืกื˜. 

-- ื™ื, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืœืก ืงืืœื˜ืข. ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš 


ืื•ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืข ืคืืœื˜ ืื™ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื ืจื•ื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจ 


ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ ืคื•ึผืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ื ืงืืœื˜ืข ื ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืก ืึดื‘ื’ืขืงื™ื”ืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืขืงื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืึธื‘ื’ืขืงื™ื”ืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืžื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธื•ืœืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืงื™ื”ืœื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. 
ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ'ืก ืึธื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ืึธื ืจื•ืคืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืึธื˜ื”ืขืžื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™. 


| 152 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ืคื™ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืœื™ื ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ื™ื 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืื›ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง,. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ื ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืคืจืื–ืข : "ื ืื•ื˜ืจืึธืŸ ืจืขืกืคึผืึธืง ืœืึธืจื ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉ". ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื’ื•ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš 
-ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืขืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื™ืžืข? 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, 

ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื™ื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›- 
ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืขืœ, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜-ื˜ื”ื•ืจื 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืขืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขื ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืขื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืขืฆืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื›ึดึผื™ 
ื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื ื ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืœืื ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื ื" 
ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืฐืึธื”? ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกืœืื•ื•ื™" 
ืฉืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื ื’ืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืงืื ื“ื™ืึธ. ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ . 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ื ืขืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฉื˜ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืึธืคึฟืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืืฉืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืขืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืกื˜ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฆืึธื”ืœืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืžืขื ื’ืข, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฉืืฆืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ื ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืื”ืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื  ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ . 
ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™- 
ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืžืืกืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืฅ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืืคืขืŸ, ื• 


ื™ืข 
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ื™ืฉ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 11 


ื™ื-ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ื™ื 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืขืŸ, ืืจื•ืžื ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืก- 
ืคืึธืจ-ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืจืขืง ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืึธื“ืขืจืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืกื˜ืข ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ' 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืฉืจืขืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืขืŸ. 

ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ, ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข. ื–ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืขื”ืจ ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขืงืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืึธืจืขืืก. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ" ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื–ื™- 
ื›ึผืขืจ ืคึผืขืจ?ึผืึธืจืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื’. ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืขืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ื™ื-ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ึธืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื‘ืขื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื ื ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ื ื•ืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ืืœืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืงืจื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ื–ืขื”ืข ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜. ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื™-ืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืข ืจืื™ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืง. 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜. 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื-ืคืขื“ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ. 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข 
ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืืจื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืข ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื™ืื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืคืขืกื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืื›ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื“ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืงื ืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื ืงื˜ 
ืืจืึธื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 
ืืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจ- 
ืกืขื ืืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข. 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™- 
ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ืขื“, ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคืขืจื™ื’, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืคึผืืกื™ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, 


130 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคึผื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืคื™ื ืฃ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืก ืคื•ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจ- 
ืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืข? ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืงืขืคึผ ืืจืึธื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก ืืจื•ื™ืฃ. ื–ื™ื™ืขื - 
ื“ื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืึดื™ืšึฐ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื– ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจ- 
ื“ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืข ืคืœื™ืขื’ืœืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื– 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืฆื™ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš. 
ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืืœื‘ืื˜ืจืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื˜. 

ื“ื™ื ืืœื‘ืื˜ืจืึธืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื•ื™ื-ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœ. ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜. ืืŸ ืืœ- 
ื‘ืื˜ืจืึธืก ืคืœื™ื”ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธืšึฐ โ€ ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืคืืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœ 
ืขืจื ืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืžืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ืืจืึธื‘ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜., 


ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื–ืืžื“ื™ื’ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ (ืœืึธื ืงืขืก), ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื–, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืืžืช ื–ืึธื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืžื™ืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื•ืกื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึถื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข 
ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืขืจืคืจืขื”ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ? ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื’ืข ื”ืื ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื– 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ, ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืขื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื , ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ . 
ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ืš. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 1290 


ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื™ื™ื”ืœืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ, ื“ื™ื 
ืึธื‘ืฉื™ื™ื“ืก-ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืข? ืงืจืขืกืคืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื ื“ 
ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื—ืฉืง ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืคื ืื‘ืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ืง ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ 


ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืขื”ืŸ, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 


ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™? ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืœืื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ. 

ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืžืึธ? ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจึถืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืจื•ืžืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืืจ ื”ืืœื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 


ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืึทื ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืข- 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืืกืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืฉ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ื•ื™ื ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœืืš ืคืœื™ื”ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืก ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืงืกืขืœ? ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธื›ื ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืœืืš ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืึธืกืขืŸ. ื ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ 
ืคื™ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืคืืœืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœึถืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ-ืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืข 
ืคื™ืขืจ-ืคื™ืกื™ื ืข ื—ื™ื” ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ-ื”ืข?, ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืจื•ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจ- 
ืงืขื˜. ื ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืข ืึธื˜ืขืจ-ืคืขืœ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ืื›ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ื ื’, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
0 ื“ืึธืœืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืก ื’ืขืœื“. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื™ื-ื–ื•ื™ื’ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ืคึผืขืจืคืึธืœึผื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉืขืจืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืข ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคึฟืขื ื™ืก ื–ืขื”ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื 
ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืขื ืข ื—ื™ื” ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜:ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ืขื’. ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื–ืืžืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 


8 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจืึธื‘. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืœืฅ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืขืจืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืจื•ื ื“. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ื”ืจ ื ืึธื›- 
ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื?, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขื ื“. ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ 
ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื 490 ืคื•ืก. ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ-ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ "420 ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ", ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™- 
ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืคื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸืšืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืœืึธื”ืจืกื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืฉืขืจ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 480 ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ 
ื˜ืืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ืœื™ืืกืง ื’ืข- 
ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื ื”ืขืœืข ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ 
ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ 
ื ืึธื›ื ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื“ืจืขื” ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืฉืจื™ื™ืคืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ืขืจ ืœืึธืžืคึผืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ืืจื•ื. 

| ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ, ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืจ. 
ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœืื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืžืขื”ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ โ€ 
ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืžืืœื•ืกืงืขืŸ, ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื–. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ืึธื‘ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ืคื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก ืฆื• ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื“ืืจื•ื, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคืขืจืœื™ืจืขืŸ. ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืขืจ- 


ื’ืื ื’. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื™ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ โ€ 


ื ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื ื“ ืคื•ื– ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœ ืฉืขื”ื ืขื ืคืขืœื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจืื ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืขื- 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 107 


ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื ืขื–ืขืฅ. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืืงื™ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœืžืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ 
ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. 

ื•ื™ื ืœืื ื’ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื”ืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ, ืืœืก ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ 
ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืก. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื ืข ืžืขืขืจ-ืฉืคึผื™ืŸ, ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื 


- ื™ืืจื“ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืขืงืขืœื”ืืคื˜ืข ืงืจื•ืžืข ืื•ื™- 


ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืฐื•ืึธื”? ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืง ื ืขื ื•ื’. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื ื™ืคื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜. 
ืงึผืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ. "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื- 
ื›ืขื“ื™ื’. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื‘ืฉื™ื™ืœื™ื›ืขืจ 


ืฉืคึผื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก ื–ื™ื ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜. 


ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืงืข? ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืคื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืื•ืก'ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืฆืืคึผืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืงืึธื ื•ื•ืื•ืœืกืขืŸ, 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคื? ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืข 
ืึธื‘ื’ืจื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืœื‘ืฉื” ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื™ืฆืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžืึธื”ื ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ื ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ, ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ 


ื™ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ื“ืขืจ ื™ื-ืฐืึธืœืฃ", ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืคืกื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืฉืข-. 


ืคืขื ื™ืกืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื-ืฐื•ืึธืœืฃ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™- 
ืฉืขืŸ ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึธืคึผืคืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ 
ืงึผืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืžื•ืฉืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืขืจืง' 
ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื-ืžื–ื™ืง ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื“ืขื‘ 
ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืึธื ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ื™ื-ืฉืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืจืขืœ 
ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื  
ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืื ื’. ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื• 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืขืŸ. | 


106 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ ืขืจื ืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 
ื“ื™ื ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ 
ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึธื–ื, ืงืืจืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืึธืœื™ืจืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ื•ืฉืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ- 
ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ื™ื ืœืืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜- 
ืคืึธืœ ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืคื™ืฉืขืœืืฃ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ, 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœืืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืื ื“-ื•ื•ืืœื“. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก 
ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ-ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ 
ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื–ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ ื ื‘'ืกืขืœ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื“ืข-. 
ืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืคื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืึท- 
ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืžืืกืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืœืื ืข ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคืขื”ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืคื•ืœ. ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฆื•- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ึดื™ืšึฐ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ื‘ืืœืืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข 
ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืขืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื - 
ืกื™ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืžืขืจืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜. ื ืึธืš ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื ึผื“ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื™ ืขืกืขืŸ ! ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืœื™ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœืึทืคืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืฃ . 
ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื”ืขืจืฉืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื - 
ืœื™ื›ืข ื–ืืš, ืื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื‘ืขืคืืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื 
ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืง. ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ืขืก 


ื“ื™" "ืฉื™" 


145 7 ื ื‘ื  ื™ื‘ ืจืข ื™ืข ื‘ืจ 2 ื•ื  ืืข :1 1 .2 ืื˜ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 128 


- ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืืœืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืœืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืืœืก ืื™ื™ื ืขื - 


ื˜ื™ื”ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ? ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืข" 
ืงืขื ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืขื ื”, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ? 

ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก" 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื– ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืจืึธื‘ื”ืขื ื’ืขื ื“ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, 
ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืืจื™ืฃ-ืฆื•, ืฆื• ื“ืขืš ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 
ื–ืึธื ืืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื“ื™ื ืข ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื ื•ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ * 
ื ืœื™ื™ืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœ. ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื”ืึธืืจ. 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ื‘ืงื™ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื ืข? ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื 
ื”ืืœื‘ ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื–. ื ืึธืšึฐ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืฆืึธื”ืœืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืืฑื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืงืกื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜, 
ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขื ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืื•ื ื“ื™ื ืืžืช'ืข ืคืœืื - 
ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ. ., 

ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ-ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืงืึธืจืŸ ืงืขืจืขื ื“ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืขืจ- 
ืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืคื•ืก ื“ื™ืง. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืข- 
ืกืขืจืข ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขืŸ. ืคื™ืขืœืข ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื ืื”- 
ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืขืŸ-ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจื ืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™. 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืœืื ื’ืข ืคืขืจื ื™ืคื˜ืขื˜ืข ืคืขื“ื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืข" 
ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื—ื™ื”'ืœืืš ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืขืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืขืฅ. ืžืื ื›ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืœืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ 
ืœืึทื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืœื™ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืขืจืžืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืข ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ 


144 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื“ืฉืขื”ื ืขื ื“ืืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ืก. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ืขืกืขืŸ ืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ืœื™ื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื”ืืคื˜ืข ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื 
ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืข ื”ืขืœืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจึผืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ . 
ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืข ื–ืืš, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืงืœืื ื  
ื“ืจื™ื ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื™ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’ ืืจืึธื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคึฟื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืื˜- 
ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืขืก. ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ โ€ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืื ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉื™ืฆื˜. 

ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืคืืจ ื ืื›ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื•ื ืŸ-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืืฑืคึผืฉืฒื ื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืจื•ื”ืžืงืึธืจื”'ืก ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืŸ. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืคื™ื - 
ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืžืืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 

--- ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืงืจืขืกืคึผืึธ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 


17ื˜ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ืจืขืจ ืฐืึทืœื“ ืื•ื™ืคืฅ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื: 


ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืคืขืจืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ื’ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ 


ื™ื™ 


1 ืŸื‘ : ึน "= 
5 - ืง = 8 ื“ื™ ืฆ ื™ื™ ื™ืข ื™ื˜ 7 ื™ื• ื™ื˜ 
' 2 ืจ ) ื™ืง ืจื” = 6 .1 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 128 


ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืจื•ืžืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืขื’ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 


ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ, ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ, ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ 


ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. ืืœืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืœืื ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืžื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืงืึธืœื™ืจืขืŸ: ื’ืจื™ืš-ื’ืขืœื‘, ืืจืขื ื“ื–ืฉ, ืฐืึธืœืขื˜, 
ื“ื•ื ืงืข? ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœ-ื‘ืœืึธื”. ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉืœืึธืคืขื ืขืจ, ืงืืœื˜-ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ? ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ืฉืขื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจืึธื‘ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, . 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ืก. โ€ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ, ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ- 
ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœืขื ื“ื˜ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืขื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื”ืœืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜- 
ืœืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึธื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืื ื’ 
ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืข ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื–ืขื” ื“ืึท -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข 
ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ืžืก ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜. ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืšึฐึผ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืก 
ื ืขืœื“ ื’ืขืฆืึธื”ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืึธื ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก ! ืึธืคึผืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ? ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื‘ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ, 
ืื•ื ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื˜ืืจ 
ื ืึธืšึธ ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืขื”ื ืขื ื™ื-ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืขื”ื ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขืคึผื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ืœืืš. ื“ื™ื 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืขืก "0026''. ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืœืึธื ืงืข, ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืจืึธื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื“ื™ืงืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ ืื™ื– 


ืคึผืขืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื“ืขืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ 


ืžืขื—ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ-ืจื™ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจืขื–ืขืœืืš ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืกืงืึธืคึผ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืœืื ื’. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 


122 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื ืคืขืจื“ืจืขื ื’ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, 
ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™. 

ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ืึธืก 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื? ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืื ืฅ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœ,. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ืคื•ืŸ 480 ืคื•ืก. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื”ืขืœืข ืงืึธืœื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื ืจื™ื™ื ืข, ื–ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืข ื’ืœืึธื–. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื’ืื ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื“ื™ื ืขื ื ืœืื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืืžื“, ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ื‘ืจืขื  ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคืืœื˜ 
ืึธื‘. ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืืžื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขื ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžืขื ืœื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืขื”ื ืขื 
ื”ืขืœืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ืืžืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืคืขืจื–ืขืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืฉืฆืขื ื“ืข ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ, 
ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืœืื ื ืขืจ, 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืคืขืœื–, ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื– ืื‘ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืœื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืคื? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจื–ืืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื‘ืขื ื“ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจืื“ืข ืคืขืจืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืœืงืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
- ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคื™ืขืœ? ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืœืื ื“, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื–ืขื”ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ืื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื–. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืœืื ื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ืงืœืึธื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“. 

ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื–ืืžื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ. ื ื‘ื™ืกืข? ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืขืœื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
(ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ-ืคืœืื ืฆืขืŸ). ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืข" 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื”ืจ ืคืืจืžื™ืžืื’. ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ-ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ 


ื™ื™ื™ื™ืคืŸ 


ืื˜ 6 ืืœื‘ ื‘ื™ 


= ื™ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืข ื ื™ื™ืขืช, 2 


+ ืจ ื 


: : 5 
ื = 3 ื™ืœืฉ 


.ื ื 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 121 


ืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืงืข, ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ื ืœืขื–ืขืจ, 


ื“ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ 


ื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืขืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืงืฐืขื™ืจืึธืœ:ืืคึผืืจืื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื ืขืฅ ืื™ื– ืžืขืกื™ื’ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขื ืฆื•ึผ ืื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื”ืžืงืึธืจืฃ ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืก ืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืฉื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืขื ืข ื–ืึธื”ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืจื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. { 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืึธืจื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ื‘ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืจ-ืงืืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืคืขืกื˜ ืคึผืขืจืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก, 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคื™ื”?ื˜, ืื– ื ืงืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืœืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ, ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคึผื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก 
ื‘ื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื ืงืึธืคึผ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธ- 
ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. : 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ- 
ื’ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืื›ื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืก, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขืจืื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื ืื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขื ื“, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืข ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืฐื•ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืขืœืžืขื˜ (ืงืึธืคึผื™ืคึผืื ืฆื™ืจ), ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ืขื ืข 
ื–ืื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื - 
ืœื™ื›ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืฑื–ืขื ื“ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืจื™ืกืขืจ 
ืžืื˜ื”ืขืžืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ, ื“ืึธืก ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžืืกืข 
ืคืขืจืœื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืขืœ, ื•ื•ื™ืื™ืขืœ ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 


100 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ื•ื ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข,ื‘ืœื™ื™ืขื ืข ื–ืึธื”ืœืขืŸ (ืคึผืึธื“ืขืฉ- 
ื•ื•ืขืก) ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฐืขืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืข 
ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืคึผืื ืฆื™ืจ, ืื•ื ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืจื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื˜ื”ืขื ืึดื‘ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืืจื‘ืข? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื - 
ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืข ื”ืื ื“ืฉื•ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื ื ืขืจ ื ืื ืฅ 
ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ ืืœืก ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 18ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ-ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข, ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืึธื ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’. ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ื ื•ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื˜ืืœืขื ืข ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื ื™ืก 
ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืขื•ื•ืขื”ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. | 

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืข 
ื‘ื™ืงืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืขืžืœื™ืš ื“ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœ. ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืข ืœื•ืคื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืกื˜ ื ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื  ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’-ืคืขื“ืขืจ (ืคึผืจื•ื–ืฉื™ื ืข) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืก ื ืขืฉืึธืกืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื– 
ืึธื‘ื ืขืฉืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ. 

| -- ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื ืข- 

ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืื•ื ื’ืข- 
ื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื . ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืืคืข ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ? 

--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืืœืจ ืึธื ืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื . 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 4 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ! 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืœืขื›ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขื˜ืืœืขื ืขื 
ืฉื™ื™ื“. ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉืขืŸ ? ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ื™ืื ื“". ื“ื™ื ืฐืขืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ืจื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืขื ื”ืืœื–-ื‘ืื ื“, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืืœืขื ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืคึผื™ืฉืฒื“ ืื™ื– ืคืขืกื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื•ื™ืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ืขื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื˜ืืœืขื’ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ-ื‘ืข- 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 119 


ืึธื ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื™ืื ื“ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื•ืืœื“. 
6ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 


ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื 


- ื“ืึธืก ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืกืขื ืืœ 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืืจื“ืขืจืึธื‘ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ื ื“ื•ืฆืขื ื“ ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“. ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืขืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื’ื“-ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื”ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”"- 
ื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื”ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- 
ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืขืกืคึผืึธ ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ? 

-- ืคื•ึผืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก --- ืžืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœ?ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืขืกืœื™ื›ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ? 

-- ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ-ื’ืื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื ืฆื•ื’ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืŸ. 

-- ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- 
ืžื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืขืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืžื™ืื•ืก'ืข ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขื ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื™ื–, ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืจื•ื ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึทืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืคืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืื ื“-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื–. ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–, ืงืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืึธ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ืึธื‘ื’ืข- 
ืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื’ืขื” ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืขืŸ ืึธื ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื-ืจืึธื‘ืขืจ (ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืฉืข ื’ื•ืžื™), ืฐืึธืก 
ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ืื• ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืงื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืจืขื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื“ืจื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ 


118 ืฆื•ื–ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ื™. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืงืืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ ? ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืข. ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผื•ืœืฐืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืข ืœื•ืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ื", 
--- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืš ืฉื ืขืœ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ? 
--- ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื ืจืื ืขืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื ื•ืจ ื ื“ืจืขื” ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืฉืจื™ื™ืคืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก ืื™ื– ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘- 
ืจื™ื’ืขื ืก, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ื ืื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃืฅ 
ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืืœืขืก ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืึถื”ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ื ื•ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื’ืขื”ืŸ. 
-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ? ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื-ืคืœื™ืกื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืคืขืจ ื›ึผื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืข, 
ืงืขืŸ ื ืงื•ื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ืฉืื“ืขืŸ. 
--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื˜ืขื•ืช. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธ- 
ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ืจ, ืคืืœื˜ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 
--- ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ? 
--- ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข 
ืงืืคึผืกืœืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืงื™ื™ืงืขืœืืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ืข- 
ื‘ืจืึธืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืคื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืงืืคึผืกืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื”? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ 
! ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื™ื™ืขื ืข ืงื•ื™ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜. 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื”ืืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืคืืœืข} ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืงืืคึผืกืœืขืŸ, ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืื‘ืจื™ืฆื™ืจืขืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึฟ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ื”ืืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื ื’ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™. 
- ืืœื–ืึธ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืืฆื™ื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžึดื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืข 
ืงืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืคืจืขื ืขืŸ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื”ื˜, ื’ืขื” ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜. : 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ืึธื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 


 : 


3 ืขื™ ื™ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ 6 5 1 
ื ืชืž" ื 5 2 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 17 


-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธื›ึผืขืกืึธืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื - 
ืžืึธืœ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ืคึผืจืขืกืขืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืขื”ื ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืื ืขืฅ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืขื”ืŸ --- ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ืฆื•ืื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื‘ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ 4 --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื”ืžืงืึธืจืฃ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื”ืž- 
ืงืึธืจืฃ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื‘ื™ื™'ื 
ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจืคื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืง, ืื– ื ืœืื - 
ื˜ืขืจื ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆืขื˜. ื“ื™ื 
ืงืืจื‘ืึธื ื™ืง ื ืื–, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืœืึธื–. ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืคืื ื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœืึธื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื ืื ืฅ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข, ื”ืขืœืข ืœื™ื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื•ืฅ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ื– ืคื™ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืขืจ. 

-- ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื’ื ื™ื’ืขื ื“ืข ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืขื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ, ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ. 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืข ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื- 
ืคืขืจ ? 

-- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœ -- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืจื•ื ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ? ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ-ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจ- 
ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื”. 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื“-ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ. 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ! ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืคึผื•ืœืฐืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง 4 ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืกืืœืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื•ื•ืข- 
ื‘ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื”ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืืฆื™ืึธืŸ ? 

-- ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื“ืขื --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืจืืคื˜ืžื™ื˜ืข? ืฆื• ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืื›ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ื’ ืžืึธืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืคืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืขืก 
ื ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจืคื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืœื™, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื– ื˜ื•ืจืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 


116 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคืฑื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ -- ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜. 

--- ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืจื™ื™. ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืžืขื ืขื ืจืขื”ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืข- 
ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ. 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืึธื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื - 
ืœื™ืš ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื•ืขืงืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืข? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 


-- ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืจืื“ืข ืคืืจืืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžื•* - 


ื˜ืขืœ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืœืื ื“ืกืœื™ื™ื˜ ืจื•ืงืฐืขื™ืจืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื•ื–, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืจืคื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืขืกืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืข? ืคืืจ 


ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ 4 ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืจื•ืงืฐืขื™ืจืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื•ื– ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ื•ื•ืื• . 


ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžืข- 
ื˜ื”ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืืœืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืขืœื“,. ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ 


: 


ื ืขืžืœื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœืขื›ืขื ืข ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ , 
ื ืžืืกืข ืœื•ืคื˜, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ื’ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืขืก. ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœ. 
ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืจืื ืขืฅ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืข- | 
ืคืขืกื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ืžืขื ืก ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื ืขืฅ * 


ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงืืคึผืกืขืœ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข 


ืœื•ืคื˜ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื, ' 


ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–, ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ . 


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ืจื•ืงืฐื•ืขื™ืจืึธืœ ืืคึผืืจืื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื™ืขืฆื˜, ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื•ืžืขื ืข . 


ืจืขื”ืจืœืืš ืฆื•ื ื ืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžื•ื™ืœ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืจืขื”ืจืœืืš ืขืคืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 


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ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื“ืืจืฃ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื˜ื”ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ . 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ --- ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื˜ื”ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผืขืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข ืœื•ืคื˜. ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจ- , 


ื“ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืื–ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื”ืจืขืœ, ืื™ืš, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ | 
ืงืึธืคึผ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ? ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ) 
ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ื? 
ืงืขืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 

--- ื ื•ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ; ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืข! 
ืœืื ื  ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ? 


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ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 115 


ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ื–ืืืœ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืข" 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ. 

-- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืขืจื”ืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืกื˜ืื•ืจืื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื™ืื ื“ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ืื’. 

- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืคืจื™ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ื ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื 
ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื-ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš'ืŸ ืขืกืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื 
ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืœื™ืงึผืขืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžื˜ืฉืื˜ืงื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืึธืจื˜ ื™ื-ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืœืื ืฆืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ "ืจื”ืึธื“ืึธืžืขื ื™ื ืคึผืืœืžืื˜ื",. ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขืคืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ : 

---ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขื˜ืึธืจ, ืึธื ืคึผืื ื’ืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื– ืื™ืš ืจื•ืฃ ืื™ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ืื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขื ืขืจื“-ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืขืŸ; ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืžืฉื•ื ืขื ืขื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืฉื ืข? ืื•ืจื˜ื•ื“ื™ืœืขืŸ. : 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื–. . . 

-- ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžื ืžื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืข- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ --- ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ื”ืจ, 
ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš, ืื– ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืž- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ึดื™ื ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืข 
ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืื˜ื”ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฐืึธืก ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื- 
ืคืขืจ-ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืงืึธืจืืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจ? ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™'ื ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื‘ืจื™ืงืขืŸ, ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืขื˜ืืœืขื ืข 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ืคื˜-ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื•ืœืื˜ืึธืจืขืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, 


114 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคึฟืฒื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืœ . 


--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™? ืื™ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืคืจืขื ืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื”ื™ื’ 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืจ ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. | 

--- ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ืœืื ื“, ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ื™ืื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืงืจืขืกืคึผืึธ. : 

--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœ 
-- ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืจืขื“, ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืงื™ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืึถื”ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึถื”ืŸ 
ื˜ื”ื•ื™. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจืก, ืœืขืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจื ืขื ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื™ืขืจืคื™ืกื™ื’ืข ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืขืจื“ ืคึผืขืจืžืึธื’ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“-ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืข, ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. : 
--- ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

--- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ! ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ? 

--- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืื”ื™ืŸ ื ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื•ืก ? 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื  ! ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ืคื•ืก, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขืŸ. 

-- ืฆื•ืคื•ืก, ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ? 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ 4 ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืื ื“, ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืงืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ! 
--- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืจื™ื’ืขืŸ. 

--- ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืื”ื ื–ื™ื ื™ื’ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขื ืคึผืœืืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ึนื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœื•ื™ืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื›ื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื‘ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืคึผืœื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืก ! ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืœื™ื™ื“ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื–ื 
ืžืืŸ, ืืŸ ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืึธืคึผ ืžืขื ืฉ, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข. 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืœืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜. 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคึผืกื™- 
ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ ืฆื• ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืก ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ - 
ืžื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืžึดื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคืงื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืก ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 115 


ืื•ึนื™ืคื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืงืจืขืกืคึผืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 82.40 
ื ืจืื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจื“-ืคึผืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ 187.80 ื’ืจืื“ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืื™ื– ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืงืจืขืกืคึผืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึถื”ืจ 1801. ืงืจืขืกืคึผืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืข? ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ "ืจืึธืงื ื“ืข ืœื ืคึผืœืื˜ื", ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผื- 
ื ื™ืฉ: "ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืคืขืœื–". ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึถื‘- 
ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืื›ื˜ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคึผืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืึถืšึฐ ื–ื™ืจ-ืึธืกื˜. 
ืฆื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื 
ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื‘ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ,,. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ : 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืœืื ื“, ืงืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ืข, ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืฐื•ืึธืจืคืขื ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ. 


ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคึผืขืจื“ืจืึธืกืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 4 ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜. 


ื ื‘ื™ืกืข? ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“-ืžืึธื”ืœ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขืจื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคึผืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืึธืจื’ืขื - 
ื“ื™ื ืข ื™ืื ืจื“. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื 17ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”?ืœื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื ืื ืฅ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื ืขืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ื–ืืืœ. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื•ื™- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ืขืคืœื™ืš ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’ 4 ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื 
ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืึธื ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืื™ื™ื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’ ืึธื ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื›ื˜ ื˜ืึธื’, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 


112 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืž" 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืคึฟืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธ? ื ื™ึดื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื' 16ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืคืขืจื–ื™ืขื’ืขืœื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ ืื“ืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื  ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœืึธื”ืจืข, ืฉืขื”ื ืข 
ื”ืื ื“-ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืœื™ื™ืขืจื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ : 
"ื”ืขืจืจืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", 16ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, 1807. 
"ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืœืื“ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ืื ื“ ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืื˜ืคื™ื ื“ืขืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืงืจืขืกืคึผืึธ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธืคื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ื–ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื - 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื™ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 
-- ื ื™ืื’ื“! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื 
| ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ ื ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜. 
-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืขืกืคึผืึธ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. 
-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื“ืขืจืคืจืขื”ื˜ ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขื ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ! ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืืงื™ ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขืกืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ื—ื™ื”! | 
-- ืื™ืš ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 
--- ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’ ืื ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคึผืขืŸ --- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืœืื ื“, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืจ ืคื™ื—ืœืขืŸ 
ื ืคืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื™ืขื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจื“, ื“ื™ื 
ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขืจื”ืืกื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜; 
' --- ืœืึธืžึดื™ืจ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ ืงืจืขืกืคึผืึธ ืื™ืŸ, . 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃื” ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ื™ืงืืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขื• 111 


ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืื˜ื”ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ืฉืข, ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ื™ื-ืœื•ืคื˜. 

ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขื ืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืคืœืืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฐืึธืœืงืขื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื‘ื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขืจืขื ืข 
ืฉืื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืขืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื”ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื‘ืจื™ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืื– 
ื™ืขืžืื ื“ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ืื•ื ืฆื• ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื’ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืก-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืคื™ืฆื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ,. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฉืคึผืืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื, ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื ื“ืขืงืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืึธืšึฐ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืึธื‘- 
ื ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืคื ืึธื›ื”ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื™ ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข 
ืฆื•ืคืขืœืข. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ืขื ื“ืข : 

"ื ืื•ื˜ืจืึธืŸ ืจืขืกืคึผืึธืง ืœืึธืจื ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉ". 

ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืจืื–ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ื“ืขืง ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. 0 

ืคื™ื ืฃ ื˜ืขื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืึธืจืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืึถื”ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืขื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืšืฃ 
ืคืœืขื’ ืืœืข ืคึฟืจื™ื”ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืก-ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ืจ 
ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืืจืึธื‘ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜ืข ืคื™ืขืจ 


110 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“. ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขึดืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ. ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉืืคืขืŸ ืืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื›- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืข?ืœ ืคืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื™, 
ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื˜ืึธื . : 

ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืžืช'ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื- 
ืจื•ื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื ื˜ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืกื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืกื•ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืขื”ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœื“ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขื ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื. 
ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ 
ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงื- 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ืื‘ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืงืจืื ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ? 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื– ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ? 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืžืช, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ืžืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืžึดื™ืจ ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื - 
ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ 4 ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–? ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืชื ืื™, ืื– ืฆื• ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืข- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ? ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืึธ ืคืืจืืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืจืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ? 

ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื’ืข-ื‘ื•ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืขืจ, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืข-ื’ืจืึธื–. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืึธืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื‘ืืจืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. 

ื“ืขื ืขืœืคื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ื ืื ืฅ ืคืจื™ื”, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ื—ื™ื˜ ื ืคืจื™ืฉืข, ืขืจ- 
ืงื•ื•ื™ืงืขื ื“ืข ื™ื-ืœื•ืคื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ื”ืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืขื ืก. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ . 
ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ื™, ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’, 
ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข. 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืšึผ ืฐืขืœ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™: ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 109 


ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืข- 
ืœืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉืžืืง ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ 
ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืš. 


9ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ : 
ื“ื™ื ืืฒื™ื ืœืึทื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื™ืขื  


ื“ืขื ืกื•ืžืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืื™ื– ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ ; "ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืžืื›ื˜ - 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ?" ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ "ื”ืขืจืจ" ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึธืจื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจืขืฐืขื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืจืื ืงื”ื™ื™ื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื•ื•ืื•ื™ืœื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจื’ื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. : 

ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืœืฑื“ืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ 
ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขืžืœื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื ืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 

-ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 

"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ื˜" ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืคืจืื’ืขืก; ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 4 ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ืข, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืคืขื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ึดื™ื ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืข? ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืœืื ื“. : 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ืืืœ, ืื•ื ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื”ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื - 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื‘ืข" 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื’ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืื˜ื•ื”- 
ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™. 

ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื ืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ. 


108 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’. ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืขื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืคืœืขืงื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ; ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืžืืงืจืข- 
ืœืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ืงืขืคึผ; ืื–ื•ืจื•ืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืœื™ืฉ- 
ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ืขืŸ ; ื™ืืคึผืื ืขื–ืขืจ ืกืืœืืžืื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื-ืฉืœืื ื ืขืŸ. 

ืžืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ื-ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืคื™ืฉ". ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจ- 
ื“ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ื˜ืขื ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืค- 
ืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ื - 
ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื ืฆื™ื”ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืฆืขื ื“ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœืขื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ืข ื™ื-ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื“ื™ื 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื ืœืื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜. ืกื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื‘ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืขืœืžืขื ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™- 
ืฉืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืืกืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืคืืฃ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœืื ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืื–ื ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ื—ืœื•ื ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืคึผืื ืืจืืžืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื–, ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืข- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคึผืขืจื“ืจืึธืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื”ืื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืขื ื“ืข. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื• 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืคืึธืœืข ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ืœืื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขื ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 


ืฆื•ื–ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืื˜ืขืจ 10 


ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืื ืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืขืก ื’ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืœื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึธื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ : ืงื ืื›ืขืŸ-ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงื ืืจืคึผืขืœ-ืคื™ืฉ, ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื–ืขืœ- 
ื›ึผืข ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธืก ืื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืงึผื ืึธื›ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžืืจืš-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™?! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. 

| -- ืึถื”, ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืงื™ืฒื™ืœ ืขื ื˜- 

ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ -- ืขืก ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืืงื•ื•ืืจื™ื•ื. 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ื™ืš! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืืŸ ืืงื•ื•ืืจื™ื•ื ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื 
ืคื•ื™ื ืขืœืืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืงื•ื•ืืจื™ื•ื. 

-- ืืฆื™ื ื“, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™?, --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ -- 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ 
ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฐืึธืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ? 

ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืขืจืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืŸ ืึถึธื‘ืฐื•ืึธื”? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ืคึผืœืฑื™ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ ื˜ืขืžืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื ื”ืื™- 
ืคื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืืงืก, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืง ื ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืฉ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

-- ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธืจืŸ-ืคื™ืฉ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืคืื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ 
ืฆื™ื™ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื  ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ืืจื•ื 
ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", | : 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจื–ืฉืขื”ื ืข ืคื™ืฉ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคึผืœืืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืื›ืขืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืืจืฆืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜. ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืœื“ืคืืจื‘ื™ื’ืข ืคืœืขืงืขืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ: ืžื•ืœืขื˜ืขืŸ; ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืคื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธื‘ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืœืขื›ื“ื™ื ืข ืขืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 


106 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ 
ืขืจืฉื˜,ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฉื•ืŸ. | : 

--- ืงื•ืงื˜ ื ื•ืจ, ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื•ืจ, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขื ื˜- 
ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ ืฉืขื”ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ! 

--- ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ ! ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ. ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจื˜, 
ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืจืื™ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™- 
ืคืขืŸ --- ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ : ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ื ื ื•ืจ ืื–ืข?- 
ื›ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

--- ื™ื, ืžืขืŸ ืžืขื’ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžืงื ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืข--- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืจื“ ืคืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื–ื™ืš ื ื ื™ื™ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ. 

--- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ -- ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื–ืขื” 
ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ? 

--- ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ 
--- ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ืฉ ? ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกืื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ? ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจ- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 

--- ื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข! -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืขื ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืžื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ! ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืฉ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึดื”ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืจ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืฆืขืœื˜ --- ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื™ื˜. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืก ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืก 
ื’ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจืื“ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขื ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื”ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ. 

--- ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ --- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜. 

--- ืื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืกืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืืœืก ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

= ืื–ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืกืื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื ืคืจืขืกืขืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึทื ืกืฒืœ ื”ืืœื‘ 


ืฉืฉ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 105 


-- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื ื™ื™ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืคืขืœ-ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ 
-- ืขืก ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื“ืข ืฆื• ืืœืขืก ! 

ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืื™ื– ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืžื•ืจืžืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืงื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืœืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“, ื“ึผื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืงืœืึธื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš. ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืข ืื™ื™ื ืคืืกื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ื ื ืœืึธื– ืื™ื–, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืžื•ืจื ืฆื• 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื“ืจื•ืง ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืื“ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื ืกื™ื™ืœ? ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ ืฉืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืขืŸ! 
ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขื’ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืคืœื™ืกืขื ื“ืขืŸ 
ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื”ืœืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆื• ืžืึธื”ืœืขืŸ. : 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืข ื–ืืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืขื”ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื  ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืขืœ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ืข- 
ืจืืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ืฉืžืึธืœืฆืขื ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื‘, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื 
ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ?, ื–ืืœืฅ ืึธืจืขืจ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืœืึธื– ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืข- 
ืจืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ืœื™ืฉืข 
ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ?ืžืฉืœ, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืืœืขืก, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ 
ื™ืขื“ืข ืงืคึฟื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื , ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืกื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืคืึธืจื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’. 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ื" 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื ืข- 
ืขื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื’ืœืึธื–ื™ื•ืขื ื“, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื• ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉื ืข? ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื, 


104 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืžื™ืš ื ืขืคืจืขื ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ืื™ื– ? ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ? ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืึธื”ืจื˜ 4 ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืข? ? ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข! ืฆืขื”ื ื“ืœื™ื ืข ืคืจืื’ืขืก. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜, 
ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ? 
-- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื—ืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืคืขืจื“ืจื™ืก- 
ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ? ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื ื•ืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™- 
ืฉืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ? 

--- ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ --- ื•ื•ืื• 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ? 

--- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก- 
ืคืืœืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– :ืœืขืก ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ! ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ึนื™ืš ื ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืก ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืงืึธืก, ืงืขื ื˜ ืึตื™ื”ืจ 
ืžึดื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ? ืฆืขื”ืŸ? 
ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ? ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ? 

--- ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข -- ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื’ืขื ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืื˜ื”ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื™ืฃ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฉืืคืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžึดื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš 
ืœึตื™ื™ื“ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื– 
ืคื™ืขืœืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ืข ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืคืืœืขืŸ, ืื•ึนื ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืขืŸ. ืืœื–ืึธ ืคืขืจื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืคืึธืจ. 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืง ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื ืฉืžืขืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’. 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืคืืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืขื ื“ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ --- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜, ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืข- 
ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืฉืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ! ' 

ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ื“ื™ื  ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ืข ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืŸ. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ' ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื”ืœื˜ ื™ืืจื•ื ืื•ื›ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืจ 66 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืข!, ื ืงืืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 103 


ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื”ื•ืคึผื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ืžื™ื. 

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืš", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื’ืืœื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืื”- 
ืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื™ืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– 
ื“ื™ื ืืœืขืื•ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื 
ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจื˜ืข ื“ื™ื ื ืื ืฆืข 
- ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ "ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืš" ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืืจืฉืจื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™?ืœ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจื˜, ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ื’ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. 

-- ื•ื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ? ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ --- ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืขืง ? 

ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืงืขื ื˜ื™ื  ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืข- 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืขืก ืืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. 

-- ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืข, --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ื•ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืขืง, ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืจื˜, 
ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ 180 ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 


-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ื“ืึธ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ! 
-- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš 


ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ, ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคืืจืืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืขืก ืฆื• ื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 

-- ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื–ึดื™ืšึฐ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ. 

ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขื—ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืื›ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืงืืคื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 


102 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ, ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ. 


ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืขืคืœื™ืš ืคืขืจื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก- 


ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ืขืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจ- 


ื‘ืืจืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืฉื™ืฃ. ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื• 
ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ? 
-- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืขืจื”ืืกื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜? 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข? ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืœื“ืขืŸ. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืœืื›ื˜ ? ืคื™ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ื˜, 
ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืžืขื ืขืจ? 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื™ืœืฒื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืคืขืจื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืœืข ืคืจืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืก, ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข 
ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 


ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืžืขื ืฉ ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืฃ + 


ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื•ืฐืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืŸ ื’ืืกื˜- 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš ื‘ืขื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ื’ืขืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. : 

ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจ- 
ื“ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืงื•ืง 
ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจื˜ืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื‘ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืœืื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืคืœื™ืกืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืคื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืก, ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืึถื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจ ; ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื‘ืข- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืงืึธืœึดื™ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ื ;ืื˜ื•ืจ ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคืœื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื™ื-ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืœืฃ-ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืื˜- 


+ ืจ" ืจ 0 ื™ื‘ *, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’. ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 201 


ืกึฟื•ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืœื™ืš, 

--- ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืŸ ?- ื•ึผ 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ืึธื‘ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ื ืขืœื˜ ื ื’ืขืœื‘ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืงืึธืœึดื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืงืื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ืื? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
. ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืงืกื˜ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 
- = ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืœืขื”ืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจื“-ืงื•ื’ืขืœ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ื’ืจืื“ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืจื“- 
ืคึผืึธืœ (ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’) ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ื–ื™ื“-ืคึผืึธืœ (ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืจืขื’) ืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืšืฃ 180 ื’ืจืืจืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืงื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจ. ืฐืึธืก ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื ืขืงื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ? ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึธืœืืจืก, ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืขืจื“"-ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืœืขื›- 
ื“ื™ื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืคึผื™ืœืงืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ืึธืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ ื’ืจืื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจ. 

ื“ื™ื ืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืฆื• ืžืขืจื‘, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื”ืืœื‘-ืงื•ื’ืขืœ 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ึนืŸ ืื›ืฆื™ื  ื ืจืื“ืขืŸ. ื ื’ืจืื“ ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ืžื ืข- 
ืคืขื”ืจ 9 ืžื™ื™ืœ. ืืฆื™ื ื“, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ 
ื’ืจืื“ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื’ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“- 
ืงืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

-- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืžื™ืจ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืจืš 300 ืžื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜, ื“ืขื ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. | 

-- ื ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

-- ื™ืขืฆื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ 180 ืคื•ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืืจื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ . 


100 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ โ€ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืึธื‘. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืืจื•ื ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึธื . ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืค- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 

ืจืขื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื ื“ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ 
ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ,. ื“ื™ื ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื” ืืœืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขื–ืึธื ื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ื•ืจืš'ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื‚ื™ืฃ, 
ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืฃ. 

ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ ื“ืืŸ ื ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืกื™ื ืืจ-ืคืืจืžื™ื’, ืคืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืฆื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœืขื ืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืš-ืฆื™ืขื ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ืคึผืขืŸ-ืคึผืื ืฆืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ืงืจืึธืงืึธื“ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจืข- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ, ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื ืข ื—ื™ื”. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื•. ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืœ? ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืกื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื–* / 
ืœืืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื•ืžืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื ื–ืขืŸ- 
ื ืœืขื–ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืœืืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื’ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืฃ-ืœืื ื˜ืขืจื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ืงืœืึธื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื ืข - 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ. ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื‘ืœืึธื•ื˜ ; 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ! 
ืคึผืขืœื–, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื™ื-ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืขื ื™ืก. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืขืงืกื˜ืื ื˜, ืื•ื ื ืึธืšึฐ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื" / 
ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ' 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืึธื”ืจืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš 
ื ืขื ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ. ื ืขืžืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ืขื“, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืžืืจืžืึธืจื ืข ืกื˜ื- 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 99 


- ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜ืข ืฆืึธื”? ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื‘ืขืจื’. ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื 


ืืœืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืจื™ื™ ืงืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ืึธืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ. 
- ืื•ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆืึธื”? ืฆื• ื‘ืขื ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ืขื ื“ืขืก : 
ื ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžืึธืœ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“; ื ื‘ื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ 


ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ืึธืŸ ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข? ื‘ื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ื ื‘ื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 


ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืข. ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ื ืงืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ืึธืŸ ืฆืขื”ืœื˜ 
ื ื‘ื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ื ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ื ืข ืขืจื“ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข 
ืื™ื–, ื ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืข ืžืืกืข ืคื™ื™ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืึธื‘ื’ืขืงื™ื”ืœื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื›ืคึผืฃ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื ืฆืขืจ ืงื•ื’ืขืœ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ 
ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข 
ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื‘ื–ืจื’, ื“ืืŸ 
ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืขืจื“ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ "ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืขืŸ", ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืขืจื“ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขืึธื ื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื™ืขืฆื˜. 


ื“ื™ื ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื“ืขืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื“-ืงื•ื ืขืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ืžื™ื: ื“ืขืจ ืืจืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–ื“ืžืขืขืจ (ื™ื ื”ืงืจื—), ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜; ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–-ืžืขืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ; ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืกื™ืคื™ืง ืึธืงืขืืŸ 
(ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื™ื). 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื™ื ืคืขืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืžืขืขืจืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™- 
ืฉืขืŸ ืืจืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื–ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ืื•ื™ืฃ 
9 ื’ืจืื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ 10,070 ืžื™ื™ืœ. 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžืขืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ", 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื™ืžื™ื. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ืื˜ืขืง, ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื™ื. ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื”ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœื™ืกืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจืก 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ืข, ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื–ืืžืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืจืขื’ืขื ืก ืคืืœืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงื•ืืœ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืฆื• 
ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. 


-- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ 4 --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืขืœื›ึทึผืขืŸ 


98 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜. 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื™ืขืฆื˜ื™ื’ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, ื•ืฐืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืืœืขืก ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืึธื ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื - 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ. 

--- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืงืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ ื ืžืืกืข 
ื ืขืœื“ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. - | 

--- ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก } -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- 
ื™ืขื“ืข ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืึธืกื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš 49 ืคื•ื ื˜ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืก ื’ืขืœื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืš 
5 ื“ืึธืœืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืก ื ืขืœื“ ืคึผืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‚ื™ืฃ ืฐืขื ื˜ 1500 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืงืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ 67,800 ืคื•ื ื˜, ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
0 ื“ื“ืึธืœืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืก ื ืขืœื“, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธืกื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 80,000 ืคื•ื ื˜ ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื ืกื˜- 
ื•ื•ืขืจืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš 200,000 ืคื•ื ื˜ ? 

-- ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืข, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. 

--- ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืึธืจ. ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืขืก ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ? 

--- ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืจื™ื™ืš, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ. ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฆืึธื”ืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืŸ ื—ื•ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœืจื™ื’. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 

ืื–ื ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื”ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜! / 
ืฉืคึผืืกื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืก ืขืจื ืกื˜ ? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื 
ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. | 


4ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืข? 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืึทืจืฆืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืš 


ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฉืืฆื˜ 
ืคึผืขืŸ, ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื›ืฆื™ื  ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืืงืขืจ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืœื™ืกื™ื ืข 
ืžืืกืข ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืงื•ื‘ื™ืง 
ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ : ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ. 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืขืจื“-ืงื•ื’ืขืœ ืฆื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ืžื™ื™? ื“ื™ื ืœืขื ื’, 
ื ืžื™ื™? ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ื™? ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ- 


ื 


ื™ื™ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 97 


ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื ืคืขืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 


ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืขืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืื ืคึผืขืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืœื™ืขื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจ 


ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ื– ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื ื’ืข" 
ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. 


ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื”ืจืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“. 

-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ ืื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ื ืขืžืึธ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืคึผืืจื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐึผ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจื“-ื‘ืขืฐืึธื”ื ืขืจ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืš ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืจืง- 
ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ? 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ื™ืขื“ืข ืื™ื™ื ืฆืขืœื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืจืขืžืจืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืคืขื ื˜ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื– ื™ืขืžืื ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื ืขื” ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืข ืžืขื˜ืืœ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืขืกืึธ, ื“ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžื ืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ}; ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœืขื ืข 
ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ืคืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžื ืœื™ืจืจ 


ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฐืขืจืคึผื•?; ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืจืžื ืกืงืึธื˜, 


ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืื–ื’ืึธื• ; ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ ืžืืฉื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืข" 
ืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืื ื˜ ืงืจื•ืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ; ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืคืื‘ืจื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–, ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, 
ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืคืขืจื˜ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง. ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืข ื–ืืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขืจืขื ืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืก ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื ? ืื–ื 
ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืœืึธืฃ-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืฆืœืขืŸ. 

-- ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืื™ืš ื•ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง-ืฉื˜ืื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื•ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื•ืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ, 


6 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฉื˜ื•ืื”ืœืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืžื™ื™? ืืจื•ื., 

--- ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ -- 
ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื” ืื™ืš ืฉื‚ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ืขื ืึธืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ืขืœืข 
ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืงืขืคึผ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืก ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸืš-ื ืืจื•ื•ื?. ื‘ื™ื™ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ : ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™- 
ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก?" ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ "ืกืงืึธืฉืข", ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืฆื•ืคืืœ ? 

--- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ื ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืืœ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข 
ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื“ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ? 

--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ! ืขืก ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื ืข- 
ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืจื™ืคืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ื’ืื˜ืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข? ื’ืขืฉืื“ืขื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธืจื“ื ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึถื”ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืžื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ 
ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืื™ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื™ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก? ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื' 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืฉื™ืฃ !---ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. : 

--- ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื™ืขื‘ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฆื•ืคืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื. ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ืคึผืืกื™ืจืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ; ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ-ืงืขืกืขืœ ืคึผืœืืฆืขืŸ ; ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืคืขืจืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืฃ, 
ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืŸ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืก ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜. ืื•ื ื– ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื ืœื™ืง 
ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืก ืคึผื- 
ืกื™ืจืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืขืกืขืœ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืœืืฆืขืŸ. 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืื™ื– ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื™ื ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ! ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ืฑื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 8 


ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื–ืืš : ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื• ืจื•ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ื ? 

--- ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ 
ืคืืจืงืืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ! 

-- ืึถื”ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืก, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืžืขืŸ ืงึผืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ! 

-- ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขืœืืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ืข- 
ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืข? ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื•ื˜ ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื. 

-- ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ --- ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืœื™ืš, ืื– 
ื’ืœืึธื– ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ? 

--- ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ? ื ื’ืœืึธื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉื˜ืืจืง. ื’ืœืึธื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜, ืื• 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืœื‘-ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ืขืœ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ" 
ื“ืจื•ืง ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืคื™ืฉืข- 
ืจื™ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1804, ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื– ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืœืึธื– ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื—ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื—ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืจืขืกื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 16 ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืขืก. 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ'ืก ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื  ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื™ 
ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื•ืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื“ืจื•ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ืจืขื›ื˜ ! ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืื ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื—ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจืื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ื ืึธืš ื ืคืจืื’ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืœืืกื˜, 

-- ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืšึผ 
ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ, 

-- ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื” ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืข 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื™ื ? ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืข 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ? 

-- ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืคืจืื ืข ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ืขืœ ืขืก ืื™ื™ืš ืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ. ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืŸ'ืก ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื ืจื™ืคืœืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืœึดื™ื‘ึฐึผื˜ึดื™ื ืขึท 


04 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื–ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื•ืืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ? ื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืœื™ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืข ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ื ืื ืฆืข 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

--- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ 
--- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ื“ืืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืขืก, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืขืกื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 1800 ืคื•ื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจืื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ. ืžื™ืœื, ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื›ื— ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผื•ืž- 
ืคึผืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืงืจืืคื˜ 4 ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืงืจืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ -- 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ืคึผืขืจืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืขืžืึธ ืคืขืจื›ืืคึผื˜ -- 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื“ื™ื ืงืจืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืงืจืืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜. ืื™ื”ืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘- 
ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ?" ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืงืจืืคื˜ ื“ื™ื 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฉื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื’ืขื ืก, ื‘ืขื ื•ืฅ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื–ืขืœ- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ, ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™? ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืžื™ื™ืœ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ, ื“ืืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืจืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜; ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืข?, ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืคื™ื”ืจ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš. 

--- ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ืขืก ืื™ื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื”ื™ื  ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, ื ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ืงื™ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืข 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื”ื 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืฃ. ืื™ืš 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืงื™ืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื‘ืืœื•ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™? ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, 

-- ื‘ืจืื•ื•ืึธ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ื!! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- 
ืืฆื™ื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืœืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืขืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 15 


ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ 120 ื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™? ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ, 
ืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

-- ื’ื•ื˜, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื” ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืึดื™ืŸ ื™ื ? 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ {ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืคืฆืขื”ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ. ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ? ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืš ื ืขื ื•ื  ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืฐืึธื’ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ? ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– 
ืื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืึธื ืคื™ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

-- ืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื’ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืึธ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- 

ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืก (ื“ื™ื ืœืขื”ืจืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜) ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืื™ื ืขืžื™ืงืก (ื“ื™ื ืงืจืืคื˜-ืœืขื”ืจืข). ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจื ืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ, 
ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื ืขื–ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื”ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืงืจืืคื˜ 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ. ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืงืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ื–ื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขืง ืคึผืจึถืขืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืฅ 
ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื ืฆื• ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื˜ื™ืขืฃ, ื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข? ืžืฉื ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ืืœืฅ 
ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึธืจืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืืจื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš, ืืœืฅ 
ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื. ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืฉื ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื‘ืขื”ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜. : 

-- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื” 
ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฆื™ึธื ืจ 
ืคืจืขื ืขืŸ ; ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ? - 

-- ื ืื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ" 
ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืข ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


99 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– 2239 ืคื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ -- 
6 ืคื•ืก. ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžื˜ 0032. ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจืื˜ 
ืคื•ืก. ืžืขืกื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ื 48,000 ืงื•ื‘ื™ืง ืคื•ืก. ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธื  
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– 1800 ื˜ืึธืŸ, 

--- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื– ื–ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื”ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืœืื ื’. 

--- ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื ื“ืึธืคึผืขืœ-ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื ืข- 
ืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข, ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืข ืงืœืืžืขืจืก. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ, ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื”? ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื.. 
ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืขืœ ื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™- 
ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืง ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ, ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืื›ื˜ ืืœืœื–ืึธ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืื•ื ืฉืขื“ืœื™ืš. ืคืึฒืœื ืœื™ืš, 
ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืืฆื™ื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ,. 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืœืึธื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ? ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืขืก ืื™ื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืข? ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ื”ื˜, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ : 

--- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ 1800 ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืืœื–ื ืื– 180 ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ- 
ืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืืฆื™ื ื“, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ 180 ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืฉื. ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ื–' 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขืจืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืืจืก ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืœืึธื– ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืจืื ืขืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืืจืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื•ืžืข- 
ืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืคึฟ, 
ืฆึธื•} ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ, ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 41 


ืงืจืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืงืขืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืจืึธื“ ืืจื•ืžืฆื•ื“ืจืขื”ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš 120 ืžืึธืœ? ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืข. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ืข? ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ? 

--- ืคื•ืคืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื™? ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. 

-- ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง ื˜ื™ื˜ 
ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ. ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง 
ืคื•ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ืข? ื–ื™ื ืื™ื–. ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”, 
ืื– ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’. ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ืงื™ืจืขื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ื™ื- 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื, ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ื– ืืคืฉืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื˜ืžืึธืก- . 
ืคืขืจืขืก ? ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ? 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ? 
ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืคื™ืขืœ ? 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื 
ืงื•ืจืฆืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš --- ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข? ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืื? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ืข? ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ = ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. 


3ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ ื ืขืžืึทื™ืก ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช 


ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืื? ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืกื™ื’ืืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ : 

-- ืืฆื™ื ื“, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืกืงื™ื ืคื˜ืข ื•ื•ืข- 
ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืงืฉื™ื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 

-- ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืกื™ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืฆื˜. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืึธืจืžืข ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ึฐื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ'ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืจืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืฉื ื™ื™ืจืขืŸ 


90 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื’ืข- 
ืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื 
ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’. ื“ื™ื ืงื™ืš ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™- 
ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ื“ืงืืžืขืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ 
ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืืœืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื•ื ืงืึธื›ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื“ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื™ืฆื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื™ืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื’. ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ืœืืฆื™ืึธืŸ-ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืœืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืึธืคืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืขืคืœื™ื›ืขืก ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืงืึธื›ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืื“ืข 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื ื‘ืื“ืข ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ื ืงื™ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธื”ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื , ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 

ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื ืฉืžื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก 
ืœืื ื’, ืืœื–ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืึธื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ื˜ื”ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื›ืื ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจืŸ- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืืœืขืก ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ 


ื“ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜. 
ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข 


ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 
| --- ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜, ื‘ืขื ื•ืฅ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ 

ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ื ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืึถืšึฐ ืจื•ื”ืžืงืึธืจืฃ'ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืข. ืžืขืŸ 
ืงืขืŸ ืจื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืข ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ืœ, ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืึธื“ึถืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื ื–ืืžืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข 


, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 89 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื ื“ืขืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆื˜. 

-- ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืฉื™ืคืขืœ. 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ -- ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื•ื™ืš ? 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ืข, ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ืฉื™ืคืขืœ! ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืฆื• ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืืจื•ื™ืค- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ืื•ื ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ! ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืคืข? ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ืจืืจ 
ืคืขืจืžืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐ 


ืคืขืจ-ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“. ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืก ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 


ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื˜ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืคืขืœ? ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืขื ื’ ืคืขืจืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื” ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืžืืš ืคืขืกื˜ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ, ื’ื™ื‘ 


ืื™ืš ื ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืšืฃ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืจืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื˜ืข ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ 
ืฉื™ืกื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, 
ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื•ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ื ืข- 
ื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข 
ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก. ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ื ืขื”ื ืื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, ืฉื˜ืข? ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขื’ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ? 

-- ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ื ื•ืจ ื–ื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ? 

-- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืจ. 

-- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืจื“ืขืจ ? 

-- ื™ื ! ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจืึธื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื - 
ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืฉื™ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืคืขื”ืœืข 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืืžืข. 

--- ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืขื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš, ืื– ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, 


8 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื ืึธื›'ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ืื™ืŸ 24 ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 12, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึธื’ ; ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื” ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื‘- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžืื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืžืขืช ืœืขืช'ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืข- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜. ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ? ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื•ืื™ื– ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”, 

--- ื™ื, ื ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’. 

-- ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื . ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ืคืขืจ-ื‘ืœืื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ? ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ืข? ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืคืึธื”ืจื˜. 
ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจืึธื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜. ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืžืขืกื™ื’ืข ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™? ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. 

--- ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ, ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ ! ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืื– ืฐืขืŸ 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืจืืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืขืงืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“, ื•ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ. 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื—ืฉืง ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืข? ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ืฆื™ืžืขืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ืจืขื›ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืื•ืืจ ืคืืจ ื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืข 
ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™- 
ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
5 ืคื•ืก ื“ื™ื ืœืขื ื’. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืข? ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืคื™ืขืœ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืšึฐึผ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ื 
! ื˜ื”ื™ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจืึธื‘ืขืจ (ื’ื•ืžื™) ืื™ื - 
ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืฃ ืคืขืจืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืืœืก ื‘ืข- 
ืฐืึธื”ืจืขื ื™ืก, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. | 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืก- 
ื˜ึตืขึทื– ื˜ึธื”ื™ื™?, ื‘ึดื™ื– ืžึดื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืขึทืœ-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 87 


-- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื™ื 
ื›ึผืœืึธืจืึธื“ืกืึธื“ื ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืžืืš ืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ-ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ. 

-- ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ-ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ, ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื? 

-- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืก ื™ื-ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ ! 

-- ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื ืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ? 

-- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืžืืš ื“ืึธืก. ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜. ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ืืœืขืก ื ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื. ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืงื™ื™ื˜, ืœื™ื›ื˜, ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ืš, ืงื•ืจืฅ -- ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

---ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ืงืขืžืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืื– ืœื•ืคื˜ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™- 
ืฆื™ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืึธืคืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืšื“ 
ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขืจืข, ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืคื•ืคื˜, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™- 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืฒื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ; ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ ืคึผืจืขืกืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื™ืขืœ? ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ ืคืขืจืžืื›ื˜ืข ืงืืกื˜ืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ืืคึผืืก ืคื•ืŸ 
?ื•ืคื˜, ืื•ื ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜. 

-- ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืึทื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉืขื ื“. ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืขืจื’ืขื”ืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืขืจื’ืขื”ืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื ืข ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ืื™ื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืจืืคื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" 
ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜. ื“ืึธื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ืืฆื™ื ื“ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ- 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ --- ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืงืจืืคื˜ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืจืขื’ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื’, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืจืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื’ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜, 


86 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ืฑื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื’ืข ืคืจืื’ืข ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคึผืืกืขื ื“, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืื• ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืขืจื‘ึดื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ 4 ื•ื•ืื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ, ืฆื™ื ืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ? 

--- ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ, ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืฆื™ื ืง, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžื™ื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ืžืขื˜ืืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื’ืึธืœื“, ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื˜ืืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืคืืจืืŸ ืœืจื•ื‘. ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ, ืคื™ืข? ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขื˜ืืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ื ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืคื™ืขืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ. ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืึฐื’ึธืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื”ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืงืจื™ื’ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืึถื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื”. 

--- ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืก ืฆื• ืคืจืข- 
ื’ืขืŸ? 

--- ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ -- ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืึธืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืข?: ื›ืœืึธืจ-ืกืึธื“ื™ื•ื, 
ื›ืœืึธืจ-ืžืื’ื ืขื–ื™ื•ื, ื–ืืœืฅ-ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืข ืงืืœื™, ื‘ืจืึธื-ืžืื ื ืขื–ื™ื•ื, ืฉื•ื•ืขืคืขืœ-ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ-ื–ื•ืฑื™ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืœืš. ื›ืœืึธืจ-ืกืึธื“ื ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืฆื™ื” ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืข ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, 

-- ื›ืœืึธืจ-ืกืึธื“ื ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 

--- ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! ืื™ืš ืžื™ืฉ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื•ืขืง-ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืขืคืœื™ืš ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืขืœ, ืงื•ื•ืขืง-ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื ื›ืœืึธืจ-ืกืึธื“ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืงื•ื ืื™ืš 
ืคื™ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื–ืืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืงื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืขืŸ. 

--- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื” ืื™ื™ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ื ืกืึธื“ื ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ? ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืขืก ? ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืคื™ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกืึธื“ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ื”ื™ืฅ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ 
ืžืขื—ืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืกืึธื“ื ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. 


ืืข ื‘. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 88 


! ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ ; 
- ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืคื™ื™ื›ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
- ืœื•ืคื˜ ; ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื’ืœืึธื–, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจื ืงื•ืžื˜ ; ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืž- 
. ืคึผืืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ; ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืงืกื˜ืื ื˜, 


ืืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืŸ; ื“ืขืจ ื›ึทืจืึธื ืึธื“ 
ืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืžืขืกื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ืกืคึผืืง- 


ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ึผ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืขืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 


"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
-- ื“ืึธืกึผ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืืœืข ื™ื-ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข 
ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืข- 


-ืงืื ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ื“ืึธ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 


ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื "ื ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืืœืก 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืฉื™ืฃ. ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ืคืขืจ-ื‘ืœืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื–ืืจื˜ ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ? 

-- ื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืžืึธื ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื“ื•ืจืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 


- ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 


-- ืื•ึผืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื ืจื™ืขืฃ ืฆื• ืฐื•ืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ? 

--- ื“ืึธ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขื˜ืึธืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืžื•ื– 
ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ? 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ : 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข, ืฉื ืขืœืข, ืคืึธืœื ื–ืืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื™ืฆ- 
ืงื™ื›ืข ืงืจืืคื˜. ื–ื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ, ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜, ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื’. ืงื•ืจืฅ, ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืข ืœืข- 
ื‘ืขื ืก-ืงืจืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– "ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜" ! 

-- ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

-- ื™ื, -ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ -- 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ --- ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืจืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 


ื™ืืœืข ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, 
-ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื ืขืœืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 


-- ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืคืึธืจ ! ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจื˜ --- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ 


-ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก. ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜, 


-- ืึธื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืืœืฅ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ 


84 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜. ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืขืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ -- 

--- ื”ืขืจืขืจ ืืจืึธื ืึธืงืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืกื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ -- 
ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืคึนืึฒืœึดึผื™. 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคืจื™ื™. ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื—ืจ. ืคืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜. 
ืงื•ืžื˜, ืœืึธืžึดื™ืจ ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึธื“ืขืจืกื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœืขื ืื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืžึดื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ืžืขื‘ืขืœ, ื˜ื•ืืœืขื˜ืขืŸ, ื ื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืœื™ื‘ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื”ื ื”ืขืจืฆืœื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื ืงื˜. 

--- ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขื -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขืคืขื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ --- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืื? ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ืฐืึธื”ื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื’ืข 
ืœื•ืงืกื•ืก ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืจืฆื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืคึผื•ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื ื•ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ื’ : ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ื‘ืขื˜, ืืŸ 
ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืžืขื‘ืข? -- ื“ืึธืก ืืœืขืก. 

--- ื–ื™ืฆื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ! ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


2ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ื™ื ืงืจืึทืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ 


--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฆื™ื™ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ 
--- ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ 
ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธ, ื’ืจืื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืš ื ืขืคื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ึนืึถืšึฐ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื  
ืื™ืš ืคืึธื”ืจ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš 
ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื”ืขืจืžืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ' "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก"; ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 8 


ื˜ืื•ื•ืขืจื ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคึผืขืจ? ืคืขืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืื™ื”ื ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืœื“, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ื“ืึธ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฆืึธื”? ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืขืจ? ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื”ื ืขืจืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ! 

ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, ืžืื ื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธื‘ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืื›ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื‘ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆื• ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืฉืืฆืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคืขืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ืกืš ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืึธืคืข- 
ืกึผืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื”ื™ืžืขืจ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืคืึธืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข. 

ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืžื•ืฉืœืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ;' 

-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืžื•ืฉืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ 4 ื–ื™ื™ ืงืข- 
ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืฅ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืฉื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืงืึธืกื˜ื‘ืืจืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ, ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื•ื™ื 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืžืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืขืฆืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืืžืขืœื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื–ืืž- 
ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื-ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืœืข ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืืš ืžืขื”ืจ, ื ืขืžืœื™ืš --- ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก", ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืงืจืืคื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืขืœืข ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื”- 
ืœืขื ืขื ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ืืœืขืก ืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžึตื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคืข. ืื™ืš ื–ืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ืื? ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ 


82 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื : ื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืจ, ืจืึธืกื™ื ื™, ืžืึธื–ืืจื˜, ืžืขืขืจื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ื 
ืคึผื™ืื ืึธ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ : 

-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง. 

--- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื“ืขื ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœื™ื ืข ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืง-ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืึธืจื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. : | 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจื˜ื™ืขืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™?ืœ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืืœ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืจื™ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื”, ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืžื•ืฉืขืœืขืŸ 
(ืžื•ื™ืขืจ-ืงืขืคึผ) ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื-ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืขืœื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืืืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืคืึธื ื˜ืืŸ 
(ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’-ื‘ืจื•ื ืขืŸ) ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืขืงืขืŸ, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸื“ืžื•ืฉืขืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืก ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ืจืขื’ืขื - 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ืคืึธื ื˜ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš. 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข ื“ืขืงืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืข ืจืืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ื‘ืืจืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึถืšึฐ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืฆืขื˜ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš. ืžื™ืš, ืืœืก ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคึผืึธืจืฉืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืืคื™ื˜ืขืŸ -- ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืœืืกืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืข 
ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืŸ ืคึผืืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขื›ื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื˜ืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืžืืœื•ืกืงืขืŸ --- ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ืข 
ืฉืึธืœืื›ืฅ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืก ื. ื“. ื’., ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื”, 
ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ื ืื ืฆืข ืจื™ื™ื”ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข 
ืฉื ื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจ?, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœืื ืงื˜ ืกืคื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ืคืขืจืฉื™ืข- 
ื“ืขื ืข ืคืืจื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึผืขืจืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืืŸ ืื™ื™ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื‘. ืื–ื ืคึผืขืจืœ ืื™ื– ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื” ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืœ 
ืฐืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืืš ื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ. ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 


= 
ื‘ื™ 
1 


| ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ โ€ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 81 


ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืืืœ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, 30 ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’, 18 ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 15 
ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš. ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื–ืื? ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœ ื“ืขืงืึธืจื™ืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ืžืืœืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืคื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืึธืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื– ืืœืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืขื ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ืงืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื–ืืืœ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ'ืก ืžื ื–ืขืื•ื, ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžืืกืขืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื ื•ืจ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ. 

ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืœืืกืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข, 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจืืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™- 
- ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืคืึธืœืข ื“ื™ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
'ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ 
ืืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืขืจื”ืื‘ืขื ืขื ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืœื“, ื ืึธื›ื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ืื ื˜ื™ืง ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืก, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืขืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื”. 

-- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืคืึธืจ !--- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืขื ื˜- 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืจื ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื ืึธืจื“ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจื˜ -- ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”ืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•, ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ืขืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ื 
ื ื•ื•ืื”ืจืขืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ. | 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขื ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ื ืœื™ืขื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืžืึธืœ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืœื™ืขื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืขื”ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, 
ื’ืขืฉืืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ'ืก ื”ืขื ื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื”ืคืึธืœืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ืข 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœ- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’! ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืืœืข ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก 
ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื•ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื’ืœืืš ืขืจื“. 
: ืื™ืŸ ื. ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ืืจื’ืขืœ-ืคึผื™ืื ืึธ, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 


80 = ืฆึทื•ึธื•ืึธื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ? ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ. 

--- ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื–ืืืœ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ 
ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ. 

--- ืฆื•ื ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ? ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ --- ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ? | 
--- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! ืคืืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ? 

--- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืื•ื•ืื ื ! 

--- ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืื“ืข ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ! ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ืื ื ื˜ืื‘ืืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ื" 
ื•ื•ืื ื ืกื™ื ืืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืงื•ื ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืจื•ื™ืš-ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ื ืขื”ืžื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ื ืกื™ื ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื 
ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ื•ื˜ืข. ืกื—ื•ืจื”, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ืกื™ื’ืืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื ื“ืึธื ืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื 
ื ืขืœืขืŸ ื’ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืœื“ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจืขืœ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ื‘ืจืึธื ื–ืขื ืข ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืจื•ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืขื’ 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ. ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื’ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜, 

--- ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขืคืœื™ืš ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ึถืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื’ืื”. 
-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื‘ืึธืง ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืš 
ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื‘ืืง ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. 
ืื™ืš ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ื? ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื˜ ื™ื"ื’ืจืึธื–, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื ื™ืงืึธื˜ื™ืŸื“ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ื•ื™ื ื˜ืื‘ืืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ืฉืคึผืืจื–ืื. ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ื ื”ืื•ื•ืื ื ืกื™ื’ืืจ ? 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกื™ื’ืืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ืื ื ืกื™- 
ื’ืืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื”. 

--- ื“ืืŸ ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. ืคื™ืขืœ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื  ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ. ืืงืฆื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฆืึธื”ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื“ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคืจืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™, ืื‘ื™ ื ื•ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืžืขืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ื•ื•ื™ืฆื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ื™ื”ืจ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ (')) 


ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืคืืกื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืœืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ืžืขืจ ืึธืคืขืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื ื”ืขืจืฆืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื“ืื ืง. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืข- 
ื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืฉืจืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืข. ื ืžืืกืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืœืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืื˜ืก-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืงืข ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคืึธืจืžืข ืขืก 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ื ืคึผืขืจื‘ืึธื˜ืขื ืข ืกื—ื•ืจื”. 
ืืœืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ, ืึธื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื›ืขืžื™ืข, ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ, ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ; ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื™ื–ื™ืง, 
ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืืœืขืก. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืืœืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืœืขื–ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื• ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ. 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืจื”ืื ืขื ืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ,. ืืœืข ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฉืจื™ืค- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื’ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ, ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ื ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคึผืึธึถืขื˜ ื”ืึธืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืจ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืกื˜ืข ืฉืจื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืงืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฆืึธึถื”ืœืจื™ื™ืš. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืงืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืžืขื›ืื ื™ืง, ืžืื˜ื”ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง, ืคื™ื–ื™ืง, ื’ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข 
ื. ื–. ืฐื•. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื•ื•ืขืจืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื - 
ืฉืืคื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืืžืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื ื˜. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ืคืขืจืคืืกื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขื”ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธื–ืขืฃ ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืื ื“, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทื”ืจ 18068, ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ 
-ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื’ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธื”ืจ. 
-- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ --- ืื™ืš ื“ืื ืง ืื™ื™ืš 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืข? ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื ื™ืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง. ื–ื™ื ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช 


18 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ื“ื–ืื?. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง. 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจื? ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืึธืคืขื ืข ืฉืืคืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืืคืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืจื™ื™ื”ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืขื”ื ืข, ืขืœืขื’ืื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืื™ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฉืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื‘ื™" 
ื›ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข, ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื“ื™ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ื‘ืข- 
ืงื•ื•ืขื ืฆื• ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืŸ. ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ื™ืฉืœืืš, ื–ืขื”ืจ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ื’ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื•ืขืงืฆื•ืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื•ื ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื”ืขื ื“ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ; ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื”ืœืขืŸ, ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘-ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื‘ืข? ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืกื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื ื•ืจ ื 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืื•ืจ-ืืœื˜ืข 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื“ืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ'ื ืฉืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขืงืึธืจื™ืจื˜ืขืŸ ืกืืคื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™- 
ื–ืขืŸ ืฉืขื”ื ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื‘ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ืืืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื. 

--- ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื‘ื™ื‘- 
ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื”ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืืœืืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆื™ืจืขืŸ, 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃื” ื“ืขื 


ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. 

| = -- ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ื ืจื•ื”ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ? 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจ-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื•ืึธื”ื ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ ืฆื• ืœืข- 


ื–ืขืŸ ? | 
--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืช ื–ืึธื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง ื–ืขื”ืจ 


ืึธืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข. ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ 


ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจืงืข. 

--- ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืคืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืข 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ""ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก" ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืจื“ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื 
ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื”ืขืคื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜-ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืžื™ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 77 


- ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืžืื›ืฆืขืŸ, ื’ืขืคึผืจืขื ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืจื•ื›ื˜-ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืžืื›ืฆืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืคืขืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ืกืœืืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื‘ื™ื ื•ืช, ื ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื˜ืขื ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืœืฑ- 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 
: -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืœื™ืขื‘ ื“ืขื ื™ื 4 -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ืœื™ืขื‘ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– 
ืืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืขืจ ืคืขืจื ืขื”ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื“-ืงื•ื ืขืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืคืืจืืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืงืจื™ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืขืœื•ืกื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืคืขื”ืœื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ 4 ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืืœืขืก ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื™ื? 

-- ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึธ ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืึธื‘ื ื’ืขืจื•ื”ื˜ --- ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืื™ืžืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื . ื“ืึธ ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืœื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ โ€ 
ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ 
ืฉืœืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ึผืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืขื”ืŸ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข, ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ื”ืื˜ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืคื•ืก 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ื”ืขืœื“ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืœืขื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ืจื™ื”'ืก ! 
ืืš, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ื ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืขืจ ื ืœื™ืง, ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ ! 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืจืขื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื—ืจื˜ื” ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืงืืœื˜ืข ื‘ืขื ืขื—ืžื•ื ื’. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืจื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื–ืื? ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ : 

-- ื™ืขืฆื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 

ืฉื™ืฃ ื ืื˜ื™ืœื•ืก, ืฉื˜ืขื” ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ื™ืขื ืกื˜ืข. 

: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื™ื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 


1ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ืขื ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ'ืก ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช 
ืึน ื“ืึธืคึทึผืขึถืœื™ื˜ึตื”ื™ืจ ื”ืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ื’ึถืขึถืขืคึทืขื ึฐื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 


16 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ื–ืืš ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœ ืื™ื”ื ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืคืจืขื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ : 


--- ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ ืขืกืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื  
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื ืขื”ืจืขื ื“. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืขื ื˜ื–ืื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคืขื”ืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš. ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืขืกืขื ื•ื•ืืจื’ 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, . 


--- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. 

--- ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื“ืืจืฃ. ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืขืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืื ื’ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ. 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื’ืขื” ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉ 
ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืข ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืจ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื‘ืขื ื•ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื”ืขืจืฉ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืขืคึผื˜ื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื”ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 

-- ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจื˜ --- ืื™ืš 
ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขืฆืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคื™ืฉ 
ืฆื• ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืคืขืจื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื›? ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ. ืื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืจื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื ืจื™ื™ื- 
ืœื™ืš. : 

--- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ 
ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ, ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, 
ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ- 
ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจืขื˜ืขืŸ (ื˜ืฉืขืจืขืคึผืื›ืขืก), ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ืขืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืœืคื™ืŸ-ืœืขื‘ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืขื”ืžื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ืฉืืจืฃ-ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืฆื˜ืข ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื›ืขืจ 
ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฐืึธื”ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ, ื’ืขืฉืžืืง, ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“. ืคืขืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจ- 
ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœื™ื›ืงืฒื™ื˜, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืื“ืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืกืžืขื˜ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืœืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ื ื™ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขืจืขื ืข 


2 ื”ืืจ ืื‘ ื™ื™ ื 0 ืจ 


. 2 1, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 18 


ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
"ื ืึธื˜ื™ืœื•ืก". 

ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ 
ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืื‘ ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืฉ-ื›ืœื™ื. 

ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. ื ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
! ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 

-- ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืš. ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœื™ื’ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืืŸ. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื™ื ืืœืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ. 
| -- ืื•ึผืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก--ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
-- ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’. ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืจืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืคืœื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉ-ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ 12 
ืคื•ืก ืงืื ื’. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ื“ื–ืืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืข ื˜ืจืื˜ 
ืžืขื‘ืœื™ืจื˜ ืื•ึผืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ื’ ื‘ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืืืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืจื™ื™ืš-ื ื’ืขืฉื ื™ืฆื˜ืข ื‘ื•ืคืขื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืœืขื–ืขืจื ืข, ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ื›ืœื™ื, ืงื•ื ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืคืึธืœ 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืœึฐืึธืžืคึผ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืคื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืงืขืœื˜. 

ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ. : 

ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ืืืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ืš-ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฉ. ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. 
ื“ื™ื ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ื“ื•ืงื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืœื™ืคืขืจื˜. ืžืื ื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื‘ืข- 
ืงืื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 
- = ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื ืขืžืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื 


4 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื ื’ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™- 
ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืื ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืจ ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธื”ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš, ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขื›ืึธืจ, 
ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืื ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื”ืจืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ-ืœืื ื“, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืืœืก ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข. ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืื ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™? ื’ืจืื“ืข 
ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจ- 
ื“ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ'ืก ืื•ื™ื  ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึถืšึฐ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืขืจื“ืขืŸ-ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ื”ืจืข ืคึผืขืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข 
ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ื ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื‘ืขื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ?ื•ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื– ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืข? 
ืขืจืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง 
ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืก, ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืขืจื’ื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืงืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื’ืขื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื 
ืฉื˜ืจืื”? ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคื ื•ื ื’ ื ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื ืœื•ื™- 
ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื”? ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื‘ืืจืขืžื”ืขืจืฆื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืขื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืœ 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœื•ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜, ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืืจ 
ื“ื™ื ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื•ืข?, ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธื ื’ื˜, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืคืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ึนืืšึฐ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจืื ืข ื•ื•ื™?ืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ : ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ืจ" 
ืคืขืŸ ? 

= ืึดื™ืš ื‘ึตื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืš ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธ, ื”ืขืจึถืจ ืคึผืจืึทืคืขืกืึทืจ { --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 6 


--- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืื‘ื™ืกืข? ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ -- ื ื- 
ื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืฃ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ 
ืฐืึธืค ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืขื ืขื”ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ื ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ ื˜ื”ืื˜, ืืŸ 
/ืื•ื ื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืจื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ! 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืœืืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- 
ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืขื” ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ืžื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื ืขื“ื™ื’. ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก- 
- ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืึธื– ืื™ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ืงืึธืกึผื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื™ืš ืึธื ื ืขื’ืจื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ื’ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ื ืขืžืœื™ืš, ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืขื ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืกื•ื“ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื– ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืื™ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ื™ืกืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื“ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงืขืŸ? ืึถื” 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ืื™ื™ืš, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืฉื™ืฆืขืŸ. 

- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืขืกื˜ 
ืขื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ. 

-- ืืœื–ืึธ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช : ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข. 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืข ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ --- ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ืื–ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื”ืจืขืŸ-ืฐื•ืึธืจื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืœืื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
| ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื™ืข? ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ, . 

-- ื™ืขืฆื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•- 
ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš 
ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืข? ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืข? ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืงื–ืืœ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜. ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ื”ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ึดื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ "ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื•ืกืข 
ืคึธื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืึท ื˜ึดื™ืขึถืคืขึถื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžึทืขึฐืขึถืจ", ื“ื™ืขึถื–ืขืก ืฐื•ืขึถืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžึดื™ืจ. ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืฃ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกึธ ืคึทึผืขึฒืจื™ 


72 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ ื˜ื”ืื˜ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื–ืื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื‘ื ืขื–ืึธื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืคืึธื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ / 
ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ ?4 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข 
ืฉื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™? ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืจืื›ื˜ืขื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืข? ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ืคืจืื’ืข : "ื™ื !" 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ --- ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืœืื ื’, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื–ืึธื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจื™ื’ืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื– 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืขืจื”ืขืœื˜ื ื™ืกืžืขืกื™ื’ ืคืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ; ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ื™- 
ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ? 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืืจื•ืžืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืคืึธืจ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืคืขืœืข ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืงื•ืจืฅ, 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ. 

--- ืขื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ื ื˜, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื–ื ืคืจื™ื™- 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขื ืขืจ, ืืจื•ืžืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืขื 
ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ืื–ื ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ! ืžืขื”ืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. 

--- ื•ื•ื™ื ? ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš, ืื– ืกื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ื’ 
ืขื ื˜ื–ืื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืื˜ื” ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ? 

---. ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืœืื ื’ ืขืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืคื’ืื‘ืข 
ืฆื•ึผ ืขื ื˜ื–ืื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืฉืงืœืืคืขืŸ ื™ืึธืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ 
ืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืืœืฉืขืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜". 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืฐืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืข? ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืœืื ื’ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ืจ ! -= ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขึถืจ ืงึธืืคึทึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ ืคื™ื˜ ื ืงึทืืœื˜ึฐืขึฐ ืžื™ื ืข 6 0 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 11 


- ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืกืข? ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื . ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืคึผืขืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืคืขืจื”ืืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืขืจื—ืืžื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™? ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืœื™- 
ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฉืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืึธื‘ึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืคื•ื™ื’ืขืœ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ืึธื‘ื’ืจื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ. ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืื ืฆื™ืจ-ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื”ื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ--- ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืขืก. 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืขื”ื™ืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืขืจื˜ื™ืขืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืข- 
ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืš ื ืฉืจืขืง ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ, ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจ ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. 

ื ืึธืš ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœ-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 

-- ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืืœื–ืึธ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืœื•ืก, 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืขื”ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืข- 
ืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœ. ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื”ืขืœื˜ื ื™ืกืžืขืกื™ื’ ืคืจื™ื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื ื•ื ื’, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืขื”ืจืขืŸ-ืฐื•ืึธืจื˜, ืื– 
ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื•ืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืขื”ืจืขื ืžืืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืึธื ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ื™ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืึธื›ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืึธืจืขื ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ. ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธ ื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš. ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ืึทื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื ืืจ ืคืืจ ื ืคึนึผืึธืึธืจ ื˜ืขื’. ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ื”" 
! ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื•ื™ืš, ื’ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืขื ืจื™ื’ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื’ื™ืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคื™ื™ืŸ 


0 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ืคืึธืœื ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื ืข ื™ื- 
ื—ื™ื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ื ืคึผืœื™ืื ืข ืคืืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืข?ืœ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ : 

--- ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ? 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ. ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ื ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื›ื˜, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื–ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ืคืึธืœื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื™ื-ื—ื™ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืืจืื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื’ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ื”ื ื ื•ืจ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึธืœืงืึธืžืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืืœืก ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ืฉื•ื ืื™ื. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ื“ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™- 
ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื‘ืื˜ืขืก, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ 
ืงืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืืœืข ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื”ื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ ! 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืข'ื™ืฉื•ื‘'ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜- 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืฉืœื•ืก, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืืœืก ื’ืขืกื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืขื’ืขื ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ืžืขืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืึถื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื ื™ืก, ืื™ืš ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจื’ืขืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืจืขื›ื˜ ? 

-- ื™ื, ืื–ื ืจืขื›ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ืฉ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

--- ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ 
ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ "ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ". 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื˜ื–ืื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืข ื ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข 
ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜. ืื™ืš ืคืึธืœื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืขื ืื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืึธืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธืœืข 
ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืขื ืจื™ืคืข ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 69 


ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืขื”ื ืข, ืงืœืึธื”ืจืข ืื•ื™ืกืฉืคึผืจืื›ืข, ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืืงืฆืขื ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–. ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืœืื ื“ืกืžืืŸ. 

-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื•ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ืขื‘ ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื–ืืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื˜ื”ื• ืขืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืœื™ืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืœื•ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• 
ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงื–ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ืขืฆื™ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืžืขื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ืคื™ืขืœ. : : 

-- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืก, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื‘ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืœื™ืš -- ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืฉืจ ื’ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ. 

-- ืื•ื ืื‘ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืœื™ืš ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืข 
ื™ืžื™ื ื ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ? ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื ืื˜ืข ? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 4 ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธ- 
ืคืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ? 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื’ืขืœืืกืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืจื™ื™ืฆื˜, ื ื•ืจ ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆืึธืจึผืŸ. ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉื•ืœืจื“ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืขืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ : 

-- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช. ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ . 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš, ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜; ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื. ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜, 
ืึถื”ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืจืขื’ื˜. ืคื™ืขืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ื˜ื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื- 
ืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™? ืื™ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžื™ื”ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•- 
ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฑืกื ืขืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืื•ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื– ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ืคืขืจ- 


68 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื™ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขื“ืขืจ'ืก ื”ืขื ื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ 
ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืจื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ-ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ : 

--- ื‘ืขืจื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“ ! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืขืŸ ? 


0ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื 


ื“ืขืจ ืงื•? ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื”ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื ืข- 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืขื–ื•ื›ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืœืื ืงืขืจ, ืฉืขื”ื ืขืจ ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, 

ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ'ืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ืื ื˜-ืžืืกื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคื•ื™ืœืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืœ, ืื™ื– 
ื”ื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื ืจื™ื™- 
ืคืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ. | 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ,. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืืจื˜ืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื– ืึธื‘ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืขืคึผ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื• 
ืคืขืŸ : 

--- ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขืจืจืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื•ื˜ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ, ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื˜ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืฉ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืืœื–ืึธ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื•ืš, 
ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืขืจืงื•ื ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ืขืจืฉื˜, ืื– ื ืฆื•ืคืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจืŸ ืืจืื ืึธืงืก, ืคึผืจืึท- 
ืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ ; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœึฟ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“, ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ืฉื™ืฃ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื 
ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืœืก ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™- 
ื ื•ื ื’. ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™?ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข ื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ึดื™ื˜ ื ึถืขึถืฆื•ึนื™ื ึถืขืŸ ืคืืจ'ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืจืขืจืขืŸ. ืขึถืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 


)+ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 6 


ืื•ื ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ืืœึผื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ? ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืจืขื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ? 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ื ืึธืš ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข? ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš 
ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืข? ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ * 
ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– 
ืœึผืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข?! ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืืจืขืžื˜. 

ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึถืšึฐ 
ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืž- 
ื–ื™ืกื˜ ! ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืจื•ื™ืฉ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืจืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื‘ืจืึธื›ึผืขืŸ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืงืœืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืคึผืคืขืจืฒื™ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– 
ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืื ืฅ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ, ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืœื•ื™ื”. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ ื ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื” ืงืขืžืคึผืฃ! ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ? ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ืคืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ! ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื --- ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื”ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืจ 4 ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžืœืืš ื”ืžื•ืช ? 

ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืข ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ. ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ืข- 
ื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืขื’ืข? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ืื ื˜-ืžืืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื‘ืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื, ืื™ื– ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื‘ืข- 
ืคืืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ืžื ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ื•ื•ื™ืื ื˜-ืžืืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ื’ืข'ื—ืœืฉ'ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ื”ืขื ื“. 

ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืœืึธืคึถืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ืขื ื”ืืœื‘ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืŸ ืžืืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ 


66 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืื•ื ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืึธื‘ืจืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ; ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ 
ืœืื ื“ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืข ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืงืืœื™ืข ืžืื›ืขืŸ 
ื•ื™ื ืคืขืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ' 

-- ื’ืจืื“ืข ืคืขืจืงืขื”ืจื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ --- ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืืœืขืก ืžืขื ืœื™ื›ืข, ืื•ื ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื ืฆื• 
ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ --- ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ! 1 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ-ื“ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื˜ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืขืจืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ. ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš, ื ืึธืš ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ : | 

--- ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื 
ื“ืึธ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“ืืžื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ'ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคึผื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ? 

--- ื•ื•ื™ื ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ --- ืื™ื™ืš ืœืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ืžื—, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื•ืขืงื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ? ืฐืึธืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข. ื ื- 
ืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ? 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข'ื˜ืขื ื”'ื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืกืงืื - 
ื“ืืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืก ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ; ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื ื ืขื–ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืขืกืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืจื 'ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืคืœื™ืขื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ื“. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื’ืขืจ ื›ืขืกืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื 
ืงื•ื ืฆื™ื ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข? ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืึถึธื”ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึถื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 5 


-- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- 
ืžื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืžื™ืจ ื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืคื™ื”? ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื™ื-ืœื•ืคื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืข-ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื 
- ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ื ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืฉืืจ- 
ืคืขืŸ ื ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื’ืื˜ืข "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ"., 

-- ื™ื, ืœืขื ื“. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึธื˜ื”ืขื ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ : ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืคึผืขื˜ 
ืงึผืขืŸ ืขืก ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ? ืื™ืš ื ืœื•ื™ื‘, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืขืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’. 

--- ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ 4 ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. ืคืจื™ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืง ! ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’. : 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ! 
-- ื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. 

-- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’ ! ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ืฐืึธืœึฐื˜ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืขืจื“ืืžื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ืื ื˜-ืžืืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื•ื ืขืกืขืŸ, 

ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื•ื ื ืขืจื˜. 

- -- ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ื“ื•ืœื“. ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื ืขืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืžืกืชืžื, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกืขืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ! ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื˜ 
-- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืงืืœื˜ืข ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ 4 ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ? ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ 
ืื–ื ื‘ืขื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ ! ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืข? ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืื ื“ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ- 
ืคืจืขืกืขืจ, ื™ื-ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ --- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ื“ืึธ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื . ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธ- 
ื ืืงืก. ื•ื•ื™ื ืœืื ื’, ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ? : 

-- ื ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืขืŸ -- 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืœืื ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืš, ืื‘ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›? ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก. ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงื–ื? ืึธื‘ื”ืขื ื ื™ื’ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื : ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ 


4. ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืฑื™ืกื ืขืึธื˜ื”ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื ื- 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขื ืจ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืœื–ืึธ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืžื•ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื ื–ืึธืœ-ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืึธื‘ืคืจื™ืฉืขืŸ, ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ื 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื ืข : 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ?4 ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ?ืœ? ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื›ืข- 
ืžื™ืฉืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืฑื™ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืข- 
ื“ืขืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึดื‘ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืขื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื ืื–. ืฆื• ืื–ื ื–ืืš ืคืึธื“ืข- 
ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืžืื’ืื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืึธืคืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ืืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืึธื ืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืืœืฅ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขื ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ื”ืขื ืืœืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ื™ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืจื™ื™ื ืข, ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื–ืขืข- 
ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš. ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืจื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืึธื˜ื”ืขืžื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื ื™ื™ ืื‘ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. 
ื“ืขืจ ื ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจ- 
ืงื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจ- 
ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืึดื™ืšึฐ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืœื–ืึธ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ, 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืœ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืคืจื™ืฉืขื ื“ืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื›ืืคึผื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื˜- 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืจ, 

--- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคึผืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื–ืขื”ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ ! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืฃ 

ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 65 


ืื•ึผืŸ ืคืึธืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืขืจื”ืึธืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜. ืžื™ื™ื ืข . 
ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื›ืจืึธืคึผืขื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. 

ื‘ืืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื”ื™ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืงืœืึธื”ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืงืขืจ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืžื™ืฆืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืจืขืฉืจืืคืืŸ, ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืืœืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืึธืจื“ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ื”ืขื ืึถื‘ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ, ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”ืœ 
ื“ื™ื ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืœื•ืคื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš. 

ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืขืจื“ ืงื•ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื”ื•ืคึผื˜ื–ืขื›ืœื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืจืœื™ื™ ื’ืื–ืขืŸ : ืึธืงืกื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ (ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ), ื ืื™ื˜ืจืึธื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ (ืฉื˜ื™ืง-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ) 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืืจื‘ืึธื ื™ืง ืขืกื™ื“ (ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ-ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืข). ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฑื™ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื ืก ืžื- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ื? ืคื•ึผืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ื“ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืกื™ืจืงื•ืœืืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืง- 
ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื ืื–ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจื‘ืึธื ื™ืง ืขืกื™ื“ ื ืื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืื– ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืคึผืกื•ืœืช ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืื–ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉืขื“ืœื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” 
ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืžืขื - 
ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืขืจืžืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึธื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื™ื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขื ืก ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืึธื˜ื”ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืขื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ-ื–ื•ืขืจ ื ืื–, ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคืืœ ืขืคืขื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื 
ืคืขื ืกืžืขืจ, ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขืจ ื ืื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื–ืฑื™ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืคืขืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 17 ืคึผื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืคื˜. 
ืคึผืึธืœึฐื’ืœื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจื‘ืึธื ื™ืง ืขืกื™ื“, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื ื™ 
ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืœื™ืš. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจืฆืขื”ืจื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ึนืŸ 


02 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืœ -- ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืื 'ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ืžืขืจ'ืก 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื”ืจ. 

ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืืคึผืข- 
ื˜ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื•ื ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืข- 
ืจื™ื  ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื ืขืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจืขื”ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืงื–ื? ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืค- 

ืคืจืขืกืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืฆื™ื™ื”ืขื˜. 

| -- ืื™, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ื“ืจืขืžืข?ืœ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ 
-- ื ืึธืš ืื–ื ืžืึธื”ืœืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš, ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืขืจืฆืขื”ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก, ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ ื ื ื•ื˜ืข ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื ื– ื˜ืืงื™ ื ืขืคืขื”ืœื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืฉืœืึธืฃ,. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงื™ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขืฉืžืืง ืื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ื•ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ; ื•ื•ืื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ? ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืข 
ืงืจืืคื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ 4 ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืจ ืฉื™ืค . 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ . 
ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืข, ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืข, ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ,. ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืคืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื - 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 

ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืื - 
ื˜ืืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืœืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ. 
ืฉื ,ื ืคื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 


ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืกืงืึทื ื“ืึทืœ 


ื•ื•ื™ื ืœืื ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืœืื ื ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ื”ื˜ 


| ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ืžืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 61 


ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื˜ื•ืืจื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืึธื ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืขืจื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืจืœื™ื™ ืขืก-ื’ืขืฉื™ืจ. 

-- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื—ื”. 

-- ื‘ืื” ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืขืก --- ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ! ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืจืขืกืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ? ืœืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืงืจืขืžืขืŸ (ื˜ืฉืข- 
ืจืขืคึผืื›ืข) ื”ื™ื™ืคื™ืฉ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืข-ื”ื™ื ื“ ! 

--- ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืขืงืœืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ืžืขื˜ื? ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ืข, ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคึผืึธืœืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืฉืขื”- 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืกืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–. ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜, ืฉืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
- ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืคืึธืœ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขืคืขื”ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื ืขืžืœื™ืš : 
ื‘ึผืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืื ื’ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื”ืื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืข ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ืงื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืื™ืš --- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ื’ืขื ืขืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืืคึผืขื˜ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ื”ื ืื” ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืขืฃ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื“ื™ื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขื’ืื ื˜ืข ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœืข ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœืข ื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ื ืึธืคึผืขืœ, ืœืขืคืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ?ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืื‘ืขืŸ ; "2102111 ืž1 81001115''. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืื‘ .ื 

ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ "ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™" ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ : ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืคึผืืกื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื˜ื–ืขืค- 
ื”ืืคื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืื–ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืื‘ ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื™ื™ื ืงื˜, ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 


0 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ืฑื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


--- ืคืขืจื“ืืžื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืข* 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ?4 ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ืคื˜ืขืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ, ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืข'ืคึผื ืจ'ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืขืŸ ! 

--- ืจื•ื”ื™ื’, ืœืขื ื“ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืึธืจืŸ. 
ืื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ. 

--- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืŸ ? 

--- ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข? ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. 

-- ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืฆื•, ืœื™ืขื‘ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืข --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ 
-- ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ, 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื”ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ืข ืคื™ืขืœ ืขืจื ืขืจ. 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ? ืจื•ื”ื™ื . ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ --- ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืคื˜ืขืŸ, ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืฉื•ืคื˜ืขืŸ ! 

-- ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืœืื ื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ? 

--- ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืคื˜ืขืŸ-ืœืื ื“ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืื›ืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ --- ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ืื–ื ืœืื ื“ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื“-ืงืืจื˜ืข ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ืขืœ 
ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจืขืŸ. ืขื ื’ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืกื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ, 
ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจืข ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืื ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ; 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืขืจ, ื˜ืขืจืงืขืŸ, ืืจืื‘ึผืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคืจืขืžืจ, ืืš, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื” ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ! 

-- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื”, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืขืŸ, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืืœืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ื ืกืš ืฆืจื•ืช 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ืึธื‘ื ืข- 
ืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ืืจื˜ (ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ืื ื˜-ืžืืกื˜ืขืจ) ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ,. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื - 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 9 


ืงืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ -- ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื 
ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ. 

ืœึผืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจื”ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃึผ ืฉืืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜ืข ืœืื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืžืึธื ืขื ืก ื ืขืžืึธื”ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื—ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคึผืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืขืŸ ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•- 
ืคึผืขืŸ --- ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ. 

-- ื•ื™ื } ื“ื• ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืกื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ 4 -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื  ืฆื• ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ'ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืจื•ื”ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืืกืขื ืข ื‘ืขื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื–ืขืจ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ื˜, 

ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 4 ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ? ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืข? ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก'ื˜ืขื ื”'ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืœื™ืกื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืขืจืงืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ, 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื˜ืฉ. 

ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืขืจืฉืœื™- 
ืกืขื’ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ึตื™ื™. 


068 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืงืขืคึผ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืฆืขืŸ, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืข? ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ื˜ืขืจ---ืื–ื 
ื™ื-ื—ื™ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืข-ื”ื™ื ืจ. 
: ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉืขื ื“ืข ื‘ืœื™- 
ืงืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขืจืื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืžื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื‘ืขื˜ืึธื ื•ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ 
ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืึทืงืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. | 
ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืŸ'ืก ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืคืจืื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื” ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืจืขื“, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคืขืจืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. 
--- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืจืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ'ืก ืจืื˜ื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื™ื ืฆืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืœืื ื’ื–ืื, ื ืขืฆืขื”ืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืงืœืึธื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืœืก 
ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงื- 
ืžืขืจืื“ืขืŸ, ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืœืืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื”ืขืคืœื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 
| ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœื–ืึธ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื” ื’ื•ื˜ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ. 
ืื™ืฃ ืงืขืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•'- 
ื˜ืขื ื”'ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 
--- ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”, ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• 


| ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ืืกืขืจ โ€ , = 


ื–ื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืคึผืึธืœ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืกื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืจืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, 
/ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ --- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ?, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื’ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืžืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– 
ื˜ืืงื™ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึธื‘ ื ืจื™ื ืข?. ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ 

ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ืคืขืกื˜-ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืฉื•ืœื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข, 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื”ืึธืืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืฉืืจืฃ, ื“ื•ืจื›ื“ืจื™ื ื ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ื”ืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ืš, ื ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธื”ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ื ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš. | 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ, ืขื ื˜- 
ืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ื”, ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื ืกืงืจืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืข ื’ืขืœืืกืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืืŸ ืขื“ืขืœืข, ืขืจื”ืื‘ืขื ืข ื–ืขืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื— ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืื ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื˜ืขืœืžืืŸ. 

ืงื•ืงืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขืจื•ื”ื™ื’ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื•ืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืก ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ. 

ื•ื™ื ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฉืื˜ืฆืขืŸ 38 ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืคืฆื™ื’. 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืงืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธื”ืจืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ืก- 
ืฆื™ื ืข ืฉืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื“ืข?,. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ื ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืฆื•- 
ืฆื™ื”ื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืจืืคื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืืจืฃ, ื“ืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆื• ืœืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, 
ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื“ืจื™ื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืขืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ืคื™ื - 
ืกื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืจื•ื ื“, | | 

ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ืฉึถื˜ึตืึธื”ึผ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ึทืขึฐืžึทืื›ึฐื˜ ืงึดื™ื™ึฐื›ึฐื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงึฐื•ื•ืขึถื ืฆื• ื‘ืขึถื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื–ื™ื™ืขึถืจืขึด 


56 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื :ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


| ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืŸ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืค 
ืื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืึธื ื˜ืืคึผืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ื ืขื”ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืืคึผื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข 
ื•ื•ืื ื“, ื™ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืืคึผื˜ ื ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื”ืœืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืืคึผื˜ ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ื ื ืืงืขื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืืคึผื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืงืืœื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื”? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ. ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™?, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืขื ืก 
ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืก ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื—ื•ื™ืš-ื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขืจ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“, ืื•ื ื“ืขื ื“ืืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 

ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืึธืจืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื”ืึธืืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ื ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืขืœ?ืœ ื‘ืข" 
ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ, . 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, - 
-ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืกืขืจื“ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐืึธื”ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ืืŸ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ื“ืข ืงืจืืคื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืœืื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ื™ืงื•ื’ืขืœ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข. 

--- ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ื”ื?- 
ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“. 

-- ื™ื ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืขืก ืื™ื– ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ! ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ืคืขืจื•ื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜. 

-- ื–ืึธืœ ื ื•ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- 
ืื– ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข, ื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืžืขื”ืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืœืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืฉื˜ื•ื”ืœืขืŸ 
ืึดื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงึตื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืขืœ ื ึดื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืจืขืŸ, ืึถื‘ืขึถืจ ื–ึตื™ื™ 


| ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 55 


ื•ื•ืขืœื˜? ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืืจื•ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืคืืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืขื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ื™ื-ืจื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืขืจ. 

ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืœืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ ืคืขืจืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืคึผ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืœืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– 
/ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืืงืขื˜ืข 
ืคื™ืก, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืคึผืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืขื“ 
ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ. ื ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ 
ืคืขืจืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื”ื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. ืืจื•ื 
ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœ, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืฉืš ืžืฆืจื™ื. 

ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืœื•ื›ืขืŸ. 

--- ืคืขืจืคืœื•ื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื”ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ --- 
ืงืื ื™ื‘ืืœืขืŸ, ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ-ืคืจืขืกืขืจ, ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ืกืขื•ื“ื” ืžืื›ืขืŸ 4 ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ ืคึผืขืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืขื ืข 
ื‘ืื ื“ืข ! 
| -- ื‘ืขืจื•ื”ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืœืขื ื“ ! ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื’ืขืœืืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืฆื• 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจื’ืขืจืขืŸ ? ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืœื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื˜ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜. 

-- ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™? ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื ื“ืข ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ! ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื ื•ื ! ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืก ืคื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืกื˜ ? 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืกืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื•ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื ื“ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ! ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืจืขืŸ, 
ืฐืข? ืื™ืš... : : 

-- ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืœืขื ื“! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื“ --- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื’ืขื˜ืื”ืจ 4 ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื™ืžืคึผืคืขืจืฒืขืŸ. 
ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื. 


4 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคื–ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 
2 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื•"ืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื— ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื˜, ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ืงืœืึธื”ืจ, ืื– ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ืขืจื ื™ืฅ 
ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ. 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœื–ืึธ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ? 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืงืจืืคื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื™ื˜ ? 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื ืขื“ืขื ืง, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก- 
ืคืึธืœืขืจ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ืฉื™ืฃ. | 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืžืืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืื•ืžื’ืขื ืขื ื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืขืจื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื•ื 
ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ืืŸ ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื—ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืคืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื ืงื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืื ื ื–ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืึถื˜, ืึธื˜ ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ! 

-- ืืš, ืคืขืจืคืœื•ื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื  ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก --- ืขืคืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ, ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ืข- 
ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืฉื•ืจืงืขืก ! 

ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื‘ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข 
ืจื™ื’ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืžืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืžืืกืงื™ืจื˜ืข ืคึผื ื™ื'ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ื”ืฆ -';; ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ื ืข. 


8ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืœื™ื›ืขื 


ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“-ื˜ื”ืื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจืึธื‘ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ื™ื-ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ: ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ } ืขื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ 4 ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ึตื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 53 


ืฉื˜ื™ืง. ืฆื• ืืœืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื” ืคืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืข, 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืฐืึธืœืงืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืœืื’ืข ื ืึธืš ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ. : 

ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš, ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืืŸ ื ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ื˜ืข? ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
- ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื• ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 

ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืงืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– 

ืืจืึธื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ืืจื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื‘ื”ืขื ื’ื™ื ื’ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืคึผืจื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื“ ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืžืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืฃ. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• 
ื”ืึธืคึผืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืืœืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืœื–ืึธ ืื•ื ืžืขื’- 
ืœื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืคืขืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืก --- ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื‘ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืืกืขืŸ ืงื‘ืจ. 

ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื - 
ื“ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฐื•ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึทึธื‘ื ืขืฉืฐื™ื™ื ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ื’ืœื™ืง ื“ืขืจื˜ืืคึผื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขื ืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืืœื‘ ืคืขืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื“. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืžืึธ- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึถืš 
ื ืฉื˜ืจืื”? ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืฉื™ืฃ 
-- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ --- ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืš ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืคื˜. ืึถื”ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงื•ื ืฆื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื•ึผืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื ื’ืขื”ืืคื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ืงื™ืจืฆืœื™ืš ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ื ืคึผืขืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื’- 
ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. 

ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื ืข, ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขื ื“ืœื™ืฃ ืคึผืึธืจืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ืขืŸ,. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 


ืฉื 
ื 


62 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื”? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื™ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืื ื“ืข ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ-ืคืื ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ, 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื™ืฃ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื 
ืžืืฉื™ื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ. ื–ื™ื ืžื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ. 

--- ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืฅ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– 
ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ. 

--- ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื–ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ื ืฉืึธืงืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืœืืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ. 

ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ 
ื ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคื›ืืคึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืืš. 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธื ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืคืืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืฆื•ื 
ื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’, ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืขืœื˜. 

--- ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ึผืข- 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื”ืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื”. : 

ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืœืขื›ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืœืื˜ืขืŸ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื– ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื  
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืฐืึธื”? ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื ืขื”- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื“ืขืง, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ-ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืข- 
ืจืืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 81 


ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ื˜ื•ืคึผืขืŸ . 
ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ืคื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ื•ื™ื’-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขื˜ืืœ. 
ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืขืก ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืกืึธืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ืคืข? -- ื ื”ืืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคึผืื ืฆืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื, ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืข?: ืงืจืึธืงืึธื“ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืืœื™ื’ืื˜ืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ, 
ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš, ื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขื”ืจืขืจืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื—ื™ื•ืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืžืช, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข , 
ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ! ! 
ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจืื“ืข ืคืขืจื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืจื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืึดื™ืšึฐ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืืจื•ืžื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ืคึผืขืŸ-ืคึผืึธืจืžื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืงึผืจืึธืงืึธื“ื™ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื™ื-ื—ื™ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืกืึธืจื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืœืื˜, 
ืคึผืึทืœื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ืงืœืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืืŸ ืึถื‘- 
ืงืœืื ื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ื?. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ-ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขื ืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืข, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืก ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืก, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืข, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืจืืฉืขื ื“. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืžื™ืื•ืก'ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืจื™ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืข, ืื•ื ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืœื™ื›ืข 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ'ืก ื”ืขื ื“---ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆื• ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ. 

ื™ื, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืึธืก 


ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ 


50 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืืš ื”ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ื”ืขื. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืื˜ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื–,. ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘. ืฆื•ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ 
ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืคืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ื”ืืจื˜ืขืŸ 
ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื˜ื”ืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข 
ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืš ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ืจ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืจื ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข 
ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืืœืขืก ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืข ืžื™ืš ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ. ื‘ืืœืจ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜. 

-- ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™?! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืฉื˜ืืžืขืœื˜. 

--- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืœืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

--- ื’ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ืš ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ื›ึผืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืก, ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื–. 

-- ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ? 

--- ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžึดื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื’ืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก. โ€ 

-- ืืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ- 
ื’ืืจื•ื•ืืœ., 

--- ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื” ืื™ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืขืจืจ ืœืขื ื“. ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, 

-- ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’. ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื™ื-ืžื–ื™ืง. ืื™ืš ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื” ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื–ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื - 
ื“ืจื•ืง, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคึผื ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืขื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื- 
ื ืขืงืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื•ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื ื™ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 


ื•ื™ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 4 


-- ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ! ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ 
ืคึผืขืจื‘ืึธืจื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœืงืขื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืึธืกืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืœืข ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืข? ืื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื ื’ืก-ืฉื™ืคืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ืื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธ- 
ืคืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ื”ืขืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืขืจ- 
ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืžื™ืฆืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข 
ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ-ืงื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ'ืก ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. 

-- ื“ื• ื”ืขืจืกื˜, ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ื™ื, ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืคึผืึธืจ 
ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ :. ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ! ืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ! 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืงื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•? ืงื•ืžื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฉืคึผืจืขืš-ืจืขื”ืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืกื™ื’ื ืืœื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืงืกืข? ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ื ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืฆื•ืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ื• ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™?? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืจืขืง --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ. ืืœืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ, 

ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 4 ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ? ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื”ื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืขืŸ ื ืึถืš 
ืืžืึธืœึผ. ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื›ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ. ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืขื ืงื•ืœ. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื›ื—ื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืœืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื. ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฑืกื ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื 


48 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื›ื—ื•ืช. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึธืœื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ : 
ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืขื“ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืก. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื™ืขื“ืข ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธืคืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ืคืจื™ื’ืื˜ืข. 


ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืฃ. 
ืงืืœื˜ืข ื”ืึธืคื ื•ื ื’ ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธืคื ื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืฆืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ'ืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ ืืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ 
ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. : 


ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ื-ื—ื™ื” 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ืคืืจ ื”ืืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืื– 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ึนื ื–ื•ื ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืŸ. ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ,,. 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ืžื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืขื”ืœืขืŸ, 
! ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื–ื ืœืื ื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขื™ ืื•ื™ืกื”ื?- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ? ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืŸ --- ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืจืขื - 
ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืงืœืึธื”ืจืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึธื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืขืง". 
ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ. | 


ืืจื•ื ืื™ื™ื ืก ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื”ืืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ืžื™ืขื“ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืœื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื”ืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš. ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ. ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืœื™ื™. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ืžืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื‘ืืš ื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื›ื—ื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื 
ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ. 


-- ืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš ืึธื‘, ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™?! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ื–ืขื” ืจืขื˜ืข 
ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 4 


-- ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ } 

-- ื“ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื‘ืขืฉืขื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ. 
ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ืจืขื” ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ, ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืก ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืœืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ. 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ. 

-- ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืงื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืคื™ืขืœืขืก ืคึผืืกื™ืจืขืŸ. 

ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™ืœ'ืก ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืข? ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ืกืข? ืžื•ื˜ื”ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืขืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงึผืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืืกืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? โ€ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

ืจื™ื™ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื  ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืกืขืจื™? ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืืจืึธื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื™ืกืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืื•ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”ืœื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ?'ืก ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขื 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืœืื ืข ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื™ื™- 
ืกืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง ? ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึธืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืขื”ืœืขืŸ 4 ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขื ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ? 

ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™?ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืœืืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื ืขืจ- 
ืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื ืขืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืคื™ื - 
ืงืึธืœึผืŸ" ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ืžื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ืงืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืคืขืœ 
ืื•ื ื– ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ืึธื ืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ 


46 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ. ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืข? ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืึธื‘ื ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื ืขืคืื”ืจ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ. 

--- ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ! ืจืขื˜ืขื˜! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’ 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึธ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœึผืŸ" 
ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธึท- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ. 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ื”ืขื ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืก. 

-- ื”ืขืœืคื˜! ืจืขื˜ืขื˜! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉืจื™ื™. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืืœืฆืขื ืข, ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื™ื- 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืž- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆื• ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขืคื™ื”ืœื˜, ืื– ืึธื˜, ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ืง 
ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ื ืจื•ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš, ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš. 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื’ืข ื”ืื ื“ ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื  
ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’ ื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื•ื•ื™? ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฉืคึผืืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื" 
ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื™ืืจ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื“ ืึธื ื ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื”ื. 

--- ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ื• ืขืก 4 --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ -- ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ืขืก ? 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืืจืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ? : 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒืœ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ,' 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ. ืฉื™ืฃ 4 --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜. 

-- ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ? --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ืจื•ืงืขืŸ -- ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ. 

--- ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ืงืกื˜ ื“ื• ? 

--- ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื ืขื™ 
ืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืžึตืืฉื™ึผื™ 
ื ืขืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 45 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ,. ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ื“ืขืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ื”ืขื 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคึผืขื ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืขื– ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื›ืืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืื ืฆื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืคื™ื ืงืขืœื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืคืขืจื‘ืœืขื ื“ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืœื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื’ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ-ืคืื ื’ืขืจ 
ื ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจืคืข ื•ื•ืืคืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื”ืืกื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™- 
ื–ืขืจื ืขื ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข, ืจื™ื™ืกืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืื ืึธื ืข 
ืืจื•ื™ืคึผื ืขืฉืึธืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื•ืžืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ื™ืกืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื–ืขื ืœืขืŸ. ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื•ืขื ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื ื’ืืœืขื ื“ืขืจ (ืคึผืืจืขื ืฆืข) ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ืŸ. 


7ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ืึท ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืึทืจืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืœืคื™ืฉ 


ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื™" 
ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืก ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ 
ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ 
ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ื’ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 
! ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืึธื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืคืืœืขืŸ 4 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ื ืฉื™ืคืข? ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืจืขื˜ืขืŸ ? ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืคืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ? 

ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืคืึธืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ึนื™ื ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืข 
ืžืืคืข ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืœืึทืฉืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ึถืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉึดืื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขึทืœื›ึถืข ืื™ื– ื”ืืกื˜ื™ื’ 


4 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืฃ 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคึฟื ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ืขืŸ ื ืขืจืขื ืงื˜, ืื– 
| ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืก ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ, ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš ืžื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื ืึธืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื“ืึธืš ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ื”ืขื 
ื›ืืคึผืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจื™ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื“ืืžืคึผื”ื™ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืžื™ืขื“ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ื˜ื™ื’ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ 
ืืœืขืก ืฐืึธืก ื ื•ืจ ืžืขื ืœื™ืš, ืื•ื ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืื‘ืข ืฆื• ืขืจืคื™ืœืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื ืื˜ืข ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขื 6ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ื’ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธืŸ 
ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืžืขื—ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธืคื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ืืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื—ืฉืง ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื . ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืื•ื ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ 
ืคืืจ ื”ืืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–, ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื™- 
ื’ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืื™ื– ื ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืœืึท- 
ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืจืžื™ืขื“ื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืจืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืขื - 
ื“ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืจ, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืœืื ื ื–ื- 
ืžืขืจ, ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ ื›ืืคึผืขืŸ ื ื“ืจืขืžืข? ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื˜ืืงื™ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืื’ื•ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื-ืจื™ืขื– ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืึถื”ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ, ืื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืื•ื•ืขืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข 
ื—ื™ื”. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืกื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืจื™ืขื–. 

ื“ื™ื ืฉึดืื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ืื ืฅ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ึนื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 43 
ืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ื™ื-ืจื™ืขื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–, ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืข? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™- 
ื”ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื? ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ-ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ. 

ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื ืคึนึผืึถืจ ืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืžื™ื™? ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœ- 
ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœืฆื™ื™ื’. 
0 ืื•ื ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื–ื™ืง ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืื•ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื”ืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื”ืึธืืจ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 


. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืึถื ืฆื•ื- 


ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ! 


: = 


| -- ืืš, ื“ื• ืคืขืจืคืœื•ื›ื˜ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื–ืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ืขืจื˜ --- ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื–ื˜ ืฉื ืข- 
ืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ", ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ! ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜, ืืœืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืื ืึธื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืึธื ื˜. 
' ื“ื™ื ืงืื ืึธื ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื“ืขืจืกื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึธืจืขืŸ 
ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื. ืงื•ื™? ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืœื•ื™- 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 

-- ืฉื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื”ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืึธื ืข ืึธื ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคื™ื™ืขืจืขืŸ. ืคื™ื ืฃ ื”ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ ื‘ืขืœืึธื”ื ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขื ื™ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ื™ืข ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ! 

ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ-ืฉื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ. ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข 

ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜- 

ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื–'ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืจืขื”ืœื™- 
ื›ืขืจ ื”ื•ืจืจื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืจื”ื™ืœื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜. 

ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื˜ื“ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืขืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื™? ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืขื ื™ื-ืžื–ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืื“ื˜, 
-- ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืคืข?! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ! ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืื”ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœืขื ืข ืคืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ื–ืขืงืก 


:ืฆืึธืœ ื“ื™ืง ! 


-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขืจืขื ื˜ ื ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ --- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืข? ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ื™ืข ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคึผืœืืฆืขืŸ ! 

ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื“ืื ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืึธื  
ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืื•ื ื‘ืขื ืจื™ื™ืคืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ื ืึธื›ืฆื•ืื™ืึธื’ืขืŸ. 


42 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื•ื ื ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœ, ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขืœืึทืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืฐื•ื™ื ื“ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื›ื˜ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืžื™ื™? ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื-ืจื™ืขื– ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื ืขืœ. ืื•ืž- 
ื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื”ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืืจื“. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉืื ื“ืข ืคืืจ ื ืฉื ืขืœื™ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ึทืฉืขืจ 
ืคืœืึธื˜ืข. ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคึผืจืืฐืขื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื• ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืืœืฅ ืงืืฅ-ืื•ืŸ-ืžื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืจื•ืคืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืคืึธื”ืœืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึธึผ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ. ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘- 
ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื ืฆืขื”ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืข? ืžื™ื™? ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ื–ืืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื•ื•ืื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœ: ื ึนืึธืšึฐ ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ! ื ืึธืš 
ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ! ื“ื™ื ืžืืกื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื”ืจืขืŸ. 

--- ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™? ! ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื•, ืื– ืžื™ืจ 
ืžืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืคืฆืŸ- 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ? 

--- ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื’ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื”'ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ึนืึถึธืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ 
ืœืื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜. ' 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืข? ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืงืขืกืขืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœ ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืึธื‘- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืคืจืขื”ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืœืึทืคืขืŸ. 

ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ; ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ! ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืขืจ ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื– 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 41 


-- ื’ื•ึผื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื“ืึธืš ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืึธื " 
ื”ื™ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ืคื•ืœืข ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ-ืงืจืืคื˜. 

ื ื”ื•ืจืจื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™?ืœ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืœืข 
ื ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงื•ื™ืžืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ 
- ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจ- 
ืงึนึผืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืฉืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
- "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื 
ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืึธ- 
ื”ืขื ื˜. ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื ืคืœื™ื” ื ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ :ืื•ื™ื’ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขืจื˜ื”ืืœื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืœ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. 

ื‘ื™ื™ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืข?ืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžื–ื™ืง ืคืขืจ- 
ืคืึธืœื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืจื™ื™ืฆื˜. ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื•ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 

ื ืึธื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขืŸ. 
: ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืงึผืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก. 
-- ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืื ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 
- -- ื ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื™ืขืฆื˜ 4 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ 
-- ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื. ืฉื™ืคืขืœ, ืื•ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ื”ืืจืคึผื•ึนื ื™ืจืขืŸ ? 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืึทืžืื ื“ื™ืจ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืฆื• ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ืจืื˜ื” ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ? 

-- ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื ืข? ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš. ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื–ื™ื˜ืฆืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืขืจืกื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจืข{ืื™ื™ 

-- ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืœืขื ื“! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืขืจ, 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืจืื“ ืฉื ืขืœ- 


ืงื™ื™ื˜ ! 


ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ,. ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ืงืขืกืขืœ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื ืจืขืกืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืจืขื”ื˜ 


40 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืืจื•ื ืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“'ืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ : 

--- ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–, ืœื™ื ืงืก ! 

ืืœืขืžืขื ืก ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜. ื“ืึธืจื˜, 
ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื ืžื™ื™? ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงืขืŸ 
ื ืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืœืขืŸ 
ืžืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ืืจื“ ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื ืข 
ืงืœืขืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื‚ืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื”ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืคึผืืก, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื ืขืœ-ืฉื™ืฃ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš. 

| ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ื—ื™ื” ืื•ืŸ 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื. 

ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฉืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ืฉืื ืึธืŸ" 
ืื•ืŸ "ื”ืขืœื•ื•ืขืฉื", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ" 
ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ 280 ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’. ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธื‘ืฉืืฆืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื 
ืœืขื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืง ืขืจ ืื™ื–. 

ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื” ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข 
ื ืึธื–ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ. ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืจืš 120 ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคึฟื™ืฉ 
ืึธื˜ื”ืขืžื˜ ืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื‘ืข- 
ืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื™ื-ืžืขืžืขืœื–ื•ื™ื -ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ, ืคึผืื˜ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืœืคื™ืŸ ื ืขื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืงืœืืกืข. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืืœืข ื–ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื”. ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืจื™ืขื– ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึธืคึผื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืคืฒืคึผืึธืœืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืคืขื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืš ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก, 


ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืื ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ : ื 


ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ ? 
--- ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 39 


ื ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ --- ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื”ื ื ื•ืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื–ืืžืขืจ 
ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 

--- ืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืฉื™ืคืข? ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืื ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ --- ืื™ืš ื’ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ืš. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื  ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื ื™ื‘ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. 

ืืจื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ื”ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืขืŸ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจื ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืœืึธืงืึธืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคืขืจื“ ืงืจืืคื˜. 

-- ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืจืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืŸ ืงืื•ื•ืืœืขืจื™ืข-ืจืขื’ื™ืžืขื ื˜ ! -- 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืืžืคึผืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืึธื’ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืื ื’ืข ื‘ื™ืงืกืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื ืข- 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืืจ- 
ืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ืขืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ืžืื›ืขืŸ. ืื‘ื™ ื ื•ืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง-ืฆื™ื™ื’, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืขืœ. 

ืื•ื ื–ืขืงืก ืื•ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื‘ื™ืกืข? ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืืจื•ื•ื? ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืœ, ืื– ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ื™ืข- 
ื–ืข ืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจื ื™ืก ืคืขืจืฉืืคื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืžืืกื˜. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื ืขืคืึธืœื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืข? ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขืงืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจืข ื–ืขื ืขืœ-ืฉื˜ืื ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืึธื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. ื“ืขื ื™ื-ืจื™ืขื– 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขื ืคืืœืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ 
ื“ืขื ื ืขื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, 


8 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ ืึธื ื™ืึธื’ืขืŸ. ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ืึธื˜ ืึถื˜ 
ืคืืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืจืœ?ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืขื’ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืจื™ื˜ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, 

ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ, ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื ืขืคืขื”ืจ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืื•, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื - 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืŸ ืงื•ืœ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืืกืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืงืจืืคื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ, ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืึธื“ืขืจืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜ ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื. 

--- ืœืขื ื“ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ'ืขืจ --- ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื“ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ? 

--- ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก 
ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉืืคื˜, 

--- ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืœืขื ื“, ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขื”ืจืœื™ืš ืคืขืจื“ื™ืขื ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ: ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืก ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฐืึธืก 
ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ? 

--- ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ืขืก ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื‘ืฆื•ืฉืื˜ืฆืขืŸ 

ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ. ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืก ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก 
ื ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืจื™ืขื– ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ื ืขื–ื™ื ื“ืข?. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืจ" 
ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
| ืจืขื“ืขืŸ. 
-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืœื•ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืึดื™ืšึฐึผ ื’ืข- 


ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืคึผืืกื”ืืคื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ, 
--- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ? ื ื•ืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ืงื•ืžืข-- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 7 


ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืขืŸ ื”ืขืœ-ื’ืœืขื ืฆืขื ืจืขืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืื ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข? ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ืกืฆืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืขืจ- 
ืคึผืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื–ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืคืขืจืงืขื”ืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื˜ืืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื” ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืขืจ ื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืคืื”ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืžื™ื” ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ? ื•ื•ืืจื•ื, ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ? ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฐื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ 4 ืคืืจืื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ : 

-- ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคื•ืจื›ื˜ื‘ืืจืข 
ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื ืึธื ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืขืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจื•ื ื™ืขืฆื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, ืื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคืื”ืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ืจื ืื–ื ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืึถื‘- 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืฆื• ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื’ืข ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืžืฃ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ืขื” ืื™ืš, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ !---ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐึผ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื•. 

-- ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ืš ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ -- ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืข 
ืงืจืืคื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ื—ืจื•ื‘ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ! 

-- ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, ืื– 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš. 

ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ. ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขื’ื ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคึผืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื ืงื˜. 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื’ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื™ื-ืจื™ืขื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 


6 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื—ื™ื” ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจืœื™ื›ืข, ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื’ืข ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืข- 
ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึธื‘ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจืื”ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃื” ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข. 

--- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื•ืจ ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ื•ื™ืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืกืคืึธืจ ืžืืกืขืŸ? -- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืคืึธืกืคืึธืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื–ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืขืœืขืง- 
ื˜ืจื™ืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜. : 

ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™? ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืœืฅ ื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–. 

-- ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื ื•ืจ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ --- ืขืก ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ! ืขืก ื“ืขืจื ืขื”ืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ! ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข, ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข 
ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืก ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ! 

ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื”ื•ืžื” 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

--- ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื‘ืขืคืึธื”ืœืขืŸ --- ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื - 
ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืึธืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ! 

ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื•ื ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืจืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืข- 
ื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœืฑื™- 
ืคืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืคึผืขืœื˜ืข 
ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธื›ื ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืขืœื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืจ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง, ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื-ืจื™ืขื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืจืขื”ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืึทื”ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื– ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ืฃ. ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืืจ 
ืžื™ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืื‘ื™ืกืขืœ, ืื•ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื ืคืืœึถืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื”ืืกื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืžืื›ื˜, ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืคื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. 

ืคึทึผืœื•ืฆึทืœื•ื ึตื’ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ึทืื ึฐืฆึทืขืŸ ืคึทืขึถืจืฉื•ื•ืึธื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 38 


ื ื ืืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืžื™ื” ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืคืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ! ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืงืก 
ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 

-- ื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธื”ื ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื. ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจืŸ'ืก ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, 

-- ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืœืื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–. 

-- ืื™ืšึธ ื“ืขื ืง ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืœืื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืจ. ืžืขื’ ืื™ืš ืขืก 

ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ? 

| --- ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื , ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ! 

-- ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ! ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขื”ืจืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืื™ื–, ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ืžื–ืขื”ืŸ --- 
: ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ?ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื˜, ืื™ื– 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืฉืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืœื›ืขื ื“ืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ : 

-- ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ! ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื ื˜ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–! 

ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื™ื’ืขืจ ื ืขื“ 
ืœืขื ื“, | 

6ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 


ืจื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขื’ืขื ืขื ื™ืก 


ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ื ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ื ืขื - 
ื‘ืœื™ืงืœื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื ืขืœืึธืคึผืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜, ื“ื™ื ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ, ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ, ืฉื™ืคื˜- 
ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืก-ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื•ื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืจื™ื ื ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ-ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ, . 

ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื- 
ืฉื™ื ืขืจื™. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืšึฐ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ื ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื ืขืœืึธืคืขืŸ,. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื•ื˜ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืข- 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ืขื“ืขืจ'ืก ืฉืืจืคืข ืื•ื™ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืื•ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜. ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžึดื™ื˜ ื ืคืึธืกืคืึธืจ-ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึนืžึฐืึถืœ ื“ึถืขึถืจืฆึถืขื”ืœื˜, 


24 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื”ืึธืคื ื•ื ื’, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขื ื™ื-ืจื™ืขื– ืคืขืจืฉืžืขืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืื›ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ื“ื”, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™-ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ืืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ื- 
ืœืืš ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข ื—ื™ื” ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืืœื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืึธื‘ืžืืš, ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืžืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. | 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื”ืจ ืื‘ืขื ื“ืก. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื 
ืคึผืึธืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ืืคึผืื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืขืœ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจื›ืžืืจืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฐืึธืœืงืขื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื”. ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ืข ืฐื•ืขืœ- 
ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืคึผืขืจืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’, 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืงืึธื ืกืฒ?ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื 
ืžืืกื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
?ืœืข ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ืื›ื˜-ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื 
ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. | 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืคืขืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคึผืึทื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืฆื˜. 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืฅืŸ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื-ืจื™ืขื–, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื”ืจืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ --- 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜. ' 

-- ืืฆื™ื ื“, ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™?! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ื ืขืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ ื‘ืขืœืึธื”ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืขืจืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขืŸ. 
: -- ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™?ืœ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
--- ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ื•ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขื’ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื’ื™ืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืืื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ 
ื“ืึธืœืขืจ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืžืขืจืขืŸ. : 

= ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜, ืงืึธื ืกืฒ?. ื ืึธืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืฅ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 58 


ื’ืขื ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ืฉืื ื“ืข ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืœืขืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ื 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื ืกื˜ ืฆื• ืขืจืคื™ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืœืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืขืจื“ืจื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจื ื™ืก. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ -- ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืžืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ืฉืขื”ืžื˜ืข ืคึผื ื™ื'ืขืจ. : 

ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืก-ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸื“ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธืค- 
ื ื•ื ื’ ืื– ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื“ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืขืœ ืžื™ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืึธื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื 
ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืคึผืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืืจื•ื ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืข, ืึถื”ืŸ 
ืื™ืจื ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ื›ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ืคึผืื ื’ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ, 
ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืจ ืงืึธืœื•ืž- 
ื‘ื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ื‘ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืืจืื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจ- 
ืงื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ืื•ืžืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ื 
ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. ืคืืจืื’ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื’ืข'ืคึผื•ืขืœ'ื˜. 
| ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืœื•ืก ืื™ื– ื ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื 2ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ. ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ 9ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคืืจ'ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸื“ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ื- 
ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธืคื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง- 
ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืžื•ื˜ื” ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื- 
ื ื•ื ื’. 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืื™ื‘ืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืœืื ื ื–ืื, ืื•ื ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ืข ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 


32 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืžืขื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ืจื™ืขื– ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื•ื– 
! ื“ืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืฉืึธื•- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื ืคืขืจื ื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ'ืก 
ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื, ืฐื•ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืืงืขื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืกืงืึธืคึผืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ. 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืจืขื ื˜, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขื”ื˜. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ' ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ืืœืขืžืขืŸ'ืก ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฆืขืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื 
ืคื™ืขื‘ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจ- 
ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื ืืกื˜ -- ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸื“ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื ื™ืึธื”ืจ-ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ? ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืืœืข 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ืืคึผืื ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ื™ื. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ื™ื ื ืื ืฆืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื โ€ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื—ื™ื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ืคึผื™ืข? ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ, ืื– ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืึธื‘ื’ืขื ืืจื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขื ืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื’ืขื™ืขื’ ื ึนืึถืšึฐ ื–ื™ื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืžื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืื˜. : | . 
ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคึผืจืื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืฉืคึผืืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคื™ืขืœ ืžื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ ื’ืขืงืึธืกื˜. โ€ - 
ืงื•ืจืฅ ; ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื–ืืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข 
ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืขื ืคืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื” ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ืฉืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’. 
ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืกื˜ืข ืื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ-ื ืขื”ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื‘ื ืข- 
ืงื™ื”ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขื”ืจืขื ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืึธืคึผื™ืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ. ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
- ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืืžืช ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื”. ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืฑืคึผื ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืŸ'ืก ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืžื•ืจืžืœืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื–ืืš ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืขื›ืขืจืœื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึถื ื”ื•ึนื™ื‘ ืึธืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™- 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ึฟื•ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ึนื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 1 


ืงืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื ื˜ื˜ื’, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืžื—, ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ? ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ื ื“ื•ื ืงืขืœืข, ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ื ื˜ืข ื ืื›ืจื™ื›ื˜ ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืš-ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื—ืจ ื–ืึธื ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืคืจืื’ืข : ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ.? ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ 
- ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ? ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื, ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืื– ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื–, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื“ื•ืจื›?ืขื›ืขืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ ? ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืœืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ืขืจ ! ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ? 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื”, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื™ืข ืืจื ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืึธื ืฆื•ืืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ! ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื ืขื˜ืืคึผื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื 
ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธื˜'ืก ื‘ืขืจืื˜ื”, ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืืœ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคึผืขืจื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืข? ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ: ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ 
ืจืขื›ื˜. ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืกื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืึธื ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขื 27ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืื ืจืข" . 
- ืจืขืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ืขืŸ ืขืจื“-ืงื•ื ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ. ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื 
ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ. ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื- 
ืจืื’ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขืื•ืจื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ืข? ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžื™ื™- 
ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืœืื›ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ืื–ื ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. ืื–ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืคืฉ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื 
ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืื™ื– ืึถื”ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืข? ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. ืžื™ืจ-ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื- 
ืจื•ื ื’ืขืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืืจืงื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื ื“ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ึผื˜ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื”ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“, ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜, ืื– ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืžึฐืึธ- 


0 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืŸ ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืกืขืจ. ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื– ืึธื‘ื’ืขื ืืจื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืขืจืคืจืขื”ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ื”ืึธืจืŸ, ?ืกื•ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืืจืึธื ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืขื ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืงืขืŸ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื–ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ืžืืจืžืึธืจื ืข ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื”- 
ืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจึฐื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืžืื›ืขืŸ : "ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืฆื•ืคื™ืข? ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจ ืฉืื“ืขืŸ". 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื–ื™ืกื˜. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื• 
ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜. 

ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ื ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ืขื ื˜. ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืื• ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื ืื˜ ื™ื•ึนืœึดื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื ืขืข, ืจืขื’ืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜, 
ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืจืขื’ืขื ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื™ื˜ืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื”ืื˜. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ื”ื™ื  ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข 
ืื•ื ืขื ื“ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ. 
ื• ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืืคึผื™ืงื•ืจื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื™ื-ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื  ืฐืึธืก ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืื ื’ืขืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜. ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคึผื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฆื•ื•ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ื ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ืคึผืขืจื“ืจืึธืคืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืืจืคืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆื•ื ื•ื˜ืฅ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืขืจื’ืขืจื˜, 
ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืกื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื ืืจื•ื•ื? ืคืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขื ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืคืื ื’ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืืจืคืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืค'ืŸ ื™ื, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืขืจืจื™ื™ื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคืึธืจื•ื•ื™ืจืคืข 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื ื™ืœื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ืกืขืค 
ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

--- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ! . --- ื”ืึธื˜ 

ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื˜ --- ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื– ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜, ืื– ืื–ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ื™ืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืšึผ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื–ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื™ืืง 


ืฆื•ื–ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 29 


ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื”. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ื”ืขื ื“ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก. 

ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ืื™ื– ืฉื ืขืœ?ืœ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืื•ื˜-ืื™ืกื˜ 
ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื. ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื. ืฉืžืึธืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืžืื ืขืœืืŸ". ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ 
- ืคืืจืื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื™ืขื ืขื ืฉืžืึธืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื•ื, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขื ืžืขืขืจ, ืื ื˜ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคึผ 
ื”ืึธืจืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ื’ ืกื™ื˜'ืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืžืึธืœึถืขืŸ ืคึผืืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจ 
ื™ืขื ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ. 

- ื“ืขื ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืœึธื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™- 

ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืข?, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ "ืงื™ื™ืคึผ ื”ืึธืจืŸ", ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืข- 
ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื ืžืขืช ืœืขืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ. 

-- ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ ! ื’ื™ื˜ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ึถืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืžืื˜ืจืึธ- 
ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜, 


-- ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื "ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืขื ืขื? ื ืืจื•ื•ื? ืึธื - 


ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื—ืฉืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ืคืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืงื•ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื. ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ื˜ืขืœืขืกืงืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืึถื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื™ืข- 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื™ื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ" 
ืฆื• ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื“ืึธืœืขืจ. 

ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืขืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืขืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธืœืข. ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื‘ืขืœืึธื”ื ื•ื ื’ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ืžืขืจื˜, ื“ึธืึถืšึฐ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื ื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœืึธืคืขืŸ, ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื‘ึผื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ. 

ื–ืขื”ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืขืจืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ 


28 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ืึธื ื˜; ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ! ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืคึผื™ืงื•ืจื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื - 
ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืืŸ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื "ืกืงืืฉื" ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ! 

--- ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคื•ืŸ-ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™? ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ. 

| ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 

ืฐืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ / 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ื˜ืจื—ื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื˜ืขื ื”'ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืข- 
ื–ืขืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืกื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ืขืึธืจื™ืข, ืื– 
ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื ืื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข, 


ืคื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 


ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 


ื“ืขื 30ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืืžืขืจื™ืงื- 
ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคืื ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืึทื›ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ. ืฉื™ืฃ 
"ืžืึธื ืจืึธื•" ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ โ€ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื ืื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื™ื”ื ื”ืขืœืคืขืŸ ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืžืขืจืงื˜. 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืคืึธืœืข ื‘ืจื™ื”'ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื“ื™ื ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื ื™ืก 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื "ืžืึธื ืจืึธืŸ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ, 
ื•ื•ึผืื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ. ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื›ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขื™ืขื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ. 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ึฟืฑื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 24 


ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื˜ืžืึธืงืคืขืจืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืขืก ื ืึธื›- 
ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ืฆื• ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื . 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ 
ืคึผื•ึนืœึถืข 29 ืคื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืข ? 
-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ, ืœืึธืžึดื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, 
ื˜ืจืึทื ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื ืคื•ืŸ 18 ืคื•ื ื˜ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ'ืก ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ? 
-- ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ 6,800. ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ 19 ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืžืื›ืขืŸ, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ 97,500 ืคื•ื ื˜. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื’ืข ืžืฉื ? -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื - 
ืคืืš ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื ืขืคื™ืœึฐื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ืคื˜. ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜ ืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืœึถืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืฑืกืคึผื•ืžืคึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืข. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื”; ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ 22 ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื- 
ืคืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื˜ืžืึธืก- 
ืคืขืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื  ืื–ื ืงืจืืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืžื•ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ. 320 ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืจื•ืง ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืข ; 3,200 ืคื•ืก 
ื˜ื™ืขืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืขืก, ืื•ืŸ 32,000 ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืขืจืš ื–ืขืงืก ืžื™ื™ืœ, ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืื˜ืžืึธืก- 
ืคืขืจืขืก, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 97,800,000 ืคื•ื ื˜! ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื“ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืžืขื ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ?ืึธื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ืขืงืก ืžื™ื™? ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื—ื™ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ? ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื ื‘ื•ืจื” ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ ื- 
ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ? ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืื–ื ืื–ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื–ืึธืœ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœืขื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ? 

-- ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืฃ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืงืขื ืจื™ื’. 

-- ื ื•, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ?---ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืžืฃ 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

--- ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ! ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืฅืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง 


ื™ึน 


6 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื-ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื–ืืš. ืคืืจ ืฐืึธืก, ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืค, 
ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจืขืŸ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธืจื˜ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™- 
ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืขื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ? 

-- ืึธืž ื˜ืืงืข ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ-ืคืื ื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ' 
ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื” ื ื™ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืข- 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื™ืžื™ื, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœ ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข 
ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื›ื›ื— ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืœืขื›ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืฉื™ืฃ. 

--- ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื ืขื“ืš! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ -- ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ื“ืึถืš 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึธื•ื˜, ืื– ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ! 
| --- ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข! --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’. ืคืจืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื ืœืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืฃ ? 

--- ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ื ืคืืจืืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืื– ืขืก 
ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื”ืขืจื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื”ืึธืœืฅ, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืงืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœ. 

--- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืขืก ื ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื ืืจื•ื•ื? 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืขื›ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ืงืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœ, 

-- ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ|? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, 
ืื– ืื–ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฐื•ืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ โ€ 
ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ืžื•ื– ื‘ืขื–ื™ื˜ืฆืขืŸ ืื–ื ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ืงืข- 
ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ. 

--- ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ืขืก ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ? 

--- ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™- 
ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจืข, ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ 
ืคื™ื”ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื˜ืืคึผืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐืึธื’ -- ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฐืึธื’. ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืคืขืกื˜ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ื–ื™ื™? ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 89 ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš. ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื•ืืœ? ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืขืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ื•ื™ื 82 ืคื•ืก ื˜ื™ืขืฃ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 28 


ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื 
ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืื™ื”ื 
ื ื™ืขืžืืœืก, ื ื™ืขืžืืœืก ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ, ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™" 
ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื ืืจื•ื•ื? ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜. ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ 
- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืฒึทื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ืื–ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืคืฉ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืขืจื’ื™ืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ืžืขืฉื” ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืืกื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ื“ืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขื”. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืžืึธืœ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™- 
ื ืขืจ ื™ื-ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื™ื”ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ 
ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืืจื•ื•ื?. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืขื”ื ืขื, ืคึผืจืื›ื˜- 
ืคืึธืœืขืŸ ืื‘ืขื ื“, ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื“ืจื™ื™ ื•ืึธื›ืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ. 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื -ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืคึผ ื‘ืœืื ืง, 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืžื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืื˜ืื’ืึธื ื™ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ึนื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืคึผืœืฑื“ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืคืึธืœืขืŸ ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืœื™ื›ืข ืื•ื™ื  ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขื˜, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื ื ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ ืœืขื ื“'ืก ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืึดื™ื”ื ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืขื’ืขืŸ. ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, 

-- ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ --- ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ --- 
ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ ? ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื•ื 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜? ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ 
ื“ืขืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“, ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขื›ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ืจ- 
ื–ืื›ืข ื•ื•ืืจื•ื ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜? 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ืคืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืจืืฆื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก: ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืคื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื“ืขืจ ืขืจืื™ื ืขืจืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ; ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื™ื, ื”ืขืจืจ ืืจืื ืืงืก, 

-- ืจืืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ืึธื’ื˜ -- 
ืื™ืš ืจืขื ืง ื’ืจืืจืข ืคืขืจืงืขื”ืจื˜, ืื• ืื–ื ืžึธืืŸ ื•ื™ื ืื™ื”ืจ, ื ื•ื•ืืœืžื™ืฉ-ืคืื ื’ืขืจ, 


24 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื•ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขื“ ืœืขื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืืœืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ'ืขืจ (ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื?- 
ืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ). 

ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ืคึผืจืึท- 
ืคึผืขืกื™ืึธืŸ ืืœืก ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ-ืคืื ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ื›ื— ืฆื• ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืžืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืขืœ. ื“ื™ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ื’ืกื˜ืข ื™ื-ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ื“ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ืกื˜ืข โ€ 
ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื“ 
ืœืขื ื“'ืก ื”ืขื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจืขื”ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืข ื”ืขืœื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ื” ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื•ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข ื™ื-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข. 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึถื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืจืฆื™ื’. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ืจื™ืขื– ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืก ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ. ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื’, ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ืคื™ืขืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื’,, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ. 

ืืœืข ืงืขื ืขื“ืข'ืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ื ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืืœืก ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืขืง,'ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? 
ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข ืื™ื– ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ื ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื - 
ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ืฐื•ืึธื”? ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืš 
ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ืœืื ื“ืกืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ืขื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ื™ืžืขืขืจ ืื•ึนืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข 
ืคึผืืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. 

ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืขืจืฆืขื—ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉืคึผืื ืขื’ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึทึผืึถืขืกึดื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืžึดื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ, 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 23 


ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืขืฆื•ืช, ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™- 
ืคืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื–ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื˜ืจืขืคืขืŸ. ืื– ืื–ื ืžื–ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืŸ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืœื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืืจื•ื•ื?. ื“ื™ื 
ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืš ืื™ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ืขื”ืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืข 
- ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืคืขืŸ, ื™ืขืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผื™ืฆื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื•ืื ืฆืข ื˜ืขื’ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืžืืกื˜ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืึถื‘ื•ื•ืึธื”? ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขื ืก ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ื—ื•ื– ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื 
ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ืขื ื˜ื“ืขืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืืจื•ื•ื?, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืืŸ ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืข ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข? ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื "ืžืึธื ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ", ื ืขืžืœื™ืš ; ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื 
ื™ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืกื™ื’ื ืืœ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื“ืึธืœืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” -- ืึท 
ืกื•ืžืข ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื“ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ืคืืจ ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–, ื–ืึธื - 
ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ : ืฆื• ื’ืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื ืขืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื‘ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื. 

ืฐืึธืก ืื ื‘ืขืœืื ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื‘ืข- 
ืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื. ื ื•ืจ ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™ืœ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื - 
ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืœื ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื–ืืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืงืฆื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ืื–ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื—ื™ื” ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขื”ืœื˜. ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื—ืืจืคึผื•ืŸ (ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืขื–, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื‘ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ) ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื”ืื ื“, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข 
ืงืื ืึธื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืข ืขืงืกืคึผืœืึธื–ื™ืึธืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜, 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืืœืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธื”ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ืื’ื“ ืื™ื– 
ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืืคืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ". 

ืืฑื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืžืึธืจืขืจื ืกื˜ืข, ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ืขืŸ 


29 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ึฟื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืคื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื ื™ื• ื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ืจื–ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคืึธืœ ืฉืขื”ื ืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืืก. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื•ื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืจ ื”ื•ืจืจื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจื˜ืก (ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืื ืึธื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืกืข. 
ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืžืขืจื™ืงื- 
ื ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 99 ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ. 

ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ. ืื•ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ื”ืจ ืื‘ืขื ื“ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืืจื•ืžื™ื’ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ืื™ื– ื“ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ-ืงืจืืคื˜ - 
ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ. 

ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืœืืš ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึทื‘ื’ืขืคืื”ื•ืืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื. 


4ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืคึผื™ืงื•ืจื•ืก 


ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคืืจืื ื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืขืจ.-ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืขืข-ืžืืŸ. 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ึผ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื™- 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื˜. ืคืืจืื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก. ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขื ืขืจ ื™ื-ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื - 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืืŸ 
ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื–ืืš 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืคืขืกื˜ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืจืคืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ืื–ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืืจื’ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืžื•ื ื”, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™. ื•ื™ื ืคืจื•ืžืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– 
ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ื ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขืŸ, ื ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืฆืขืœื˜ืข ืืžื•ื ื”. 
ืคืืจืื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื”, ืื– ืขืจ ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืขืคึผ 
ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ. ื™ื. 

ื“ื™ื ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืฉื™ืขืฃ --- ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ 
ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธ- 
ืžืื ื“ื™ืจ, ืื– ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ื™ื-ืจื™ืขื– ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืคึฟืฑื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 21 


ืคืืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ื’ืื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืื– ืืœืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื˜ืจืื ืก- 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. : 

ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืขื”ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ื ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ ื™ืืจื“. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงื•ื™ืžืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘- 
- ื“ืขื”ืขื ืงื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ื ืขื”ื˜ ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ, ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืงืขืกืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื–. ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ 
ืึธื‘ืฆื•ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ'ืŸ ืงืึธืžืื - 
ื“ื™ืจ ืคืืจืื’ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ื™ืค- 
- ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ืžืื˜ืจืึธื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ืฆื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ื‘ืข- 
ืงื•ื•ืขืžืข ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื”ืจ-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. 

. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืขืง. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคึผืืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืึธืคืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื‘ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. 
= ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ? ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืจื™ ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ 
ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืคืึธืœื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ืฉื ืขืœืข. ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืื›ื˜ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ื—ื™ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ึนืึถืš 
ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื 
ื‘ึผืขืคืขื”? ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ืจื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ึผืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. 

ื‘ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, ืฉื™ืคืœืืš ืื•ืŸ ื™ืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืื™ืขืกื˜ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื’, ื•ื•ืื• ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืจืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉืขืŸ ื ื’ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. ืืŸ 
ืื•ื ืฉืขืฆื‘ืืจืข ืฆืึธื”? ื˜ืืฉืขืŸ-ื˜ื™ื›ืœืืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื”ื•ืจืจื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื”ื™ืœื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืœื•ืคื˜. 
ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ื•ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื“ื˜. : | 

ืžื™ื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื”ื ืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 


20 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ื’ ืกืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื•ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื”, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื•ื ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื”ื ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื 
ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื ืขื” ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืื”ืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ื“ืขืจ "ืžืึทื ืกื˜ืขืจ", ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื™ื-ื—ื™ื”, ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื“ื™ื ืขืงืคึผืคึผืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืคืึธื”ืจื˜ ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ, ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื. 

-- ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ! -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืขืคืจืขื ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจ. 

-- ื™ื, ืื™ืš ืจื•ืฃ ื“ื™ืš,. ืžืืš ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึถื‘. 

--- ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ. 

--- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืขืจืœื™ืจืขืŸ, ืคึผืืง ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข-ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืข ื‘ื ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืžืืš ืขืก ืฉื ืขืœ. 

| -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ? 

--- ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ื“ืึธ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืข? ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืึธืจื“ืขืจ, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืึธื›ืฉื™ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืฃ. 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื ? ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืคืึธื”ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืคึผืืจื™ื– ? 

-- ื™ื, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ึผืŸ 
ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืขื ืก-ืฉื™ืฃ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ". ื™ 

--- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ. 

--- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื•, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ? --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜-- ื“ืึธ ื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืŸ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ, 
ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืคึผืึธื”ืจื˜ ืึธื ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืžึดืœื—ืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืขืจืคืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ "ื“ื™ื ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื", ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•- 
ืจื™ืงื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืขืจืคื™ืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืื•ื ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜- 
ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื’ืœืขื ืฆืขื ื“ืข ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืคื™ืข? ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข. ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ ื“ื• ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ? 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ --- ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืคืึธื”ืจื˜, 
ืคืึธื”ืจ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืข?ืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืข ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืึธืคึผืขืจืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืข- 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 19 


ืœืึธื–ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืคืจืื ืง- 
ืจื™ื™ืš ? ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื–ืืš ื–ืึธืœ ืคึผืืกื™ืจืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ --- ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืจื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ, ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืขืจ 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ? ืขื”ืจืข ืคืขืจืฉืืคืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข. ืคืึธืจืœื•ื™ืคื™ื  ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคึผืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื™ื-ืžื–ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืึธืจื“ ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืึธืงืขืืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜, ื–ืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜. 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™" 

-- ืงืึธื ืกืฒื™?! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ. 

ืงืึธื ืกืฒ? ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื™ืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืืฑืฃ ืืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื”ื ืœื™ืขื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ืขื‘ื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ึธืื˜ื•ืจ 
ืงื?ืœื˜ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื’, ืจืขื ืขืœืžืขืกื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื“, ืคืขื”ื™ื  ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืข ื–ืืฃ. ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ื–ืื’ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืคืขืจืœืื ื ื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื•ืช ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ 
ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื–ืืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก 

ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜. 

ื™ ืงืึธื ืกืฒ?ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ึดื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงืœืึธื ื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืขื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืขื’. ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืกื˜ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืขืœ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. 
ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืจืขื ื˜. ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื”ื™ื’, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืืกืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื’ ื™ืึธื”ืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื- 
ืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขื”ืŸ ื™ืึถื”ืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื”ืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื’ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ื– 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื”ื™ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ;: "ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ?? "ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš?" 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืจื™ืกื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธื”ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื”ื ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืขืŸ. 

-- ืงืึธื ืกื™ื™? ! --- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขืŸ ืึธื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืจื™ื’ ืžื- 
! ื›ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข, 


18 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ื“ืจื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ื ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืจ" 
ื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ : 

"ื”ืขืจืจืŸ ืืจืึธื ืืงืก, ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื, ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืข ืขื•ื•ืขื ื™ื• 
ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง. | 

"ื“ื™ื ืจืขื ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืืื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืข- 
ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืœื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™" . 
ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ", ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธื”ืจื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ืื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคึผืคืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื—ื™ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ 
ืคืืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ึทืจ ืคืืจืื ื•ื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืš ื ื‘ืขื•ื " โ€ 
ื“ืขืจืข ืงืื™ื•ื˜ืข. ื• 

"ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืขื ืกื˜ ื™. ื‘. ื”ืึธื‘ืกืึธืŸ, ืžืืจื™ืŸ-ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืขืจ", 


- 3ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข 


ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืจ. ื”ืึธื‘ืกืึธืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืงืกืคึผืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ", ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืข- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืฆื•ื ื ืึธืจื“ ืคึผืึถืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ึต- 
ื™ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’ ืึธื ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืข- 
ืคื™ื”ืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืืœืก ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืคึผืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืฆื• ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื–ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื–ืืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืขืœ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืข, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ื”ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื‘ืขื ืงื˜ 
ืื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“, ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืขื‘ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธื”ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขืงื•ื•ืขืžืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ืืœืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืขืกื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืœืึธืกืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขื–. ืื•ื ืžื™ื˜. 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืฆื• ื–ืขื”ืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ : ืืœืข ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืจื- 
ืคึผื. ื•ื•ืื• ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ,, ื•ื•ืื• ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ืืœืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผื. ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ -- ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืขืŸ ื ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ --- ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืžื™ื“ ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


| ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ึฟืฑื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 17 


ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžึทืื›ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ 
ืืœืข ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ื ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืืžืึธืœืก, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ื-ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืขื ื˜ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ืžืืกืขืŸ ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืœืื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืขืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜-ืคืขืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ืขื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื›ื˜ืข, ื“ื™ื "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืขืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ืžืึธื ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ". ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื-ื—ื™ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ืคืขืจืฉื•ื•ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึดื‘- 
ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ. 

ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื ื ื™ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืืก. 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืงืืจื™ืงืื˜ื•ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืœืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ 
ืฆื• ื ื˜ืขืœืขืคึผืึธืŸ ื“ืจืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ื™ื‘ืข? ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืœื™ืขื“ืœืืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจืึธื“ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื—ื™ื” ืœืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ'ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจ ื›? ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื --- ืคืืจ'ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื’ืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ : ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืฆืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข" 
ื—ื›ึผืžื”'ื˜, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ืคืื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื‘ืืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ" ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื–ืื›ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ื ื›ืœื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื—ื•ืคึผื”, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ืขืจ "ื—ืชืŸ" ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ืื– ื ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื™ืกืงืึธ ืœื™ื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื - 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืŸ ื ืคืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืึธืจื“ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื- 
ืกื™ืคื™ืง ืึธืงืขืืŸ (ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืžืขืขืจ). 

ื“ื™ื ืืœื ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜ ืคืืจืื ื•ื˜ ืงึผื•ื™ื ืคึฟื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืฆืฒื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื- 
ื›ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืึธืจื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข. ื‘ืืœื“ ืื™ื– ืืœืขืก ืื ืฉื ืขืœืกื˜ืขืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืืœืข ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื’ืกื˜ืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืคืขื”ืœื˜, ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ ืžืื’ืื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื”ืœืขืŸ, 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืก- 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื”ื™ื™ืฆืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 


16 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืื˜ืขืจ 


ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื˜ื–ืขืœื”ืืคื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜, ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก-ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกื™ื’ืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ื?". 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืขืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืขืจืœื™ืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืคึผืจ 
ื˜ืืฆื™ืข ืืœืก ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืœื™ืงืœื™ื›ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืข ื’ืจืืจืข ื ื™ื˜ ื ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื? ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื‘ื™ื™ืคืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืขืœ ืื ื”ืขื ื ืขืจ ืขืจื•ืฐื•ืึธืจื‘ืขืŸ, ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืคื™ืขืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขืขืคืขื ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืขืก ืฆื• ืคืขืจื ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืจืขืŸ -- ื ื–ืืš ืฐืึธืก 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ, ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง. 


ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ืคื™ืขืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืจืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืœ ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืคื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ื™ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ืขื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื ืคืขืจ'ื”ืชื'ืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืขืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืืœืขืก 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ื’ืขื”ื˜ ืคืึธืจ. ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจืืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืขืœืขืคืื ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืœื™ืขื ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ'ืก ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ? 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืื–ื•ื™, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืขื“ืขืŸ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ืœื™ืขื‘ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืจืคึผื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืฉื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, | 

ืงื•ืจืฅ, ื“ื™ื ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ืื– ื ื ืืจื•ื•ื?, ื ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ ืึธื“ืขื” ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืข ื—ื™ื” ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืข- 
ืคื™ื”ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื ืฉื ืขืœืกื˜ืขืŸ ืึธื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™' 
ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืŸ, ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืจื™ืขื– ืฆื• ืคืขืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ. ืฉื™ืคืกืงืึทืžืคึผืื ื™ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืื ื“ืขืœืก-ืคื™ืจืžืืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆืŸ" 
ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืื ื ืขืœืขื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื—ืจ ืžื™ืขืคึฟ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ึผืขืŸ 
ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื ืฆื•ืคื™ื”ืจืขืŸ ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ื-ืจื™ืขื–, 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื’ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืืื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืงืจื™ืขื’ ื ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืขื–ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ืฃ . 
ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ืึธื ืง? ืกืขื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ื ืื˜ืข (ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก- 
ืฉื™ืฃ) "ืื™ื™ื‘ืจืขื”ืขื ืœื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืกื˜ืข ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจืคึผืึธืœื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืข- 
ื–ืขืŸ-ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ, ื”ืขืจืจ ืคืืจืื’ื•ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืจ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืœ 18 


ืืžืึธืœ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื—ืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช. 


"ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขื”ืจื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืข ื•ืึธืก ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืขืจื“- 
ืงื•ื ืข?, ื“ืืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ" ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœืขืฆื˜ืขื ืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืขื ื˜ื™ 
- ืฐื•ื™ืงืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืึธืก, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืก ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ 
ืืžืึธืœ, ืื– ื ืžืขื ืฉ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจ, ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ. 


- "ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ื’ ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’. 
"ืึธื ื ืขื”ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืข ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ื-ื—ื™ื” ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™" 
ืงืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ. 
ืจืขื›ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ื’, ืื– ื ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขื”ืจ ืžืึธืœ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš, ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ื "ืกืงืึทืฉื". 


"ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ ื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื ื”ืึธืจืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืคืื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื”ืืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื”ืœ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจื•ื•ื? ื‘ืขืคืืœื˜ ื–ืึธื ืืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื™ื ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™,. โ€ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื ืœึนืึธืšึฐ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืข? ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืขืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ืฉื™ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ึนื™ื ื“ื™ื ืฉืคึผื•ื ื˜-ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืืก -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ืืจื•ื•ื?'ืก ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ื”ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื™ื-ืจื™ืขื–. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ? ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื- 
ืฆืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืืžืขื˜ืขืจ, 

"ืืฆื™ื ื“, ืึธื ื ืขื”ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’, ืื– ื ื ืืจื•ื•ืืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืขืก ืจื•ืคืขืŸ "ื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ- 
ืื™ื™ื ื”ืึธืจืŸ" ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื•ืšืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจื• "ืกืงืึธืฉื". ื ื- 
ื˜ื™ืจืœื™ืš, ืื•ื ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืข ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ "ืกืงืืฉื" ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื”ืื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื ืงื•ื™?ืœ ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืงืก ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืื ืึธื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืขืจืข ื™ื-ื—ื™ื” 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ืš ืื•ื ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ื™ืคืœื™ืš ืฉื ืข?, ืฉืœื™ืกืœื™ืš, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ, 


14 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ : "ื“ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ื". 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ื ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืฃ 
ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื-ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ + 
ื“ืืจื•ื ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื  ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ื’ ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš 
ืขื ื˜ื–ืื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข 
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ืื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืขืคืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ื ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, : 

ื“ื™ื "ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง ื”ืขืจืึธืœื“" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš, "ื“ืขื ืขื”ืจืขื ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผื™ืขืจ ืืจืึธ- 
ื ืืงืก, ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื" ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืขืจ- 
ืœืื ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื”ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืึธื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืช'ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข?, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืข- 
ื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื ืข ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืคึผืื”ืจื•ื ื’, ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™- 
ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข? ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืขืคืขื ื˜ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื 30ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืื™. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืขื›ืœื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœึฐื ืขื - 
ื“ืขืก : 

"ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื  ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ื—ื™ื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื›ื— ืฆื• 
ืฉืขื“ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืกื˜ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื - 
ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ื ืจื•ื ื“, 

"ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืคืึธืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 
ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™. 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื : ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืืœืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื›ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข --- ื“ื™ื ืขืจื“, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜? ืืฑื™ื‘ 
ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ-ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื’ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืจื ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจืœื™ื›ืข 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืกืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ืขืœ, ื“ืืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืืจืืŸ ืคื™ืขืœืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื’ืจื™ืขืฃ. ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ, ื–ืขื”ืจ ื˜ื™ืขืฃ ืื•ื– ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื“ืืจื•ื ืคึผืืกื™ืจืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืคืขืจื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 18 


ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืฉื›? : ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ื•ื™" 
ืคืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื–ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืข ืคืขืกื˜ืข ืฉื ืขืœ-ืฉื™ืฃ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขื”ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™- 
ื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ. ืžืขื ืœื™ืš ืื– 
ื“ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื›ืื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฉืืคืขืŸ; ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื’ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ : ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ? ื•ื•ืื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ 4 ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ืฉื™ืฃ ืืŸ ืื•ื ืžืขื - 
ืœื™ื›ึผืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’. ืื–ื ื–ืืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืงืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืœึฐื“, ืคื™ืขืœ ืืจ- 
ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืก-ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื ื™ืฅ ืื–ื 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืขื ืขืจึผื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ-ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜, ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข 
ื ืขื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื–ื ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืขืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืึธืšึฐ ืคืขืจื ืขื”- 
ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจื™ 
ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื ืขื”ื™ื™ืžื ื™ืก ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜? ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’. 

ืื ื ืขื”ืžืขื ื“ื™ื  ืฐื•ื™ืขืจืขืจ, ืื– ื ืจืขื ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜, ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ืขื•ื•ื™ืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ. ื ืจืขื ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื˜ื”ื•ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื•ื“, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื–ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืคืขืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื ืขื”ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’ ืืคื™ืœื•, 
ืื– ื ืจืขื’ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง'ืก ืคึผืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื’ืข : ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ? 

ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“, ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, 
ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขืŸ, ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืข, 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– 
ืื–ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื ืขื”ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื’ื™ืขืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ. 

ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืข ืžืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข' 
ืฐื•ืขื ื“ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื” 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืืœืก ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜. ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืข ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืก ื ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 


18 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


ืฉืข ืจืขื’ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืืœืก ืืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืขืื•ื ืื•ื• ื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืจ" 
ืจืืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™, ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืคืืจ ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง. ื ืึธื›- 
ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืจืืกืงืึธ ืคืขืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืก ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื ืื˜ ืžืขืจืฅ, ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืงืึธืกื˜ื‘ืืจืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขื”ืจืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื ืื˜ ืžืื™. ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™? ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืขืŸืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืืœืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืจื“ื ื•ื ื’, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืงืœืืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜, 
ื ืขืžืœื™ืš: ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืœืื ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืึธืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข (ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืืฉืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืข 
ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื) ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืึธื˜ืื ื™ืง (ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ) ื‘ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืกื‘ื” ืžื™ื˜'ืŸ ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ "ืกืงืืฉื". 

ืึดื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื-ืจื™ืขื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ื˜ืื ืขืก ืคืจืื ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืขืœ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื- 
ื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืขืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข- 
ืกื™ืจื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืก, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ืฐืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืจื•ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ืขืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืจืคืื”ืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคืืœ? ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ "ืกืงืืฉื", ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ื–ืืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื. ืžืื ื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืข?; ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ื•ื™ืš ืกื‘ืจื•ืช. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืขืจืฉื˜ืขื ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ืึถืš 
ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ / 
ื™ื ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื ืžืขื ืœื™ืš, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื ืข? ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงื•ื ืฆืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข 
ื›ืœื™ ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื›ืœื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคึผืฆื•ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื”ืจ ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜ 


ืฆื•ื–ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 11 


- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื ืœึนืึธืšึฐ. ืฆื•ื ื ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืึธื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืกืข?, ื–ืึธื ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืœืึธื–ื™ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืืš. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจืึธื‘ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื“ืขืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืข? ื“ื™ื 
ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืฉืขื“ื™ื ื’ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื 


- ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื ืœึถืืšึฐ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. 


ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืจ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ืกืงืึทืฉื" ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฐืขืจืคึผื•? ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืžืขืจ. 

ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืขื“ื™ื ื˜ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื“ืืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ. ื“ื™ื ืื™ื - 
ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืœืึธืšึฐ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืœืืค ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืŸ ืคืขืœืŸ. ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืืจืคืขืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืข, ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ืคื™ืขืจื˜ืขืœ? ื“ื™ืง 4 ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ืžืื›ืขืŸ ? ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืจื•ื ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื 
ื–ืืš ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ื ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืข ื™ื-ื‘ืจื™ืื” 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืข? ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืขืงื–ื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืฉืื“ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ืกืงืืฉื". 

ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืจ "ื™ื-ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ" 
ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืื ื˜ืฐื•ืึธืจื˜ืœื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจืœืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื™ืึธื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืข? ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืข- 
ื ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจืงืขื”ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื ืืจื“ ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’. 


ืคื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜ืข ื‘ืขื’ืขื›ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜, 
ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื• ื™ืึธืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืจืืกืงืึธ, ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™- 


: 


10 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืคืขืจ 


; ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืืงื˜, ืึถื‘ืฐื•ืึธื”? ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื  ืฆื• ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ื ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™- 
ื”ืขืจื™ื’ืข ืคืืงื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื”. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืฐืึธื›ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ื ืคืืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข 
ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืจื˜ ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื ืข ื–ืขื”ืจ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื‘ืขืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื‚ื™ืฃ 
"ืกืงืึธืฉื" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื ืืจื“ ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™. ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™, ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฉื™ืคืก-ืžืื’ื ืื˜ ืงื•ื ืืจื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื”ืจืข 
ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืกื˜ืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื ืืจื“ ืœึตื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืงืขื”ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื–ืขื”ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ื“ื™ื "ืกืงืึธืฉื" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืฉื™ืฃ. ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ื’ืขืคึผืื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ืจืข ืื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืขื ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืŸ ืกืึธืจื˜, . 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ึทื™ืฆืขื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืืคึผืจื™ืœ, 1867, ื“ื™ื "ืกืงืึธืฉื" ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืŸ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืขื”ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื 
| ืจื•ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืข ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื ืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื”ืจืขื ื“ ื“ื™ื ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–- 
ื–ืืืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื”ืœื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืขืžืื ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ. ืื ืคืื ื ื˜ ืฐืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ื›ื™ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ื– ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจ" 
ื‘ื•ื ื“ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจื ื’ืขื ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคืื”ืจ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืกืึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ: 
"ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ! ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ!?" ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืฉืจืึธืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื”ื•ืžื”, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืคืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืจื•ื”ื™ื’ื˜, 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขื ื“ื™ื’, ืื– ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืขืŸ ืคื? ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืคืื”ืฃ : 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื ืขื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืขื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืึธื‘ื ืขืฆืืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึธื‘ื˜ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืก-ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืขืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืจืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืข ืึธื‘ื˜ื”ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืืŸ 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฅ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 9 


- ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ืึธื˜ืื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืœื™ื ืึธืขืื•ืก, ืื– "ื“ื™ื ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฉืืคื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื“ื•ืžืงืขืคึผ". ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจื•ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ืขืœื˜, ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืืžืคึผืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ืืŸ 
ืืœืงื ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ืขื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™ืฉืขืŸ 
ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข?, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืข- 
- ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืขื”ืžื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื 
ื“ื™ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ืข ื™ื-ื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื–ื™ืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜. 

ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืื›ื”ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ, 
ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฆืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื’ืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคึผื˜ื•ืจ'ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™?ืœ ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืฆื• ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืžื•ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ื‘ืขื”ืื ื“ืขืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ 
ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™?ืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื”ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื ื—ื™ื” ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื•ื›ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœ? ื•ื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื”ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืœื™ืงืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจ- 
ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ื“ืœื™ืš 
ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืœื–, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื ื‘ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื ืžื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ื–ืขื”ืจ 
ืคึฟืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ, 1867 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ 
"ืžืืจืื•ื•ื™ืืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืึธื ื˜ืจืขืึธืœ ืื•ืฉืขืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ื–ืืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื•ื•ืื• ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื™ื-ืงืืจื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขื”ืจ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ ื‘ืขืงื•ืžื˜ ืื–ื ืงืœืืคึผ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื "ืžืึธืจืื•ื•ื™ืืŸ" 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจืก, ืคืขืกื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ื ืคื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคืขืจื“ ืงืจืืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืขืจื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื”ืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ- 
ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื 2257 ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื”ืจ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขืฉืขื“ื™ื’ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื”ืจ ื”ืืคืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขื ืขื“ืข. 

. ื“ื™ื ืกื‘ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ืคื™ื ืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ื ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืจืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืึธื‘;!ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืื• 
ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืขื”ืจืœื™ื›ืขืŸ ืงืœืืค ื‘ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื›ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื—ืŸ, ืื– 
ืขืกืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธืจืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขืŸ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 


8 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื  ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“, ื•ื•ืื• ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขื‘ืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืืคืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฆ- 
ืœื™ื ื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฆืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื "ื™ื-ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ", ืฆื™ื™- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ืก ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื˜ืึถืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜- 
ืœื™ื›ืข ืื‘ื”ืื ื“ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืœื™ื˜ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืจ -- ืฆื• ืžืื›ืขืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ืงืืจื™ืงืื˜ื•ืจืขืŸ. 1 
| = ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืžืื ื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืคืจืื’ืข ื‘ืขืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆื•ื ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื 
ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืืจื™ืฉืข ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืคึผืขืจื ืึธื˜ืขืจืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ืฉื”. 

ื“ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื, ืื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืข "ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจืก", ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืง- 
ื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ. ืจืขื›ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ื-ืฉืœืื ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ืจ 
ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื•ืฐืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 800 ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ืš, ืื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืกืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื -. 
ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื”ื•ื, ื•ื•ื™ื ืืจื™ืกื˜ืึธื˜ืœืขืก, 
ืคึผืœื™ื ื™ื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืข ื ืขืœืขื”ืจื˜ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจื•ื•ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืึธืฃ ืคึผืึธื - 
ื˜ืึธืคึผื™ื“ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืื•? ื”ืขื ืขื“ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืง- 
ื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืืจื™ื ื’ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ /188 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ "ืงืืกื˜ื™ืœืืŸ" ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื™ื-ืฉืœืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ืกืืจ 

ืคื™ืขืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื—ื•ื–ืง ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืขืก. ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื“ื™ืกืคึผื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืงืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืก ืžืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืขืจื’ืึธืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื˜, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืšึฐ ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืกืขืœ 
ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืขื ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขื ืขื 
ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ืข ื™ื-ืฉืœืื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ื›ืข ืคืขืœืข --- ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคึผืขื˜ืฉ. 

ื–ืขืงืก ืžืึธื ืื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืœื™ื›ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜-ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™" 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜, 
ื”ื•ืžืึธืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึถืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื– ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืœื•ืกืžืขืจื˜ืข ืจื™ืขื–ืขืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขื’ื ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื’ืก" 


ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื  ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ"ื• ื•ืืคืขืจ + 


ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ืืžืคึผืฃ (ืกื˜ื™ื), ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืœื™ื”ืขื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ. "ื’ืื™ื–ืขืจืก" ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืกืš ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ืขืจื“ ืงื•ื’ืขืœ, ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื• ื–ืขืขืœืื ื“. ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื–ื ืงื•ื•ืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ื" 
ืคืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืœืึธื•ืกื˜ืึธื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจืง, ื ืึธืจื“ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืงืึธืจื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื™ืึธืžื™ื ื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ "ื’ืึธืฐื•ืขืจื ืึธืจ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืกืึธืŸ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื–ืึธ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– 
ืขืจ ื–ืขื”ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื–ืืžื“-ื‘ืืจื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื "ื ืื™ื–ืขืจ" ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื•ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืข- 
ื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ" 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื”ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืคืขืœื–, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžื“-ื‘ืืจื’, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก, ื–ืึธ 
ืฆื• ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ. 

ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืคืืงื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืฃ "ืงืึธืœึผื•ืžื‘ื•ืก" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืกื™ืคื™ืง ืกื˜ื™ื-ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™. 
ื“ืขื 25ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ 
ื ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื ืขืจืคืœืขืจื˜ืข! ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืŸ ื™ื, 700 ื–ืขืข 
ืžื™ื™ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื "ื ืึธืจืฐืขืจื ืึธืจ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืกืึธืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืขื  ืคืจื™ื”ืขืจ. ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืข ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื-ื—ื™ื” ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆืขื”ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจืก, ื“ื™ื "ื”ืขืœ- 
ื•ื•ืขืฉื" ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื "ืฉืื ืึธืŸ" ื‘ืขื’ืขื ื’ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืจืขื˜ื–ืขืœื”ืืคื˜ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืืื˜ืขืŸืŸ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ึดื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ื "ืงืืœื•ืžื‘ื•ืก" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ื ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื•ืž' 
ื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืข ื–ืืš ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ืขื ืก ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 300 ืคื•ืก ืœืื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืืœืขืื•ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื- 
ืžืืงื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื 60 ืคื•ืก ืœืขื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื ืจื™ืขื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืขืคืข ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืก ื–ืึธื’ืืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ืก- 
ืžืขื ืขืจ. : 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜ืข ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจ 
ื‘ืขืึธื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื ืข ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื ื˜ืื’ืขืก 
ืคืจืื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืขืฉืขืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™" 
ืœื™ื–ื™ื“ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจืขืจื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืช ืฆื• ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืึธืจื ืข ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื ืฆืขื”ื - 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ-ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, 


6 ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ืงื˜ื”ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืกื˜ืขืŸ (ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜) ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืžืึธื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืข 
ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, 

ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื ื–ืžื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื’ ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ืžื™ื™ืœ? ืื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ื™?ืœ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืื˜ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืžืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืคื•ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืœื™ืกืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื’ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื‘ืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืคื™ืขืœืข ืžืขื ืฉืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึธืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื– ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื“ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื–ืืš ! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืฉื•ื ื”'ื“ื™ื’ืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืขืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ. 

ื“ืึธ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืงื˜ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ื ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืืžืึธืœืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขื ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ืจ : 

ื“ืขื 20ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1806, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืžืคึผืคืขืจ "ื’ืึธื•ื•ืขืจื ืึธืจ 
ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืกืึธืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืงืืœืงื•ื˜ื ืกื˜ื™ื-ืฉื™ืฃ ืงืึธืžืคึผืื ื™, ื’ืขืคืึธื”ืจืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืืœื™ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืก:ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึนึผืึถืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืื˜ืจืึธื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื”ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ื’ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ืก ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื ืคืขืœื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื–ืืžื“-ื‘ืืจื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืšึฐ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื" 
ืงืืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืงื™ืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืŸ ื 
ืฉื™ืคืก-ื‘ืจื•ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืฉืืจืคืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื”ื ืื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– 180 ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืš. ื‘ื™ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื•ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื "ื’ืื™ื–ืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืื™ื™ื ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืข. 

ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขืœืขื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื "ื’ืื™ื–ืขืจ" ืื™ื–. 

ื "ื ืื™ื–ืขืจ" ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ืื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืงื•ื•ื?ืœ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ ืงืึธื›ืขื“ื™ื ืขืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื–ื ืงื•ื•ืืœ? ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ืคื™ืขืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ. ืขืก ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืขื“ื™ื‘- 


1ื˜ืขืก ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืขืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืึทืจืขืจ ื™ื -ืžื–ื™ืง 


ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ 1866 ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ื”ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข, ืื•ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจืœื™ื›ืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืึถื”ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืขืœ? ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืขืฆื˜ ื ืึถืšึฐ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื’ืขืกืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ ื™ื, ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธ- 
ื‘ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื•ืจื˜. ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืคืก-ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ื”ื™ืžืขืจ, ืงื- 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื™ืฆื™ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืขื’ืก-ืคืœืึธื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผื ืื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืคืขืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืจืข- 
ื’ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืจืข ื™ืืจ ื™ื™ ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืค- 
ืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜. | 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื”ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ'ืŸ 
ื™ื ื›ื‘ึผืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจื™-ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ื ื“ืขืœ?, ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜: ืœืื ื’, ืงื™ื™ืœืขื›ื“ื™ื’, ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžืขืœืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืกืคืึธืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืคื™ืข? ืžืึธืœ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉ. 

ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืคืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื‘ืขื’ืขื’ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืขืจืฉื™ืขื“ืขื ืข ื ื’ืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ืคืก-ืงืืคึผื™- 
ื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืจื™ื™ื–ืขื ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื”ื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžืขื”ืจืกื˜ืข 
ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ื ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ ืืœืก ืฉืคึผื™ื ื“ืขืœ-ืคืึธืจืžื™ื’. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืึธื˜ืคืึธืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขื”ื ืœื™ื›ืข ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืืœืข ืื™ื™ื ืฆืขืœื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื—ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขื”ืขื ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ืจ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ื’ืขื‘ึผืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืขืจืฉื˜ืขื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืึธื ื ืขื”ืžืขื ื“ื™ื’, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืข" 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ื ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื–ืึธืจื˜ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื, ืฆื•ื-ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืืœืคื™ืฉืขืŸ, 


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ืฆื•ืื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื•ื™ื–ืขื ื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ . 


ืคื•ืŸ 
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