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OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Volume I.

FMIODICAL EXPERTS BOOK AGENCY

D-42. VIVEK VIHAR DELHt.tt0032

INTERNATIONAL BOok DISTRIBUTORS

318-A. ONKAR ROAD, DEHRA DUN

RBCORDS

OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Volume I.

CALCUTTA {

OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.

1893-1902.

CONTENTS.

—

I. Report on a Botanical Tour in Kashmir, by j, F.

Duthie, B.A., F.L.S. [1893]

II. Report on a Botanical Tour iw Sikkim, bj G. A.

GiiMMiE [1894] . . • * • ^

III. Report on a Botanical Tour in Kashmir (with Map),
by J. F. Duthie, b.a., fx.s. [1894] . .

IV Notes on a Journey from Haveri to Kumta, by Gr
Marshall Woodrow [1894] ,

— Notes of a Tour in Travancore. etc., by M. A. Law-
son, M.A. [1894] . . . , .

V, Report on a Botanical Tour ;.n the Lakhimpur Dis-
trict, Assam, by G* A. Gammie [1895] . .• ,

VI, Notes on a Journey from Poona to Nagotna, by G.
Marshall Woodrow [1895]

VIL A Note on Indian Wheat-Rusts, by D. D. Cunning-
ham and D. Prain [1896]

VIIL A Note on The Botany of the Baluch-Afghan Boun-
dary Commission, 1896 (with Map), by F. P Maynard
and D. Prain [1896] «•••••

IX. The Botany of the Chitral Relief Expedition, 18^5
(with Map), by J. F, Duthie [1898]

X. A Botanical Tour in Chamba and Kangra, by G. A.
Gammie [1898] ,

XI. A Note on the Botany of the Kachin Hills, north-
east of Myitkyina, (with two Maps), by E. Pot*-
tinger and D. Prain [1898]

XII. Contributions to the Bryological Flora of Southern
India, by V. F. Brotherus [1899] ....

XIII. A Botanical Tour in the South Lushai Hills (with
Map), by Lieut. A. T. Gage, m.a., m.b., b.sc., i.m.s.

[1901]

Index to Plants referred to

Page.

I — 18

1-724

25—47

49—57

58 — 60
61-88
89-97
99—124

125—137

1 39-— 1 81
183—214

215— 310
31 1— 329

33^—369

371—404

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

Page.

Brotherus^ V F.J— Cofrtiibft^Ons to the Bryological Flora of

Southern Iri^ia . • « • . , • • • 31 1

CunninsUaM, D. D.|— a Note on Indian Wheat-Rusts (with

D. Prain) ••••.. . • • 99

UuTHiE, J. F. Report on a Botaflical Tour m Kashmir (i893> • 1

Report on a Botanical Tour in Kashmir (1S94)

[with Map] . 25

;~The Botany of the Chitral Relief Expedition,

1895 [with Map] . . . • . ^ . 139

Gage A. T. ;-~A Botanical lour in the South Lushai Hills [with

Map] 331

— ; -Index to Plants referred to . • . , . 371

Gammie, G. F. a Botanical Tour in Chamba and Kangra , 183

-L — I — Report on a Botanical Tour in Sikkim . , ibis

j — Report on a BotaniVal Tour in the Lakhimpur

District, Assam

L.awsow, M. a. s— Notes of a Tour in Travancore, etc. ... 58

MAYNAiyo, F. P. 5— A Note on the Botany of the Baluch-Afghan

Boundary Commission, 1896 (with D. Prain) [with Mapj , . 125

PottingeR, E. j — A Note on the Botany cl the Kachin Hills north-
east of Myitkyina (with D. Prain) [widi two Maps] • • . 215

Prain, D. i— a Note on Indian Wheat-Rusts (with D. D. Cunning-
ham)

— A Note on the Botany of the Baluch-Afghan Boundary

Commission, 1896 (with F. P. Maynard) (.with Map] 125;

Note on the Botany of the Kachin Hills north-east
of Myitkyina (with E. PoTTiNCER}fwUh two Maps] 215

Woodrow^ G. Marshall J— Notes on a Jotimey from Haveri to

Kumta 49

5 — Notes on a Journey from Poona to

Nagotna , . , , . 89

RECORDS

OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

PUBLISHEL UNDER THE DIRECTION OP
BRIGADE-SURGEON G. KING, M.B.. LL.D., F,R.S„ C.I.1L
DIRECTOR OP THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Volume I.

No. I.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR.

J. F. DUTHIE, B.A., F.L.S.,

DIRECTOR, BOTANICAI. DEPARTMENT, NORTHERN INDIA.

CALCUTTA:

OFFICE OF SUPERINTENCENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.

1893.

PREFACE.

project for a Botanical Survey of the Indian
Empire having now taken shape, it is considered desir-
able that there should be some special channel through
which the results of the Survey may be communicated to
those interested in the progress of Botanical Science. It
has therefore been decided to issue, under the title of
“ Records/* such reports made by officers of the Survey
as shall contain matter of botanical interest or of novelty.
These Records will be published, not at fixed intervals,
but from time to time as appropriate materials may be
received.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892.

growing on the same kind of tree and at about the same elevation .
(10,000-1 1,000 feet). It is published in the Flora of British India
under the name of Arcp.uthobium minutissimum. It was afterwards
gathered by Mr, Lace in Kundwa,r, and 1 have since seen it, at Gul-
marg, in the Sind Valley and in the Gudhai Valley of the Astor
District. It is abundant also near Gurais in the Kishenganga
Valley.

I arrived at Gulmarg on the 23rd, and spent several days there
exploring the vegetation of the neighbourhood, which offers great
variety owing to the abundant rainfall, the dense forests encircling
the marg and the elevation of the surrounding mountains.

Baltistdn and digit Tour. — A brief sketch is here given in
order to indicate more clearly the route w^hich was followed.

Starting from Gulmarg on the 20th of June the route taken w^a»
as follows: — From Baramula by the Jhelum and Sind rivers to Gan-
darbal, up the Sind Valley via Sonamarg, to Biltal, and over the
Zoji La to Dras. From Dras we proceeded in a north-westerly direc-
tion up the Marpu nullah^ and over the Marpu La to Golteri in the
Shingo Valley. Descending the Shingo Valley as far as the village
of Fransart, we crossed over a high ridge, the water-shed of the
Shingo and Shigar rivers, to the village of Shigar. After crossing
the Shigar River by a jhula bridge we turned in a northerly direction
up the Karpuchu Valley and went over the Bdri La to a camping-
ground overlooking the north-east corner of the Deosai plains.
From here, keeping still towards the north, we crossed over the Shd-
tung La and forded a big stream flowing towards the Deosai plams.
About 500 feet above this w'as another pass which we had to cross in
order to reach the head of the Khorbala nullah. From here, descend-
ing by a very steep and rocky path, we entered the Satpur Valley,
and passing Satpur Village and Lake arrived at Skardu in the Indus
Valley on the 14th July,

From Skdrdu we went one march up the Indus Valley to a place
called Katzura, and from there up the Shigarthang Valley and over
the Alampi La to Gudhai on the road from Bandipur to Gilgit. The
rest of the journey to Gilgk was made along the new road via Astor
and Biinji.

From Gilgit I made a short expedition to the Naltar Valley vid
Nomal in the Hunza Valley

Returning from Gilgit on the Wh of August we took the same
route as far as Gurikot below Astor. Here leaving the main Gilgit
toad we kept up the Astor Valley crossing the stream from the
Rupal nullah, and thence into the Kamri Valley, and over the pass
oi that name to Gurais in the Kishenganga Valley, After a few

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892.

days^ halt we proceeded, via the Trdghal toBandipur on the vVoolar
Lake and thence by boat to Srinagar.

I shall now give a rather more detailed account of this journey.

After traversing the Woolar Lake the usual course for boats pro-
ceeding to Srinagar is by the Noru Canal, which joins the main Jhe-
lum River a little below the village of Shidipur, so called from the
junction of the Sind River with the Jhelum, A large portion of the
Woolar Lake during the month ot June is a perfect garden of water-
lilies and other aquatic flowering plants, including the 4-spined
Singhara {Trapa natans) which is very abundant here. The water
of the Sind is beautifully clear by comparison. This river winds
for miles through some fine pasture-land and water-meadows filled
with tall handsome sedges, whilst the surface of the water is covered
with innumerable flowers of white water-lilies.

The river ceases to be navigable beyond Gandarbal. From
Gandarbal the Sind Valley extends some 58 miles up to the Zoji Ld, a
pass leading into Baltistan, The total rise is about 6,000 feet.

The lower part of the valley is extensively cultivated, rice being
the principal crop. Fruit-trees are also largely grown near the
villages, which have an appearance of prosperity. Higher up the
valley cultivation becomes more limited, and the villages contain a
poorer class of people.

The vegetation of the valley from a botanical point of view is
rich and varied. There is plenty of water brought down by numer-
ous snow-fed streams ; and the hill-sides, especially such as face the
north, are thickly clothed with fine forests. As the elevation
increases the sub-montane character of the vegetation gradually gives
way to more temperate forms until, after passing the gorge below
Sonamarg, a distinctly alpine element is observed, as at Gulmarg,
♦he elevation of which place is about the same.

The village of Sonamarg consists of a few miserable-looking huts
uninhabited during the winter months. It boasts, however, of a Post
Office and Telegraph Office. After crossing the river at Sonamarg
the road passes over undulating pasture ground, and here and there
through patches of forest composed chiefly of Pinus excelsa^ mixed
with willow and Himalayan poplar.

The two principal feeders of the Sind River join near Baltal ;
thj^larg^ one from the south rises in the neighbourhood of the
famous Amarnath Cave, whilst the other, a small narrow torrent,
comes in from the direction of the pass.

Baltal is a little over 9,000 feet. There is no village here ; only one
or two huts occupied by the d&k runners between Kashmir and
Lch. On the day following my arrival at Baltal 1 explored for some

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892.

miles the valley to the south leading to Amarnath. For considerable
distances the river is completely covered over with snow. Further
up we came to a place where, owing to the absence of snow bridges,
it was impossible to proceed further. Many interesting plants were
collected in this valley.

The Zoji La is rather a dangerous pass when covered with
snow ; otherwise there is no difficulty whatever. I crossed over
on the 29th June, at w’hich, time there was no snow on the road.

The views from the summit looking north and south are striking
from their contraist. On the northern side the mountains are bare
and rocky, and there is not a tree to be seen in the valley leading to
Dras; whereas on the Kashmir side the Sind Valley is beautifully
wooded. The different climatal conditions prevailing on the Dr^s
side are indicated by the presence of many Tibetan plants ; also by
the whistling cry of the marmot. The top of the pass is 1 1,287
Some interesting plants were found on the ridge to the west oi the
pass up to 12,000 feet.

After descending the valley for a few miles I made another de-
tour towards the east and collected a variety of specimens near a
glacier at about 13,000 feet.

My camp was pitched at Minimarg, 4 miles further down the
valley ; and many new plants were collected on the w’ay.

Before reaching Minimarg we passed a very promising-looking
valley towards the east, called Suknullah, which I explored on the
following day, the camp in the meantime having been moved down
the valley to Mataiyan. The view looking up towards the pass is
very fine. The sides of the valley here are very precipitous, and
apparently quite bare of vegetation.

Between Mataiyan and Pandrds the road crosses from the right to
the left bank. A tall aromatic fennel-like plant, called A'pat
Kanphur {Ferula Jaeschkeana)^ is very abundant in this part of
the valley. It is much valued by Kashmiris as a fodder plant, and
is cut for winter use. On the Pir Panjdl it is called Kdngwa!*
The valley suddenly opens out before reaching Dras, an unimportant-
looking place consisting of a few scattered hamlets. There is, how^
ever, a small fort here, also a tehsil and Post Office. The elevation
is just under 10,000 feet. The surrounding mountains are very
bare and rocky. Trees are scarce ; only a few willows and poplars
are to be seen near the villages. 1 halted for one day, and left on
the 3rd of July with a new set of ponies and coolies.

The road to Leh continues down the. valley in an easterly direction.

RRPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892.

This is also the ordinary route to Skirdu, but a very hot one
during the summer months. The route which I took is a high-level
one, and much more interesting for botanical exploration.

After crossing the valley in a north-westerly direction through
fields of buck- wheat, masur {Lens esculentd)^ etc., the road begins
to rise in zig-zags along a very rocky valley almost bare of vegeta-
tion for the first few miles. At 12,000 feet the botany becomes
more interesting. The white variety of the marsh marigold fringes
the sides of the stream ; a brilliantly yellow-flowered Draba w’as
conspicuous, growing in masses near the top of a pass ; and mixed
with it was a rare Anemone (A. albana). The tents were pitched
at a place called Pattarkhdn Brangsa, between 12,000 and 13,000 feet*
There is an enormous cock here which affords good shelter for coolies.

I went over the Marpu Pass on the following day. It is over
15,000 feet, and forms a portion of the watershed between the Dr^s
and the Shingoxivers,.both of whiqh flow into the Indus. It is quite
an easy pass, but the path is a very stony one, and on this account a
little more snow would have been an advantage.

The next camping-ground is at Pattar Dokds, about 2,000 feet
below the pass. The stream of this nullah flows into the Shingo River,
a few miles below the village of Golteri', which was my next halting
stage. This village is on the right bank of the river, and is situated
on a plateau of moraine debris. The elevation is about 11,000 feet.

I stayed here for one day as the botany was interesting, and I had to
make arrangements for another set of coolies. The pencil cedar
(Juniperus excelsa) is plentiful in this valley, but the trees are stunted-
The Shingo River rises near the Burzil Pass and flows into the Shigar,
one of the tributaries ot the Indus.

I left Goltei^on the 7th of July, and went down the valley on the
left bank to a place called Chamlong. The river is crossed by a small
rope bridge just below Golteri ; close by here and alongside the river
is the village polo-ground. The path keeps near the river all the way,
and is very rocky in places. One great feature of this valley is the
abundance of a very floriferous sweet-scented rose (R, Webbiana).
The flowers vary from deep pink to white. The people here call it
sermang. Many' other interesting botanical specimens were gathered*
A wild-looking valley, called theShwdran has to be crossed by

a rope bridge before reaching Chamlong.

On the following day we continued down the river to the village
of Fransart by an extremely rocky and rather difficult track, and some
parts of it must be quite impassable when the river is at all high.
There is an alternative and longer route at a much higher level. The
elevation of Fransart is about 10,000 feet. There is a large extent of

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892.

cultivated ground in this part of the valley, including many fields of
barley. Aftei changing coolies we had before us a steep ascent
up to 12,000 feet in order to cross over into the Shigar Valley.
The small village of Shigar is prettily situated at some distance above
the river, The valley just here is rather wide, and some side valleys
open into it on the opposite side, where the mountain scenery is very
grand. Their lower slopes are clothed with forest, consisting chiefly
of Ptfius excelsa and Juniperus excels^. Mosquitos are very trouble-
some here at about sunset, and at higher elevations up to 14,000 feet
hey are even worse. It must of course belong to a different species
from that of the plains of India. The wild flowers here are very
beautiful and interesting. On the following day we had to cross the
Shigar over rather a difficult rope bridge, 1 12 yards long. The loads
were taken over by a few experienced men. The water is very deep
here, and so quiet that one wonders why they don^t use ferry boats
instead of this twig bridge, which has to be constantly repaired.
After seeing all the baggage safely over we took the path leading to
the entrance of the Karpuchu Valley, where there is a village called
Matral, and a fort or tower built of alternate layers of wood and
stone. From here the road winds up the valley gradually ascending
through a forest of pine and juniper to our next camping-ground at
about 12,000 feet. This place is called Karpuchu, and consists, as far
as 1 could see, of a single shepherd's hut. On the following day we
made another march further up the valley to about 14,000 feet. Heavy
rain came on before the camp could be pitched, and an uncomfort-
able night was spent under wet can\as which was frozen hard before
the morning. We had not far to go the next morning (July iith)
before reaching the summit of the B^ri Ld, about 15,000 feet. There
are several small tarns on the further side. A good deal of snow
was lying about, and vegetation was scanty, consisting chiefly of
Primulas, Sedums, and Saxifrages A very curious plant called Gal-
gal is abundant here.^ It is a species of Saussurea [S. obvallata).
The pale yellow bracts are very large and loosely envelope the com^
posite heads of flowers, which are strongly scented. The stillness
at these high elevations is always very striking. After descending,
however, for a short distance on the other side, the air was filled
with the shrill cries of the marmots. Our next camping-ground was
close to a big mass of rock at about 1 4,oco feet, and looting down the
valley towards the north-west one could see a small potion of the
Deosai Plains.

Coolies and all were glad tn leave this ble'alc and inhospitable
spot, but we had a hard day beforjj us, with two passes to get over,
and a long steep descent into the Satpur Valley.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892

The first pass we came to is called the Sh^tung L^, about 13,500 feet.
There was a good deal of snow here in a melting state, which made
walking rather difficult. The descent is into a valley watered by a
stream called the Tikatsichu. From here the path ascends to the
pass leading into the Kharbula nullah. There is a small lake at the
summit of this pass, and a good view of the Deosai Plains can be seen
from here. The path descends steeply from here into the Satpur
nullah^ at the head of which is the camping ground called Ronishikar
or Jalna Brinsa. It occupies a small piece of flat ground on the
spur of a mountain, and the elevation is about 12,500 feet. Looking
down the valley a view is obtained of some distant mountains on the
further side of the Indus.

The floor of my tent was carpeted with edelweiss, Anemone
albana^ and other interesting-specimens.

The path down this valley is very steep and very stony. My
intention was to have gone on to Skdrdu from here, but finding the
botany so interesting I decided to halt halfway near the village of
Satpur, Several bushes of a handsome Spiraea (5. hy per tcif olio)
were met with on the way down. This species is not included in the
Flora of British India. My friend Captain Hunter Weston, RJB.,
brought me flowering specimens of this shrub discovered by him in
Baltistdn three years ago. The plant, however, is well known to the
natives who call it SaberJ* The wood is hard and the bark is of
a reddish-brown colour and smooth, Native shikiris from Kashmir
nearly always take back with them a bundle of sticks eut from this
shrub. Many other rare plants were also collected.

There is a good deal of cultivation in the neighbourhood of Sat-
pur, The fields which have been skilfully terraced contained fine
crops, especially of wheat and barley, nearly ready for the harvest.
Other crpps are peas, called here kukan^ beans or bakla, the Balti
name of which is bararak^ and turnips {gonglu) ; wheat is called
kanak^ and barley is nas. The general name for all kinds of grasses
is ka$h. Several kinds of fruit-trees are also grown here, such as
walnuts, mulberries, and apricots.

After leaving Satpur the road follows the bed ot the river, and
then over grassy and more or less marshy land until the lake is
reached. The path then ascends and is carried along the east side
of the valley at some distance above the lake. The lake occupies
the whole width of the valley, which is about a mile across, and its
length is nearly two miles. It contains fish. We passed a curious
old wall which extends down the side of the mountain and ends in a
fort overlooking the lake. After passing the lake the path (a very
bad one) keeps more or less by thexiver until it suddenly emerges

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR JN KASHMIR, i8g2.

into the Indus Valley immediately opposite Skirdu. I halted two
days here, and my time was fully occupied replying to the numer-
ous letters which had been awaiting my arrival for many days, and
attending to the large collection of specimens recently collected.

Captain Townsend, of the Central India Horse, was here in com-
mand of some Kashmir Imperial Service Troops, and was the only
Englishman in this place when I arrived. 1 am much indebted to
him for his kind assistance in various ways, as well as for his hospi-
tality 'I'he Tehsildar, who is practically the governor of Skardu,
was also most obliging. A great deal might be written regarding
the history of this interesting place, also of the scenery, which is very
striking. All cultivation is carried on by means of irrigation, the
channels for which extend for miles from the sources of supply. The
numerous villages which are scattered throughout the valley are
conspicuous by their settin gs of vivid green patches in the midst of
a sandy desert. A very superior kind of apricot 1s to be obtained
from some of the gardens. When ripe it is extremely juicy, more
like a plum in this respect, and the flavour is delicious. It is called
chilu, but is very different from the ordinary hill apricot met with in
this country, the flesh of which is more or less of a firm consistency.
Walnut trees are plentiful, also some superior kinds of mulberry.

1 left Skdrdu on the 17th of July for Katzura, a sma1» village
about 16 miles up the valley towards Rondu. It lies on the left
bank of the Indus, close to the large torrent which comes down
roaring and foaming out of the Shigarthang Valley. This is a very
trying march owing to the long stretches of sand which throw off an
immense amount of heat during the day. For the first few miles out
of Skardu the path is shaded by an avenue of poplars, but suddenly
this avenue abruptly terminates at the edge of a sandy desert. One
of the villages I passed through wa.s inhabited by Kashmiris. I
found a man manuring his tobacco field with freshly-cut plants of
a kind of thistle {Cnicus arvensis)^ which he called kanish. The
tobacco was of the coarse round-leaved variety {Ntcottana rustied),

I rested for a short time at the village of Hoto, and was much
refreshed by some apricots which were presented to me. The wheat
here was much rusted. This village is liable to the encroachment of
the Indus as well as to inundations of blown sand. After this the
road begins to rise gradually towards Katzura. A pretty lake is
passed, and soon after that the Shigarthang Stream is crossed by
a bridge. A few htindred yards further on is the village surrounded
by fruit-trees (walnuts, apricots, and mulberries). On arrival I was
presented with a basket of excellent large round black mulber-
ries. This variety is called kachilosa^' or “ shdhtuty Wheat,

REPORT ON A BOTANfCAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, l8g2.

beans, and tobacco are cultivated here in small patches. The eleva-
tion of this place is about 8,000 feet.

The next day’s march was to Shigarthang, about 16 miles up the
Shigarthang Valley. Soon after entering this valley the road takes
a sudden turn to the south. The ascent is easy at first. The village
of Tzok with its fruit-trees and grassy meadows is prettily situated
in an open part of the valley. From here the road turns round to
the north and is carried by a bridge to the left bank. The scenery
now becomes very wild. Bare precipitous rocks hem in the valley on
all sides and the road becomes steep and stony. Vegetation is very
scanty, but what there is is interesting. The Saber {SpircBa hyperi-
cifolia) was found again. A kind of ash (Fraxinus xanthoxy-
hides) was plentiful at about 9,000 feet in fruit, also Juniperus
excelsa. After this the road takes a sudden turn to the west, and
ascends steeply between innumerable boulders of an enormous size,
severed from a mountain on the left, and extending dowm to the
river, where they help to form a series of beautiful waterfalls and
cascades. Above this is a small village, near which I came across
some of the tiniest full-grown cattle I have ever seen. They were
covered with long black hair, and looked more like bears.

At Shigarthang the main valley takes a sharp turn to the west
towards the Alampi La and the Banok La. Two other valleys open
mt into this bend of the Shigarthang Valley, on the east the Dora
Lumba from the direction of the Burji Ld, and the Munda Lamba
from the south. The village is on the right bank of the main stream
and is situated on a high plateau composed of moraine debris. The
elevation is over 10,000 feet.

The people of this place are a- wild-looking lot, but cheerful and
full of humour. Their head gear is of the Hunza pattern, a long
bag with the edges rolled in until it forms a cap. The men, whose
lot it was to carry the loads on the next march, appeared in the morn-
ing with their caps decorated with the crimson flowers of Rosa
Webbiana^ shouting and chattering in a language which none of my
servants could understand. As these men had to accompany me over
the Alampi L^ and for some distance down towards Astor, arrange-
ments had to be made for their rations, and I was unable to make a
very early start.. We made a short march therefore to a place, called
Rimo Chagma (or Ringmo Chami), close to the river and between
12,000 and 13,000 feet, and on the following day started with the
intention of going over the pass.

By the time, however, we had reached the foot of the first serious
climb towards the pass, it was. too late in the day to attempt the long
and difficult. journey across the snow. The weather was perfect, and

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892.

without a cloud in the sky. The elevation was about 13,000 feet. In
the evening I went up for a few miles towards the head of the main
valley and collected some plants.

Early the next morning (July 21st) we made for the pass, begin-
ning with a steep more or less grassy ascent up to 1 4,500 feet. Beyond
this is a wide corrie surrounded by an amphitheatre of precipices, and
with a lake at the bottom and patches of snow all about, From here
turning to the west we had another stiff climb before us, wdth a good
deal of snow to cross at a disagreeable angle, for the snow was frozen
bard and steps had to be cut. Having reached the top of this slope
we found ourselves in another hollow basin. Here was a much larger
lake all frozen over. There was nothing now to be seen but rocks
and ice and snow.

After skirting the shores of this lake we reached the foot of the
final climb, a steep staircase of rock, and at last arrived at the sum-
mit of the pass, the elevation of which is 15,200 feet. The descent
on the western side is into a valley which was covered with snow for
2 or 3 miles. The upper part of the snow slope was very steep and
hard, and steps had to be cut for a considerable distance. We got
off the snow^ at about 1,000 feet below the summit of the pass, and
rested for a short time by some big jboulders. From here the finest
view of Nanga Parbat is obtained, and it w^as seen to perfection on
this day

Looking about amongst the boulders for. botanical specimens I
came, across some human bones, and beside them a few pieces of
cloth, also a portion of a gun-stock. 1 hey were all together in a sort of
small cave formed by an overhanging boulder, which may have afforded
the unlucky traveller temporary shelter, but which eventually became
his tomb.

We had to go down the valley to about 12,000 feet before we
could find a suitable camping-ground. The botany was most inter-
esting, and many new plants were discovered. The whole way down
to Gudhai on the Gilgit Road the scenery in this valley is very fine.
It is richly wooded in parts, the chief trees being excelsa^ Jum,
perus excelsa^ and willows. We passed afew small villages, the most
important of which is Bobin ; its elevation is a little over 1 1,000 feet.
Some fine nullahs open into this valley on either side. At about

10.000 feet Karbe Village is passed. Near here I came across a number
of Commissariat coolies, mostly Punjabis, cutting grass for the Gilgit
Transport animals.

From here there is rather a steep descent to the Burzil Valley.
The two rivers join close to Gudhai, the elevation of which is about

9.000 feet.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

We are now on the main Gilgit road, a few miles from Naugciun,
where I dismissed my Shigarthang coolies, and got a fresh set to
take my loads on to Astor the next day.

On arriving at Naugion 1 found the entire population either play-
ing, or assisting as spectators, at an exciting game of polo. The
flat roof of a house served as grandstand, and here the village band
played a variety of tunes.

The next day^s march was to Astor, The road for the first few
miles is very rough and dusty. This is really a piece of the old road,
the new portion, which is being carried at a higher level, not then
being open for traflSc. After crossing the Burzil Stream and the
Astor River, the road ascends to Gurikot where there is a good deal
of cultivation and many groves of fruit-trees. From here' the new
road leads by easy gradients to Astor. The edible pine {Pinus Cer^
ardlana) is common in this portion of the valley, the elevation being
about 8,000 feet. The local name is GaroL ' Jumperus exceha is also
abundant here, and is called chili.

The scenery of this portion of the valley is remarkable. The
villages on either side are perched on the slopes of an enormous
moraine, through which the river has cut a deep channel with high
precipitous cliffs of moraine debris on either side. Astor itself is high
above the river.

The Hollyhock (Althcea rosea) with pure white or mauve-coloured
flowers is abundant here along the edges of cultivated ground.
It is not indigenous, and was probably introduced at some time or
other along with the large white-flowering Iris, for planting over
graves.

I remained at Astor for a day, and left on the 26th July for Das-
kin. After passing the fort the road descends to Harcho, and then
ascends to Daskin, keeping high above the river, Daskin being con-
siderably higl^er than Astor.

The sides of the Astor Valle^ look almost completely bare\of
vegetation. There are, however, many juniper trees scattered over
the rocky hill-sides which at a distance gWe the grey colour of the
rocks a speckled appearance. Some interesting pjants are to be
found in the rock-crevices, and in the more shady nooks. At eleva-
tions above 10,000 feet the climate is cool and moist, and the
vegetation is correspondingly luxuriant. These conditions prevail
throughout this part of the country, and- up to and beyond Gilgit.
Nearly every nullah which opens into these hot, dry and compara-
tively low valleys afford views of forests and green pastures extend-
ing up to the snow line.

Beyond Daskin the road still ascending passes through.

T2 REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892.

the lower portion of one of these forests, which extend more or less
all along the high-level ridges from Astor to Doian. This proved to
be one of the most interesting bits of botanical ground met with
during the whole of my tour. The principal trees are Pinus excelsa,
Pbius Gerardiana^ and the Pencil cedar. Streams of clear water
cross the road at intervals, and many rare plants may here be found.
After passing through this forest the road again enters the arid
waterless tract, unt^l Doian is reached, close to which place the same
kind of forest extends.

There is a small bungalow at Doian belonging to Messrs. Spedding
& Co., the road contractors. As rain came on in the afternoon, I was
glad to avail myself of it, and so save my tents from getting wet.
There is a splendid view from here in clear weather looking down
into the Indus Valley and across to some very high snowy peaks
beyond.

It rained steadily all night and the next morning, and remained
cloudy during the rest of the day. This was an advantage, as the
next march down to Rdmgh^t is a very hot and trying one on a
sunny day. The old route over the Hattu Pir must however have
been very much worse.

At Rimgh^t there is a bridge over the Astor River, which rushes
through the gorge here at a furious pace. This spot is known
locally by the name Shaitan Nira. The camping-ground is about a
mile beyond this, on the left bank of the Dachkat or Misikin Stream.
This torrent, like many other glacier streams, rises and falls at
different times of the day, and during the summer months it is quite
unfordable towards evening.

From this place there is a good road mostly over a stony plateau
to Bunji, the elevation of which is under 5,000 feet. This used to be
a much more important place until the great flood of 1841 destroyed
it and laid waste a large extent of cultivated land. There is a very
good bungalow here and a garden of fruit-trees in which I pitched
my camp.

Captain Yeilding, D.S.O., arrived here that evening from Sri-
nagar, and I had the pleasure of his company as far as Gilgit. I'he
distance is nearly 40 miles by the new road. It is certainly a
journey to be undertaken as quickly as possible, for the whole valley
is extremely hot during the day time, there being no shade what-
ever until you reach the village of Minawar, about 8 miles from
Gilgit. Finding that my coolies were a long way behind, I was
obliged to halt about 6 miles short of this place on a gravelly plain
near the river.- As some portions of the new road between this-

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892

place and Minawar were not then open for traffic, we had some
difficulty with the loads, epecially at certain spots wdiere the debris
from the new road was being shot down on to the only other pos-
sible track. I found Captain Yielding at Minawar early the next
morning, and we rode on from there to Gilgit.

The views of the snowy peaks towards the north-east were won-
derfully fine, one of them, Rakapushi, over 25,000 feet standing out
clear against the blue sky. The first sight of Gilgit from th.e Jutial
Ridge is very striking, as you look down upon the wide expanse of
orchards and cultivated fields, the colours of which appeared so vivid
by contrast with the surrounding bare and dazzling rocks.

I stayed at Gilgit for one day, and left early on the morning of
the 2nd of August for Nomal in the Hunza Valley. After crossing
the bridge over the Gilgit River the road follows the left bank of that
river in an easterly direction for about 3 miles, and then turns
round towards the north up the Hunza Valley. The distance from
Gilgit to Nomal by this road is about 16 miles. This is a very hot
and trying march in summer, as there is not a particle of shade
except at one place, about halfway, where a landslip has brought
down spme big boulders. There is no water either, except that of
the river, which at this time of the year is quite muddy and looks
more like a mixture of ink and milk. After entering the Hunza
Valley the road traverses for some miles an undulating sandy tract
covered in parts by a large bushy species of Ephedra {E, intermedia).
After passing the boulders the road is carried for a con-

siderable distance along the side of a p’*ecipitous hill, descending
again to more level ground before reaching Nomal. The elevation of
this place is 5,500 feet.

On the following morning I left the Hunza road, and went up the
Naltar Valley towards the north-west. For the first few miles the
valley is confined within bare precipitous rocks. Some interesting
specimens were gathered near the river, which has to be crossed by
bridges four times before reaching the village of Naltar, the elevation
of which is about 6,500 feet. There is plenty of vegetation here, and
some good crops were seen of wheat, barley, kangni (locally called
pirpit) and chena. M’alnuts, apples, and vines are also grown
here.

After resting for a little while 1 continued up the path for a few
miles, and found a capital camping ground in a forest of silver fir at
an elevation of about g.ooo feet. Beyond this the valley opens out,
and is clothed with fine forests containing silver fir juniper, and blue

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892.

pine {Pinus excesla). On the slopes facing the north-east these
forests extend to a considerable elevation mixed with birch and
willow. There is a path leading up to the head of this valley to a
pass which separates it from the Chaprot Valley. Numerous glacier-
fed streams come down into this valley from either side. As 1 had
only two days to spare for botanical exploration, 1 found it difficult to
decide as to which route to take on each day, there being so much
promising-looking ground in every direction. My expectations were
fulfilled on the first day, and the cooly-load of drying paper which I
took with me was very soon used up, and the collecting box crammerl
full of rare specimens long before I had reached any great elevation.
In fact, owing to the richness of the vegetation and the difficult
nature of the ground, I managed to get up only to about 2,000 feet
above my camp.

I explored another side nullah on the following day (August 5th*,
and found this one even more difficult. In one place 1 had to circum-
vent a big waterfall, and by the time I had got round to the top of it
evening was coming on and rain too. This waterfall was rather a
remarkable one on account of the rocks of all sizes which were con-
stantly being carried over the fall. My attention was first attracted
by the peculiar sound produced by the rattling of the stones.

I much regretted being obliged to leave this beautiful valley, which
would require several days for its proper exploration. Ihere was a
good deal of rain in the night, and all the streams were much swollen
when I left for Nomah the^ next morning* The river too was very
high, and the two bridges near’ the village of Nsltar looked very in-
secure when we passed over them, and one or both must have
collapsed very soon afterwards.

On reaching Nomal I was told that the Gilgit bridge‘had been
carried away,. and 'that the only communication with Gilgit was by
the rope bridge. The damage done by swollen rivers during these
few days appears to have been caused by a wave of warm air acting
over a large extent of country ; for, on my way back to Kashmir, I
saw in many places signs of the havoc done to roads, bridges, and
village water-courses, ail of which happened at about the same time.
At Bunji one of those curious mud streams came down and destroyed
the water-courses ; and at Rdmgh^t the Dachkat torrent gave much
trouble. At Harcho, in the Astor Valley, a bridge was carried away
and in the Kamri Valley a good deal of damage was done.

In order to escape the heat of the Hunza Valley during the day. I
left Nomal at about 2 A.M. and reached Gilgit in time for breakfast.
The rope bridge was a decidedly disagreeable obstacle at the end of
a long and tiring march- In addition to the sense of insecurity which

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892

a man with a fairly good head for giddy heights need not be ashamed
of, and with an inky black river rushing beneath him at a racing pace,
there is a considerable amount of physical exertion required.

I remained at Gilgit for two days, and I gladly take this opportu-
nity of expressing my obligations to Mr. Robertson, the Officiating
British Agent, for his kindness and hospitality. I had the pleasure
also of making the acquaintance of Surgeon-Captain Roberts, the
Medical Officer attached to the Agency. His knowledge of garden-
ing does justice to the capabilities of the climate in the production of
good vegetables and fruit He also takes an interest in botany, and
through his kindness 1 have since received from him a very interest-
ing set of specimens collected In the neighbourhood of Gilgit. I am
also indebted to Captain Younghusband, not only for many acts of
kindness during my stay at Gilgit, but also for a very interesting
collection of plants gathered by him during his memorable journey
across the Pamirs.

In a dry and rocky country like Gilgit there must always be
considerable difficulty in arranging for a continuous supply of fodder
for any large number of transport animals. Along certain sections
of the Gilgit road beyond the Burzil Pass, the local supply being
practically nil, a good deal of expense is necessarily incurred
by carriage.

With the exception of the village sites, where cultivation is
carried on by means of irrigation channels, the hill slopes on either
side of the road, in consequence of the very small amount of annual
rainfall, are extremely bare of vegetation j and what there is is coarse
and unpalatable. The most abundant plant on these hill-sides is a
species of worm-wood {Artemisia maritima) ^ which mules and don-
keys will eat for lack of anything better. I have seen no record of
any species of Artemisia^ several of which are .known to occur in
India and along the north-west frontier, as affording fodder for ponies
and mules. But two Himalayan species, vis., A. parvi flora and
A, sacrorum, have been mentioned as being eaten by sheep and goats.

A certain amount of grass and weed herbage is to be found along
the edges of irrigated village fields, which even, were it not required
by the villagers for their own animals, would prove to be but a small
contribution.

Large quantities of grass and weeds of sorts had to be procured
last summer from the nearest margs lying within the more elevated
moist zone, and accessible from the main valley by certain nullahs.
The grasses and other plants collected from these localities should
afford excellent fodder in the form of hay.' The great drawback to
this source of supply the expense of cutting and the carriage.

l6 REPORT ON A BOTANICAL lOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892.

The section between Bunji and Gilgit offers at present the great-
est difficulties, as there are so few villages in the neighbourhood.
There are, however, several abandoned village sites, where, I am in-
formed, attempts have been made, after repairing the old water-
channels, to grow crops. In a dry rocky or sandy country it is
wonderful how luxuriant the growth of vegetation becomes by irriga-
tion alone. Every opportunity should therefore be taken to utilize
any surplus village water, and as far as possible to repair and make
use of the old water-channels of the abandoned villages. By the use
of manure, of which there should be an ample supply, considering
the large number of animals daily passing up and down the road, a
considerable quantity of green stuff might be rendered available.

I have reason to believe that large quantities of valuable fodder
might be prepared locally in the form of silage. Many nutritious
plants are rejected by animals by reason of the thorns or bristles
with which they are protected. In a comparatively rainless and rocky
country like Gilgit this is the usual character of the spontaneous ve-
getation, The same plants, which only camels or donkeys will touch
in a fresh stale, would, after being siloed, become palatable and
wholesome food for ponies as well as for mules.

I left Gilgit in the afternoon of the loth of August for Mindwar,
and on the following day rode to Domel in the Indus Valley, close to
the flying bridge erected by Captain Aylmer, k.E. The views from
here of Nanga Parbat and Rakapushi are exceedingly fine, and I was
fortunate in being able tosee the«e wondenu) mountains by moonlight
as well as at sunset and sunrise. I rode into Bunji the next morning
and spent the rest of the day there, and collected some plants in the
evening.

I rode to Rdmghdt on the following Tnorning (13th August) and
walked from there to Doain, a steep ascent of 4 000 feet, and on the
following day explored the ridge above Doian up to 12,00-13,000 feet.
There were fine views looking over into the Leta and Bulddr nullahs
and down the Indus Valley towards Childs, A large number of most
interesting plants were collected in the forest above Doian and on
the” open parts higher up, the most important discovery being that
of Pyrola secunda^ a species new to the flora of British India.

On the 15th I got as far as Harcho, and arrived at Astor on the
following day. I had to stay here four days to try and recruit
my health, which had commenced to give way at Gilgit owing to
extremes of temperature and over-exertion.

Mr. Blaker, of the firm of Messrs. Spedding, Mitchell & Co.)
had a permanent camp here, and he gave me much assistance and
was most kind and hospitable.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892.

I left Astor on the 21st, intending to go as far as Chugam below
Rattu in the Kamri Valley, but was detained a short way below where
the Rupal Stream joins the Astor River. A bridge had given way and
was being repaired. There is a grand view from here looking up
towards Nanga Parbat. Some interesting specimens were collected
near the banks of the river.

The next day I made an attempt to reach the village of Tdrshing
in the Rupal Valley, and at the foot of one of the big glaciers below
Nanga Parbat, I managed to get up the valley about halfway, when
I unfortunately became ill again and I had to return. The botany
near the glacier must be extremely interesting, and I still hope I
may be able some day to explore this locality.

I encamped that night near the village of Rattu in the Kamri
Valley, elevation 6,8co feet. The valley here is open, and with fine
views of Nanga Parbat to the north and the Mir M^lik Valley which
joins the Kamri Valley a few miles further up towards the south-west.
Beyond the village there are broad stretches of undulating pasture
land, known as the Rattu plains. The whole valley, irt fact, is beauti*
fully clothed with grass, and there are some fine patches of forest?
especially on the sides of the nullahs coming down to the left bank
of the river.

I went on to Gumin the next day, a very beautiful march, and
excellent for botany, elevation about 9,000 feet, and on the 24th
arrived at camping-ground of Killapani the elevation of which
is about ! 0,600 feet.

On the following day, leaving my camp here, I started off in the
early morning to explore one of the nullahs on the western side of
the valley. I managed to get up to an elevation of 12,500 feet
where a large number of interesting specimens were obtained.

On the 26th I went over the pass (about 13,000 feet) and descend-
ed about 3,000 feet on the other side to the village of Gurikot in the
Burzil Valley. I collected some interesting plants on the pass. One
very striking feature in the vegetation of the upper part of the
Kamri Valley is the abundant growth of a most: remarkable crucifer-
ous plant called Me^acarposa polyandra. It has thick hollow stems
upwards of 4 or 5 feet high. It grows in open grassy places, and at
some little distance these tall herbaceous plants look very like young
trees. The local name is chachi and the young leaves are used as
ag or spinach. It is also found on the Pir Panjal Range, where it is
ailed chattarhdk^ or chatri,

I marched to Gurais the next day (27th), about 13 miles of very
retty road along the banks of the Burzil Stream, which joins

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1892.

the Kishenganga about one mile above Gurais, I had to stay here
and rest for a few days; and was getting back my strength when I
unfortunately met with an accident resulting* in a broken rib.
This of course interfered a good deal with further botanical explo-
ration. I had with me, however, an experienced collector who w’as
on the look out for anything new.

The poisonous grass {Stipa sibrica) is abundant on the wooded
slopes of the Gurais Valley.

I have reason to believe that the results of this tour will prove to
be a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the botany of Baltis-
tdn and Gilgit. A complete set of the specimens has been prepared
for the Saharanpur Herbarium ; and two other sets have been dis-
tributed, one to the Royal Herbarium at Kew and the other to
Dr. King at Calcutta. The w’hole of the mosses, of which a
large collection was made, have been sent to Dr. Brotherus at
Helsingfors in Finland for determination, also a complete set of the
grasses to Dr. Hackel in Austria.

The remaining sets will be distributed next cold weather to
various institutions in Europe, and elsewhere by way of exchange.

Saharanpur, ^
The loth June 1893.}

J. F. DUTHliL,

Director^ Botanical Department,

Northern India,

Government of India Central Printing Office.— No. 104 R. & A.— 3fl.|-94.— aeff.

RECORDS

OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
BRIGADE-SURGEON G, KING, M.B., LL.D., P.R.S., C.I.E.,
DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OP INDIA.

Volume I.

No. 2.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM,

G. A. GAMMIE.

CALCUTTA:

OFFICE OP SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PEIMIHG, INDIA.

1894.

REPORT

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM,

1892.

I departed to collect botanical specimens in Sikkim and. on its
frontiers on the 6th June 1892. As Mr. White, the Political Agent-,
informed me that he would probably be at liberty to accompany me
on a journey to the little known district of Lhonak, I arranged to
meet him at Guntok in about six weeks’ time, when we should make
the necessary arrangements for our travelling together. To my
regret the exigencies of his appointment prevented him from
carrying out his intention, and 1 was obliged to abandon the
idea of going alone to Lhonak, as Mr. White considered it inadvis-
able on my part to attempt it while important negotiations concern-
ing the frontier were pending with the Tibetans.*

He kindly forwarded to me parwanas written in Tibetan and
addressed generally to the headmen of villages, ordering them to
render me whatever assistance I required^; but it the same time he
wisely advised me not to depend on procuring carriers or supplies
from the inhabitants. His passports were of the utmost value to
me on the rare occasions I had to avail myself of assistance from
the villagers, a service these indolent people would have been loath
to afford me had I not been supported by such indisputabJe autho-
rity. As 1 had no hope of procuring supplies in the country^
I made thorough arrangements for food sufficient for all to be sent at
intervals to different stations, regulating my movements in accord-
ance with the planr laid down, thus, at all times, avoiding a possible
scantiness of rations, which would have disheartened my men and
caused their desertion, a most undesirable contingency.

1 he slothful and improvident habits of the inhabitants prevent
them from growing more grain than is actually necessary for their
bare subsistence, a condition of affairs concomitant with their lack
of mercantile enterprise, which is probably due to their isolation from
the outer and more civilized world.

Being thrown on my resources, and having permission from Mr.
White to travel in any part of the country, excepting Lhonak and

report on a botanical tour in SIKKIM, 1892.

Cholamoo, I decided to devote the remainder of the allotted time to
exploring the Lachung Valley with its ramifications, the Lachen
Valley and the Chola Range from Tumloong to the Zeylap La, from
whence I could return to Darjeeling by the Gnatong road.

In anticipation of the meeting with Mr. White, I considered that
the first month of deputation would be most usefully spent in travers-
ing the Singalelah Range to Kinchinjunga, from which I could march
to Guntok by way of Yoksun.

As I was requested to confine my attention as much as possible
to the collection and observation of temperate and alpiuc vcgetation>
that of low elevations being already well understood, 1 must omit
anything but casual mention of the tract between Yoksun and Turn-
long, and also the valley of the Teesta to the junction of the
Lachen and Lachung. This restriction divides my narrative into
three parts — the first dealing with the vegetation of the exceedingly
moist mountains forming the western boundary of Sikkim, the
second with that of the temperate and drier territory north of the
junction of the Lachen and Lachung, and the third with that of the
Chola Range.

First Tour. Journey along the Singalelah Range to the tracts on
the southern flank of Kinchinjunga, and the march across the valleys
of the Ranjit and Teesta to Tumlong.

This excursion lasted from the 7th June to the 7th July. The
rainy monsoon broke with almost unparalelled severity on the day of
my departure, and the most interesting portion of the journey,
namely, that at high elevations, was accomplished through inces-
sant fogs and storms of wind and rain. I thus enjoyed few oppor-
tunities of viewing the surrounding scenery, and had perforce to
confine my observations to the vegetation within access to practic-
able paths.

The Singalelah Range is an elevated mountain mass, springing
from the face of Kinchinjunga, and extending southwards to the
plains of India, Owing to the facilities of travelling afforded by the
Nepal frontier road to Phalut, the range so far is much frequented
by general travellers, and is in consequence too well explored to
induce one to linger on the way in search of novelties. Some Yew
trees {Taxus baccatd) grow close to the road beyond Tonglu, and
Abies Webbiana is first seen on the last ridge between Tonglu
and Sandakphu, from whence onwards it exists in profusion up to
1 3,000 feet in elevation, covering mountain sides with dense and
sombre forests. There are trees of Tsuga Brunoniana below Pha-
lut, and Juniperus pseudo-sabina abounds near the path to Chea-
bhanjan, but the other species of Conifers, so characteristic of drier

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR !N SIKKIM, 1892.

Sikkim, are altogether absent. Above 1 1,000 feet the most notable
plants are Aconites and Meconopsis WalUchti, and a few species each
of the genera Ranunculus^ Anemone^ Potentilla^ F rimula, etc.
Fragaria Daltonidna occurs here and there, bearing narrow oblong
fruits, reminding one of small strawberries and resembling them in
flavour. The road from Sandakphu to Phalut passes through a
forest of Abies Webbiana^ associated with Pyrus foliolosa^ Betula
utilis^ Acer caudatum and Prunus rufa^ etc,, underneath which are
thickets of various Rhododendrons and two species of bamboo.
One of the latter is Arunainaria spathiflora which flowered two years
ago, a fact attested by the dead culms still bearing the withered spathe-
like sheaths of the inflorescence. Its average height is 10 to 12 feet.
The other is what Mr. Gamble named A. Ga^nmieana from speci-
mens of the foliage only ; but, having since examined flowers, he has
discovered it to be A. racemosa^ Munro, a plant which, although so
abundant round Darjeeling as to be almost exclusively used as
fodder for ponies, has never been known to flower there. The
Phalut plant, which differs so much in size and appearance, having
reddish stems with an average height of 3 feet, may of course owe its
diminutive size to the more rigorous climate of higher levels preventing
its attainment to a normal growth. These two bamboos, the most
Alpine species in Sikkim, grow in impenetrable scrubs in the same
spongy soil which affords support to Rhododendrons and Pines.

On the slopes immediately below the summit of Phalut arboreal
vegetation is scanty and confined to sheltered ravines. . The ground
is everywhere covered with a sward of herbaceous plants. Anemone
rivularis with blue and white flowers predominates. Primula rotun-
difolia and sikkimensii (the latter affecting marshy situations in
company with Calatkodes pahnata) ar-e common. Meconopsis
Wallichii is extremely abundant. The Bhutias eat the young stems
of this plant, and the shoots of a Polygonatum are much esteemed by
the Gurung shepherds. The young shoots of bamboos are cooked
aiid eaten. Rheum acuminatum is prevalent throughout the whole
of Alpine Sikkim, but is not utilized as food. Allium Wallithti,
which is equally abundant, is consumed laigely, sharing with the
common onion the reputation of being an efficacious antidote against
the physical discopnforts experienced by men and animals at high
elevations.

From Cheabhanjan onwards to Kinchinjuiiga, the only available
path is that u§ed by the shepherds, who pasture their Docks along
the whole range during summer. For many miles this track
~ follows the contour of the spur’s crest, so that every clay’s march
comprises many descents and ascents. As might be iiiierred iron?

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, 1892.

the proximity of the path to the ridge, streams supplying a sufficiency
of water for our camp were few and far between, often necessitating
long marches to obtain our two chief desiderata— z. space large en-
ough to contain our tents, and water for cooking. At the end of the
first day we found such a place at Ewanangi, a halting stage for
shepherds. Its elevation by B. P. thermometer was 11,174 feet.
The camping ground was covered with -young plants of the fornnid-
able Cnicus eriophoroidesy a large thistle. At the commencement of
this march we struck the Islumbo Pass, and continued in a northerly
direction. The path runs through woods of Rhododendron arboreum^
R» cinnabarinumy R. Falconeriy R. barbatumy and R. Hodgsoniy Acer
caudatuniy Betula utilisy Pieris ovalifolUy Juniperus pseudo-sabtna
Abies Webbianay Prunus ru/a, Arundinaria spathifloruy q\.c. These
trees grow' so densely that very few herbaceous plants exist beneath
them. Saxifraga ligulatay a few species of PolygonuMy Ferns of two
species, and several species of Potentilla being most in evidence, A
variety of beautiful mosses grow on the rocks On open knolls the soil
is carpeted with Gaultheria nummulariuy and the heather-like Cas-
Slope i astigiata.

The following day’s march was from Ewanangi to Megu. Tw’c
Gentians become common about 12,000 feet, On^y Gentiana stylo-
phora, with large, terminal, greenish, lily-like dowsers, the othei
Swertia Hookei iy conspicuous by its brown leaves and inflorescence
growing together in whorls on a stem often six feet high. A white
and pink Primula is common Rhododendron Anthopogon is abun-
dant. Its fragrant leaves are largely collected and burned as incense
in Buddhist temples. Small trees are represented by the species of
Rhododendron formerly enumerated, hyPyrus foliolosay Prunus rufuy
and the bushy variety of Juniperus recurvay which forms excessively
clpse thickets. Spircea bella Pyrus ^ kamnioides grow in open
situations. Clematis montana with large white flowers climbs over
bushes and at once arrests attention. A succession of steep ascents
and descents where we first saw plants of Meconopsis simplicifolia
in flower nestling under Berberry bushes, was followed by a compara-
tively level path running over the rocks of a glacial deposit, at the end
of which lay the large and grassy flat of Megu, the elevation of which
by B, P. thermometer was 12,767 feet. Its bright green surface was
interspersed with many plants of white primroses and yellow Cala*
thodeSy a refreshing sight after tr? veiling through such a long waste
of Rhododendron, A colony of marmots lived in the rocks above
the camping gnound. I always understood that they avoid the damp
climate of the Sikkim mountains and live only in the dry regions be-
yond the snows. The tailless rat, another denizen of the same dry

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, 1892.

climate, was represented by numerous individuals scampering
amongst the Rhododendrons. A great extent of land beyond the
camping ground is swampy and covered with Rhododendron cam~
panulatum 1 he stepping stones across the wettest parts are formed
of slabs of a slate-like gneis'S which are resonant when struck. Various
species of Scdiun of the section Rhodiola and the golden Chrysosple-
niuni alterni folium are common in the clefts of stones, partly siih.
merged in the water. The ridge above is steep and its black barren
crags of foliated gneiss- present a most forbidding appearance.

The following day we marched to Gambothan. Since we lefi
Phalutour marches had been along the crest of the Singalelah, except
ing when vve rarely descended to and traversed the Nepalese side
but here the path after running through the swamp at Alegu, ascends
steeply and passes to the Sikkim side through a narrow' depression
guarded on each side by weatherworn cliffs. Grass covers this ascent,
and the bright blue flowers cf Primula pusillOy P. glabra ^ and DeR
phiniuni alpiiiumgwe an unique character to the place by their plenti-
ful presence. In the clefts of a rock we found a small simply
pinnate Poly podium and a species of Pelloea.

d he tract into which we emerged wore a different aspect to that
w'e had just left. Above us tow'ered enormous walls and pljinacles
of bare rock, intersected by equally stony valleys, all tending towards
the broad and terraced slope over which we marched wdthout
difficulty. Rhododendron Anthopogon and R. aeto.sum were the only
w'oody plants. On the sides of the rocks along the Saxif raga

imbricata and S. Jacquemontiana grew' in dense moss-like cushions
spangled with w hite and yellow flowers. The soil is covered w ith
a thick turf of grass and sedges, amongst which are innumerable
plants of Primula Stuart; l and a species of Anemone. Beyond this
first terrace the route led over alternate flats and ravines, and passed
four lakes. At first the rocks near the path are scattered singly over
Ihe ground ; further on the wdiole surface of the hill is covered by a
confused mass of glacier-deposited boulders wdiere the path is marked
at intervals by upright white stones. Very little vegetation, except
moss, maintains an existence in this wilderness. Sir Joseph Hooker
in his admirable acccunt of the Physical Geography of Sikkim, thus
explains the cause of this barren desolation Glaciers, again, des- -
cend to 15,000 feet in the tortuous gorges w'hich immediately debouch
from the snows of Kinchinjunga, but no plants grow' on the debris they
carry dowm, nor is there any sw'ard of grass or herbage at their base,
the atmosphere immediately around being chilled by enormous accu-
mulations of snow, and the summer sun rarely warming the soil.”

Attaining a ridge marked by a rudely built monument bearing a

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, lSg2,

small flag, we descended a steep gorge down which a stream urged
its turbulent course. Its bed was cumbered with gneiss blocks, with
many of a fine grained granite, transported from higher levels. This
stream effects a junction with two others to form the Rangbi river at a
flat expanse called Gambothan. The sheltered situation of this place
favours the growth of large pine trees and copses of a willow, Salix
Wallichiana^ fringe the river bank. From eastward another tributary
flow's through a broad grassy valley, which rapidly attains a high
elevation, and for a short distance towards the south the united
rivers flovv calmly through a forest of Abies Webbiana, The most
noteworthy plant growing in the desolate locality we had traversed
is the gigantic Rhubarb, {Rheum nobile), always associated in the
traveller's mind with barren precipices where it delights to grow',
and where it heightens the weird effect of such scenery by its
cadaverous stave-like stems ; for only by closer inspection can the
actual beauty of the plant be realized. The only perfect speci-
mens existed on inaccessible rocks, as the shepherds collect and de-
vour all they find within reach.

The elevation of Gambothan, by B. P, thermometer, was 12,400
feet.

Leaving Gambothan, a steep ascent was made to the summit
of the ridge — 13,300 feet in elevation For half the distance
there is a scattered forest of Abies Webbiana ^ Juniper us rcurvay
Rkododenaron campanulatumy Prunus rufa and Betula utilis ;
the upper part being almost wholly occupied by Rhododendron Ant ho-
pogon and R, setosum. These when bruised or trodden upon
exhale a strong perfume from the superficial glands with which they
are covered, aggravating the headaches to which all are subject
at high elevations. Gentiana stylophora is exceedingly common.
Beyond the ridge is the broad open summit of Bokto, covered with
grass on which two large flocks of sheep were feeding. From this a
descent has to be made into the valley of the Yangsap through dense
growths of Rhodoa idron^ Abies Webbiana, Pyrus foliolosa and P.
microphylla ; beyond is a steep hill almost devoid of vegetation and
covered with boulders. The path winds up its right flank to a de-
pression below’ its summit at about 14,000 feet elevation. There is a
fine wood of Juniperus pseudo-Sabina^ and the shrubby vegetation
mainly consists of a Berberis not yet in leaf. Descending somewhat,
we crossed two small plains with a steep low ridge interveningf.
On these level tracts intersected with sheep walks it would have been
almost impossible to keep the proper paths had not the shepherds
marked them wdth upright slabs of stones at regular distances. Leav-
ing the second plain, a steep scramble along the inclined foot of 40

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, 1S92.

enormous black gneiss cliff brought us to the bank of the Ratbng
river, on whose further side we camped on a flat grassy knoll, the
only cleared -spot in a waste of Rhododendrons.

Next morning we took the Kanglalama path and continued up
the valley towards the north-west. We crossed one or two alternat-
ing flats and transverse ridges, and surmounted a high spur coming
out on a large plain rendered exceedingly swampy by a network of
shallow streams. It seemed of very large extent, but we could not
define its boundaries through the fog. There was no inducement to
stop or proceed further in this direction ; so we retraced our way to
within a short distance of our last camping ground, and then ascended
a grassy slope to the east. The descent on the other side led steep-
ly through grassy pastures in which grew a species of Astragalus
and a dark purple species of Anemone. 'J he floor of this valley is
also a succession of terraces each terminated by a bank over which
the river pours in masses of foam. There are signs of a more varied
vegetation later in the season but at present there is very little
scope for botanising.

Primula denticulata and P. reticulata resembling A sikkimensis
grow on the verges of watercourses. The valley lower down descends
pjrecipitately and the flanks of its spurs are clothed with E^ine forests.
'1 he next day we halted at this place, called Rongjing by the shep-
herds. As rainy weather had prevailed without intermission since
the commencement of this expedition, my men were quite dis-
heartened ; and, being afflicted with complaints induced by wet and
cold, they begged me to hasten into the warmer valleys of Sikkim.

Being reluctant to subject them to further hardships in this in-
hospitable region, 1. acceded to their request and informed them that i
should goto Yoksun after spending a few days at Jongri, a locality
which I was anxious to see, as it was the goal of one of Sir Joseph
Hooker^s most heroic expeditions.

Returning to Tegyap La we followed the course of the Ratong for
about a mile, crossed it by a bridge and travelled eastw^ards up a very
steep hill covered with Rhododendrons ; Cryptogramme erzspa was
plentiful along the path. The entrance to the undulating top of
Jongri is marked by a shallow lake said to be dry in the winter. We
camped on a terrace immediately below two stone huts. Many plants
were springing up amongst the grass, but the only ones in bPoom
were Potcntilla peduncularts^ P, microphylla^ P. coriandrifolia^ P.
albifolia; Primula reticulata, P. Stuartii^ P. pusilla^ P. glabra ; Ped*
ajlaris siphonantha^ Geranium polyanthes^ Ranuncuhis a ffinis, Meco>
nopsis simplicifolia and Phlomis sp. A majestic species of Meconopsis
grew’ near the huts in dense clusters 2 to 3 feet high. The flowers

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, 1892.

vary in diameter from 5 to 7 inches, are of an intensely vivid blue on
opening and change afterwards to purple. 1 was informed by the
Bhutias that it was not a native of Sikkim, but had been introduced
by them from Nepal. The mountain top of Jongri, which is admir-
ably described by Sir J. D. Hooker, is formed of alternating knolls and
hollows ranging from 13 to 14,000 feet. Much of its surface is covered
with Rhododey.dron A nthopogon to exclusiorn of other vegeta-
tion. To the east of the camping ground is a wood of Rhododen-
drens, mostly R. lanatum and R. cainpannlatufn, About 12,500 feet,
P yuan la pulchra flourishes on the rocks.

After staying a fe w days at Jongri 1 marched down to Yoksun.
For about a mile the path runs eastward along Jongri, and then
descends steeply for 7,000 feet, enabling one to pass in review the
gradation of vegetation from alpine regions to the subtropical zone.
A few gigantic Yew trees grow’ a little above the Ratong. After
crossing the Ratong, w e travelU d along the slopes on its left bank
by one of the most difficult and dangerous paths in Sikkim to Yuk-
sun. This place is unique from its peculiar formation amidst such
precipitous sun ou ndings. The copsew(iOd which once enhanced the
beauty of the flat is now' reduced to a gaunt gathering of pollarded
and charred trunks, but the beautiful little lake is still surrounded by
forest trees. Here, and everywdiere in Sikkim at the same elevation,
there are'large areas covered w ith Edgeworthia Gardneri.

I halted for two days to allow my men to recuperate in such a
congenial climate. Poly podium rostratum^ so rare in the Darjeeling
district, is the commonest fern here. As Mr. Gamble once told me
that Mr. Levinge had found it growing on the same rhizome with
Dr ymogloasum carnosum, I searched carefully for a confirmation of
the fact, but I failed to find any instance of it: indeed I did not
perceive one plant of the latter species.

Variety of ferns is a notable feature of Yoksun. The commonest
are Poly podium rostratum, P. menihranaceum^ P. UneatBy P. Boothii^
P, fissumy P, amoenum, P. lachnopus y P, argutumy Nephrodiutn
hiriipeSy various varieties of N. Filix-MaSy tw'O forms of Aspt~
dium dculeatum one of A, auriculatumy Oleandra neriiformtSy
Pteris aqiiilinay P. Wallichtana. Of orchids I observed Mulaxis
sikkimensisy Microstyiis bilobuy C oology ne ochracedy C. cristatUy
Otochilus sp , Ena albOy Cymbidiiim Hookerianumy Dendrobiuni
chrysanf huniySaccolabium calceolare and a species of CalantheXn leaf.
Remusatta vivipara, Amorphophallus sp., Arisoema speciosuniy Hedy-
chiuw coronarium and Piper nepaleitsis were common on the rocks
The principal trees are Erythrtna arborescenSy Castanopsis tri-
huloides, Picris oviiltj olia y2LvA tw^o species of Aralia, The shrubby

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, 1892.

vegetation is composed of Mssm rugosa^ Edgeworthia Gardneri^
Dichroa febrifuga^ Camellia drupifera^ and a few other species.
The villagers grow clumps of a Bambusa^ and a few plants of
Arundinarid'Hookermnd have recently been planted near the lake.
This beautiful bamboo abounds in Sikkim from 5 to 7,000 feet, and
is the kind exclusively used for roofing temples and houses. For
this purpose the culms are cut into short lengths, flattened out and
laid on as shingles* I'hese are said to be very durable and to make
perfectly watertight roofs.

The cultivated crops are buckwheat, millet and a little make.
After the grain is sown no care is taken to keep fields in proper
cultivation. One enclosed plot w^as full of ganja plants [Cannabis
indica) in splendid condition.

From Yoksun I marched to Tumlong through tropical and sub-
tropical vegetation similar in all respects to that of the Darjeeling
district.

By comparison with the drier regions of Upper Sikkim which I
afterwards visited, I considered that the main characteristic of the
vegetation along the Singalelah Range is its poverty in variety of
forms and its superabundant wealth in individual species of Rhodo-
dendrons, I only collected about 200 species of plants in flower and
fruit. There was, however, evidence to prove that the floral harvest
would have been more remunerative later in the season. Sir J, D.
Hooker, in his appendix on the Physical Geography of Sikkim,
stales the banks (of rivers) between 8,000 and 14,000 feet ase gene-
rally corered with Rhododendrons, sooietimes to the total exclusion
3f other ’wooded vegetation, especially near a snowy mountain, a cool
temperature and great humidity being the most favourable conditions
for the luxuriant giowth of this genus/’ Such conditions prevailing
throughout the Singalelah Range, due to its proximity to Kinchin-
junga account for the overwhelming abundance of Rhc dcdendfons,
and may also be accepted as probable reasons for the comparative
absence of herbaceous plants (in ordinal ard generic forms), which
are unable to maintain a struggle for existence in such an adverse
climate and against such formidable competitors.

2nd Tour, The Lachung Valley arrived at Tumloong on the
7th July, and was detained there until the 24th waiting for supplies
which were delayed by the break of communications caused by the
excessive rains.

Immediately on their receipt I commenced my set:ond excursion
and marched through the hot tropical valley of the Teesta, arriving
at Choongtam, at the junction of the Lachen and Lachung rivers; on
the 28th. Near Choongtam a remarkable transition from tropical

REPOKT ON A BOTANICAL TOTR IN SIKKIM, 1892.

to temperate vegetation takes place with no palpable increase of
elevation. Cnicus involucratus^ Astragalus pycnorhizus^ Eupato-
tium camiabinum, Anemone vitijolia^ and a few other plants served to
accentuate the change. Leptocodon gracilis, a fragile climber with
blue flowers rambled over bushes ever) where. I collected many
specimens of Eleopeltis rhynchophylla from a tree at the end of the
Lachung cane bridge.

The hill above Choongtam ascends abruptly to 10,000 feet, and is
almost entirely clad with grass alone. It forms the termination of a
lofty range running southw ards from Kinchinjhow, and divides the
Lachen and Lachung valleys. T he Tibetans aver that this long spur
possesses but one practicable pass, namely the Sebo La between
Momay Samdong and Tungu ; but by dint of persistent enquiry I dis-
covered that there are at least two more — one from Lachung to
somewhere near Latong, the other from Yeumtong to Tallum Sam-
dong. I was informed that they are rarely used, a fact explained by
the lack of the necessity of frequent intercourse between the inhabi-
tants of the two valleys.

From Choongtam w^e marched to the \nllage of Lachung in one
day. As far as Keadom the valley is narrow, and the path runs
along the river bank for most of the way. Here the valley expands
into a large flat, with an elevation of 6,600 feet, which enjoys such
a warm and sunny climate that maize, millets and other tropical
crops are successfully cultivated. Onwards the valley again becomes
narrow, but two or three miles below Lachung it broadens consider-
ably and remains open for some miles above the village.

A large proportion of subtropical trees and plants ascend to a
short distance above Keadom. These are succeeded by a dense
shrubby vegetation of Hydrangea^ Rosa macrophylla, and R, sericea,
Prifisepia u tills, PyruSy Pieris ovalifolia2s\^ P, formostty Zanthoxy-
lum. Rhododendron arboreum, R. ciliatum and Maples, etc. Other
plants are formosay Buddlcia macrostachya and B Col-
villeiy Berberisy and Rubus niveus with palatable fruits. Rascooa
alpinay the Box-like Sarcococca pruniformiB mg in great quantity.
The handsome fern Osmunda. Claytoniana overruns large areas in
the manner of Bracken at lower elevations. Two species of
Leucostegia, L. Ilookeri and Z.. memhranulosay with sw^eetly hay-
scented foliage, and a large stipitate form of Pleopeltis simplex
grow in a wood at about 8,000 feet. Goniophlebium ebenipes was
in dense clusters on the tops of many of the numerous rocks.

This locality is eminently distinguished by its variety of Conifer-
ous trees. Abies Webbianay the dominant species on the humid
mountains of the Singalelah and Chola Ranges, even here maintains

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, 1892.

its supremacy in numbers. It ranges from 9 to 13,000 feet. Up to

11,000 feet it grows intermingled with the other lighter foliaged
pines, but from that elevation to its highest limit, it exists alone or
associated with the equally dark coloured Juniperus pseuUo-sahtnay
so that nothing breaks the monotony of their sombre aspect on the
slopes which they clothe with their lofty forests. Juniperus pseudo-
sabina and J. recurva are the two last representatives of arboreal
vegetation, both attaining 15,000 feet, the former as a small, stunted,
weather-worn tree, the latter, as a prostrate intricately branched
shrub. Large quantities of planks cut exclusively from Abies
Webbiana are annually exported to Tibet. Their preparation is an
important industry of the inhabitants of Lachung, who shape the
timber with no other appliances than the axe and wedge.

Picea Morinda and Tsuga Brunoniana are found between 8 and

11.000 feet. The former is a tall conical tree with thick trunk and
dark green pendulous .branches, the latter has spreading branches
drooping at the extremities and bears very small cones Larix Grif-

the only* Himalayan Larch, is restricted in its distribution to
Eastern Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan ; and, previous to its re-discovery
by Sir J. D. Hooker, its existence was only known from a notice in
Griffith's journals. It is pyramidal in outline and attains a height
of sixty feet. The branches are long and pendulous and support erect
cylindrical cones closely resembling those of Picea Morinda. It first
appears at 8,000 feet, becomes plentiful at 9,500 feet, and ascends to

12.000 feet. It is the only deciduous conifer in Sikkim, the leaves
faHing in autumn to bf' renewed in the beginning of the following
summer.

The peach and apricot, introduced from Tibet, are cultivated by
the villagers at Lachung, but in no great quantity. I was informed
that the fruits of both ripen in the end of September. Pyrus
sikkimensis^ a wild Crab-apple tree, is common,, but its austere fruit
is only pleasantly edible when stewed with sugar. A little barley is
reared with radishes and turnips, and these w^ere the only vegetables
I could obtain worth eating ; the scanty yield of potatoes consisted
of wretchedly small tubers, so waxy as to be nauseating when cooked.

The Tankra Mountain was within easy distance of Lachung, and
as it promised a quick introduction to the Alpine Flora which I was
so anxious to see, I determined to visit it at once. We crossed the
Lachung river, threaded our way through the narrow dirty lanes of
the village, and immediately climbed up the grassy slope above it;
For about a mile the path runs through a dense herbaceous vegeta-
tion composed of the plants I formerly enumerated at Lachung. A
beautiful small pink \i\y--^Lilium roseum — grew profusely on banks

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, 1892.

associated with Rosccea alpina and Drosera peltata. At 9,500 feet
we passed through a fine grove of small trees of Rhododendrons,
Maples, Roses, Lindera Neesiana^ Betula utilis^ and the laurel-like
Daphniphyllum himaiayense. In a mossy hollow within this wood,
I found a large quantity of the delicate little fern. Polypodium tri-
chomanoides. Goniophlebium subamanum depends from the trunks
of silver Fir ; and Goniophlebium erythtocarpum^ another epiphytic
fern, accompanies arboreal vegetation to the end. Passing the
grove we entered the magnificent forest of pines which extends
without a break to 12,500 feet. We marched to its upper skirts,
where we camped after clearing a sufficiently large plot of ground
near a stream winding through an expanse of Rhododendrons.
Two species of Cremanthodium^ Polygonum vaccinijoliumy Oxyria
digyna^ Pedlcularis of various species, Potentilla fruticosa^ beautiful
yellow and white Saxifrages, EpilobiumSy Lactuca macrantha
Parnassia and Aconites were the commonest plants observed.

The following day we held on our course upwards. The region
of trees was soon left in the rear, and a low growth of Rhododen-
dron campanulutum succeeded, showing the dark glaucous tints of
its unfolding leaves. The bladder headed Saussurea {S. obvallata)
thrives on the damp margins of watercourses, and bumble bees were
busy amongst its foetid flower heads. These are in clusters of a
dark brown colour, enclosed in inflated white papery bracts forming
an ovate head, and yielding sufficiently to allow' insects to insinuate
themselves with ease. The wooily Saussurea {S. gossypt-

phora) delighting to grow in sandy debris appeared at first sightTo
be only a ball of w hite fleecy wool The flower heads when young
are completely enveloped ; but on the approach of maturity a ring
opens on the top disclosing the inflorescence inside. Another
remarkable plant, in similar situations, is Crepis glomt^rutay whose
carrot-like stem buried in the ground is flattened on a level with
its surface, and bears a broad head of yellow flowers, surrounded by
small radiating leaves pressed closely to the soil. Rheum nootle is
visible on the faces of all the cliffs around, and ascends to 17,000
feet.

Our third day's camp was pitched below the ascent to Kanko La,
which passes at the gorge, cut by the river through a lew line of
cliffs, forming a barrier across the head of the Tankra Choo Valley.

The next day we crossed this by the frequented path, and followed
the track to the lankra pass, which is at an elevation of 16,000 feet.
The terminal valley slopes gently to the pass, is exceedingly rocky^
and is bounded by snowy ridges; and much snow lay in its hollows.
The rounded surface of the pass is a conglomeraiior. of sand and

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, 1892.

boulders which are constantly sliding down from the crags on either
side.

On the Tibetan side, a narrow grassed valley descends steeply.
Fog effectually prevented a more extended view. Between the
Kanko i.aand the barren glacier below Tankra La there was a multi-
tude of bright-hued flowering plants. Browm and yellow Chrysos-
plenium^ ytWow Saxifrages, blue and yellow forms oi Corydalis^Si,
few species ''.f Pedicularis, beautiful small primroses — P. umflora^ P
muscotdes : P. soldanelloides^ — Ligularia^ Rheum nobile^ some
blue Gentians and the bladder headed Saussurea were the most
notable. The plants I found on the pass are those enumerated by
Sir J. D. Hooker. In addition to his list, I may state that Mecorupsis
horridula^ a lovely plant affecting only the most inclement situations,
was collected in fail bloom from under the shelter of rocks.* I stayed
for two hours at the pass in the vain hope of the fog lifting to give
me a better view. During this time the continuous winds were most
variable, and the variability was rendered more obvious by the way
in which vapour was deposited by different currents The wind which
blew from the Tankra Valley on the south-west brought hail anc
snow, that from the south-east in Tibet precipitated rain. 'I he same
meteorological conditions prevailed during Sir J D. Hooker’s visit
The Tankra La lies south of the summit of Tankra mountain, to tht
east is a l^ng rocky ridge cleft by the minor pass of Kanko La ; and
between this and the culminating peaks is a large, shallow basin
with undulating surface through wdiich flow the headwaters of the
Tankra river. Those on the north spring from many points under
snow fields, that on the south-east rises below the pass and is imme-
diately lost in the great central moraine, re- appearing at its lower
end as a large and swiftly flowing torrent. It is joined near the
Kanko La by the united streams from Tankra ; after effecting the
junction, the river turns sharply to the west through the deep and
narrow defile of the pass and hastens precipitately downwards for
some miles until it debouches in the Lachung river a little south of
the village of that name. From the Kanko spur to the limit of Fines
at 13,000 feet, the valley is broad and shallow ; here it suddenly
narrows and remains so to its termination. During the week 1 spent
on this excursion, the weather was uniformly boisterous and wet,
while those of my part)^ who remained below' at Lachung asserted
that they had enjoyed calm sunny days and clear nights.

The fragrant spikenard [Nardostadhys Jatamansi) is plentiful
on Tankra, and the Scrophularlneous plant Picrorhtza Kurrooa
intensely bitter when chewed, is abundant about 14.000 feet, and is
field in much repute as a febrifuge and tonic. The only w-oody plant
above 15,000 feet is the humble Diplarche paucif. ‘a

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, 1892,

I returned to Lachung, where I halted for a week to dry the numer-
ous specimens collected during the excursion to Tankra La, and also
to make preparations fora journey to the Donkia Pass at the head
of the Lachung Valley, and the most northern point 1 co’tH reach in
Sikkim.

We started on the 13th August, and arrived at Yeumtong the
same day. The path runs close to the west bank of the Lachung
river the whole distance. About half way we crossed an enormous
landslip which had partly buried a large forest of Abies Webbiana
and Larch,

The interesting feature of this day ^s journey was the extensive Pine
woods through which we travelled On the western slopes they grew
down to the verge of the stream, and every tree was festooned with
long gray streamers of the Lichen Usnea barbata, I was told that,
when reduced to great straits, the Tibetans made use of this
unpromising plant as food ; when boiled it was said to be gelatinous
and palatable, and as nourishing and life-sustaining as beef.

We saw many tailless rats, but I was prevented from procuring
specimens by my desire to respect the superstitious notions of the
Tibetans and Lepchas regarding them. I was told, with every appear-
ance of belief on the part of my informants, that the killing of one of
these animals was certain to be followed by storms of snow or rain
according to the season of the year, and many instances of personal
experience were related to me in corroboration of the fact. The
Tibetans are reminded cf the near anprcach of winter when they
observe these rats hdsy themselves in preparing their winter
quarters.

The valley is wide as far as Yakcha ; it there narrows for a con-
siderable distance, broadening into large swampy flats intersected
with streams towards Yeumtong. The spurs on the western flank
are precipitous rocky and sterile, supporting vegetation only at
their sheltered bases, but forests clothe the opposite side with the
verdure. Every mountain mass in this region facing a southerly
direction in the least degree is, m summer, exposed to the full force
of the damp southerly winds laden with mist which blow' with in-
creasing violence as the day advances, to die away only at night.
These continuous current^ rapidly disintegrate the surface, washing
dovvn the superincumbent earth and wearing away rocks which
become precipices or crags of fantastic shapes. Vegetation, there-
fore, cannot find permanant foot-hold under such circumstances, and
its abundance is confined to the sheltered flanks where a copious
rainfall is absorbed by the deep and fertile soil.

The increase of 3,000 feet in elevation between Lachung village
atld Yeumtong causes the appearaitce of many new plants along the

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, 1892.

route. Composites become more numerous and gregarious. Inula
Hookeri beautifies dry knolls with its densely leafy stems and large
heads of^yellovv flowers. Erigeron multiradiatus^ some species of
Senecio, Anaphalis and Aster are equally plentiful. Various Thah'c-
trums and Halenia elHptica^ all with blue and white flowers, grow in
the grass and low thickets. Orchids are well represented by many
HabenariaSi Satyriuntfand the small purple Orchis Chusua (allied to
the common O. latifoliaoi England). The Monkshood was flowering
and attained a height of 6 feet in flat grassy fields. Cattle and horses
are allowed to graze at large in places infested with this plant, but
sheep and goats do not possess the same instinctive knowledge of its
poisonous properties, and great care has to be exercised by th '
shepherds when driving them through these localities.

My near ia germanica^ Allium^ Meconopsts simplicifolia^ whose
spikes 3 leet in height greatly excel the stunted specimens seen on
Singalelah, the large wild Rose {Rosa macrophylla)^ with bright red
fruits, and shrubby Berberries, were all common.

The following day was Sunday, so I halted at Yeumtong. The
tents were pitched betw^een the huts and the river which flows
tranquilly in a broad shallow bed dowm the whole length of the flat.
Opposite is the snowy mountain with a glacier reaching a lower level
than any other in Sikkim as Sir J. D. Hooker mentions ; a thick turf
of grass covered the surface of the flat. A yellow anemone ( A,
obfusiloha)i with leaves appressed to the ground, a surculose Saxi-
frage, the Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale^ the aromatic yellow
Elsholtzia eriostachya and groups of brilliantly yellow flowered
Senecio diver si fo Hus gave colour to the scene. A small swamp
north of the camping ground was brightened by the yellow flowers
of Pedicularis tubifloray and a small doating Ranunculus, and beyond,
in a small wood of silver fir, I found many specimens of Meconopsis
simplicifolia and M. nepalensis in fruit. I collected a large supply
of seed from the former, but nearly every capsule of the latter had
been destroyed by a small white caterpillar. Neither species ever
grows in the open, both preferring the shelter afforded by rocks or
small bushes on the skirts of the thickets. The commonest plant was
Cnicus eriophoroides with strongly spinose leaves which penetrate
the thickest cloth, and cause a smarting sensation in the skin. Other
plants wete Salvia glutinosf, Lychnis nutans, Cucabalus baccifer
?ind Asarum himalatcum,

Aroids of the genus Arisoema are common. In early summer
their tuberous roots are prepared and used for food according to the
method described by Sir J. D. Hooker. 1 was presented with a few
glutinous cakes made in the most approved style, but the taste was

REPORT ON A BOTAWCAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, iSgS.

SO peculiarly disagreeable that I could not persuade myself to eat
more than one mouthful.

Yeumtong is a large cattle grazing station and dep6t for Tibetan
exports and imports. Communication thus far from the lower
valleys is kept open by the people of Lachung who carry loads of
planks, bamboo, rice, dye-stuffs, such as the leaves of Symplccos
and the roots of Rubia cordifolia^ which are transported by yaks to
Tibet, In exchange the Tibetans bring down loads of salt, barley,
blankets and other commodities for the inhabitants of Lower Sikkim.
I could not ascertain how many yak loads of merchandise are carried
annually over the Donkia Pass, but every day during my stay in
this part I saw herds of at least io or 12 yaks, and often many
more either going or returning. Looking northwards from Yeumtong,
the slope of the valley to an elevation of 13,000 feet is easy and is
black with pine forests. Above, the land is red and sterile. On
the west a tributary stream flows fiom behind Changokhang along
the base of a long declivity of sand. The view higher up is cut off
by jutting spurs below Momay Samdong.

The following morning we marched to Momay Samdong, eleva-
tion 15,300 feet. The first and the last two miles of the path are
easy, but the intervening portion is steep. A forest of Silver Fir,
Maple, Birch, Pyrus, Rhododendron and other trees extends to 13,000
feet; for a few hundred feet further some scattered black Juniper
trees occur; an equal distance is occupied by Rhododendrons and
Willow's, and passing the spurs which terminated the view' from
Yeumtong, the valley is broad with enormous rocks on its .^^urface,
and the surrounding hills are rocky. I have nothing to add to the
excellent description of this spot by Sir J. D. Hooker, but a place with
more inhospitable surroundings can scarcely be imagined. A few
yaks were grazing, the sole survivors of large herds almost
annihilated by an epidemic of rinderpest, which raged duri: g the
previous year.

This great calamity had impoverished the inhabitants of the val
ley, as for the greater part of the year they depend for sustenance on
the curds and cheese made from the milk yielded oy their flocks.

As the morning of the loth August w'as bright and sunny, holding
out hopes of a fine day, a promise unfortunately not fulfilled, I set
out for the Donkia Pass, seven miles from Momay, and the most
northerly point I could reach in Sikkim. The tracks lead through a
waste of stupendous rocks, and the stream becomes divided into
many channels. The hills rising around it are masses of rock and
rubble, forming a most forbidding landscape in the aggregate. The
shallow waters support an abundance of reddish Sedum and Rheum

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, iSg2.

nohile. Myriads of blue Gentians unfolded in the brief glimpse of
sunshine we enjoyed, and Allardza glabra grtw in low dense tufts,
bearing large sessile flowers with yellow disks and purple rays
1 he musk scented Delplitnum glaciate ascends to 17,500 feet
accompanied by Aconitum Napellus reduced in size to a small plant
with two or three leaves bearing but one short pedicelled flower.
Other plants wmre Ranunculus Icstus^ Cyananthus of two species,
the Edelweiss {Leant opodium alpinum)^ Erigeron, Cremanthodium
reniforme^ Lactuca Dubyoea; Crepis glomerata^ Saussurea, and the
curious lichen-like Antennaria muscoides. Rhododendron nivale
and Ephedra vulgaris were the only woody piajits. The -feature of
the vegetation from 17,000 feet upwards, is the prevalence of plants
growing in dense hard hemspheriC tufts such as. Saxifraga^
Saussurea, Astragalus^ and Myosotis Hookeri. The last steep ascent
to the pass 18,100 feet elevation, is devoid of vegetation. The view
across Cholamoo to the Kambajong mountains was clear and we
were able to appreciate fully the graphic account of this wonderful
region which Sir J. D. Hooker gives in such perfect detail.

My orders forbade the crossing of the Donkia, so I returned to
Momay in the evening through a blinding storm of snow and rain.

As I w’as anxious to penetrate to the Lachen Valley through the
Sebo La, I waited at Momay for a week in order to obtain good
weather for the attempt, but the cold south wind drove a thick mist
and drizzling rain without intermission, and I was compelled to
relinquish the idea. One day I went eastwards to the great glacier
of Kinchinjhow. Passing the hot springs noted by Sir J. D. Hooker,
and climbing to the crest of the terminal moraine, we walked along
the top of a lateral one leading far into the snowy billowy mass of
the glacier. I was surprised to find many plants flourishing in such
a bleak place. Eriophyton ktrnaiaicum was common. It is a white
woolly Labiate with bright blue flowers peeping from under the
leaves ; I have never observed it but on dry sandy slopes. The
other plants were a minute Saxifraga with extensive runners, a small
Gentian, Pedicularis of three species, Festuca and Car ex ^
Rhododendron nivale was dead and withered, having probably been
killed by the severity of the previous winter, but, strange to say,
Potentilla fruticosa, in its largest and most developed form, and not
the creeping variety we should expect to find here, was covered
with flowers and foliage and was as much at home amongst ice and
snow as it is at the more temperate elevation of 10,000 feet. From
Momay Samdong I returned to Yeumtong and halted there a few
days. I ascended to the glacier on the opposite side, which Sir J. D,
Hooker failed to reach through the gorge. Now-a-days there is a
cattle track leading to the high pastures, so that progress is easy.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, 1892.

Rosa sericea is tbe commonest shrub in the pine forest and Salix
Wallichiana and Pyrus microphylla are abundant. Between the
summit of the first ridge and the glacier, the path runs along the
side of the stream, the rest of the area is too encumbered with
boulders to be walked on with safety. Above 13,000 feet the
forest of silver fir is replaced by impenetrable Rhododendrons, and a
few stunted trees of black Juniper. There is little variety in the
herbaceous vegetation, the biting air radiating from the glacier being
too chilly to suit even cold-loving plants. Podophyllum Emodi
yielding red fruits^eaten by the Tibetans, Swertia H&okerif Rheum
acuminatum and Cnicus eriophoroides were conspicuous by their
abundance and size.

The weather at Yeumtong was also uniformly wet and miserable,
so 1 started for Lachung on the 20th August. Arriving the same day
I stayed to. dry my collections and to make arrangements for an
excursion through the Sebu Valley to Ghora La, a part as yet
unvisited by any naturalist to my knowledge.

In his Himalyan Journals Sir J. D. Hooker notes “about five
miles above Lachung the valley forks, the eastern valley leads to lofty
snowed regions, and is said to be impracticable. “ A lofty precipice
at the immediate entrance to this valley, and on its northern flank,
attracted my attention. On enquiry, I discovered that one of my
men had ascended to Ghora La, the first pass from the northern
end of the longitudinal range which extends from Donkia to
Gipmoochi, and forms the eastern boundary of Sikkim. From a
distance the forbidding aspect of this valley would naturally lead one
to conclude that to explore it would be a matter of great difficulty
and danger. It is almost useless to interrogate the Tibetans as to
the feasibility or otherwise of ascending any comparatively unfre-
quented valley, as their jealous exclusiveness prompts them to
overrate natural difficulties in the hope of detening Europeans and
other strangers from exploring the various practicable routes to
Tibet. The path to Ghora La runs up the valley of the Sebu river,
a large and turbulent stream. 1 was informed that this valley is
held in considerable veneration by the Tibetans on account of the
lofty and unique precipice guarding its entrance, for the sacred
mountain of Donkia at ts head, and also for the sacred inscriptions
which were carved on the face of a cliff half way up the ascent to
Ghora La; but this last feature is now completely obliterated, as
the whole face of the rock has fallen down. At the summit of the
pass, and visible from a considerable distance, is an irregular pillar-
like rock, which I was told is the figure of a god, but its real
character was apparent on closer inspection.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, 1892.

Leaving" Lachung on the morning of the 3rd September, I took
the following route. The Lachung valley path was taken for three
miles to the village of Yakcha. Here the track tc Ghoia La breaks
oil abruptly to the north-west, a direction which is pursued more or
less the whole way. A short walk through a forest, containing
beautiful Conifers, Picea Morinda, Tsuga Brunomana^ Larix
Griffithii^ brought us to the Lachung, which is crossed by a good
wooden bridge. On the other side it is steep for a short distance,
and afterwards the path runs almost level over somewhat swampy
ground. The river Sebu, which, from its source downwards, is a
swiftly flowing torrent coursing through a boulder-strewn channel,
here becomes broader, shallower and more tranquil. Small willow-
trees fringe its banks, with Euonymus and Ilex intricata^ while
Thalictrum is specially abundant. Beyond this, a sudden ascent is
made along the base of a stony precipice with Woodsia lanersa grow-
ing in its clefts ;■ and a little further on I found its allied species
Woodsia elong^ta, the only occasion I recollect of their association,
as the former affects a more alpine elevation as a rule. The re-
mainder of the day’s march was steep through a large forest of silver
fir, until we arrived at the first convenient camping ground, a cattle
station named Sebu, artificially formed by a clearance in the forest.
Here Ainsliosa fteropoda, Heraeleum^ and Galeopsts Tetf ahii mono-
polized spots untrodden by cattie.

The northern side of the valley is enclosed by a continuous preci-
pitous spur, broken in one place only by a deep forest-clad depres-
sion. At the foot of the chief one at the commencement of the
valley, is a small temple where services are held on certain days of
the year. The range on the other side being more gently sloped, is
covered wichTorest and succeeding smaller vegetation, and is more
diversified by ravines

Of trees which do not extend above 10,500 feet in this valley^ are
Picea Morinda, Tsuga Brunonianay Larix Grifiihii^ Prunus Padus^
Py-rus lanatus, Pyrus stkkimensiSy Hydrangea^ Ilex dipyrena.
Above this elevation to 13,000 feet is a continuous forest of Abies
Webbiana associated with Maples, Birch, Vibvrnmny Berberis^ and
Rhododendron ; Aconituni Napellus grows luxuriantly on the grazing
crround at Sebu.

At 11,000 feet large trees Juniperus recurvus appear, and at
13,000 feet (the upper limit of Abies Webbiana)^ and for a short dis-
tance above it they form the only arboreal vegetation.

From 13 to 15,000 feet there is an impenetrable growth of
Rhododendrons and Willows, with numerous small trees of Pyrus
foliolosay and P. microphylla ; and, intermingled with grass under-

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, lSg2,

neath these bushes, is an equal luxuriance of herbs, such as Aconites^
Senecios^ Saxifrages^ Primulas^ PoSentillas^ Polygonums and
Thistles, Cnicus eriophoroi(i%$^ which is i^oderately common inmost
valleys, is so abundant ^here as to be a perfect pest.

From Sebu (12,500 feet) the next march was to a yak grazing-
station named Sethang^, at an elevation of about 15,000 feet Up to

14.000 feet the floor of the valley is very steep, but about 1,000 feet
below the.level of Sethang we emerged on a swampy flat, through
which the Sebu flows in several channel Its surface is covered
with grass, and its borders are cumbered Wilh Rhododendron Anthopo-
gon* A tributary from the west pours ever the hollow of a precipice
in a magnificlent waterfall. Aboye the plain is a steep rocky barrier
thrown transversely across the valley. On reaching its summit we
arrived at the camping' ground. The .coolies took up their quarters
ir che. deserted huts, and my tent was pitched near an accumulation
ot enormous boulders. A small muddy pond lies at the upper end of
the flat.

Here the two branches of the river Sebu unite— one rising in
Donkia, the other m the nameiess snowy mass south of Ghora La.
The former is seen flowing in a deep and narrow gorge ; the latter
rushes down a steep rocky transverse slope similar to that which we
ascended below Sethang. These slopes run parallel to each other, and
are probably the terminal moraines of the glacier, which is now con-
fined to the head of the valley. Rhododendron companulatum is the
common shrub. Primula Stuartn^ Meconopsis nepalensis^ Geranium
eollintf^^ all in fruit, abound on the flat.

On tbe following morning 1 W'alked to Ghora La, elevation

17.000 feet. The path descended into the stream from the Donkia,
the ascent beyond winding amongst gigantic boulders on the western
side of the slope. At the top is another small plain, and the remain-
ing portion of the valley becomes broader and ascends by a long
easy gradient to 16,500 feet.

The valley from this point onwards to near its head is bounded
by even ridges and unbroken slopes which are possibly the lateral
moraines of the ancient glacier terminating below Sethang.

both seemed to be elevated 500 feet above the river, A broad
terrace runs along the base of the eastern one for some distance.
Higher l^p, the valley expands and the stream again divides. The
eye follewing the course of the western branch, is carried tc the
snowy mountain of Forked Donkia from w^hose feet a glacier spreads
out over a large area.

There is an accumulation of rocks and sand at the eastern termi-
nation of the glacier, and its waters teed a lake wnite with suspended

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM, 1892.

silt. This mountain is an object of vvbrship and veneration, and
votive offerings of prayer printed cloths fluttered on the banks of the
lake. Between Forked Donkia and the pass is a shivered line of
crags devoid of snow ; the pass itself is an extremely narrow gap with
sheer Tocks rising sharply on either ^de. Its final ascent is occupied
by a glacier which widens out eastwards into an enormous field
of ice under another snowy mountain. The actual ascent of the
pass is commenced at a small pool at the end of the glacier. There
is no permanent path amongst the sTiifting mass of rocks, so we had,
to make our way as best we could up the lateral moraine of loosely
poised boulders. Half way up we took advantage of a smalV snow-^
field. The last hundred yards was over the glassy surface of the; ice
in which we cut steps as we advanced. .

The available standing room on the pass would scarcely suffice
for ten men, and the descent on the Tibetan side is startling in ks
steepness. Its surface was covered with a shoot of stones. This
pass is not practicable for the passage of yaks, and is seldom used by
foot travellers. On the north a high naked hill pi ojec ted eastwards,
appearing as a huge pile of stony debris ; on the south a large glacier
descended. Below lay the broad open grassy valley of the Ridu Chu ;
beyond ' were a few isolated ropnded peaks surrounding,^ elevated
plateaux of large extent, and fur4iher back still were mountains of
the same dull red colour running east and west, while over them
hung heavy masses of clouds which obscured more distant views.
The lower part of a snowy mountain,’ said to be Chumulhari, was
seen in the., far east.

The district- we overlooked is called* Kaihboo. Medicinal hot
springs of great repute occur in it. Phari is to the south-east of
Ghora La, but is hidden behind intervening ranges.

The vegetation above 15,000 feet in the Sebu valley is very
scanty, Sedum of two or three species, Sa^cifraga^ Alldrdia^
Meconopsis korridula^ Cyananthus^ Gentiahtty Saussurea of three
species, Ephedray Rhododendron nivalOy and a few other plants,
principally grasses and sedges form the bulk of the vegetation.
Rheum nobiie gtoyfs on the surrounding otherwise sterile heights,
reaching to an elevation of 1 7,000 feet.

We found b. mtioXly Saussurea (S. t ridacty la) of the

ascent to the pass, but from thence Upwards not even a lichen was
visible. This Saussur^a and Antefinaria niuscotdes Bxe supposed by
the Tibetans to be the most esteemed of their gods as incense. The
plants used in temples are Rhododendron Anthopogon and R.
setosum and a Juniper. I could not obtain definite information as to.
the derivation of the name Ghora.^' I \vas first told that the sacred

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKIM,. 1892.

pictures carved near it suggested its name, and i concluded tliat the
name was a contracted form of Gorucknath ; afterwards it was
explained that the meaning was witidiirg in allusion to the wind-
ing route to the pass.

Yaks are grazed from 14 up to !^,ooo feet in this valley during
the summer, and at Sebu I found a large herd of cattle.

From Sethang I returned to Lachung in two marches, arriving on
the 8th September.

The time untifthe 14th was devoted to arranging and packing
my collections and luggage. We returned to Tumloong by the
Teesta vaiiey path and arrived there on the 20th September.

Third t<>uri The Chola -range. — I left Tumloong on the 22nd
Septemt^r for my third and last excursion. The first march was to
Rongpo, elevation 6,000 feet^ a halting stage of the Sikkim Rajas
during their journeys to and from the Chumbi valley, their favourite*
Summer resort. The path descends through cultivated fields to the
oeds of two arms of the Ryott-river which unite a little further down.
They are crossed by cane suspension bridges... The succeeding
ascent is steep- and.passes through many fields of dry ground rice and
miilet. An edible vaiiety of Job’s tears (Coix lachrymd) is grown
near watercourses.. The whole valley is; thickly populated, and the
inhabitants practise a careful system of cultivation.

An oak {Quer.cus semecarpifolia) is common at Rungpo, but the
test of the vegetation is of the usual type at this elevation.

Onwards to Chola Pass the marches were made eastwards up a
continuously steep ridge. The second day^s journey brought us to
Laghep (10,400 feet), a small cattle station with a camping. aground
on a projecting knoll c(Jvered thickly with Iris nepalensisr, .This
locality is celebrated for its variety of Rhododendrons, every species
existing in Sikkim, excepting R. nivale^ being found within a distance
of two days short marches. It was too early in the season to obtain
seeds, as they do not ripen until November.

oi Tl£Gaisn^ a insignis which Sir J. D. Hooker observed
at at 7^000 feet still grow abundantly there.

The next day^s march was a short one to Pheyeunggong, 12,40c
feet, a large flat-topped peak where the Abies Webbtana is first
seen Beyond Pheyeunggong we descended to-the Rutto river, where
we found quantities of Cathcariia villosa ilV fruit This plant is^
extremely local in its distribution, being found only in this small
valley arid in oiie small area near the summit of Lingtu. The ascent
continues along the broad valley of Rutto, which becomes bleak
upwards. Abies Wehhiana^ however, attains an elevation of 12,600
feet at Chamanako, where we halted.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL FOUR IN SIKKIM, 1892.

The first part of the ascent to Chola Pass is very steeps an easy path
then leads to the next ridge beyond whieh is a srhall arid pretty Jake.
A second slight ascent brought us to another smad lake, and a pond
lies immediately beneath the pass. The summit of the pass is round-
ed, and its surroundings are barren rocks^ On the Tibetan side a
narrow gorge-like valley descends sharply. Snow hnrf fallen the
previous night, descending to 13,000 feet. We left Chamanako on
the 28th, and resumed our joutney along the Cbola Range. The path
follows the course of the Rutto for half a nflle, the'i crosses it, and an
ascent to 14,000 feet follows, through a scrub of Rhododendrons.
At 14,000 feet there is a large hollow covered with Rhododendrons,
containing two lake^., the larger ovoid in shape, the smaller long
and narrow* Attaining the ridge beyond, we descended to* the iriver
Rungpo, passing through on the way .a narrow defile walled with,
rock. Another ascent through small Rhododendrons again followed,
after which we descended and struck a path from Guntok. We walked
along this for a piile, and reached the camping ground named Buthan, a
large expanse of green turf closed in on the east by a l^arrier-like cliff.

^During this march we found specimens of Chrysarithemum Atkin^
sontf the only example of the genus occurring in Sikkim, some small
Saussureas with fern-Ilke leaves, Primroses, Parnassia, the Bkaddef-
headed Saussurea, Senecio amplexicaulis^ and the small Rhubarb,
Rheum acuminatmn,

following day we marched to Kapup, a small plafeati under
Zeyiap La. We ascended to the top of the rocky barrier east of the
camp. From here we obtained a magnificant view of a long trough-
like vaUey terminated by a ridge beyond Kapup. The whole scene
was of a warm brown colour from the herbaceous vegetation killed
by the late autumn frosts. This valley, which runs southwards, is
bounded on the north by the main Chola ridge which forms the political
boundary between Sikkim and Tibet. There was a long gradual
descent down this remarkable valley, in which dre two marshy lakes
of considerable extent. Beyond the second lake a deep narrow gorge
intervenes. This is clothed With Pine forest, and at the end of the
valley the meeting of two opposite spurs hold back the stream so as to
form a large lake rejecting the pine woods on its dark tinted surface.
Surmounting the Ascent from the stream, we emerged on the grassy
flat of Kapup with a few geattered silver fir trees, small Rhododen-
drons and shrubby Berherts in its sheltered parts. The Spikenard,
Nardostachys Jatamansi common, but few plants grew in the
closely cropped herbage.

On the 30th September I walked, ta the pass, and returned
through Kapup to Gnatong. N^o vegetation exists at the pass itself,

REPOUT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN SIKKlIVf, 1892.

and that below it was fast withering. At Gnatong the plants still in
flower were Onosma, Senecio^ and a few species of Saussurea, Suartia
and Saxi/raga. From Gnatong 1 travelled by the military road to the
Teesta Bridge^ arriving at Mongpoo on the 5th October.

During the whole of this excursion I had. only one fine day,
namely, the 28th September. A dense tog with drizaifng rain pre-
vailed to my disappointment during' the rest of the time which pre-
vented me from noting the details of the scenery 1 passed through .

O. . C. P. O.-N#. m R- & A.

RECORDS

OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

BRIGADE-SURGEON G. KING, M.B., LL.D;, F.R.S., C.I.E.,
DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Volume I

No. 3.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR,

J. F. DUTHIE, B.A., F.L.S.,

DIRECTOR, BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT, NORTHERN INDIA.

WITH ^ MAP.

CALCUTTA:

OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, I^'D^A.

1894-

REPORT

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR.

1893.

The portion of country botanically explored last year is indicated
in the accompanying map by the red line ; the blue line refers to
my journey in} 1892,

After a few days spent at Gulmarg I started for the Liddar
valley, and explored both branches of the river up to their sources,
I then crossed over the watershed by the Yamhdru pass into the
Sind valley, and thence proceeded over the Zoji Ld to Drds. From
Drds I travelled by the little-frequented route to Gurais vid Tilail,
From Gurais I made an expedition over the Dorikun pass to the
Deosai plains, and returned by the same route. I then went back
to India vid the Rdjdiangan pass, Bandipur, Srinagar, and Bara-
mula.

I will now proceed to give a more detailed account of this journey
and enumerate some of the more interesting plants that were met
with.

After having reported my arrival in Kashmir to the Resident and
made all necessary arrangements for an extended tour, I left
Gulmarg on the 5th of July for Islamabad vid Margdm and Srinagar,

I was delayed fora few days at the latter place owing to the flooded
state of the river.

The journey from Srinagar to Islamabid takes about two days by
boat. The boats do not, as a rule, go further than Kanbal, which is
about a mile below Islamabad. Here there is a rest-house, where
I stopped 'for the night.

On the following day I marched to Aishmakdm in the Liddar valley.
The path is nearly level all the way. Below Aishmakdm the valley
is three to four miles wide, and richly cultivated, the numerous
channels into which the river divides affording ample facilities for
irrigation. The chief crop is rice of several distinct varieties,
the varying tints of which are very striking, especially one with deep
chocolate. coloured foliage.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

The next march is to Pilgam. After leaving Aishmakdm the
valley becomes much more contracted, the ascent is steeper, and the
vegetation alters considerably. Rice cultivation is left behind ; also
the chenar tree {PI at anus orient alts), which forms such a character-
istic feature in the villages of the Kashmir valley. Trees belonging
to a higher zone now begin to make their appearance, such as
Aesculus indicay Prunus PaduSy Carpinus vimineUy Acer ceesium^
Celtis australiSy and a small-leaved form of Ulmus Wallichiana.
Parrotia Jacquemontiana is very common for a longdistance up the
valley. Rhus succedaneuy (vernacular name arkora) was also found.
Two shrubby species of Indigoferay viz., L heteranthadiwA Latropur^
purea)- are abundant, as well as Rubus biflorus with its snowy white
stems, and Desmodium tiliaefoliuni. The white-flowered Himalayan
paeony {Pseonia emodi) also occurs here. The higher mountain
slopes which come into view as we approach Palgam seem to be
more or less thickly clothed with silver fir, spruce, and pine. My camp
was pitched amongst the pine trees at the edge of the forest.

The small parasite {Arceutkobium minutissimum) is very abundant
in this valley, and the majority of the pine trees which I examined
were more or less affected. The existence of the parasite can be
detected from a considerabe distance, as it causes a congested growth
of the branches and thus completely alters the habit of the tree, or
that portion of it which is being attacked. It is sometimes found on
the trunk, but is most abundant on the smaller branches, surrounding
them with a mossdike covering. It flowers in September. The
plant is dioeceous, and the male and the female plants form separate
colonies.

I arrived at Palgam on the 15th of July. The village is situated
a short distance above the junction of the two branches of the Liddar,
and the elevation is about 7,000 feet above the sea.

On the 17th I took a portion of my camp to a place called Kainmal,
a small marg about 3,000 feet above Pdlgam on the east side of the
valley. After three days and three nights of incessant heavy rain
I managed on the fourth day (July 2ist) to collect a large number of
interesting plants up to about 12,000 feet.

The condition of the forests in this valley, like that of many others
in Kashmir, is an instructive exhibition of the results of allowing
every sound principle of forest conservancy to be violated. In spite
of the excellent work already accomplished by the forest officer
whose services have been lent to the State, a great deal of needless
damage is still being committed by gujars and shepherds. As an
instance, I may mention what was specially noticeable. at Kainmal,

report on a botanical tour in kashmir, 1893.

viz.^ the wholesale destruction of birch trees for the sake of the
foliage, on which the shepherds feed their sheep and goats. I have
seen similar results of this practice in other localities, but nothing
to equal in extent the wholesale destruction of trees which has
been taking place .on the Iiill sides above Kainmal. The forest officer
is fully aware of the fact, and I notice from his report on the
Kashmir forests for 1891-92 that steps are being taken to prevent
any further destruction.

I returned to Pdlgam on the 22nd of July, and after halting
there for one day I made a short tour in the direction of Amarn^th.
Ascending from the right bank of the Shisha Nig branch of the
Liddar, I had my camp pitched near some gujar huts, a short dis-
tance below the Chatponsil ridge, at an elevation of about 10,000 feet.
There are some fine clumps of maple (Acer coesium) at this spot ;
otherwise, owing to its southern aspect, there is very little forest
growth on this side of the Liddar valley.

The next day I crosed over into the Masjid valley, the stream
from which joins the western branch of the Liddar near the village
of Aro. A large number of very interesting plants were collected up
to 13,000 feet, 1 was encamped that night just below the pass at
the head of the Masjid valley. A shrubby kind of juniper, which is
plentiful at this spot, is the only kind of fuel.

I went over the pass on the following day by a path which is
rather difficult in places. The summit is about 13,500 feet. The de-
scent on the further side is into the Sangam valley, near the head
of which is a large lake ; the stream from this lake joins the Amar-
nith branch of the Sind river a little to the south of Bdital.

Leaving the Sangam valley on the southern side I had to cross
another pass over 14,000 feet, intending to reach Astdn marg ; but bad
weather came on, and we missed the path. We had therefore to
make the best of our way dovyn a steep valley until we reached a
possible camping ground. When the mist cleared, I found that we
had got into a nkla immediately above Tanln in the Liddar valley.
Both sides of this n^la are thickly clothed with what might have
been fine forests of birch, but the leaf-bearing branches had all
been lopped for sheep fodder, and only the bare white trunks
remain.

A short march through beautiful scenery brought us to Tan in
the next day. After passing Harvvat, a gujar camping ground,
where the stream from the Ast^n marg valley comes in, the path

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

leads through a forest of spruce and silver fir, with maple, hazel,
elm, and Prunus Padus here and there intermixed,

1 remained at Tanin on the 29th, and left on the following morn-
ing for Shisha Nkg, at the head of the Liddar valley. This is the
pilgrim road to the famous cave at Amarnath. There is a steep
ascent from Tanin of about 1 ,000 feet through forest of birchand maple,
after which the path traverses some grassy slopes at a considerable
distance above the river until the camping ground of Zojpal is reach-
ed. I sent my camp across the river from here to a place called
Badzulkod, where two nalas, very promising-looking for botanical
exploration, open out, and went on myself up the valley to Shisha Nag,
about three miles distant. This lake is about 12, 500 feet above the sea,
and lies at the base of an amphitheatre of bare precipitous moun-
tains of a reddish colour streaked with black. There was a great
display of flowering plants round about the lake, the majority of
them of the ordinary kinds met with in Kashmir at this elevation,

The two days during which my camp remained at Badzulkod
were spent in exploring the tw^o small valleys alluded to above. The
Sonsar nala, the one to the east, was visited on the first day. There
is a fairly good path all the way up along the western side of this val-
ley, which ultimately leads over a high pass into the Wardwan
valley. After a rather steep ascent from the camping ground in an
easterly direction, the valley takes a turn towards the south, and a
small lake comes into view at an elevation of about 13,000 feet.
There is a glacier at the upper end of the lake. Many interesting
specimens were gathered on the cliffs forming the eastern side of the
valley, and on the swampy ground near the lake.

The following day (August ist) I spent in the Badzulkod nala.
There is a small glacier at the head of it, the streams from which
spread out in branches through a wide expanse of marshy ground,
and here many interesting plants were collected. The deep pink
colour of the flowers of Epilohium latifolium^ which grow in masses
on the moraine debris, was a striking feature in the landscape.
Several rare plants were found also on some high perpendicular cliffs
above the glacier.

On the 2nd of August I marched to within a few miles of
Palgam. After crossing the Liddar by the permanent snow bridge a
little below Zojpal, I kept along the right bank as far as the bridge at
Prdslang, and thence to camp on the left bank. The vegetation on
this side of the valley is remarkably luxuriant ; for, in addition to the
circumstance of forest growth being much more dense on slopes
facing the north, the low-lying ground by the river is unusually moist,

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893. ^9

and many of the ordinary herbaceous plants, such as species of
Aconitum Delphinium^ Dipmcus^ etc., attain to gigantic dimensions.

1 left Palgam on the 6th of August, and encamped on a pine-
covered ridge above the village of Aro on the western branch of the
Liddar. There is a fine view from here looking up the Masjid valley
and of the lofty peaks of Gwashbrari, the highest of which is nearly
i8|Ooo feet.

I went up the valley the next day to Liddarwat, a very beautiful
place surrounded by immense precipices of limestone. My camp was
pitched in a dense forest of silver fir. The upper part of the val-
ley beyond Liddarwat is called Kolahoi, and here there are some fine
glaciers from which this branch ot the Liddar takes its rise. I explor-
ed this part of the valley on the 8th of August up to the foot of the
glacier. On returning down the valley 1 observed some Gujars dry-
ing the leaves of Taraxacum officinale^ \\diich they told me they ate
as a vegetable and also used medicinally as 2, ionic. They called
the plant hendi.

From Liddarwat I went over the Yamharu Pass into the Sind
valley. The path turns up a small valley towards the west in the
direction of the high-level lakes, Mir Sir, T4r Sdr, and others. My
first halting-place was on a ridge about four miles to the east of Tar
S^r, I explored some very interesting botanical ground near this
place up to nearly 14,000 feet.

I crossed over the pass on the 12th. With the exception of the
last 500 feet the ascent is quite easy. I saw some very fine exam-
ples of roches moutonneis- at the head of the valley leading to
the summit, also several rocks with polished and furrowed surfaces.

Many rare and interesting plants were collected near the top of
the pass, the elevation of which is about 13,000 feet.

The descent to Kullan on the northern side is very steep, and
the path is extremely slippery, especially in wet weather. All this
side af the Sind valley is densely clothed with'lorest from about ^
12,000 feet to the base of the valley. The Kut -(Saussurea

Lappa) is abundant between 10,000 and 12,000 feet | also
Royieana with its immense heads. of yellow flowers.

At Kullan I had to halt for one day to re-arrange loads and attend
to the numerous botanical specimens which had been collected up
to that date. I then went up the valley to Sonamar^, from which
place I visited the Tajwaz valley, where many valuable specimens,
were collected. Between Sonamarg and B4Ital the road passes
through a forest composed of Pinus exceisa, Populus ciliata, and
willow* I noticed that many of the pines were much injured by the
attacks of the minute parasite, Arceudkobium minutissimum.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR* 1S93.

I left Baltal on the morning of 20th for the Zoji L4, and pitched
my camp at the entrance of the Kainpatri n41a, from which one of th®^
principal sources of the Sind river takes its rise, I ascended this
ndla in the afternoon as far as the moraine of the central glacier and
collected many specimens.

On the following day (August 21st), after crossing the watershed
which divides the Sind valley from that of the Dras, I proceeded to
Mataiyan, and arrived at Dras on the 22nd.

The Zoji La is remarkable for being the lowest depression in the
great chain of mountains extending for about 300 miles from
Khagaii on the west to the eastern sources of the Chenib. The
height of the pass is only 11,500 feet, and by it we step* as it were, on
to the high level country of Ladak. By whichever pass we cross to
the north of this great chain of mountains, a very conspicuous change
in the vegetation cannot fail to be observed.

I baited fora few days at Dras in order to make myself acquaint-
ed with the surrounding vegetation, which, though scanty, is very
interesting. An expedition I made to the Lamchaii nala, a wild-
looking rocky gorge on the opposite side of the river, fully reward-
ed me -for all the toil and trouble which had to be undergone.
The locality, as seen from a distance, presents « most unpromising
appearance, but after climbing for a long time over loose boulder
debris, which fills up the entire bed of the ravine, I was fortunate in
securing a great many rare and interesting specimens. Some of
these, such as Oxygraphts polypetala, Delphinium Brunonmnum^
Corydalis crassifolia^ Geranium polyant hes^ and Allardia iomen^
fosa^ were growing amongst the boulder debris, beneath which glacier
water was trickling, though not visible. The higher we ascended,
the more varied and interesting the vegetation became, until we
reached an elevation of about 12,000 feet, above which no vegetable
life was visible— nothing but rock, and the evidence of havoc
wrought by avalanches of rock and snow.

From Dras I travelled to Gurais via Tilail. Although this is the
mostldirect route, it appears to be very little used as a trade thorough^'
fare. Two passes have to be crossed, one leading over to the head
of the Tilail valley, and the other over the ridge between Tilail
and the Burzil valley. The former Is between 13,000 and 1,4000 feet
high ; and, like the Zoji La and the Dorikun and Kamri passes, is a
depression of the great mountain chain which traverses Kashmir
from north-west to south-east. The ascent on either side is very
gradual. The other pass leading to the Burzil valley is about
12,000 feet only, but it is much steeper and very difficult for laden
ponies in wet weather, especially on the Burzil valley side. By

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

continuing the road through the narrow gorge of the Kishenganga
valley, which opens out a few miles to the east of Gurais, the latter
pass could be altogether avoided, to the great advantage of both man
and beast.

Starting from Dras the road leads up a valley towards the west.
It is fairly good until after passing the villages of Holaland Mushki ;
beyond this the ground is steep and rocky, and rather difficult even
for coolies. The baggage ponies had to be taken across to the right
bank of the stream, and by a steep zigzag path along the face of an
old glacier moraine to the village of Battakulan where it joins the
other path. The elevation of Battakulan is between 1 1,000 and 12,000
feet. It lies on the left bank of the stream, and is sheltered by enor-
mous promontories of moraine debris. There are no other villages
above this.

After halting here for the night, I went on up the valley the
next day to a camping ground called Rimochama. The valley opens
out very considerably above Battakulan. The ascent is very gradual,
and the gently flowing stream forms many channels with intervening
islands covered with Hippophcs salicifolia and different kinds of
willow. A species of Ephedra {E, Gerardiana) is very abundant
and conspicuous with its scarlet berries, and the hill sides re tinged
with the crimson autumnal tint of Polygonum tortuosum.

As this part of the country has been very little explored, except
for sport, I determined to make very short marches. Owing to the
small amount of traffic along this route, and the abundant snowfall
during the winter months, there is no well-defined track above
Rimochama ; and what there is, follows the bed of the stream which
has to be forded several times. There was a good deal of snow
forming vertical walls on either side of the stream. This is named
the Koorudgi stream in the Atlas Sheet No. 28, but the name given
to me for the valley above Buttakulan was Chatpani. There is a
fine mass of bare precipitous peaks at the head of the valley

We had now reached an elevation of about 13,000 feet, and as
the ground looked Very promising for botany, I decided to halt here
for the night, so as to have the whole of the next day for studying
the vegetation of the pass. I collected a great number of plants and
seeds that evening at the head of the valley.

The next day (August 30th) was beautifully fine, with a cloudless
sky. The top of the pass was soon leached by a steep but easy
path over turf. The elevation of this pass is close under 14,000
feet. I can find no name given for it in any maps, but it is known
by the Dris people as the Kargeh pass. The view looking dowm

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

the valley towards Tilail, is very fine, with Nanga Parbat in the
distance. On the pass itself there was very little snow, and the turf
was studded with brilliantly-coloured alpine flowers.

A short distance below the pass, on the Tilail side, is a small
lake about 300 yards long and loo yards wide. Some very interest-
ing specimens were collected round the shores of this lake, and on
the debris-covered slopes on either side. The stream which issues
from this lake is one of the sources of the Kishenganga river.

My intention was to have marched on this day as far as Abdulan,
which is the highest village on the side of the pass ; but, owing to the
swollen state of the stream, I had to halt for that night at a place about
two or three miles above the village. The next day, after crossing the
stream to the left bank, we had to ascend along the side of the valley
for several hundred feet, as the snow bridges over the river had given
way. This part of the road is a very difficult one for laden ponies.

Abdulan is a small village, consisting of twelve houses. The ele-
vation above the sea is about 10,500 feet. There is a good deal of
cultivation around the village, consisting chiefly of barley and buck-
wheat. The former was then being harvested, and the buckwheat
was looking very promising. A few miles below Abdulan is another
village, called Gujeru, where the path crosses the river by a bridge.

The road now keeps along the right bank all the way down the
valley, which for several miles extends almost due west. The two
sides of the valley are remarkably different in regard to the character
of the vegetation. The hill sides exposed to the north are thickly
clothed with forest, whilst the opposite sides are almost bare ofirees,
with the exception of occasional stunted specimens of pencil cedar,
and the vegetation resembles that of Baltistdn.

The valley becomes very much wider beljow the village of Gujeru,
and there is a large extent of cultivated ground on either side of the
river, with numerous small villages scattered here and there, I
managed to get as far as Baridb on this day (31st August). This
village is prettily situated near the junction of a tributary stream
from the north. On the opposite side of the main valley is the.
Rdman Sind ndla.

I left on the following morning for Baragdm, a village aoout
500 feet lower down the valley. Some portions of the road are
decidedly dangerous for ponies, and the loads had frequently to be
taken off and carried by coolies. The erection, of a few bridges
across the river would obviate all such difficulties.

1 was much struck with the large amount of land cultivated
and available for cultivation in this portion of the valley, as well

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

as the excellent appearance of the crops, consisting chiefly of
barley, chena, and buckwheat. The construction of a proper road
between Dr4s and Gurais, vii Tilail, would be the means of develop-
ing very considerably the capabilities of this valley as a source
of supply to less-favoured districts. There are only two places
where any serious obstacles would have to be overcome, vis. just
below the village of Battakulan on the Dr4s side, and the narrow
gorge of the Kishenganga between Tilail and Gurais.

The elevation of Baragim is about 9,000 feet. The principal
crop is buckwheat, of which two kinds are grown, vis., Faiopyrum
esculentum and F. tataricum. I also saw fields of chena {Panicum
miliaceum), and of a variety of mustard. Alt the grass and weeds
on the hill-sides were being cut and stacked as fodder for winter
use. My next halting-place was Zargei. The flat ground by the
river is covered with a dense jungle of willow, and a little lower
down the Valley narrows suddenly into the precipitous gorge leadine-
to the. Burzil valley. ®

The ofiicials in this part of the valley gave me a good deal of
trouble by their unwillingness to provide transport and supplies.
They are very independent and somewh.it insolent in their manner,
the result, no doubt, of the inaccessibility of the place, ^

The next day (4th September) I went over into the Burzil
valley, and encamped near the village of Surwan. The path leaving
the Kihhenganga valley about a mile below Zargei village, turns
up the Barnei n4la towards the north, and after a gradual ascent
for two or three miles, a steep zigzag climb brings you to the
top of the ridge overlooking the Burzil valley. There is a grand
view from here of the Tilail valley, and of the snowy peaks in the
neighbourhood of the Kargeh pass. The northern slopes of this
ridge are, as usual, well clothed with forest. The descent to the
Burzil valley is through forest all the way, and the path is a very
steep one. The village of Surwin is on the left bank of the Burzil
stream, and or. the opposite side is the road to Gilgit. I reached
Gurais on the f3lIowing day.

What is known as the Gurais valley is in reality only a wide
stretch of the Kishenganga valley. It is about four miles long
and one mile across in some parts. The slopes facing th» north
are covered with spruce and silver fir, and pine trees form an
irregular belt b.dow. On the opposite side are steep limestone
mountains, which rise to over 6,000 feet above the valley. Scattered
here and there on the cliffs are a few juniper trees, and the lower
slopes are covered with Artemisia maritima, which gives the

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

northern side of the valley that peculiar grey-glaucous appearance
so characteristic of the scenery of the dry country around Astor
and Gilgit.

At the lower and western end of the Gurais valley, where the
river begins to turn southwards in the direction of Kanzalwdn, is
a remarkable forest composed chiefly of the white poplar (Populus
alba) ; and about a quarter of a mile lower down the valley, and
on the same side of the river (the left bank), there is a similar piece
of forest. The trees are growing close together, and when viewed
from the steep hill above, their tops present a level mass of com-
pact foliage, a few individual trees projecting here and there. The
chief interest attached to this forest is the large size of the trees,
their average height being over 100 feet, Mr. W. Mitchell, who hap-
pened to be, at Gurais at the time, kindly assisted me in making some
measurements. The largest specimen we could find was 127J
feet high and 16 feet in girth at 7 feet from the ground,^ In the
** Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, Sir D. Brandis
gives the maximum size of Pvpulus alba in Indians 40 feet in height
and 8 feet in girth.

The undergrowth of this forest is composed chiefly of a tall,
handsome Senecio {S, chenopodifoltus) and a low-growing kind of
bramble. A few isolated specimens of pine, spruce, and silver fir
are met Mth ; also Populus ctltala^y two species of willow, Crataegus
Oxyacanthay Viburnum foetenSy and Hippophae rhamnoides ; this
latter forms large thickets a little higher up the valley.

After a short stay at Gurais, I made an expedition to the Shersdr
lake on the Deosdi plains. As far as Chilam, on the further side
of the Dorikun pass, the new Gilgit road is followed, and from there
a path up the Balsir valley leads direct to the lake. On the first
day I went as far as Bangla, where the road from the Kamri pass
comes in, and thence to Minimarg at the junction of the Nagai river.
This is really a larger stream than the Burzil before they become
united. It rises near the pass leading over into the Shingo valley.
There are a few houses at Minimarg, and some cultivated fields
where buckwheat is grown. The elevation is about io,ooo feet.

I made a short march on the following day (September 13th)
to Burzil, and in the afternoon I was able to explore some good
botanical ground along the path leading direct to Skdrdu from here.
Several interesting plants, as well as seeds, were collected up to
about 12,000 feet. The rock here is granite.

I went over the pass on the 14th to Chilam, a distance of eighteen
miles. This is rather a long march, but perfectly easy when the

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

snow is olf the ground. The most striking feature to be noticed
at this time of the year is the brilliancy of the autumn tints pro-
duced chiefly by the abundance of two or three species of dwarf
willow, and by the pink and scarlet blossoms of Polygonum affine.
Some interesting plants were found near the summit of the past, and
one in particular, viz.^ a variety of Primula Stuartii with cream-
coloured flowers, which I had not known of before. Some seed of
this was secured, also of P. rosea, which is very abundant here. The
elevation of the pass is 13,500 feet. There is a long descent of
about 2,000 feet to Chilam. There is no village here, but a rest-
house has been built close to the stream which comes down the
Balsir valley, the main stream being a branch of the Astor river.
On the right bank, just before reaching ChiJam, a fine piece of pine
forest is passed.

The Shersdr lake was reached on the following day (15th Septem-
ber). There is a fairly good path up the Balsir valley over undulat-
ing grassy slopes and across numerous deeply-cut water-courses*
It is, however, quite easy for ponies. As no fuel is obtainable in
the neighbourhood of the lake, 1 had to collect a pony-load of it
on the way up. The stream is thickly fringed with willow bushes
on both' sides. The Chuchor Ld, or the pass leading over to the
Deosai plains, is a narrow grassy depression of the mountain chain
which forms the western boundary of the great plateau. On
reaching the summit, the view which suddenly presents itself is a very
striking one. The big lake occupies the foreground with a low range
of rocky hills behind, and to the left of the lake there is a good view
of the undulating grassy plateau stretching away to the base of
the lofty chain of the snowy peaks in the direction of Skirdu. The
lake must be about six miles in circumference, judging from the time
it took one of my Gurais coolies to walk round it on the evening
of my arrival.* T he lake is very deep, and is said to contain fish,

I was told, however, that the capture of fish out of this lake was im-
mediately followed by a violent storm. During the time I was there
the weather was abnormally warm for the elevation, and the absence
of any sounds, excepting the occasional shrill cries of marmot^ was
almost overpowering.

A few interesting plants were gathered near the shore of the
lake, but the vegetation generally was in a dried-up condition, I
noticed many plants still in flower, which on being handled crum-

* The object of his excessive energy was to win a bet he had made'with one
of the other coolies.

$6 REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

bled to dust. This condition of the vegetation is not unusual at high
elevations, where early and sudden frosts take place in a still air.

I returned to Chilam the next morning, and on the following day
(ijtb) crossed the Dorikun pass in a storm of wind and sleet, and
reaciied Ivliniiii^ rg the same evening. I halted here for a day to dry
the tent^,. ind this gave me an opportunity of exploring some forest
ground on the further side of the stream. The most interesting
rl-scovery here was that of Pyrola sectmda, a species which hadznot
been recorded for India previous to my finding it in the Astor valley
in 1 892. The undei growth in this forest is composed chiefly of a
variety of Rubus niveits, wxth red fruit tasting exactly like that of
the raspberry, and of black-currant ’bushes with their branches bent
down with the weight of the fruit. Another kind of bramble {R,
saxatilis)^ with scarlet fruit, is also abundant here. The natives
call it pops,'' A large number of interesting mosses were collecte
here.

From Minimarg I marched to Gura’s, and, after halting there for
a few days, returned to Srinagar by the Pdjdiangan pass, and thence
to India via Baramula and Murree.

J. F. DUTHIE,

Directory Botanicdl Departmenty

Northern India.

Saharanpur,

The 6th August i8g4*

Notes on some of the Econofnic Plctnis met with in Kashmir^ and
in the districts of Baitistcln and Gilgit,

As my tours in Kashmir during the last two years were made
chiefly through mountainous and uncultivated portions of that'coun-
try, I had not many opportunities for studying the more important
agricultural crops. These, however, will be fully described by Mr,
Lawrence in his forthcoming settlement report.

The following information is taken mainly from notes made
during these tours. I have been careful, as far as possible, to avoid
the repetition of facts already recorded in the Dictionary of Economic
Products.

Abies Wehbiana, Lindl., var, Pindrow — (Silver fir). — Une of the
principal constituents of the high elevation forests, called kdtul in
the NaltUr valley, north of Gilgit.

RBPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR. 1893.

Abutilan indicuntj G. Don.-™»Common in the valley, where the
fibre is much used.

Aconitum ferox^WdM,^ var, moschatum^ Bruhl, M. S. — This plant
which has a strong musky odour, like that Af Delphinium Bruno*
nianum^ is regarded by Mr, Bruhl as a new sub-species or variety of
A, ferox. The flowers are of a brownish colour and covered with
viscid hairs. I found it growing on rocks in the Musjid valley at
about 12,000 feet, and on similar rocks in the Son sal ndla at from
13,000 to 14,000 feet.

Aconitum keterophyilum^ Wall,— A very common plant in Kash«
mir, especially on the open margs. It is called mangudiuA^

Aconitum Lycoctonum^ Walk— Abundant in forests between '8,000
and 12,000 feet. The flowers are sometimes musk-scented.

Aconitum /..— (Monkshood).— The following varieties

were met with

Var. Baltistan, 1 1,000 to 12,000 feet.

„ muliifidurn^ Dorikan pass, 11,000 to 13,000
feet; Baltistan, 13,000 to 14,000 feet; Gilgit
district, 10,000 to 11,000 feet,

,, rotundifolium — Astor valley, 11,000 to

12,000 feet.

„ spicafum^Kd^shmit, 9,000 to 11,000 feet;

Baltistdn, 11,000 feet,

,, tauricunt-—'QdMisiin^ 13,000 feet.

Mr. Bruhl, who is at present engaged in the preparation of a
monograph of t\iQ fianuncuiacex^ was kind enough to identify the
above,

Actma spicata^ L* (Baneberry). — Common in forests on the Pir
Panjil and Kdjn% ranges between 8,000 and 12,000 feet

Althma rosea, L, (Hollyhock).— Abundant in the neighbourhood
of villages in the Astor valley, where it is called Chamma It is
much used for planting on graves.

Andropogon Qryllus^ L, — Called pakhor” in Astor valley. Used
as fodder.

Anemone ahtmiloba, Don.-^A common plant in KTashmir, and
very variable both as to habit and in the colour of the flowers, A
dwarf variety with bright yellow flowers is found at high eleva-
tions.

Apocynum venetum, /..—Found on the banks .of the Naltdr
stream above Nomal in the Hunza vailey. Dr. Aitchison in his
‘^Notes on the Products of Western Afghanistan and Persia. page

38 REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

13, states that the annual shoots of this plant yield a fibre, from
which the Turcomans to the east of Bokhard prepare twine and
ropes, and that the bark of the underground stems is employed in
tanning, and for the preparation of skins intended for holding
v^^ter.

Arenaria holosteoides^ Edgew.— A common weed in wheat-fields
in Baltistdn, It is eaten as a vegetable.

Artemisia maritimay Zr.— A characteristic plant of Baltistdn
and of the valleys in the Gilgit district. In the Bulletin of the
Royal Gardens, Kew, for June 1893, there is a notice of this plant un-
der the heading of Wormwood as a Fodder Plant,” together with
a report by Professor A. H. Church, F. R.S., on a chemical analysis
undertaken by him of a sample which I collected in the Astor valley
in 1892. The following is his report : —

“ I have submitted the sample to analysis, mixing the material
together as uniformly as possible. The harsh, woody texture of the
‘ plant and its powerful but sickly odour would not commend its use
“ as the chief ingredient in horse fodder ; but its chemical composition
“turns out more favourable than 1 expected. I think it is extremely
“probable that the aroma of this plant is chiefiy due, like that of
“common wormwood, to absinthol (Cjq Hjg O ), a liquid isomer of
“ camphor. But a bitter principle called ahsinthin (C40 Hgg O9), which
“is found in Artemisia Absinthiumy has the smell of wormwood
“and may be present in the present plant; to separate it and identify
“ it would, however, require a large quantity of material.

“Percentage composition of Artemisia maritima —

Water , . . . . . . . 13*6

Oi), resin, wax, etc. . • . • . 4*0

Starch, sugar, gum, etc. (by difference) . . 34*2

Albuminoids (true) ..... 6-o

Fibre 339

Ash (includes 27 of sand and mica) . , 8*3

It should be mentioned that the 4 per cent, set down as oil,
“ resin, wax, etc., consists of the matters extracted by ether, of
“ which it was found that three-fourths were soluble also in very
“ strong alcohol, and were consequently for the most part resinoid
“and aromatic compounds. The albuminoids were determined by the
“ phenol method : had they been calculated fro the total nitrogen
“found, they would have appeared higher (8 per cent ).

“ This plant contains rather less albuminoids, less digestible
carbohydrates and more fibre than the average hay of mixed grasses.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

** It is, however, thrice as rich in albuminoids as the straw of European
“cereals, which contain about 10 per cent, more fibre than this
Artemi stay

Dr. Aitchison, in his Notes on the Products of Western
Afghanistan and Persia/^ page 15, alludes to this species and A> cam->
pestris as existing everywhere over the dry and stony country,
and forming the chief fodder for cattle on those arid tracts. He
also says that camels and donkeys thrive on this fodder, and that
the horses of the country seem to relish and fatten upon it.

Artemisia scoparia, W. and AT., Vern. ** yha** in the Astor
valley.— Used as fodder.

Avena saHva, L, (Oats), Vern, Shashier (Astor valley), Shiasha
(Satpur valley near Skdrdu), Vupo (Indus valley below Sk^rdu).

Berheris Lycium^ Royle.—Abundant in the lower valleys ; called
** kandach ” in the Sind valley.

Berberis vulgaris^ A. (common Barberry) and varieties. — Plenti-
ful in Kashmir and Baltistdn up to 12,000 feet.

Betula utilis, Don.— Called ‘‘ Jeonji*' in the Naltar valley north
of Gilgit, and the bark is known as “ burajP

Brassica campesirisy Z,., van Rapa ( l urnip). -^Called Gonglu ”
in the Satpur valley above Skdrdu.

Capparis spinosa^ Z.— Rocks in Baltist^n and in the Gilgit
district.

Cichorium Intyhus^ Z. (Chicory).— A common weed in the
valley.

Cnicus (irvensisy Hoffni.—The fresh plants of this species are used
in the Indus valley near Skirdu for manuring tobacco crops. It is
there called kanishy

Corydalis Govaniana^ Wall, — Common at high elevations along
the edges of water-courses.

Corylus Colurna^ L. (Himalayan hazel). — Common in the forest
between 8,000 and 12,000 feet.

Dictamnus albus^ Z.—- Kashmir and Baltistdn, 8,000 to 9 000 feet,

Datisca cannabina^ Z., vern. Akalbir*^** Burzil valley, 9,000
feet ; Astor valley, 7,000-8,000 feet; called hhong'* in the Astor
district.

Delphinium Brunonianumy Royle. — 11,000 to 14,000 feet.

Delphinium denudatum^ Wall. — 5,000 to 8,000 feet.

Delphinium specioHum^ M. Bieb , var. ranunculi folium ; vern.
<‘W//”or Forests in the Liddar valley, 10,000 to 12,000

REPORT ON A BOTANICAF. TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

feet. I was told by Gujars that the root of this plant is very poisonous
to cattle, I am indebted to Mr, Bruhl for its correct identification,

Fagpoyrum esculentum^ Moench.— (Buckwheat) ; vern. PhAp hr
or ogaL*' — Widely cultivated in Kashmir and Baltistin,

Fagopyrum tataricum^ Gaertn,— (Buckwheat) ; vern, Trumba^*
and chtni troma** (Sind valley j. — -A hardier and more robust species
and grown usually at higher elevations. I have frequently seen both
kinds in the same field. The buckwheat harvest varies according
to the elevation ; in the Tilail valley, at 10,000 feet, it was being cut
on the ist of September.

Ferula Jaeschkiana^ Vatke ; vern, Apaikanphur (Sind valley),
kdngwa (Pir Panjil).^ — A tall, handsome, umbelliferous plant, with
yellow flowers, abundant in most of the valleys in Kashmir. This
plant was at one time supposed to be a source o^ asafostidaP It
resembles F, Narthex^ Boiss, but has much larger fruit. The plant
is said to be eaten by sheep knd goats.

Ferula Narthex^ Boiss,, Syn, Narikex asafoetida^ Falc.' — ^Abun-
dant un the Astor valley below Doian. I remember when on my way
to Gilgit noticing this plant, only the dry bleached stems being then
visible. There is a specimen in the Saharanpur herbarium collected by
Dr. Giles in 1886, and probably trom the same locality. I agree with
Dr. Aitchison in considering this to be the plant v/hich Dr. Falconer
supposed to be the true source of the drug. The root is full of a
resin which has a powerful scent of asafmtida. The plant is figured
in the Botanical Magazine, t., 5168, and in Bentley and Trimen's
Medicinal Plants, t. 126.

Fraxinus xanthoxyloidesp Wall*— Called Kasuna^* in the

Naltar valley north of Gilgit

Gossypium herbaceum^ .called khaians^* in the Hunza valley
north of Gilgit,

Hordeum vulgare, Z. (Barley) ; vern. fFisha” (Sind valley),
(Raltistin), Ve {Naltar Valley north of Gilgit).

Indigofera Gerardiana, Wall,, var. heteranatha.-- An abun-
dant plant in Kashmir up to 9,000 feet, growing gregariously in most
of the lower valleys. It is called zend^^ in the Sind valley. Its
twigs are much used for ba ' T-work j and occasionally for the con-
struction of rope bridges.

Iris Sisyrinchium^ Z. — This Is the small blue-flowered species so
common in the valley. The foliage is largely used as fodder.

Iris Kashmiriana^ Baker.— A large, handsome species, much
used for planting over graves.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

Jaeschkea gentiamides^ Kurz,— Common in Kashmir. The whole
plant is extremely bitter, much resem'bling chiretta in taste.

Jumper us macrepoda^ Boias*' — Pencil Cedar).— A characteris-
tic tree of Baitistin, also found in Kashmir on hill-sides exposed to
the south. Called chili** in the Astor valley, and shupa ** in the
Shingo valley.

Lathyrus sativus^ called GharSs in the Satpur vallry above
Skirdu.

M edica go saliva, L (Lucerne). — Apparently wild in many parts
of Kashmir -and Baltistan. Called ^^Rtshka^* in the Astor valley.

Megacarpxa palyandra^ Bentk— A very singular Ipoking Cruci^
feroiis plant, with tall thick stems and large flab seed-pods. It
is extremely abundant in the Kamri valley, up to 12,000 feet, and I
have also met with it on the hill-sides above Gulmarg, The leaves
are much sought after by the natives, who use them as a vegetable.
The plant is known under the names ^^Chach” ^ Chatrip* and ^^Chat-
tarhakr

Melilolus alha^ Lamk.— Called ^^Bish ishpit** in the Astor valley.

Melilot.'^s officinalis^ Willd.— Called ^-^Ishpit or ** ispii-* in the
Satpur valley above Skirdu.

Mentha sylvestris^ Z,, var, Royieana.^UsQd as fodder in the
Astor valley, where it is called PiiliiB

Morus j/»-*^“The ‘‘ Shah tut of the Skardu district j also called
^^kachiiosaP F.ruit large, black, and very juicy^

Myricaria eiegans, Royle. — River beds in Baltistdn, where it is'
known under th^ .name of

Myricaria germanica^ Desv. ■—River beds in Kashmir and Bal-
tistan.

Nicotiana rustica^ L, (round-leaved' tobacco).— Grown to some
extent in the Indus valley below Skdrdu, at an elevation of about
8,000 feet.

Orysa saiha, L. (Rice),— Two distinct classes of rice are grown
in the valley, the re®’ and the white, with many varieties of each.
The red varieties, though less esteemed, are more commonly culti-
vated oil account of their being more hardy. (See Dictionary of
Economic Products of India, Volume V, page 622).

Posonia emodi] Wall.— Common in the Liddar valley.

Panicum mtiiaceum, vern. ‘Chena 'h— Extensively cultivated
inTbe Tilail valley, where it is called ^^chini!^

\ ' ParroUia Jacquemonti.m, Dene. — A gregarious shrub, abundant
in all the valleys south of the Central Kashmir chain of mountains
up to 8,000 feet.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893

Physochlaiana prcealta^ Hook. /.—Abundant in the vicinity of
villages. Captain Yielding informs me that several ponies belonging
to one of his contractors died last year from eating a certain plant
called at the village of Minawar near Gilgit. Judging

from the description given to me, I am inclined to believe that this
is the plant alluded to.

Pinus excelsUf Wall — (Blue pine or Abundant all over

Kashmir, and usually forming the outer or lower belt of the forests
of spruce and silver fir. In almost every instance where I have seen
this tree growing in any quantity, the minute Loranthaceous para-
site, Arceuthobium minutissimum, has been detected. The native
name for Pinus excelsob in the Astor valley is “ chui '* ; and in the
Shigar valley in Baltistdn it is called “ ShowiJ*

Pinus Gerardiana^ Wall. — Abundant between 8,000 and 9,000
feet in the Astor valley, where it is called ^ GaroL

Pisum sativum L, (Pea). —Called ‘‘ Kukan'' in the Satpur
valley above Skardu ; also stranma in other parts of Baltist^n,
Podophyllum emodi^ Wall.— -Common in forests. The fruit is
eaten ; vern. WanwanganuP In the Naltar valley beyond
Gilgit it is called “ ichiyaP

Populus alba^ L. poplar); vern. Pras ” “(Sind valley),

naumer'* (Indus valley near Skardu). See page 34 for a descrip-
tion of the remarkable forest of white poplar in the Gurais valley.

Populus ciliata^ Wall. — Called Berpar’’ in the Shingo valley,

Baltistdn.

Prangos pabularia, Lindl,— Common in the dry valleys of Bal-
tistdn. In the neighbourhood of Drds I have seen large stacks
composed entirely of this plant which had been collected as fodder
for winter use. It is also very abundant in the Tilail valley.

Rheum e modi ^V^diW. — ^Called Pombak^^ in the Liddar valley.

Rhus succedaneUy Z.— vern. arkoraP — The wood of this tree

is used in the Liddar valley for the manufacture of spoons.

Rihes nigrum^ L. (Black currant).— Not uncommon in the drier
parts of Kashmir and Baltist^n. Fruit large and well-flavoured.

Rosa Webbianaa, Wall.— Vern. “ Sermang** (Shingo valley, Bal-
tistdn), Singai (Gilgit district). Abundant in Baltistan and the
drier parts of Kashmir. Very showy when in flower.

Rubus niveus^ Wall. — Several varieties of this occur in Kashmir.
One with a large red fruit, and flavoured like a raspberry forms a
large portion of the undergrowth in a forest at Minimarg near the
Burzil pass.

Salix, — Several species of willow re found in Kashmir at vari-

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

ous elevations. The following vernacular names are used i-— Yihr*^
(Sind valley), bium'^ (Astor district), ^^chakma” (Satpur valley
near Skdrdu), chanmar (Shingo valley, Baltistdn).

Sambucus Ehulus^ Z..— (Dwarf elder).— A common weed near vil-
lages in the Sind, Liddar, and other valleys of Kashmir.

Saussurea Lappa^ Clarke ; Vern. hut — Kashmir forests

from 10,000 to 12,000 feet. Abundant in the Sind and Burzil valleys,

Setaria italica^ Beauv.— In the Naltar valley, north of Gilgit :
this crop is called

Spirosa hypericifolia^ L. ; vern." “ ” (Baltist^n), tabalgoV*

(Astor district). — Although not included ifT the “Flora of British
India/' the economic value of this shrub ^ as yielding excellent
material for small walking sticks has long been known to sportsmen
in Baltistan, whose shikaris never fail to collectv a supply. My
friend^ Captain Hunter-Weston, brought back flowering specimens
collected in Baltistan in 1890, by means of which the plant was
identified. I have since collected it on the Kdjn^g range, in the
Satpur valiey above Skdrdu, in the Ditchell valley above Gudhai,
and more recently in the Burzil valley near Bangla. The wood is
very hard, with smooth reddish-brown persistent bark.

Stipa sibirica^ Lamk.— This, which is known as the poisonous
grass of Kashmir, is very abundant in some of the valleys, especially
on the outskirts of the forests at an elevation of 8,000 to 9,000 feet.
It occurs also in other parts of the Tiimalaya ; and on the Black moun-
tain in Hazara it was the cause of much sickness amongst the bag-
gage ponies during the expedition of 1888. The direct cause of its
injurious effects on animals has not- yet been conclusively shown.
Some attribute it to a narcotic principle inherent ii; the plant, whilst
others affirm that it acts mechanically as an irritant, and is not in any
way chemically poisonous. Dr. Aitchison, who has given much atten-
tion to the subject, and has witnessed many cases of ponies having been
poisoned by eating this giaiss, believes that the symptoms are produced
by some kind of narcotic poison. A common remedy in Kashmir for
this complaint, Dr. Aitchison tells me, is to hold the animal’s head in
the smoke of a fire, in order to produce a discharge from the nostrils,
after which the dangerous symptoms disappear, and the animal recovers
consciousness. In addition to this treatment, vin*“gar and sour
apples are sometimes given. The cattle of the country do not of their
own accord eat this grass during the spring and summer, but in the
autumn, Dr. Aitchison says, they do eat it. If this be so, it tells
somewhat against the idea of the plant possessing only mechanically
irritant properties, for during the autumn months the rough awns
of the spikelets are fully developed.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

Taraxacum officinale^ Wigg. — In the Kolahoi valley above Lid-
darwat, 1 came across some shepherds who were spreading the
leaves of this plant in the sun to dry. They told me that they used
them as a tonic as well as a vegetable. They call the plant hendi.'

Triticum sativum^ L (Wheat); vern. “ Cheor'^ (Indus valley
below Skdrdu). Kanak (Satpur valley near Sk^rdu).

Vtcia FabUy L. (Bean). — Called Bararak^^ in Satpur valley
near Skirdu.

J, F. DUTHIE.

Director of Botanical Departmenty

Northern India,

The 6th August 18^4,

Note on the Fodder-yielding Plants of the Gilgit District,

In my report for last year I gave a short sketch of the general
character of the natural vegetation of the Gilgit valley, and en-
deavoured to point out by what means the supply of fodder from
this source might be increased.

In order to develop as far as possible the capabilities of the
district, two distinct lines of operation must be followed : —

(i) The utilization of the indigenous vegetation ; (2) the culti-
vation of suitable fodder crops.

My stay at Gilgit was not long enough to enable me to make a
complete list of the plants of the district. Of those which I did take
note of, the following may be considered as more or less valuable
for fodder:-^

Nat. Ord. Crucifers, — The majority of the species belonging
to this family might be utilized. They are also to be recommended
for their anti-scorbutic properties.

Lepidium DrabUy L, — This plant is largely used as fodder at
Quetta, and its extended growth should be encouraged in the Gilgit
district. An allied species, L, latifoliumy L,y is common at Nomal
in the Hunza valley.

Nat. Ord, Capparide^ — Capparis spinosUyL, — The leaves are
an excellent fodder.

Nat. Ord. T'AMARlSClNEi^ — Tamarix gallicay L. — A common
shrub along the beds of streams. It yields a good fodder for camels.

Nat. Ord. KHkunEM—Zizyphus vulgariSy Lamk. — Sheep and
goats are often fed on the leaves of this shrub.

Nat. Ord. LeguminOS^.-— This family is represented by nu-
merous shrubs and herbs, all of which may be safely used as fodder.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

Melilotus officinalis^ Willd., is a common weed of cultivation.
Alhagi maurorum^ Desv,, is a well-known camel fodder; and of the
genus Astragalus^ several species are found wild in this district.

Nat, Ord. Artemisia maritima, L, — The most

abundant plant on the lower portions of the hill-sides surrounding
Gilgit. On page 38 will be found Professor Church's chemical analy-
sis of this plant, Scorzonera divaricata, Turcz, is common in the
valley; also species of Lactuca^ Sonchus and Tragopogon^ all of
which yield more or less nutritious fodder.

Nat. Ord. OLKkCKIE^Fraxinus xanthoxyloides, Wall, is not
uncommon in the valleys surrounding Gilgit. The foliage of this
tree is used elsewhere for feeding sheep and goats.

Nat. Ord. AmarantaCE^-^Z)/^^/^^z arvensis, Forsk., Amar-
antus spp*

Nat. Ord. Chen ^PODIACE.^:. — This family is largely represent-
ed in the district, and many of the species can be used as vegetable
food as well as for animal fodder.

Chenopodium albumy L,

„ Biitumy Hk. /,

,, Botrysy L.

,, hybrtdumy L.

A triplex crassifoUuy C. A. M,

„ roseay L,

Eurotia ceratoideSy L.

Kochia prostratuy Schrad.

Nat. Ord, PolygonaCE/^ — Rumex hastatuSyT)on,

Nat. Ord. Salicine^e— acmophylla, Boiss., and other
specie's

NAr. Ord. GraminE/E. — The following is a list of the unculti-
vated grasses, of which specimens were observed in the Gilgit valley.
This list might be considerably added to by including the kinds
which occur on the high margs above the valley on either side: In
1S92 large quantities of grass fodder were obtained from this
source.

Andropogon annulatuSy Forsk.

,y d is tans, Nees.

„ Ischmnum Z. Common at Minawar.

laniger, Desf.

SorghuMy Brot., var» halepense^

46 REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

Aristida spp,

Avena fattia, L.

Calamagrostis spp.

Eragrostis cy7iostiroides, R. and S,

,, poceoidesy Beauv.

Oryzopsis spp,

Panicum sanguinalBy L,

Pappophorum persicuniy Boiss
Penmsetum dichotomum, Del.

„ flacciduniy Griseb.

„ lanatutriy Klotsch.

Phragmites communis ^ Trin.

Poa bu I ho say L,

Saccharum spontaneunty L,

Stipit spp,

A large number of nutritious plants are rejected by animals on
account of their prickly nature ; and, as this is a common character
of the vegetation of tracts of country like that of Gilgit, it is obvious
that, in order to utilize such plants in the form of fodder, some means
must be adopted to disarm them. Their conversion into silage
would certainly be effective in this respect, and 1 have reason to
believe that this method of storing fodder would succeed in that
climate.

Before leaving Kashmir in 1892, I had an opportunity of discuss-
ing with Captain Yielding, D.S.O., the subject of fodder-supply in
the Gilgit district His head-quarters happened at that time to
be at Gurais, and I there gave him a memorandum embodying the
results of my investigations. 1 also suggested to him the advisability
of making a few silage experiments with the ordinary coarse in-
digenous vegetation. I understand that arrangements have been
made for the preparation of -silos at suitable localities, but as
yet the results have not been communicated to me.

Several kinds of thistle, and of other plants allied to them,
are plentiful in the Astor and Gilgit valleys ; but owing to their
being protected by thorns, they are at present unavailable as fodder
to many animals. Plants of the thistle tribe are usually highly
nutritious. The particular species which I remember to have seen
in those valleys in any quantity are — Carduus nutanSy L.y Cntcus
arvensis, Hoffmy C, involucratuSy DC.y Cousinia spp.y and Echinops
cornigeruSy PC. These and the widely spread wormwood
{Artemisia maritima) all belong to the natural order Compositae.

RliPORt ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN KASHMIR, 1893.

The genus Astragalus (Nat. ord. Leguminosae) is abundantly repre-
sented in this district ; several of the species are very prickly, and are
therefore not eaten by animals. They are, however, capable
adding to the nutritive value of silage.

The cultivation of fodder crops, — Owing to the scarcity of
water available for irrigation, as well as to the scarcity of labour
throughout the Gilgit district, the extent to which cultivation can
be carried out is limited. The numerous remains of deserted villages
between Bunji and Gilgit show how much the population of this
valley has decreased. Until these village sites become reinhabited,
it will not be possible, owing to lack of labour, to increase the
culturable area to any great extent. Wherever water for irrigation
does exist, efforts should be made to encourage the growth of
plant.s likely to be useful as fodder.

Shortly after my return from Kashmir in 1892, a large quantity
of grass seed \about seven maunds), of kinds specially selected for
the Gilgit climate, was despatched from Saharanpur through Captain
Yielding, the Commissariat officer on special duty in Kashmir. (
have not yet been informed as to the results of the sowings.

In the following year ten pounds of Robinia seed, imported
direct from Italy, were forwarded to Captain Yielding. Sowings
have been made at various places in the neighbourhood of Gilgit,
as well as at Chiles, and the seedlings are now, 1 hear, two feet high
and thriving, except at Bunji, where they were destroyed by mud
floods. The successful growth of this tree in the Gilgit and Indus
valleys would prove to be an immense advantage. It is a quick-
growing plant, and is said to prefer open and barren situations.

Several packets of seeds of the Australian Salt-bush (A triplex
nummularia) have also been sent from Saharanpur for trial sowings
Being a desert plant it may possibly find a congenial home in the
Gilgit district. It is much valued in Australia as fodder for sheep,
especially during seasons of drought.

In addition to the above, a consignment of twenty maunds of
lucerne seed [Medicago sativa) was sent last cold weather to Captain
Yielding for sowing at various localities along the Gilgit route.

J. F. DUTHIE,

Director, Botanical Department,

Northern India.

Saharanpur,

The 6th August i8g4.

Govt, of India Central I rintin^ OHice.— No. 415 R. & A. — 20-12-94. — 266.— ii. R.

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RECORDS

OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

BRIGADE-SURGEON G. KING, M.B., LL.D., F.R.S., C.I.E.,

DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Volume I.

No. 4.

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM HAVERI TO KUMTA.

G. MARSHALL WOODROW.

NOTES OF A TOUR IN TRAVANCORE, ETC.,

M. A. LAWSON, M.A.

CALCUTTA:

OFFICE OF SUPEKiNTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.

1894,

NOTES

ON A

JOURNEY FROM HAYERI TO KUMTA

MAY 1894.

Haveri is a town 60 miles south of Dharwar on the Harihar
Branch of the Southern Maratha Railway. It is on a good road
which crosses North Kanara to Kumta on the coast.

Near Haveri the plains of black soil, which occupy the greater
part of the Dharwar Collectorate, change gradually into a yellowish
loam, producing scanty crops of cotton and millet. With the excep-
tion of stunted Babool ^ on the headlands of the fields, planted trees
only are to be seen. The fences are chiefly of Euphorbia
Tirucallif Linn., and Opuniia nigricans^ Haw., in them Qlax
scandenSy Roxb., and Cadaba indica, Lamk., occur, and climbing
over them at intervals may be seen Rivea hypocrateriformis^ Chois.
Ipomoea sepiaria^ Koen., Asparagus racemosus, Willd., Viiis setosa
Wall., Dasmia extensa^ Br., and other two Asclepiads, Groups of
Balanites Roxburghii^ Planch., may be seen, and Cassia auriculata,
Linn., is common, but at this season herbaceous vegetation is
very scanty, being represented only by Tribulus terrestris, Linn.,
Cleome simplicifolia^ H. f. and T.* Evolvulus aisinoides, Linn.,
Withania somnifera, Dunal, and Trichodesma amplexicauley Roth.
Of Trichodesma amplexicauley Roth. C. B. Clarke remarks, it
is probably a mere form of 7*. indicumy Br. The general aspect
of r. amplexicaule while growing is very distinct ,* it is much smaller
than T, indicumy the anthers are exserted, and have long twisted
points; the corolla lobes are also furnished with long twisted points,
and, as far as I have observed, there is also in Western India a
difference in the distribution of those two species : T. amplexicaule
occurring in the Southern Maratha country, Bijapur and Scind, but
being absent from Poona district which Is occupied by T. indicum.
The road runs due westward 10 miles to the village Adur, where

^ Acacia arabica^ Willd.

NOTRS ON A JOURNEY FROM HAVERl TO KUMTA.

T rianthema decandra, Linn.j is found hanging down the side of a
bank. The Marking-nut* tree and the Cashew-nut® tree appear near
the village, evidently planted, and sMoie grass is abundant in places
with defective drainage* This grass much resembles the *^sabat”
of Northern India, both in general appearance and properties ;
it is used for making brooms and ropes, and good paper can also
be made from it, although the Poona paper manufacturers say it has
some knots that are difficult to remove. When this objection has been
overcome it will surely become an important source of paper material,
as it could be produced in great quantity on waterlogged land
that is not fit for general cultivation The roadside trees KaranjS
Ntm % and Jambool ^ look more luxuriant here than further east, an
evident sign of increasing rainfall. From this point the road turns
south-west and a few miles further brings in view the village of
Alur, with what appeared in the distance to be a large Cocoanut
plantation, but which on closer inspection proved to be a mixture
of Cocoanut, Betel-nut, Jack fruit, Betel-leaf, Plantain and other crops
that would grow on a wet soil, planted without apparent system ; the
water in numerous large tanks is only three feet from the surface
in May, and the workmen appear worn to skin and bone from
fever. Polygonum barjbatum^ Linn, was gathered in ditches in the
shade, and Blumea membranacea, D.C., with Hydrocotyie asiatlca^
Linn., on the outskirts, and HemideS7nus tndicuSy Br., in ripe fruit on
the fences which consisted of Agave vivipara and A. americana on
raised banks, and as an apology for a fence, occasionally, Jatropha cur^
cas, Linn. 1 he last three are foreign plants, and this leads to the reflec-
tion that foreign plants are ver} generally used for similar purposes.
Here Cordia Macleodii H. f. & T., occurs, and a small flowered form of
Carissa carandas^ Linn, begins to appear, and continues many miles
towards the coast, occupying places not heavily wooded. Here also
begins to appear Eugenia caryophylisea, Wight., which continues
at short intervals to within high water mark in the tidal back waters.
As it occurs here, the rusty red colour on the back of the leaf is
wanting, but there is little doubt about its identity. A few Ainee^
trees also appear here and they occur in increasing numbers till the
crest of the Ghauts is reached. Soon after passing Alur, specimens of
Randia uliginosa^ D.C. were gathered : the large white flowers with
radiating anthers are specially striking at early dawn ; the sweet

' Semecarpus Anaeardium, L.f.

• Gymnoihti'x aloptcut&id$$t Nees.

* Mflia aaadirachta, Linn.

* Anaeatdium occiaeniale, L.

* Pongamia glabra Vent.

* Eugenia jambolana, Lanfi.

Terminalia temeniosa, Bedd.

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM HAVERI TO KUMTA,

perfume and large glossy leaves together with the prolonged flowering
season of this plant make it a desirable tree for large gardens or parks.
Although, as its name implies, it is a marsh tree, it thrives on well-
drained land with a heavy rainfall. Here also, the Koomba} of the
Marathas occurs and continues till near the coast ,* it was festooned
with the dried vines and fruit of Dioscorea oppositifolia^ Linn.
This place is about 5 miles from Sumasgi on the border of North
Kanara, The land is high and uncultivated and the jungle sparse ;
the grass land has a brown loamy soil about 2 feet in depth, and the
altitude is about 2,500 feet. Would such land suit Agave sisilana ?
This plant promises to become an important fibre crop, and the earlier
that suitable land for it is selected the better. Here also Bassi'^
longifolia^ Linn., is met with and ^gle marmehs, Corr. (with a
platform built round it as is usual with sacred trees) in company with
Sissumy^ Kursing} Heerda^^ and Garuga pinnatay Roxb. Biboas
with Loranthus loniceroides^ Linn., on it, Rhus parvifloray Roxb. and
Holarrhena antidysentericay Wall In the tank at Sumasgi, the Sola
plant, ji^schynomene aspera^ Linn, is to be seen ; it has not hitherto
been admitted to our loc^ floras, although it is abundant at Hangal,
a few miles northward where it is called Bhendy and is used as buoys
for swimming The fringed* marsh flower also occurs here, its leaves
resembling those of a Nymphsfay the floating }ussi3eay w'hite and red
NympseaSy are abundant, in company with Ceratophyllum demersumy
Linn., Oxalis corniculatay Linn., Aponogeton monostachyumy Linn.^
Panicum interruptunty Willd , and Hydrilla verticillatay Casp., the
latter as usual very abundant, but Chara fragilis searched for in
vain. The latter plant has recently been njaking itself remarkable;
for many years previous to 1887 it was superabundant near Poona ; but
at that date it disappeared suddenly, and is now as far as is known
only to be found in Western India at Rutnagiri and at F3odeIi in
Guzerat, The grand flow^ering climber, Ipomsea campanulatay Linn,
now became abundant and continued many miles towards the coast.
Here bamboos are planted on the road -sides, Pterocarpus indicus
Willd. is common, and isolated trees of Cassia Fistulay Linn,
were conspicuous by their yellow blossoms. At this part the road is
high, and the view westward to the horizon is a weaving sea of tree
tops. Near the road are grand specimens of Schrebera swieten-
ioideSy Roxb., (here called Mokha) and Phyllanthus distichusy
Mueil , looking very strange in the" twilight with its folded leaves — a

’ Catena arboreay Roxb.

® Stereospetmum xylocatpurtty Wight
* Semecarpus Anacardiuniy Lf.

* Dalbergia laiifolia, Roxb.

* T^fminalia Chebula, Retz.

* Limnanthtmum indicuniy Thw.

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM HAVERl TO KUMTA.

5^^

ghost-like tree. A few miles further westwards is Yacombi, 47 miles
from Kumta, with a forest guard, a dharmsalla, and a district bunga-
low in the midst of heavy forest. In a small clearing by a tank, is a
splendid specimen of Ficus mysorenstSf Heyne.; in the tank the yellow
flowered Utricularia stellar is^ L.f abounds, as do Pistia stratioides^
Linn., and N elumhium speciosum^ Willd j the mouth of a drain was oc-
cupied by a colony of gregarious spiders making a net of their long
legs, and it was amusing to see the spiders' net break up and rush into
the drain on being disturbed. Mimosa sensitiva first appeared here
as a road-side weed, and increased greatly in quantity towards the end
of the journey. The fences are generally made of Adhatoda vostca,
Nees. ; but in some instances the common rose, named Edward, is
used and it appears to grow with great vigour without special
care. Trichosanthes palmata^ Roxb. and Entada scandens^ Benth,
are conspicuous climbers, the latter growing up to the tops of high
trees, then hanging down to the ground like an elegant green
curtain. Gensing mara^^ a large Bignoniaceous tree, was in ripe
fruit on the banks of the tank, and, near by, Fkus gibbosa^
Blume was abundant. In published descriptions of this small tree,
no mention is made of the glandular punctures, irregularly disposed
between each pair of primary veins ; those punctures are of very
constant occurrence in Western India and appear on the youngest
leaves, increasing in size with the development of the leaf, but they
are not observable on dried specimens; probably those marks are due
to insect agency, but I have not been able to prove this. The large
epiphytal fern, Drynaria quercifolia^ Linn., begins to appear here
and increases in numbers towards the coast, and large trees of Vitex
altissima^ L. f. and Vitex alata^ Heyne are abundant. Here also
Mallotus philippinensis^ MuelL, occurs, and several species of small
leaved Ficus are of such great height that it is difficult to identify
or get specimens of them Vitis discolor^ Dalz. is plentiful in
company with Hemidesmus indieus, Br. (here called Dude balU) ;
which is collected for the market. Getonia floribunda^ Roxb.,
Clematis hedysarifolia^ D.G., and Csesalpinia mim&soides^ Lam.,
and Chikakaie^^ the soap pod, are abundant. Leea sambucina,
Willd. is one of the commonest roadside plants from this place-down
to the coast, and Hoya retusa, Dalz. hangs in dense masses from
the trees. Although all this part of the forest is very heavy, there is
great variation in the size of the trees in different parts ; in one of the

^ Stereospermum chtlonoidta, D.C.

* Atacia cencinna, D.C.

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM HAVERI TO KUMTA.

heaviest parts, the monarch of the forest is a mango, and there
are, near by, great numbers of Caryota urens, Linn., showing great
variation in the form of the leaflets ; some forming a nearly equilateral
triangle, others a long narrow wedge ; the prevalence of particular
forms on certain trees leads one to imagine they are of different
species, but this impression disappears on further study. Pothos
scandenSi Linn., in company with a species of Piper^ is abundant on
the stems of trees here, and the coalescence of the stems of. Termi^
nalia tomentosay Bedd. and Lager strosmia lanceolatay Wall., is
frequently to be seen. Why should those two species coalesce more
frequently than others? It would be interesting to cut through one
of the stems and watch the result. When Kumta was 45 miles
distant, the first example of Cymbidium bicolor ^ Lindl,, was met with,
its pendulous flower stalks, about eighteen inches in length, were not
fully developed. Here was Wrightia tomentosa ^ R. & S., that has
caused such diverse statements by authors regarding the colour and
odour of its flowers. In this instance— noted 12 hours after gathering
- — the corolla was a very pale yellow with a greenish tinge, the lobulate
scales at the mouth of the corolla tube were orange-coloured and
the odour foetid ; when first seen in the forest, the corolla was a
nearer approach to pure white, Osyris Wightiana, Wall, occurs here ;
and Dillenia penlagyna, Roxh.y'lsiden with its small yellow fruit, is
abundant, here also is the Nux-vomica tree — at this season in the
height of its beauty with fresh shining foliage, and bright red or
yellow fruit. At 37 miles from the coast, Ixora coccinea^ Linn, was
first observed, and it continued down to the margins of the back
waters ; its colour varies from pale yellow to deep crimson, and it,
with the assistance of Mussaenda frondosa, Linn,, with its pure
white bracts, makes the forest gay. Dalbergia volubilis^ Roxb., Jas-
7ninum arbor escenSy Roxb., Bassia longifolia^ Linn., Melastoma mala-
bathricum^ Linn., Smilax ovalifolia^ Roxb., Garcinia indica^ Chois.,
and Schleichera t^ijuga, Willd, were the new features of the forest
in that locality.

At that place also occurs the first regular plantation of beteLnut
palms met wdth on this journey. The plantation occupies the higher
part of a narrow valley evidently having abundant subsoil water,
which at the lower part is utilised for rice fields that are moist
in the month of May, The plantation is surrounded by broad and
deep trenches w'hich serve as drains to catch surface water and to
strengthen the fences. The trees are in lines 8 feet apart, and
between each pair of lines there is, alternately, a drain and a ridge,
the drains being about 18 inches in depth and the ridges of corre-^

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM HAVER! TO KUMT4.

Spending height, so that each tree stands on a slope ; the distance apart
of the trees in the lines is about 5 feet. In this plantation no irrigation
is used ; and cattle-dung not being available, the chief manure consists
of young branches and leaves from the neighbouring forset ' such
manure had recently been laid down on the surface to a depth of
about 9 inches ; between the palms cardamoms are grown, pepper
vines are trained up the stems, and plantains occupy all odd places.
At Sumpkand, 27 miles from the coast, Gymnema sylvestre^ Br., was
found. It was not in dower, so the test of its remarkable property of
suspending temporarily the ability to taste sugar was applied ; it has
been said also to suspend the power of tasting quinine, and one of the
servants, who has been gorged with that useful drug for some days,
was made happy in the prospect ; but it proved fallacious, as far as
his and my own experience went ; no doubt it did alter the taste of
quinine somewhat, but it did not remove its bitterness. This plant is
widely distributed on the hill ranges in Western India, but nowhere
occurs sO abundantly as in the immediate neighbourhood of the
district bungalow^ at Sumpkand, North Kanara. It has not any w^ell-
knewn vernacular name, and its properties were not known to any
of the people I met with, who were quite familiar with the properties
of Hemiaesmus indicuSy Br. To fulhl an indent for the dried
leaves of G. sylvestre^ I set about collecting and also made the
bungalow peon familiar with it, to facilitate the collection of future
supplies. It may be worth noting that the coolies employed to
gather the leaves were lads, named Gunpa and Jivva,

The vegetation here shows indications of a decided increase in
moisture. Among Orchids Rhynchostylis retusa, Blume., Coslogyne
bicolor^ Lindl,, Saccolahium Wightianum^ Hook, f., Cottonia
macrostachys, Wight., Pholidota imbricata^ Lindl., Vanda parvijlora^
Lindl, and a few others, occur ; and of ferns, Blechnum orientals^
Linn., Stnnoloma chinensis^ Swartz., Gleichenia linearis^ Burm.,
Alsophylia glabra^ Hook., Lygodium microphyllum, R. Br., Pteris
pelluciday Presl., Adiantum lunulatunij Burm., Athyrium filix-
fcBmina^ Bernh. In shady nooks by the road-side, even at this dry
season (May), magnificent groups of those ferns may be seen, but
Gleichenia linearis (like Pteris longifolia in other districtsl bears
full sunshine with impunity. Here was first met with the one
solitary example of Araliaceae in Western India, H eptafteuron
W allichidnum^ C. B. Clarke. It is not a larg^e glabrous tree "
here, but a subscandent shrub. Here was a large JackT^^uit tpse
with over one hundred of its grand golden-coloured fruits nearly
ripe, and near it, three specimens of Amo*'phophallus eommutatus,
Schott, in dower. The roots of the latter were dug up, labelled.

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM HAVERI TO KUMTA.

and carried off to Poona to produce leaves, (Those have grown up
and prove to be remarkably similar to the leaves of A, campanulatus,)
Here is also found Modecca palmata^ Lam., the only repre.sentative
of PassifioresB in Western India, i had been searching for this
plant for a long time, but no exact habitat being available on
records, I had not found it hitherto. On the Kumta-Sirsi road, from
the 15th to the 30th mile from Kumta, it occurs rarely, some
plants being in flower, others in fruit. The fruit at this season is an
oblate smooth green hollow sphere, about ij inch in width, the
seeds scarcely yet beyond the ovular stage. An adjacent shopkeeper
informed me that it is called Iyer balU^ and that the fruit grows the
size of the fist, is poisonous, and is used as cattle medicine. The root
is greatly swollen and appears to rise above ground, rapidly tapering,
and producing one or two stems which had climbed about 6 feet in
the largest specimen seen. Three of the roots dug up and carried
about eight days have been found to grow freely when planted.
A little further on Premna coriacea^ Clarke, was met with ; in this
instance, it was a subscandent shrub. Turrwa villosa^ Benn., and
Saccolobtum maculosum Hook, f., were found soon after ; the latter
unfortunately a solitary specimen. At the 25th mile from the coast
the road passes over a high open place with sparse forest and out-
crops of granite; this. is the home of Pheenix acaulis^ Buch. \ this plant
is only comparatively stemless, for many examples with stems
5 feet in height may be seen As the fruit was ripe, several gardens
are enriched from its produce, very few palms being more suitable
for garden decoration, as it is elegance itself while young. At the
23rd mile from the coast, what appears to be the crest of the Ghaucs
is reached, and there is a short descent ; on the highest point Ficus
Arnottiana^ Miq., was conspicuous, in fresh young foliage of a bright
red colour. Its stipules are, in this instance, 2 inches in length, and
fall off as soon as the leaves are developed, Helicteres isara,
Linn., appeared as soon as the descent was commenced, and was
soon followed by Ipomcea vitifolia^ Sweet., which proved much less
abundant here than it is 100 miles further north. Soon Derris
scandens, Benth. became one of the chief ornaments of the road-side;
its bright green leaves and rosy flowers were very beautiful in May.
Albizsia stipuLata, Bois., is frequent here, and so is Blumea
myriocepkala, D. C., growing on steep banks, by the roadside. At 20
miles from Kumta, the course of the Bennihalla river was crossed ; Its
greenstone bed was dry and washed clean, and on its banks, the
ytmgo, Pangamia glabra^ Vent., Mimusops Elengt^ Linn., and several
species of Ficus, with a graceful species of Pandamus not in flower
or fruit. Homonoia riparia^ Lour., a large grass, and immense pjants
of Entada scandens, Benth., occur in that locality, the latter without
good specimens of its enormous legumes, the few collected being

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM HAVERI TO KUMTA,

not more than 2 feet in length. In that place Capparis Heyneana^
Wall., displayed its large fugaceous flowers, in this instance white ;
but pale blue specimens were collected later. A little further on, Divi-
mana was reached ; here, Chonemorpha macrophylla^ G. Don,, was
in bloom, its flowers 4J inches in expanse, pure white when newly
opened, but early becoming a pale yellow and of an agreeable
odour, the foliage bright green and of strong texture ; a desirable
plant for a large garden ; unfortunately no seed was procurable ; an
empty follicle, 9 inches in length, showed that the seed had recently
escaped. Naravelia jseylamca, D. C., and Ophiorrhim Harrisonii^
Heyne, are found here in bloom in October, and here, growing on
trees, is apparently a species of j^schynanthus with leaves much
larger than any described in the Flora of British India, but it was not
in flower. Cha^alia curvi florae Thw., with its pretty pink and
white wax-like flowers, occurs in the shade rarely ; and Pavetta
Bruno nisy Wall., pokes its handsome corymbs of white flowers
from every little thicket. Here was an Asparagus not in bloom,
its cladodes J inch in breadth and of a very deep shining green which
would be a real acquisition in gardens, as such foliage is rare.
Garcinia Coway Roxb., is here a grand tree, with a straight stem,
and so is Holigarna longifolia^ Roxb. In a small stream a species
of Spirogyra is found ; and, on its banks, Cardanthera pinnatu
fidUy Benth,, Blechnum orientalcy Linn., Angiopteris evecta^ Hoffm.,
and Alsophila glabra. Hook, appear to be specially at home
here, for the specimens seen were the largest that I have met with.
From Divimana the road descends rapidly. On the slope a species
of Calamus is widely distributed, and for a space of half a mile on
the road, about 15 miles from Knmta, is a very graceful pinnate-
leaved short- stemed palm, answering as far as can be seen to the
description of Wallichia caryotoides, Roxb. ; but as that palm is
not recorded in the Flora of British India as occurring here, this plant
must be kept in view and its flowers and fruit obtained, Hopea
Wightiana, Wall., abounds here and was carpeting the ground with
its fallen flowers; it bears echinate galls which resemble the fruit
of an Artocarpus, Myristica attenuata. Wall, and Pithocolo-
bium btgemtnumy Benth. are found in ripe fruit, and Macaranga
Roxburghtiy Wight, here attains the size of a medium tree^
Saraca tndicay Linn., apparently wild, is found only once ; Nephel-
lium Longanum, Camb., and Cassia Fistulay Linn., occur and
Garcinia indica, Choisy, becomes common ; Wagatea spicatay Dalz.,
and Maba nigricanSy Dalz., being seen occasionally At the bottom
of the Ghaut, in the bed of a stream, beautiful clumps of Osmunda
r4galiSi Linn., were found. The altitude here is very little above

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM HAVERI TO KUMTA.

the level of the sea^ and the impression that the Royal Fern
only an Alpine plant in India, was dissipated. On banks at the
side of the road' here, Naragamia aiata^ W. and A., occurs, and
in open places, the glorious Lagerstrwmia flos^reginm^ Reti.
is in full flower. Artocarpus kirsuiat . hsLmk,, is common here;
%vhile this tree is young its leaves are very variable in form and
size, the largest leaves measuring 17 by 8| inches. On low
banks in the tidal creeks, were observed Cahtropis gigantea^ Br..,
Asckpias Curassavica^ Linn., Vitex Negundo^ Linn., Meiastoma
mahbaihricum^ L., and Eugenia earyophyllaea^ Wight ; mobile
growing in the brackish vrater 18 inches In depth, is Acrostiohum
aureum^ Linn., Now we have arrived at Kumta, where all the
good soil is occupied with Cocoanut palms, but occasionally may
be seen the Bread-fruit tree and Suringee,* As the sea-shore
is approached, AEgiceras mafuSf Gaertn., appears in the mud,
and Calophyllum inophyllum^ Linn., becomes more frequent ; of the
latter some very grand old specimens occur in the shelter of a
small hill that protects the harbour, I have not seen noted the
means by which cross fertilization, is ensured in Calophyllum
imphyllum. The sepals and petals of some of the flowers com-
pletely enclose the stamens, but* leave a small aperture through
which the stigma is protruded, so that it may receive pollen from
another flower* As we embark, Memecylon edule^ Roxb., and Eugenia
caryophyllasa on the rocks and Spinifex squarrosu^^ Linn., in the
sand, are the last plants observed.

College of ScienceT' )

Poona; I G, MARSHALL WOODROW.

The lyih June J

Synopsis of Praclkal Notes*

Hemidesmus indims, Br* (Kanarese abundant between

Yacombi and Divimana, North Kanara.

Gymnema sylvestre^ Br., (not known by any name to people met
with) abundant near the district bungalow, Sumpkund, North Kanara.

Cultivation of betel-nuts in North Kanara, Place selected for
plantation — narrow valley— with sub-soil water available. No irriga-
tion used, but a perfect system of open drains to remove superfluous
water; trees 8 feet by 4 feet apart. Manure— young branches and
leaves from forest.

Modecta palmata^ Lam.^ (Kanarese Iyer balii) on the Kumta*
Sirs! Roa^, 15 to 30 miles from Kumta.

• Oclirocarpus longitoliiJi* Benth.

NOTES

OF A

BOTANICAL TOUR IN TRAVANCORE. ETC,

M. A. LAWSON, M.A.,

GOVERNMENT BOTANIST, MADRAS.

I lett Ootacamund on the 14th November 1893, and returned on
the 30th December; during this period I travelled over the follow-

ing ground : —

Ootacamund.

Shoranur.

Trichur.

Cochin.

Quilon.

Ayur.

Colatoorpooiy.

Rockwood.

Poonamudi.

Murchiston.

Ayur.

Quilon.

1 rivandrum.

N agercoil.
Cape Comorin.
N agercoil.
Tinnevelly.
Ootacamund.

My object in travelling over this large extent of country was to
find out the best stations in which to establish trained collectors,
rather than to make extensive collections of plants myself.

At Quilon, I met Mr. Bourdillon, Conservator of Forests to the
Travancor Government, and travelled with him for over a fort-
night. From Mr. Bourdillon I obtained great assistance: he not
only knows the country thoroughly well (he practically arranged my
tour for me), but he has also a more extensive acquaintance with the
trees of his district than any Forest officer I ever met with, with the
exception of Sir Dietrich Brandis and Mr, Gamble. Mr, Bourdillon
has promised to take people out with him, on tour, for the purpose
of collecting plants ; but he scouts the idea of establishing centres
for native collectors ; he says that he has tried this plan several times,
and always without success. The men, he has sent, are afraid to go
into the jungle by themselves ; they stick in the bazaar in some
village, and bring back only the commonest weeds. My experience
of Tamil collectors is equally unsatisfactory.

NOTES OF A BOTANICAL TOUR IN TRAVANCORE, etc.

I will describe briefly some of the places at which I staid

(^) Ayur, — A small native village, with a good traveller's bun-
galow, 28 miles distant from Quilon. The general elevation of the
surrounding country may be taken at about icjo feet; there are
some hills, but none of any great height. It was here that I first
came across the Zanonia indica ; a large huge climber with
bunches of clavate fruits, weighing nearly a stone. It was here
also that I first made acquaintance with I he Myristica magnificat
Bedd. It is a tree which prefers svrampy ground, and always in
high forest; and extends from i to 600 feet. Colonel Beddome
found it in the hills of Courtallum, so that its range of growth
orobably extends over some 80 miles of country, north and south.
The tree is often fully 100 feet, or more in height. It has no
distinct buttresses, so far as I observed; though this is stated by
Beddome to be the case. The base of the tree in the more swampy
places appears to rot, and the tree is then supported by vast stem-like
roots, as is well known to be the case with many of the Rhizophoress^
The roots, which are all on the surface, sprawl along the ground,
forming nodules, and even upright loops; rendering the walking
under these trees anything but comfortable. In one case at Ayur,
I crawled under the main stem of the tree. The wood, I believe,
is of little value as timber. The other nutmegs here are the [3)
Myristica attenuatat a tree from 60 to 80 feet in height, with a
small oblong fruit. This grows with M, magnificat but on the
drier slopes. (3) Myristica Canarica^ a tree about the same
height as M. attenuatat and growing in the same sort of places.
(4) M, Beddomiit King., grows at elevations of 2,000 feet and
upwards.

{b) Coolatoorpooly is 16 miles from Ayur, and only slightly
higher; but there are hills, in many places densely wooded, which
rise to the Height of 2,000 feet, on which grow many of the west
country species of trees, such as Dysoxylum malabaricumt called
in Cochin, the white Cedar ; Pterospermum rubiginosumt a tree
from 100 to 120 feet in height, and with a wood which is hard
and red. Pterospermum acerifolium is also common. Amoora
Rohituka with the flowers on long pedicels was also common ; also
Aglaia minutidora Var., Travancorica, At Coolatoorpooly there
is a good traveller's bungalow, and this would form a good place
from which to make excursions into the surrounding districts.

(<?) Rockwood is a tea plantation 7 miles from Coolatoorpooly,

6o NOTES OF A BOTANICAL TOUR IN TRAVANCOI0^, et'ci

and 2,000 feet in height. It is surrounded on all sides with
magnificent high forest and would be an admirable centre from
which to make excursions.

Poonamudt^zxiA Murchiston are tea estates 25 and 28 miles^
respectively, from Coolatoorpooly ; Poonamudi is about 2,500 feet
and Murchiston about 2,000 feet. From Poonamudi the hills rise
to 4,000 or more feet in height, and in many places are covered
with black impenetrable forests, wholly unexplored by any
botanist. Hill tents would be required to explore this part of the
country, and some precaution would have to be taken to prevent
wild elephants damaging the camp. Wild animals are said to be
abundant, such as tige..s, bison, and sambhur. From Murchiston,
botanical tours might advantageously be made on the lower slopes
of the hills, in the direction of Trivandrum.

(e) Quilon would form a good station for the collector. The
backwaters contain a great variety of aquatic plants ; and there is
a coral reef on which many kinds of marine algm are to be found,

( f) Trivandrum is not a centre of any importance from a botani-
cal point of view.

(g) Nagercotl is a big straggling native town, 43 miles to the
south of Trivandrum. It is 12 miles from Cape Comorin; and 12
miles from Thadikarama, which lies at the foot of the Ashamboo hills,
and where there is a good Forest bungalow. Six miles from Thadi-
karama, there is a tea plantation, where, I dare say, a collector could
be put up ; but to explore the mountains properly, tents would be
needed.

Ayur, Coolatoorpooly, and Thadikarama have all of them a bad
reputation for fever from the end of January to the end of May,
The hill stations are said to be healthy all the year round. During
December and January, there occur on these hills violent gusts of
wind, which are generated on the cold plateau. These gusts last
as a rule, only for a very short time ; but they are intensely cold, and
are said to be dangerous to persons who are not properly protected
from them at nights. I stayed with several planters on the hills, from
whom I received much kind hospitality and help; and they would, I
am sure, cordially assist any one sent to explore the countries lying
around their plantations.

RECORDS

OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

BRIGADE-SURGEON G. KING, M.B., LL.D., F.R.S., C.I.E.,
DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA,

Volume I,

No. s.

REPORT ON A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE
LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM,

G. A. GAMMIE.

CALCUTTA :

OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.

REPORT

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHiMPUR
DISTRICT OF ASSAM.

1 894.

This tour was undertaken and accomplished during the months
of March and April 1894.

Although at this season of the year the bulk of the herbaceous
vegetation is either dormant or has not yet appeared, still from the
similarity of the Flora to that of the Sub-Himalayan tracts to the
westward, I was able to identify many plants from long and intimate
acquaintance with their general appearance.

A representative collection of specimens w’as made, chiefly
from trees and shrubs in flower or fruit, which has afforded me a
good insight into the composition of the woody vegetation, and
while engaged in determining my plants in the Calcutta Herbarium,
I often found it possible to correlate materials obtained by former
collectors. Of these. the first were Dr. Wallich and Dr. Griffith who
were deputed by Government, in 1834, to examine the tract of
country producing the indigenous tea plant. The latter botanist
has left on record (in the I'ransactions of the Agricultural and Horti-
cultural Society of India, Volume V, 1838) a valuable systematic list
of plants collected in the neighbourhood of Sadiya in which he em-
phasizes the strong affinities of this Flora with that of China,
Of more recent collections the chief have been those formed by
Mr. Gustav Mann, late Conservator of Forests in Assam, and Mr. C.
B. Clarke. Both have devoted much of their leisure time and atten-
tion to the Flora of this province greatly to the advantage of Botani-
cal Science. Thanks to the labours of these and other botanists and
collectors, little of novelty can now remain undiscovered in the valley,
but the surrounding mountains must yield rich harvests to naturalists
in the future.

Joining the daily despatch steamer at Jatrapur I went direct to
Dibrugarh, the chief town in Lakhimpur. This rapid voyage up the

BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM.

Brahmaputra (occupying only five days) affords few. facilities for the
observance of the details of the Flora, but it allows one to note the
chief features of the country and its vegetation. In my case, unfor-
tunately, the view was circumscribed by the obscurity caused by the
haze over the country.

Up to within a short distance of Gauhati the banks of the river
are low, and the depressed expanses of sand on either side are
absolutely bare or are covered with extensive savannahs of tall
grasses. The scenery is, therefore, extremely monotonous. Forests
are confined to the mountain ranges seen in the distance and to the
small peculiarly isolated hills which are scattered throughout Assam.
The country is well-wooded around Gauhati which lies at the base of
the northern slopes of the Khasia Hills. Low ranges of hills clothed
with trees are seen on the opposite side of the river. Again the
country is botanically poor until we arrive at Tezpur where the valley
narrows considerably. The undulating hills here bear scrubby vege-
tation. Further on there are successions of grassy wastes, cultivated
land and forests now more imposing in appearance and enlivened by
the white flowers of AIsculus punduana which is very common.
Towards Dibrugarh the forests are of still greater extent and at
Sadiya and in the great forest of Makum they ‘seem boundless as
they sweep through the plain up to the rugged heights of the encir-
cling Himalayas of whose Natural History in this most interesting
region we possess but fragmentary knowledge. The increase of
elevation between Goalpara (150 feet) and Sadiya (440 feet) is only
290 feet, a remarkable fact when we lake the distance between these
places into consideration.

To supplement this meagre account of the Assam Valley^ and
especially of its lower area, I take the liberty of transcribing the
excellent remarks concerning the sequence of the vegetation fur-
nished by Dr. (now Sir Dietrich) Brandis in his “Suggestions regard-
ing Forest Administration in Assam. He classified the forests and
waste lands of Assam as follows

“ Grass lands often with scattered trees (semul, e.g.).

Second.— Sk\ Forest.

Third — Forests of sissu and khair with other deciduous trees.

Fourth, — Mixed forests. Semul {Bombax malabaricum)^ Ster^
culia vtllosay Albtssia procera^ Spondias mangifera^ Anthvcephalus
Cadamba^ Semecarpus Anacardium, Careya arborea^ Dille^tta pen^
tiigynay Lager s trie nit a parvijlora, etc.

Fifth, — Evergreen forests nhich vary exceedingly in different
parts of the Vijiley. Species of Awoora, Michelia, Maottoltct, Quer*

BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM. 63

cus and Castanopsis are invariably found on them and on low
grounds Dillenia indica is, throughout the valley, one of the con-
stituent^ trees. On high ground Artocarpus Chaplaska occurs all
over the valley, while Nahor ” (Mesua ferrea) is common in the
evergreen forest of the upper portion, Stereospermum chelonoides
is a characteristic tree of the evergreen forests of Upper Assam.
The Soom ” (Machilus bomhyeina) forests of Upper Assam form
a remarkable subdivision of this class of evergreen forest. The re-
maining types are bamboo forests and cane brakes.

Lagerstrcemia Regtnce, Ariocarpus Chaplaska^ Dillenia indica^
and Bombax malabaricum are found throughout the Assam Valley,
Mesua ferrea is only found in the upper part although it is common
in the evergreen forests of the Garo and Khasia Hills. SdU sissu and
khair are only found in the lower part of the valley. Dillenia pen-
tagyna and Lagerstrcemia indica extend upwards as far as ski with
which they are associated.’^

Immediately on arrival at Dibrugarh I made arrangements for
visiting the Makiim forest and, next morning, departed by train to
Margherita, a beautiful place lying at the foot of the Naga Hills and
a deservedly favourite holiday resort of the Europeans resident in
the district. The railway is owned by the Assam Coal and Trading
Company and runs about eight miles beyond Margherita to the
mines. For many miles the train speeds through cultivated fields
and tea plantations most prosperous in appearance and in reality.
The continuous extension of the latter and the influx of industrious
immigrants from various congested districts in India wili, in course
of time, tend to transform this mainly forest clad division of Assam
i < a wealthy and well populated tract.

It appears that the Assamese, addicted to the use of opium, from
false pride of race refuse to render labour for hire and thus leave the
field open to strangers. Great areas in Upper Assam certainly bear
traces of the existence of a former large and industrious population,
and the present indolence of the people may be the outcome of years
of oppression by surrounding tribes whose constantly recurring bar-
barous raids would render life and property so insecure that they
would naturally exert themselves only for their immediate personal
requirements. However it may be, there is no reasonable doubt
regarding the fact that Upper Assam was once in a most flourishing
condition and that great areas afterwards relapsed from cultivation
because the invading hill tribes and the Burmese devastated the land
and carried off the bulk of the population to slavery leaving the
remainder in a state of hopeless despair and lethargy from which
they may never free themselves.

64 BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM.

The outskirts of the great forest of Makum are reached at the
railway junction of that name. Onwards is Digboi where petroleum
w'ells have been tapped. Here the land becomes rugged for a short
distance and the railroad is carried through the forest which is dense
and penetrable with difficulty on account of the overwhelming mass
of vegetation. Bamboos of several species are common. The most
noteworthy are a large species growing in gigantic clumps {Dendro-
culamus) and another [Pseudostachyum polymorphum) with multi-
tudes of scattered culms. The latter was in flower and specimens
were collected. It is advisable never to omit gathering specimens
ol any bamboo when in flower or fruit as years may elapse before
such an opportunity may occur again.

The more characteristic features of the vegetation in the Makum
forest .nay be summed up shortly as, in my opinion, it is preferable
to exhibit the subject according to a systematic method at the end
of this paper.

The coal mines are at some elevation on the face of the hills eight
miles eastward of Margherita. From there a comprehensive view
can be obtained of the boundless forests extending to the horizon
with the river Dihing winding through their midst. To tlie west are
^een the grassy slopes of the settlement with smaller clearances
scattered through the forest in its vicinity.

•Large trees form a predominant feature in these forests whose
aspect is relieved from uniformity by their extremely diverse forms.
No single species is gregarious and the component individuals repre-
sent widely different orders and genera.

Many tower over the observer vvho is impressed by the imposing
grandeur afforded them by their height and bulk. Chief among these
are a tall clear stemmed species of Diplerocarpus (Z?. pilosus) ; A/es-
KCi ferrea^ the famous “ Nahor ” or Iron Wood , Duaban^a sonner^
atoideSy a stately tree with tabular, weeping branches terminated by
panicles of large white flowers ; Bischojia jaianica^ of wide distribu-
tion and justly valued for the quality of its timber ; Talaufna Hod^-
always a tree of note with dense foliage of large dark-green lucid
leaves and glaucous flower buds opening into white flowers whicli
shed their numerous petals immediately they unfold.

Of tree.« prominent from, other peculiarities we have Afallotus
albus, Mallotuz deniiculatus^ Pterospermiuti acerifolium, Castan-
apsis indica^ Actinodaphne obovatum and Myristica longifolia a!! dis
tinguished by the light colour on the undersurfaces of their leaves ;
Bombax 2ir\d Erythrina diimeA at all points with hard conical p rickles ;
Aralia Tbomsonit, with slender, prickly stern crowned by a head of

BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM. 65

large, radiating decompound leaves giving it somewhat of the appear-
ance of a Tree Fern ; Ficus Roxburghii^ with large leaves and clusters
of enormous figs in great masses towards the base of the stem and in
smaller groups along the strong, diverging branches ; Ficus Cunia^
bearing quantities of round figs, the size of marbles, along the pend-
ulous branches thrown out by the tree to bear its fruits. Another
again is Gynocardia odorata which bears flowers over the surface of
its stem and branches. The flowers are succeeded by hard globular
fruits which render the tree a conspicuous object in the forest.

Other remarkable trees are Alstonia scholar is ^ with branches and
also leaves in whorls ; Oroxylum indicum, with huge st>ap-shaped
fruits ; Dillenia indica^ Mcliosma iimplicifolia and Saurauja
Ro X bur ghii large, strongly veined leaves ; Salix tcirasperma^ih^

only tropical Indian representniive of its genus; the laurels Litsa'cc
cihata, with leaves and fruits strongly citron scented , Litscca
salicifoUa Litsaa of the commonest trees in

the Makum forest.

Not less remarkable than the divcisiiy of forest trees is the wealth
of epiphytal vegetation which everywhere arrests attention. PHhos
and Rhaphidophora of several species cling closely to the trunks o!
trees and cover tbrn\ to their very tops with ihcir creeping stems
and peculiar foliage.

The common climbing fern Acrostichum scondetts also grows in
the same manner, its graceful drooping pinnae depending in close
order along the w^hole length of tall trees. Asplenium Nidus and Poly-
podium punctatum are common on branches, the former growing with
its long broad fronds in a cup-shaped manner which has suggested
its trivial English name of Birds* Nest Fern,’* the latter with some-
what similarly shaped fronds springing thickly and irregularly from
dense masses of root fibres. Davalhae and Asplenia of various spe-
cies with delicately cut fronds occur in profusion. As a rule, in the
dry season, these are altogether deciduous, the rhizomes remaining
dormant until the succeeding rains or they curl up becoming dry and
wilted although not dead and only unfold to resume their freshness
when their roots are drenched with rain or saturated with aqueous
vapour. To state the case succinctly, most epiphytic rhizomatous
ferns with articulate stipes are deciduous in the dry season, while
tufted species, forming a decided minority, are not so.

Two remarkable ferns Drymogloisum carnosum and Polypodium
nummular if olium with widely creeping rhizomes and small tongue-
like, succulent fronds, crawl over the branches of shrubs. Other
striking examples of epiphytal ferns are Lindiaya repens and Neph-

BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM.

rolepis exaltata both with scandent stems ; Antrophyum reticulaium
with its sori arranged along the lines of venation and Vittaria elong-
ata with dense masses of drooping grass like fronds. Of orchids, the
most typical and extensive order of Epiphytes in tropical tegions^^
there are fewer representatives than one would expect to find. Den-
drobtufHy Saccolabtum, ^ridesy Sarcantkus and Bulhophyllum are
most in evidence.

The shrubby vegetation forming the undergrowth is dense, more
especially so in places where the light is not excluded by the- canopy
of trees. In open parts where the forests have been more or less
cleared away the commonest shrubs are M'^sa tndicay which so often
monopolizes abandoned cultivated lands to the detriment of more
useful vegetation in the Eastern Himalayas; Croton caudatus
becoming a tree) ; Clerodendron tnfortunaium vj}\os>e white flowers
in large open panicles exhale an overpowering fragrance j Solanum
indicum Combretum chinense. On the river banks free of the
larger competing vegetation are Homonota riparia which grows gre-
gariously on river shoals sometimes covered by floods for months ;
Funs heterophyllay Ficus pyrijormisy Ficus hispida^ Acacia Intsia
and many more. On the borders of cleared tracts and even within
them the small scrubby bushes are often completely enveloped by the
subscandent fern, Gleichenia dichotoma and the climbing species,
Lygodium microphylluniy while over all trails a wide spreading Sel-
aginella»

Their presence has been fostered by recent clearances of virgin
forest and I have never yet met with these plants except in similar
localities. Davalka tenuifolia and Pteris semipinnata have also
effected a permanent footing on the steep sides of road cuttings and
ditches in the vicinity, and as these five species of plants {and, of
course, many others) do not exist in the natural forests around, one
is puzzled to account for their apparently spontaneous appearance.

The botanical traveller in the Himalaya (to speak from my expe-
rience alone )'COuId without difficulty produce scores of instances
proving the multiplication of many otherwise rare forms of plant life
induced through the development of a country by means of cultiva-
tion and roads. Similar conditions also materially hasten the extinc-
tion of indigenous vegetation.

In the confines of the forest the shrubby vegetation is for the
greater part composed of species different from those noted in the
more open tracts.

For convenience of discussion it can be readily divided into erect
and climbing shrubs. As examples of the former we may take Gar-

botanical tour in the LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM, 67

denia campanulata^ one of the commonest in the forest, a spinose vir-
gate shrub redeemed from absolute ugliness by the beauty of its
fragrant white flowers, Phyllanthus reticulatuSy Glochidion
hirsutum ; Villebrunea integrifolia^ Boehmeria platyphylla ^
Sarcochlamys pulcherrimOy three Urticaceous plants all yielding
strong, serviceable fibres ; Leea sambucina^ an undershrub often grega-
rious ; Styrax serrulatum^ sometimes attaining the stature of a tree,
most beautiful when in flower with pure white corollas and bright
yellow anthers ; Buddleta asiatica\ most striking plant when

its branches droop with the burden of the closely set panicles of
perfumed white flowers ; Viburnum Colebrookinum^ another plant
also conspicuous when in bloom ; Acanthus leucdstachys^ a low
shrub with holly like leaves more remarkable for its rarity than for
beauty; Sapindus attenuatuSy a loosely growing small shrub with
flowers of a peculiarly dingy brown colour ; Morus indica, the
Indian Mulberry, moderately common as a spreading shrub and its
black fruit clusters are palatable in a country where there is so
little variety in edible fruits ; Callicarpa macrophylla^ with hoary
leaves ; Dosdalacanthus nervosuSy a handsome plant with veined
bracts and bright deep blue flowers; three interesting species of
RiibiaceaSy Wendlandia tinctoria, Saprosma ternatum (with many
of its leaves arranged in whorls of three), and Psychotria denti-
culata*

These only are cited as types ot the erect shrubby vegetation but
many others could readily be named as one reviews the Flora within
reach of the winding and intersecting paths of the forest.

We now transfer our attention to the scandent shrubs which are
a decidedly predominant feature of the locality.

Jasminum undulatiivi is a common dense climber. Mussasnda
glabra attaining to considerable heights, betrays itself by its milk
vvhite foliaceous calyx lobes. Uncar ia sessilifructus and Uncar ia
macrophylla are large climbers with hard, curving, stipular thorns
resembling buffalo-horns in miniature.

Tournefortia viridifloray of lurid green aspect, represents the
order Boraginaceoe.

H eptapleurum ucnulosiuriy one of the few Araliaceous plants
existing here, is an enormous climber with numerous branches each
terminated by copious panicles of red-brown fruits. Pubus lucenSy
belonging to a genus characteristic of Temperate Regions, forms
tangled and impenetrable thickets in association with the equally
well armed Zizyphus funiculosay Z. rugosa .nd Zanthoxylum
Hamiltonianum. Aspidopterys Roxburghiana is a soft leaved
climber bearing masses of light brown wdnged fruits. Aristolochia
sGccata has also larp-e soft leaves.

68 BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMFUR DISTRICT, ASSAM-

To continue the list we have P^jderia tomentosa whose flowers
resemble Ihoseof Cinchona ; Naravelta zeylamca, a widely climbing
plant with long plumose achenes ; Melodorum bicolory an abundant
Aiionaceous plant whose brown tomentose buds open ouc into dark
re 1 flowers; Tapiria h/rsuta, 3. cWmh'ing member oi Anacardiacecey a.nd
Conocephalus suaveolensy a gigantic large-leaved climj^er both com-
mon throughout the tropical forests of the Eastern Himalaya. Several
very prickly species of Acacia also prevail as climbers.

Other plants to name for the further illustration of climbing
vegetation would be fhunberffia grandijloray Thunberpia coccinea,
Thaldiantha^ Hodgsonia heteroclitay TrichosantheSy Gynostemmay
VitiSy Ipomaea^md other genera of ConvolvalaceaCy Trachelospetmumy
EcdysantherOy llligeray Combretuniy Ficus scandenSy Pagnea
0 ho vat a y etc.

1 he order of Pal ;.is also finds a place in this Flora. Calami of
several species are gregarious and add to the difficulty of exploration
in this forest by the bristly array of strong, sharp spines with which
all are invested. Phcenix sylvestriSy the Toddy Palm, and Areca
Catechu, the Be tel Nut, are not indigenous but are cultivated by the
villagers. Some noble species seem to be truly wild, such as Caryota
urens one of the most graceful palms in India ; Wallichia disticha^
most worthy of note from producing its fronds in two regular series on
opposite sides of the stem as in Ravenala ; Wallichia densiHoray a
short stemmed species with Caryota-like leaves; Livistona Jenkin,
siana., with a crown of large fan-shaped fronds ; and Pinanga gracilis.

Plantains [Musa) of several varieties are cultivated by the
native^s and a small slender stemmed species with an erect inflo-
rescence— Musa rosacea — grows here and there throughout the ^
forest.

Tree ferns are also coinparatively rwimerons---- A Isophila ^lauca
and A, glabra; but here neither make any approach towards their
maximum development, indeed I did not observe the former with
caudices more than lo feet high and then the stems were thin
and bore but a scanty crown of fronds.

Angiopteris evecta is of nornral growth and this is the western
limit (so far as our knowdedge at present stands) of Dicksonia
BarometZy formerly distinguished as A assamica. This has large
glaucous tree-fern-like fronds rising from a depressed caudex
covered with bright, chestnut-coloured scales.

1 he last observations to be noted before we finally leave this
forest are those concerning the herbaceous vegetation which, as
may be presumed, is poor in comparison with the abundance of
arboreal and shrubby types.

botanical tour in the LAKHIMPLV district, ASSAM. 69

Ferns flourish under a variety of forms. Davallia Speluncoe^
D, Hookeriana^ D. tenuifoliay Pteris q%%dt^iauritay P. biaurita^
P. semi-pinnata, P. cretica^ P, ajuilina^ Asplenium esculentum^
Asplenium platyphyllum, Nepht odium deciirrenSy N. membramfo*
liuMt Polypodium nigrescens^ Gymnogramme Hamiltoniana^ Acros*
tichum variabiie^ A, axillarey Blechnum orientale are a few of
the many that could be enumerated.

In marshy situations Phrynium and Alpinia grow in dense
masses supplying a never failing stoch of fodder for wild and
domesticated elephants. In shallow lakes we tind a distinctive
type of vegetation such as Enkvdra fluctuins, Granc^ea^ Hy perin-
eum japonicum^ Ejuisetum dehile^ Polygons, the rare little Pilea
peploides^ Mimulus^ Toreni^^ Sajittaria. Ottelia alismoides^ Pota^
mogeton, the bristly Aroid Lasia helerophylla, Coix lachryma^
ArundOf Saccharum cylindricum, S. sponlanetcmy Anthistiria
gigantea^ Cyperus of many species, Equisetum debile^ etc., and
floating on the surface, Lemna anJ other stagnant water plants.

The ordinary herbaceous vegetation is too varied to allow of
even a moderately exhaustive list to be given here. • The majority
consist of weeds of cultivation common to all the warmer parts
of India. The following selection may serve to illustrate the
subject. Ranunculus sceleratus is common in marshes. Nastur*
tium indicum; AEnanthe bengalensis ; Seseli dauci folium ; Stellaria
media^ covering the banks of ponds ; Fragaria indica ; Hydrocotyle
rotund ifolia ; Ammannia rotundifolia ; Blumea of several species j
Xanthium strumarium, in great quantity in waste places; Vernonia
cinerea ; Saussurea affinis ; Crepis japonica ; Gnaphalium luteo-
album; Gnaphalium indicum; Siegesbeckia orientalis ; Spilanthes
Acmella ; Lobelia affinis ; Verbena officinalis^ Mazus^ Vandellia ;
Torenia^ Olclenlandia^ several species of Hedyotis and Ophiorrhiza.
Cynudon dactylon forms good turf on cleared plots. On river
banks are coarse grasses, sedges, Rumex rnaritirnuSy Elatostema
rupestrCi and several species of Polygonum, Labiates are com-
mon, such as, Stachys oblongifolia^ Leucas Itnifolia^ Elsholtzia
blanda^ Mosla dianthera, Leonurus sibirica^ Perilla ocimoides^
etc.

Having obtained a fairly complete collection of plants in flower
and fruit in the forest of Makum I returned to Dibrugarh where I
remained two days to make ’‘arrangements for an excursion to
Sadiya, about 60 miles further up the Brahmaputra. The town
of Dibrugarh is well laid out and drained and the roads are bordered
by avenues of shady trees. Tectona grandis^ Jamarindus indtea

70 BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM,

and Ficus religiosa all form good trees. Melia Azederach is also
commonly planted and I saw a few bushes of Punica granatum
in full flower. The gardens in the compounds of the European
residents are tastefully arranged and most of them contain plants
of showy Indian orchids which thrive on the trees.

At this season of the year the river is at a very low ebb leaving
beaches of glittering white sand on both bank?

In travelling to Sadiya the railway again proves a convenience
as it runs to a tea plantation [named Talap. The journey is com-
pleted by a walk of lo miles and a voyage of 6

From Talap a good road runs to Saikwa at present a village
and market place where few supplies can be obtained, but formerly
it was also a military outpost.

The greater part of this route is through rice-cultivated land
broken in many parts by forests, generally of secondary growth,
which become continuous as the Brahmaputra is approached. The
rice fields which had become marshy since the heavy rainfall of the
previous week were full of Sagittariay Ammannia^ Polygonum
sagittatum^ P. strigosum^ and other common species of Polygonum^
Jussisea suffruticosa and a profusion of Cyperaceous plants. The
arboreal and shrubby vegetation was mainly identical with that of
Makum. ^sculus punduana is exceedingly abundant and the
undergrowth is tangled and dense. Cuscuta rejiexa covered the
latter, in many places, with its festoons of slender interlacing stems
and white flowers.

From Saikwa Ghkt the last 6 miles to Sadiya on the opposite
bank are covered by a voyage in dug out canoes which are poled
rapidly enough up stream by two men in each. The ordinary
country boat built up of separate planks does not seem to be in use
in this part of the river which is wide but rather shallow, and its
sandy banks are skirted by forests of great extent.

The military outpost of Sadiya, situated close to the right bank,
of the river, is surrounded by far reaching stretches of grass savan-
nahs interspersed by coppices of small trees. A large annual bazar
was formerly held here to the mutual advantage of traders from the
wild tribes in the mountains and merchants from the low countries,
but I believe they were discontinued a year or two ago on account
of the virulent epidemics which broke out among these large gather-
ings of people.

In favourable situations in Sadiya, the trees are of noble growth
compared with those that form the copses.

In addition to the grass lands at this isolated settlement a

BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM. 7I

remarkable feature is the sterile aspect of some very large tracts
covered by a close scrub composed of Solanum torvum and Flemin'"
gia congesta but principally the former.

Regarding this plant Captain W. H. Lowther sounded a note
of alarm in the Journal of the Agri. -Horticultural Society of India^
Volume XI (1861), page 290. The article is entitled On the mis-
chievous increase of a gigantic species of Solanum on the North-
East Frontier of Bengal, more especially in the Tea Districts
of Assam.'^

He states that 'the plant was identified as Solanum torvumy
Swartz, and that it promised to be one of the most stubborn and for-
midable antagonists with which Indian agriculture would ever have to
contend.

So far as he could ascertain the plant was of spontaneous origin
and only forced itself on human notice some ten or twelve years
before in Upper Assam where its rapid growth and productiveness
had earned for it an evil repute. The fruits are too nauseous to
be palatable to human beings, but they are devoured by many ani-
mals and birds and the seeds always pass undigested.

The military outpost at Saikwa on the Brahmaputra was deserted
chiefly because it was overwhelmed by this plant, which no
outlay could diminish or keep in check, and now, at Sadiya, on the
opposite bank, the same state of affairs seemed imminent. The
heaviest growth is observed on recently deserted fields.

Fortunately we can say, after the lapse of 33 years, that the
writer’s fears have not been realized and, although Solanum torvum
is still a pest in the deserted homesteads of Upper Assam, it readily
succumbs to the influence of careful and continuous cultivation.
Where it flourishes (and that is never in the forests), it stands
bearing eloquent testimony to the pernicious results caused by ‘'joom"
cultivation, a custom still followed by the mountain and sub-mon-
tane tribes, but this system is now greatly checked and will soon
be traditional in the settled districts. Many areas of valuable land
abandoned by indolent cultivators are overrun by this Solanum
with other equally harmful shrubs and by many species of strong
coarse grasses long before a more valuable type of vegetation is
strong enough to compete with them on equal terms. Artemisia
vulgaris^ Plectranthus ternifolius and Lespedeza sericea are very
common as are also three remarkable climbers not observed at Makum,
namely, Acanthopanax aculeatum, Myxopyrum smilacifolium and
Miquelia Kleinii. Of trees the most interesting are Ficus pomifera
with clear, grey, cylindrical trunk bearing figs in clusters ; Echtno*

72 BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM.

carpus sterculiaceus^ with large fruits armed with long, closely
packed, stiff spines which made progression through some patches
of jungle a matter of difficulty and pain to the native collectors ;
Prunus Jenkinsti ; Cordia Myxa^ abundant; Stereospermum
chelonoides ; Castanopsis indica and citrihuloides ; Mangifera
indica^ Artocarpus integrifolia and Eugenia Jamhos are common
in groves (apparently of considerable age) which mark the sites o^
once prosperous villages. The mango seldom comes to perfection
in Upper Assam as the young fruit is generally destroyed by grubs.

Of the smaller trees prevalent in the scattered copses already
mentioned there are P hyllanthus Emblica^ Glycosmis pentaphylla^
Lepionurus oblongifolius, Baccaurea sapida^ Gardenia companulatai
Picus silhetensisy Micromelum pubescensy Randia fasciculata y
Pavetta indtca^ Linociera macrophylluy Symplocos spicata and a
few otheurs.

At this season of the year, and probably all the year round from
indications observed, there is but Scanty herbaceous vegetation in
these groves.

Some shrubs are common here which seem to be absent from
Makum, such as Coff^ea bengalensisy Juiticia Gendarussay Desmod-
ium laxiflorunty Lippia geminatUy Pogostemon parvifloruSy Adhu^
toda Vaslca (which has rece^’tly attracted attention by its virtues
as an insecticide), Dracdsna an^ustifoliay Dracaena petiolatay Can-
nabis indica and Physalis mtnima are common as escapes on
cultivated land.

Rubus rosaefolius with double flowers and Rubus lasiocarpus
are both common. Of herbaceous plants we find some interesting
examples. Veronica javanica grows on banks ; Viola Patrinii
abounds in grassy fields; Potentilla Kleimana and Cynoglossum
glochidiatum thrive on the sandy banks of the river. These three
species are manifestly immigrants from the adjacent mountains.

Comtnelina nudiflorUy Aneilema nudiflorunty Celosia argenteay
Oldenlandia, Blumeay Rungtay Chenopodium. alburn^ Bryophyllum
calycinum are a few more instances of the herbaceous vegetation
which in all respects resembles that of other parts of the district.

We know but little of the Botany of the surrounding mountains.
The Abor tribe only cultivates the land lying on the plain at the foot
of their territory. Their principal crops are Indian corn, irrigated and
dry ground rice, Eleusine and various other millets, Job’s tears [Coix^
beans of various kinds, pumpkins, gourds, etc.

I was informed by Mr. Needham, the Political Officer at Sadiya,
who possesses an unique knowledge of the languages, manners and

BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKhIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM. 73

customs of his turbulent neighbours, that the Mishmi tribe still brings
down Rubber but in greatly diminished quantities compared with
what was brought in former years, so their trees are probably becom-
ing exhausted. He also told me that the Abors do not collect any
Rubber whatever as they are deterred from doing so by the belief
that the vindictive spirits which haunt all trees (and consequently aU
trees are spared from destruction) would immediately resent any
damage done to their habitations. The Abors will not even allow
sceptics to brave the terrors of ghostly indignation, but the Chalikatas,
a tribe to the westward of them, although sharing in* the same super-
stition, do not refuse to strangers the privilege of tapping the Indian
Rubber trees {Ficus elastica)^ pecuniary considerations doubtless
outu eighing their scruples and fears. These Chalikata (or crop-haired)
Mishmisaresaid to be the first people on the Indian side of the Hima-
layas to discover the valuable properties of the Rheea fibre ; it is also
said that from some species of nettle they manufacture cloth so strong
that it is imper ious to arrows when worn as loose jackets.

As regards the whole district of Lakhimpur, with its sparse popu-
lation, Robinson in his “ Descriptive Account of Assam '' in 1840, says
that it presents a miserable picture of depopulated villages and or-
chards and plantations run to waste or covered with dense jungle.

This statement still holds good for a great part of the district.
Sir W. W. Hunter has giver a graphic sketch of its physical aspects
in the Statistical Account of Assam.

To sum up, Lakhimpur presents most diversified scenery. It is
situated at the extreme north-east end of the Assam Valley so that it
is narrowly confined on three sides by the Himalayas and their off-
shoot, the Naga Hills. In populated parts there is much rice land
and many tea plantations. The forests are large and contain good
timber. Throughout the area, and especially near river banks, gigan-
tic grasses cumber ground which is either perennial marsh or flooded
only during the rains.

Houses are built with frameworks of wooden posts arranged to
suit the disposition of the rooms Natives cannot be particular re-
garding the kind of wood used for this purpose, but stems of Nahor "
{Mesua ferrea) are preferred by the European residents. To form the
walls, the spaces between the posts are often filled with single verti-
cal lines of stripped Arundo stems and a coating of plaster and white-
wash on both sides gives them an air of solidity. The high pitched
roof§ are thatched with the long leaves of the tall grasses abounding
everywhere.

The climate, as can be deduced from the selection of plants I have

74 BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM.

given, is subtropical, the average annual temperature being al>out
65° Fahrenheit. The rainfall is heavy (about 115 inches annually)
and the wet season is of long duration, lasting from April to October.
North-easterly winds are said to prevail throughout the greater part
of the year.

The chief crop cultivated by the Natives is rice. The minor crops
are identical with those grown in Bengal, such as Indian corn, millets,
pulses, mustard, pumpkins, gourds, brinjals, potatoes and many
others. Tomatoes seem to trive most admirably.

Near a few villages I saw plots of castor oil plants (Rtctnus com-
munis) on which are reared the eri Silkworms. I was informed
that since cloth could be obtained so cheaply in the bazaars the people
bad almost abandoned the practice of sericulture, and evidence is not
wanting to show that in a few years the art will be lost to this people.

In the following pages I append a list of plants found in the
Lakhimpur District, arranged according to the systematic method
for convenience. This list is based mainly on my own observations
and thus is far from being complete, but I am able to include in it
many species not brought into the preceding account and it- may
serve the purpose of exhibiting, in a small degree, the affinities of
the Flora.

List or the principal plants forming the vegetation of

LAKHIMPUR

Ranunciilaeem

Naravelta zeylanica^ Z>C.|common ; Ranunculus sceleratus^ £.
and Ranunculus pensylvanicus^ £,, both tall herbs abounding in
swanrps and on river banks.

Coptis TeelUt Wall. — This plant is indigenous in the Mishmi mount-
ains and is included in this list because its roots are brought by the
hill people to Sadiya from where it is exported to Bengal end other
parts of India where it is held in much esteem as a drug possessing
tonic and febrifugal properties. The yellow colouring matter in the
roots is quickly soluble in water, but the quantity imported must be
far too limited to allow of any part to be used as a dye, besides the
expensive nature of the product would debar its utilization for such
a purpose. So far as I can ascertain the plant has never been
suojected to experimental culture.

Aconiium Napellus, L. — The roots of this and perhaps of other
species are used by the hill tribes to make their deadly arrow poison.
The plant is said to grow only on the interior highlands inhabited by
the Tibetans who take the precaution of dipping the roots in boiling

BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM. 75

water to destroy their vitality before exporting them to the lower
hills. The approved method of preparing the roots by the Abors (and,
doubtless, by the other tribes) is to pound them into a rough powder
which is mixed with pigs fat (or, it is said, sometimes with the
mucilage from the fruits of Dillenia mdied) to ensure perfect and
continuous adhesion. The mixture is applied firmly to the arrow
head leaving the point bare. The shaft is often incised just behind
the head, so that it easily breaks off when an animal is struck.

Dilleniacese,

Delima sarmentosa, Z. — A common large climber in the forests.

Dillenia indica^ One of the commonest trees in the district
and throughout the province.

In Dr. King’s valuable monograph of this order, eight species of
forest trees yielding good timber are recorded from this district.
They are Talauma Hodgsom^ Hk. f. and T., Magnolia pterocarpa^
Roxb., iT/. Gustaviy King, M* Griffithiiy Hk. f. and T., M PealianUy
King, Manglietia insignisy Bl, M. Caveanay Hk. f. and T., Michelia
Manniiy King. There is one climbing species, Kadsura Rox-
burghianay Arn,

Anonaceae^

Of this order there are three climbers, Uvaria Hamiltoniiy Hk.
f. and T., Melodorum bicolory Hk. f., Miliusa Roxburghianay Hk. f.
and T. ; two shrubs, IJnona discoloTy Vahl., and Gomothalamus
sesquipedalisy Hk. f. and T. and one small tree, Polyalthia simiarumy
Bth. and Hk. f.

Menispermaceae,

The plants I noted of this order were Tinospora sp.y Anamirta
Cocculus, W. and A., Pericampylus incanuSy Miers, and Cis^ampelos
Pareira, Z., which is very common on the outskirts of small woods
at Sadiya.

Papaveraceae,

Argemone mexicanay L,

Papaver somniferuniy Z. — The cultivation of opium is forbidden
in Assam, but as it is grewm by the hill tribes the inhabitants of the
valley can probably smuggle as much as they require. In the
“Englishman’^ newspaper of the 14th April 1894 an interesting
extract was published of an account of the Singpho tribe. The

76 BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT. ASSAM.

original article was communicated to the Royal Geographical Society
by Mr. Errol Gay, a Tea Planter, who attempted, unsuccessfully, fo
journey from Assam to Western China. The following are nis
statements relating to opium culture. “ Every Khamti village has d
large extent of poppy cultivation, generally in its immediate
vicinity, and there are very few Khumits abstainers from the drug.
About the middle of February, the capsules, of which there are
three or four to a plant, begin to ripen ; a small incision is now
made with a sharp knife in each and the sap oozing out is wiped off
on a piece of clean cloth. 1 he following day the plant is given a
rest and on the third day another incision is made and the sap wiped
off as before. The process is repeated every other day until the
capsule is exhausted. The cloth is carefully set aside in long strips
about 3 inches wide until required when a small piece is cut off
and steeped in tepid water which extracts all the drug and has an
intoxicating effect.**

From this it would appear that the opium is never smoked.

Cruciferae.

Nasturtium palustre^ DC., and N. indtcum, DC., are common
weeds in moist places. Brassica juncea^ Hk. f, and T., is cultivated
for the sake of the oil expressed from the seeds, universallv used
in native cookery The leaves are eaten as pot-herbs. Raphanus
sativa^ Z.., the radish, is grown in small enclosed plots by the
villages.

Cappatideae.

Cleome viscosa^ L, Capparis olacifnlmy Hk. f. and T., and C,
vimineay Hk f. and T., are subscandent shrubs.

Violaceae,

Viola Patriniiy DC., grows in the grass at Sadiya, our first
instance of a mountain plant extending to the plains of this district.

Bixineas,

Gyuocardia odorata^ R. Br. — Common tree in the Makum forest.
The oil of the seeds is used for curing skin diseases. The ripe
fruit, when breaking up, exhales a powerfully fragrant odour.

Caryo phyi i eae.

Three common weeds, Stellaria media^ Z., Polycarpon Loaf-
lingicB^ Bth. and Hk. f., and Drymaria coraatUy Willd. The
adhesive capsules of the last named adhere firmly in large numbers
to cloth and render the plant a well-known pest.

^lANfeAL TOimi IN THE LAKHlMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM. 77

Portulacese.

Portulaca oleracea^ Z., common on the sands of river banks.

Hypericine%.

Hypericum faponicum, Thumb, a common mountain weed, rare
in the plains.

Guttiferds,

Various species of Garcinia and Mesua ferrea^ Z., one of the
characteristic large trees of Upper Assam yielding a most valuable
wood difficult to work on account of its hardness.

Ternstramiacese,

Saurauja Roxourghu^ Wall., a common small tree ; Sc him a
iVallichiit Choisy, yields good timber, which is, however, liable to
warpi Camellia theiferay Griff,, indigenous in the higher lands of
Assam and Cachar. Tea cultivation is a large and important industry
which is increasing in extent every year,

Dipterocarpe^,

Dipterocarpus pilosus, Roxb., and Shorea assamica. Dyer, both
lofty trees yielding good timber,

Malvaceae.

Malta verticillata^ Z,; various species of Sida common to all
the hotter parts of India; Urena lohata, L^; Cotton {Gossypium
h^rhaceum^ Z.), of very poor quality, is grown both in the lower
hills and plains, Kydia calyHna^ Roxb., grows at Makum ; Bombax
malabaricum^ DC., a large soft-wooded tree is common throughout
the Assam Valley,

Slerculzacese,

StercuUa urenSf Roxb. — A strong coarse fibre is obtained from
tbe bark and large quantities of a clear gum exude froriKcut surfaces.
StercuUa villosa^ Roxb.; Sterculia Roxburghii^ Wall, are two other
species of the genus, Pterospermum acerifolium^ Willd., is a large
tree. Abroma augusta^ Z., is a small bush yielding good fibre.

Tiliaceae.

Grewia exceha^ Vahl,, and other species. Triumfetta pHasa,
Roth.

Echinocarpus sterculiaceus^ Bth., common at Sadiya 5 several
species of Elaeocarpus.

78 BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM.

Malpighiacess,

Aspidopteryi nutans, Hook, f., a large climber,

Geraniaceas,

Oxalis corniculata, L,, a common weed in waste places.

Impatieus tripetala, Roxb., in damp forests near rivers.

Ruiacex^

Zanthoxylum Hamiltonianum, Wall., an extensively scandent,
armed shrub. Glycosmis p^ntaphylla, Correa, an extremely com-
mon small tree, especially at Sadiya; Micromelum pubescens, Bl. ,
Lvnjunga scandens, Ham., a strong climber.

Burseraceae,

Garuga pinnatUf Roxb. Canarium hengalense, Roxb.

Meliaceas*

The following trees all yield good timber useful for many pur-
poses.

Melia Asadirachta, £., commonly planted ; Dysoxylum binec^
tariferum, Hk. f., /?. procerum, Hiern, Amoora Rohituka, W. and A.,
Cedrela Toona, Roxb.

Olacinese.

Erythropalum vagum, Mast., a common climber at Sadiya j
Lepionurus oblon^ifolius, Mast., a tree common in copses at Sadiya ;
Miquelia Kleinii, Meissn., a common climber at Sadiya; Natsiaium
herpeticum. Ham,, also common at Sadiya.

Celastrineae^

Celastrus paniculata, Willd., ?nd C. monosperma, Roxb., both
large climbers.

Rhamnese,

Ztzyphus jujuba, Lamk.

Zizyphus funiculosa, Ham,, and Z. rugi sa, Lamk., both strongly
armed, wide rambling shrubs.

Ampelideai,

Several species of Vitis; Leea sambucina, Willd., and other
species.

BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM. 79

Sapindacese,

Cardiol permum Halicacabunty Z., Erioglossum edule^ Bl., a tree
of Makum forest, Allophyllus, eeylantcuSf L,, a snrub of the same
locality.

AEsculus punduana^ Wall., common throughout the valley. Sapin^
dus attenuatus, Wall., occurs in Makum as a straggling shrub.

Turpinia pomifera^ DC. This tree is exceedingly common in the
Makum forest.

Sabi ace 3^,

Sabia lanctolata^ Colebr., a climber. Meliosma simplicifolia^
Roxb., a common tree in Makum.

Anacardiace^,

Mangifera indica^ cultivated. Tapiria hirsuta^ Hk. f., a
large climber.

Odina Wodier, Koxh*, Drimycarpus racem^susy Hk. f. ; Spondias
mangifera y Willd.

Leguminosde.

I found very few examples of this order in flower or fruit during
my tours, but the following (with others) occur in the district,
Crotalaria ; Millettia ; Lespedeza sericea^ Miq., at Sadiya ; Desmo^
dium laxiflorunty DC,, and other species ; M'^^runa; Erythrina indicoy
Lam. ; Phaseolusy DolichoSy and Cajanus indicuSy Spreng., culti-
vated ; Flemingia ; Dalbergia ; Derris ferrugineay Bth. ; Ccesalpinia ;
Cassia, Bauhinia ; Mimosa, Acacia, Albizzia, Pithecolobium,

Rosacese,

Prunus Jenkinsii, Hk. f. and T., a tree at Sadiya. Rubus lucens,
Focke, forms extensive thickets al Makum. Rubus lasiocarpus,
Sm., and Rubus roscefolius, Sm., perhaps introduced in Sadiya.
Fragaria indica, Andr,, common in waste places, fruit very insipid.
Potentilla Kleiniana, W. and A., not common at Sadiya, is perhaps
introduced.

Crassulacese,

BryophyUum calycinum, Salisb., only observed at Sadiya.

Combretaccp^

" Terminalia ; Combretum chinense, Roxb.; Illigera 5/>., a large
climber at Makum, with broadly four* winged fruits.

8o BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM.

Myrtacese,

Psidium Guyava^ L,y cultivated for its fruit ; several species of
Eugenia,

M Blast omaceee,

Melastoma malabaihricumy L,y common in wooded parts of the
district.

Lythraceae,

Several species of Ammannia in rice fields. Duabanga sonnera^
toideSy Ham., a tall tree of the Makum and other forests, lit yields
good timber for tea boxes, etc.

Pumca granatunty L,y cultivated.

Onagracess,

Jussisea repenSy Z-., and y. suffruticosay L,

Passiflorese,

Modecca trilobatay Roxb., a climber.

Cucurbitaceae,

Hodgsonia heieroclitay Hk. f. and T,, a large climber in forests.
The seeds are edible after roasting and taste like nuts,

Trichosanthes palmatUy Roxb., T, cordatUy Roxb., common
climbers. Momordica Charantiay Z., cultivated ; Cucumis sativusy
L.y and Cucurbita PepOy DC., also cultivated ; Mukia seabrella ; Arm.,
a common small climber; Zehneria umbellatUy Thwaites, another
small climber remarkable from its polymorphous leaves. Thladian^
tha dubtUy -Bunge, a common dense climber with bright yellow
corollas ; Actinostemma teneruMy Griff., Gynostemma pedatay Bl.,
both weak climbers.

Begonia ''eae,

begonia Roxburghiiy A. DC., B, silhetensisy Clarke, both in damp
fores|ts.

Urn belli ferae,

Hydrocotyle asiaticay Z., Seseli daucifoliuniy C, B. C. /Enanthe
stoloni/eray, Wall., ASnantlpe benghalensiSy Bentb.

botanical tour in the LAKHIMPUR district, ASSAM. 8l

AraliacedB*

Aralia Thoms onii^ Seem., at Makum ; Acanthopanax aculeatum.
Seem., a common climber at Sadiya; Heptapleurum venulosum^
Seem., variety macrophylla^ a very large climber at Makum.

Lornacess.

Marlea begonidefolia^ Roxb., a small tree at Makum.

Caprifoliacae,

Sambucus javanica^ Bl., a. large virgate shrub ; Viburnum
Colebrookianum^ Wall., a shrub at Makum.

Rubiaceas.

Anthocephalus Cadamba^ M iq., a large tree ; Uncaria sessilifruc*
tuSi Roxb., Uncaria macrophyila^ Wall, large climbers ; Wendlandia
tinctoria^ D C., W, paniculata, DC., small trees ; Hedyotis scandens,
Roxb., a small climber; //. vestita^ Br., H, Auriculariay Z., H^his-
pida, Retz., H, monocephalay Br., are all weeds ; various species
of Oldenlandia in rice fields ; Spiradiclis hifiduy Kurz., at Makum ;
various species of OphiorrhizUy of which O, oppositiflora, Hk.
f., the most interesting is common in shady places at Makum ; Mus»
scenda of several species •, My rioneuron nutanSy Wall; several species
of Randia ; Gardenia campanulatay Roxb. ; several species of Ixora ;
Pavetta indicay Z,, Coffea bengalensiSy Roxb., common at Sadiya ;
Psychotria fulvay Ham., P. calocarpay Kurz., P, denticulatay Wall,,
at Makum anc Sadiya; Saprosma ternatumy Hk. f., at Makum and
Sadiya ; Pcederia tomentosa, Bl.

Compositds,

Ethulia conysoideSy L.; several species of Vernoniay mostly small
plants, but V , arhoreuy Ham., is a small tree. Ageratum conysoides,
Z., some species of Blumea ; Gnaphalium luteo-albumy L,, G,
indicuMy Z., gregarious weeds in dry places ; Xanthium strumarium^
Z., common on roadsides ; Siegesbeckia orientalis, Z, ; Eclipta albuy
Hassk. ; Spilanthes Acmellay Z., Bidens pilostty L» ; Cotulfi hemis-
phcericuy Wall. ; Artemisia vulgarisy Z. ; Saussurea affiniSy Spreng.j
Crepis japonicUy Benth. ; Sonchus oleraceusy Linn.

Campanulaceae,

Lobelia affiniSy Wall Lobelia rosea y Wall.

Myrsinese,

(

Meesa indicay Wall ; several species of Ardisia*

BOTAKlCAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM.

Styraceae,

Symplocos spicata^ Roxb., S. racemosa^ Roxb.; Styrax serrula-
tum^ Roxb., a small tree In Makum,

Oleaceas.

Several species of Jasminum ; Linociera macropnyLla^ Wall.,
common at Sadiya, Oleadioicat Roxb.; Myxopyrum smilaci/olium,
Bl., a common climber at Sadiya.

Apocynaceae,

Melodinus monogynuSy Roxb., a climber ; Alstonia scholaris, Br.,
a common soft-wooded milky ix&Q \ Ecdysanthera micyantha, A.DC ,
a large climber at Makum ; Trachelospermum fragrans^ Hook, f., in
the same locality.

Asclepiadaceae,

Cryptolepis Buchanam\ Roem, and Sch., a small climber ; As-
clepias CurassavicUy L.; introduced from the West Indies, now natura-
lized throughout the tropics ; Dischidia benghalensis^ Colebr.

Loganiaceas,

Buddleia asiatica^ Lour.; fagrasa obovata^ Lour., a large scand-
ent shrub in Makum.

Boraginacese,

Cordia Myxa^ L , a common tree at Sadiya; Tournefortia viridu
fiora^ Wall.; Heliotropium indicmn^ L,; Cynoglossum glochidiatum,
Wall., at Sadiya.

Convolvulaceas,

Various species of Argyreta, Letlsor^iia^ Ipomaea^ Parana^ Cus*
cuta reflexa^ Roxb., is common.

Solanacece,

Solarium nigrum^ L.y a common weed ; Solanum verbascifoliuMi
L,, S, torvum^ Sw.; S, indtcum, L; Solanum M elongena^ culti-
vated ; Lycopersicum esculentum^ Miller, cultivated ; Phy sails
minima^ L,, common at Sadiya ; Physalis peruviana^ Z., cultivated ;
Capsicum fyutescens^ Z., cultivated ; N icotiana Tabacum^ Z., culti-
vated.

BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM.

Scrophularineae,

Mimulus nepalenstSf Benth.; Mazus tugosus^ Lour.; Limnophila
Roxburghiiy G. Don, and other species in wet places ; Tor ante pedun^
culartSf Bth., Torenia fiava^ Ham.; Vandal Ha Crustacea^ Bth.;
Vandellia padunculata^ Btn.; Scoparia dulcis^ Z., on waste ground
only,

Lentibulariaafi,

Several species of Utricularia in rice swamps.

Gesnaraceaan

^schynanthus gracilis^ Parish ; Boeica f liformis^ Clarke | Rhyn*
chotechum allipticum^ A. DC., ana R. vastitum^ Hk. f. and T. They
are all found in dense forests.

Bignoniacese,

Oroxylum indicum^ Vent., a small tree with long sword-shaped
capsules ; Stereespermum chelonoidesy DC., vel*y common at Sadiya.
Canoes are made from the stems and the timber is moderately good
for most purposes.

Acanthacesa,

Thunbergia alata^ Bojer, a small climber at Sadiya ; T, grandH
Roxb., and T. coccinea^ Wall., both common large climbers in
forests; Nalsonia campastris, Br., a common weed; Hygrophila poly-
spermaf T. Anders.; Daedalaca thus nervosuSy T, Anders., at Makum ;
Acanthus laucostachyusy Wall., at Makum, near the coal mines, not
common ; Codonacanthus pauciflorusy Nees, at Makum. Phlogocan-
thus curvtflorusy Nees, P. thyrsijlorus, Nees, P. asperulusy Nees ;
Lepidagathis hyatinay Nees ; Justicia GendarussUy Linn, f.; Adha-
toda vasicUy Nees ; Rungia parviflorUy Nees, var„ pactinata; Diclip-
tera Roxburghiandy Nees.

Varbanacaas,

Lippia nodijtoray Rich., L. gaminatay H. B. K. ; Varbena offici-
naliSy L,y common in waste places ; Callicarpa arboraa, Roxb. ; C,
macrophylla, Vahl. ; Tactona grandisy Linn, f., cultivated only •
Gmelina arboreuy Z.., yields good timber and the wood is valued for
turnery ; Vitax Negundoy L. ; Clerodandron infortunatuniy Gsertn.,
and other species.

84 BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKIIIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM.

Labi at ds.

Several species of Ocimum ; Plectranthus ternifolius^ Don., com-
mon at Sadiya ; Pogostemon parvijiorus^ Bth. ; Eisholtzia hlanda^
Bth., at Talap ; Perilla ocimoides^ Z,., cultivated ; Anisomeles ovata^
Br, ; Leohurus sibiricusy Z., Leucas lini/oliay Gomphos-

temma parvifloruniy Wall.

Nyctaginese.

Boerhaavia repensy Z,

Amarantaceos.

Celosia argent eUy L. ; C* cristatUy L. \ Amarantus spinosusy
and other common species; Alternanthera sessilisy Br.

Chenopodiace^.

Chenopodiuni albuniy Z., cultivated, also common as an escape ;
Basella rubray Z., cultivated

Polygonacese,

Polygonum plebejum, Br., P. orientahy Z., P. glabrumy Willd.,
P, barbatujn, Z., Z. PosumbUy Ham., and a few more species, all com-
mon on river banks and in swampy places. Rumex maritimusy Z.,
R. dentatusy Z., in wet places.

Aristolochiaceee,

Aristolochia RoxburghianUy Klotzsch, A» saccatUy Wall.

Piperacese,

Houttuynia cordatUy Thumb., at Sadiya; several species oi Piper,

Chlorantachese.

Chloranthus officinalis^ BI.

Myristicaceee,

Myristica longifoliay Wall., a common tree at Makum.

Laurinex,

Cryptocarya amygdalinUy Nees ; Cinnamomum obtusifoliumy
Nees, common at Makum; Machilus bombycinUy King; throughout
the district and province, The ’‘muga^’ Silkworms are fed with its

BOtANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM. 85

leaves; Actinodaphne obovata^ Bl., a small tree with large glaucous
leaves, common at Makum. Litssea citrata^ BL, common at Makum ;
Lttsaea polyantha^ Juss., a very common tree; Litsssa salicifolia^
Roxb., L, oblonga^ Wall., and other species,

Loranthaceas.

Several species of Loranthus,

Euphorbiaceas,

Euphorbia hyperidfolia^ L, ; E. pilulifera^ L. ; Bridelia retusa,
Spreng. ; B. assamica^ Hk. f., common at Makum as a small, spread-
ing tree ; Phyllanthus reticulatus^ Poir. ; P. Emblica^ £., P. urU
narta, L.; some species of Glochidion ; Breynia patens^ Bth. ;
Bischojia javanicay Bl. ; Antidesma diandrunty Roth., and other
species ; Baccaurea sapiday Muell. Arg.; Croton oblon^ifoltuSy Roxb.i
Croton caudatuSy GeiseL; Alchornea tiltasfoliayMxxeW. Arg.; Trewta
nudidoruy L, ; Mallotus Roxburghianus y Muell. Arg. ; M, albuSy
Muell. Arg. ; M. philippinensisy Muell. Arg ; Cleidion javanicumy
Bl. : Macaranga denticulatay .MuelL Arg. ; Homonoia ripariay Lour. ;
Ricinus communisy P., cultivated ; Sapiurn baccatumy Roxb.

Urticaceas.

Trema atnboinensisy BL, a short lived, quickly growing tree ;
Cannabis sativay L.; Morus indicuy L ; Morns laevigata. Wall., a
large tree yielding excellent timber ; many species of Ficus; Arto*
carpus iniegrifoliay Linn, f., cultivated; Artocarpus Chaplashay
Roxb. ; Conocephalus suaveolensy BL ; Laportea crenulatay Gaud. ,*
Girardtnia heterophyllay Dene; Pilea peploidesy Hk. and Arn.r
Elatostemu sessiley¥ovsiy and other species; Boehmerta niveay iW,
and Arn., cultivated ; Boehmet ia macrophyllay Don ; B, platyphyila^
Don ; Pouzolzia indicUy Gaud., and other species ; Sarcochtamys
pulcherrimay Gaud. ; V illebrunea integri/oliay Gaud.

Cupuliferae,

Quercus Listeriy King, is recorded {amongst other localities) from
Makum and Sadiya. Castanopsis indicay A, DC., and Castanopsts
tribuloidesy A, DC., are both common.

Salicineae,

Salix ieieraspermay Roxb.

Hydrocharideae,

, Hydrilluy V allisneriay Ottelia alistnoideSy Pens.

86 BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM

Orchidaceas*

Many species of Dendrobium and Bulbophyllum ; Phajus Walli-
chit) Ldl., Pholidota imbricata^ Ldl, ; Eulophta ; Cymbidium aloifoh-
um^ Swartz; Geodorum ; Rhynchostylis retusa^ Bl. s jErides ;
Saccolahium ; Sarcanthus secundusy Griff. ; Zeuxine suicatay Ldl. ;
Goodyera procerUy Hk., Pogoniay etc.,

Scitaminese,

Several species of Curcumay wild and cultivated ; KoBmpferta ;
Zingiber officinahy Roscoe, cultivated ; Costus speciosusy Smith ;
Alpinia ; Phrynium ; Canna indicUy Z.., cultivated ; Musa Sapien-
tuWy L.y several varieties cultivated, Musa rosacea ^ Jacq, at Makum,

Hwmadoracess^

Peliosanthes TetayhndiC, ; Curculigo recurvatay Dryand ; Crinnm,

Dioscoraceas,

Several species of Dioscoreay wild and cultivat^^d.

Lilia ceae,

Smilax ; Dracaena augustifoliay Roxb. ; Dracaena petiolatay
Hook, f,

Commelinaceae,

Pollia subumbellatay Clarke ; Commelina nudiflorayL,^ and other
species; Anilema nudiflorunty Br., and other species; Forrestia;
Cyan Otis*

Palmeae,

Areca Catechuy L.y cultivated; Pinanga gracilis y Bl.; Wallichia
densiflora^ Mart. ; Wallichia disttchtty T. Anders. ; Caryota urenSy
£«; Phoenix sylvestrisy Roxb., cultivated ; Livlstona Jenkinsianay
Griff. ; Calamus of several species.

A rodeae*

Amorphophallus bulbifery Bl. ; Colocasta antiquoruniy Schott.,
cultivated; Colocasta Mannii^ Hk. f. (recorded from Makum) ;
Alocasia ; Scindapsus ; Rhaphidophora ; Lasia heterophyllUy Schott.;
Pathos scandensy L.; Pothos Cathcartiiy Schott.

Lemnaceae*

Lemnay growing on the surface of stagnant ponds.

BOTAtJICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM. 87

Alismacese.

Alisma ; Sagittaria ; in rice fields and swamps.

Naiadacem*

Aponogeton ; Potamogeton ; in shallow ponds.

Lyperacese^

This order is represented by most of the genera and species com-
mon to the warmer parts of India.

Graminem»

In point of importance as regards appearance and utility the Bam*
boos occupy the chief place. They form a characteristic feature of
the Flora of Upper Assam. They are often widely gregarious and
their culms are applied to multifarious uses by the natives.

Dtndrocalamus giganteuSf Munro, and Dendrocaiamus H amiltonii
Nees and Am, exceed all in size and height. Pseudostachyum poly^
morphuniy Munro, is very common on the outer skirts of the Makum
forest where I was fortunate enough to find it in flower. Other
common species are Bambusa Tnlda, Roxb., Bambusa Balmoa^
Roxb., Cephalostachyum pergraciley Munro, and Phyllostachys
Mannity Gamble.

I am indebted to Mr^ Gamble for the identification of the bamboos
collected during this tour.

The tall grasses covering large tracts of low-lying country belong
to the genera Jmperatay SaccharuMy Arundo and AnthisUria {And-^
roscepid). Their culms and leaves are used in house building as 1
have already pointed out

The smaller grasses consist of various species of Paspalum
Panicuniy Pennisetuniy Eragrostisy Cozx, Cynodotiy Setaria and other
genera.

Although there are large areas which could be utilized for grazing
grounds where one would expect the cattle to be of a good class,
the cattle are certainly the most degenerated I have seen in India.

Ft I ices.

This district is rich in ferns as might be infi ;red from its
climate and situation. As in most parts of the world the plants of
this order shun the open cultivated tracts and usually frequent the
forests,

A total number of about one hundred species has been recorded
from Upper Assam. Some collected in recent years by Mr, Gustav
Mann are rare and may yet prove to be forms or varieties of species
already known to us.

88 BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE LAKHIMPUR DISTRICT, ASSAM#

The geographical affinities of the higher Cryptogamic Flora
coincides with that of the flowering plants.

The following species extend from the Eastern Himalayas and
Assam throughout the Malayan Peninsula. Gleichenia linearis^
Burm., Alsophila glaucuy Sm,, A, glabra^ Hk.., Dicksonia Baromets^
Link, Davallia divaricata^ Bl., Lindsaya repens^ Desv., L. ensifoltat
Sw., Adiantum lunulatum^ Burm., Onychium auratum^ Kaulf.,
Petris longifolia^ Z., P, cretica^ Z., P, pelluciddy Presl,, P\ ensi~
formisy Burm., P, semi-pinnatay Z., P. quadriauritaj Retz., P.
biauritay Z., P* incisay Thumb., Ceratopteris tkalictroides, Burm.,
Blechnum orientalCy Z., Asplenium Nidus, Z., A, longtssimum, Bl.,
A» nitidunty Sw^,, A, bantamense. Baker., A, polypodioideSy Mett., A.
latifoliuniy Don., A, esculentunty Presl., A. Finlaysonianumy Hk ,
Asp^dium vastuniy BL, A. variolosum. Wall., A, heterosorum, Hk.
and Bk„ A. decurrenSy Presl., A» cicutariuvty Sw,,#d. memhranifoliumy
Mett., Neptirodium Leuzeanum, Hk.,A. calcaratum, BL,A^. ochthodes,
Hk., N. syrmaticum, Baker, N. Blumeiy Bedd., N, tenericaule, Hk.,
N. unitum, R. Br., N, ariduniy Hk., N, moulmeinensBy Bedd., N*
motley Desv., N, amboinensey'Pt^sh, N, procurtens, Hk., N.crini-
peSy Hk., N^ iruncatumy Presl, Nephrolepis cordijolia, Hk., N,
exaltatUy Schott., N. acutay Presl, Polypodtum punctatum, Z., P.
prolijerumy Roxb,, P, adnascensy Sw., P, stigmosum, Sw., P. fis^
sufHy Hk., P, nummular iae folium, Mett., P, quercifolium, Z., P, line-
arey T-hunh^y P, superficiale, Bl,, P. pteropuSy Bl, P, longissimum,
Bl, P. nigrescenSy BL, P, leiorhizony Wall, Gymnogramme Hamil-
toniunayYBu.y Meniscium triphyllumySw^y Antrophyum reticulatumy
Kaulf., A* latijolium, Bl, Vittaria elongata, Sw., Vittaria scolopen-
drinUy Presl, Drymoglossum pihselloideSy Presl, Acrostichum
palustreyL,y A,. appendiculatumyV^'ii\di,y A. variabileyl\k,y A.axillaret
Cav., A. flagelliferum. Wall, Lygodium microphyllum, R. Br.,
Angiopieris evectUy Hoffm., Kaulf ussia dssculifoliay Bl, Helmin-
thostachys zeylanicuy Z.

The following Assam Ferns are found in the Chinese Flora,
Davallia Griffithianay Hk., Z>. hookeriana, WAll, D. Speluncee,
Baker, D, chinensisy Sw., Lindsaya orhiculatoy Lam., Adiantum
caudatum, L.y A, flahellulatumy Z., Cheilanthes varianSy Hk., C,
tenuifolia, Sw., Pteris longifolia, Z., Z*. cretica, Z., P. aquilina^
L.y Asplenium lanceumy L.y A, bantamense. Baker, A. esculentum,
Presl, etc,

A few species are more restricted in habitat so far as we know at
present, thus, Pteris Griffithiiy Hk., Blechnum cartilagineumy
Sw., Polypodium subfurfuraceum, Hk., are more or less confined
to Mishmee and its adjacent mountains.

G I C. P. O.—No. 354R. & A.— i3-n-95-“-i8o.-E. H.

RECORDS

OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
BRIGADE-SURGEON G. KING, M.B., LL.D., F.R.S., C.I.E.,
DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

VOLT^E I.

No. 6.

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM POONA TO NAGOTNA,

CALCUTTA .

OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.

Jiw.S.I.O-, c*.Icatt».

BOTANICAL NOTES

ON A

JOURNEY FROM POONA TO NAGOTNA

DECEMBER 1894*

On this journey I was accompanied by M»* Ranade, the Her-
barium-keeper, and three of the College of Science Mallees;the
latter were taken to assist in collecting and to induce an interest
in the jungal plants they are required to cultivate.

The route lies near to the 18° North Latitude, and was selected
because very little was recorded regarding the botanical character *
of the district it traverses.

On leaving Poona the road leads due westwards on the left
bank of the Mutha river. On the outskirts of the city a great
quantity of Opuntia nigricans^ Haw., in ripe fruit was passed, and
soon we were among fields irrigated by a canal from the Mutha ;
those are largely planted with Guava trees ten feet apart, and having
been raised from seed, bearing fruit of variable size and flavour.

Fields of sugarcane are abundant, conspicuous from the pale
yellowish green of the cane ; the sort usually cultivated is called
Punda^ that is, stout; it is believed to have been introduced 50 years
ago from Mauritius, and is widely distributed in India under the
name Bombay cane. At intervals occurs a majestic Peepul^ with a
stage built round it, usually in this district in very bad repair, and
a singular form of Babult' resembling the Lombardy Poplar, with
abundance of the American weed Ageratum conyzoides^ Linn.

At the village of Kotrood near by considerable nurseries of
fruit trees have long been established : the Orange tribe in variety,
Guava and Pomegranate trees are produced in quantity, but they
have scarcely begun the propagation of the Mango by grafting,
which is carried on largely by old pupils of the Ganeshkhind
Garden established on the Poona-Kirkee road.

On the banks of the irrigation canal MohlX is abundant, and
Exacum pedunculatum^ Linn,**is conspicuous from its large Solanum-
like anthers. The grasses are closely grazed, permitting the repent
Heylandia latebrosa^ D.C., to show its yellow flowers, and Gymnos-

* Ficus leligiosa.

t Acada arai-ica, Willd.
t ten,tisetum alo^ecufus, 3^cud.

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM POONA TO NAGOTNA.

poria montana^ Roxb., Marathi, Hekal or Hseklee, a large shrub in
the hedges, is in full bloom; its odour is agreeable at a little distance.
Small Sandalwood trees* with Moriiida citrifoha, h.,Cordta myxut L.,
and Acacia leucophloea^ Willd., are near by with Rivea hypocra-
ieriformis, Chois., climbing over them. On the road women of the
Katkari tribe were met carrying loads of the branches of Lantana
Camara^ L., which are used for making baskets.

At the Qth mile the road crosses a range of hills w'hich afford a
good view of Poona. In the foreground the temple of Parvati is
conspicuous on a hill, but the city and camp appear a forest of
round-headed trees relieved by a few church spires, mosques and
temples ; its two factory chimneys and three colleges sufficiently
indicate th.j clerical leaning of the people. The prttty little Rungia
eleganSy Dalz., is abundant here, peeping from the shelter of stones
, and bushes with flowers of every shade from white to deep purple in
secund spikes.

We are now on the edge of the Mawal district, the land of the
setting sun. The country here is very beautiful— short broken ranges
of flat-topped trap hills with few trees, but bearing grasses that feed
large herds of small hardy cows and heavy browed buffalows. The
grasses are closely grazed, but are chiefly Ant hist i^ia ciliatay L. f.»
here called Bongarat^ Andropogan scandens, R., the Marnail of the
Marathas, which is not scandent here, and Apluda aristata^ Linn.
The lower part is terraced, and the big Deccanee plough is at work
breaking up after jcwaree ; on the banks Sarcostemma brevistigma,
W. and A., spreads its leafless branches f in the stubble are Hibiscus
cannabinuSy Linn., the pulse Mutkee^ Celosia argenteUy Linn,, Sopubia
delphinifoUUy G. Don., Pulicaria Wightianay C. B. C ,and Heylandia
latehrosay D. C,, Eugenia rubtcunda^ Wight; the Lendee jambool^so
called from Us fruit resembling sheep dung, was met here as a
small tree ; further westvvard it is very abundant in a coppiced state
on the banks of streams. Eree Babool considered to be a form
of Acacia arabica, Willd , and its specific type were found here
growing side by side. Eree Babool is of rapid growth with con-
spicuous lenticels in the young bark, which ultimately cracks deeply •*
its timber is comparatively soft and coarse-grained, its pods have a
thickened margin not indented between the seeds, and it comes true
to seed. That the difference is not due to local causes is evident, as
they arc to be frequently seen near together. Hare abound here,
and as they spring away from one^s feet they startle flocks of
Landeeree (Grouse) from the bushes. On the hill aides the American

* Satttnlum mlbum^ C«.

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM POONA TO NAGOTNA,

Lantana Camara, Fann , is superabundant, andf Argyreia cuneata^
Ker, conspicuous, with at wide intervals stunted teak and jambool.
In the same neighbourhood is to be found Vitis r^panda, W. and A.»
Girnool of the Marathas which has given local botanists much
trouble from its variable character ; the following notes regarding
it may be taken as supplementary to the description in the tlora of
British India,\Q\,\^ fol. 648: A shrub, with a stout erect stem
attaining 5 — ^0 teet in height, with rugged bark and producing annual
branches 2 — 3 feet in length, 4 inch in diameter at the base, which
die back during the dry season. Its root is large fusiform and
succulent, its leaves attaining 8x8 inches, cordate, coarsely and
irregularly bi-serrate with curved teeth directed apically, on petioles
a little less than the length of the leaf with stipules | inch in
length, ^ inch in breadth at the base, obtuse and slightly falcate,
deciduous from a persistent ridge. The colour and degree of pube-
scence on stem and leaf are variable. The peduncle is about 4 inches
in length, and bears about four simple or blanched rajs, each having
about four fruits on 4 inch pedicels. The fruit is about 4 inch, obovate
with persistent style base. Tendrils wanting. Flowers in June. Fruit
in September. Its reputation that if the wood is used as fuel for an
earthenware cooking pot, the pot will break, will assist its preservation.
Lagascea mollis, Cav., another detestable American weed, was abund-
ant, and a Phyllanthus occurred rarely. Linum mysorensis^
Heyne, was met with at this place for the first time on this journey,
and Vishnoo' krant* for the last time, those showing the border land
between dry and wet regions. Lepidagagthis cristata, Willd., showed
its remarkable cushion>like inflorescence among the stones. This is
one of the homes of Gloriosa superba, L., but at the beginning of
December there was scarcely a vestige of the stems left. JBoswettia
serrata, Roxb., in company with Euphorbia neriifolia, L., is abundant^
and climbing over both the showy Cylista scariosa, Ait., was
seen conspicuous from its white bracts. On the tops of the
hills patches oi Guizotia a by ssinica, Cass., named Kala teel in
this district, were ripening, and Marwailf and Mota Bongarat|
were prominent grasses ; Vicoa auficulata, Cass., occurred frequently,
and Hemtdesmus tndicus, Br., was seen occasionally : the latter vari-
able in foliage, but easily identified by the characteristic agreeable odour
of its root. Pclyearpsea corymbosa, Lamk., was plentiful, and as a weed
in cultivated parts Gontocaulon glabrum, Cass, with its erect angular
stems— 6 feet in height, Caesulia axillaris, Roxb., and Vernonia

* Emtvulus ahinoidea^ Lmn.

t Androptkffon seandens^

I AntMsii ia ciliata^ L. f.

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM POONA TO NAGOTNA.

Loess, were common. Buchnef a his/f/da, Usun, springing up
near Kurwanda* bushes, a few specimens of the sacred A/>taf and
a solitary stunted specimen of Gmelina arborea with abnormally
coarsely dentate leaves complete the list on that hill.

Water is found only at long distances on those bill ranges, and
the pools are generally muddy from the feet of cattle. On that
morning I was suffering fmm a cold and the fierce thirst endured
was a warning not to go out again without a flask. The road
having been regained, a walk of 5 miles, crossing a range of dry
treeless hills at Pirangootche Khind (the pass of Pirangootl, brought
nve to Pirangoot village at 2 o^clock in the afternoon, much fatigued
from being on foot since daylight. Herr ! met Mr. Ranade who had
taken the opposite side of the road and lower altitude, and found
Echinops echinatus^ D.C , Jndigofera trita^ L., Cocculus villosust
D.C,, Ammania multijiora^ Roxb., Oldenlandia corymbonUy Linn.,
Stemodia viscosuy Roxb,, Clerodendron serraturriy Spreng., Ipomasa
obscurat Ker, in addition to several mentioned above. Onward in
the evening, and Paud, a large village, was reached late at night.
The Moola river passes this and joins the Mootha at Poona ; those
flow to^ the Bheema which swells the volume of the Krishna. Mr.
Ranade took the banks of the river and found Crmum enstfoliumy
Roxb., Cryptocoryne RoxburghtiySc\ioi\t the yellow Cyathodinex2X^
and the pi^rple one abundant — positions which were changed when the
line of the ghats with its heavy rainfall was approached, Coix Lac^
rymWy L., Phyllanthus reticulatuSy Poir., Ophiurus corymbosusy
Gaertn., Desmodium diffusunty I>,C,y r A lysicarpus pubescens. h^iWy
Salvia plebeja^ ht,y Alternanthera sessilis, Br., Eclipta albay Hassk.»
and Tricholepis glaberrimay D.C. — the latter has pellucid glands not
easily observable in dried specimens,Z?^«/‘^//<z repens, F Achy ran-

ikes aspera, Linn., in fruit ; Flemingia strobillferay R. Br., was noted
on the rtiargin of rice fields. Xanthium strumarium, Linn., and
Psoralea corylifolia, Linn., were abundant enough to be ornamental
with occasionally Pimpinella adscendens, Dalz., and the centre was
carpeted with Hy^rophila serpyllunty T. Anders. Plumbago zey-
lamca, L., was seen, and Andropogon lancifoliusy Tiiii., with its
short dense growth and flowers abundant enough to give a purple
tinge to the sod. Spilanthes Acmella, Linn., was seen occasionally;
of Smithia purpureay Hook a solitary outlying specimen was found,
its home is with the heavy rain further west. Lndigofera linijoliay
Retz., was abundant in dry soil, but we appeared to have left Hey Ian-
dia behind.

* Carissa Carandas.
t Buukinia tacemosa.

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM POONA TO NAGOTNA.

1 climbed a hill near by and found lots of Euphorbia neriifolia^
Linn., and abundant Mohl grass. 1 have hitherto found this grass
in wet land only, but on this steep hill side it occurs in patches half
an acre in extent, to the exclusion of other herbage. The paper
manufacturers of Poona say this w'ould be a good paper material
were it not for the presence of soma knots that do not yield to the
ordinary treatment; but as it can be obtained in large quantity at a
low price, there is little doubt the ingenuity of the manufacturers will
ere long overcome the difficulty. After a long scramble upwards
through Mota Bongarat grass as high as the waist, Rivea ornata^
Chois., was found in fruit, and Blepharis asperrima^ Nees, was
seen creeping among the stones, and the first ferns met with on this
journey were seen Adiantum lunulatum^ Burm,, and Lheilanthes
farinosay Kaulf. Artemisia parviflora^ Roxb., locally called Tail
Downa, and Artemisia vulgaris, Linn., Dhor Downa, were seen.
Bhos,* a grass 6 feet In ^height, is found here, but is more abundant
further west, and Crotalaria Leschenaultiifi,Q.y was met occasionally.

On leaving the village Erythrina suherosuy Roxb., was met with,
and it led to the reflection that this is the only species I could vouch
for being indigenous in Western India. E, indica, Lam., is common
enough planted, and E. itricta, Roxb., is said to be common in south-
ern districts, but I have not seen it.

In the rays of the rising sun the fields of young wheat are spark-
ling like polished silver with the reflection from the “dew drops.*'
On the young wheat it is a single large drop on the point of each
nearly upright leaf, the remainder of the leaf being dry. On young
Jowareet the water occurs in large drops at intervals on the undu-
lating margin, some of the drops occupying the highest part of the
curve. Both surfaces are wet, thd lower much rhore than the upper
and the aftermath of rice was wet all oveV. Much of this “dew is
evidently derived from water pores.

Here we met the Kolisra, a remarkably tame bird, half the size of
a crow, black, with a yellow beak and divergent tail feathers.

On the way Triumfetta rhomboidea, Jacq., Ficus gihbosa, Blume,
with Solarium xanthocarpumy Schrad., and a camphor-scented An*
dropogoHy named Kendury Desmodium trijlorum, D.C., Lippia nodi^
florUy Rich,, Polygonum glabrumy Willd., Flemingia strobiliferay R,
^t,y Pongamia glabra y Vent., Phyllanthus r eticulat us y ¥o\Vy
Nilambiy were found.

Arrived at Moolsee we encamped under a great FicuS’^Tsjela, Roxb.,
which had germinated cm a mango, and with the aid of Dalbergia

* Sorghum hulpense, Pers,
t Sorghum sactharatum, Pers.

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM POONA TO NAGOTNA.

sympathetica^ Nimmo., had nearly crushed the life out of its host. In
this neighbourhood were found Ficus Arnottiana^ Miq., Smilax mac^
fophyllay Roxb., Tamarix ericoiaes, Roth , in the river bed ; Lasiosi^
phon eriocephaluSf Dene, BUpharis a sperrima^ Nees, Albizzia sti~
pulata^ Boiv., Solanum indicum^ Linn., t/itex altissima^ L.f., Garuga
pinnata^ Roxb., S opium insigfie^ Benth., Jjisminum arborescensi
Roxb., Pavetta indica^ Linn., flueggea LeutopyruSy Willd., bide^
roxylon tomentosumy Roxb., Indigofera pulchelloy Roxb., Anisomeles
Heyneanay Benth., Randia dumetorumy Lamk., Pogostemon parvis
florusy Benth., Ficus asperrimoy RoxL Cordia obliquOy Willd.,
Dalbergia sympatheticay Nimmo., Mucuna pruriensy D.C.

The road terminates at Paud, 20 miles from f^oona, and the last 7
miles had been a very rough track barely passable by lightly-laden
carts ; but from this onwards it appeared to be worse, so every dis-
pensable article was sent back with th. carts, and carriers employed
for the remainder. Near Bhorkus Cryptoiepis Buchananiy Roem.
and Seb , Phaseolut grandisy Dalz. and Gibson, Vitex Negundo Linn.,
Leea sambucinay Willd., Thespesia Lampasy Dalz. and Gib,, Mukia
scabreVay htn.y Hemidesmus indtcuSy ^T,y Picus t*-fectoriay Roxb.,
Ramphicarpa Ion gi flora, Benth*., Geissaspis cristatOy W. and A ,
Colebrookia oppositifoliay Sm., ClemattSy gourianoy Hook , Aiio*
phyllus Cobbcy Bl., Leucat stelligeray Wall., Kdempjeria scaposOy
Benth., the latter had taken almost exclusive possession of a low
muddy portion of the bank of a stream. It is also abundant in a
similar position near Lanowlre railway station, where its fugacious
white flowers may be seen in August.

From Bhorkus at a distance of 5 — 6 miles the outline of a palm
was seen against the sky on the tops of the hills, and as the species
of palms in Western India are few, this was easily recognized as
a species not recorded in local floras, and we pushed on to get a
nearer view. The nearest is nearly 1,000 ft. above the altitude of
the valley ; the mountains are immense trap dykes wnth the inter-
vening rock washed away ; the tops are level and the sides pre-
cipitous. To get to the top required the local knowledge of the
village guides and a long stiff climb. The palm was found to be
a species of Phoenix with a stem 25 — ^30 ft. in height, 15 inches
diameter, marked with very closely and spirally-arranged small leaf
bases and having leayes glabrous, shining, shorter, broader, thinner
and smoother than those of Phoenix sylvestris. It is called Shselu^
and is the source of most of the so-called date-matting made in
this district. It is gregarious and remarkable in its distribution ;
about 20 miles north and 30 miles south of this place. I have

NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM POONA TO NAGOTNA, 95

thoroughly explored the country without finding it ; probably it is
the same palm as occurs in a dwarf state in North Kanara between
Sirei and Kumta and on the ghats east of Goa. It has been identi-
fied as Phcsnix robust Hook. f.

A few miles from Bhorkus we crossed the Khadshee stream, and
a fatiguing morning had a delightful recompense. The rocks were
covered with Podostemon Hookerianus^ Wedd., with about an inch
of water flowing over it. The thalloid stems, in patches of vivid
crimson, yellow and green with the clear water and bright sunshine,
made a charming picture. On the rocks above the water line were
dichotomously' branched white lines, J inch in breadth, so greatly
resembling a lichen that I had previously taken it to be one ; but
a close examination showed it to be the dried up stems of the
Podostemon. Terniola Lawii^ Wedd., was also abundant, covering
rocks like a moss. Here the stream makes a leap of 10 — 15 ft.
and has worn deep circular pools in the rock, which are alive with
large fish ; a species of Barbus and Murrel {Ophzocephalus) were
easily distinguishable. The fish are considered sacred, and we were
warned in a mysterious whisper not to linger neir the place as it
is believed to be under supernatural protection.

The valley Khor Barsa was occupied by rice-fields lately har-
vested. Cyathocline luteUy Law, gave a golden sheen to the banks
and Hygrophila serpyllum, T.A., spread a green and purple carpet
on the damp soil. The sides of the fields had abundant Cypera-
cese with a small Eriocdulon and Geissapsis crtsfata, W. and A.,
and around the cattle sheds are fences of Adhatoda vas'ca^ Nees,
and Vitex NegundOy Linn., intermingled with the large nettle
Gtrardinia heterophyllay Dene, and Elephantopiis scabevy Linn.,
Marathiy Baltan ; Alysicarpus pubescens, Law, was frequently seen.

At the western end of the Khor Barsa lies the village Tail Bayla,
and a short distance further is a precipitous pass to the Concah, named
Savashni Ghat. The distance from Tail Bayla to Dhonsa in the
Concan is only 2 J miles as measured on the map, but it occupied s:ix
hours of the most severe toil In that distance the descent is nearly
2,000 feet, and the path is as steep as a path may be. It is a verit-
able ladder of the roughe.st description, and to one not accustomed
to such exercise fatiguing beyond measure. The joker of the party,
however, was not sufficiently damped. He paihetically remarked the
ancient philosopher who said it was easy to descend must be excused,
he had never been on Savashni Ghat, While moving no one could -
look at anything but where ^ e was placing his feet ; but during the
frequent halts were observed Polytoca Coobe/ confined to a narrow

96 NOTES ON A JOURNEY FROM POONA TO NAGOTNA.

line near the top, Coix Lacrymae^ Linn. Erinocarpus Nimmoanus^
Grab., Pimpinella adscendens Dalz., Careya arborea^ Koxh. ^Justicia
Betonica, Var ramosisstma^ Linn., Hemidesmus indicus Br., Blep^
haris asperrima^'H&QS^Bridelta retusa^ Strobzlanthes s^,y Ster.

culia guttata y Roxb., Hibiscus hirtus, Linn., Vangueria spinosa
Roxb., Terrfiinalia tomentosa^ Bedd., Btjehmeria platyphylta, Don.^
Schleicher a trijugay Wiild.with Viscum angulatum, Heyne, growing
on it, and Wood/ordia floribunddy Salisb., Panicum montanuMy Pas-
palum sp., Heteropooon insignis, Vitis quinquefolidy Memecylon
edulCy Roxb., Caryota urenSy Linn.; Tricholepis amplexicaulis,
C. B. C., as carefully studied with a view to finding Dalzell’s T,
montana ; near the base of the mountains Teak.

At Dhonsa in the village tank the red Nymphaea was abundant
in the centre, its shadv^ of colour pale-pink, and Ceratoptetfis thalic-
troidesy Linn., near the side.s. On the banks the wide spread Coix and
Hygrophila spinosa and Lamprachcenium microcephalumy Benth., in

j£s stiff feathered pappus makes an intolerable itching, and on a

dead tree fallen over the water Vanda parvijiora is abundant. In
a well on the margin of the tank a heavy coating of Lemna polyr-f hizay
Linn, floats on the .‘surface, and beneath it is a very luxuriant ex.

oi Nitella>^ Poxburghiiy h\, Brun, the first we had met with.
As the plant is of special interest to teachers of biology, we Carried
off abundant fresh specimens On neighouring trees fine specimens
oi Rkyncostylis retuSdy'QX.y yJtte seen; by the sides of the fields
Tricholepis radicans was abundant, past flower; Hydrolea zeylanica
was showing its pretty blue flowers on the still* moist rice-fields.
The Mango was the commonest tree, but there were large examples
of Anona reticulutdy Linn., Mimusops Elengiy Linn, and of Khair.
Derris scanaensy Benth., near the village, and frequently StercuUa
urenSy Roxb., Marathiy was met with, and the villagers showed us
Wakandecy eV\^^Vii\y Asclepiady with leaves 8x8 inches. We
were now in the Concan only a few feet above the level of the sea
and proceeded along the banks of rice-fields towards Pali. On the
Elytrophorus articulatus Beam., Careya arboreuy Roxb., Doli^
chandrone falcatay Seem , Ipomaea Nily Roth., Peristrophe bicaly
aulatay Noes, Barter ia Prionitis Linn., Panicum interruptumy Willd.,
Smithia sensitiva^ Ait., EpalUs divaricata, Cass., Holarrhenm
antidysentericay Wall., Terminalia tomentosa, Bedd., were seen.

Pali is a 'large village with abundant water in tl*e soil and
numerous tanks. Mango trees were abundant. Spondias mangifera
showed extra luxuriant growth ; Lagerstraemia flos^reginasy Retz,
Butea frondosay Roxb., Leea macrophylla, Roxb., Luffa acutangula*

NOTES ON A JouRNEV FROM POONA TO NAGOTNA,

Roxb., and in tbe tanks Nat as minor, All, Ceratophyllum demersttm,
Linn., AzoUa pinnata, Pistia stratiotes, Linn,, Mamthi^^ Gondal,^'
Ottelia alismoides, Pqvs,, Lemna poly rhiza, Marathi NeeL” On
the outskirts were found Juncellus pygmseus, Clarke, making a green
carpet in dried up waterholes.

From Pali to Nagotna the country consists of rice-fields with
patches of wood on uplands ; but accurate observations could not be
made, as all the party was suffering greatly from fatigue and ex-
posure.

G. MARSHALL WOODROW,

In charge Botanical Survey^ Bombay^

Notes for Dr. Watt’s Dictionary.

Synopsis of practical facts from the Report of the Botanical Siif
vey, Bombay , for the year

phoenix robusta, Hook. L, Straelu.— Leaves of this palm

only are generally used at Bombay and Poona in preparing ‘^Date''
matting.

Amorphophallus commutatus, Engler, Marathi Shewal.— The
infloresence is cooked w'ith the leaves of Lagerstroemia parviflora
and the fruit of Garuga pinnata and used as a vegetable.

Sauromatum guttatum,Sc\\oit, — The root, Nurki acha

kanda, is sold by Vaids ; it is believed to increase the secretion of
milk in cattle.

Gloriosa superaba, Linn., Marathi Kulawai. Found on the hills
12 miles west of Poona.

Pennisetu?n Alopecuros, Steud, Marathi Mohl. Used for brooms,
ropes, etc., recommended for paper making. It is abundant on
poor wet land near Poona and on a hill side near Paud 20 miles west
of Poona.

Ischoemum angustifolium, Haeckel, Sabai or Bhabur is cultivated
at Poona for paper making.

Agave Sisiliana, Sisil hemp plant, introduced 1893, growing
freely at Poona.

College OF Science, ')

Poona ; f G. MARSHALL WOODROW.

The ^th June iSgs, )

O. 1. C. P. 0,— No. 355 R. & A.— i4.ll-95.-~l8O.~E.-N. D.

RECORDS

OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OFINDIA.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
BRIGADE-SURGEON G. KING, M.B.. LL.D., F.R.S., C.LB;,
DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Volume I.

No. 7.

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

D. D. CUNNINGHAM and D. PRAIN.

CALCUTTA :

OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.

1896.

A NOTE

INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

By D, D. Cunningham and D, Prain,

During the cold season of 1895-96, while one of us was engaged
in conducting certain experimental cultures of wheat at the Ciovern-
ment Farm, Sbibpuj:, an opportunity was afforded of partially investi-
gating some of the ^phenomena connected with rust in wheat. The
results obtained, as will presently appear, are neither final nor, so far
even as they go, complete. But if they do not clear up the difficul-
ties that surround this subject, they seem to narrow in some degree
the field of enquiry ; in this respect therefore they may prove of some
general interest and may perhaps to a certain extent be of use.
The present note, which has been prepared in compliance with an
order issued to Dr. Prain by the Government of India through the
Government of Bengal, contains an account of our observations.

Owing to the exigencies of routine work at the Experimental
Farm and, in some instances, owing to delay in the arrival of samples
the sowings were made rather late in the season. Of 82 patches,
in which as many samples were tried, 27 were sown on October
31st, 1895 ; 21 on November 3rd ; ii on November 13th, and the re-
mainder on November 25th. In each case the wheat was sown in
parallel drills in long narrow plots.

In one of the plots of the third sowing it was noticed for the first
time on January 14th, that some of the plants had become “rusted^'-
about six plants in each of three rows in the centre of the patch
were then apparently affected. Two days later the ‘*rust’^ was evi-
dent in adjacent patches ; within a week it had appeared in every
part of the wheat-field ; in less than ten days it was not possible to
find a single plant entirely free from ‘‘rust.’’

The subject of “rust’^ on Indian wheat is for both of us one of
interest because of the attention it received from our lamented
friend, the late Dr. Arthur Barclay. So soon therefore as one
of m had noticed the presence of “ rust ” in this wheat-field and
the other had ascertained that its structural and metric characters
seemed to be those indicative of the Indian “rust^' identified by Dr.
Barclay with Puccinia ruhigo-vera (Journal of Botany, vol. 30, p. 46,
1892), it became our object, if possible, to ascertain the source of
the blight.

lOO

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

Attention was directed to the onset of the attack by tht appear-
ance of the affected plants. The leaves that form a tuft close to the
soil and surround the bases of the culms seemed within 24 hours
to have become suddenly wilted and yellow, the soil in a circular
patch round the base of the plant having at the same time become
of a rusty-red colour. Close examination of the plants showed
that the blades of these yellow and suddenly-wilted leaves were
completely inrolled from the margins"; on their being flattened out it
was seen that the upper surface of the blade was closely covered
by an eruption of small circular orange-red pustules; the rusty hue
imparted to the soil in the immediate neighbourhood of the plant
was found to be due to the shedding of uredospores from these
pustules in quantities sufficient to form a thick almost continuous
surface-coating. The lower culm-leaves were still green ; their upper
surface was, however, covered with a crop of uredosporic pustules,
and they showed that the wilting process had commenced because
the edges of the leaf-blades were already slightly inrolled. The
higher culm-leaves were in much the condition of those below, ex-
cept that the pustules were more sparsely scattered and the edges
of the leaf -blades were not yet at all inrolled.

The limitation of the uredosporic pustules of this rust to
the upper surface of the leaf-blades observed in the case of the
plants first attacked was found in the course of subsequent numer-
ous and prolonged examinations to be an almost unbroken rule. It
was not at all common, though instances did occur, to find a pustule
that occupied the whole thickness of the leaf, and that burst through
the epidermis of both its surfaces. But to find a pustule breaking
through the lower surface only was an extremely rare occurrence.
In keeping with this observation also is the fact that it seems very
rare with this particular “ rust,” and then only in very badly affected
plants, , to find uredosporic pustules on the outside of the leaf-sheath.
Instances of this were, however, met with both at Shibpur and else-
where, and in one or two instances pustules even appeared on and
burst through the epidermis of the stem itself. Not a single in-
stance of the occurrence of uredospores on the pales or glumes or
within the flower was met with in the case of this* rust. But per-
haps its most noteworthy feature, so far at least as this particular
outbreak at Shibpur is concerned, was the entire absence of teleuto-
spores. In spite of prolonged and repeated Systematic search for
these, during the time the wheat was in the ground, they were never
met with.

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT^I^USTS.

tot

The samples of wheat sown at Shibpur included examples of all
the races ** or “ strains of wheat usually cultivated in the province.
These races are not particularly numerous, four or five being prob-
ably the limit so far as Bengal is concerned. The majority of the
samples, however, belonged to four “races" ; (i) a wheat with broad
leaves and soft, starchy, white grain ; (3) one with broad leaves
and hard, glutinous, grey grain ; (3) one with narrow leaves and
soft, starchy, pale-red grain ; (4) one with narrow leaves and
hard, glutinous, darkish-red grain. The samples were not sown in
any particular order as regards place of origin or as regards race.
But while every patch became more a less rusted, the blight was
observed to affect more seriously the soft starchy wheats, whether
white or red, than it did the hard glutinous ones. A rather curious
exception to this rule was noted in the case of one patch, the wheat
in which, though soft, starchy and white as to its grain, had narrow
leaves like a red wheat. But there is apparently no real connectioii
between breadth of leaf-blade and power of resisting “rust, " for all
save one of the “ Soft-red wheats had narrow blades, and almost all
were badly rusted as compared with the “ hard-red ** wheats. The
exceptions were in every case samples that ripened early, and it was
apparently its agreement with those samples in this respect, and not
its similarity as regards narrowness of leaf that helped to protect
the ** white " sample already mentioned. So far as our observations
at Shibpur go, they show that th ^re is not, at all events in Bengal,
any race of wheat that is immune against this particular “ rust."

The samples of wheat sown were of the usual Indian character--*
carelessly collected and much mixed with seeds of pulses and of
other cereals. As a consequence when the crop appeared, numerous
plants of barley were to be found scattered throughout the field.
Our attention was at once attracted to the fact that this “ rust ap-
parently does not affect barley. As the point is one of some im-
portance from its bearing on the assumed identity of this Indian
“rust" with the Pucctnta rubigo~vera of Europe, a close and syste-
matic drill to drill inspection of the whole field was instituted in
connection with the search for teleutospores. In no single instance
was a barley-plant at Shibpur, at any period of the season, affected
by this “ rust,"

In most instances the mode of attack was exactly as in the plot
first affected. A whole line of wheat-plants that on a given morning
appeared still exempt frpm“ rusf," showed after a two-days’ interval
the “ crown of leaves at their bases wilted and rusted from end to
end of the drill ; the ground between the plants of that drill, at times

102

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

even the space between adjacent drills, became at the same time of ,
a uniform rusty-red colour from the layer of shed uredospores that
coated it.

In some instances, however, and this was more particularly the case
with the glutinous wheats, the blight seemed to affect the higher culm*
leaves either before or at the same time as it appeared on the lower
stem-leaves and on the tuft of leaves at the base. The early portion
of the period — latter half of January and first half of February— to
which our observations at Shibpur refer, was marked by those morn-
ing river-fogs characteristic of the season in the Gangetic delta. On
such a morning the drops of water that studded the upper surface
of the leaf-blades, both of wheat and barley, had a tinge of orange
imparted to them by reason of the number of uredospores held in
suspension within them. The slight breeze that, as a rule, accom-
panies tha lifting ** of such a river- fog is thus clearly sufficient to
carry these spores from one plant to auother, while the moisture
deposited on the leaves during the fog provides a means of arrest-
ing the spores, ^^'hether the uredospores thus arrested in these
dew drops actually did affect the wheat or not, it is certain that^ if
they were capable ot affecting either the wheat or the barley, ample
opportunity was afforded them of so doing.

During the first careful conjoint survey that was made by us of
this wheat-field, it was found that Launea asphnifolia DC., — a
common weed in Bengal, where it bears the name tikehana^ and
locally abundant about Shibpur— carried on the upper surface of its
leaves in great quantities the uredospores of a Puccinia which
seemed as if it might possibly be the one present on the wheat. In
another part of the field it was found that malformed shoots of the
same Launea bore what were apparently the aecidial fructifications
of the same blight. Presently too it was discovered that the
under-surface of the leaves of this Launea carried, in some cases,
the teleutospores of obviously the same Puccinia.

Minute examination having shown that it is not possible by
structural or metric characters to differentiate the uredospores of
the Puccinia present on the wheat from those of the Pt^ccinia pre-
sent on Launea asplenifolia^ and having thus rendered it, under the
circumstances, possible that the two may be specifically identical, it
became necessary to undertake experimental cultures in order to
confirm or to disprove their identity. Ihe lateness of the sowings
and consequent lateness of appearance of the rust on the wheat at
Shibpur and of th^ discovery of this Puccinia on Launea aspleni folia

K NOTR ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

<03

rendered it impossible to carry the necessary experiments, which
were initiated by one of us, to completion. As much, however, was*
done as it was possible, during what remained of the cold season, to
do. In the meantime it was essential also to ascertain with some
approach to accuracy whether the phytogeographical area occupied
by this in any way coincides with that in which wheat is

grown in India. And as the evidence to be derived from specimens
of the plant preserved in the Calcutta Herbarium was not conclusive,
one of us was ordered by the Director of the Botanical Survey to
visit certain representative wheat-growing districts and to ascertain,
on the spot, the conditions there as regards the wheat, the rust,
and the Launea. As some of the results of this investigation tended
to increase rather than to diminish the difficulties that beset the
whole problem, it appears better to give an account of these results
before describing the culture experiments, although as a matter of
fact the two investigations were being conducted simultaneously,
Launea asplenifolia DC., the species that was the object of
this special search, is a member of the natural order Compositasy tribe
Cichot iaceae § LactuceaSy with an extremely slender and brittle
perennial rootstock of great length as compared with the size of the
plant ; this rootstock can be followed almost vertically downwards tc
a depth of from a feet to 30 inches, without any sensible diminution
in thickness, but we have never been able to satisfy ourselves that
the whole rhizome has been obtained ; on being broken the stock
eludes a-pure white latex, as do the leaves and stems. Towards the
top the rootstock usually divides into several heads, each head being
crowned with a rosulate tuft of lyrate-pinnatifid leaves 3—6 inches
long. These leaves lie close to the ground in plants that grow in the
open field exposed to full sunshine. When, however, the plant is
growing in grassy places or amongst thick standing grain some of the
Internodes of the crown become, as a rule, more or less elongated ;
giving rise variously to a rosulate arrangement at the base followed
by a slender stem with scattered leaves above this rosette ; to a stem
with the leaves scattered throughout ; or to two or more irregular
rosettes separated by distinct intervals. When growing in grain or
amongst grass the leaves are delicate and thinly membranous during
the cold-weather months. When growing in the open, however, the
leaves are much thicker and firmer, sometimes having an almost
fleshy consistence, and are, as a rule, paler green in colour. This last
feature, however, is not at all universal ; at times plants growing
exposed to the full effects of sun and wind have a dark, purplish red
tinge imparted to the leaves, especially on the under-surface. The

104

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT RUSTS.

plant comes into flower in February in Bengal, Behar, Central India,
and Rajputana, In Oudh and the Punjab it is about a month later
of flowering. It fruits in Bengal about the middle of March. For
a description of its yellow flowers and its fruits, on which its identity
depends, but which, its identity being established, do not interest us
in this connection, reference may be made to systematic treatises.
The inflorescences, however, on which these flowers and fruits are
borne consist of branches that arise in the axils of from one to five
of the leaves nearest the centre of the crown. The corresponding
buds in the axils of those leaves that do not subtend inflorescences
remain as small bodies covered with rather longish white hairs. By
the middle or end of the hot weather, as a rule, all trace of the crown
and its leaves has disappeared ; these rhizomes that in May and June
are still crowned with leaves have their leaves, even when the plant
is growing in shady grassy spots, thick and fleshy as in the case of
plants growing in the open sun in the cold weather.

In diseased plants the uredospores appear in rusty-red pustules
that are almost always confined to the upper surface of the leaves ;
this is not, however, universal, for sometimes they occur on the lower
surface of the leaves ; occasionally they are to be found, though this
is very rare, in patches that burst through the epidermis of the
rachis and branches of the inflorescence. These uredosporic pustules
exhibit essentially the characters exhibited by the corresponding
pustules on the leaves of wheat, but as a rule they are of larger size.

The teleutospores occur perhaps most frequently on the under-
surface of the leaves ; it is, however, much more usual to find teleutos-
pores on the upper surface than to find uredospores beneath. And
it is not at all essential that the two be present together ; in certain
cases indeed it was impossible to find teleutospores on the Launea
and vice versa. The presence of a teleutosporic patch is usually
foreshadowed by pallid discoloration of a circumscribed area on the
leaf ; over this spot the epidermis very soon gives way ; either gener-
ally, in which case there is a large iriegular black patch of exposed
teleutospores ; or in a central medium-sized patch with a series of
small black patches arranged round the central one in 3—5 concentric
rings. Not uncommonly black teleutosporic patches are to be met
with along the rachis of the inflorescence ; these are always much
smaller than the patches on the leaves, and sometimes the epider-
mis above them remains intact.

The aecidial fructifications sometimes make their appearance in
what, from their position with reference to the rhizome and the other

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

105

leaves, are leaves of the normal rosette. In such a case the leaf
undergoes a very rapid growth in thickness and often in length and
breadth, assuming an etiolated and sickly appearance and having the
indentations along its margin obscured or oblitexated. Occasionally
also the rachis of an inflorescence is found to be thickened in this
manner and to assume the characteristic etiolated appearance that
indicates the condition. But much more usually neither the leaves
of the rosette nor the normally produced flower-branches are at all
affected ; one or more of the buds already mentioned as remaini^ng
undeveloped in the axils of the outer leaves of the rosette suddenly
develop into diseased shoots, occasionally bearing malformed flowers,
but much more usually having only malformed leaves. And smoe-
times it is found that in cases where a rhizome has several heads
the others may be quite normal or at most bear only uredospores or
telentospores or both, while one head is entirely malformed from the
point where it rises from the ground, all its leaves and shoots being
converted into aecidia-carrying organs.

Whatever the precise morphological origin of the part may be,
its consistence is similar and its history is identical. A shoot of
the axillary type may by the fourth day of its special growth have
become 6 inches long; whatever size it may attain it does not after
the fourth day appreciably increase in size. On the third day the
etiolated surface shows the presence of small papilla scattered fairly
uniformly over it, these by the fifth day appear as an eruption of round
miliary bodies of a fine purple colour which presently open at their tips
and become converted into small cups filled with pale lemon-yellow
aecidiospores. These aecidiospores could be seen occasioiially dis-
persed by puffs of wind ; unlike the uredospores they did not mix
with water.

Sometimes the malformed shoots with aecidial fructifications
remained, after the dispersal of the aecidiospores, as shriveU'ed very
fragile structures. More usually, however, within three or four days
of the ripening of the aecidia the whole shoot became soft, black and
putrescent, sinking to the ground and rapidly damping off the
general health of the plant meanwhile remained apparently un-
affected.

At Mozufferpur, selected as a representative locality for North
Debar, which was visited on February 2ist, the state of affairs as regards
both wheat and Launea were very similar to those prevailing at
Shibpur, The wheat was not however so badly affected by rust as in
Lower Bengal : every plant was not affected and none were very
severely attacked. The' ^*rust*^ was here found in every case to be

Io6

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

confined to the upper surface of the leaf-blade. Launea asplenifolia
was very common, and specimens were obtained in fields, in a patch
of village- jungle, on the race-course, by the side of a high-road. In
every locality it was affected by the Puccinia prevalent at Shibpur ;
uredospores were plentiful on the upper, teleutospores on the
under surface of the leaves respectively; abnormal shoots with
aecidial fructifications were everywhere very Common.

A barley-field in which the individual plants seemed stunted and
were far apart was examined, with some. care. It was found that
many of the plants were affected, though none apparently seriously
so, by a **rust^’ that from the oval shape of its rusty patches and from
the occurrence of these on the stem, the outside of the leaf-sheath
and the underside of the leaf, as well as by the fact of its occurrence
on barley at all, was evidently different from the rust identified by
Dr. Barclay with Puccinia rubigo^vera. Later this same rust was
discovered in an adjacent wheat-field on a wheat-plant. On being
subjected to minute examination this rust was found to exhibit the
structural and metric characters of the rust identified by Dr. Barclay
with Puccinia graminis. One barley-plant was found affected by a
pale lemon-coloured rust consisting of longitudinally arranged
parallel lines of very small pustules containing uredospores. All
that could be said regarding it was that it did not agree well with
either of the other rusts.

The search for teleutospores on wheat of the blight prevalent at
Shibpur was unsuccessful at Mozufferpur, and it is highly probable
that no teleutospores were present. The Launea is here termed
titlia ; it is reputed an effective febrifuge. The name used for
"Rust" is harda\ the two rusts are not differentiated.

At Gaya, visited on 22nd February as a representative locality
for South Behar, no blight of any kind was found on the wheat or on
the barley. Here the wheat and barley-fields had very few weeds,
none of these being perennials, and a very extended search for
Launea was unsuccessful. At length in a gram-field, a considerable
distance from any w’heat, it was discovered and as usual was found
to be abundant in the spot where it occurred. The plants were
quite healthy ; growing openly exposed to sun and wind their leaves
were much thicker and firmer than in Lower Bengal at the same
sea«:on, though not firmer than they become in Lower Bengal during
May and June.

At Mogul Serai, North-Western Provinces, visited on 23rd
February, no unequivocal example of wheat affected by Dr. Barclay’s
Puccinia ruhigo^vera was met with. Nor in the barley-fields

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

107

examined were any plants unequivocally affected by Dr, Barclay’s
Puccinia graminis met with, though several good examples of the
pale rust mentioned as occurring at Mozufferpur wert encountered.
Among the wheat plants, however, two were obtained that were
unequivocally affected by the Indian rust supposed to be Pucciniz
graminis^ showing in long oval pustules oh the underside of the leaf
Launea asplenifolia was again found to be very local though quite
plentiful when it occurs. Most cf the plants were quite healthy ;
one however was manifestly affected on the upper surface of its leaves
with uredospores exactly like those at Shibpur and Mozufferpur ;
many had teleutospores ; like the Shibpur plants, usually only on the
under surface, but occasionally on the upper surface as well ; no
aecidial fructification was met with. The Launea is here known as
gobi ; the rust as gerhwi. The name titlia^ used at Mozufferpur
for Launea^ is here applied to a spurge, Euphorbia dracunculoides.

At Allahabad, which was next visited, on the afternoon of 23rd
February it was found that wheat was little grown in and about the sta-
tion; patches in a few compounds and along a narrow strip on the banks
of the Jumna below the level reached by the river in the rains, being
the only places available for search. The wheat and also the barley
north of the Jumna was all quite healthy. Launea asplenifolia is not
uncommon in gardens in the station ; it was in every case quite
healthy. It is here associated wdth another species,, Launea
nudicauliSj very like it in habit and in general appearance, but with
much thicker and rather larger leaves '^ely serrate along their
margins with minute w^hite cartilaginous teeth, with rather larger
flowers and with an ochre-coloured instead of a pure-white latex.
This species also was perfectly healthy. On 24th February the area
across the Jumna was examined. Here wheat was found to be this
season entirely confined to the strip along the river bank mentioned
above. It appeared very free from rust ; only one small patch, near
the upper limit of the belt, was found where about 20 plants were
affected by the so-called Puccinia rubigo^vera only uredospores
were present. Associated with this-patch was a single plant very
considerably affected by the so-called Puccinia graminis 'y* a
second plant was found some distance off, and close to the water’s
edge, carrying the same rust.

Among this wheat no Launea was found ; so soon however as
the limit reached by the river in the rains was‘"passed, Launea
nudicaulis was found to be present and to be common. When the
level ground at the top of the scarp was attained, this species gave place
to Launea asplenifolia which was found to be plentiful. From this

A NOTE ON INDIAN VVHEAT-RpSTS.

io8

point on to Naini, where the search ended, no wheat was found, and
very little barley, none of the latter- being diseased. Launea
asplenifolia was quite plentiful throughout in level fields or where
the slopes \^ere gentle ; on the steep sides of nullahs it was replaced
by Launea nudicaulis. No diseased example of either species was
met with. The rusts are not here differentiated; both are termed
gerhwi : both the Launeas are known as gobi,

Jabalpur, visited on 25th February as representative of the
Central Provinces, gave, like Gaya, no result. The wheat in this
district was quite free from rust ; the black cotton soil in which it
is grown was^e.xtremely free from weeds of any kind ; no Launea
was found among the wheat. On the banks of nullahs and on the
slopes of hunfmocks rising above the level of the black soil in the
fields, also in gardens, both native and European, Launea nudicaulis
was found, but never plentifully ; no Launea asplenifolia was met
with anywhere. The search here extended from Maharajpur on the
Allahabad road (25th), to Mirganj and the Nerbadda in the opposite
direction (26th February), and was everywhere equally unsuccessful.
The cultivators were however thoroughly conversant with “ rust
the description given of its ravages and appearance concided very
well with the appearance presented at Shibpur and at ^Mozufferpur.
The name used for it was, however, not gerhwi ; the interest

of this use of the opposite sex will be apparent in dealing with the
names used in Rajputana.

On 27th February it was noted that on the sides of nullahs near
Dhularia Railway Station, and in the station compound at Dharain
Kundi, Launea nudicaulis was present ; no Launea asplenifolia
was seen. At I tarsi one wheat-field was visited ; no rust w’as found.
At Chandni neither Launea nor wheat were found.

On 28th February, at Khandwa, on rust w^as found on the wheat,
and neither species of Launea was met with. The cultivators were
quite conversant with rust’' which had, they said, been prevalent
some seasons ago and which they know as gerhwa. Their descrip-
tion, however, differed very markedly from that given at Jabalpur^
all who volunteered information insisting that at the last outbreak
the rust was not confined to the leaves but was marked by an eruption
of black specks on the glumes and pales. No barley was met with
at Khandwa-

At Neemuch, visited on 29th February as representative of Malwa^
the same black cotton soil that prevailed at Jabalpur and Khandwa was
met with. Here also both the wheat and the barley were found
perfectly free from mist. But Launea asplenifolia^ which was not

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT* RUSTS.

109

met with at Jabalpur or Khandwa, was her^ as in Bengal, local but
very abundant where it occurred. The first field examined was full
of the species, and nearly every plant was badly affected by the
Puccinia sQQ.n in Bengal and in North Behar. In this instance,
however, no uredospores were found ; teleutospores were very abund-
ant and appeared to occur only in small spots arranged in concen-
tric circles — a condition which occurred, but was not the most usual,
in Bengal. Very few plants were quite healthy ; of the diseased ones
about 30 per cent, had aecidiosporic fructifications ; these were here
much less frequently borne on specially modified shoots than on dis-
torted flowering branches ; these branches much more frequently
shrivelled up into brittle twigs than damped off. Continuing the
search on ist March, the local occurrence of the species was well
seen from the fact that no Launea asplenifolia was obtained till a
point was reached two miles away from the previous afternoon’s patch,
and three more miles had to be passed till another diseased patch was
met with. As on the preceding day, the search failed to yield a speci-
men with uredospores and no rust was found either on wheat or barley*
in one field a number of plants of Launea nudicaulis. were found ;
though growing alongside of badly blighted Launea asplenifolia
none of them were diseased. Launea nudicaulis was also found to
occur on roadsides in the station itself. The name for both Launeas
was^ again gobi ; the name for the rust gerhwi as at Allahabad, not
gerhwa as at Jabalpur and Khandwa ; the cultivators, however, use as
an alternative the name roriy though not so commonly as the other.

The discovery of Launea asplenifolia diseased, on black cotton
soil, leads to the suspicion, when its very local occurrence is taken
into consideration, that it may only have been overlooked at Jabalpur
and at Khandwa. Captain Finhey, Political Agent at Neemuch,
himself an enthusiastic botanist, very kindly assisted in the search
of 29th February io^ Launea asplenifoliay and on visiting Ujain ten
days later most kindly searched for it there, with the result of ascer-
taining that at Ujain it is as plentiful, and was this year as badly
diseased, as at Neemuch. It therefore certainly extends as far south
as to the latitude of Jabalpur, carrying the Puccinia with it.

At Ajmir, on March 2nd, none of the supposed Puccinia Ruhigo-^
vera was found on the wheat. At a point 5 miles from Ajmir on
the Jeypore road the supposed Puccinia graminis was found on a
wheat plant ; the same rust was found on a barley-plant in a field 2
miles south of Ajmir on the Nusserabad road. No Launea asplenifolia
was found ; Launea nudicaulis was here more plentiful than in any
of the other places visited. It is known as gobiy and was without any
disease. The rust is here roriox roli.

I 10

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

At Jeypore, visited on March 3rd, the soil in the fields was a much
irrigated, fine blown-sand, extremely free from weeds, No Launea.
asplenifolia was to be found anywhere in the neighbourhood of the
city. Launea nudicaulis^ very rare in fields, is not uncommon on
roadsides and in gardens. It was perfectly healthy, as were the
wheat and the barley. On 4th March Chaudaspura, 17 miles from
Jeypore on the Tonk road, was visited, Colonel Jacob having been so
good as to point out that at this point the soft blown-sand gives
place to a firmer soil. Here, after a considerable search during
which Launea nudicaulis was found to be fairly common, a spot was
reached in which Launea asplenifolia was extremely abundant.
There was very little rust on the wheat, what there was being the
supposed Puccinia ruhigo-vera of Shibpur. Launea asplenifolia was,
however, extremely affected ; most of the plants carried teleutos-
pores only ; some, however, had uredospores as w^ell. Aecidiosporic
fructifications were apparently very rare, only one being met with ;
the aecidia were in this case borne on a malformed leaf, not on a
specially developed shoot. The most interesting discovery here
was, however, a plant of Launea nudicaulis^ the species that in
every other locality had been found to be healthy, with teleutosporic
fructifications on its leaves. The two Launeas are known indiffer-
ently as gobii the rust on wheat is known as rori or roli^ The
name rora or rola was also known, but it was found impose
sible either to substantiate or to refute the opinion mentioned by
Dr. Barclay (Journal of Botany, voL 30, p. 47) as prevailing in some
quarters, that the feminine form roll is used for the supposed Puccinia
graminiSi the mat^ form rola for the supposed Puccima rubigo-vera.
It is certain that some of the cultivators use the words indis-
criminately and declare that both mean the same thing. Others^
however, insisted that they were different. Fortunately for them,
though perhaps unfortunately for the present enquiry ^rust” on the
spot was hardly to be obtained. The little there was chanced to be
the supposed Puccinia rubigo^vera which, according to the inform-
ation obtained by Dr. Barclay, should have been rola; yet the
inhabitants of the neighbourhood and the owner of the field insisted
that it was roll.

At Rewari, March 5th, very little wheat but much barley was
fourid; neither at all diseased, llere Launea nudicaulis is fairly
common everywhere, and Launea asplenifolia as elsewhere is local
but abundant where it occurs ; neither was at all diseased

From the cultivators it was ascertained that ** rust here is known
under the name rori^ but the word is not much used ; the term
employed h I' hung? , the Launeas appeared to have no name.

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS

III

At Sirsa, March 6th, no rust on wheat j only one plant of Launea
nudicaulis for which no name was obtained. “ Rust ” is here, the
cultivators say, known only as khungi.

At Feroze pur, March 6th, rust "-^here known as khungi-^yiSi^
very common in patches. Though less universal than at Mozufferpur, it
was much more severe in its effects. In appearance it much resembled
the supposed ruhigo-vera of Bengal and Behar; here,

however, teleutosporic fructifications were plentiful, hardly a diseased
plant being without some. The principal distinction between this
“ rust at Ferozepur as compared with the rust met with at Shibpur,
lay in the greater frequency with which the outside of the culms
and of the leaf sheaths were here affected by uredospotic pustules.
The teleutospores here, unlike the teleutospores on the Launea — from
which they were subsequently found to differ extremely in size and
ahape— were covered by unbroken epidermis. Launea nudicaulis
was not uncommon ; Z. aspltnijolia was, in patches, plentiful. Both
species were known as pattaly and the cultivators do not appear
to distinguish between them ; neither species was found to be
diseased.

At Lahore, March yth, early sown wheat was without ** rust later
sown had a good deal of the suipi^osed Pucctnia rubigo-vera but without
teleutospores apparently ; rust is here khungi. Both the species
of Launea were found ; patial is a name here used only for Launea
nudicaulis ; Launea aspleni folia is termed either pattal botioxdodak
— the last name has reference to its milky latex ; the plant usually
known as dodak is, however, the “Sow-thistle*' (Sonchus arvensis),
Launea nudicaulis was quite healthy ; Launea asplentfalta was
apparently healthy, but a number of plants were found with nodules
developed in the axils of scales towards the top of the rootstock •
these nodules were found to be filled with a mycelium.

At Gujranwala, March 8th, “ rust'* was plentiful, sometimes as at
Ferozepur with teleutospores on nearly every affected plant; in these
cases the uredospores were almost as plentiful on stems and outside
of leaf-sheaths as on the leaves. In other fields, just as at Shibpur aird
at Mozufferpur, the uredospores appeared to be confined to the upper
surface of the leaves and teleutospores were then absent. The only
Launea present was Launea nudicaulis, sometimes called some,

times pattaL On its being pointed out that it has not milky juice,
an informant insisted still that it was one of the dodaks \ it is therefore
possible that Launea asplenlfoha may occur but was overlooked.
This is not, how^ever, certain ; here not only the Sowr-thistle, but
also all the spurges are termed dodak.

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

There is not any evidence at present that Launea asplenifolia
occurs in the Punjab west of Lahore: Launea nuciicaulis occurs at
Multan where it is known as bhatal ; in Scinde ; at Rawalpindi and at
Mansehra in Hazara. But Launea asplenifolia recurs once more in
the Kurrarn valley where it was collected by Dr. Aitchison ; con-
sidering the peculiarly loc41 nature of its distribution everywhere else,
it is possible enough thntdt may occur in the Western Punjab, and
may only have been hitherto overlooked. It occurs, too, in Scinde >
within the past month it has for the first time been reported from
near Karachi, where it is known as bhantur.

At Amr^itsar, March 9th, Launea asplenifolia, exceedingly local,
was quite healthy. ** Rust, here termed khu-ngi, was very scarce 1
all of it the form of supposed Puccinia rubigo-vera with teleutospores.
“ Smut,” termed kanghari, was extremely prevalent. Launea aspleni-
Jolia had no ascertainable name ; Launea nudicaulis was not found.

At Gurdaspur, March gth, rust,” khungi, was very scarce ;
Launea asplenifolia w'as not found ; Z,. nudicaulis, termed bhantal,
was rare,

At Amba lla station, March loth, Launea nudicaulis seen.

At Saharanpur, March nth, a good deal of rust, here still termed
khungiy in local patches ; mostly perfectly typical examples of
the supposed P, t^ubi^o-vera ; one specimen was badly affected on
the outer side of the leaf-sheath as well as on the leaf-blade ; the
“ rust,” in this case, was apparently quite different from any of
the blights obtained elsewhere. Both Launea asplenifolia and
L, nudicaulis are common; the former is, however, as usual, extreme-
ly local, the latter is general. They, like the rust, are still known by
Panjabi names ; L, asplenifoli a is termed bhantali (feminine);
L. nudicaulis is bhantel (masculine form). The spurge {Euphorbia
dracanculotdes) named titlia at Allahabad and Mogul Serai is
here termed dodi. In the Herb. Saharanpur collection is a
specimen of Launea asplenifolia collected between Jan and
Pilkatra, Aligarh district, in December 1885, by Mr. J. F. Duthie,
badly affected by the supposed Puccinia rubigo-vera ; both uredos-
})ores and telentospores occur on the leaves ; the aecidial fructifica-
tions are borne on specially modified shoots as in the Shibpur and
Mozufferpur examples.

On the Rohilkhund and Kumaon Railway on March 14th, Launea
asplenifolia was found in patches growing amongst kunknr
“ballast” on the permanent way at the following stations:
pilibhit, Mailani, Gola Gokurnatli, and Lakhimpur ; at all of these

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

places Launea nudicaulis was also found. Both species were
healthy everywhere except at Mailani, where Launea asplentfolia
carried in plenty teleutosporic fructifications of the supposed
Puccinia rubigo^vera ; no uredospores and no aecidial fructifica-
tions were found. In Northern Oudh both the Launeas are known
as gobt ; the rust ** is gerhwi ; in one place (Oel) the name perhwi
was also used. At Sitapur, where wheat fields were examined, no
“ rust’^ was found, nor was either Launea obtained.

On this railway on March 15th, Launea asplentfolia ionvid
in the permanent way at ^Kamalpur, Sidhauli, Ataria and Itauoja;
in no case were diseased plants met with. From Itaunja onwards
to Lucknow and at Lucknow itself only Launea nudicauhs was
seen. But on the Oudh and Rohilkhund line Launea asplenifolia
was again obtained, though not in a diseased state, at Safdarganj
between Lucknov^ and Ajudhya, and at Maiipur between Faizabad
and Jaunpur.

At Meja Road on March i6th, the wheat had all been reaped ; it
was, however, reported to have had no rust. Launea nudicaulis was
common everywhere. Launea asplentfolia was only found near
Bandhwa village, but was there extremely abuifiJant where it occurred
and was much diseased ; both uredospores and teleutospores were
plentiful ; no aecidial fructifications, however, were found.

On revisiting the wheat at Shibpur to search again— and again
unsuccessfully — for teleutospores, it was discovered (March 21st)
that, during the interval which had elapsed since the previous in-
spection (February 19th), the wheat had become affected by the
supposed Puccinia graminis.

The initial stages of this outbreak were unfortunately not seen
by us, but the condition presented by the field, when examined on
March 2 fst, was very striking. In place of being the insignificant
disease it had seemed in Upper India, attacking a plant here and there’
and then only to a quite trifling extent, the blight here was found to
have attacked every plant in the field that had not been completely
destroyed by the other “ rust.’* Its uredospores, arranged in long oval
pustules, occurred on both surfaces of every green leaf-blade, on the
outside of every leaf-sheath, along the culms themselves ; on the
outside of the glumes and pales and even on the awns a^ far as their
tips. A more striking contrast to the appearance of the same
field when attacked by the supposed P. rubtgo-vera than that now
presented, could hardly , be conceived. <ro render the contrast
more effective, every plant of barley— which grain had remained
immune from the other “ fust ’’—was affected in precisely the w^ay

114

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

and to precisely the extent that the wheat plants were affected. In
this case too the relative immunity of the glutinous wheats against
the earlier rust was of no avail ; these indeed were the more severely
rusted of the two classes, precisely because they had more healthy
tissue left to be attacked than had the other wheats. A glance
at the field in the condition it now was recalled at once the
description given of an outbreak of rust some years ago at Khandwa,
though it does not necessarily follow that it was this blight the
cultivators were endeavouring to describe.

A search was at once instituted — and was continued almost daily
till it became at length necessary to reap the wheat — for some local
species apparently affected by this new rustj*^ unfortunately up
till now this search has been unsuccessful.

On closely examining the grain, however, it did not appear that
this blight had done a great deal of harm. It must indeed have done
seme, but as it did not apparently tend to cause the leaves to wilt
and wither to the extent observable with the supposed Fuccima ruhi^
go^vera^ the amount of harm could not fail to be less in this case than
with the earlier 'rust.' In the case of those wheats with the
leanest and most shrivelled grains, it was of course impossible to
say that all the mischief had been done by the first blight; as,
however, the barley, which had remained immune from the first one,
ripened grain of a very fair quality though suffering so severely,
to outward appearance, from the second rust, it is only reasonable to
conclude that most of the mischief done to the wheat was done by
the supposed Puccinia rubtgo^vera.

The following are the principal distinctive features which
characterise the various forms of rust occurring on wheat and barley
that have been described above : —

1. — The Shibpur rust on wheat.

Uredospores,'~^Son circular or shortly oval, universally and
evenly distributed over the upper surfaces of the leaves, warm
yellow, pulverulent. Spores ioore or less circular, with elongated
pedicels, and 4 to 5 germ-pores, echinulate, brilliant yellow, 24 x
24

II.— The Mozufferpur rust on wheat and barley.

U vcdospores,^Sox\ very large, elliptical or linear, much warmer
orange than those of the Shibpur rust. Spores long oval, echin-
ulate, orange, with 3 or 4 germ -pores situated equatorially, 34*4
X 17*6 fx.

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

115

TeleutQspores,-^Sox\ of the same form as the uredosporic ones,
warm brown, very soon exposed. Spores with long pedicels, which
are frequently considerably dilated apically, fusiform, slightly con-
stricted, usually greatly thickened terminally, occasionally obliquely
truncate, sometimes greatly shortened and rounded, 44'8 x 14*7 ft.

III. — Ferozepore rust on wheat.

Uredospores and Teleutospores presenting the features charac-
teristic of Puccinia ruhigo-vera.

One peculiarity presented itself in connection with what was
apparently this form of rust as it occurred at Lahore, the uredospores
being only feebly echinulate and occurring in two distinct series. In
one the spores were relatively large, measuring 28*33 x 25*6 ft, and
were of a pale yellow colour, whilst in the other they were very much
smaller, measuring only 17*6 X 19*2 ft and were of a brilliant orange
hue. As there was an entire absence of any teleutospores, it was
impossible definitely to determine whether, in this instance, the
species were really P. ruhigo^vera or not.

IV. — Mogul Serai rust on barley.

Uredospores^^Soxx narrow, oval or linear, of small size, arranged
in elongated groups running parallel with the long axes of the leaves,
very pale ochreous, late in becoming exposed.

Spores pyriform, with thick, moderately long pedicels, very pale
yellow, echinulate, germ-pores very obscure, apparently only i or 2,

24X 17^^.

V. — Saharanpur rust on wheat.

Uredospores. — Sori very large, greatly elongated. Spores more
or less obovate, yellow, with from 9 to 13 germ-pores which are very
conspicuous and irregularly scattered over the entire surface, measur-
ing when mounted in Canada balsam 23*2 x 17 f^, but no doubt con-
siderably larger when in the fresh condition.

The rust occurring on Launea, and which may possibly be the
source of the Shibpur rust on wheat, presented the following
characters : —

Aecidospores.’~-^^s^\xdi0^^x\6\2L. wide, shallow, deeply immersed,
situate most abundantly on the lower surfaces of the leaves, but
also occurring on the upper surfaces and on the axes. Spores
yellow, almost circular, 20 X 20 to 24 X 24 /x.

Spermogonit scattered over both surfaces of the leaves.

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS

Uredospayps echinulate, yellow, circular or shortly elliptical,
germ-pores usually 3 but sometimes 4, and rarely 5 in number, irre-
gularly scattered over the surface, 24 x 24 or 24 x 19 /x.

Teleutospores very short-stalked, deep brown, relatively broad^
often slightly curved, the terminal cell frequently obliquely truncate,
36 X 27 ft.

In thg only experiment on artificial infection of wheat which,
owing to the early onset of extreme heat, it was possible to conduct,
the procedure adopted was as follows: — Samples of wheat were
sown in five pots, and after they had freely germinated, the young
blades were sprayed with water in which the uredospores of the
Launea rust had been diffused in large numbers. In four instances
no signs of any infection followed, probably in consequence of the
extreme aridity of the air evaporating the moisture before the
spores had had time to germinate. In order to avoid this source
of fallacy, in the remaining case the pot was covered by a bell-glass,
the iaterior of which had been thoroughly moistened with spray, for
a period of foriy-eight hours after the application of the spores
to the leaves, and here infection manifested itself a week later in
the form of an eruption of scattered yellow sori on a considerable
number of leaves. The characters of the sori and the uredospores
that they contained were precisely those of the natural rust, and,
had it not been for the possibility that a certain number of uredos-
pores derivej font the wheat, may have been adherent to Launea
leaves which furnished the infective material, demonstration of
the genetic relation between the two diseases would have been
complete.

Reviewing briefly the results Ci the season’s observations it is
apparent in the first place that several blights of the nature of
European “ Rust” affect wheat in India.

Of these we may most advantageously consider first the rust
that was originally observed in January on the wheat at Shibpur ; for
convenience of reference this will be spoken of as the ‘'Shibpur
Rust,’^ The description given of its uredospores tallies so well, in
spite of slight differences, with the description of the uredospores of
Puccinia rubigo-vera given by Winter and by Plowright that, were
there no other discrepancies, it might perhaps be sufficient to deal
with it as only a form of that species. There is reason to believe,
moreover, that this blight may form at least part of the “rust^’
tentatively referred to P. rubigo-vera by Dr. Barclay.

That it differs specifically from P. rubigo-vera to us to be,

however, highly probable. The reasons for this doubt may be stated

A NOTE ON JNDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS

II7

in detail. First; in P, ruhigo~vera the forms teleutospores

on wheat ; in this Shibpur Rust^^ no teleutospores are formed on
the wheat. It is true that a negative proposition is difficult to prove,
and it may be objected that perhaps there were some teleutospores
on the wheat which were overlooked.

This may, no doubt, be the case ; we do not, however, think it
probable ; it must be recollected too that, wherever this particular
" rust’’ was found, the same absence of teleutospores was experienced ;
and it should be remembered besides that, so far as the wheat itself
was concerned, teleutospores were the main object of our search.

Again, this “ Shibpur Rust ” apparently has a different host. The
aecidial fructifications in the case of P, rubigo-vera are carried by
a ** Borage ” ; in the case of the present species they appear io be
borne upon a ** Composite.’^ The experimental infection of healthy
wheat by the Puccinia on this Composite ” may indeed at first appear
to be definite proof that this contention is sound. It must not, how-
ever, be overlooked that one very serious source of possible error
exists. The composite from which the infective spores were obtained
grew in a neighbourhood where there was undoubtedlyrusted wheat.
The conditions for the dispersal of spores were in this neighbourhood
almost ideally perfect ; it is therefore always possible that the spores
which were obtained from the Launea^ and which actually did infect
the wheat, were not spores of the Pucctnia that lives upon the
Launea^ but were spores from diseased wheat that had been accident-
ally carried to the leaves of the Launea and were lying there
among the spores proper to itself.

To counteract this source of error specimens of Launea^ bearing
spores, were sent to Calcutta from various places in Upper India. If
the same possibility of error prevailed at JMozufferpur, it certainly
did not exist at Neemuch or at Jeypore. But the heat and dryness
of the season unfortunately prevented any of these check-infections
from being carried out ; all the spores had in each case lost their
vitality during the short time required for their transmission to
Calcutta, It is to be hoped that, in another season, we or other
workers may prove more successful.

If the suggested; and certainly possible, connection between the
Shibpur Rust ” and the Puccinia on Launea asplenifolia be ulti-
mately made out, the necessity for distinguishing this ** Shibpur Rust ”
from P, rubigo^vera will have passed beyond the region of debate.
For in the first place Launea in this case bears uredospores, teleu-
tospores and aecidia at the same time, whereas the ** Borages that act
as ho^ts for Puccinia rubiga~vera carry aecidial fructifications only.

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

This remarkable difference may possibly be held to account also for
the absence, in the case of the Shibpur Rust, of teleutospores
from the wheat. As if this were not sufficient distinction, it is seen
that, though the uredospores of the two are very similar, their teleu-
tospores are quite different.

But even if the absence of teleutospores from the wheat be
held not absolutely proven, and if the connection between the “Shib-
pur rust ” and the Puccinia on Launea asplenifolia be deemed yet a
matter of doubt, we still have, as we believe, proof that the “ Shibpu^
Rust is not P» rubigo^vera^ in the fact that the uredospores of the
two rusts occur in pustules that differ markedly in form and in dis«
position.

The uredosporic pustules of P, rubigo-vera are described by
Winter [Rabenhorstf Kryptog^ Flora \i pt. i, p. 218) as elliptic to
shortly-linear, whereas those of the “ Shibpur Rust are round. The
pustules of P* rubigo-vera affect especially the leaf-sheaths and culms,
the leaves, according to von Tubeuf {Pflanzenkrankheiten, 360),
being much less affected, while they are figured by Oersted (System
der Pilse^ Deutsche Ausgabe, 24) as occurring on the glumes. In
the Shibpur rust the disposition of the uredosporic pustules is quite
the reverse of that indicated by Oersted and by von Tubeuf for
P» rubigo-vera*

Another point to which we would direct attention is the fact that
against this Shibpur Rust’* barley is immune; whereas, according
to Plowright (Brit, Uredineoe and Ustilaginese^ rfiS), barley is
one of the species affected by P, rubigo^vera. It must, however,
be recollected that Winter (loc, cit. 218) only postulates the form
described as P, rubigo-vera var. simplex Koernicke, as occurring on
barley ; in this he is followed by von Tubeuf ( loc, cit» 360), and it is
probable that this is Plowright’s meaning also though he does not
definitely express it; it will be necessary to allude to this point
further on. In the meantime the life-history of this rust having been
incompletely worked out, we refrain from proposing a new name
to distinguish it.

We may next consider the rust that was first met with at
Mozufferpur, but that was encountered in several other localities in
Upper India and was found on the completion of the tour of inspec-
tion to be raging at Shibpur in March with all the violence displayed
by the other rust in January and February.

That this, which for convenience we have termed the** Mozufferpur
Rust, ” is the blight tentatively referred by Dr. Barclay to P.gramims,
is undoubted. The true P. graminis is a species whose aeoidial

A i\€TE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

I ig

fructifications are borne by one or more species of Barberry, In
this case, however, the structural and metric features differ rather
more markedly from those of true P. graminis than those of the
Shibpur Rust do from the corresponding characters of P, ruhtgo-rera.
The uredospores are decidedly narrower in the Mozufferpur Rust*'
and, in place of having but two germ-pores, have an equatorial belt
of germ-pores ; the teleutospores are not, however, distinguishable
except in forming pustules of a warm-brown colour, instead of black
as in P, graminis. The most distinctive feature is again in the
disposition of the pustules, which exactly as was the case with the
Shibpur Rust and P, rubigo^vera^ here reverse the conditions met with
in P, graminis. !n P. graminis the pustules are largely developed
on the leaves ; in the Mozufferpur Rust" the pustules are confined
almost entirely to the leaf-sheaths, culms and glumes. And while
it is true that no plant has yet been found to carry the a^cidia of
this Mozufferpur Rust," it is easier, and much more probable, to
suppose that such a plant exists but has, so far, been overlooked,
than to postulate that its spores are wind-borne to the wheat of the
Indian plains from the Himalayas or the highlands of Central India,
where alone Barberries " are to be found. There is another strong
reason for concluding that this “ Mozufferpur Rust " cannot well be
ordinary P. graminis ; P. graminis is in Europe injurious to wheat,
to rye, and especially to oats, less to barley (von Tubeuf, Pftansen-
krankheiten^ 358). There were but few plants of oats present in the
farm at Shibpur ; none of these carried any rust. But this Mozuffer-
pur Rust " affected both wheat and barley to precisely the same
extent, in exactly the same way and, apparently, with equal severity ;
whereas apparently only one particular form of P. graminis (forma
secalis) has been found on barley (Eriksson und Henning, Zeit-
schr. fur Pflanzenkrankh.^ 1894, ii) ; this form occurs also on rye,
whence th? name, and on Couch-grass," but has not been found on
wheat at all.

The “ Mozufferpur Rust, " even in the very severe attack wit-
nessed at Shibpur, did not appear to us to injure the plants to an
extent at all corresponding to the amount of rust they carried ; the
grain whether of wheat or of barley did not seem to be greatly
depreciated by its presence. It is difficult to compare this feature
with the corresponding character of P. graminis ; Plowright (loc.
cit. 168) indicates that P, graminis is* the more severe of the two
leading wheat-rusts in England, whereas the experience on the
continent of Europe appears to have been the reverse.

More difficult to deal with than either of the preceding blights is

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

tZO

undoubtedly that met with for the first time at Ferozepore and met
with again at Gujranwala and at Amritsar, in which there were teleu-
tospores as well as uredospores on the wheat.

The disposition of the uredosporic pustules in this blight was
much the same as in the case of the Mozufferpur Rust, the outside
of the leaf-sheaths and the outside of the culms being much more
affected than the leaf-blades. But the uredospores themselves in
this case differ altogether from those of the “ Mozufferpur Rust, ” and
the teleutospores, while differing as much as the uredospores do in
structure, deviate still further, in that the teleutosporic pustutes do not
rupture the epidermis of the leaf or stem on which they occur, as
those of the ** Mozufferpur Rust*^ do. On the other hand this Feroze-
pur Rust has uredospores extremely like — indeed not distinguish-
able by tangible characters from — those of the “ Shibpur Rust/’ and of
the Puccinia as Launea asplemfolta. Still it does not follow that
this ** Ferozepur Rust ” is the same as the Shibpur Rust indeed the
presumption is quite the reverse, since in this case we have a rust
with teleutospores on wheat, in the Shibpur Rust ” one without teleu-
tospores on the wheat. And it is certainly not the same Puccima as
is found on Launea asplenifolia for the teleutospores of the two are
* tally unlike. We must therefore have in this ** Ferozepur Rust”
either a very distinct manifestation of the ‘ Shibpur Rust,’ and at the
same time find in it a proof that the Puccinia on Launea asplenifolia
is in no way connected with rust ” on wheat ; or what, so far as the
evidence at present available goes, is more probable, find in it a third
** rust ’* on Indian wheat.

The structural and metric characters of the ** Ferozepur Rust” agree
so exactly with those credited to P, tubigo-vera by Oersted, Winter
and Plowright, and the disposition of its pustules, except that none
were found on the glumes, is so like the disposition of the pustules
in P, rubigo-vera that we should have very little hesitation in iden-
tifying it with European species, but for the difficulty as to its aecidial
fructification. No Borages ” have yet been discovered in India
—though these have been long and diligently looked for by many
competent observers— to carry any Puccinia whatever. And if
this is at best hut negative evidence, it still affords, in our
opinion, an excellent reason for retaining an open mind regarding the
point. It should be here observed that the rust ” obtained at
Lahore, though teleutospores were not found, bad its pustules dis-
posed in the same manner as those of the Ferozepur Rust ’* and not as
in the “ Shibpur Rust. ” As only the late sown wheat was rusted at
Lahore, the absence of teleutospores may simply have been due to

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

121

their not having yet been formed. Still as has been noted already,
the pustules present were very peculiar in containing spores of two
quite ditierent sizes.

There is unfortunately as yet no collateral evidence available re-
garding the relationship of this “ Ferozepur Rust to barley or to other
grasses. And there is not as yet any means of judging whether this
“ Ferozepur Rust, or the ** Shibpur Rust with similar uredospores,
is the more destructive to the wheat crop.

It has been already recorded that on one plant of barley at Mozuf-
ferpur in North Behar, and again on many plants of barley at Mogul
Serai in the North-Western Provinces, a rust was found, the leading
features of which were that the very small lemon-yellow ure-
dosporic pustules lay arranged in many parallel longitudinal rows on
the leaf-blades. This rust was only met with on these two occa-
sions ; because it happened to be more plentiful at that place, we have
termed it the “ Mogul Serai Rust. " No teleutospores were found.
The rust appeared to do no tangible harm even at Mozufferpur, where
the conditions had evidently not been unfavourable to the develop-
ment of at least the ‘‘Shibpur Rust. ^ It does not, however, follow
that under all circumstances this need remain equally harmless, and
though it has not as yet been met with on wheat, it is nevertheless
a “ rust that must be reckoned with in any subsequent enquiry.

Regarding its possible identity little can be said. It certainly
appears to us impossible to refer it either to the Shibpur blight or to
the Mozufferpur one, still less to the Ferozepur blight. Future work-
ers may find it advisable to compare it with a little understood
European Pucctma, also like this one apparently confined to barley,
of which the secidial fructification and the intermediate host are
equally unknown. The rust in question is one that was differentiated
by Fueckel (Symbol. Nachlr, ii. i6) as Pucctma Hordei and by
Rostrock (Herb^ MyceU Oeconom. n, 451) as P, anomala^ but was
afterwards supposed by Koernicke (Land^undFofsiw.Zeitung^ 1865,
n, 50) to be only a variety (var. simplex) of P. rubigo-vera<> Winter
agrees (loc. cit.) with Koernicke ; Plowright {loc. cit.) apparently does
the same. Eriksson and Henning (loc. cti.) have returned to
FueckeFs view, and treat it as a distinct species. Von Tubeuf, with a
fine impartiality, adopts both views and enumerates the rust twice.
But it will be apparent from this divergence of view that even this
European Puccinia is hardly completely understood.

Finally the very distinct rust met with only at Saharanpur and
only on one plant has to be referred to. This “ Saharanpur Rust
differed markedly from all the other specimens obtained, in the dls«

122

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUStS.

position of its pustules. In place of being circumscribed areas these
consisted of linear streaks, sometimes several inches in length, along
the culms and along the outside of the leaf-sheaths. Whether this
rust affects the glumes cannot be said, for it was only found on one
plant, and as it happened that plant had every head destroyed by
usttlago^ The plant, strange to say, was apparently quite vigorous ;
this, coupled with the general appearance of the rusted spots, led to
the belief at the moment of gathering, that it was but an extreme
example of the ** Mozufferpur Rust*' in which the pustules had be-
come confluent. But when minutely examined it was found that it
has nothing whatever to do with the MozuflFerpur Rust it differs
entirely as regards uredospores and has no teleutospores. The
uredospores are also extremely different both from those of the
‘'^Shibpur Rust ” and of those the ** Ferozepur Rust.” From the latter it
differsTnoreover in having no teleutospores at all ; from both it differs
in having uredospores with an unusually large number of germ-pores.
Whether it be capable of affecting barley is as yet unknown. It is,
however, clear that there is a fifth rust — the fourth occurring on wheat
in the plains of India — the life-history of which requires further investi-
gation before the subject of rust on wheat in India is fully under-
stood.

Any consideration of the question of the relationship of the geo-
graphical distribution of Launea asplenifolia to the wheat-growing
area is almost premature, in view of the fact that the connection
betw^een the Puccinia which this Launea carries and one of the rusts
on wheat, has- not been definitely demonstrated.

It is well knowm, for example, that in years when rust attacks
wheat in the Central Provinces, its ravages are excessive. Yet in the
Central Provinces no examples of Launea asplenifolia were obtained.
Too much stress should not be laid upon this point for several
reasons. It is, to begin with, a matter capable of experimental de-
monstration whether this connection exists or not. If it be proved
that it does exist, the observations made during the present season
need not give rise to any great difficulty. There is no reason why
a rust, under suitable conditions may not, after having once started
from a focus of infection in the shape of a diseased Launea patch,
travel by direct infection in a very brief period from one end of a
province to another. But it does not follow because it was not
found in the Central Provinces that Launea asplenifolta does not
occur there. It is a species that, though always plentiful where it
occurs, has an exceedingly “ local” distribution, and it is conceivable
that it may exist and yet have been overlooked. Again though

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

123

Launea asplenifolia vas not found, another species of Launea was
ascertained to be general in the Central Provinces ; this species was
in Rajputana discovered to be capable of carrying at least one stage
ot this blight. Then it is now known that Launea asplenifolia
occurs at Ujain, which means that, further to the west, it occurs as far
south as, and in precisely the soil it would find at, Jabalpur. And,
besides, it does not follow that the blight most destructive in one place
or in a given season is that most destructive elsewhere or in another
season. The cultivators questioned regarding the probable cause of
the “ rusting'* at Mozuffarpur, insisted that the meteorological con-
ditions of the past cold-season never failed to induce it. At Gaya,
on the other hand, the belief was that conditions such as were ex-
perienced last cold-weather are precisely those that ensure exemption
from the blight. One possible explanation of this discrepancy is
doubtless that the blights which the cultivators had in their minds
may be different ones. But this is certainly not the only explanation,
and in no case is it quite a sufficient one. Fortunately for the culti-
vator, but unfortunately for our enquiry, there was practically no
rust this year outside Bengal and North Behar, But even during the
journey described above, it was possible this year to discover that
different blights may on occasions lead to practical destruction of the
wheat crop. At Maharajpur near Jabalpur a cultivator described with
all the accuracy born of familiar and sad experience the wilting and
inrolling of the tutt of leaves at the base of the young wheat plant,
the rusty spotting of the leaves above, the reddening of the ground
and the shrivelling of the grain characteristic of the Shibpur blight.

It ate up the fields like fire was the striking phrase with which
he concluded his narrative of the last rust epidemic in Central India.

At Khandwa, on the other hand, the wheat being there also this
year equally free from rust, the cultivators described the onset and
progress of their last epidemic in altogether different terms, and though
the force of the account was not at the time appreciated, the moment
the wheat-field at Shibpur, when under the full influence of the

Mozufferpur Rust, '' was seen, it was realized that the Khandwa
account may have been as graphic and probably as accurate as the
account obtained at Jabalpur, since here too was a prevalent blight
with general features quite as striking as, and yet totally unlike,
those of the earlier one. It did not, however, follow that what had
been described at Khandwa was this particular rust. On the contrary
the fact that this— the Mozufferpur Rust — does not apparently, even
in bad cases, very seriously affect the health of the plant, whereas
the blight described by the cultivators at Khandwa was said to have

124

A NOTE ON INDIAN WHEAT-RUSTS.

completely ruined their crop, leads rather to the conclusion that the
Khandwa rust must have been different from the Mozufferpur one ; it
may possibly have been the ‘‘ Ferozepur Rust which, as we have in-
dicated, closely resembles true P, rubigo-vera if it be not actually
that species. In true P, rubigo-vera the glumes are covered with
pustules, precisely as the Xhandwa cultivators described ; it is true
that no pustules were found on the glumes in the Punjab this season ;
it must, however, be recollected that rust in the Panjab was this year
almost everywhere scarce and hardly anywhere severe.

Even if it be ultimately poss.-^le to definitely associate the Pucci-
nia on Launea asplenifolia with one of the rusts on Indian wheat,
and even if that rust should prove to be the most destructive of all
the rusts that occur on wheat in the plains of India, it is some-
what difficult to suggest any remedial measure. There is, of course,
but one that could be of any real benefit — the extirpation of Launea
asplenifolia. But it will, we think, be plain, from the account we
have given of its structure and pf its distribution, that this must
prove practically an impossible undertaking.

Even if Launea asplenifolia were eradicated, the source of but one
blight would be removed ; and in the meantime it Js necessary to wait
for verification or the reverse of the connection nienti on ed as possible
in the case of the Shibpur blight, and for. further knowledge regarding
^he other rusts before active measures are advocated.

O. I. C. R O.— No. 164 R. 8c A.— 2-9-96.— W B 0,-340,

A NOTE

THE BOTANY OF THE BALUCH-AFGHAN
BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 1896,

By F, P\ Maynard and D, Prain.

Having been directed to join, as medical officer to the party, the
Baluch-Afghan Boundary Commission which w^as occupied from 27th
January till 29th May 1896 in demarcating the frontier between
Baluchistan and Afghanistan, Surgeon-Captain Maynard, I. M. S.,
before leaving Calcutta, obtained a supply of drying paper from the
Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden, On Dr. Maynard’s return
he made over to the Herbarium the specimens collected ; the species
were there determined by Dr. Prain, The present note has been
prepared jointly from Dr. Maynard’s field notes and from the deter-
minations effected in the Herbarium, Calcutta ; it should, however,
be understood, with reference to the opinions expressed as to the
identity of certain species, that Dr. Prain accepts all responsibil-
ity for the identifications, and for any deductions to which these
may lead. For the map that accompanies the note, on the other
hand, Dr, Maynard accepts all responsibility.

From Gulistan, where the Commission left the railway, on ta
Shorawuk, the country resembles the district to the south-west of
Quetta described by Stocks in Hooker^s Journal of Botany ^ Vol.
11, pp. 303 — 308 (1850). A very full account of the vegetation of
the neighbouring district of Quetta itself is given by Mr, Lags in
the Journal of the Linnean Society^ Vol. XXVllI, pp. 288—312
(1891)

The Shorawuk plain, immediately to the north of Nushki, is
Afghan territory, it is quite fertile and fairly well populated,
inhabitants occupying permanent villages. The people cultivate
by irrigation, the water for the purpose being obtained from the
Lora river, which ends in this plain. Wheat and barley, especially
the latter, form the staple crops.

The similar plain of Nushki, to the south of Shorawuk, which
was only skirted on the outward journey, but which was traversed

186 BOTANY OF BA LUCH- AFGHAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, 1 896.

by the Commission on its return march, belongs to Baluchistan.
The country from Nushki onwards to Robat is not absolutely
barren ; about Lijji-Karez, where there is a stream, and round
Chageh, where there are wells, there is indeed a fair amount of
vegetation. No cultivation was seen at either place though there
is said to be a little cultivation round Chageh fort.

At Robat itself, which is situated near the Koh MaUk-Dokhand
and is about midway between Quetta and the Persian frontier
there is a small stream ; here the main camp of the Commission
remained for two months. There is said to be some cultivation at
this point, but none was seen.

There is another Rabat (the name means simply outpost at>
the foot of the Koh^i-Malik Siah where the two countries meet
Persia ; here there is a little cultivation of wheat and barley.
Between the two Robats, a distance of 270 miles, water — -nearly
always saline — was only obtained in seven places. The country tra-
versed was a desert composed of alternating sand hills and gravel-
plains with hardly a trace of vegetation. The line of march skirted
the bases of successive mountain ranges running' up to 5,000 feet, as
barren and desolate as the desert itself, of which they form the
southern boundary. The general elevation of the line of march was
about 3,000 feet.

The water-supply consisted of springs or wells situated a few
miles off the line of march up gorges in these mountains, — the desert
itself being waterless except for the large salt lake known as the
Gaud-i-Zirreh and a smaller salt lake in the bed of the Shelag ^iver
at Godir-i-Shah. The Gaud-i-Zirreh is an overflow of the Helmund
rendered salt by continued evaporalfon ; the last flood sufficient
to cause an overflow occurred in 1884, but the lake is still of consider-
able size.

During the first part of the Mission in • February while among
the mountains of the Khwaja Amran and Sarlat ranges, the cold
was intense, the minimum thermometer indicating 15 5° Eahr.
below freezing point — the soda \ter carried by the Mission being
frozen ;• snow and hail fell frequently. In April and May the heat
was just as intense as the cold had previously been'. The maximum
shade temperature reached 115° Fahr., and the solar radiation
thermometer frequently reached 205® Fahr., the highest temper-
ature the instrument was capable of recording. Violent dust - or
sand storms occurred almost daily. The dryness of the atmosphere
was great, the difference between the dry - and wet-bulb thermometers
varying from 30° up to 40®

BOTANY OF BALUCH-AFGHAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, l8g6. 127

For the last two years there had been no rain ; this year in Febru-
ary and March rain fell, and it was owing to this fact that the Com-
mission was able to stay so long as it did, the rain having delayed
the advent of the hottest weather. Usually the fierce hot winds com-
mence blowing from the west early in April, but this year they were
only beginning when the Commission started back, in the middle of
May, from the Robat Vk^here its main camp had been stationed for the
two previous months. The inhabitants, where there were any, spoke
of the heat with awe and said these hot winds shrivelled everything up
and kept the people imprisoned in their tamarisk huts from morning
till evening. The slight experience the Commission had was quite
enough to make its members believe all the inhabitants said.

In consequence of the excessive heat the Mission had to march^
for the greater part of the period it was away, during the night.
But for this the collection obtained might have been considerably
increased. While, however, it is admittedly far from complete, there
is no reason to doubt that it is fairly representative of the flora of
the country traversed. All the specimens come from a region lying
between latitude 29° and 30° north ; the longitudes of the different
localities with their altitudes are given in the systematic list. The
specimens obtained on a hill, 600 feet high, lying eight miles west of
Gazechah, were brought in by Lieutenant Webb-Ware ; the others
were, with one or two exceptions, collected by Surgeon-Captain
Maynard.

The collection, small as it is, has proved one of very great in-
terest: with hardly an exception. Dr. Maynard^s specimens belong
to species previously most inadequately represented in the Calcutta
Herbarium. In preparing the list the primary references given for
the species are those in M. Boissier's Flora Onentatts, the oiily work
which deals systematically with the vegetation of the area ; those
in the Flora of British India^ where the species happens to be in-
cluded in that work, have been added for purposes of comparison.

The flora of the region is purely that of the ‘ Oriental ' region,
for, of the 43 flowering plants recorded in the list, it will be seen that
seventeen or nearly 40 "per cent, are not accounted for in the Flora
of British India at all and are therefore plants that presumably
do not occur within British territory ; of the remainder, only seven,
or a little over 16 per cent., extend to the east of Scinde, Rajputana,
and the Western Pan] ab— districts that, from a phytogeographical
point of view, form but a province of the - Oriental * region.

Perhaps the most striking feature of the list is that it includes
no fewer than twelve species of flowering plants which are not to be

128 BOTANY OF BALUCH-AFGHAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, 1896.

found in the list of plants from British Baluchistan, drawn up by
Messrs. Lace and Hemsley in their very interesting and exhaustive
sketch of the vegetation of that region in the Journal of the Linnean
Society, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 313— 321.

These species are as follows

Tamar ix macrocarpa,

Reaumuria StocJcsiu
Monsonia senegalensis.

Trachydium Kofsc/iyi,

Ferula Assafmtida,

Phagnalon acuminatum,

Senecio Decaisnei,

Statice macrorkabdos.

Hyoscyamus muttcus,

Mentha arvensis^

Rheum Rlbes,

Gagea amblyopetata.

We might add to the list also Rhagadiolus Hedypnois, but for
the fact that our material of the plant so identified is insufficient for
absolute determination.

That so large a proportion as 28 per -cent, of the species reported
should differ from those obtained in the Quetta district indicates
that, In spite of the general similarity of the vegetation throughout
Baluchistan, there are still some marked local differences. It may
be assumed, too, that the figures given are not likely to overstate
the proportion, for while it is true that the present list must be very
far from complete for the area to which it refers, that given by
Messrs. Lace and Hemsley is probably almost exhaustive, since the
formation of the collection on which it is based extended over several
seasons.

And that the alteration is gradual may be gathered from the
fact that at least four of the twelve species now enumerated as
absent from the Quetta district were obtained by Stocks in the
country immediately to the south-west of Quetta.

List of the plants collected during the baluch- Afghan Boundary

Commission,

CRUCIFERiE.

I. MalcOLMIA BunGEI Boiss. FL Orient,, i., 226.

Plain 20 miles north of Nushki, 3,000 feet ; Lon. 66® E., Maynard.

BOTANY OF BALUCH-AFGHAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, 1896. 129

Hill 8 miles west of Ga^echah, 6, ©00 feet ; Lon. 64^50' E., Webb^
Ware^

2. Malcolmia strigosa Boiss. FL Orient,, i, 224 ; FL Brit.
Ind.f i, 146.

Shorawuk plain^ among wheat, 3,000 feet ; Lon. 66® E., Maynard.

3. Physorhynchus brahuicus Hook. FL Orient,^ i, 403 ;
FL Brit. Ind.^ i, 165.

Saindak, 3,000 feet; Lon. 61^40^ E., Maynard,
TAMARISCINEiE.

4. Tamarix Pallasii Desv. FI, Orient.^ i, 773, T, gailica var.
Paliassi of FI, Brit. Ind,^ i, 248.

Between Lijji-Karez and Chageh, 2,400 ieet ; Lon. 64^40' E.,
Maynard.

This is what stands, at least in part, as T. gdllica proper in
Messrs. Lace and Hemsley^s list of Baluchistan plants.

5. Tamarix macrocarpa Bunge. FL Orient., i, 779.

Sarlat range on hill-sides at junction of Shista and Lora rivers,
4,000 feet; 66®io"E., Maynard. Gargarok, 4,500 feet; Lon.
64^15" Em. Maynard.

A shrub with bright red bark, much galled by insects. This was
obtained also by Dr. Aitchison during the Afghan Delimitation
Commission of 1884-85.

6. Reaumuria Stocksii Boiss. FL Orient., i, 761.

Saindak, on fossil-beds, 3,000 feet ; Lon. 69^40' E., Maynard.
Petals pinky-purple, anthers red.

GERANlACEiE.

7. Monsonia SENEGALENSIS GuilL & Perr. FL Orient., i, 8q8;
FL Brit. Ind., i, 427.

Saindak, 3,000 feet ; Lon, 61^40' E., Maynard^

RUTACEiE

8. Peganum Harmala Linn. FL Orient., i, 917 : FL Brit. Ind.^
ii 4B6.

Soru, 4,500 feet ; Lon. 63^30" E., Maynard.

A poisonous shrub which camels refuse to eat.

ANACARDIACEiE.

9. Pistacia cabulica Stocks. Ft. Orient., il, 7.

130 BOTANY OF BALUCH-AFGHAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, l8gS*

Between Goari Nullah and Bara Khan Karez ; Lon. 66®io' F.;
leaves galled, Maynard» Gargarok, 4,500 feet; -Lon. 64^45' E.^
Maynard,

This tree was found by Dr. Maynard growing in clefts of lime-
stone rock above the level of the tamarisk {Tamar ix macrocar pa)
that filled the bottom of the valley. In this place therefore the
species affects a position corresponding tc that affected (see Lace and
Hemsley) by Pistacia Khinjak in the Quetta district. Dr. Maynard's
tree is, however, undoubtedly P. cahulica^ which Messrs. Lace and
Hemsley treat as only a variety of P mutica. Dr. Aitchison goes
still further, since he will not admit that even P. Khinjak can be
Separated from P. mutica, and further believes that, when so united,
P. mutica^ Khinjak and cahulica only form a variety of P. Terehin-
thus, A careful examination of the material in the Calcutta Herba-
riujja prevents the writer from adopting Aitchison’s conclusion and
leads him, with Stocks and Boissier, to treat P, cahulica as a distinct-—
it certainly is a very easily distinguishable — plant,

LEGUMINOS2E.

10. Astragalus squarrosus Bunge. FL Orient., ii, 437,

Saindak, 3,000 feet ; Lon, 6 i°4o' E., Maynard,

The specimens exactly agree with Griffith’s n. 1541 [K. D.] and
with Stocks' n. 761. This species forms, at all events in part, the
A.hyrcanusoi Messrs. Lace and Hemsiey’s list. Though it super-
ficially closely resembles A, hyrcanus it is in reality very distinct
from Pallas’ plant.

UMBELLIFER^.

11. Trachydium Kotschyi Boiss, FL Orient,^ ii, 929.

Near Robat, 5,000 feet; Lon. Maynard. Near Sain-

dak, 3,000 feet, in an almost dry stony river-bed ; Lon. 6i®4o‘ E.,
Maynard.

Flowers paie greenish-yellow, smelling exactly like parsley.

12. Ferula Assa-fcetida Linn. FI. Orient., ii, 994.

Hills between Samuli and Robat, 5,000 feet; Lon. 63^50' E.,
Maynard,

The t^ue Assa-fcetida or at all events one of the species from
which Assa-toetida is collected ; seen again at Amir Chah, Lon.
,62^35' E., and at Saindak, Lon. 61^40' E, The plant affects bare
rocky hill-sides and m trying to dig out an entire rhizome, holes
several feet deep were frequently made ; an entire root- stock was,
however, never obtained.

BOTANY OF BALUCH-AFGHAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, 1896. I3I

This is the plant, or at least one of the plants, that people from
Kandahar yearly visit the Koh-i-Sultan to collect.

Captain McMahon, who has often watched the collection of Assa-
foetida in other parts of the North-Western Frontier, thus describes
the process : When the heads are 2 or 3 feet high they are cut down
to within one to two inches from the ground. The cut ends are then
covered with a little dry earth in order, the collectors say, to keep
the wind off. After twenty hours the people collect what has ex-
uded ; the stock is then cut down another eighth of an inch. Captain
McMahon has not noticed whether the operations are performed a
any particular hour of the day.

The milk is not allowed to dry in the sun ; to obviate this the
Assa-foetida collectors build small stone traps, open at one side, over
each plant in order to keep off the sun’s rays. The juice when partly
dried is mixed with some kind of earth like Fuller’s earth ; this is
merely to increase the weight and not with any idea of improving the
drug. Doubtless the precautions taken to prevent drying are mainly
with a view to facilitate this subsequent adulteration.

The collection is usually carried on about June and July chiefly
by Kakars-— and among these by the tribe of Hari Pal, and by
Babars, who travel to the likely places from Kandahar.

This year there were no signs of any arrivals up to the middle of
May, when the Commission left the region. This was partly because
there had been no rain during the two or three previous seasons,
but partly also — so the guides informed the party — because a
rumour had got abroad that a. British force was expected this year,
the Commission being magnified into an army corps.

On the hills round Amir Chah many of the small traps men-
tioned above were met with. They were not the domed struc-
tures formed of twigs and covered with clay that have been de-
scribed by Aitchison {Trans, Bot, Soc. Edin,^ xviii, 70), but were
made of stones. Small flat stones were propped against each other
so as to form triangular or quadrilateral chambers, open at one
end, usually the north, roofed over with another flat stone and
measuring from 6 to 12 inches in height by about as much across
the mouth.

COMPOSITi^:.

13. Phagnalon acuminatum Boiss. FL Orient,, iii, 222.

Wuchdara river, among rocks. 5,000 feet; Lon. 66°25' E.,
Maynard

Mr. Lace reports P, nivium from British Baluchistan, bu,t not
this species.

132 BOTANY OF BALUCH-AFGHAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, 1896,

14. PULICARIA GLAUCESCENS Jaub. & Spach. FL Orient.^ iii,
209 ; FU Brit* Ind,y iii, 300.

Hill 8 miles west of Gazechah, 6,000 feet ; Lon. 64^50' E., Webb-
Ware*

15. AnthemiS ODONTOSTEPHANA Boiss. FL Orient, y iii, 319-
FL Brit, Ind, lii, 312.

Hill 8 miles west of Gazechah 6,000 feet ; Lon. 64^50' E., Webb^

Ware.

16. Artemisia maritima Linn. FL Orient, y iii, 366 ; FL BriL

Ind,y iii, 323*

Spintijha, 6,000 feet, and elsewhere all over the hill-sides ; May-
nard,

This species was met with in greatest quantity in the region
between Lon. 66^50' E, and Lon. 65® E. The plant smells strongly
of sage ; yields a much-esteemed oil ; affords excellent fuel ; and is
one of the best and most valuable camel-fodders.

17. Senecio CORONOPIFOLIUS Desf. FL OrienLy lily 290; FL
Brit, Ind.y iii, 341.

Plain 20 miles north of Nushki, 3,000 feet; Lon. 66° E., Maynard,
Hill 8 miles west of Gazechah, 6,000 feet; Lon. 64®! 5' E., Webb-
Ware,

18. Senecio Decaisnei DC. FL Orient, y iii, 386.

Hill 8 miles west of Gazechah, 6,000 feef Lon. 64°5o' E., Webb-
Ware*

19. Rhagadiolus Hedypnois Fiscb. & Mey. (?) FL Orient,
iii, 723 ; FL Brit, Ind.y iii, 302.

Saindak, 3,000 feet; Lon. 61*40' E., Maynard.

A seedling plant without tlower appears to belong to this species
but the material is Insufficient for definite determination,

PLUMBAGINE^.

20. Statice CADULICA Boiss. FL Orient, y iv, 871; FI, Brit,

lnd,y iii, 480.

Head of Shista river, 6,500 feet ; Lon. 66®25' E., Maynard, Sarlat
range, on hill-sides at junction of Shista and Lora rivers, 4,000 feet j
Lon. 66°3o' E., Maynard,

21. Statice MACRORHABDOS Boiss. FL Orient,y iv, 86q; FL
Brit, Ind,y iii, 480.

Sarlat range, in stream-beds at junction of Shista and Lora rivers;
4,000 feet ; Lon. 66®3o' E., Maynard,

This species is apparently confined to stream-beds ; it never
occurs on hill-sides like S, cabulica and is later of flowering than
that st^ecics.

BOTANY OF BALUCH-AFGHAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, 1896. 133

APOCYNE^.

22. RhaZYA stricTA Dene. FL Orient,^ iv, 46 ; FL Brit, Ind,,
iii, 640,

Western slope of the Sarlat range, 3,500 feet ; Lon. 65^59' E.,
Capt. H, F, Walters,

A deadly poison which, however, the camels know to avoid.
The Oleander (Neriufn odorum)^ a member of the same natural
family, was seen occasionally during the early marches, but was not
collected. The Oleander is an equally deadly poison and possesses
the disadvantage that camels can never be taught to avoid it, though
donkeys can.

RORAGINE^.

23. Heliotropium Eichwaldi Steud. FI, Orient, y iv, 13 1 : FI.
Brit, Ind,y iv, 148.

Saindak, ; Lon. 6i°40 E., Maynard,

SOLANACEiE.

24. LyCIUM barbarum Linn. FI, Orient,^ iv, 289 ; FI, Brit,
Ind,y iv, 241.

Gargarok, 4,500 feet; Lon. 64^15' E., Maynard,

25. Hyoscyamus muticus Linn. FI, Orient, y iv, 293 ; FI, Brit-
Ind,y iv, 245.

Kacha; edges of streams at 3,300 feet; Lon. 6i°2o' E, ; corolla
lavender with claret-colured markings,” M aynard.

This species was not obtained by Aitchison <^ring the Afghan
Delimitation Commission of 1884-85, nor has it been collected in
Eastern Baluchistan by Lace. In the area examined by Lace, H,
reticulatus occupies similar situations and appears to be the repre-
sentative of this species.

OROBANCHEiE.

26. CiSTANCHE TUBULOSA Wight. FL Brit, Ind.y iv, 324.
Phelipcea tuhuldsa Boiss. FI, Orient-y iv, 500,

Between Chandan Band and Ziarat Syed Mohmund, 3,000 feet ;
Lon. 65°3o' E., Maynard, Desert near Gazechab, 2,500 feet ; Lon,
64^50' E., Maynard,

Only about six inches of the flowering portion of the stem of this
plant appears aboveground ; the underground part is sometimes
2 or 3 feet in length. The flowers are sweet-scented, the older flowers
purple, the younger yellow. The plant on which it is parasitic was
not ascertained. Lace flnds that on the plains^ at Sibi this is

134 BOTANY OF BALUCH-AFGHAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, 1896.

parasitic on Sali^dora oleoides and that there the flowers are golden-
yellow.

LABIATiE.

27. Mentha arvensis Linn. FL Orient,^ iv, 544; /7. Brit, ind.^
iv, 648.

Lijji-Karez, 2,400 feet, along the stream ; Lon. 64^50* E.,
Maynard, In gorge at Gargarok, 4,500 feet; Lon. 64°! 5' E.,
Maynard,

Mentha sylvesirts^ w^hich might well haveJbeen expected to occur^
was not once met with throughout the Mission ; on the other
hand, the present species apparently was never met with by Mr. Lace
In Eastern Bal^histan.

28. Salvia macrosiphon Boiss., var, Kotschyi, Boiss. Fl>
Orient »y iv, 615.

Gargarok, 4,500 feet ; Lon. 64®! 5' E,, Maynard.

The specimen agrees exactly with Stocks n. 709 which is identi-
fied as above by M. Boissier himself.- The same plant, it should be
added, is issued by Messrs, Hemsley and Lace as identical with
,S, Sclarea Linn ; this the writer can hardly bring himself to admit.

ILLECEBRACEiE.

29. COMETES SURATTENSIS Linn. FL Orient.^ i, 753 ; Fl, Brit,
Ind.y iv, 712.

Saindak, on fossil mounds, 3,000 feet ; Lon. 61^40' E., Maynard.

30. GymnOCARPOS DECANDRUM Forsk. G. fruticosumVQvs. Ft.
Orient.^ i, 748.

Desert near Gazechah, 2,500 feet ; Lon, 64°5o' E., Maynard,

Used as a camel-fodder.

AMARANTACE^.

31. Aerua JAVANICA Juss. Fl, Orient.^ iv; FL Brit. Ind,^ iv,
727-

Hill 8 miles west of Gazechah, 6,000 feet ; Lon. 64^50' E., Webb-
Ware,

CHENOPODIACEiE.

32. CheNOLEA ERIOPHORA Aitch. & Hemsl. Kochia latifolia
Fresen. FL Orient.^ iv, 927.

Desert near Gazechah, 2,500 feet; Lon. 64®5o', Maynard,

Hill 8 miles west of Gazechah, 6,000 feet ; Lon. 64^50', Webb. Ware,

Covered with fine wool, white on surface, beautifully tinted with
lake underneath. The wool becomes greyish-brown when the plant
is dried.

BOTANY OF BALUCH-AFGHAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, 1896. 135

POLYGONAGEiE.

33, CalliGONUM sp.=Griffith, Journal n. 95.

Desert near Gazechah, 2,500 feet ; Lon, 64^50' E., Maynard,

Hill 8 miles west of Gazechah, 6,000 feet ; Lon. 64^50' E., Wehb-
Ware, Amir Chah, 3,300 feet ; Lon. 62^35' E., Maynard,

The specimens of all three gatherings belong obviously to one
species. Only one gathering, however, that from Amir Chah, has
flowers and none of them have fruits. All the specimens of each of
the three gatherings have many of the corky nodes, with the green
branchlets that spring from these nodes, galled by insects ; these galls
look so remarkably like flowers that Dr. Maynard^s field-note on the
Gazechab-desert specimens describes the plant as a bush with rich
claret-coloured velvety flowers on the branches.”

The writer finds the same difficulty in dealing with the Afghan
and Baluch specimens of Calliaonum preserved in the Calcutta Her-
barium that Dr, Aitchison has found in dealing with those collected
by him during the Delimitation Commission of 1884-85, The only
specimen that agrees absolutely with Dr. Maynard^s plant is Griffith's
95 ijenrnal)^ which was obtained by Griffith in woods at Ja^hun
not far from Shikarpur, nothing quite like which has been reported
to Herb, Calcutta, since Griffith collected it, till now. The flowers
of this plant are less than half the size of those of C, Poiygonoides^
the species common in Rajputana and Scinde and extending thence
into Baluchistan ; the bark, too, and the habit differ materially from
those either of C, Polygomides or of C, Crinitum Boiss., of which
latter the flowers are still unknown. The present plant has, how-
ever, sub-glaucous and striate branchlets as in C, Crinitum^ and the
writer would not have hesitated to refer it tentatively to C,
crinitum but for the existence of another Griffithian specimen from
Afghanistan (K. D. n. 4139), issued as C comomm, which seems to
agree with our plant and which has fruits quite unlike those of C,
crinitum.

Strangely, both of these Griffithian plants {Journal n, 95 from
Jaghun in Baluchistan and K. D, n. 4139 from Afghanistan) are
left unaccounted for by Meissner {DC, Prodr, ^ xiv) and by Bois-
sier {FI Orient,, iv). That the Afghan plant (n. 4139) is not
C, comosum appears to the writer to be certain ; it accords rather
with C Caput-Medmx ; if it be the one species or the other,
it cannot be the same as our plant, which has much smaller flowers
than either. On the whole the evidence favours the idea that the
plant represented by Griffith's n, 95 and by Maynard^s specimens

136 BOTANY OF BALUCH-AFGHAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, i8q6.

is a species yet to be described, but in the absence of fruits a
complete description cannot be given. It differs from Aitchison's
undetermined n. 1104, which is a species of § Pterococcus ap-
parently very near C, Pallasia ; also from Aitchison^s undetermined
n. 267, which appears to be near C. leucocladum. Nor does it well
agree with Aitchison’s n. 30 distributed as C. comosum but which
is certainly not = Griffith's n. 4139 issued as C, comosum and is
equally certainly not C. comosum itself.

34. Rheum Ribes Gronov. FL Orient iv, 1003.

Kacha, 3,000 feet; Lon. 6i®2o' E., Maynard,

EUPHORBIACE^.

35. Euphorbia osyridea Boiss. Fi. Orient.^ iv, 1092.

Hill-sides near junction of Shistaand Lora rivers, 4,000 feet; Lon.

66^30' E , Maynard,

URTICACEiE.

36. Ficus carica Linn. FI, Orient.^ iv, 1154.

Kacha, 3,300 feet; Lon, 6i°2o' E., Maynard

GNETACE^.

37. Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & Mey. FL Brit, Ind.^
V, 863. E, pachyclada Boiss. FI, Orient.^ v, 713; PL Brit ,Ind,^ v,
641.

Amir Chah, 3,300 feet; Lon. 62°35’ E., Maynard,

A camel-fodder ; the inhabitants burn this and mix the ashes
with their tobacco,

IRIDE^.

38. Iris SisyriNCHIUM Linn. FL Orient,^ v, 120.

Shorawuk plain, borders of Nushki, 3,000 feet ; Lon. 66® E., very
plentiful, Maynard,

LILIACE.E.

39. Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. FI, Orient,^y, 3*4;
Brit, Ind.f v, 332.

Hill 8 miles west of Gazechah, 6,000 feet, Lon. 64^50' E., Webb^
Ware,

This is the A,fistulosus of Messrs. Lace and Hemsley’s list.

40 Gagea persica Boiss. FL Orient. i 2w; FL Brtt, Ind,,
355.

Plain '>0 miles north of Nushki, 3,000 feet; Lon. 66^ Maynard,

BOTANY OF BALUCH-AFGHAN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, 1896. I37

41. GageA AMBLYOPETALA Boiss. & Heidr. Fl. Orient,, v,
206-

Plain 20 miles north of Nushki, 3,000 feet; Lon. 66^ E.^ May-
nards

GRAMINE^.

42. CynODON DACTYLON Linn. FL Orient,, v, 553.

Desert near Gazechah, 2,500 feet ; Lon. 64^50’ E., May-nard.

The creeping stems characteristic of the species in the Indian
plains are here replaced by underground widespreading rhizomes,
only stems 2 to 3 inches high appearing aboveground at wide
intervals.

43. Phragmites communis Trin. Fl, Orient,, v, 563.

Kacha, 3,300 feet ; Lon. 61^21' E., Maynard,

The specimens exactly accord with those issued by Stocks as
Arundo bengalensis {Sioz\Ls VL, are not accounted for

by M. Boissier.

FILICES.

44. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris Linn. Fl, Orient,, v, 730.

Gorge at Gargarok, 4,500 feet ; Lon. 64° 15' E., Maynard,

FUNGI.

45. Agaricus campestris Linn.

Hill 8 miles west of Gazechah, 6,000 feet; Lon, 64^50' E.,
Webb-Ware,

LICHENES.

46. LECANORAsp.

Hill- sides near camp at junction of Shista and Lora rivers, 4,000
feet; Lon. 66^30' E., Maynard,

“ A beautiful pink lichen with fine white margins.” This the
writer has not been able to match in Herb. Calcutta.

G. I. c. P. O.—No, 438 R. & A. ^2-5-97.— 280. -A. M

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THE ROUTE TRAVERSED BY THE BALUCH-AFGHAN BOUNDARY COMMKSION OF 1896.

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THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF
EXPEDITION, 1895.

By J, F. DuTHIE,

The military operations, which were undertaken in connection
with the relief of Chitral during the-spring and summer of 1 895, afforded
a good opportunity for investigating the flora of a large tract of
unexplored country included within 71° — 73° E. Long, and 36° — 34°
N. Lat:

Permission having been obtained for a plant collector from the
Botanical Department of Northern India to accompany the ex-
pedition, Inayat Khan, an experienced collector, was sent off early in
April with orders to repjort himself to Surgeon-Lieutenant Harriss,
who was specially deputed by the Principal Medical Officer to
superintend the collection of botanical specimens.

A very interesting collection was obtained of all the plants
observed along the route northwards as far as Chitral, and -the care-
fully recorded information supplied by Surgeon-Lieutenant Harriss
as regards the locality and the elevation above the' sea of each
gathering added very much to its value. - - ' _

This officer unfortunately fell about th( beginning of July,

and as no other officer was available at the time for superintending
the work, the plant collector was ordered to return to India.

Early in August I was informed by General Gatacre, C.B., D.S.O.,
who was in command of the^advance brigade, that he had been col-
lecting botanical specimens since the commencement of the
campaign. He very kindly offered to make over the whole of his
specimens to the Botanical Department ; another plant collector was
therefore sent to meet him at Mirga in order to complete the collec-
tions and bring them back to Saharanpur. This contribution proved
to be a most valuable addition to the previous one, as several of the
specimens were collected in many out-of-the-way localities which
Surgeon-Lieutenant Harriss was unable to visit.

A third contribution was received later in the year from Surgeon-
Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton^ whose co operation was^ secured by
General Gatacre. This collection, which consisted chiefly of plants
found in the neighbourhood of Drosh, was very acceptable, as several
of the species were not included in the two previous instalments.

140 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895.

1 have since received from Colonel Davidson, Commanding at
Chitral, a small, but interesting, collection of plants gathered by him
on the Dofab Pass, between 14,000 and 15,000 feet above the sea.
These also are included in the general list which follows.

In order to render this list as complete as possible 1 have included
the names of several plants, which Captain F. E. Younghusband
kindly sent to me from the Chitral district in 1894, together with a
few mentioned by Surgeon-Major Giles as occurring in the neigh-
bourhood of Chitral, and collected by him during the Chitral- Kaliristan
Expedition in 1884-85 under Colonel (now Sir William) Lockhart.

The majority of the specimens enumerated in the following list
were collected between 3,000 and 13,000 feet above the sea. The
hot steamy atmosphere which prevails during the summer months
in the lower confined portions of the Swat, Panjkora, and other
valleys encourages a luxuriant growth of plants, many of which are
characteristic of the plains of India ; and the extensive cultivation of
various crops which is carried on in some of these valleys, where
irrigation can be easily applied, must account for the presence of
many species which could not otherwise find a home here. Up to
5,000 or 6,000 feet there are large tracts of stony undulating country,
where the air is very hot and dry during the summer, and here the
vegetation resembles that of Baluchistan and Afghanistan. The
flora of the more elevated portions of the country, between the
lowest limit of snowfall and the highest limit of vegetation, resembles
for the most part that of Kashmir and Baltistan, with the addition of
some Central Asian and Siberian forms.

There are some fine forests in the neighbourhood of the
Lowari F^ass containing chiefly spruce [Picca Mortnda), silver fir
{Jldies lVeddi(7m)f deodsLT a,nd blue pine {Pinus excelsa) ; yew and
pencil ceda.r (J/r/i ijfcr us viacrOpoda) also occur, together with horse-
chestnut, maple (Acer ca’sium), Pr units Padus, Pyrus lanata^ and
Ulmiis iratlichiana. The prevailing oak in this part of the country
is Qncrcus Ilex^ Q. incana and dilatata also occur. An excellent
series of photographs taken by Sergeant-Major Develin, R.E., under
the supervision of General Ga!acre, gives a very good idea of the
country between Nowshera and Chitral,

The total number of species and varieties included in the
following list amounts to 934 , they represent 93 natural orders and
459 genera.

The natural orders containing the largest number of species are
CompQjitse 'jfZj Lubiatae Graminese 61, Leguminosee 4$, Posuce^
44, Ramtncitlacede 38, Musci 33, Cruciferae 29, Filiccs 27, Caryc*

THE BOTANY OF IHE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895. 141

phyllds 28, UmbelliferdB 27, Liliacess 25, B.oraginese 24, Scrophitl-'
arineae 23, Polygonaceas 21.

The number of species and varieties not included in the flora of
British India, is 82 ; of these two have been recently described,
Corydalis cyrtocentrcti Prain^ in Jotirn, As, Soc,^ Beng., Vol. LXV^
pt, 2, p, 20 {i8g6) ; and Sophora mollis^ Grah, var, Duthiei^ Prafn^
in yotirn. As. Soc,^ Beng*, VoL LX F/, pt, //, No. 2 {iSgy)^ p. 46^,
The description of a new species of Andrcsace (A, Harrissii) will be
found in its place in the list

In the Flora of British India, Volume VII, page 329, mention is
made of a new species of Diplachne (D, Gatacrei)^ a description of
which by Dr. Stapf will shortly be published in the Kew Bulletin.

Of the ferns, two new species, Asplenium Mackinnoni and Neph^
rodium ramosum, were described by Mr. C. W. Hope in a paper
on the ferns of the Chitral Relief Expedition, published in the March
number of the Journal of Botany for 1896, p. 122. The former had
been collected previously in many localities between Kashmir and
Kumaon, also in Sikkim ; but Mr. Hope having detected some
important differences between it and A. nigripes^ Mett.^ with which
it had been confused, has published it as a new species. Neph»
rodium ramosum had also been gathered before in Afghanistan and
on the Western Himalaya as far east as Tehri Garhwal, but had not
been correctly identified.

The most interesting ferns, however, collected on this expedition
are Pteris ludens^ WalLj and Lygodium microphyllum, R, Br,^ found
by General Gatacre in the Ziarat Valley, the former at 5,000 and
8,000 feet, and the latter at 5,000 feet above the sea. Mr. Hope
remarks that the most westerly extension of P. ludens in the Indian
Peninsula is in Orissa in about 21 N. Lat. and 86° E. Long.; while
L, microphyllum was not known to occur west of Assam,, Bhutan,
and the plain of North Bengal.

I must not omit to mention my obligations to Surgeon-Major
D, Prain for his kind assistance in the determination of the
Leguminosae^ and to Mr. C. W. HPge in regard to the ferns. To
Dr. Brotherus I am also much indebted for the names of all the
mosses collected during the expedition.

142 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 'l 895.

A LIST OF THE BOTANICAL SPECIMENS COL-
LECTED DURING THE CHITRAL RELIEF
EXPEDITION OF 1895.

Aamcs preceded by an asterisk are not included in the Flora of

British India.

RANUNCULACE^F,

Clematis connata^ D.C, Mirga, 6,000' — 8,000' (Gatacre).

C. graiial Wall. Kashgaria, 5,000' ; Mirga Valley, 7,200' ; Zakh-
annah Pass, 8,500' (Gatacre) ; near Drosh (Hamilton).

C. graveolens^ Lindl. Arnawei Valley (Gatacre) ; Chitr^I Valley^
4,000'— 5,000' (Hamilton).

C. montana^ Buch-Ham. Mirga ; Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000'
(Harriss) ; Gujar Valley (Gatacre).

C. orient ilis^ L. Robat, 4,000' ; Laram, 6,000'— 7,000' (Gatacre) j
Chitr^l district (Youngliusband, 1894).

Thalictrum eiegans, Wall. Chitrdl district (Hamilton).

T. folioiosuniy D.C, Lowdri Pass, '10,500' (Harriss).

* T. isopyroides, C. A. Mey, Chitrdl district (Hamilton) ; Distrib.:
Persia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, and North Asia.

T. pedunculatum, Edgew. Zidrat Valley, 4,000' — 7,000' ; Jam-
batai, 6,000' ; Ziarat, 8,000' (Harriss).

Anemone hi flora, D.C. Chitrdl district (Hamilton), (Younghus-
band, 1894).

A. Falconeriy Thoms. Bundai, 7,000' (Harriss).

A. narcissijlora, L, Jambatai, s 0,000' ; Chitrdl district, 11,000'
(Harriss).

A. ohtiisiloba D. Don. A shreth Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre); Dir,
10, goo' ; Lowdri Pass, io 000' — 12000' (Harriss).

’ Adonis eestivalis, L. Bundai ; Jambatai, 6,000' (Harriss) ; Zidrat
Valley, 4,000'— 7,000' (Gatacre).

Callianthemunt cachemirianum, Camb. Bundai, 9,000' ; Dir,
10,000' (Harriss).

Ranunculus arvensis, L. Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000' (Harriss).

R. falcatus, L> Chitrdl district (Hamilton).

R. hirtellus^ Royle. Jambatai, 5,000'— 6,oco' ; Gujar, 8,500'
(Harriss).

R. lsetiis Wall. Chashma (Harriss) ; below Laram Pass, 4,000'
(Gatacre) ; near Drosh, 4,000'— 5,000' (Hamilton) ; Chitrdl district
(Younghusband, 1894),

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895. 143

muricattis, L, Baraul Valley, 5,000' ; Gujar Valley, 5,000'
(Gatacre) ; Chitrdl district (Younglmsband, 1894).

* /?. rufosepalus^ Franch, ChitrdI district, ii,ooo‘ (Harriss) ;
Dorah' Pass, 14,000'— ri 5,000' (Davidson). Distrib ; Turkestan.

R> scelcratus^ L, Js^mbatai, 5,000' — 6,000' (Harriss).

Caltha fahiStriSf L.^vetr. alba, Bundai, 8,oco' ; Dir, 10,000' —
ii,oco'; Lowdri Pass, y^ooo' — 10,000' (Harriss). Ashreth Valley^
6,000' ; Zakhannah Valley, 6,000' ,♦ Mirga, 7,200' (Gatacre).

Trollziis acauliSy Lindl. Lowdri Pass, 11,000' (Harriss).

Aqiiilegia vulgaris^ L, Gujar Valley, 7,000' — 8,oco'; Mirga,
g,ooo' ; Bundai, 9,000' ; Lowari Pass, 10,500' (Harriss) ; Zi^ra’t Valley,
6,000' — 8,000' (Gatacre).

A, vulgaris^ Z., subsp. Moorcroftiana^ var, afghanica (Bruhi).
Gujar Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre),

A, vulgaris^ Z., subsp, nivalis, var, paradoxa, ( = A. glauca
Lindl.) Zidrat Valley, 8,000' ; Lowdri Pass, 10,000'— 1 1,000' (Gatacre) .

Delphinium Brunonianuin, Royle, Dorah Pass, 14,000' — *15,000'
(Davidson).

D, cashmirianum, Royle, Lowari Pass, g,8oo' ; Arnawei Valley
(Gatacre).

D, denudatuvi, Wall. Zidrat, 7,200' (Harriss) ; Ashreth Valley,
6,000' (Gatacre).

D, saniculaefolium, Boiss., var, Drosh. 4,500' (Harriss) ; Ziarat
Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre).

D, uncinatiim, H.f. & T. Dir., 5,000'; Jambatai, 5,000— 6, oco‘
(Harriss).

D, vcstitumy Wall. Ziarat Valley, 9,000' (Gatacre).

Aconitum heteroghylhan, Wall. Loiv^ri Pass, 9,000' ; Zakhan-
nah Pass, 9,500' (Gatacre).

A, Lycoctonum, L, Ziarat, 7,500' (Harris) ; Ashreth Valley,
6,000' (Gatacre).

A, Napellus. Z., var, Mirga 7,200' ; Zakhannah Pass, 10,500'
(Gatacre),

Acl^a spicata, Z. Zidrat, 7,000'— 10,000' (Harriss); Gujar
Valley, 5,000'; Ashreth Valley, 5,000' ; Lowdri Pass, 9,000' (Gatacre).

Pdeonta anomala, L, (P. Emodi, Wall.) Ziarat Valley, 7,000'—
8,000' (Harriss, Gatacre) ; Gujar 7,000'— 9,000' (Harriss) ; Zakhannah
Valley, 5,000'; Mirga, 8,000' (Gatacre).

BERBERIDEZE. -

Berberis Lyciuin, Royle, Dir, 4,000' — 6,ogo' ; Mirga (Harriss.)
/Vshreth Valley, 5,000'; Kolandai, 5,800' (Gatacre).

' 144 the botany of the CniTRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895.

B, vulgaris, £. Jambatai 6,500' (Harriss).

B, vulgaris, L, var, Bundai, 9,600' (Harriss).

Podophyllum Emodi, Wall. Jambatai, 6,000' ; Bundai, 6,000'-—

7,000'; Dir, 8,000' — 10,000'; Gujar, 8,000' (Harriss); Gujar Valley,
6,000' ; Zi^rat Valley, 5,000' — 8,000' ; Mirga, 7,200' (Gatacre).

PAPAVERACEiE.

Papaver dubium, L.^ var» glahrum. Bundai, 4,000' (Harriss);
Baraul Valley, 5,000' ; Lowdri Hills, 10,000 (Gatacre),

* Hypecoum parviflorum, Kar, & Ki^. Chitrdl district (Hairiilton)
Corydalis cornuta, RoyU. Mirga hills, 8,500' (Gatacre).

^ C. cyrtocentra, Prain, Chitrdl district (Younghusband, 1894)
(Hamilton).

C. diphylla. Wall. ( = C, rutaefolia, FI. Br. Ind. not of Sibth),
Bundai; Dir, 10,000'; Lowdri Pass, 8,000' — 12,000' (Harriss) ; Zidrat
Valley, 7,000' ; Ashreth Valley (Gatacre).

C. \ Gortschakovii, Schrenk, (not of FI. Br, Ind.) Dorah Pass,
14,000' — 15,000' (Davidson).

C, Moorcroftiana, Wall. Lowdri Pass, 9,000'; Bundai, 9,500'
(Harriss) ; Dir Valley, 5,000' ; Zidrat Valley, 5,000' ; Gujar Valley>
6,000'; Mirga Valley, 7,000' (Gatacre).

Fumaria parviflora^ Lamk. Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000'; Bundai
(Harriss). »

CRUdFER^.

Matthiola odoratissima, R* Br, Gujar hills, 8,000' (Gatacre).
Nahturtium palustre,,D,C» Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000' (Harriss).
Barharea vulgaris, R, Br^ Gujar, 8,000' — 9,000' (Harriss) ;
Chitrdl district (Hamilton).

Arabis alpina, L. Lowdri Pass, 11,000' (Harriss).

A, amplexicaulis, Edgew, Dir, 4,500' ; Jambatai, 6,000'; Ziarat,
7,000' — ^8,000'; Mirga, 9,000' (Harriss).

A, auriculata, Lamk, Jambatai, 5,500' (Harriss).

* A, bijuga, WaH, Chitrdl district (Hamilton).

A. perfoliata, Lamk, (A. glaba, Crantz). Lowdri Pass, 9,000'
(Harriss).

Cardamine hirsuta, L, Mirga, 9,000' (Harriss).

C. impaitens, L. Jambatai, 5,000'— 6,000 ; Dir, 10,000'; Bundai
(Harriss) ; Gujar Valley, 5,ouo' (Gatacre).

Draba alpina, L. Chitrdl district, 11,000' (Harriss).

* Erophtla prascox, D.C, Chitrdl district (Younghusband, 1894) ;
Dorah Pass r ; 000' — 15,000' (Davidson). Distrib.: westward to
Eiiropi?. ■

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITJON, 1895. 145

Malcomia a/ricana, R, Br. ChitrAl district (Younghusband,
1894).

M. strigosa^ Botss, Chitril district (Younghusband, 1894)
(Hamilton).

Sisymbrium Alliaria^ Scop, Jambatai, 5,000'— 6,000' ; Zi^rat^
7,500' (Harriss).

S, ColumnXy Jacq, Dir Valley (Harriss).

S, mollissimum^ C, A. Me/. Mirga (Harriss) ; Zakhannah Valley,
6,000' (Gatacre),

S, Sophia, L. Bundai, 4,000' (Harriss).

S, strictum, H.f, & T. Mirga (Harriss).

S. Thalianum, y. Gay. Lowdri Pass, 10,000' ( Harriss 1.

Eutrema primulx folium, H.f, df T, Dir, 10,000' (Harriss),
Erysimum altaicum^ C. A. Mey. Ziarat, 10,000' (Harriss) ; Dir
Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre).

Capsella Bursa-paUoris^ Medic. Dir, 11,000' (Harriss).

* Heldreichia silaiifoliay H, f, T. Chitrdl district, 11,000'
(Harriss). Distrib : Afghanistan.

Thlaspi alpestre, L, Bun^dai, 7,000'; Lowiri Pass, 8,000'—
10,300' (Harriss); Chitral district (Younghusband 1894).

T* cardiocarpum, H, f. and T, Jambatai, 5,000'— 6,000' (Harriss) ;
Ziarat Valley, 7,000' (Gatacre).

Eruca sativa, Mill. Mirga, 7,700' (Gatacre).

* Isatis Stocksii, Boiss, Chitrdl district (Hamilton).

I, tinctoria, L. Dir, 5,000'; Drosh, 7,000' (Harriss) ; Distrib.?
Baluchistan.

* Chorispora sp. Chitrai, 11,000' (Harriss) (Giles, Gilgit Exped.),

CAPPARIDE-^.

Cleome viscosa, L. Robat, 4,000' ; near Drosh, 4,000'— 5,000'
(Gatacre); Chitral district (Younghusband, 1894).

Capparis spinosa, L. Ziarat Vally, 5,000' (Gatacre).

VIOLA CEiE.

Viola canina, L,, var, LoWiri Pass, 10,000'— 1 1,000' (Harriss) ;
Chitrdl district (Hamilton).

V, Patrinii, Ging, Chitral district (Hamilton) (Younghusband,

1894).

V. serpens, Wall, Bundai, 8,000' ; Mirga, 9,000' ; Dir, 10,000'
(Harriss).

POLYGALEiE,

Poly gala abyssinica, R. Br, broz, 9,000'; Bundai (Harriss),

146 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895.

P, sihirica^ L. Jambatai, 4,500' — 6.omo' (Harriss) ; Drosh,
4,oco' — 5,000' (Hamilton).

CARYOPHYLL.^.

^ Velezia rigida^ L, Dir, 6,000' (Harriss) ; Distrib.: Mediter-
ranean, Europe, and North Africa.

Dianthns anatolicus^ Boiss, Zi^rat, 7,000' — 8,000'; Chitr^l dis*
trict, 6,000' (Harriss) (Younghusband, 1894).

B, crinitus^ Sm, Sharbat, 4,000' (Harriss) ; Chootiatan, 5 000
(Gatacre),

* Gypsophila sp. Chitral, 7,000' (Harriss) Younghusband, 1894.)
Saponaria Vaccaridy L. Chitral district, 4,000' — 5,000' (Harriss),

* Silene afghamca, Rohrb. Chitr^il district (Hamilton), Distrib.:
Afghanistan,

S arenosa, C. Kock. Broz, 5,200' ; Chitral, district, 4,800'
(Harriss) ; Ashreth Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre).

S. conoid ea^ L. Jambatai 5,000'*— 6,000' (Harriss; ; Baraul
Valley ; 7,000', Zidrat Valley, 5,000' — 8000' (Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000'
--5,000' (Hamilton) ; Chitral district (Younghusband, 1894).

S, Cucubalns^ Wihel. (S. inflata, Smith). Jambatai, 6,500' ;
Gujar, 8,000' (Harriss); Gujat Valley, 5,000' ; Mirga, 8,500'; Laram,
7,000' (Gatacre) ; Chitral district (Younghusband, 1894).

S, Grijflthii, Boiss. Jambatai, 6,000' ;Ashreth (Harriss).

S» Moorcrojtiana, Wall, Chitral district (Younghusband, 1894).
S. tenuis ^ Willd. Mirga hills, 9,000' (uatacre).

Ciicuhalus baccifeVy L, Lowari Pass, 9,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga,
7,200' (Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton).

Lychnis himalayensis^ Edgew, Zidrat hills, 9,000 (Gatacre).

L, indica, Benth, Low4ri range; 6,000 (Gatacre).

^Cerastium dichotomum^ L. LowAri hills, 10,000 (Gatacre).
Distrib. : through Persia to Europe and North Africa,

C, glomeratumy Thuill. Bundai, 4000' ; Gujar, 8,000' ; Mirga,'
Lowdri Pass, 10,500' (Harrissj.

C, trigynuniy Vill. Lowari Pass, 9,000—11,000' (Harriss);
Zakhannah Pass, 9,500' (Gatacre); Dorah Pass, -14,000' — 15,000'
(Davidson).

Stellaria hulbosUy Wulf, Dir, 10,000' (Harriss).

5. crispatay Wall. Zii^rat, 7,500' (Harriss) ; Mirga, 7,800'
(Gatacre).

S. mediay CyrilL Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000' (Harriss).

S. uliginosay Murr, Zidrat, 7,000' (Harriss).

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895T 147

Arenaria foliosa^ Royle. Gujar, 9,000'— 1 1,000' (Harriss) ;
Mirga, 7,000' — 8,500' (Gatacre) ; Chitril District (Hamilton), (Young-
husband, 1894).

A. Criffithii^ Boiss, Chitr41 District, 10,000' (Harriss) (Young-
husband, 1894).

A, holosteoides, Ed^ew, Zidrat, 7,500' (Harriss)

A. orbiculata, Royle, Lowdri Pass, 10,500' (Harriss).

A. serpyllifoliay L» Jambatai, 4,0c o' (Harriss).

Sagina procumbens, L, Zidrat,' 7,200' ; Dir, io,ooo'(Harriss),

TAMARISCINE/E.

Tamarix gallica^ L, Markandi, 6,000' (Harriss) ; near Chitril
6,000' (Gatacre).

Myricaria germanica ^ Desv, Chitrdt Valley, 4,600' (Harriss),

^ HYPERICINKiE.

Hypericum lysimachioideSy WalL Dir, 5,600' (Harriss),

H, perforatumy Z. Bundai (Harriss) ; Laram, 7,200' ; Mirga,
7,500' ; Arnawei Valley, 8,oco' ; Lowari range, 13,000'; Chitrdl
Valley, 4,800' (Gatacre),

scabrum, L, Ziarat, 8000'; Chitrdl, 8,000' (Harriss),
(Younghusband, 1894), Distrib. : Persia, Asia Minor.

MALVACE^,

< Althaea roseUy Cm, Ashreth, 6,000' (Harriss) ; Arnawei Valley,
5,800'; ChitrM Valley, 5 000'— .6,000’ (Gatacre).

Lavatera cachemirianay Camb, Ziarat, 7,500' (Harriss) ; Dif
Valley, 5,000'; Gujar Valley, 7,000'— 8,000' (Gatacre).

Malva parvifloray L, Jambatai, 5,000'— 6,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga,
7,700' (Gatacre).

M, rotundifoHuy L. Gujar, 8,000'; Arnawei Valley, 9,500'
(Gatacre) ; neair Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton).

LINE^.

Reinwardtia trigynay Planch, No locality (Gatacre),
ZYGOPHYLLE^.

Tribiilus terrestrisy Z. Guirat (Harriss).

GERANIACEiE.

collinum, Steph, Ziirat Valley, 5000^—8,000'

Geranium

148 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895,

Zakhannah Pass, 9,500'; Laram Pass, 9,000' (Gatacre) ; Chitr^I
district (YounghusbaijQ, 1894.)

G, nepalense^ Sw,eet, Bundai, 4 000' (Harriss) ; Arnawei Valley
(Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton),

G. pratensey L, Gujar, 8,400'; Lowari Pass, 10,500' (Harriss),

G, rivulare, VilL (G, aconitifolium, L’Herit.) Chitrdl District
(Younghusband, 1894).

G. rotundifolium^ L. Jambatai, 6,000' (Harriss),

G, Tuber aria^ Camh. Chitral District (Hamilton),

G, Walltchianum^ D, Don. Mirga, 7,000' (Harriss) (Gatacre);
Lowari Pass, 8,500' (Harriss).

Erodium cicutarium^ L. Herit. Chitral District, 4.000'
(Harriss).

Oxalis corniculata L. Jambatai, 6,000'; Bundai, 4,000'
(Harriss) ; Laram, 7,000'; Chitral Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre),

Impatiens amphorata^ Edgew, Ziarat, 7,500' — 11,000'; Broz,
8,000' (Harriss).

/. Balsamtna, L, Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton).

I, brachycentrUy Kar, and Kir. Dir, 6,500'; Mirga, 7,500';
Gujar, 8,500' (Harriss) ; Gujar Valley, 7,500'; Lowiri range, 9,000'
(Gatacre).

/. laxijlora, Edgew. Mirga, 6,000' (Gatacre).

L Royleiy Walp, Gujar, 8,000' ; Mirga 8,500' ; Zakhannah Pass,
8,500' (Gatacre).

L scabriduy Dc. Gujar, 8,000' Harriss); Laram, 7,000'; Mirga,
8,000'— 9,500' (Gatacre).

RUTACE^

* Rula sp. ear R. tuberculata, (Forsk.) Drosh, 4,800' (Harriss).

Peganum i. maluy L, Dir, 4,500' (Harriss) ; Chitral District
(Younghusband, 1894).

Dictamnus albus, L. Zidrat, 8,000' (Harriss).

Zanthoxylum alatuniy Roxb, Below Laram Pass, 4,000'
(Gatacre).

Skimmia Laureola, Sieb and Zucc. Dir, 10,500' (Harriss) ;
Gujar Valley, 7,000'; Mirga, 9,200' (Gatacre).

MELIACEi®.

Melia Azedarachy L. Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000' (Harriss).

CELASTRINE^.

Euonymus grandijlorus. Wall. Jambatai, 6,000' (Harriss).

E. HamiltonianuSy Wall. Ziarat 7,000'— ~8, 000' (Harriss).

THE BOTANV OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895. 149

RHAMNE^E.

Zizyphus sativa^ Gaertn^ (Z, vulgaris, Lamk.) Between Mirga
and Dir, 6,500' (Harriss) , Darora, 5,000' (Gatacre).

Rhamnus dahurica^ PalL Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000' (Harriss).

Sageretia Brandrethiana^ Aitch, Bundai, 4,000'; Dir, 5,600'
(Harriss). *

S, theezans^ Brongn, Between Guirat and Chitrdl, 4,800'
(Harriss).

AMPELlDEiE,

*Vitts persica^ Botss» Sharbat, 8,000' (Harriss). Distrib. ' Persia,
Afghanistan.

V, vinifera^ L» Bundai , Chitr^l, 4,900' (Harriss) ; Zidrat Valley,
4,500' — 7,000' (Gatacre).

SAPINDACEiE.

Aisculus indica^ Colehr. Mirga, 7,000'— 9,000' (Harriss) ; Zidrat
Valley, 7,000' (Gatacre).

Acer caesium^ Wall. Zidrat, 7,400' (Harriss) ; Mirga, 9,200'
(Gatacre),

Dodonaea viscoscTyJacq. Baraul Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre),

Staphylea Emodi^ Wall. Mirga, 7,400' (Gatacre).

ANACARDIACE.E.

Rhus punjabensts, J, L, Stew. Mirga, (Harriss).

Pistacia Khinjtik^ Stocks, (P. integerrima Stewart). Markandi
6,000' (Harriss) ; Arnawei Valley, 4,800' (Gatacre).

*P, mutica^ F. and M , Chitrdl Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre). Vern.

Sawere.''* Distrib. : Afghanistan, Persia, Mediterranean

LEGUMINOSiE.

Crotalaria alhida^ H cyne, \,zx^xei^ 7,000' (Gatacre)

Argyrolohiiini roseum^ Jaub, and Spach, Gujar Valley, 6,000'
(Gatacre).

Tfigonclla corniculata^ L Mirga, 7,000'*- 8,000' (Harriss);
Kolundai, 5,000' (Gatacre).

T. Emodit Benth. Bundai (Harriss).

Medtcago lupulina^ L. Jambatai, 4,500' (Harriss).

M, sativa, L, Chitral district, 4,600' (Harri.^s).

Melilotus officinal is y Lamk. Arnawei Valley (Gatacre).

Tri folium repens^ L. Mirga, 7,000' — 8,000'; Jambatai, 5,006*—
6,000' (Harriss) ; Chitral District (Ycunghusband).

T. resupinatum, L, Chitral^ 4,900' (Harriss).

150 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1S95.

Lotus corniculatuSf L, Jambatai Pass ^ ^JHarriss) j Chitral
District (Younghusband),

majors Scop. Chitral District (Younghusband). Distrib. ;

Europe.

^Psoralea drupaceUs Bunge. Drosh, 4,500' (Harriss)'^ (Hamilton);
Zakhannah Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre). Distrib. : Persia, Turkestan.

Indigofera Gerardiana^ R. Grabs Mirga, 6,000' (Harriss) ;
Gujar Valley, 5,000' — 6,000' (Gatacre).

I. Gerardiana. R. Grab, var. heterantha. Bundal, ; Gujar,

8,500'; Zidrat (Idarriss) ; Laiam, 7,000' (Gatacre),

/. pulchella^ Roxh. Baraul Valley, 4,000'— 5,000' (Gatacre),
^Caragana decortisansy Hemsl (C. ambigua, . Aitch., not of
Stocks)Broz, 9,000' (Harriss). Distrib. ; Afghanistan,

^Calophaca depressa^ Olw. Between Guirat and Chitrdl, 4.700'
(Harriss), Distrib : Gilgit district (Giles, Duthie).

Astragalus chlorostachysy LindL Mirga, 7,000' — 8,000'

(Harriss) .

A. grave olenSy Buck. -Ham. Jambatai, 6,000^ (Harriss).

As suhulaiuSy Palls Drosh, 4 000' — 5,000' ; Broz, 8,000'
(Harriss).

^Alhagi camelorumy Fisch. Dorab Pass (Giles),

Hedysarum Falconeri, Baker. Mirga (Harriss) ; Dir Valley,
5,000' (Gatacre),

//. astragaloideSy Benth. Chitrdl district (Younghusband),
Aeschynomene indicoy L. Dir. (Harriss) ; Drosh, 4,000'— -5,000'
(Hamilton).

Desmodium podocarpumy D.C. Cbakddra (Harriss).

D tilisefoliumy G. Don. Mirga Valley, 6,000' — 8,000' (Harriss)
(Gatacre) ; Gujar Valley, 7,200' (Gatacre).

Lespedeza junceoy Pers. Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton).-
L. juncea Pers.y var. kanaorensisy Camb. Dir, 6,500' (Harriss).
*L. sericea, Miq.yVar. longepetiolata. Darora, 5,000' (Gatacre).
Distrib.: Nagasaki (Oldham No. 328), Sadya, Upper Assam, and
S. W, Yunan ; also Maingay No.* 650 in part.

Vida molliSy Benth. Zi^rat, 9,000' (Harriss).

Vs sepiumy L. Low^ri Pass, 9,000' (Harriss) ; ZHrat Valley,
7,000' ; Arnawei Valley, 9,000' (Gatacre),

Vs tenuifoliay Roth. Zidrat, 8,000' (Harriss) ; Baraul Valley,
5,000' ; Dir Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre).

Lens esculentay Mecnchs Mastuj, (Giles). Probably cultivated.
Lathyrus altaicuSyLedeh. Lowdri Pass, 9,000'- 10,000' (Harriss)
(Gatacre) ; Zidrat Valley, 7,000' (Gatacre),

THE BOTANY OF tHE CHiTRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895, I5I

L, Aphacut L, Chitral Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre).

L. montanuSf Bernh, (L. luteus. Baker) Ziirat, 10,000' ; Low^ri
Pass, 10,500' (Harriss ; Gujar Valley, 7,000' (Gatacre).

L. pratensis, Z. Lowiri Pass, 9,000' (Harnss) ; Mirga hills,
7,000' — 9,000' (Gatacre).

Z. sa/ivHSf Z. Between Guirat and Chitrdl, 4,700' (Harriss).
Cultivated crop.

Glycine hispida, Maxim* Darora, 5,000' (Gatacre). A culti-
vated crop.

Phaseolus Mi/n^o, Z. Dir Valley, 4,200' (Gatacre). A cultivated
crop.

P. vulgaris ^ Z, Arnawei Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre), . A cultiva-
ted crop,

Figna Catiangy Walp* Kashgaria, 5,000' ; Panakot, 5,000'
(Gatacre), ' A cultivated crop.

Rhynchosia pseudo-cajan^ Camb* Swat Valley, 3,000'

(Gatacre).

Sophoifa moliiSf R Grah, Bundai ,* Jambatai, 6,500' (Harriss) ;
Lowdri Pass, io,2oo',* Laram (Gatacre); Chitral district (Young-
husband).

*5. mollis, R. Grah,, var, Duthiei^ Prain in Journ. As. Soc,,
Bengal, Vol. LXVI. pt. II, No. 2 (1897) 4^)' Mirkandi, 5,000'
(Harriss). Distinguished by its wingless oods

ROSACEdE.

Prnnus Armeniacttf Z. Bundai, 4,000' (HatTiss),

btahtiica, Aitch, and .HemsJ. Ashreth Valleyj 5,000'

(Gatacre) ; Gujar, 8,500' — 9,500' (Harriss). Distrib. : Afghanistan..

P, CerasuSi Z. Bundai, 4,000' ; Chitrdl, 4,900' (Harriss).
Cultivated.

F, PaduSy L, Zjdrat, 7,000'— 8,000' (Harriss).

P. persica, Stores. Bundai, 4,000' (Harriss), Cultivated.

P prostratay L<abilL Jambatai, 6,000' (Harriss) ; Chitral district
(Younghusband),

Spiraea brahuica, Boiss, Markandi, 6,000' (Harriss) ; Chitral
district (Younghusband).

S, canescens, D, Don, Mirga, 8,000' (Harriss); Ashreth Valley,
6,000' ; Ziarat Valley, 8,000' (G.atacre),

S. sorbifoHuy L Ashreth (Harriss) ; Gujar Valley, 5,000' —
7,000' ; Mirga, 7,200' (Gatacre) ; Chitrdl district (Younghusband).

S, vcstitay Wall, Mirga (Harriss) ; Gujar Valley, 6,000' ; Mirga,
7,200' ; Arnawei Valley (Gatacre).

152 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, ie95.

Rubus fruticosus, L. Bondai, 4,000' ; Drosh, 4,500' ; ChitrSl,
4,900' (Harriss) ; Arnawei Valley i Robat, 4,000' (Gatacre) j Chitrdl

district (Younghusband) .

JR, Idstocdf'puSf SfH, Jainbataii i Dir, 5)6oo

(Harriss). ;

/?. niveus, Wall, var, Mirga. Broz, 4,600' (Harriss).

R, parvtfolius, L, (R. purpureus, Bunge). Zidrat, 9,000'
(Harriss) ; Gujar Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre).

R, pungens, Camb. Ziirat, 7,ooo'-“B,ooo' (Harrissb
Geum elatum, Wall, Lowiri Pass* 9,000' — 11,000' (Harriss)
(Gatacre) ; Zakbannah Pass, 9,500' (Gatacre),

G. tsrbanam, L, Zidrat, 7,800'; Mirga, 7,000'— 8,000' (Harriss)
(Gatacre).

Fragaria indica^ Andr,' Dir, 6,500' (Harriss).

F, vesca, L. Jambatai, 6,ogo' ; Ziirai, 8,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga,
7,500' (Gatacre).

PotentiUa desertorum, Bunge, Ashreth, 1 1,000' ; Zidrat, 9,000'
(Harriss).

P. fragarioides L, Lowari Pass, 10,000' (Harriss),

P. gelida, C, A, Mey, Zidrat, 9,000'; Lowdri Pass, 10,500'
(Harriss) ; Dorah Pass, 14,000'— 15,000' (Davidson).

P, reptans, L, Jambatai, 5,000'— 6,000' ; Bundai (Harriss);
Chitrdl District (Younghusband).

P, Sibbaldiy Haller, F, Lowdri Pass, 10,000'; Mirga (Harriss),
P, Sibbaldi, Haller /., var, micrantha, Zakbannah Hills, io,8oo'
(Gatacre).

P, supina, L, Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000 ; between Drosh and
Guirat, 4,800' (Harriss).

Agrimonia Eupatoria, L, Chakdara; Dir, 5,400' (Harriss).
Poteriiim Sanguiscrba, L, Bundai, 4,000’ (Harriss).

Rosa Beggeriana, Schrenk, (R. anserinaefolia, Boiss.) Dir;

Sbarbat, 8,000’ (Harriss).

Jambatai, 5,000’ ; Bundai, 4,000' | Ziarat, 4,000'
(Harriss). Distrib. s Afghanistan, Caucasus,

R, damascena. Mill, Mundia, 3,000’ (Harriss), Cultivated.

R, macrophylla, LindL Mirga, 7,200' (Gatacre).

R, moschata^ Herrm, Mirga; Bundai (Harriss).

R. Wehbiana, Wall, Dir; Ziarat, 7000',— 10,000' ; Bundai;
Chitrdl district 9,000' (Harriss).

R, zanthina, LindL (R, Ecae, Altch.). Jambatai district,
10,000’; Chitral district, 9,000' (Harriss). Distrib, ; Afghanistan.
Pyrns communis, Jambatai (Harriss). Cultivated.

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895, I53

P, Cydomuy L, Bundai, 4,000' (Harriss) Cultivated.

P. lanata^ D, Don. Mirga, 7,000' (Gatacre).

P. MahiSy L, Bundai, 4,000' (Harriss). Cultivated,

P. Pashiuy Buch-Ham^ Sharbat (Harriss) ; Kashgaria, 5,000'
(Gatacre),

Cratwgrus Oxyaranthoy L. Jambatai, 6,000'; Gujar, 8,500'
(Harriss) ; Chitral district (Younghusband).

Cotoneaster bacillariSy Wall, Jambatai, 6,000' (Harriss) ;
Laram, 7,000' (Gatacre),

C, tnicrophylla, Wall, Bundai, 9,600' (Harriss).

C, nummularia, F, and M, Jambatai (Harriss) ; Gujar Valley,
5,000' ; Kashgaria, 5,000' (Gatacre;.

SAXIFRAGACEiE.

Saxtfraga Itgulata, Wall, Jambatai ; Bundai, 7,000' (Harriss),

S, Stracheyi, H, f, and T, Lowari Pass, 11,500'; Chitril
district, 11,000' (Harriss) (Younghusband, 1894).

Parnassia ovaia, Ledeb, Chitrdi district (Younghus! and, 1894).

Deutzia stamineUy R. Br, Jambatai, 5,000'-— 6,000' ; Dir ; Gujar,
8,500'; Chakdara (Harriss),

Ribes glaciaky Wall, Lowdri Pass, ii,coo' (Harriss).

R, rubrumy L, Mirga, 7,400' (Gatacre).

CRASSULACE/E.

Cotyledon Lievenii^ Ledeb, Ashretb; Chitrdl district, 10, 000'-—
1 1,000' (Harriss). Distrib. : Persia, Siberia.

* C, papulosa^ Aitch, and Hemsl. Robat, 4I000' (Gatacre)
DistriK. ; Afghanistan.

Sedutn adenotrichum^ Wall. Bundai, 4,000'— -9000' ; Ziarat,
7,800'; Ashreth (Harriss).

S asiaticum, Sprang, Lowari Pass, 11,000' (Harriss) ; Zakhan-
nah Pass, 9,800'; Lowari Pass, 13,500' (Gatacre).

S. Ewersn^ Ledeb, Mirga, 7,000'— 9,000'; Lowdri Pass, 9,000'
(Gatacre); Chitrdl district (Younghusband, 1894).

S, linearifolium^ Royle, Zakhannah Pass, 9,500' (Gatacre),

HAMAMELIDE^E.

Farrottia ^acqnemontiana, Dene. Jambatai, 6,300' (Harriss);
Dir Vally, 4,000' ; Ashreth Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre).

MYRTACEiE.

Myrtns communis^ L. Panjkora Valley, 4,000'; Laram, 4,000'—
7,000' (Gatacre).

154 the botany of the CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895,

LYTHRACE.E.

Amniannia baccifera^ L, Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton).
Punica Granatum^ £, Dir Valley ; Chitral, 4,900' (Harriss).

ONG^RACEiE

Epilohiiim angustifolium^ L, Ziarat Valley 'j^ooo' (Harriss)
(Gatacre) ; Chitrdl district (Younghusband, 1894).

£. hirsutum^ L Mirga, 7,500' (Harriss) ; Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000'
(Hamilton).

E, hirsuiuntf L. var sencettm, Chitrdl district, 4,000' — 5,000'
(Harriss) (Gatacre), (Younghusband, 1894).

E, A. Dorah Pass, 14,000' — 15,000' (Davidson).

E. roseum, Sckreb, Mirga hills, 8,000' — 9,000' (Gatacre).

E, feragonum, Z. Mirga, 7,000' (Harriss) ; Arnawei Valley,
8,500' (Gatacre); Chitril district (Younghusband, 1894),

Ctrccea alpina^ Z. Mirga, 7,000' — 8,000' (Gatacre).

CUCURBITACEiE.

Luffa echinata, Roxb. Swat Valley, 3,000' (Gatacre).

Cucumts MelOf Z. Chitrdl district, 6,000' (GaUcre). Cultivated.,
Melothria heterophylla, Cogn, (Zehneria umbellata,-^ Thwaites),
Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton).

DATISCACE^.

Datisca cannahina^ Z. Ashreth ; Chitrdl, 4,900' (Harriss);
Kolundai, 5,800' (Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000'— 5,000' (Hamilton).

UMBELLIFERiE.

Eryngiiim ccerulBunt^ Bieb. Mian Kalai (Harriss).

Vicatia coniifolta^ DC. Jambatai ; Bundai (Harriss).

Trachydiiim Roylet, Lindl. Dorah Pass (Davidson).

Bupleiiriim jucundum Kurz,, var. cachemirica. Mirga Valley,
7,000' (Gatacre). ^

B. fakatum, Z. Mirga hills, 9,500'; Robat, 4,500' (Gatacre) ;
Chitrdl district (Younghusband, 1894)

B. longicaule, Wall, Zakhannah Valley, 6 000' (Gatacre).

B. setaceum, Fcnzl Dir, 6,000' (Harriss).

*B.sp. (near B. persicum, Boiss), Broz 8,000'— 9,000' (Harriss).
Carum Bulhocasianutn^ Koch. Jambatai, 5,000'-' 6,000'; Ziarat,
8,000' ; Lowari Pass, io,ooo' ; Broz, 9,000' (Harriss) ; Ashreth Valley,
5,000' (Gatacre),

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895. 1 55

* Sium erecium, Huds. (S. angustifolium, L.) Drosh, 4,000'—
5,000' (Hamilton), Distrib,: Europe, Caucasus.

Pimpinella diversifoHUi DC, Ziirat, 9,000' (Harriss); Arna-
wei Valley, 8,500' (Gatacre).

P, Saxifraga^ var, dissectifoUa. Arnawei Valley (Gatacre) ;
Ziirat. 8,000' (Harriss).

Chseropkyllum reflexum^ Lindl. Mirga, 8,000' (Gatacre).

C, villosicmt Wall, Gujar, 8,500' ; Low^ri Pass, 10,000
(Harriss).

Scandix Pecien-Venerzs^ L,, var. brevirostris, Chitril district
(Younghusband, 1894) = Stocks No. 747.

Anthrhcus nemorosa, Spreng, Ziirat, 7,500'; Lowari Pass,
9,000'; Gujar, 8,500' (Harriss).

Seseli stbtricum, Benth, Mirga, 9,200' (Gatacre),

Prangos pabularia^ Lindl, Chitr^l district, 7,000' (Harriss).

Pleurospermum Candollii^ Benth, Low5ri Pass, 11,000' (Har-
riss).

Angelica glatica, Edgew, Mirga, 7,000'— 9,000' (Gatacre).

Ferula Jaeschkeana^ Vat Gujar, 9,000' — 1^,500'; Ziarat
7,500' to 9,000' (Harriss) ; Baraul Iley, 5,000' (Gatacre).

Peucedanum Dana^ Buch-Ham, Bundai, 8,000' (Harriss); Swat
Valley, 3,000 (Gatacre).

Heracleum candicans^ WalU Mirga, 7,000' — 8,000' (Harriss)
(Gatacre).

Daucus Car Ota, L, Mirga, 9,200' (Gatacre); Drosh, 4,000'—
5,uoo'; Chitrdl district (Hamilton).

Caucalis Antkriscus, Huds, Mirga; Chitralj 4,900' (Harriss);
Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton).

C. latifolia, L. Bundai, 4,000'; Dir (Harriss^

* C, Stocksiana, Boiss. Bundai (Harriss), Distrib.: Persia, Balu-
chistan.

ARALICE^.

Aralia cachemirica, Dene, Gujar Valley, 7,500'; Mirga, 7,300'
(Gatacre).

Hedera Helix, L, Bundai, 4,000'; Jambatai, 5,500' (Harriss) ;
Dir Valley, 5,000'; lirga, 6,000'; below Laram Pass, 4,00©'
(Gatacre).

CAPRIFOLIACEiE.

Sambucus Ebulus, L, Ziarat, 6,000' — 7,000' (Harriss); Gujar
Valley, 7,000' ; Mirga, 8,000' (Gatacre).

Viburnum cotinifolium, D. Don, Jambatai, 6,000 ; Ziarat 8,00a'
(Harriss) ; Ashreth Valley, 5,000' ; Ziarat Valley, 9,000' (Gatacre).

156 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895,

V, nervosum^ D, Don^ Dir, 8^000'; Mirga, 7,000' — 8,000'
(Harriss).

V> stellulatum, Wall, Sharbat, 8,000' (Harriss).

4 delta Iriflota, /?. Br, Dir, 8,000' (Harriss).

Lonicera asperifoliay H , f, & T, Chitral, n,ooo' (Harriss).

* L, Griffithii, H, f. and T, Ashreth Valley, 6,500' (Gatacre) ;
Chitral district (Hamilton)., Distrib. : Afghanistan.

L, pur pur ascenSf Walp, Lowari Pass, 10,500' (Harriss).

^ Z. Xylosteum^ L, Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000' (Harriss). Distrib.;
Europe, Northern Asia.

RUBlACEiE.

* Callipeltis Cucullaridy Stev. Jambatai, 4,000' — 5,000' (Harriss) ;
Panjkora Valley, 4,000' (Gatacre). Distrib. : Afghanistan, Baluchistan>
and westward to Mediterranean.

Hubia cordifoliai Z. Panjkora Valley, 4,000' (Gatacre),

Galium Aparine^ Z. jambatai, 5,000'; Dir, 5,000' ; Broz, 9,000'
(Harriss).

G, boreale^ Z. Lowari Pass, 8,000' (Harriss).

G, trifloriim^ Michx, Ziarat, 8,000' (Harriss) ; Ashreth Valley,
5,000' (Gatacre).

Asperula cynanchica, Z. Ziirat, 7,200' (Harriss) ; Chitral dis-
trict (Younghusband, 1894).

* A, setosa, Jaub, and Spach, Chitral 8,000' (Harriss), Distrib. ;
Persia, Syria,

VALERIANEiE.

Valeriana dioica^ Z, Lowari Pass, 10,500' (Harriss) ; Mirga
hills , 9,000' (Gatacre).

V, Hardwiekti, Wall,, ‘var, Ho;ffmeisteri, Chitral district (Hamil-
ton) (Younghusband, 1894).

P. Wallichii, LC, Jambatai, 6,coo' ; Bundai, 8,000'; Mirga,
8,000' ; Lowari Pass, 10,500' (Harriss) ; Gujar Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre).

V, dentata, Poll, Bundai, 4,000 (Harriss) ; Baraul Valley, 7,000'
(Gatacre).

Valerianella Szovitsianum, F, and M, Dir, 4,500' (Harriss).

DIPSACE^.

Morina Coulteriana, Rovle. Lowari Pass, 10,000' — n,ooo'
(Harriss); Mirga hills, 7,000—9,000' (Gatacre).

Dipsacus st rictus, D, Don, Mirga, 7,500' — (Harriss) ; Gujar
Valley 7,500' (Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000 — ^5,000' (Hamilton).

Scabiosa Candol liana, Wall, Robat, 4,000' (Gatacre).

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895. S57

COMPOSITiE.

Soltdago VirgaureUi Z. LowAri Pass, 8,000— ri, 000' ; Mirga,
7,000—8,000' ; Zakhannah Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000—
5,000' (Hamilton).

MyriacHs nepalensis^ Wall Mirga, 8,000' (Gatacre). Chitral
district (Younghusband, 1894).

M, WalUchii^ Less, Mirga, 7,200' (Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000'—
5,000' (Hamilton).

Aster altaicus, Willd. Mian Kalai, Broz, 7,000' (Harriss) ; Choti-
atAn, 5,000' (Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000'— 5,000' (Hamilton) ; Chitral
district (Younghusband, 1894).

Erigeron alpinus, L. Bundai 8,500' (Harriss) ; Arnawei Valley,
7,500'; LowAri Pass, g,ooo'— 1 1,000' (Gatacre).

E. alpinus^ Z., var. multicauliSy Broz, 5,200' (Harriss) ; Mirga,
7,200'; Robat, 4,000'; Laram, 7,000' (Gatacre) ; ChitrAl district
(Younghusband, 1894).

E, andryaloidesy Benth, ChitrAl district, if, 000' (Harriss);
Mirga, 8,500' (Gatacre).

E, canadensisy Z. Jambatai, 4,000' — 5,000' ; Bundai, 4,000' ;
Dir, 6,500'; ChitrAl, 4,900' (Harriss); Arnawei Valley, 4,800' j
Mirga, 7,700' (Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton) ; Chitral
district (Younghusband, 1894).

E. monttcolusy WalL-^Mirga., 9.500'; Gujar, 8,000' (Harriss);
ChitrAl district (Younghusband, 1894).

Conyza strict a, Willd, Robat, 4,000' (Gatacre),

Blumea Wightlana, Z>Z.— Bundai (Harriss).

Filago germanicay L, — Jambatai, 4,500' (Harriss).

Leontopodium alpinum^ Cass. — Bundai, 8^300' ; Gujar, 9,000'
Dir, 11,000' (Harriss) ; LowAri Pass, 11,000' (Gatacre).

Anaphalis contorta, Book, f, Chitral district (Younghusband,
1894).

A. cuneifoliay Hook.f LowAri Pass, 10,000'— 11,000' (Harriss)
(Gatacre); ZiArat Valley, 7,000'; Mirga hills, 7,000' — 9,000'
(Gatacre).

A, Royleana, DC, Mirga, 7,000' — 9,000' (Gatacre).

* Phagnalon acuminatum y Boiss, Dir (Harriss) ; Ashreth Valley,
6,000' (Gatacre) ; Distrib. •. Baluchistan.

P, niveum, Edgew. Broz, 5,200' (Harriss).

Gnaphalium hypoleucum, D C. Laram, 7,200' (Gatacre).

O, luteo- album y Z., var^ multiceps. Jambatai, 6,000'; Bundai
(Harriss).

G, luteo-albumy L,y var, pallidum, Drosh, 4,500^ (Harriss).

158 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPi DITfON, 1895.

Inula obtusifolia Kerner^ var Clarkei, Lowari range, 9,000'
(Gatacre).

Carpesiiim cernuum^ Z, Drosh, 4,000 — 5,000' (Hamilton).

Xanthiiim bUrumarium, L. Below Laram Pass, 4,000' (Gatacre).

Sie^esheckia orientahSj L> Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton) ;
Chitral district (Younghusband, 1894).

Bidcns pilosuy L. Laram, 7, coo' (Gatacre) , Drosh, 4,000'— 5,000'
(Hamiltonj.

Tagetes erecta^ L. Below Laram Pass, 4,000' (Gatacre). Intro-
duced.

Achillea millefolium^ L. Lowari Pass, 7,000' — 9,000' (Harriss);
Gujar, 8,000' ^Gatacre).

^ A pubescens^ Z, (A. micrantha, Bieb.). Dir (Harriss), Distrib.
Afghan, Persia, Songaria.

* Matricaria corymhifera^ D C Ziarat, 7,000'— 9,000' ; Broz,
8,500' (Harriss), Distrib. : Persia, Asia Minor.

Artemisia laciniata, Willd, Mirga, 7,500' (Gatacre),

A, sacrorum, Ledeh. Drosh, 4^^oo' (Harriss).

A.scoparia, VJ.& A. Gujar Valley, 5,000'; Darora, 5,000'
Arnawei Valley (Gatacre) ; Chitral district (Younghusband, 1.894),

A. veslita, Wall — Drosh, 5,000' (Harriss).

A, tu'lgaris, Z. Zidrat, 7,500' (Harriss), Mirga, 7,000'— 8,000'
(Gatacre).

Chrysanthemum Richteria, Benth,^ var, Gilgit district, (Young-
husband, 1894).

Senecio chrysanthemoides, D C ZiSrat, 8,000'; Mirga, 7,000' —
9,000' ; (Harriss) ; Gujar Valley, 7,500' (Gatacre).

5. chrysanthemoides, D C, var, Lowdri Pass, 9,500'
(Gatacre).

Si coronopifolius, Desf, Biindai ; between Drosh and Guirat
4,500' (Harriss) ; Ziarat Valley, 6,000' fGatacre).

^ Consinia buphthalmoides, Regel^Dvohh, 4i50o' (Harriss), Dis-
trib.*. .^fghanistan.

C. inicrocarpay Boiss, Bundai (Harriss) ; Chitrdl district
(Younghusband, 1894).

^ C, viuliilohay D C Chitrdl district, 9,000— I i,ooo' (Harriss);
Distrib. : Persia.

C. Tkomsoni^ Clatke, Zidrat, 8,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga hills,
7,000' — 9,000' (Gatacre).

Cardiius nutans, Z, Mirkandi, 6,000' ; Bundai (Harriss).

Cnicits argyracanthuB, V C. Drosh, 4,800'; Chitrdl, 4,90c'
(Harriss); Arnawei Valley, 7.000' (Gatacre).

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895. 159

Saussurea alhesecus, H, f, T* Gujar, 8,000'; Mirga,
7,000' — 8,000' ; Arnawei Valley, 4,800' (Gatacre).

S, candicans^ Clarke, Jambatai, 4,000' ; Drosh, 6 000' (Harriss)
*5*. leptophylla^ HemsL ChitrdI district (Younghusband, 1894)
(Giles, Gilgit Expedition),

* S,n, sp. Allied to S. affinis, Spreng., Ziarat, y, 000'— 8,000'
(Harriss).

Tricholopis tibetica H. f, & T, (T. spartioides, Clarke).
Chitrdi district (Younghusband, 1894).

Zoegia purpurea, Fresen., var, Zidrat, 7,500' (Harriss).
Centaurea Calcitrapa^ L, Chitrdl, 4,900' (Harriss) (Young-
husband, 1894).

* Carbenia benedicta, Adams. Dir Valley (Harriss). Distrib. :
Persia, Caucasus, Mediterranean.

Carthamus Oxyacantha^ Bieb. Mian Kalai (Harriss).

Ainslidsa aptera^ D C, Bundai, 7,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga, 7,200'
(Gatacre).

Cichorium Intybus^ L, Chitrdl, 4,900' (Harriss) ; Swat Valley,
3,000' ; Dir Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000'
(Hamilton).

Lapsana communis^ L Zidrat, 10,000' (Harriss).

Picris hieracioides, L , Dir, 5,600' (Harriss).

Crepis japonicai Benth, Bundai, 4,000' ; Broz, 8,500' (Harriss) ;
Zi^rat Valley, 4,000' — 7,000' (Gatacre).

Pterotkeca Falconeri, Hk. f. Bundai, 4,000' ; Gujar, 7,000'—
10,000'; Lowdri Pass, 9,000' (Harriss).

Taraxacum officinale, Wigg, Jambatai, 4,000' ; Lowdri Pass,
10,500' (Harriss),

Chondrilla graminea, M, Bieb, Drosh, 6,000' (Harriss).
Lactuca dissecta^ D. Don, Jambatai, 6,000'; Bundai; Dir
(Harriss).

L. Heyneana, D C, Zidrat Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre) ; Chitral
district, (Younghusband, 1894).

LAongifolia^D C. Ziarat, 7,000' — 8,000' (Harriss); Panakot,
5,000' (Gatacre),

L. orientalis, Boiss, Chitral district, (Younghusband, 1894).

^ L. persica, Boiss. Chitral district, 7,000' (Harriss). Distrib. ;
Baluch., Persia,

L. Scariola, L. Between Drosh and Guirat, 4,500' (Harriss) ;
Arnawei Valley, 7,500' (Gatacre)

Prenanthes Brunoniana, Walh Mirga, 8,000 (Gatarre),

l6o THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895.

Sonchus asper^ Hill. Bundai, 4,000' ; Dir, 6,000' ; Drosh, 6,000
(Harriss),

Tragopogon pratmsis, L. Broz, 7,500' — 8,500' (Harriss) ;

Chitril district (Younghusband, 1894).

Scorzonera dtvaricata^ Turcz. Ziarat, 7,200' (Harriss).

CAMPANULACE^.

Codonopsis ovata, Benth, Chitral district (Younghusband, 1894),
Sphenoclea xeylanica, Gcertn, Swat Valley, 3,000' (Gatacre).
Phyteuma Thomsoni, Clarke, Dir, 7,000'; Gujar, 8,000'- 9,000'
Ziarat, 9,000' ; Lowiri Pass, 10,000' (Harriss).

Campanula cashmiriana, Royle. Dir Valley, 6,000'; Mirga
Hills, 8,000' ; Low^ri range, 6,000' (Gatacre),

C cashyniriana^ Royle^ var% evolvulacea, Aranawei Valley;
Mirga, 8,000'— 9,000' ; Lowari range, 12,000' (Gatacre).,

C. colorafa, Wall. Jambatai, 10,000'; Dir, 6,500'; Broz, 5,200';
Guirat, 4,500' (Harriss),

*C. Griffithii, H. f. T, Ashreth ; Broz, 6,000' — 8,000';
Chitral, 4,900' (Harriss). Distrib. : Afghanistan.

ERICACEAE.

* Rhododendron Collettianum, Ailck, and Hemsl. Low4ri
Pass, 1 1,500' (Harriss) ; Zakhannah range, 13,500' (Gatacre} Dis-
trib. : Afghanistan.

PLUMBAGINE.^.

Acantholhhon lycopodioides, Boiss. Chitral district, 11,000'
(Harriss).

* Statice Gilesii, Hemsl. Gujar hills, 8,000' (Gatacre) (Giles,
Gilgit Expedition).

*5. Griffithii^ Aitch, and Hemsl. Dir (Harriss); Panjkora
Valley, 4,000' (Gatacre). Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton). Distrib. :
Afghanistan.

PRIMULACEiE.

Primula denticulaia, Sm. Bundai, 7,000' — 9,000'; Dir, 10,000';
Lowdn Pass, 8,000'— 10,000' (Harriss); Gujar Valley, 6,000';
Ashreth Valley (Gatacre),

P, denticulaiaf Sm.^ var. erosioides, Lowdri Pass, 9,500'
(Harriss).

P rose a f Royle. Gujar, 8,000'— 10,000' (Harriss). A variety
with fewer and smaller flowers was collected in the Ashreth Valley,
5,200' (Gatacre); Broz, 5,200; Chitrdl, 4,900' (Harriss) (Young-
husband, 1894).

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895. *6*

P. Stiiartiif WalL, var. purpurea. Low4ri Pass, 11,500^—
13,000* (Harriss), (Gatacre) ; Dorah Pass, 14,000' — 15,000'
(Davidson).

Androsace foliosa^ Duhy, (S. sarmentosa, Wall., var, poltosa of
FI., Br. Ind.) Mirga, 9,500' (Harriss); Ziarat Valley, 7,000'; Guj&r
Valley, 8,000' (Gatacre).

* Androsace B.arrissiif sp. n.

Perennial, Stems woody, much branched, lower naked portions
concentrically leaf^scarred. Leaves imbricate, in compact squarrose
rosettes terminating the branches, glabrous, ligulate, and somewhat
boat-shaped, J inch long, acute and subspinulose, wider towards the
base and with membranous edges, the younger ones pale green,
lower chestnut-coloured changing to brown. Scapes about | inch
long, solitary at the apex of the leaf rosettes, bearing umbels of
2-4 flowers, clothed with short crisp grandular hairs. Bracts 2-— 5,
rather unequal, boat shaped, entire, hairy. Pedicels J inch
Calyx densely glandular hairy, turbinate, a little shorter than the
pedicels, segments rounded, imbricate, about one fourth the length
of the tube, smooth inside. Corolla white, 4 inch in diameter; tube
globose, membranous, equally the calyx ; mouth constricted ijy a prom-
inent ring ; segments spathulate, spreading, emarginate. Stamens
attached about half-way down the corolla tube, on very short fila-
ments ; anthers globose. Capsule turbinate, flat above; style inch.
Seeds 8, oval-oblong.

Above Ziarat, 11,000' (Harriss). A small woody shrub form-
ing dense cushions. In habit it resembles A. Tapete, Maxim. ^ from
which it differs by the flow'ers being in umbels, the glabrous
leaves, the spathulate corolla-lobes, and twice the number of seeds.

A, rotundifolia^ Haraw, var, glandtilosa, Jambalai (Harriss)
Baraul Valley, 7,000' (Gatacre).

A, rotutidifolia^ Hardw,, var„ macrccalyx, Lowdri Pass,
10,000' (Harriss) ; Laram, 7,000' (Gatacre).

A, sempervivoidcSf Jacquem,^ var, Ziarat, 10,000'; Lowdri
Pass, 10,500'; Gujar, 11,000; (Harriss).

A.villosafL, Chitrdl district, 11,000' (Harriss); Dorah Pass,
14,000' — 15,000' (Davidson).

Cortusa Matthioli^ Z. Lowiri Pass, 10,500' (Harriss) ; Ashreth
Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre).

Lysimachia japonica^ Thumb. Dir (Harriss).

Anagallis arvensh^ L, Gujar Valley, 6, coo' (Gatacre).

Samolus falerandi, L. Drosh, 4,000' — 5,00' \ Hamilton).

i62 the botany of the chitral relief expedition, 1895.

MYRSINE^.

Myrsine africana^ L, Jambatai, 6,000' (Harriss).
Reptonia huxtfolia^ ADC, Drosh, 4,500' (Harriss).

EBENACEiE.

Dtospyros Lotus^ L,
(Gatacre).

Bundai (Harriss); Panjkora Valley, 4,000'

OLEACE^.

yastntnum humile^ L. Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000' (Harriss).

J, officinale ^ L, Mirga (Harriss); Panakot, 5,000'; below Laram
Pass, 4,000' (Gatacre).

Syringa Emodif Wall. Zi^rat 7,400' (Harriss).

Fraxinus excelsior^ L. Jambatai, 4,500' (Harriss).

F. floribunda^ Wall,^ var, Ashreth (Harriss). Leaves small,
suborbicular,

F. xanthoxyloides^ Wall, Mirkandi, 6,000' (Harriss).

Olea cuspidattty Wall, Drosh, 4,5<jo' (Harriss) ; Swat valley^
3,000' ; Darora, 5,000' ; Arnawei valley, 4,800' (Gatacre) ; Serai,
(Wingate).

APOCYNACE.E.

Nerium odoruniy Soland, Mian Kalai (Harriss).

ASCLEPIADACEi®.

Periploca aphylla^ Dene, Drosh, 4,000'— 5,000' (Harriss) : Warai^
4,500' ; Laram, 6,000' (Gatacre).

Cynanchum acutum^ L, Drosh, 4,500' (Harriss) ; Zakhannah val-
ley, 5,000' (Gatacre).

C, Jacquemontiana^ Dene, Gujar, 8,500' ; Mirga, 9,000' (Harriss)
(Gatacre).

LOGANIACE^.

Buddleia paniculatay Wall, Jambatai (Harriss).

GENTIAN ACEiE.

Gentiana argenieay Royle, Bundai, 8,500' (Harriss).

G, cachemirieay Dene, Lowdri range, 13,000' (Gatacre)

G, carinatay Griseb.y var, marginata, Lowiri range, 1 1,000
12,000' (Harriss) (Gatacre).

G, decumbeuSy L, f, Zi^rat valley, 5,000* — 8,000' ; LowAri range,
n,ooo' (Gatacre); Chitral district (Hamilton) (Yoirnghusband, 1894)*

G, quadrifaritty Blume, Chitral district (Younghusband, 1894).

yaeschkea gentianoideSy hurz, Zakannah Pass, 8,500' (Gatacre).

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895, *^3

Sweriia cordata^ Wall, La ram, 7,000' (Gatacre).

S. petiolata^ Royle, Zakhannah valley, 6,000' ; Ziirat valley ;
9,000' (Gatacre).

S. speciosa^ Wall, Lowdri Pass, 9,000' (Gatacre).

POLEMONIACE.E.

Polemoniiim cceruleum^ L. Zidrat, 10,000' ; Lovvdri Pass, 9,000
(Harriss) j Ashreth valley (Gatacre).

BORAGINEiE.

Heliotropium Eichwaldi^ Sleud* Dir, 5,000'; between Guirat
and Chitral, 4,600' (Harriss).

H, Eichwaldi Steud^ var, lasiocarpum, Sharbat, 4,000' (Harriss) ;
Arnawei valley (Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton).
Trichodesma indicum^ R. Br^ Jambatai (Harriss).

Cynoglossum lanceolatum^ Forsk, Chakdara (Harriss).

C. mtcroglochin^ Benth, Lowdri Pass, 10,000' (Gatacre).

C. Wallichii^ G. Don, Bundai, 4,000' ; Zidrat 10,000' (Harriss),
Gujar Valley, 8,000' ; Mirga, 7, 000'— 9, 000' , Laram^ 7,000' (Gatacre),
Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton).

Lindelofia spectabilis^ Lehm, Arnawei Valley, 9,500' (Gatacre).;
Solenaiithiis circinatuSy Ledeb, Between Gujar and Zi^rat,
8,900'— 9,000' (Harriss).

* Paracarynm aspenim^ Stocks^ Ashreth ; Drosh, 8,000' ; Chitral,
4,800' (Harriss). Distrib. ; Baluch., Afghan., Gilgit.

P, glochidiaium^ Benth, and Hk, f, Gujar, 7,500'; Mirga,
8,000' (Harriss); Ashreth, 7,000' (Gatacre).

P, heliocarptitn, Kerner, Zidrat valley, 7,000' ; Arnawei valley
(Gatacre).

P, microcarpiim^ Botss, Jambatai, 4,000' — 6,c-oo' ; Bundai, 4,000;
Dir; Mian Kalai (Harriss) j Baraul valley, 5,000'; Ashreth valley
5,000' (Gatacre).

Asperugo procumheuSy L, Ziarat, 7,500' (Harriss).

Lycopsis arvensiSy L, Dir valley, 5,000' (Harriss).

Mertemia primuloides, Clarke, Dir, 11,000' (Harriss).

M, tibetica, Clarke, Lowdri Pass, 10,000' — 11,000' Harriss);
Mirga, 7,000' (Gatacre).

* M, n, sp,y allied to M. echioides, Benth., Bundai, 8,000'
(Harriss) No. 16399 ; Dir, 11,000' (Harriss) No. 16397.

Myosotis sylvaticay Hoffm, Ziarat, 10,000'; Lowari Pass;
10,500'; Chitral district, 11,000' (Harriss); Mirga 8,000' (Gatacre).
Lithospermum arvensey £. Bundai, 4,000' (Harriss).

i64 the botany of the chitral relief expedition, 1895.

L, tenuiflcrum^ Z, /, Chitral district (Younghusband, 1894),
Moltkia parviflorUi Clarke. Dir, 11,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga,
9,200' ; ZiArat valley, 5,000'— 8,000' ; Ashreth valley, 5,000' (Gatacre).
Macrotomia perennis^ Boiss^ Chitral district 11,000' (^Idiriss).
Onosma echiotdes, Z, Between Guirat and Chitral, 4,700' ;
Chitral, 4,900'; Broz, 8,500' (Harriss); Dir Valley, 6,000'; Baraul
Valley, 7,000' (Gatcre).

* O. stenosiphotiy Boiss. Lowdri range. 11,000' (Gatacre).
Distrib. : Persia,

CONVOLVULACEZE.

Ipomeea eriocarpay R. Br. Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton).

/. hederaceat Jacg. Swat Valley, 3,000' (Gatacre).

Convolvulus arvensisy L. Jambatai Pass; Dir; between Guirat
and Chitrdl, 4,800'; Chitrdl, 4,900' (Harriss) ; Laram, 7,200' (Gatacre).
Cuscuta capitata Roxh. Guirat to Chitril, 4,600' (Harriss).

C. chinensiSy Lamk ? Dir Valley (Harriss).

C. europasuy Z. Mirkandi, 6,000' (Harriss).

C. rsflexuy Roxh, Mirga, 6,000' (Gatacre).

SOLANACEiE.

Solanum ntgrunty Z. Broz, 5,200' (Harriss); Arnawei Valley
(Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000'— 5,000' (Hamilton).

Datura Stramoniuniy L. Bundai (Harriss) ; Darora, 5,000'
(Gatacre).

Physochlaina psealtay Mists. Gujar, 8,400' (Harriss); Mirga,
7,000' — 8,000' (Gatacre).

Hyoscyamus niger^ Z. Bundai (Harriss).

SCROPHULARINE/E.

Verbascum ThapsuSy L, Bundai ; Mirga, 7,500' (Harriss); Gujar
Valley, 5,000' — 6,000'; Laram, 7,200'; Lowdri Pass, 9,000' (Gatacre) ;
Chitral dist. (Younghusband, 1894).

* V. erianthum^ Benth. Between Mirga and Dir, 6,000';
between Drosh and Guirat, 4,500' (Harriss) ; Arnawei Valley, 7,500'
(Gatacre). Distrib. : Afghanistan.

* Linaria odoray Fisch. Chitral dist. (Younghusband, 1894).
Distrib.: Afghanistan to Europe.

Z. ramosissimay Wall y var. puhescens. Drosh, 4,500' (Harriss).
^ Scrophularia alata Gilih. Mirga; Zidrat, 7,200' (Harriss);
Zakhannah Pass, 9,000' (Gatacre) ; Drosh^ 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton),
Distrib. : Afghanistan and Persia to Europe.

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895. 165

* S, cabultca, Benth, Jambatai, 10,000'; Chitral district, 10,000'
(Harriss) ; Distrib. : Afghanistan,

iu himalensis^ Royle, Lowari Pass, 9,000' (Harriss).

S» scabioswfolia^ Benth> Mirga; Jambatai, 4,600'; Bundai
4,500'; Zi^rat, 9,500'; (Harriss); Chitrdl district (Hamilton).

Mazus rugosuSy Lour, Jambatai, 10,000' (Harriss)

Wulfenia Amheystiana^ Benth, Mirga hills, 8,000 — 9,000'
(Gatacre).

Veronica Anagallisy L, Jambatai, 5,000 —6,000' ; Bundai, 4,000'
(Harriss).

F, Beccabunga, Z* Dir (Harriss); Mirga, 7,700' (Gatacre);
Drosh, 4,000 — 5,000' (Hamilton) ; Chitral district (Younghusband).

V, biloba^ Z. Gujar, 9,000' (Harriss).

V, delHgerUf Wall, Ziarat, 7,500'; Gujar, 8,400' (Harriss);
Gujar Valley, 8,000'; Mirga hills, 8,000' (Gatacre).

F. hedereefolia, Z. Bundai, 4,000' (Harriss).

F. laxa^ Benth. Dir, 8,000' (Harriss).

Leptorhabdos linifolia, Walp, Mirga hills, 9,000'; Laram, 7,000*^
(Gatacre).

Euphrasia officinalis^ Z. Zakhannah Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre),

. Pedicularis bicornuta^ Ktotzsch, Lowari Pass, 11,000—14,000'
(Harriss), (Gatacre) ; Zakhannah Pass, 9,000' (Gatacre).

P, pectinata^ Wall, Mirga, 7,400'; Arnawei Valley, 6,000';
Lowari range, 12,000'; Zakhannah Pass, 9,500' (Gatacre).

* P, pycnanthay Boissy var, Semenoviiy Regel. Gujar,
8,000—10,000'; Chitral district. 11,000' (Harriss).

P, tenuirostris^ Benth, Mirga, 7,400' (Gatacre).

P, siphonanfkay D, Don.y forma Hookeriana, Mian Kalai
(Harriss); Lowkri Pass, 9,000— io.,ooo' ; Zakhannah Pass, 10,800'
(Gatacre).

OROBANCHACE^

Orobanche Clarkei, Hk, /. Chitral district, 9,000' (Harriss) ;
Ziarat, 6,000' (Gatacre).,

PEDALINEiE.

Sesamum indicuniy D C, Below Laram Pass, 4,000' (Gatacre),
Cultivated -

ACANTHACEiE.

Sirobilanthes alatuSy Nees, Between Mirga and Dir, 7,500';
Chakdara (Harriss); Mirga hills, 7,000—9000'; Laram, 7,000'
(Gatacre) •

l66 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895.

Adhatoda vasica^ Nees, No locality given (Gatacre),

Dicliptera Roxburghiana^ Nees, Dir, 4,000— *6,000' (Harriss) ;
Pan j kora Valley, 4,000' (Gatacre).

VERBENACEiE.

Verbena officinalis^ L, Di^sh, 4,000' Chakdara t Harriss’, ,* Robat,
4,000' ; Laram, 7,000' (Gatacre).

Vitex Negundo^, L, Panjkora Valley (Harriss)

LABIATiE.

Plectranthus Ceetsa, Buch-Ham, Laram, 7,000' (Gatacre),

rugosus: Wall, Dir Valley, 5,000'; Broz, 5,200' (Harriss);
Zakhannah Valley, 6,000'; Gujar, 7,500'; Mirga, 8,000'; Warai, 4,500'
(Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton).

Elsholtsia densuy Benth, Drosh, 4,000' — SjOOo' (Harriss).
Mentha sylvestris, A., var. incana. Sharbat, 8,000; Drosh,
4,500' (Harriss); Robat, 4,000' ; Arnawei Valley, 4,800' (Gatacre)J;
Chitral district (Younghusband, I894).

M, sylvestriSf Z., var, Royleana, Gujar Valley, 7,500' ; Mirga>
’ji'jco* (Gatacre); Chitral district (Younghusband 1894).

Lycopus europaeuSy L. Drosh, 4,000'— 5,000' (Hamilton).
Origanum vulgare, L, Mirga hills, 7,000'— 10,000' ; Lowkri Pass,
10,000' (Harriss).

O, vulgar Cy Z., var, laxiflorum. Dir, 5,000'- 6,000' ; Ziarat,
7,500 (Harriss) ; Panjkora Valley, 4,000' (Gatacre).

7hymus Serpyllumy Z. Jambatai; 5,000' — 6,000'; Lowkri Pass,

9.000 — 10,000' ; Mirga Hills, 8,000' ; Arnawei Valley, 7,500 (Gatacre).
* Zataria multifloray 6oiss,y vary elatior, Mirkandi, 6,000'

(Harriss). Distrib. : Afghanistan.

Hyssofus officinalis y Z. Drosh, 4,000' — 5000' (Hamilton).
Micromeria bifloray Benth, Jambatai, 5,000'— 6,000' ; Bundai.
Dir ; between. Guirat and Chitral. 4,600' (Harriss) ; Laram, 9,000,
Mirga, 7,700' (Gatacre).

Calamintha ClinopodiuMy Benth, Bundai, 4,000' ; between
Guirat and Chitral, 4,000'— 5,000' (Harriss) ; Laram, 7,000' (Gatacre).
C. umbrosay P, M, Gujar Valley, 6,500' : Mirga,

7.000— 9,000' ; Laram, 7,000' (Gatacre).

Pero^skia atriplicifoliay Benth, Drosh, 4,000'— 5,000' (Harriss)
(Hamilton), Chitral Valley, 4,800' (Gatacre).

Salvia glutinosay L, Sharbat, 4,000' (Harriss) ; Gujar, 7,000 ;
Ashrethj 5,000' ; Mirga, 7,700' (Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000'
(Hamilton).

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895. 167

S. lanata, Roxh» Laram, 7,000' (Gatacre),

5*. Moorcroftiana, Wall* Jambatai, 5iOOo' — 6,000' ; Bundai,
4,000' (Harriss) ; Ashreth Valley, 7,000; Low^rUange,! 2,000—13,000 ;
below Laram Pass, 4,000 (Gatacre).

S. pleheia^ R, Br> Jambatai, 5,000' — ^6,000' ; between Drosh and
Guirat, 4,500' (Harriss).

* Ztzophora clinopodioides^ Lamk* Drosh, 7,500' — 8,000' Distrib, :
Afghan, Beluch., Persia.

* Z, tenuior^ L, Bundai ; between Guirat and Chitrki, 4,600'
(Harriss). Distrib. : Afghan., Balucb., Persia, Siberia.

Nepeta Cataria^ L. Guirat, 4,000' — 5,000' (Harriss).

N. Clarkei, Hk. f, Ziarat, 7,200'; Lowdri Pass, 9,500' (Har^
riss) ; Mirga, 7,000' — 9,000' ; Zakhannah Pass, 9,500' (Gatacre).

N* connata^ Royle, Ziarat, 9,000' (Harriss).

PL elliptica^ Royle. Robat, 4,500' (Gatacre).

N. erecta, Benth, Ziarat, 7,000' .10,000'; Low^ri Pass, 10,000
(Harriss) ; Dir Valley, 5,000 ; Gujar Valley, 5,000; Mirga hills, 8,000'
(Gatacre).

N . Govamana, Benth, Mirga, 7,200' (Gatacre).

N. juncea, Benth, Broz, 5^200' (Harriss).

N, nervosa, Royle, Gujar Valley, 6,000' — 8,000 (Gatacre).

R, pinetorum, Aitah and Hemsl, Mirkandi, 5,000' ; Chitrlli
district, 9,000' (Harriss). Distrib. ; Afghanistan.

* N, podostachys^ Benth, Ziarat, 7,500', Lowari Pass, 10,000'
(Harriss) ; Chitral district (Younghusband, 1894). Distrib. : Af-
ghanistan.

N, raphanorhiza, Benth, Ziarat, 7,500'; Lowdri Pass,

8.000— 10,000' (Harriss) ; Chitral district, 8,000'— 9,000' (Davidson).
Colonel Davidson (Commanding at Chitrdl) informs me that the

tubers of this plant are eaten raw by the people of the Chitrdl hills,
and that it is called by them ‘‘ phaipuni They are said to be very
palatable w'hen cooked. The plant is not uncommon on the inner
ranges of the Western Himalaya and in Afghanistan.

N. spicata^ Benth, Jambatai, 5,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga,

6.000 — 8,000' (Gatacre).

M spicata, Benth, var , elata, Mirga, 8,000' (Gatacre).

N, supina, Stev, Dorah Pass, 14,000' — 15000' (Davidson).
Dracocephalum nutans^ L. Ziarat, 10,000'; Lowari Pass,

10.000 — 11,000' (Harriss).

Lallemantia Royleana, Benth, Bundai (Harriss).

Scutellaria linearis, Benth, Panjkora (Harriss),

l68 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895.

* S. multicaulis, Botss, Chitral district, 6,000' (Harriss) (Young-
husband, 1894). Distrib. : Afghanistan, Persia.

S* prostrata^ Jacq. Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000'; Bundai, 4,000';
Dir, 10,000'; Mirga (Harriss) ; Drosh 4,000'— 5,000' (Hamilton),
Prunella vulgaris^ L, Dir, 5,600',* Drosh, 4,500' ; Chitral Valley,
4,'/oo (Harriss) ; Mirga, 7,500 (Gatacre).

Marruhium vulgare^ L, Dir Valley, 6,000—7,000', Bundai;
Ashreth ; Drosh, 4,500' ; Broz, 5,200' (Harriss).

Anisomeles ovata^ R, Br, Below Laram Pass, 4,000' (Gatacre).
Stachys floccosa^ Benth, Sharbat ; Dir, 6,500' ; Broz, 5,200
(Harriss).

S, sericea. Wall, Mirga, 7,000 — 10,000 (Harriss) (Gatacre);
Lowari Pass, 9,000—10,000' (Harriss) (Gatacre) ; Gujar, 8,000'
(Gatacre).

Leonurus Cardiaca^ L, Mirga, 7,400' — 8,000' (Gatacre.)

L, Cardiaca^ L,y var, Royleana, Ziarat, 7,500' ; Gujar, 8,400';
Chitral, 8,000; (Harriss).

Lamium alhum^ L. Mirga, 7,500' ; Gujar, 8,000' ; Ziarat, 8,000
(Harriss).

* Laghochilus^ cabulicus Benth, Chitral district, 9,000' (Har«
riss). Distrib. ; Afghanistan, Persia.

Leucas capitata^ Desf, (L. Cephalotes, Spreng.) Below
Larara Pass, 4,000' (Gatacre).

* L. mollissima^ Wall., var, scaberula. Swat Valley, 3,000'
(Gatacre), Distrib. : Central India and Khasia Mountains.

Otostegia limbata, Benth, Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000' (Harriss) ;
below Laram Pass, 4,000' (Gatacre).

Phlomts cashmiriana, Royle, Broz., 8,000' (Harriss). ^

P. bracleosa, Royle. Ziarat, 9,000' (Harriss) ; Ashreth, 7,000'
Gujar Valley, 6,500' (Gatacre),

A setigera, Falc. Mirga, 7,000' — 9,000' (Harriss) (Gatacre).
P. spectabilis, Falc. Between Mirga and Dir, 6,000' — 7,000'
(Harriss) ; below Laram Pass, 4,000' ; Laram, 7,200' ; Kashgaria,
5,000' (Gatacre).

* Eremostackys spectosa, Rupr. Chitral district, 9,000' (Harriss)
(Younghusband, 1894) ; Lowiri range, 12,500' (Gatacre), Distrib.:
Central Asia.

* Teucrium incanum, Aitch.and Hemsl. Dir Valley, 4,500'.
Drosh, 4,500' (Harriss) ; Robat, 4,000 ; Darora, 5,000' (Gatacre),
Distrib. : Afghanistan.

T. Royleanum, Wall. Dir; Mirga ; Drosh, '4,000'— 5,000'
(Harriss) ; Warai, 4,500' (Gatacre).

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1 895. 169

* T, serratufUf Bentk. Mirkandi, -6,000' (Harriss) ; Droshj 4,500^
(Harriss), (Hamilton); Chitral district (Younghusband, 1894),
Distrib.: Afghanistan.

Ajuga bracieosa, Benth, Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000'; Dir., 6,500'
(Harriss) ; Panjkora Valley, 4,000' (Gatacre).

A, parviflora^ Benth. Jambatai, 5,000'— 5, 000' (Harriss),

PLANTAGINEi®.

Pianiago lanceolata, £. Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000' (Harriss) ;
Mirga, 7,700' (Gatacre).

NYCTAGINEiE.

Mirabilis Jalapa^ L, Between Mirga and Dir, 6,000' (Har-
riss); Dir Valley, 4,000' — 5,000' (Gatacre),

Boerhaavia repens^ £, Below Laram Pass, 4,000' (Gatacre).

ILLfiCEBRACE^.

Herniaria hirsuta^L, Jambatai, 6,200' (Harrjss); Mirga, 7,500'
(Harriss) (Gatacre),

AMARANTACEiE.

Celosia argent ea, L, Robat, 4,000' (Gatacre).

Digera arvensis^ Porsk, Robat, 4,000' (Gatacre)^

Amaranthus Blitum^ Z. Sharbat, 8,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga, 7,500'
(Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000'— 5,000' (Hamilton).

A, paniculaiuSf Z. Sharbat, 8,,ooo' (Harriss) ; Dir Valley,
4,200' ; Mirga, 7,400' ; Zakhannah Valley^ 5,000' (Gatacre),

AErua foment osa^ Lamk, Below Laram Pass, 4,000' (Gatacre).

Achyranthes bident at Blume, Kasbgaria, 5,000' (Gatacre).

CHENOPODIACEiE.

Chenopodium alburn^ Z. Drosli, 4,000'— 5iOo®^ (Hamilton).

C. Blitum^ Hook. f. Dir, 6,000' ; ZiAfat, 7,500' (Harriss) ;
Arnawei Valley, 8,500' (Gatacre) ; Chitral district (Younghusband,
T894).

C. Botrys^ L. Mirkandi, (Harriss) ; Mirga 8,500

(Gatacre) ; Chitral district (Younghusband, 1894).

C. murale^ Z. Mirga, 7,700' (Gatacre).

Atriplex crassifolia^ C. A, Mey, Mirkandi, 6,000' (Harriss).

POLYGONACEiE.

Polygonum affine^ D, Don, Lowdri range, 10,000'— 13,000'
(Harriss) (Gatacre) ; Arnawei Valley, 9,500 (Gatacre).

170 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895.

P* alatum, Buch,*Ham, Mirga, 7,000'— 8,000' (Harriss)

(Gatacre).

P. alpinum, All, Ctiitral district (Younghusband, i«94).

P. ample xicaule, D. Don, Bundai, 4,000' ; Lowdri Pass, ic,ooo'
(Harriss) ; Ashreth Valley, 6,000' ; Mirga, 7,000' — 9,000' (Gatacre).

P, aviculare^ L, Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton).

P, dumetorum^ L, Dir., 6,500' (Harriss) ; Dir Valley, 4,200'
(Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000'— 5,000' (Hamilton).

* P. Gilesu\ Hemsl, Jambatai, 10,000' ; ChitrdI, 6,000' (Har-
riss) (Giles, Gilgit Expedition).

P, Hpdropiper, Z. Dir, 6,000'; Chakdara, (Harriss).

P, laphathifoliumpi Z. Dir, 5,600' (Harriss).

P, paronychioideSi C, A, Mey, Bundai; Zi^rat, 7,500'; Lowdri
Pass, 9,000' (Harriss).

P, plehetum, R, Br, Bundai, 4,000' (Harriss) ; Baraul Valley,
7,000' (Gatacre).

P, recumbens^ Royle, Lowdri Pass, 10,000' (Harriss).

P, rumicifolium, Royle. Ziirat, 7,200' ; Lowdri Pass. 10,500'
(Harriss) ; Mirga, 8,000'— 9,000' (Gatacre).

P, tubulosum^ Boiss, Mirga, 7,200' (Gatacre).

Rheum Ribes, L. Chitrdl, 5,000'— 9,000' (Harriss). Distrib, :
Afghan., Persia, Syria.

R. IVebbianum^ Royle, Lowdri Pass, 9,000' (Harriss).

Oxyria digyna^ Hill, Low^ri Pass, 10,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga,
7,200' (Gatacre).

Rumex acetosa^ L, Low4ri Pass, 9,500' (Harriss).

R, dentatus^ Z. Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000' ; Mirkandi, 6,000'
(Harriss).

R. hastatuSy D, Don, Chashma ; Bundai, 4,000'; Drosh, 4,500'
(Harriss) ; Ashreth Valley, 5,000'; Arnawei V^alley, 5,000'; below
Laram Pass, 4,000'; Darora, 5,000' (Gatacre).

R, nepalensisy Spreng, Dir, 4,500' (Harriss); Mirga, 9,200'
(Gatacre) .

THYMELiEACEvE.

Daphne oleoides, Schreb, Jambatai, 4,500' ; Broz, 5,200' ;
between Guiarat and Chitrdl, 4 500' (Harriss) ; Baraul Valley, 5,000' ;
jujar Valley, 5^000' ; Chitral district, 6,000' (Gatacre).

trsemia canescens^ Meissn, Mirga, 7,000' — 8,000' (Harriss)
(Gatacre) ; Darora, 5,000' (Gatacre).

Diar^thron vesiculosum, Endl. Dir, 6,000'; Mian Kalai ; Gui-
rat ; 4,500' (Harriss).

THE BOTANY OF THE CHH R AL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1805. IJl

ELJEAGNACEJE,

Elxagnus angusttfolta, L. Sharbat, 8,000' (Harriss).

E, umbellata Thunh,^ var, parmfolta, Zakhannah Valley, 5,000'
(Gatacre) .

LORANTHAGEiE.

Viscum alburn^ L, Fanjkora Valley, 4,000' ; Laram, 7,000’
(Gatacre).

K articulatum, Bwm, Sharbat (Harriss). On Quercus
Ilex.

SANTALACEiE.

T helium divariccitum^ Jan, LowAri Pass, 10,000' (Harriss),
EUPHORBIACE^.

Euphorbia emodi, Hook, f. Dir, 6,500' ; Broz, 7,000' (Harriss);
Panjkora Valley, 4,000' (Gatacre) ; Drosh, 4,000' — 5,006' (Hamilton)^
Chitr^l district (Younghusband, 1894).

E, falcata^ L. Dir, 6,500' (Harriss).

E. hdioscopia^ L, Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000' (Harriss).

E, nypericifolia, L, Panjkora (Harriss).

E, ptlosu, L, Jambatai, 5,000 —6,000' ; Bundai, 7,000' — 9,000'
(Harriss) ; Ashreth Valley, 7,000' ; Lowari Pass, 9,500' (Gatacre).
Sarcococca pruniformisy Lindl, Laram, 7,000' (Gatacre).
Andrachne cordifolia^ MiielL Dir, 5,600' (Harriss) ; Kashgaria.
5,000' (Gatacre).

Flueggia microcarpa^ Blume, Mirga, 7,400' (Gatacre).
Chrozophora tinctoria. A, Juss. Between Broz and Guirai ,
4,500' (Harriss); Warai, 4,500' (Gatacre); Drosh, 4 coo'— -5^000' '
(Hamilton).

URTICACEiE

Ulmus Wallickiif Planck, Ziarat, 7,500' (Harriss).

Celtis australis^ L, Jambatai, 6,000' (Harriss).

Cannabis sativa, L, Dir, 4,500' ; Drosh, 4,500' (Harriss) ;
Mirga, 7,700' (Gatacre); Chitral district tYounghiisband, 1894).

Morus albay L, Chitril, 4,900' (Harriss) ; Arnawei Valley,
4,000'— 5,000' (Gatacre).

Ficus foveolata^ Wall, Laiam, 7,000 (Gatacre).

F, palmata^ Porsk, Jambatai Pass ; Dir, 4, =100' ; Chitral, 4,900'
(Harriss).

Vrtica dioica^ E B,ooo' ; rear Drosh, 8,000' (Harriss).

Parieiaria judaicat L, Ashreth; Dir, 6,500' (harriss)^

172 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895.

PLATAN ACE^.

Platanus orientalise L, Bundai, 4,000' (Harriss).

JUGLANDEiE.

Julians regia^ Z. Jambatai, 4,500'; Zidrat, 7,500' (Harriss).
CUPULIFER.E,

Alnus nepalensisy D. Don. Swat Valley, 3,000' (Gatacre).
Corylus Colurna, L, Mirga, 7,000' — 8,000' (Gatacre).

Quercus dilatata^ LindL Jambatai, 6,500' ; Ziarat, 7,500'—
8,500' (Harriss).

Q, lUx, Z. Jambatai, 6,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga, 7,400' (Gatacre);
Qs incanue Roxb. Eelow Lp-'»m Pass, 4.000' ; Laram 7,000'
(GataCre).

SALICINEiE.

Salix babylonicae L. Arnawei Valley, 4,500' (Gatacre).

S, hastata^ L. Lowdri Pass, 10,000'— 1 1,000' (Harriss) (Gatacre).

oxycarpa, Anders, Ashreth (Harriss).

S, Wallichianae Anders. Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000' (Harriss).
Populus ciliata. Wall. Ashreth (Harriss); Mirga, 7,200'
(Gatacre).

GENTACE^.

Ephedra intermedia^ Schrenh. Mirkandi, 6,000' ; Chitrdl, 8,000'
(Harriss).

CONIFERS.

Juniperus communiSy Z- Above Tambatai, 10,000' (Harriss).
y, macropoda, Boiss. Zidrat, 11,000'; Chitrdl, 9,500' (Harriss);
Zakhannati range, 13,500' (Gatacre).

J. recurvay Buch>Ham. Bundai, 9,600' ; Dir, 11,000' (Harriss);
Low^ri Pass, 10,300' (Gatacre).

Taxus baccatay L. Mirga, 7^400' (Gatacre).

Pinus excelsuy Wail, Dir, 6,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga, 7,400'
(Gatacre).

P. Gerardtana, Wall. Chitral district, 10,000' — 11,000'

(Harriss).

Cedrus Libaniy Barrely var. Deodara. Dir, 7,000' (Harriss) ;
Mirga, 7,400' (Gatacre).

Abies Webbianay Lindl. Dir, 8,000' — 10,000' (Harriss).

A. Webbianay Lindl.y var.y Pindrow. Mirga, 7,400' (Gatacre).
Picea M or inday Link. Dir, 8,000'— 10,000' ; Gujar, 10,000'
(Hawiss).

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895. 173

QRCHIDEi^:.

Eulophta campestriSf WalL Gujar -Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre).

Neottia listeroides^ Lindl. Mirga, 9,200' (Gatacre).

Spiranthes aust: alis^ Lindl. Sharbat (Harriss).

Epipactis consimilis^ Wall. Mirkandi, 6,000'— 7,000' (Harriss).

E/latifolia\ Swartz Jambatai, 6,500' ; Dir, 11,000; Ashreth
(Harriss).

Orchis laUfalia^ L, Lowdri Pass, 9,500' (Harriss) ; Ashreth
Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre).

Herminium Duthiei^ Hook,f, Bundai, 4,000' (Harriss).

Cypripedhim cordigerum^ D. Don, Dir ; M irga. 9, 500'- (Harriss) ;
Ziara.t Valley, 8,000' (Gatacre'-

IRIDE^.

Iris kashmiriana^ Baker ^ Chashraa; Jambatai, 4,500' (Harriss),

L kumaonensis^ Wall. Guiar. 10,000': Lowdri Pass, 10,000'
—‘11,500' (Harriss).

* /. songaricay Schrenk, Chitral district 9,000'— 1 1,000' (Har-
riss) (Younghusband, 1894) Distrib. : Afghanistan, Persia.

* Crocus Korolkowiy^ Maw and RegeL „ Chitral district (Hamil-
ton). Distrit) : Turkestan.

AMARYLLIDE^.

^ Ixiolirion montununty Herb, LowAri Pass, 10,000' (Gatacre) ;
Chitral district (Hamilton) (Younghusband, 1894). Distrib.: Afghan.,
Persia, Syria.

DIOSCOREACE^.

Dioscorea deltoideay WalL Bundai, 4,000' ; Ziirat, 7,200' (Har*
riss); Mirga, 6,000' — 7,200' (Gatacre).

LILlACEiE.

Asparagus HLcinus, Buchi-Ham. Mirga forest, 9,50b' (Gatacre).

Polygonatum geminiflorumy Dene. Low^ri Pass, u, 000' (Har-
riss) ; Zi^rat Valley, 7,000' /"Gatacre)

P. multiflorunty AIL Jambatai, 6,000' (Harriss) , Mirga, 8,800'
(Gatacre).

P, verticillatuMy AIL Jambatai, 6,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga,
7,000' — ^9,000' (Harriss) (Gatacre).

Hemerocallis fulva^ Z. Dir, 5,000' (Harriss) ; Jandoul Valley,
4,000'' (Gatacie). Introduced.

Eremurus htmalaicuSy Baker. Between Gujar and Ziirat,

174 the botany of the chitral relief expedition, 1895.

7,000' — 10,000' (Harriss); Lowari Pass; Arnawei Valley, 9,000'
(Gatacre).

Allium blandum, Wall, Arnawei Valley, 8,500' (Gatacre).

A, Govanianum^ Wall, Lowari Pass, 11,500' (Harriss).

* A, mars’aritaceum^ Sibth. and Smithy var, S, scabruntj
Eroz, 5,200' (Harriss). Distrib.; Persia, Europe.

A,, rubeiiunit M. Bieb, Bundai, 4,000' (Harriss).

A , jrubBUum^ M, Bieb.y var, grandifiorum. Without locality
(Gatacre),

Lilium polyphyllum, IJ» Don Zidrat. 8,000'; Gujar, 8,400'
(Harriss); Ashreth Valley, 5,000'— 7,000' ; Mirga Valley, 7,0:0';
Lpw4ri range, 10,000'— -11,000' (Gatacre).

Fritillaria tmPerialiSy L. Chitrdl district (Youngbusband, 1894)
Tulipa chrysant ha^ Boiss, Chitrdl district (Youngbusband, 1894).
*7’. Clusiantty D C, Cbitrdl distiict (Hamilton), Distrib.:
Persia, Europe.

* T dasystemon^ Regel, Chitril district, 9^000' (Harriss) (Young-
busband, 1894). Distrib.: Turkestan.

r, stellatay Hook, Gujar, 8,coo' — 9,000'; Zmrat, 8,000'— 10,000
(Harriss) ; Lowdri Pass, 10,000' (Gatacre).

* Gagea amblyopetalay Boiss; and Heidr, Chitrdl district
(Youngbusband, 1894), Distrib. : E. Europe

G* fascicularisy Salisb, (G. lutea, Schultz, f.) Dir, 11,000';
Buiidai, 7,000' — 9 300'; Lowdri Pass, 9,000' — 11,000' (Harriss) ;
Ashreth Valley, 4, coo'— 7,000' (Gatacre) ; Chitril district (Young-
husband, 1894).

* G. jiliformiSy Kunth, Chitril district (Youngbusband, 1894} ;
Distrib. : Siberia.

C persica^ Boiss. Zidrat Valley, 4.500' — 7,000' (Gatacre).
Colchicum luteumy Baker, Gujar, 8,500'—- 9,000' (Harriss) ;
Lowdri Pass, 10,000' (Gatacre).

Merendera persica^ Boiss. Ziirat, 11,000' (Harriss); Cbitril
district (Hamilton) (Youngbusband, 1894).

* M, robustay Bunge, Gujar 8,500' — 10,500'; Lowdri Pass,
8^500'— 11,000' (Harriss) ; Ashreth Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre). Distrib.:

Turkestan.

Trillium Govanianunt. Wall, Bundai, 9,000' (Harriss).

juncacf^.

J uncus gtaucuSy Sibth, Broz, 7,500' (Harriss).
y . himalensiSy Klotzsch, Zi^rat, 9,000' ; Lowdri Pass, *0,000'
Gujar, 8,400' (Harriss),

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, SS95 I75

y. lamprocarpuSy Ehrh Bundai, 4,000' ; Chakdara (Harriss).

J, membranaceus, Royle. Gujar 8,400' (Harriss) ; Chitral dis-
trict (Younghusband, 1894).

TYPHACE^.

Typha an^ustata^ Chaub. and Bory, Mian Kalai (Harriss).

aROIDEJE.

Arum Jacquemontii^ Blume (A. Griffithii, Schott.), Aslireth
fHarriss),

ALISMACE^

Sagtttaria guayanensis, H. B, AT, Swat Valley, 3,000'
(Gatacre) ,

5*. sagittifolia^ Z. Munda, 3,000'; Dir, 5,000' ; Mian Kalai
(Harriss) ; Swat Valley, 3,000' (Gatacre).

rvPERACE^.

Pycreus capillaris^ Nees Drosh, 4,000'—- 5,000' (Hamilton).

Cyperus eleusinoideSy Kunth, Below Laram Pass, 4,000''
(Gatacre).

C. Eragrostisy VahL Swat Valley, 3,000' (Gatacre).

C glahevy L> Chakdara (Harriss)

IriUy L. Near Drosh, 4,000'— 5,000' (Hamilton),

C* rotunduSy L, Near Drosh, 4,000' — c,oco' (Hamilton).

Eleocharis palustrisy R. Br, Mirkandi, 6,000'; Broz, 7,500'
(Harriss). /

Fimhristylis dichotomay VahL Chakdara (Harriss) ; Robat,
4,000'; Swat Valley, 3,000' (Gatacre).

Eriophorum comosunty Wall, Swat Valley, 3,000' (Gatacre),

Kobresia capillifoliay Dene. Lowdri Pass, 10,500' (Harriss).

K. lax a Benth. Broz, 7,500' (Harriss).

Carex cardiolepiSy Nees. Bundai, 7,000' (Harriss).

iS.cruentayAiees, Lowiri Pass, 9,500' (Harriss).

C. flavay L, t>roz, 7,jOo (Harriss)

C ohscuray Nees, Lowiri Pass, 9,000' (Harriss).

C, Wallichianay Presentt. tsunaai, 4,000' (Harriss).

GRAMINEAE.

Paspaium sanguinalSy Lamk. L-nakdara, (Harriss) ; Drosh,
4,000' — 5,000' (Hamilton)

Panicum Crus-galli\ Z. Mian Kalai (Harriss) ; Drosh, 4.000'—
5,000' (Hamilton).

176 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895.

Setaria glauca, Beam, Arnawei Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre),

S, italica^ Beam, Dir, 4,500'— 6,500' ; Chakdara (Harriss) ;
Zakhannah Valley, 5,000' — 6,000' (Gatacre). Cultivated.

Pennisetum lanatum Klotzsch. Mirga, 7,200' (Gatacre).

P, orientate, Rich, Chashma ; Dir, 4,500'; Ashreth (Harriss) ,
Chotiatan, 5,000' (Gatacre).

Coix Lachryma»Jobi^ L, Swat Valley, 3,000' (Gatacre),

Zea Maysy L, Arnawei Valley, 6,000'; below Laram. Pass, 4,000' *
(Gatacre).

Tragus racemosuSf Hall. Panjkora (Harriss),

Imperata arundinacea^ Cyr. Mirkandi, 6,000' ; Broz, 5,200'
(Harriss).

Saccharum spontaneum^ Z, Below Laram Pass, 4,000' (Gatacre).

Eriarlthus Griffithii] Hook, f. Below Laram Pass, 4,000'
(Gatacre).

E. filifo'.ius^ Nees. Dir, 4,500'— 6,500' (Harriss).

E. Ravennse^ BeauVj var, purpurascens, Drosh, 4,000' — 5,000'
(Hamilton) ,

E, RavennaSi Beauv, var. (approaching E, Griffithii). Guirat,
4,500' (Harriss).

Rottbcellia speciosa. Hack. Mirkandi, 6,500' ; between Mirga
and Dir, 6,000' (Harriss).

Ischaemum angustifoliumy Hack. Bundai ; Panjkora (H arriss).

Andropogon GrylluSy Z., var, echmulatus. Mirga, 9,500' (Gat-
acre).

A. halepensiSy Brot, Chitrdl Valley, 4,000'—- 5,000' (HarrisS).

A, Ischaemuniy L. Mirkandi, 6,000'; Sharbat, 8,000'; Panjkora
(Harriss) ; Drosh. 4,000'— 5,000' (Hamilton).

A, Iwarancusa, JoneSy subsp. laniger Desf. Dir; Mirkandi,
5-,8oo' (Harriss) ; Warai, 4,500' (Gatacre).

A, monticolay 'SchuU.y var, Trinii, Sharbat, 8,000' (Harriss).

Anthhtiria anathera, Nees, Chakdara (Harriss).

Apluda var lay Hacky subsp, aristata. Below Laram Pass, 4,000'
(Gatacre).

Aristida adscensionisy L, Sharbat, 8,000' (Harriss),

A, cyanantha, Nees. Drosh, 4,000'— 5,000' (Harriss) (Hamilton),

Stipa barbatay Desf, Jambatai, 10,000': Chitrdl 6,000' (Har-
riss).

S, Hookeriy Stapf, Gujar, 9,000' (Harriss).

5". sibiricdy Lamk, Mirga, 7,400'— 8,000'; Laram, 7,000' (Gatacre).

Oryzopsis Munroiy Stapf, Bundai, 4,000'; Dir, 5,000'; Ziirat,
7,000' — 8,000' (Harriss).

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895

^ 0» pallida, Stapf, M.S. Mirkandi, 5,500' (Harriss).

PMeum arenarium, L. Jambatai, 4,500'; Bundai (Hgrriss),

Agrostis alba^ L. Gujar, 8,400', Chakdara (Harriss).

A. subaristata^ Aitch. and HemsL Dir, 5,400' (Harriss),

A» vtrticillata, VilL Broz, 5,200' (Harriss).

Polypogon littoraiiSf Smith, Bundai ; Dir, 4,500' (Harriss).

P, maritimus^ Willd, Broz, 5,200'; Guirat, 4,500' (Harriss).

Calamagrostis Uttorea^ D,C, Mirga, 3,000' (Gatacre).

Cynodon Dactylon^ Pers. Bundai, 4,000' (Gatacre)

Chhofis villosa^ Pers, Mirkandi, 6,000'; Dir (Harriss) ; Ashreth
Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre).

Pappophorum Aucheri^^ ^auh. Spach, Guirat, 4,500'

(Harriss).

Arundo Donax^ L Mirkandi 6,000' (Harriss) ; Arnawei Valley,
4,000' (Gatacre).

Phragmites Roxburghii, Kunth, Below Laram Pass, 4,000'
(Gatacre).

Kceleria cristata^ Pers, Dir, 5,000' (Harriss)

Eragrostis cynosuroideSf Beauv. Mian Kalai (Harriss).

E, minor, Host, Dir, 6,500'; Chakdara (Harriss) ; Dr©sh, 4,000'
—5,000' (Hamilton) ; Chitrdl Districto {Younghusband 1894)*

pilosa, Beauv» Chakddra (Harriss) ; Drosh, 4,ooc'““«5,ooo'
(Hamilton).

^ Diplachne Gatacrei] Stapf, Warai, 4.500' (Gatacre).

Meiica Cupani, Guss,,^ var, hrsvifolia, Hoiss Zidrat, 7,8^00' ;
Chitral district, 6,000'— -i i,o©o' iKarriss) (Younghusband, 1894).'^

Dactylis glomerata, L, Mirga (Harrissi

Pogonatherum saccharoideum, Beauv, Mirkandi, 6,000' (Harriss).

Poa bulhosa, L., var, vivipara, Jambatai, 4,000' (Harrissj.

P, nemoratis, Z., var, iigulata, Stapf, Bundai, 4,000'; Broz,
9, 000' (Harriss) ; Mirga, 7,700' (Gatacre)

P, persica, Trin,, var, soongarica, Lowiri Pass, 10,000'
(Harriss).

P, pratensis, L, Jambatai, 4,500' (Harriss).

P. pratensis L„ var. vivipara. ZMrat, 7,400' (Harriss).

Bromus patulus, M. and K. Jambatai, 4,000'; Btiridai (Harriss).

Brachypodium sylvaticum, R. Qr S. Dir, 5,000': Chakdira
(Harriss).

Agropyron longe-arhtatum, Boiss, Gujar, 7,800' (Harriss).

* Secale monianum, Guss. Gujar, 7,800' (Harriss). Distrib. ;
Persia, Eastern and Southern Europe.

Hordeum myinum, L. Chitral, 4,500' (Harriss).

178 THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895.

FILICES.

Lystopceris fragtlts, Bernk, Jambatai, 5,ooo'-“-6,ooo' ; Di**,

4,500'— 10,000' ; Ziarat, 10,000'; Lowari Pass, 8,500'— 10,000'; Chitrii
District, i f,ooo' (Harriss) ; Mirga Hills, 8,000' (Gatacre),

Adiantum Captilus- Veneris, L. Jarabatai, 5,500'; Dir, 4,000' —
5,500'; Ashreth Valley, 6,000'; Chakdara (Harriss); below Laram
Pass, 4,000'; Zidrat Valley, 6,000' (Gatacre) ; Drosh. d.ooo'— q.ooo'
(Hamilton).

A. venustum, D. Don. Dir, 5,000' ; jambatai (Harriss) ; Mirga,
8,000' (Gatacre)

Cheilanthes fragrans, Webb and Berth, Jambatai, 5,000'—
6,000' ; Dir., 4,500' ; Sharbat (Harriss), below Laram Pass, 4,000' ;
Ashreth Valley (Gatacre)

C. SzoviHii, F. and M, Between Drosh and Guirat, 4,500'
(Harriss) ; without locality (C. E. Pitman).

Pelleea nitidula Baker, Laram, y,ooo' (Gatacre).

Pteris aguilina, L. Mirga (Harriss) ; Gujar Valley, 7,000*
(Gatacre).

P. cretica^ L., Dir., 6,500' (Harriss) ; Darora, 5,000'; below
Laram Pass. 4;OOo' (Gatacre).

P. longifolia^ L, Dir., 6,500' (Harriss); below Laram Pass,
4,000'; Mirga Hills, 8,000'.

P, ludens, Wall, Zi4rat Valley, 5,000'— 8,000' (Gatacre).

In reply to a letter to General Gatacre asking foi further parti-
culars regarding the localities of this very ii.leresting fern, I received
the following information This fern was found growing in
many places in the Ziaral Valley at 5,000 feet, near the Kaffir
Rock,* a well-known spot by reason of the Kaffirs from Kafiristan
selecting this wild spot as the place to set upon and murder caravans
passing through the country. The valley hereabouts is a very shel-
tered spot, a beautiful stream running down the centre, the hills
clothed with flowering shrubs, and the valley filled with the w'hite
paeony. Undoubtedly snow lies here during winter, even down to
5,000 feet, but the place is warm and sheltered from wind ; the soil
is very rich, and streams from the summits of the hills are always
pouring through fissures into valley below. This fern w^as
also seen growing in several places on the hill above on the west
side of the valley, where w’ater runs out of rocks at 8,000 feet. 1 he
ground here must be under snow for certainly four months, if not
more. There is close by here a crater, apparently of volcanic origin.

♦ The Kaffir Rock is about 3^ miles north of I.owari Pass, on the roaci.

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1S95. 179

which may account for the fern being found here, but no difference
was perceptible in the temperature of the water/^

Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum. Z. Jambatai, 5,000' — 6,000' ;
Dir Valley; Zidrat, 7,800' (Harriss) ; Panjkora, 4,000' (Gatacre).

A. aliernans^ WalL Dir, 5,400' ; between Drosh and Guirat,

J Harriss); below Laram Pass, 4,000' (Gatacre).

A, Ceterach^ L. Panjkora Valley, 4,000'; Laram, 7,000'; Ashreth
Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre) «

A, dentigerum^ IValL Mirga, 8,500'; Lowiri Pass, 10,000'
(Harriss).

A. fontanum, Bernh, Mirga, 8,000' (Gatacre).

A, Mackinmni^ Hope, Gujar, 8,500'; Mirga (Harris*?).

A. septentrionale^ Hoffm, Zi^rat, 7,200' (Harriss) ; Mirga forest,
9,500' (Gatacre).

A. TrichomaneSy Z. Jambatai, 5,000'; Bundai, 4,000'; Ashrclh ;
Sharbat, 8,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga, 7,000'— 9,500' (Gatacre).

A.vtride, Huds, Lowiri Pass, 11,000' ](Harriss) ; Chitr^l dis“
trict (Younghusband, 1894)

Aspidium Lonchitisy Sw, Zi^rat, i i,ooo' ; Lowari Pass, 10,500'
(Harriss).

Nephr odium Filix^maSy Rich, Lowari Pass, 9,500' (Harriss),

H , mollcy DesYy Below Laram Pass, 4,000' (Gatacre)

N. odontolomay Moort^ (Lastrea Filix-mas, var. odontoloma,
Moore in Bedd, Handb., SuppL 55).— jambatai, 5,000'— 6,300' ;
Bundai; Dir., 8,000' | Zi^rat, 7,50o'“-8,ooo' ; Lowiri Pass, 10,000';
Chakdara (Harriss).

N, ramosuMy Hope, Gujar, 10,000'; Ziirat, 7,000'— 9,000' ;
Mirga, 8,000' (Harriss) : ^ ^iram, 7,200' (Gatacre).

Poly podium PhegopteriSy Z. Mirga, 9,500' (Harriss),

P, Robertianumy Mirga, 7,500' (Gatacre) ; Chitril

district (Younghusband, 1894).

Lygodium microphyllum R, Br. Ziirat Valley, 5,000' (Gatacre),
EQUISETACE^.

Equisetiim arvendsiy L» Jambatai, Bundai, 4,000'; Zidrat, 7,200''
(Harriss) , Mirga 6,ooo'“-8,ooo' (Gatacre).

E, dehiley Roxb, Chakdara iHarrissl: Drosh. 4,000'— 5,000'
(Hamilton),

LYCOPODIACE^.

Selaginetla rupestriSy Spring, Uir, 4,500'; Ashreth (Harrsii)
Mirga, 7,200' (Gatacre).

*80 THE BOTANY OF THF CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895.

MUSCI.

Catharinea obtusuluy {p,MuU). Bundai, 8,000' (Harnss).

Mnium lycopodioideSy (Hook») Schw» Jambatai, 4,000' (Harriss),

M, mediumy Br. Eur, Zidrat, 7,400' (Harriss).

M, riparium, Mitt, Jambatai, 4,000' (Harriss).

Timmia havaricay HessL Mirga, 9,000'; Zi^rat (Harriss).

Philonotis falcatay Hook, Bundai, 4,000' ; Dir, 4,000' ; Mirga
(Harriss),

Bartramia CEderiy {Gunn) Sw. Mirga, 9,000' (Harriss).

Bryum argent euniy L, Bundai, 4,000' (Harriss).

B, csespiticiuniy L, Ziarat, 7,400' (Harriss),

B, Schleicheriy Schw, Lowari Pass, 10,000' (Harriss) ; Mirga,
7,700' (Gatacre).

B, turhinatuMy {Hedw,) Br. Eur, Ashreth, 5,000' — 6,000' :
Gujar, 9,000' , Chitril District, 8,000' (Harriss),

Pohlia crudUy {L.) Lindb, Mirga, 9,000' ; Zidrat, 9,000' ; Broz,
7,000' (Harriss).

Funaria hygrometrica (Z.) Sibth. Bundai, 4,000' ; Drosh, 8,000'
(Harriss).

Tortula inermis, {Brid,) Mont, Ashreth, 5,000'— 6,000' ; Bundai,
4,000' (Harriss),

T, montana {Nees)y Lindb, Ashreth, 5,000'— 6,000' (Harriss),

Desmatodon latifoliu% (Hedw,) Br. Eur, Gujar, 9,500
(Harriss).

Barbula alpigena. Vent, Dir,, to,ooo' (Harriss).

B, rubella (Hoff m) Mitt, Ziarat, 7,400'; Bundai, 8,000'; Dir,
10,000' ; Gujar, 9,500' (Harriss).

Timmiella anomala {Br, Eur,) Bundai, 4,000'; Jambatai, 4,000';
Mirga, 9,000' ; Dir Valley; Lowdri Pass, 10,500'; between Guirat
and Chitrdl (Harriss).

Eucladium verticil latum (Z.), Br, Eur, Mirkandi, 6,000'
(Harriss).

Amphidium lapponicumy (Hedw,) Sckimp, Mirga, 9,000' ; Ashreth.
5,000'— 6,000' ; Zi5rat, 10,000' (Harriss).

Drwmmondia Thomsoniy Mitt, Dir Valley (Harriss).

Orthotrichum anomalum. Hedw, Mirga'; Lowdri Pass, 10,000',
Chakdara (Harriss).

Grimmia commutatay Hub, Mirga; Bundai, 8,000 ; Lowdri
Pass, 10,500' (Harriss).

G,leucophxay Grev, Bundai, 8,000' (Harriss).

G, pulvinatUy (Z.) Sw, Chakdara (Harriss).

THE BOTANY OF THE CHITRAL RELIEF EXPEDITION, 1895.

Amhlysteguim filicinum (£.) Lindb, Bundai, 4,000'; Broz,
7,000' (Harriss).

A, serpens {L)f Br» Eur, Jambatai, 4,000'; Ashreth, 5,000 —
6,000'; Zidrat, 7,500'; Gujar, 9,000' (Harries).

Hypnum pseudoplumosum^ Brid. Jambatai, 4,000' (Harriss).

H. rutahulum, £. Zi^rat, 7,400' (Harriss),

H. satebrosum^ Hoffm, Mirga, 9,000'; Chitrdl District, 9,000'
(Harriss),

H, strigosum^ Hoffm. Gujar, 9,500' (Harriss).

Plagiothecium denticulatum^ (Z.) Br, Eur. Zidrat, 7,400'
(Harriss).

HEPATIC/E.

Grinaldia dichotoma* Jambatai, 6,000' (Harriss),

Marchantia sp, Bundai 4,000'— 6,000' (Harriss),

G* I, C. f. 0.— No. 599 R, & A.— aJ'e'gS-J. E. F

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

By G. A. Gammie,

I left Saliaranpur on the evening of the 13th August 1896 and
arrived at Pathankote the following afternoon.

Pathankote stands on the verge of the undulating Siwalik tract
which extends outwards from the precipitous southern slopes of the
Dhaula Dhar, or hrst range of the Himalayas. The mountain valleys
of the Ravi which are contained in the State of Chamba lie between
this and the loftier second range, beyond which is Lahaul. As the area
comprised between the first and second ranges is of great extent,
I at once decided to confine my tours strictly within its limits. I
first travelled through the western portion of the State as far as the
Sach Pass and afterwards undertook the survey of the eastern side
as far as Barmaor, from whence I proceeded to Kan^ra through
Chanota and Kuarsi and over the Mharam Pass. Pathankote
and ite vicinity arc weiP woocT&tl, out many of the trees have cer-
tainly been planted, such as Eugenia Jamholana^ Acacia Catechu,
and Ficus religiosa^ whife Adhatoda Vasica^ Cassia Tora^ Cannabis
indica, Ricinus communis^ etc., are the principal components of the
scrubby undergrowth. Although a distance of twenty-eight miles
intervenes, between Pathankote and Dunera, the trifling increase of
altitude produces but little change worthy of especial remark in ihk,
vegetation. The commonest trees observed were Pinus iongifolia^
Bombax malabaricum^ Mallotus philippinensis^ Teri^nalia tomen^
tosa^ several species of Acacia ; and there were good specimens of
the Banyan and Pipal along the road at intervals. Grasses grew
luxu.Iantly on many slopes which would have oeen bare and sterile but
for their presence, and there were dense tracts of Olea glandulifera,
Adhatoda Vasica, etc. The herbaceous flora was still that charac-
teristic of the adjacent plains.

Leaving Dunera the road ascends steadily tor ewenty-two miles
to Dalhousie ; and towards the upper end oaks, rhododendrons, maples,
horse-chestnuts and other trees form the humid forests, while the
shrubby and herbaceous vegetation of a temperate climate replace
at last the tropical forms left behind only a few miles lower down.
Desmodium tilisefolium, Indigofera Gerardiana, Lespedeza sericea
give the locality a distinctive coloration from the profusion of their
flowers, as do also those of humbler plants, such as Geranium
Anemone^ Potentilla. Dipsacus^ Aster ^ Cynoglossum^ Bcennhtghau’-
seniay and many others.

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHA^:£A AND KANGRA.

184

A variety of ferns grow on shady banks in woods and along
watercourses. Polypodium lachnopus and P, lineare thrive on the
trunks and branches of trees and their occurrence draws the observer's
attention to the fact that, excepting themselves, mosses and lichens,
and occasionally mistletoe, other epiphytic and parasitical forms of
vegetation are markedly absent from the flora of this region.

The third march was from Dalhousie to*the town of Chamba, a
distance of seventeen miles. For some miles the roi.te luns at. and
also above, the level of Dalhousie through magnihcent for*»-ts of
deodar and other conifers ; and these forests, together with gigantic
rocks and shady ravines, all yield an interesting series of plants.
At Kajiar the conifers become rarer and a mixed growth of oaks,
rhododendrons, laurels, maples, walnut, RhuSy etc., replace them.
At a considerable distance lower down these woods come to an end
and the remainder of the steep ascent is through cultivated slopes,
consisting of fields of excellent maize, various millets, and Amaran-
The last with its ample red and yellow panicles
brightens the Iandscape,''sr^«fts fields of vivid hue serve to mark the
positions of wic .!y scattered hamlets among the valleys, miles aw^ay
from the traveller’s standpoint. The town of Chamba lies at an
elevation of 3,000 feet above the sea, but many plants ascending to
a similar height on the southern face of the range are absent here,
while plants hitherto confined to higher levels descend to the banks
of the Ravi on this side. A marked diminution of the rainfall, due
10 ibe interposition of the lofty southern range ; and a milder sum-
mer ciiroaie and severer wnnter, depending on the proximity in
almost all directions of enormous snowy mountains, must be the
true causes for the decided change in the facies of the vegetation.
Side by side with su&h distinctly tropical plants as Bauhinia
purpureUy Solatium verbatcifolium^ Ficus religiosay Lippia nodi^
floray Lantana crenulatay Vitex trifoliay Sapindus Mukorossiy
Dalbergia Sissoo, Solarium xanthocarpuMy Melia Asederachy
Phyllanthus Urinariay Lageritrs>-mia indica-y Adiantum cauaatumy
Heliotropium strigosuMy etc., miy be found Anemone vitifoliay
Clematis gratay Thalictrum fdiolosum, Origanum vulgar Cy
Roy lea elegans^ Cotoneaster microihyllay Micromeria bifloray
Astragalus chlorostachysy Platanus crientaliSy Juglans regia^
Pyrus armeniacay Indigofera Gp.rardianci. Desmodium tilisefoliumy
and many others.

From Chamba I travelled on the western side as far as the Sach
Pass which crosses the second range into Pangi. The first march
was to Musroond. For some miles after leaving Chamba the road is

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

185

comparatively level and skirts the bank of the Ravi. Olea cuspidata
seems to be the commonest small tree. Zanthoxylum alatu^n^
Zizyphus Jujuba^ Adhatoda Vasica^ Prinsepia utilis are also
abundant and a gaunt tree-like Euphorbia grows on the cliffs near
the town. The path is shaded with good trees of Celtis australis^
Ficus pahnata. Ficus religiosa^ and Melia Azedarach. Mallotus
phillippinemvi and Dalbergia Sissoo are common near the town,
but do not extend far from it There are also a few specimens of
Bombax malubaricum and Phopnix sylvestris on the wide flats near
the river. Good rice is grown on the irrigated level lands here,
and the fields of Indian corn appeared to be exceedingly productive.
Ipomcea hederacea beautifies the hedges with its bright blue flowers,
The remaining part of the march was steep and in parts the vege-
tation very scanty. There are many small trees of Pinus longi«
folia and shrubs of Berberis vulgaris and Plectranthus rugosus*
Looking out from the forest-house at Musroond one obtains a defi-
nite idea of the general scenery of this State. The view northw'ards
is terminated by a line of snowy peaks. Towards the west is the
deep valley of the Ravi bounded on the further bank by steep
grass-clad mountains with broad terraces overlooking the river
In this, as in other parts of the Himalayas, the slopes facing south-
wards are steep and rocky, and bear trees only at widely scattered
intervals, even the ravines being wanting in the dense thickets of
shrubs and herbs which are so distinctive a feature in the side valleys
and gullies of the northern ridges where, moreover, alone may be
found extensive forests of conifers, oaks and other trees. Im-
mediately under the lofty second range the radiating spurs are
covered with forests in all directions. Ihis, perhaps, may be due to
a more liberal rainfall.

From Musroond the next march was to Kulcl. The steep descent
to the river below w inds through an almost continuous stretch of
cultivated land. The villages have to maintain a night-long clamour
to warn off the black bears from the fields of ripening Indian corn
which is the main crop at this season. The hillsides are usually
so steep that the natives form their fields into broad terraces. This
system must prevent the erosion of the shallow soil ; moreover the
walls of the terraces, often of considerable height, being covered with
grass, a plentiful supply of good fodder must bt furnished close to the
homesteads of the people. Bees were seen issuing from many holes in
the stone w^alls of the houses. I had no opportunity of tasting the
honey, but it ought to be abundant and good in a country so well
stocked with flowers. The road continues by a gradual ascent to Kulel

i86

BOTANICAI TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

mostly through cultivated land, Here and there the shade cast by
small willow groves assists to mitigate the intense heat experienced
along the exposed paths. Everywhere Apricot and Walnut tr^es
are carefully preserved. It was past the fruiting season of the
former, but the latter bore fruits of excellent quality which were
greedily consumed, fresh from the tree, by my native followers. At
Kulel, a broad lateral valley, well wooded with pine trees, opens out
towards the east ; but the main valley continues in a northerly direc-
tion. The slopes of the latter are excessively steep, but are green
with herbage. There are many good plants to be found around
Kulel.

The next march was to Tisa, a village of importance judged by
the standard of the country. There are three small rivers to be
crossed on the way, and the flora along their courses is interesting.
In one village we passed some trees of Cratcegus Oxyacantha^
cultivated for its fruit, which is of the size of a small plum and is consi-
dered palatable by the people. Rubus ellipticus, now in leaf only, is
common enough to yield a moderate quantity of fruit. Taking into
consideration that the climatic conditions of this State are, to all
appearances, favourable to fruit culture, it is difficult to understand
why its capability in this direction has not been encouraged and
developed. The camping ground at Tisa is on a small flat above
the bungalow, and a considerable portion of its area is shaded by a
noble Poplar (Populus ciltata), the base of the stem of which is
surrounded by a slate platform.

The succeeding march was to Alwas. After a short ascent above
the village of Tisa the path crosses the ridge and strikes into a small
Deodar forest. Lower down many groups of Quercus dilatata occur;
this is an exceedingly common tree everywhere at this elevation.
Further on there is a most interesting forest which descends to a
river. Mar lea be gonioe folia, Parrottia facquemontiana, Ulmus
campestris, Carpinus, Csesalpinia sepiaria, Berchemia florihunda,
Rosa moschata, Impatiens of many species, and ferns in great variety
are examples of the plants to be found here. Onwards the landscape
again becomes bare and dreary, relieved sometimes by copses and
village-lands. However, after descending to another river, the vege-
tation became more luxuriant and we gradually approach the pine
forests which sweep upwards to the limit of trees. Purple and yellow
Balsams are gregarious in moisi ravines, Pedicularis gracilis, a
yellow Corydalis, Dispsacus inerrnis, Cnicus, Senecio, Polygonum^
Potentilla. and many other plants are abundant-

Above and around the camping ground ac Alv/as are -dark pine

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA,

187

forests, and over all are towering rocky peaks with beds of snow
descending their hollow's. Thus far our journey had taken us among
comparatively low mountains and ridges, with glimpses only of
snowy ranges enclosing lateral valleys, but now the slopes ran up-
wards on all sides to elevations favouring the deposit of perpetual
snow. From Alwas a short excursion was made through a valley to
the westward. In the lower portion of this valley the trees are
large and of varied aspect, consisting as they do of Corylus Colurna^
Quercus dilatatUy Prunus Padus, Cedrus DeodarUy Picea Mortnda,
Ulmus Wallichianay Acer villosunty and others. The shrubs are of
equal interest and include \^with many more) V iburnuniy Berheris,
Desmodium tilsefoHum (which here attains its highest level), Spiraea
sorbtfoliay Girardinia^ Vitis, etc. The density of the forest area
prevents the growth of all but a few forms of herbaceous vegetation ;
but higher up, where the trees first become scattered and then dis-
appear, small plants exist in great profusion. As examples of these
may be cited Parocketus, ImpatienSy PanunculuSy Epilobium,
Arciium, Mahay Polygonumy Fagopyrunty Heracleum and other
Umbelliferous plants, Senecioy CnicuSy Urticay and several species
of ferns,

A visit to the Sach Pass w'as undertaken on the following day.
For some miles the road winds up through a forest of conifers,
walnut, horse-chestnut, maple, oak, bird-cherry, etc. In several
village. clearances, Indian corn and Amarantus paniculatus are
cultivated up to an elevation of 9,000 feet. Quercus dilatata attains
this level but a little higher up it is replaced by Q, semecarpt folia.
At first the latter is a tree of noble proportions rendered conspicuous
by its redd ieh* brown foliage. Further on it gradually decreases
in size until at, and also above, the limit of other trees, it is reduced
to a gregarious shrub w'ith sweeping branches. It forms dense
copses appearing somewhat like Rhododendron-scrub in the distance.
The forest tracts are at length succeeded by the open grassy
slopes of the Alpine zone covered knee-deep w'ith multitudes of
herbaceous plants too numerous to mention here in detail ; but the
following genera named at random may serve as examples, — Astra*
galuSy Epilobuinty NepetUy SalvtUy Delphiniuniy Lactucuy Sedunty
LychniSy Pedicularis^ Swertia, Potentillay Morinay Geranium^
CorydaliSy Erigeroriy Saxifragay Pi Imulay Calthay A/econopsiSy
Cynoglossum, Standing in the midst of such a magnificent floral
display my attention was drawn to a fact often already noted at the
same altitud in other parts of the Himalayas. In the immediate
vicinity the air blazed with the vivid hues possessed in such

BOTANICiA-L TCUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

1 88

perfection by Alpine flowers, while at a short distance and still more so
on the adjacent slopes, the whole mass became resolved into a simple
carpet of yellowish^green in which no other colour was apparent.
One naturally anticipates that myriads of bright flowers borne above
the level of the green herbage would give colour to scenery cn every
hand ; but I have never found this to be really the case, and although
so great a variety of coloration was every w’here .around me, I
could not but perceive that the general effect was that of a remark-
able monotony, which, how^ever, was redeemed in a measure by th3
grandeur of the culminating peaks of rocks and snow'.

From Alwas I returned to Chamba. No fresh observations were
made, but many plants, overlooked on the upward journey, w'ere
gathered. I remained at Chamba for three days to complete
arrangements for making a tour through the eastern part of the
State as far as Barmaor, from whence 1 purposed crossing over the
first range to reach the district of Kangra. The first march termU
nated at a village named Rakh. This is the easiest walk in Chamba,
as the road runs for twelve miles along the bank of the Ravi, and
there are only slight ascents to be overcome. Large areas along the
route were covered with Indian corn which was now ripe, and the
villagers w'ere busily employing themselves in collecting the produce
which they eKpose for some time to sun and air on the roofs of their
houses. The mountains on the right bank of the river are steep and
rocky, and the tree-like Euphorbia is common. This plant seems to
affect situations where it can remain in almost undisputed pos-
session, under conditions unfavourable for the well-being of
ordinary trees. The slopes on the left bank, also steep, are
covered with grasses and various kinds of shrubs ; h hind them rise
pine-clad hilts. Soon after leaving Chamba tw'o plane trees were
passed. They were not good specimens. This tree is planted in
various villages and 1 saw one of noble proportions in the Kangra
Valley. Further on there was a rocky corner where many figs were
found. 1 observed ticus clavatay Ficus hispida and another which
we were unable to reach. Wendlendia puberula was also collected
here. Many tropical plants not seen during former marc.^s were
common in this one, such as Buddleia asiatica^ Plumbago zeylanica^
Torenia cordifolia^ Trenia politoriUj Lantana, Xanthium iMruma^
rium^ Hibiscus puugefiSj Boehmeria platyphylla, Tephrd^ia put'-
purea, Amarantus sptnosns, etc. The rest-house at Rakh stands
in a small wood of Dalbergia Sissoo»

I'he second march was to Chitrari. For some eight miles the
road still runs comparatively level. The valley is exceedingly narrow

BOTANICAL TOLJR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

189

and the bounding mountains are rocky and oare. The prevailiftg
vegetaticm remained of a subtropical type and presented few
features worthy of remark, Rubia cordi/olia, Periploca calophylla ^
Daemia extensa^ Cissampelos Pa^eirai Vttis lanata^ parvt-
folia were noted as climbers, while Phagnalon niveunty Androsace
rotundifoliay Athyrium pecfinatum, Linaria ramosissima^ Conyza
stricta were collected from the faces of cliffs. A steep ascent
abruptly succeeded through a scrub composed principally of
BerheriSi Plectranthus rugosus^ Indigofera Gerardiana^ and Des^
modium ciliaefolium. Near the end of the climb there was a spring
of good water with a shady willow-tree close at hand. Beyond the
top of the ascent we passed through a small Deodar forest and
reached the village of Chitrari.

The third march was to Alwasa, This began with a long and
steep descent to a river followed by a correspondingly laborious
climb to the village of Koti. Between the river and up to a con-
siderable elevation above Koti there are many villages and much
cultivation. At the higher levels Pinus excelsa and Deodar are
common. I anticipated finding many plants around the pass leading
over to Alwasa, but I was disappointed in my expectation. The
forests are good and extensive, but smaller vegetation was scanty in
the extreme. The season had been abnormally dry, and probably
the continued drought had prevented herbaceous plants from grow-
ing with their accustomed luxuriance. Below the pass a steep path
winds through groups of Deodar and Pinus excelsa. From Alwasa a
good view was obtained nf the mountain range on the opposite side
of the Ravi, The grass was drying up at lower elevations and there
were few trees visible ; upwards the prospect closed with enormous
rocky cliffs capped with snow.

The fourth march was to Barmaor and it included a long descent
and ascent. Quercus dilatata was abundant everywhere. Pine
forests clothe considerable areas at Barmaor, and Cupressus torulosa
is moderately common. A fine ash-tree grows at one end of the
camping ground above the village. I saw the villagers engaged in
preserving their winter supply of fodder by the identical method
adopted in Kashmir, which is that the grass is first twisted into thick
ropes and then hung about the branches of trees. There was a variety
of plants growing on the sodden verges of the streams. After a stay
of two days at Barmaor the journey to Kangra, over the Mharam
Ghati Pass, was undertaken.

The first march was to Soai. After crossing the bridge at the
foot of the long descent from the village of Kani the path turns

FiOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

sharply to the left through dense thickets of oak. The long ascent
to Soai follows, through woods of Quercus dilatata, Q, Ilex^ Q*
Uneaia^ pines, deodar, horse-chestnut, walnut, etc. Phytolacca
ncinosa is common in these forests. The second march was to
Chanota, and comprised alternating ascents and descents over bad
)aths. Jasminum dtspermum and Clematis were common climbers;
\hetta trifloraf Desmodium tilicefoliumt Plectranthus rugosus,
Irtemisiai Salvia Moorcrojtiana, Cnicus^ Erianthus Ravennse^
Erianthus fiilva, Pennisetum, Andropogon and many other plants
were abundant. Large trees of Alnus nepalensis flourished near
the banks of streams. The third march was to Kuarsi over an
execrable native path which skirted the face of a precipice the
greater part of the way; All our energies had to be devoted to
the task of getting through without accident, so that few plants were
collected. Here and there oh jutting ridges we passed fine deodars
which had grown very large in opite of these situations affording them
such insecure-looking perches. The fourth march was to lias. It
commenced with a steep ascent for a mile and a half through pine
forests and fields of buckwheat and millets. Further on, as the
steep rise which terminates in the peaks around the pass attains
higher elevations, arboreal vegetafion is left behind, and is replaced
by dense thickets of willows and grassy flats full of herbs, which
had, however, been browzed down by the sheep and goats. The fifth
march was from Has to Laka above Dharmsala, by the Mharam Ghati
F’ass. A good variety of herbaceous vegetation straggled up close
to the pass. For example there were Saxifraga diversifolia,
Corydalis, Pedicu laris, Arencria festucoides^ Cyananthus lobatus,
Tanacetum, Lactuca, Parnassia nubicola, Inula Royleana, Inula
grandiflora, Sediim Ewersii, Lagotis, Athyrium thelypteroides,
Cystopteris fragilis, and many more. On the Kangra side of the
pass there is a precipitous descent to Laka which we accomplished
tlirough blinding rain and sleet. On the following morning we
inarched to Dharmsala. A noble forest of Quercus semecarpifolia
extends round Laka. The stems of these trees are covered thickly
w'ith mosses and they also support Woodsia elongata and Davallia
pulchra in great quantity. T his fact proved we had again entered a
moister climate, for the last few marches in Chambahad been through
forests but scantily furnished with epiplytes. Around the traveller's
bungalow at Dharmsala the sub-tropical vegetation of the North-
W'^est Himalayas appears in great abundance.

The period allowed for the duration of my tour being almost
exhausted, there was no timd available for another extended

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

lOI

journey, I therefore decided to spend the last days on an excursion
as far as Palampur, irom whence I could return to Dharm-
sala. All the level ground between Dharmsala and Palampur is
devoted almost exclusively to the culture of rice, and the fields are
irrigated by an elaborate system of water channels. There are many
streams pouring down fi’om the lofty snowy range which rise abruptly
behind these wide plateaux, water is therefore good and plentiful.
The undulating ridges and knolls which crop up in every direction are
covered with Pinus longifolia and Quercus incana. The small rivers
have here cut wide and deep channels, and their banks proved good
collecting grounds. The rice fields and water channels yielded a
harvest of plants characteristic of wet cultivated land, such as
Sagittaria^ AUsmat Nymph^a, Potamogetouj Marsilea, Eriocaulon
Veronica Anagallis^ Epilobium,Jussi^ay Limnophila hypericifolia^
Ranunculus, CyperuSi Polygonum y Ammannia^ Monockoria, Floscopa^
CoiXy and many others On higher ground other types of vegetation
were found, such as Desmodium, Justiciay Adhatoday Barleria
Hedyotis hispida, Smithia ciliata, Plectranthus, Scutellaria
Triumfettay CrotalariajSpermacoce, Osbeckia^ Mimosa ^ Indigofer a
JasminuMy Cassia, Phyllanthus, Nerium, Alysicarpusy etc.
Cedrelay Sapium sehiferum, Sapindus Mukorossi, and other trees
are growm to shade the main roads. From Dharmsala I travelled
quickly to Pathankote and arrived at Saharanpur on the \st of
October.

1 append a list of all the plants observed in Chamba and Kangra
Although very incomplete, it may serve to illustrate the Flora of
these districts.

List of Plants collect&d or noted Chamba and Kangra,

Ranunculacese.

Clematis montana. Ham., Clematis grata. Wall., Clematis
connatay DC., are common climbers.

Anemone vitifoliay Ham. Extends from the towm of Chamba
upwards to 10,000 feet. This was the only Anemone observed
flower during the tour,

Thalictrum foliolosumy DC., and various species not identihed^,
ranged from 3,0 :)0 feet to 12,000 feet.

Adonis sp. at 12,000 feet, in fruit only.

There were indications of several species of Ranunculus, but
none were in flower, excepting R. sceleratus, Linn., which grows in
the irrigation channels of the rice fields in the Kangra Valley.

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

192

Caltha palustris, Linn., was seen in marshy places about 12,000
feet.

Delphinium denudatum^ Wall., and D, vestitum^ Wall., are
common on sub-alpine slopes, as are also Aconitum Napellus^ Linn,
and A. heterophyllum^ Wall.

Magnoliacese.

Michelia Champaca^ Linn. Well-grown trees were observed
near villages in the Kangra Valley up to 4,000 feet. It has no claim,
however, to be considered a native of this region.

Menispermaceee,

Cocculus lailrifolius^ DC. A small tree which scarcely ascends
above 3,000 feet in Chamba.

Cissampelos Pareira^ Linn. A common climber growing over
shrubs and small trees at moderate elevations

S'tephania elegans^ Hook. f. and T* A small climber seen at
6,000 feet.

Berherideee*

Berber is vulgaris^ Linn,, Berberis arista DC., Bet bens
Lycium^ Royle, are all more or less common.

Podophyllum Emodiy Wall. Plants of this were found in ripe
fruit between 10,000 and 14,000 feet below the Sacb Pass.

Nympheaceae.

Nelumbium speciosumy VVilld., grows in the tank in the Rajah^s
garden at Chamba. I saw no other place with suitable conditions
for its growth. Lemna covered the water in the same tank,

Leaves of Nymphoea sp. were seen in ponds and rice-fields in
Kangra Valley,

Papaveraceae.

Mexonopsis aculeatUy Royle, is common in shady situations
between 10,000 and 15,000 feet.

Fumariaceae ,

Various species of Corydalis, ranging from 5,000 feet to the
upper limits of vegetation.

C ruciferae,

I collected Capsella Biirsa-pattoriSy Moench,, and a few other
species not identified. At the time of my visit examples of this
order were conspicuous by their absence.

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

*93

Capparidese

Cleomi viscosa^ Linn., is common in fields and waste places at
moderate elevations.

Capparis spinosa^ Linn. This is a shrub which usually grows on
the driest rocks exposed to the fierce sun-light. The branches bang
downwards, and the flowers are large and strikingly handsome with
white petals and purple filaments.

Violaccae,

Viola bifloray Linn., F. Patrinii^ DC., F. serpens^ Wall., are
common throughout Chamba.

Polygaleas,

Polygala crotalaroidesy Ham,, a dense dwarf shrub with dark
red flowers ; P. abyssinicay Fresen., bearing long racemes of light pink
] P, persicarioefoltai TiC.y P, chinensisy Linn., P. sihiricay
Linn., Salamonia sp. are all abundant on road-sides and sandy banks
at the lower levels.

Caryophyllae,

Gypsophila ; Silene inflatay Smith ; S, Falconerianay Benth., and
other species j bacctferuSy Linn. ; Lychnis indica.y Benth •

P. pilosay Fdgew., and other species; Cerastium; Siellaria]
Arenaria ; Sagina ; Drytnaria cordatay \NiM. Examples of the
foregoing are abundant and are distributed throughout the zones of
vegetation.

Hypericinese,

Hypericum patulumyThwub. y ti . perforatumy Linn., H. elodioi-
desy Choisy. The two last are extremely common and extend to
8,000 feet and perhaps higher.

Ternst rcem ia ceae.

Camellia theiferaj Griff., is extensively cultivated in the Kangra
Valley. There are no indigenous representatives of this order. ^

Malvaceae,

Malva verticillatay Linn., M, silvestfisy Linn., M. rotundifoha
Linn., are three herbs more or less common from 3,000 tc 10000
feet '

Stda humtlisy W illd., S. spmosay Lintn., S. rhombifoliay Linn®
S, cordifoliay Linn., Abutilon indicum, G. Don., Urena lobatUy

*94

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA/

Linn., and Hibiscus pungens, Roxb., are all met with in the warmer
valleys.

Hibiscus cannabinuSy Linn., is cultivated up to 5,000 feet.

Cossypium herbaceuntf Linn., is also cultivated.

Bombax malabaricum^ DC. ’There are a few good trees of
this in tLe vicinity of the town of Chamba, but it does not extend
upwards beyond 3,000 feet,

Tiliacese^

Grewia oppositifolia^ Roxb. A small tree, occurring up to 7,000
feet, found near villages where it is probably preserved for the sake
of its fruit.

Triumfetta pilosa Roth., and T rhomboidea, Jacq., are comimon
on banks and waste places at low levels.

Corchorus trilocularis^ Linn., and C, acutangulus^ Lam., are fre^
quently seen in fields of maize, etc.

Linese.

Reinwardtia tri^yna^ Planch., is a very common undershrub on
sunny slopes up to 6,000 feet.

Zygophylleas,

Tribulus terrestris, Linn., grow? prostrate in pastures at low
elevations.

Geraniacede,

Geranium W allichianum^ Sweet., G nepalense^ Sweet., and a few
other species are all characteristic plants of the upper forests but
are also to be seen in suitable localities much lower.

Oxalis corniculata^ Linn., is a creeping weed in sandy spots up
to 5,000 feet.

Imp'itiens Balsamina^ Linn., /. Thomsoni^ Hook, f., /. sulcata
Wall., l,scabrida^ DC,, /. Edgew., and many others,

grow gregariously in moist shady ravines.

Rutacese,

Bosnninghausenia albifloray Rcichb., is an herb with white
flowers ranging upwards to 8,000 feet,

Zanthoxylum alatum, Roxb. Is a small thorny tree, very fetid
when bruised. It is abundant on the slopes running down to the
banks of the Ravi at 3,000 to 5,oco feet.

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

B95

Skimmia Laureola. Hook, f., is a common undershrub of the
upper forests.

Meliacede^

Melia Asadirachta^ Linn., and Af, Azedarach^ Linn., are trees
cultivated in low hot valleys,

Cedrela serrata^ Royle. This is a tall leafy tree with smooth dark-
coloured capsules and attains an elevation of about 5,000 feet.

Ilicineds,

Ilex dipyrenc/^ Wall., is a tree associated with oaks, maples, etc.,
at 8,000 to 9,000 feat.

Celastrinea;,

Euonymus Hamiltonianus^ Wall. Grows at moderate elevations.

Rhamnese^

Zizyphus Jujuba^ Lam., is a common shrub or small tree at low
elevations.

Zizyphus vulgaris, Lam., is a tree cultivated near villages up to
6,000 feet. Its fruit is palatable and is largely eaten by the natives.

Berchemia Jlorihunday Wall., is a climber observed only at
about 5,000 feet.

Rhamnus davaricus^ Pallas, and /?. purpureuSy Edgew., are com-
mon shrubs ascending to 9,000 feet.

Sager etia theezansy Brogn., is a rigid, spinose, leafy shrub, plenti*
ful at 5,000 feet.

Ampelidese,

Vitis lanata, Roxb., is a large climber covering small trees with
Its reddish leaves. It is abundant near the town of Chamba and
occurs in many localities.

Vitis vinifera, Linn, Is cultivated at low elevations, but was not
often observed.

Vitis parvifolia, Roxb., and V, himaiayunay Brandis, are com-
mon up to 8,000 feet.

Sapindaceee.

Cardiospermiim Halicacahuniy Linn., is a small, tender climb-
er found on fences round fields.

^sculus indicay Colebr., i.^ a very common large tree ranging
from 3,000 to 10,000 feet. The exfoliated bark hanging in long loose
stripes on the trunk gives a distinctive character to the tree.

Sapindus Mukorossiy Gaertn., is cultivated in the town of Chamba
and in the Kangrai Valley ; is planted as a road-side tree.

196

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

Acer oblongum^ Wall., A. caesium^ Wall., caudatum^ Wall.,
and A, pictum^ Thunb., are components of the upper forests.

Anacardiaceae*

Rhus Cotinus^ Linn., is a large shrub common in many places but
most abundantly seen about 5,000 feet.

Rhus semi alata^ Murray. A small tree, with fruits covered with
a white acid secretion, seen in forests from 000 to 6,000 feet,

Rhus succedanea^ Linn., is common about 4,000 feet.

Mangifera indica, Linn., is not seen in Chamba, but there are
many fine trees in the Kangra Valley.

Coriarieae,

Coriaria nepalensis^ Wall., extends as high as 6,000 feet.

Leguminosae.

Argyrolobium flaccidum^ Spach.,s a prostrate bush, most frequent
in hot valleys.

Crotalaria prostrata^ Roxb., C, mysorensis^ Roth., C. albida,
Heyne, (T. medicaginea^ Lam., are all frequent at low levels

Trifolium pratense^ Linn , and T. repens^ Linn., grow in pas-
tures from 5,000 feet upwards.

Parochetus communis^ Hamilt., is a herb covering banks in moist
ravines.

Indigofer a linifolia^ Retz., /. trifoliata^ Linn., /. hirsuta^ Linn.,
and other species occur in warm localities.

Indigofer a Gerardiana^ Wall., with its variety heterantha^ are
abundant small shrubs with a wide range of altitudinal distribution.
/, hebepetala, Benth., is almost equally common.

Tephrosia purpurea, Pers., is frequent at low elevations.

Astragalus is represented by many species mostly at high levels.

Lespedeza^ eriocarpa, DC., abounds at 7,000 feet.

Zornia diphylla, Pers., was collected in Kangra Valley.

Smithia ciliatay Royle, is common on dry banks.

AEschynomene indica, Linn., grows in wet places up to 5, coo feet.
In the submerged rice-fields in Kangra many plants of this were
seen to form thick pithy stems between the roots and upper surface
of the water.

Uraria pictUy Desv, U. lagopus, DC., are found in warm
valleys, as are also Alysicarpus vaginalis, DC., A. bupleurifohus,
DC., A. rugosusy DC.,

Desmodium triquetrum^ DC, D. laxiflorum, DC., D » podocar*

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

197

pum^ DC, D. florihundum^^ G. Don , D, ttlioefolium^ G. Don., D,
concinnum DC,, D polycarpum^ DC., D, tridorumy DC., D, parvis
foliunty DC., and* D, gyrans, DC., are all common. Desmodium
tilioefoliuniy G. Don,, and its variety argenteuniy are two of the
commonest and most widely distributed shrubs in Chamba, and they
extend from the lowest level to 9,000 feet,

Vida palliday Turcz., is a climber of warm tracts,

Phaseolus calcaratus^ Roxb., grows at low elevations.

Vigna vexillatay Benth., with large purple flowers, is a character-
istic small climber on grassy slopes exposed to the sun,

Dolichos Lablaby Linn., is cultivated.

Rhynchosia sericea^ Spanoghe, and R, himalensisy DC., are
climbers common about 6,000 feet.

Flemingia strobiliferay R. Br., was seen only in Kangra Valley,
Flemingia congestUy Roxb., var, Semialata, does not ascend
above the lowest levels of the banks of Ravi.

Dalbergia SissoOy Roxb., is frequent near the town of Chamba,
but does not grow above 3,500 feet.

Sophora mollis y Grab., is a common shrub at low elevations,
Cassalpinia sepiariUy Roxb., is a large climber rarely seen
about 5,000 feet.

Cassia ocddentalisy Linn., Cassia Tora^ Linn , Cassia Absus,
Linn,, Cassia mimosoidesy Linn., are all common at low elevations,
Bauhinia Vahlu) W. and A., was seen only in Kangra Valle^.
Bauhinia purpurea, Linn., is cultivated only about the town of
Chamba.

Mimosa rubi icaulis, Lam., is a small thorny shrub of low levels.
Albizzia Julibrissiny Durazz, was frequently met with about
5,000 feet.

Rosaceas,

Prunus per sica, Benth, and Hook, f., is cultivated.

Prunus armeniacay Linn., is cultivated everywhere and is one of
the commonest trees near villages,

Prunus communis, Huds.y variety insililia y is cultivated,

Prunus PaduSy Linn., is a common tree, particularly in the forests
from 7,000 to 12 000 feet.

Prinsepia utiliSy Royle, is an abundant shrub often utilized to
make hedges.

Spiraea vestita. Wall., grows in the upper forests.

Spiraea sorbifolia, Linn., is a large handsome shrub plentiful
about 8,000 feet.

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

898

Spirdsa canescens^ Don., is a dense shrub found between 5,000
and 13,000 feet.

Spiraea parvifolia^ Bert., was seldom observed and appears to be
a rare plant.

Rubus paniculatuSiSm\\hi vfdiS noted in several ravines below
6,000 feet.

Ruhus niveus^ Wall., is common up to 6,000 feet ; R, ellipticusy
Smith, and /?. lasiocarpus^ Smith, are plentiful up to 6,000 feet.

Geum urhanum, Linn., is abundant in forests from 5,000 to 12,000
feet.

Geum elatum^ Wall., grows from 9,000 to 12,000 feet.

Fragarta indica^ Andr., is a plant of warm valleys.

Fragaria vescUy Linn., is common from 5 000 to 10,000 feet.

Potentilla Sihhaldiy Haller f., P, nepalensis^ Hook., P, argyreo*
phylUt Wall., and a few more of the same genus are most common
at the higher levels.

Agrimonia Eupatorium^ Linn., and A, pilosa^ Ledeb., are two
closely allied species. The former has a wider range than the latter
which is most frequent about 7,000 to 8,000 feet.

Rosa macrophylluy Ldl., was seen on rocky slopes about 10,000
feet.

Rosa moschata^ Mill., is a large climber abundant everywhere
from 3,000 to 9,000 feet.

' Cydonia vulgaris^ Pers., is cultivated, as is also Pyrus Malus^
Linn.

Pyrus baccata, Linn., is one of the commonest trees in Chamba.

Pyrus communiSi Linn., is cultivated.

Pyrus lanata^ Don., is a tree of the upper forests.

Crseaegus Oxyacantha^ Linn., was not seen in a wild state, but
I noted cultivated trees with palatable, plum-like fruits.

Cotoneaster bacillaris, Wall., is common.

Cotoneaster microphylla, Wall, is a low dense shrub common
everywhere at almost every elevation.

Saxifragaceae,

Astilbivularisi Ham., is a denizen of humid forests.

Saxifraga diversifolia^ Wall,, is abundant at high levels.

Saxifraga lingulata^ Wall, is common on rocks. There are
other species of this genus, but these were the only examples found
in flower or fruit,

Parnassia nubicola^ W’all, and P, ovat^t Ledeb., are common at
high levels.

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

199

Hydrangea aUisstma, Wall., is a climbing shrub observed only
in one locality at about 5,000 feeL.

Deutzia corymbosa^ Br., and D, staminea^ Hr., are found at the
higher elevations.

Rtbes. I do not recollect seeing any examples of this genus, but
it must certainly be represented.

Crassulaceae,

Tilleea pentandra^ Royle, grows on rocks at 6,000 feet and up-
wards. It is common below Laka, near Dharmsala.

Crassula indica^ Dgne., also grows on rocks.

KalanchcB spathulata^ DC., is found at low elevations only
and in dry places.

Sedum Rhodiola^ V>Q,y S, quadrifidumy asiaticunty DC.,

S. trijidumy Wall., 5*. rosulatnm^ Edgew,, 5*. Ewersiiy Ledeb.,
5. multicauley Wall., and probably others, are all common.

H amamelideds.

Parrottia J acquemontianay Dene. A shrub or small tree, gre«
garious where it occurs, which is generally about 6,000 feetw

Combretacees,

Terminalia tomentosay Bedd., is a tree of the low levels-only.

Myrtacese,

Psidium Guyava, Linn., is cultivated at moderate elevations.

Melastomaceae.

Osbeckia chinensisy Linn., and O. stellata^ Wall., were collected
in Kangra Valley.

Lythracese,

Ammannia pentandray Roxb., is seen only in rice-fields in
Kangra Valley.

Woodfordia florihunday Salisb,, is a small shrub found in abund-
ance up to 5,000 feet.

Lager strmmia indicay Linn., is cultivated at Chamba,

Onagraceai,

Epilobium angustifoliumy Linn., E, hirsutuniy Linn. E^ roseum
Schreb , are all common plants.

Jussisea suffruticosay Linn., was collected in Kangra Valley.

aoo

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

Circssa cordata^ Linn., and C. alpina^ Linn , are plentiful above
2^000 feet.

Ciicurbitacese,

Trick osantJies sp, is a common climber at low levels.

Momordica Charantia^ Linn., is cultivated.

Cucumis Pepo^ Linn., is cultivated.

Mukia scahrellaj Arn., is a small climbei in warm situations.

Zehneria timbellata^ Thw^aites, is also a common climber.

Sechium edulcy Swartz., is cultivated in the Kangra Valley.

Begoniacese.

Begonia picta, Smith, and B, amcenay Wall., are moderately
common up to 7,000 feet.

Caciese,

Opuntia Dilleniiy Haw., was seen in Kangra Valley.

p'icoidede.

Mohugo strictUy Linn., is common at low levels.

Umbellifetss.

Sanicula europseay Li ,n., is common at most elevations.

Bupleiiriim fatcatuniy Linn,, B. longicauley Wall., tenuCy
Don,, and other species are plentiful. Other plants of this order
collected were, Pimpinella divesifoliay DC., Chdsrophyllum re^
flexuMy Lindl., Foeniculum vulgariy Gaertn., Selinum tenuifolium^
Wall., Pleurosperum Brunonisy Wall,, Heracleum candicansy Wall.

The order ought to be well represented, but the above are really
all ! found in a condition fit for identification.

Araliacese,

Hedera Helix y Linn., abundant every where up to 10,000 feet®

Cornaceee,

Marlea hegoniaefoliay Roxb. A small tree observed in thickets
about 5,000 feet.

Cornus macrophyllay Wall., is a tree at low levels.

Caprifoliaceas,

Viburnum stellulatuMy Wall., V. fcetensy Dene., are shrubs of
the upper forests.

Abelia triflorUy Br., is a small shrub occurring at 6,000 feet.

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

doi

There are various species of erect, shrubby Lonicer^ in the upper
forests,

Rithiacem,

Hymenodictyon excelsum^ Wall., was seen on the low hills be-
tween Pathankote and Dalhousie.

Wendlandia puherula^ DG., was occasionally observed at low
elevations.

HedyoHs htspida^ Retz,, was seen by me only in Kangra Valley,
but Mr, C. B. Clarke has recorded it from Chamba.

Oddenlandia coccinea^ Royle., was rarely observed about 5,000
feet.

Anotis caiyctna, Wall,, grows on marshy banks of streams about
6,000 feet.

HamUtonia suaveolens^ Roxb., is common in warm valleys.

Leptodermis lanceolata^ Wall, is abundant, ranging from 3,oo(
to 9,oqo feet.

Spermacoce stricta, Linn., is found in warm localities.

Rtihia cordifolia^ Linn., is a common climber.

Galium rotundifolium^ Linn., G, triflotum^ Michx., G^ Aparine
Linn,, G* vestitum^ Don., (7. MollugOf Linn., are all common ; and
G, vernum^ Scop., also has been collected in Chamba by Mr, C. B.
Clarke.

Valerianese,

Valeriana Wallichii^ DC., and V\ Hardzoicku\ DC., are common,

Dipsaceas.

Morina persica^ Linn., M. longifolia^ Wall., M, Coulteriana^
Royle, abound in sub-alpine grassy tracts.

Dipsacus inermis^ Wall., is common.

Compositas*

Vernonia anthelmintic a ^ Willd,, was very rarely seen at 5,000
feet,

Adenostemma viscosum^ Forst., grows in warm valleys.

Solidago Virga^aurea^ Linn., is common up to 8,000 feet.

Myriactis nepalensisy Less,, abounds in, the upper forests.

Aster Thomsonif Clarke, is common about 8,000 feet. Aster
asperulus^ Nees, is recorded from Chamba, ArLaka^ Clarke,
from Laka, above Dharmsala.

Brachyactis umhnosa^ Benth., and rohrista, Benth. are both
common.

io2

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

Ertgeron canadensis^ Linn., is frequent in warm localities.
Erigeron alpinuSf Linn,, and E, multiradiatus^ Benth., are abund-
ant at high levels,

Conyza japontca^ Less., and C.stricta^ Willd., inhabit warm places
Leontopodiiim alpinunty Cass., is a plant of the alpine zone.
Anaphaiis nubigena^ DC., Royleana^ DC., Ax. triplinervis.
Clarke, A. confortns^ Hook, are abundant.

Phagnalon niveiim^ Edgew. Grows on rocks about 5,000 feet.
Gnaphalium luteo^album^ Linn., G. kypoleucum, DC., are com-
mon in waste places.

Inula Royleana^ DC., is common from 10,000 to 12,000 feet.

Inula grandifiora^ Willd., and /, cuspid at Clarke, are also

common.

Vicoa auriculata^ Cass., was seen at low levels only.

Carpesium cernuum^ Linn., and_^C, abrotanoides^ Linn., are fre-
quent.

Xanthium strumarium^ Linn., Siegesbeckia orientalis^ Linn.,
were seen at low elevations in waste places.

Bidens cernua^ Linn,, is recorded from Chamba.

Bidens tripartita^ Linn., is a marsh plant of low levels, and
B. pilostti Linn., luxuriates in waste places.

Achillea mi lie folium f Linn., is common, as are also various
species of Tanacetum not identified,

Artemisia parvifloray Roxb., A^ scoparia^ Waldst. and Kit.,
A. vulgaris^ Linn., and others are common and gregarious,

Senecio gracilijlorus, DC., S» chrysanthemoides^ DC., .J. amplexi-
cauliSy Wall., S, KunthianuSy Wall., S. rufinervisy DC., and
others, are more or less common.

Werncria Ellisiiy Hook, f., is recorded from Chamba.

Echinops cornigeruSy DC., and E. mvensy Wall,, are common
from 5,000 to 9,000 feet.

Arctium Lappa^ Linn., was only seen about 8,000 feet.

Cnicns involucratiiSy DC. and C., Wallichiiy DC., are common,
Saiissiirea Candolleanay Wall., S. piptatheray Edgew., .S’.
labescenSy Hook. f. and T, ; 1 found only these three species in flower,
but from indications observed there must be many more.

^ urine a macrccephulay Benth., is common about 13,000 feet.
Tricholepis elongatuy DC,, is common up to about 8,000 feet,
Ainsliaea aptera^ DC., is common.

Hieracium crocatuniy Fries., is recorded from Dalhousie,
Tarayaciun officinale^ Wigg,, fs common.

Lactiica scarioluy Linn., is common near villages,

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

203

Lactuca longifoUa^ DC., is abundant at moderate elevations.
Lactiica hast at a ^ DC., Z, macrorrhizai Hook, f., L, Lessertiana,
Clarke, are common.

Lactuca sagittarioidesy Clarke, was only seen in Kangra Valley.
Sonchus oleraceuSy Linn., and Launsea secundUy Clarke, are
common in warmer parts.

Campanil lace as.

Lobelia trialatay Ham., is recorded from Chamba.

Cyananthiis lobatiiSy Wall., was collected above Laka at about
13,000 feet.

Campanula canescens, WalJ., C.^coloratay Wall., and C. argyro-
tricha. Wall., are common.

Ericaceae.

Gaultheria trichophyllay Royle, grows on rocks about 12,000 feet.

Pieris ovalifoliay D. Don, is a common small tree up to 8,000 feet.

Rhododendron arboreumy Smith, is a common tree.

Rhododendron campanulatuMy Don, was moderately plentiful
at from about 12,000 to 13,000 feet.

Rhoaodendron Anthopogony D. Don, R. lepidotumy Walk, were
seen at 13,000 feet.

Plumbagineae,

Plumbago zeylanica, Linn., was collected about 3,000 feet.

Prtmulaceae.

No Primulas were seen in flower, '

Androsace rotundifoliay Hardw., and A. sarmentosa Wall,, were
collected.

Myrsineas.

My r sine africana^ Linn., is a small tree of the lower elevations.

Oleaceae.

Jasminum dispermumy Wall,, is a common climber.

Jasminum humilcy Linn,, and 7. grandijlorum, Linn., are small
shrubs.

Syringa Emodiy Wall., was seen at 12,000 feet.

Fraxinus. floribunday Wall., becomes a large tree about 6,000

fee*

Olea cuspidal a. '^aW.yZXi^ O. gland u lifer a y Wall., are small trees
abundant at lower elevations.

botanical tour m chamba and-kangra.

20 {

Apocynace^e.

Neriim odorum^ Soland., is found in warm localities only.

Asdepiadacew*

Crypiolepis Buchanani^ Rcem.| and Sch,, is a climber at low
elevations.

PeHploca calophylla, Falc., is a climber of the warm valleys.

Calotropis procera^ Br., was only seen in Kangra Valley.

Dwmia extensa^ Br , a large climber observed at 4,000 feet.

Cyanchum axiriculatim^ Herb, Royle, and C, Dalhottsids^V^x^i^
at 6,000 feet.

Marsdenia Rcyleu Wight, a climber at moderate elevations.

Ceropegia sp. (probably macrantha^ Wight), was seen at 3,500
feet, but the specimens were lost,

Loganiacese*

Buddleia asiatica^ Lour,, is common at low elevations.

Gentianaceae^

Gentiana Karroo^ Royle, was the only representative of the
genus seen in flower.

Jaeschkea latisepala^ Clarke, grows at high levels,

Swertia piirpiirascens^ Wall., S, pctiolatu^ Royle, and sever^^l
species not identified, were collected.

Boi'iigineng,

Cordia Myxa^ Linn., is grown at the town of Chamba,

Heliotropium strigosum^ Willd., is plentiful in warm localities.

Cynoglossuvi micranthuin, Desf., C, denticiilattim^ A. DC.,
C. Wallkhii^ G. Don , C. microglochin^ Ben^h., C: nervosumi
Benth., are all common.

Lindelojid spectahilis^ Lejini., and Paracaryum glochidiatumt
Benth., were found at high levels,

Convolvulacess,

Iponma hederacea^ Jacq., /. pes-tigridh^ Linn., I. eriocarpa^ Br,,
are plentiful at low elevations

Convolvolus arvensts^ Linn., is a weed in fields.

Evolvulus alstnotdcs^ Linn., is common in warm situations,

Cuscuta reflexa^ Roxb., is a common climbing parasite.

L^OTANICAL TOtJR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

^^5

Scla?tace^\

Solanum m'grim^ Linn,, verbascifolium^ Linn,, S, indtciim^
Linn., •Kant hoc arpum^ Schrad,, and Wendl,, are common.

Capsicum frutescens, Linn., h cultivated,

Withania somnifera^ Dunal, is frequent about 5,000 feet.

Datura Stramonium^ Linn,, and Hyoscyamus nigcr^ Linn,, are
common.

Scroph u la rine^,

Verhascum ThapsuSy Linn., is common.

Linaria ramosissimay WalF,, is abundant on dry rocks about 3,000
to 4,000 feet.

Scrophularia (several species of this genus collected were not
identified).

Mazus surculosusy Don, is common,

Lindenhergia urticcefoliay Lehm., is common on rocks up to

6.000 feet,

Limnophila hypericifoiiay Benth,, was gathered from swampy
ground in the Kaiigra Valley.

Torenia cordifoliay Roxb„ was once seen in Chamba at 5,000 feet,
Vandellia pcdunculatay Benth., and other species grow in rice
swamps.

Picrorrhizd Kurrooay Benth,, is common at high levels.

Wulfenia Aznherstiandy Benth., is to be found from 7,000 to

12.000 feet,

Veronica Anagallis, Linn,, grows at low levels. Other species
inhabit the alpine zone.

Buchneva hispida; Ham,, and Centranthcra hispida^ Br., are seen
In dry places.

Leptorhahdos Benthamianay Walp., is frequent on grassy slopes.
Euphrasia officinalis y Linn,, exists in profusion between 3,000
and 13,000 feet.

Pedicularis pectinatay Wall., P, gracilisy Wall., P. porrectay
Wall., P, megalanihay Don,, P, siphonanthay Don, P. carndsay
Wall,, were all collected in flower,

Pedalineos,

Sesamum indicumy D C, is cultivated.

Martynia diandray Glox„ was seen only in Kangra Valley.

Acanthacea^^

Strobilanthes alatusy Wall., is common in the upper forests;
5. angustifronSy Clarke, has been recorded from the Kangra District,

206

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA

Barleria cristafa^ Linn., Lepidagathis hyaltna, Nees, Justicia
simplex^ Don, Adhatoda Vasica, Nees, Dicliptera Roxhiirghiana^
Nees, (variety bupleuroides)^ and Perisirophe bicalyculata^ Nees, are
all common at moderate elevations.

Selagtnex,

A species of Lagotis was seen at 13,000 feet

Perbenacese,

Laniana crenulata^ Ott. and Dietr., grows at the town ot
Chamba.

Lippia nodiflora^ Rich., Verbena offleinaiis, Linn., and Vitex
trtfolia, Linn, f., are common at low elevations.

Calltcarpa ynacrophylla^ Vahl., is a shrub of the shady parts of
the lower forests. Clerodendron f rattans, Vent., with double white
flowers, has run wild about Chamba and its vicinity.

La bt a fee.

Acrocephalus capifafuSt Benth., and Orthosiphon lialUdus^ f^oyle,
are found at low levels, as are Plectranthus striatns, Benth., P:
Coetsa, Ham., P. rugosus^ Wall., P, incanns, Link, Colehrookia
oppositifolia^ Smith, Elsholtzia incisa, Benth., £'. crista ta, Willd.

Elsholtzia polystachya, Benth., is a common shrub in the higher
forests.

Perilla ocimoides, Linn., and Mosla di anther a ^ Maxim., are to be
found in warm localities.

Mentha sylvestris, Linn., Origanum vnlgare^ Linn., Thymus
Serpyllum. Linn., Micromeria bifiora^ Benth., Calamintha C lino-
podium, Benth., Calamintha umbrosa, Benth., Melissa parviflora,
Benth., are all common.

Salvia glutinosa, Linn., S hians, Royle, 5. Moorcroftiana, Wall.,
and other species are abundant at high levels, as are also Nepeta
linearis, Royle, N. connata, Royle, N. eriostachya, Benth., N,
spicata, Benth., M erecta, Benth., and other species.

Scutellaria discolor, Colebr., 5. grossa. Wall., S', angulosa,
Benth., Brunella vulgaris, Linn>, are abundant.

Craniotome versicolor, Reichb., was seen several times about
5,000 feet.

^ Anisomeles ovata, Br. is common at the lower elevations.

Stachys sericea. Wall., and other species of the genus inhabit
higher levels.

BOTANICAL TOUR !N CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

207

Leonurus Cardiaca^lAmi.y is common, and Roylea elegans^ Wall.,
was found as a large bush about Chamba town.

Leucas Cephalotesy Spreng., and Z. hyssopifoliay Benth., are
common at low levels,

Phlomts spectahilisy Falc., P, setigeray Falc., and P. bracteosay
Royle, grow in the sub -alpine pastures.

Ajuga hracteosay Wall., and A. parvifiorciy Benth., are both in
abundance.

Plantaginese,

Plantago majors Linn., and P. lanceolatay Linn., are common.

Nyctaginea^^ *

Mirahilis JalapUy Linn,, is cultivated and also frequently occurs
/as an escape in warm localities*

I Amarantaceae,

Celosia argenteay Linn., and C. cristatus Linn., grow in fields.

Bosia Amherstianay Hook, f., is a common climber at 3,000 to
4,000 feet.

AmarCintus sptnosiiSy Linn., occurs in waste places up to 5,000
feet.

Amarantus paniciilatus Linn., is extensively cultivated.

Amarantus Blituniy Linn., is found in waste places, as is also
Alternanthera sessilisy Br.

Mrua scan dens y Wall., is frequently seen at moderate elevations.

Cheonopodiacea^

Acroglochin chenopodioideSy Schrad., was collected on various
occasions about 5,000

Chenopodium BotrySy Linn., is common in waste places.

PhytolaccaceXs

Phytolacca acinosay Roxb., is abundant in many places at 6 000
feet.

Polygonaceds.

Polygonum a’Viculare, Linn., P. plebejumy Linn., P. vivipartmiy
Linn., F. amplextcaulCy Don, P, vaccinifoliumy Wall., P, stagyiinumy
Ham., P, Hydropiper y Linn., P. alatunty Ham., P, capitatuiUy Ham.,
P. dumetorum, Linn,, etc. are all more or less common.

Fagopyrum cymosuMy Meissn., is abundant in moist ravines,
especially about 8,000 feet.

Rheum, 1 saw no species of this genus in flower or fruit.

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

fio8

Oxyria dtgynay HilL, is a common plant of the Alpine Zone.

Rumex nepalensts^ Spreng , is common in wet places where cattle
have been kept.

Rumex hastatus^ Don, is frequent on banks up to .7,000 or 8,000
feet

Laurineee,

Litseea umhrosa^ Nees, is a small tree of the forests about 6,000
feet

T hymelaceee.

Daphne olcoides^ Schxth.yxs di small shrub most frequent about

5.000 feet.

Wilkstrcemia canescens, Meissn. was seen rarely about 6,000 feet.

Eleagnaccx.

Elea^nus nmhellatus^ Thunb., a small tree with acidulous fruit,
found about 5,000 feet,

Loranthacese.

Loranthus pulverulcntus, Wall., is frequent on Apricot trees,

Viscum album^hmw,^ affects Walnut trees and Vtscum japoni^^
cum^ Thunb., seems to prefer Quercus dilafata,

Euphorhiaccm*

Euphorbia hypericifoUa^ Linn., £‘, Emodi^ Hook, f., and £*. pilu»‘
lifer a ^ Linn., are three common procumbent weeds in warm local-
ities.

£. Wallichii, Hook, f., has been recorded from Chamba.

E. pilosa^ Linn., is common at high levels, and indications of other
species were noted.

Sarcococca pruniformis^ Lindl., is a small shrub in thickets up to

10.000 feet.

Phyllanthiis urinaria ^ Linn., P, Niruri Linn., are common
weeds near streams in warm situations.

Acalypha brachystachya^ Hornem., and A. ciliata, Forst., are fre-
quent in w'aste places up to 6,000 feet.

Mallotiis philippinensist Muell. Arg., is a common tree in warni
valleys, but scarcely extends up wards beyond 4,000 feet.

Ricinus communis^ Linn., was seen near villages in Kangra
Valley.

Sapium sebifenim^ Linn., is cultivated as a road-side tree in
Kangra Valley.

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

209

Urticacex.

Ulmus WalUchlana^ Planch., is a large tree ascending to about

10.000 feet.

Celtis australis^ Linn., is a tree common at low elevations. Some
well-grown specimens can be seen within a short distance of the
town of Chamba.

Trema politoria^ Planch., is confined to elevations below 3.500
feet, It was often noted as a low, twiggy shrub, bearing flowers in
profusion.

CannaMs sativa^ Linn., is extremely common villages and
in waste places.

Morm alba. Linn., is cultivated.

Ficus religlosa^ Linn. Large trees are planted in the low valleys
where they afford a grateful shade.

Ficus clavata^ Wall., and F. hisplda^ Linn, f., are shrubs not as-
cending above 4,000 feet.

Ficus foveolaia^ Wall, is a common climber, generally found on
rocks, ascending to 7,000 feet.

Ficus palmata^ Forsk., is an extremely abundant tree ranging up-
wards to 6,000 feet.

Ficus nemnraliSi Wall,, and F. Roxhurgkii^ Wall., ascend to

6.000 feet.

Pika umhrosaf Wedd., and P. scripta^ Wall,, are common,
Urtica parviflora^ Roxb., avseendsto 10,000 feet.

Girardinia heterophylia^ Dene., is common in moist foiests up to

6.000 feet.

Lecanthus Wightii^ Wedd,, and Elatostema sessile ^ B’orst., are
abundant in narrow humid gorges.

Boehmeria platyphylla^ Don., was rarely seen in ravines at

3.000 feet.

Pou^olsia indica^ Gaud., P^ hirta^ Hassk., are found at low levels.
PouBohia pentandra^ Benm, was collected in rice-fields in Kangra
Valley.

Dehegeasia hypoleuca^ Wail, is common up to 5,000 feet

Platanacem.

Platanus orientalise Linn. Several fine specimens of this tree
were observed in various localities at moderate elevations.

Juglandece.

Juglans regia^ Linn, Cultivated trees, yielding large crops of
excellent fruit, are abundant everywhere.

210

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

Cupuliferds,

Betiila utiliSf Don, becomes a shrub at and above 12,000 feet

Alnus nepalensis^ Don, is a large tree common in many places
up to 8,000 feet.

Quercus semecarpifolia^^ Smith, is a large tree at 6,000 to 10,000
feet, extending upwards almost to the limits of woody vegetation as a
densely gregarious shrub. There is a noble forest ,of this species at
Laka above Dharmsala.

Quercus dilatata^ Lindl., is a tree so common in Chamba as to be
a characteristic feature of the landscape between 4,000 and p, 000
feet. At the latter elevation it is almost immediately replaced by
Quercus semecarpifolta,

Quercus Ilex, Linn., is found at the same elevations, but is rarer
than the last,

Quercus incana^ Roxb., is common in the Kangra Valley.

Quercus glauca^ Thunb., was seen in a few localities about 6,000
feet.

Corylus Colurna^ I, inn., is common in forests from 6\ooo to
10,000 feet.

Carpinus viminea. Wall , is frequent about 7,000 teet.

Salicine^^

Salix alha^ Linn., is cultivated as a snaay road»side tree.

Saltx elegansy Wall., was found in fruit about i2,oog feet.

Indications of. additional species were noted, but in the absence of
flowers and fruits no specimens were collected.

Popiilus ciliata^ Wall, is a tree common up to sc, 000 feet. There
is a fine specimen on the flat above the bungalow at Tisa.

Gnetacese,

Ephedra vulgaris^ Rich., was seen on dry slopes at 12,000 feet.

Coniferse,

Cupressus torulosa^ Don, was a tree observed in various localities.

Juuiperus communis^ Linn., y. pseudo-sahina^ Fisch. and Mey.,
J, recurva^ Ham., were seen.

Finns cxcelsa^ Wall., replaces P» longifotia above 6,000 feet.

Pimis longifolia^ Roxb., is common up to 6,000 feet.

Cedrus Lihani^ Barrel, var. Deodara^ Hook, f., is abundant in
many localities.

Picea Morinda^ Linn., is common, as is also Abies Webbia na ^
Lindl.

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

211

Orchideae,

Very few examples of this order were found in flower. Those
collected were Lip avis sp„ Epipactis latifolia^ Swartz., Her minium
angustifolimn^ Benth., Habenaria marginata^ Colebr.

S cit amine ae.

Roscoea alpina^ Royle , ascends to aoout 10,000 feet.

Caiitleya lutea^ Royle., was seen rarely about 7,000 feet.

Irideae.

The genus iris is represented in Chamba, but no plants were
found in flower.

Dioscoreaceae,

Dioscorea kumaonensis^ Kunth, and D, deltoidea^ Wall., were
seen.

Liliaceae,

Smilax parvifolia^ Wall., is common.

Several species of Polygonatum were observed, but none were in
l.ower.

Lilium polyphyllum^ Don, was collected in woods about 8,000
feet.

Pontederiace^,

Monochoria nastaefolia^ PresL, was common in rice“rields and
pools in Kangra Valley,

I C online linaceoe.

Aneilema nudiflorum^ Brown, and Cyanotis harbata^ Douy
common up to 6,000 feet.

Floscopa scandenSy Lour,, was collected in rice-fields in Kangra
Valley.

y line ace ae.

Several species of Juncus collected were not identified,

Palmeae,

There are a few cultivated trees of Phoenix sylvestrisy Roxb.,
on flat land near the town of Chamba,

A roideae.

Several species of Arisacnia collected but not identified.

212

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

Lemnacess^

Lemna sp, seen in a tank at Chamba, It is common in Kangra
Valley.

Alismacem^

Altsma Plantago, Linn, was seen in pools in Kangra Valley.

Sagittaria guayanensis^ H. B. and K., was once collected in
Kangra Valley.

Natadace^^

Potamogeton spp. were common in rice^fields in Kangra Valley
but no flowers nor fruits were seen,

EriocauUse ,

Eriocaulon quinquangularey Linn., is abundant in Kangra Valley,

Cyperacese»

Pycreus sangidnolentus^ Nees., P. capallarisy Nees., Cyperus
difforrnist Linn., C. Haspan^ Linn., C. niveus^ Retz., C. aristatusy
Rottb,; C. Iria^ Linn., C, eleusinoides, Kth. and certainly many
more were all more dr less common,

Marisciis Sieherianus^ Nees, Bulbostylis barhatat Kunth#,
Eriophorum comosumy Wall., and Lipocarpha argentcay Brown, were
common at low elevations.

Car ex filicina^ Nees, was ualy species of the genus I found
in flower.

Crami’nese,

Paspalum zcrohmMtumy Linn., P, sanguinaley Lamk,, at low
! evel-s,

Panicum hackney Roth., Panicum mtltaceum, Linn., exten-
sively cultivated ; Panicum plicatuniy Lamk, is common in Kangra
Valley, Oplismenus spp, are common j Arundinella seiosUy Trin., is
recorded from Chamba ; A brasiliensiSy is common;

Wallichiiy Nees, is frequent in. Kangra Valley.

Setaria italicay Beauv,, is cultivated ; S, g/auca, Beauv., and
S, veriicillata, Beauv., are common.

Penni$etiim flaccidumy Griseb., and P. orientale, Rich., are
common.

Orysa saiiva, Linn., is cultivated on the flat floors of valleys in
Chamba and is the principal grain crop in the Kangra Valley.

Coix Lachryma-Jobiy Linn., grows in swamps,

PolUnia argentca, Trin. , and P, nuday Trin., are common,

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANG'RA.

213

Erianihus Ravennse^ Beauv,, and £*. fulvtis^ Nees, are tall hand-
some grasses and common,

Pogonatherum saccharoideim^ Beauv,, is common in warm situa-
tions.

Arthraxon lanceolatuSi^}l\ot\iSi*f A* ciliaris^ Hack.,
phylluSf Hochst,, are all common.

Apluda variat Hack,, is abundant,

Rottboellia spccwsa. Hack,, /?. perforata^ Roxb,, Manisuris
granulans^ Linn, L, are frequent in low valleys,

Andropogon A. Ischmmtm^ Linn., A. micranthus^

Kunth, A, assimiliSi Stead., A. serratiis^ Thunb., A, squarrosns$
Linn, f,, A, Gryllus^ Linn., A^ monticola^ Schult., A. annulatus^
Forsk., A* contorius^ Linn., A^ Iwar^/>^^cusa^ Jones, and others of the
genus are common,

AnthisHrta anathera^ Nees, Aristada AdscensciomSf Linn,,
A» cyanantha^ Steud., are frequent at lower levels.

Stipa Orthoraphium^ Steud , Orysopsis sp,^ Phleum alpinum^
Linn., abound in the higher zones.

Sporoholus diander^ Beauv., and S, piliferus^ Kunth, grow at
moderate elevations.

Several species of Agrostts, Calamagro$tis, Eragrostis^^ Poa^
Festucai etc., were not identified,

Muehlenhergia sylvaHca^ Torr. and Gr., M. viridissima^ Nees,
are frequent., and M. himalayensis^, Hack., has been recorded from
Chamba.

Cynodon dactylon^ Pers,, and Elytrophorus artmilatus^ Beauv.,
grow in sunny places.

Neyraudia madagascarensiSt Hook., has been recorded from
Chamba,

Dactylis glomerata^ Linn., and Brnchypodium sylvaticum,
Beauv,, grow in the upper forests.

Triticiim vulgare^ Vill,, is cultivated.

Arundinaria falcata, Nees, is found at moderate tile vat ions.

A species of Bambvsa is cultivated about villages in Kangra
Valley.

Ftltces*

Woodsia elongata^ Hook., is common at Laka above Dharmsala.

Davallia pseudo^cystoptefhi Kunze, is also common on trees at
Laka, and D. immersa^ Wall., has been recorded from Chamba.

Cystopteris fragtUs, Bernh., occurs at higher levels,

Adiantum lunulatum^ Fiurm., and A. catidatum, Linn,, are con-
fined to warm situations.

214

BOTANICAL TOUR IN CHAMBA AND KANGRA.

Adiantum Capillus^Venerts, Lmn., and A. venustum, Don, reach
elevations of 10,000 feet.

Adiantum pedatum^lAnxi,, is recorded from Kangra and Chamba.

Cheilajtthes farinosa, Kaulf., with its variety Dalhoitsise^ C.
albo’ Jiarginata, Clarke, and C, rufay Don., are common, as are
Onychium japoniciim^ Kunze, Pellsea nitidulay Wall., Ptois
lo7igifolia, Linn., P, cretica, Linn., P. excelsa, Gaud., P, aquilinay
Linn., P. WalUchianay Agardh, and Woodwardia radicans, Smith.

Asplenium alternanSy Wall., is very .common, as are the other
members of the genus noted below.

A. Trichoma^iesy Linn., A* septentrionale, Linn., A. unilateraJe^
Lamk., A, Adiantum-nigrum, Linn., A. fontanuiUy Bernh., A.
variansy Hk. and Gren., thelypteroideSy Michx , A, nigripes^ Mett.,
A, Filix\f(sminay Bernh. and its varieties, A , jimbriatuw y Wall., A.
japonicumyihudh,, (in Kangra only), A. polypodioidesy Mett., and A,
Ceterachf Linn.

Aspidium auriculatuMj Linn., varietyy is common about 8,000
feet.

A. ilicifoliumy Don., A, Phomso^iiy Hook., A, uculeatitnty Swartz,
A, Prescottianumy Wall., with its variety Bakerianay are common at
higher levels,

A. coryotideum, Wall., has been recorded from Chamba.

Nephrodium prolixumy Baker, N, Brunoitianumy Wall., N.
barhigerumy Hook., N, Filix^mas, Linn., and its varieties j N.
odoratumy Baker, W. Boryanunty Willd., N, aridumy Don., N, motley
Desv., are common.

The remaining forms of the order observed were Polypodium
distansy Don, P, punctatuniy Thunb., P, amoenumy Wall., P,
lachnopusy Wall., P^fissum, Blume, P, lineare, Thunb., P. clath-
Clarke, P, hastatumy Thunb, P. ebenipeSy Hook, Nothochlcena
velleay R. Br., Gymnogramme TottOy Hook., G. Levingiiy Clarke,
G fraxiredy Don., G, vestita. Wall., Vittaria clongatUy Swartz,
Osmunda Claytonianay Linn., and Lygodiiim japonicuniy Swartz.

G« 1. C. P .0.— No. 817 R & A.— 26.4"93.~J. L. F.

)

A NOTE

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS
NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

By E, PoTTiNGER and D. Prain.

§ I.— Introductory.

[ E, POTTINGER and B. PrAIN. ]

In February 1897 Lieutenant Eldred Pottinger, R.A., sent a man
to the Royal Botanic Garden at Calcutta to be trained to collect
botanical specimens, and was supplied from the Herbarium with
drying paper, etc., prior to his departure for Rangoon, where he v\as
joined by Lieutenant Lawrance, 3rd Seaforth Highlanders, in whose
company a journey was made in the Kachin Hills during the period
from March 13 till June 6, 1897.

The specimens obtained during tlie journey were despatched at
intervals to the Calcutta Herbarium, where they were determined by
Dr, Prain. The present note has been prepared conjointly from
the field notes accompanying the specimens collected by Lieutenant
Pottingers party and from the identifications effected ai Calcutta ;
but it should be understood that Dr. Prain accepts all responsibility
for the identifications and for the phytogeographical deductions of
the concluding chapter. For the route-map that accompanies the
note and for the sketch of the vegetation of the country traversed by
his party, Lieutenant Pottinger, on the other hand, is alone respon-
sible. ,

That the specimens collected during the expedition are neither
so complete nor so numerous as could wished, is largely due to
the unfortunate fact that the party wai^ attacked on May 23 and had
to beat a hasty retreat, abandoning at the same time the greater part
of the baggage. From this date forced marches during continuously
wet weather were necessary, and time for the collection and

2i6 the botany of the KACHIN hills north-east of MYITkYlNA.

preservation of many specimens was not available. During this
period, however, Lieutenant Pottinger from time to time noted the
presence of various plants; these have been included in their proper
place in the systematic census of Kachin Hill species ; in order to
obviate any possible error they have not, however, been used at all
in the passages wherein the affinities of the Kachin flora are dis-
cussed. To this end, all such references are enclosed in square
brackets and the species in question have not been accorded a serial
number.

Lieutenant Pottinger’s contribution to our knowledge of the
Kachin flora has not, however, been confined to the making of a
collection during his journey. While passing through Myitkyina he
was so fj)rtunate as to enlist the sympathies of Lieutenant Cruddas,
S.C., Commandant of the battalion of Frontier Police stationed there,
on behalf of the Royal Botanic Garden. With much kindness
Lieutenant Cruddas undertook to look after and assist in every way
in his power, a native collector belonging to the Garden establish-
ment. This roan, Shaik Mokim, thanks to the help and care of
Lieutenant Cruddas, has been able to send at intervals during 1897
a most interesting collection of specimens from the vicinity of
Myitkyina itself, and from the neighbourhood of the various out-posts
held by the force that Lieutenant Cruddas commands'. He has also
accompanied Lieutenant Cruddas during tours made in the course
of his official duties, collecting by the way, The specimens thus
obtained, having been mainly collected during the months subsequent
to the termination of Lieutenant Pottinger’s expedition, largely
augment the Kachin list, and assist us greatly in forming a general
impression of the nature and affinities of the flora of the region.
All the specimens obtained during Lieutenant Pottinger’s expedition
are indicated by (E) ; those subsequently collected by the Garden
collector are marked (C).

§ 2.— The Vegetation of* the Kachin Hills.

[ £. Pottinger. ]

Myitkyina, the starting point of the expedition, is situated on the
right bank of the Irrawaday, in a well-watered plain stretching west-
ward towards Mogaung. A large portion of this plain was formerly
devoted to rice-cultivation, but wars between the Burmese and the
Kachins, about 1882, devastated the greater part of the country,
which has consequently reverted to jungle. As a general rule this
jungle is very dense, and is often impenetrable owing to the under-

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 21 7

growth of low shrubs, creepers, and prickly palms. There are a
few teak trees, but of stunted growth, especially near the river.

The same kind of jungle exists on the eastern bank of the
Irrawaday, but becomes wilder and denser as one approaches the hills
In March and April, owing to the dry heat and the jungle-fires, but
few flowering plants are seen.

The temperature in the shade reaches a maximum of io8°Fh.
in the hot weather, and a minimum of 35®Fh, in the cold weather ;
the annual rainfall is about 100 inches.

From Namlao northwards the country is very mountainous and
is intersected by rapid streams flowing into the Nmai Kha. As far
as Chin-ngaw Kha these hills are fairly well peopled, and owing to
the * toungyah * or ‘ jhum ’ system of cultivation that prevails, no
jungle with large trees is to be met with, except in a few of the
steepest ravines and along the banks of some of the rivers. In this
* toungyah * tract the ground is usually tilled about once in seven
years ; in the region around Tawlang, near Lat. 26°38'N., about
once in four years.

Around ^d6n frosts occur in the cold weather, the maximum
hot weather temperature being there about 85°Fh. in the shade.
Snow has never been known to fall except on the higher hills over

9.000 feet. The native collector attached to the party ascended
Sabu Pum, 1 1,300 feet, from Sad6n, reporting dense bamboo and
cane jungle almost to the summit, but no pines or firs.

North of the Chipwi Kha the hills become much steeper and only
the river valleys are inhabited, the higher hills being covered with
dense virgin-forest. The expedition was unable to halt at any one
place for a sufficiently long time to admit of collections being made
in these forests ; the only track ran through the zone of cultivated
or fallow * toungyah * land, and it was impossible to deviate from it
sufficiently far to reach the virgin-jungle beyond.

Two high ranges of mountains were crossed ; the first about

12.000 feet high in Lat. 26®22'N. and Lon. 98®38'E. ; the second about

9.000 feet in Lat. 26®i2'N. and Lon. 98°4o'E. On both ranges the
vegetation was much more luxuriant on the southern than on the
northern slopes. On the first-mentioned range the summit was
covered with coarse grass ; for about 3,000 feet down the sides
there were large fir trees, ^ but no pines ; in this neighbourhood
enormous quantities of a wild garlic were met with. Unfortunately
no specimens could be taken either on this range or on the second,
where the same fir was met with extending to the summit. On
the southern slopes near the sources of the Nachawng Kha, a beautiful

2i8 the botany of IHE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MVITKYINA.

variety of Calanthe brevicornu occurred in great quantity. Two
flowers of this were placed in a note-book along with a description.*

The staple crop throughout the Kachin Hills is rice, this being
supplemented by Indian corn, pumpkins, vegetable marrows, various
runners, such as Dolichos LabUzb ; bringals, small tomatoes and
chillis are also grown to a slight extent in most villages. At
one village, Wadze bok, these small tomatoes were found growing
freely in a semi-wild condition. Daring two season’s experience at
Sad6n some years ago the writer tried peas, broad beans, kidney
beans, potatoes, cabbages, cauliflowers, beet-ioot, lettuce, celery,
asparagus, radishes ; all were found to grow fairly well. A kind
of red ant, however, attacked the roots of most of the plants, more
particularly those of turnips, which were in consequence continual
failures.

Ground for cultivation is cleared as follows A patch of jungle
having been selected, the smaller trees are felled and the larger ones
ringed during the cold weather ; the whole is then set on fire in
Pklarch or April, The larger pieces of half-burned delled timber are
afterwards removed, and the surface of the ground is broken by
means of small hoes, so that the ashes are mixed with the soil. It is
commonly supposed that land is allowed to lie fallow for from four
to seven years, because the soil is so poor that it will not sooner
yield another crop. It seems, however, that the true reason is that
after one crop has been reaped the land, being exposed to the windSi
becomes self-sown with so many species of forest-grasses and\^t;e(js
that these defy all efforts to eradicate them, and would ‘inevitably
choke any crop that might be planted the second sc^ason. The land
is consequently allowed to lie fallow till the tjree-jungle has become
large enough to displace the herbaceous growth ; it is then a compara-
tively simple matter to clear away thi« tree-jungle. In sowing rice, a
line of men and women start from the foot of the hill and work up-
wards. By means of a stick held m the riyht hand small holes are
made in the ground aud-the seed, dropped in from the left hand, is
then rougnly cove red Weeding is carried on continuously from
the time the plants are about six i'nches high. Both red and white
rice are grown.

paddy cultivation was met with north of Kwitu except in
the Nachawng Kha Valley between the villages of Galing and
Pelap ; this last was entirely worked by Lashis. From Kwitu south-
HVards wet-cultivation is in the h.ands of Chinese Shans ; buffaloes are

• This description is given under the species refevred to in the systematic list,

THE BOTANY OF IHE KACIUN llllJ.S NORTM-EAST OF MYlTk'VlNA. 219

invariably used for the ploughing. In reaping all their cereal crops
only the heads are taken, the straw being left on the field.

In the villages at higher elevations (generally over 3,500 feet
above sea-level) rice-cultivation gives place almost entirely to the
following

1. Maize {Zea Mays),

2. A small-grained millet {Set art a ttaltca),

3. The marua or rdgi millet (Eleusine Coracana')^

4. Buckwheat {fagopyrum esctilentum).

Close to every village were small gardens with plants of tobacco
and cabbage-mustard, occasionally tea, less frequently opium*
F’umpkins, and catiang beans, a garlic and a coarse radish were
often found growing round huts in the “toungyah” clearings ; kachhu
too is grown in the majority of the villages.

Tobacco leaves when plucked are half-dried in the sun, then finely
shred and further exposed to the sun till they are sufficiently cured.
Among the Yawyins this curing process is continued till the leaf
assumes a light yellow colour. The Marus on the other hand use the
leaf while still green ; in this state if smoked in a pipe it burns one's
mouth. Only Nicotiana tabacum was seen during the journey.

The smoking of tobacco is confined among the Marus to old
people who have no teeth left wherewith to chew. Among the
Yawyins all the adults smoke and the chewing of tobacco is not
indulged in.

Most Kachins, however, chew a mixture of lime, tobacco and
pan ; very occasionally also betel-nut is chewed. The pdn and
supdridJt^ probably both imported; at any rate neither Piper Betle
nor Areca were met with.

Near the Kyeng-mo Kha, Cannabis saliva was found wild in the
forest, but the people appeared to have no knowledge of gdnja^ and
no idea that this plant possesses narcotic properties. '

To obtain opium the poppy-head, when ripe, is notched with a dd
and the exuding juice is wiped off on a piece of cloth; the cloth
when saturated is dried and rolled up, the opium being stored and
carried about in this form. When required for use the cloth is put
into a small metal ladle with some water and boiled over a fire ; after
having been boiled the cloth is removed. Plantain leaves, very fine-
ly shred and toasted brown in front of a fire, or in place of plantain-
leaf, finely cut tobacco being then added in quantity sufficient to
absorb the mixture cf water and opium contained in the the

resulting mass is rolled into balls for smoking. The only object 01 the
cloth is to prevent vvaste, and the same piece is boiled -over and over

220 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

again till the last trace of opium has disappeared. The smoke is
drawn through water as in a hookah. These details are given because
an impression has got abroad that the cloth itself is actually smoked.

Pea is indigenous and was met with wild in the forest in various
places, as at Lamrauk and elsewhere ; it more resembles the Assam
plant than the Chinese. At one or two villages a few bushes, as
has already been indicated, were found planted, but no attempt is
made to cure the leaves ; these are picked green and boiled as
required.

The castor-oil plant was found cultivated in villages near the
British, and again near the Chinese, frontier, but was not met with
ici the more remote ones. The people grow the plant in order to
express the oil from its seeds, though they only use this for burning
and are quite unaware of its medicinal properties. In the upper
valleys the people have no lamps and seem to have no idea of using
any kind of oil, either for burning or for cooking.

A powerful spirit is distilled from rice, and several kinds of beer
are brewed. The most usual beer, made from rice, varied wif^i
each brew and tasted somewhat like perry or cider ; it is acceptable
when one is thirsty, though the taste is usually rather mawkish. In
the beers made from Setaria and Eleusine^ and in the Kachin Hills
it seems to be the former that is usually employed, the grain is left
in the fermented liquor, so that the result is a thin gruel of an unin- ",
vitiog appearance. It proves, however, to be a pleasant pick-me-
up, without being at all ‘ heady’ if drunk when one is heated and
fatigued ; it serves indeed to some extent as a food as well as a
drink. Yet another beer is made from maize, but this was only met
with among the Yawyins, though it is said to be prepared by other
tribes also. This has a very pleasant flavour, but is strong and * heady,*
All these liquors have a tendency to provoke rather than to allay
thirst. In passing through a Maru village a malodorous substance of
a dark-brown colour was seen drying on trays in the sun. This was
found on enquiry to be the substance employed in fermenting these
beers; it was said to be the product of the root of a particular tree,
of which unfortunately no specimens could be obtained.

* 'Jbe Seit ” palm was fairly common, especially in the tract
between Kwitu and the Tumpang Kha ; its long pendulous clusters
of fruits, which look like great chains of large beads, render it a very
conspicuous object.* When bamboos are scarce, the rind of its stem

• From Lieutenant Pottinger’s description this is evidently a Catyota ; indeed, on
being shown C, urens and C, mitis in the Botanic Garden on his return,
Lieutenant Pottinger at once decided that it must be very nearly related to these
species, especially to the former, of which it has all the habits, though the pinnules
of the leaves differ. Possibly it is Catyota obtusa Griff., originally obtained in the
not far distant Mishmi Hills.-— Z?. P,

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 221

is used for making house-floors and walls ; a kind of waterproof
coat, termed Li^kyeng by the Kachins, is also manufactured from
the very fibrous tissue just within the rind. Among the Nanwa
Marus the pith of this tree is boiled and eaten ; the sago obtained
is however very flavourless and did not seem highly nutritious ; un-
fortunately no specimens of this tree were collected.

Besides the fibre obtained from the Caryota another fibre, appa-
rently obtained from Villebrunea^ is used for making ropes. All
the cloths manufactured by the Kachins are of cotton locally produced.

Cotton is grown in small patches near villages ; the ground is
carefully prepared, all stones and weeds being removed ; the seed
is then scattered loosely over the surface and driven into the ground
by the first heavy shower of rain. The surplus cotton crop forms
the principal commodity exported to China in exchange for various
necessaries and luxuries.

The plant from which the inhabitants obtain their dark blue dye
does not appear to be cultivated. It seems to be found pretty gener-
ally wild in the virgin-forests, but the plant was never itself actually
seen ; when asked for it was always spoken of as growing some
considerable distance away. Its use is common throughout the
Kachin Hills and in many parts of the Shan States; it is apparently
the well-known rum of the Assamese {Strohilanthes flaccid ifoliui).

A considerable demand exists among the Chinese for a small plant,
common in the higher ranges, which yields a yellow dye. No
specimen of this could be brought away, though the plant was
pointed out to the party while crossing the mountains between the
head-waters of the Taking Kha and the Nachawng Kha. Madder
is also used as a dye by the Kachins, but the plant itself was not
seen. No green dye seems to be known in the Kachin Hills.

In many villages there were walnut trees, but the nut was usually
very hard and thick-shelled. Small apricot trees were met with, and
a kind of crab-apple {Docynia tndica) was also seen. In the upper
valley of the Nachawng Kha, near Galing village, mulberry trees
in ripe fruit were met with at the end of May. Yellow and black
raspberries and brambles were found at elevations above 3,000 feet,
some of them being fairly palatable. A Cinnamon^ either C.
Tamala or an allied species, the young shoots of which have the
cinnamon flavour and smell, was also met with, as was a Baer fruit
(Zizyphus) ; the latter was very common but very sour-fruited.
Along the foot of the hills mangoes and jack-fruits, always
planted, were occasionally met with, as were litchis ; once too the
fruits of Diospyros Kaki^ the keg^ were offered to the party Two

222 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN iVllS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA*

or three species o/ edible wild figs were fairly common. Wild
plantains are ^Tientiful along the streams and on the lower hills, but
the fruit 1; tull ot black seeds and is uneatable.

Among the striking plrnts noticed were a white rose {Rosa
involucraia)^ Hydrangeas ^ Gardeni'is^ Begonias^ and a very fine
species of Chirita {C.speciosa) \ also balsams, honey-suckle, several
jasmines, a clematis, and ivy, A holly, too, perhaps Ilex dipyrena^
Avas seen. In the hills above 5,000 feet several species of Rhodo-
dendron^ both red-flowered and white, were met with, and the Azalea
{Rhododendron formosum) so common in the Khasia Hills, was also
frequently met with in the Kachin Hills. A wild white strawberry
and white violets were also fairly common on the high ranges. South
of the Tumpang Kha, FiCus elastica is to be met with, but never
in any great quantity.

Orchids were very numerous throughout the area traversed, and,
as might be expected, species of Dendrobium bulked largely among
the showy forms. A fine variety of Cymhidium eburneum was col-
lected, and a beautiful Calanthe^ common on one of the higher
ranges, has already been alluded to. Two species of Anoeetochilus
were seen, also two of Microstylis^ one of the latter being apparently
the same as a species common at Shillong in the Khasia Hills.*
Cypripedia were conspicuous by their absence.

Of cryptogams a Lycopodium^ two distinct Selaginellas t and
many ferns were seen ; the most striking fern was Osmunda regalis^
which is plentiful in the upper valley of the Nachawng Kha, but of
which specimens could not be brought away.

Taking the line of the mountain range which runs more or less
north and south in Lou. 98°33' E. and between Lat. 25°55' and
26 28' N., it was observed that to the east of this line pine-trees,
apparently Pinus Khasya^ were ver;y common, while to the west of
it only occasional trees occurred ; on the other hand, no large
bamboos were seen to the east of this line. Above 4,000 feet the
only bamboo found was a very slender Arundinaria^ which was not
in flower and was not collected.

Bamboos are universally employed for tarrying water. Baskets,
trays, small cups and flasks of all shapes and sizes are made from

* Neither of the Anaclochiti or ^MieroStyles referred to occur among Lieutenant
Pottinger’s specimens; their identity cannot therefore be determined. The Cymhidium
referred to is present, but though the Specimen suffices to show that Lieutenant
PuttiagePs specific identification is correct, it is not in a condition to admit of its
vari^-tal separation.

t Lieutenant Pottinger in reality traftsmitteJ specimens of three Selaginellas^

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 22$

bamboos ; ropes and withes too are almost invariably made from
bamboos; cords or utensils of cane were never seen. The only
exceptions were the occasional ropes of Villebrunea fibre and the
canes used for fixing bridges. Matting for house-floors and house-
walls are usually made of bamboo ; the walls are sometimes con-
structed of unsplit bamboo stems, which are also at times used as
an outer covering for the thatch of the granaries ; these granaries, as a
rule, are situated some little distance away from the dwelling-houses.
The thatch itself is always some grass or sedge, never the straw of
any crop. Pipe-bowls are made of the root of an Arundinaria ;
the same species is often used also for walking-sticks, the root form-
ing the top.

A special use of bamboos is in the manufacture of bows and arrows.
The bow is a crossbow tightly strung ; the string is never a vege-
table fibre. The bolt is thin and light, about a foot long, and is
made by paring down a thickish bamboo stem ; it is unfeathered, but
the feather is replaced by shavings of bamboo, which serve to steady
the flight. The Marus do not poison their arrows nor do they use any
iron in their construction, though they harden the tips by means of fire.
The head is of a piece with the shaft, but a small circular groove is
cut at the base of the head in order that it may readily snap off in a
w'ound. The Yawyins use metal-tipped arrows which, moreover, they
poison. Apparently, to judge by the symptoms induced, an Aconitum
is used for the purpose ; the plant itself was not obtained.

Spear'shafts are never made of bamboo but of a w'ood to which
the name iron-wood is given. The tree used w^as not met with by
the party, but it is probable that is it not the well-known nahor or
iron-wood of Assam {M^ sna Jerred)^ since that species was not
met with throughout the journey.

The ridge-poles, beams, posts and frame-work generally of the
houses are of various timbers, never of bamboo. The houses of the
Marus often have no doors; the doors of Yawyin houses consist of
single planks measuring roughly seven feet by three, by two inches
thick, hewn by means of dds 0M\i of solid logs.

At the more important ferries on the 'Nmai Kha, boats similarly
hewn out of single logs are in use. The largest seen was forty feet
long by two feet across or thereby. At the smaller ferries bamboo
rafts are used.

Across the Kyengmo Kha a cane bridge is thrown from a pair of
banyan trees on one bank to a similar pair on the bank opposite.
These trees, almost the only banyans seen during the journey, had
been, so the party were informed, purposely planted to serve as

224 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA

supports for this bridge ; their roots have been specially trained
interlace and so form natural arches over the approaches and afford
a substantial support for the connections at either end.

The Itinerary of the expedition under Lieutenant Pottinger may
be most conveniently given here.

Name of camp

Date,

sea-level*

Myitkyina

•

• 22nd

March

1897 450 ft.

Namlao .

•

• j»

11 5®® >»

Bansparao ,

•

• »>

j»

„ 2,000 „

Namli

•

. 24th

tt 2,000 „

Sadon • ,

•

• 25*

Halt • •

•

. 26th

Noi-chong ,

•

. 27th

»»

on Nawgo Kha •

•

* 28th

it L3®® tt

Phale

•

. 29th

it 2,000 ,,

^Nsentaru ,

•

. 30th

ti 5®® >»

Halt • • •

•

. 31st

i> “■

Halt • •

•

. 1st

April

II ““

Patzam

•

• 2nd

it 1,100 ,,

Tungwa Tungsa ,

•

. 3rd

If 2,300 „

on 'Nmai Kha •

•

• 4th

If 50® If ?

Niiig 7'ing . ,

•

. 5th

ti 800 f,

Shigu Ferry

•

• 6th

II 800 ,,

Halt • • •

•

. 7th

Lammuk • •

•

* 8th

II 2,400 ,,

Halt .

•

. 9th

Halt • • •

•

. loth

on Chipwi Kha •

•

. nth

Chingnat • •

•

• 1 2th

Khanchik • •

•

. 13th

Math^ • ,

•

. 14th

on Mao Khoi Kha

•

. 15th

II •”

Wadz^ bok •

•

. 1 6th

II 3iOOO ft.

on Uyan Kha •

•

. 17 th

Kyengmo Kha Ferry

•

• l8th

„ 1,000 „ (B.P.)

Camp

•

• 19th

Camp •

•

. 20th

, 2,200 tt

Lachin •

•

. 2ISt

II 2,700 „

Chino . •

•

• 22nd

, tt

tt 3t200 „

Chesyan , •

•

. 23rd

II 3|®®® II

Halt .

•

• 24th

rHB BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-BAST OF MYITKYINA. 225

Name ot camp.

Date.

Height above
sea4evel.

Halt

•

. 25th

April 1897

—

Kabap •

•

, 26th

i» »i

2,800 „

Kepio •

•

. 27th

2,900 „

Mi-ok •

•

, 28th

If ff

3»8oo „

Nong-wo ,

•

. 29th

»f ft

3i900 „

Mafigkyi

•

. 30th

t ff

—

Hong Kow

•

• 1st

May

5*100 „

Kyengmo •

•

• 2nd

ft ff

4.570 *1

Lakham

•

. 3rd

»> .>

4,100 „

Halt .

•

• 4th

ff ft

—

Halt .

•

. 5th

t) it

Pak-kao •

•

. 6th

if ff

2,970 i>

[ Her#* the party left the mules behind. ]

ChouQglang

•

. 7th

May 1897

3,850 „

Padft

•

• . 8th

ft ff

3s 750 ,>

Pashfe

•

. 9th

ft ff

3,300 „

Woghrup (lower village)

•

. loth

ft ft

3,650 „

[ Fromgth May till 7th June

no specimens could be collected. ]

Woghrup (upper village)

•

• nth

May 1897

4,350

Pong-chong

•

• I2th

n ti

3,550 „

Chi-rang .

•

. 13 th

ft it

—

Laking •

•

. 14th

if tf

3,700 „ ?

Tawlong •

•

. 15th

ff tt

3,400 „ ?

Halt.

•

• 1 6th

it tt

Halt .

•

. 17th

tt ft

Ngaw-yu •

•

• 18th

May 1897

Chong-teng

•

• 19 th

a ft

—

[ Here the return

journey was

commenced. ]

Ngaw-yu .

•

• 20th

May 1897

i—

Tawlong •

•

• 2ISt

» ft

3,100 II

Halt .

•

• 22nd

>♦ ft

[ Here the party was attacked at 3-30 A. M. ]

Cenak •

•

. 23rd

May 1897

Maghre .

•

• 24th

ft t*

Camp •

•

. 25th

tf it

Camp •

•

. 26th

tt it

— •

Camp

•

• 27th

a tt

—

226 THE BOr.*NY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

Name of camp

Date.

Height above
sea-level.

Camp •

•

. 28th

M ay

1397

—

Camp .

•

• 29th

Khet-O'byi .

•

—

O-pa-tu

•

—

Galeng

•

. ist

June

—

Camp •

•

. 2nd

—

Pe-lap •

•

. 3rd

Maru village

•

« 4th

—

Mo- wok

• « • • 5^^ a )}

[ Here the party rejoined the mules. J

Halt .

•

. 6th

June

— >

Neo-chawng

•

. 7th

♦>

7,000 ft.

Camp

•

. 8th

))

2.500 „

Pala

•

. gth

1.500 „

Mat^ •

•

♦

•

, loth

t f

*>500 „

Chipwi Kha

•

. nth

1,000 ,,

Myaungjong

•

. 12th

900 ,,

Camp

•

. 13th

800 „

on Tummao Kha

•

. 14th

»»

[ From this point onwards to Myitkyina the mules took 14 days ;
as the native collector accompanied the mules, Lieutenant Pottinger
is unable to give precise localities for the specimens collected by his
collector during this period : these specimens constitute the bulk
of those marked Myitkyina (E) in the systematic list, as opposed to
those marked Myitkyina (C) which, as already explained, were ob-
tained by the Calcutta Garden native collector working under Lieute-
nant Cruddas. ]

Name of camp.

Date.

Height above
sea-level.

Mekong •

• •

•

. 15th

June

1897

600 ft.

Hankow

• •

. !6th

500 n

Kakhying .

• •

•

. lyth

1,000 „

Myitkyina •

• «

•

• 18th

450 ..

§ 3.— List ofthe plants observed or collected in the Kachin

Hills during 1S97.

[D. Pra in and E, Pgttjngbr. ]
in this list the identifications and distribution of the species
communicated during 1897, whether by the expedition under Lieute-
nant Potlincrer bcUveei!. March and June, Or bv the Garden collector
svorking under Lieutenant Cruddas between iuiuf and December, are

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 22/

given in detail. The identiHcations have been made by Dr. Prain,
except in the case of the orchids ; for identifying the majority of
these and for checking the identifications of the remainder, we are
under great obligations to Mr. R. Pantlingand to Sir George King.
The field notes, localities and elevations are supplied by Lieutenant
Pottinger, who is also responsible for those notes regarding species
seen but not coliected that are given within square brackets ; some of
these bracketed identifications, we would desire it to be understood,
are tentative only, and in no case is any species thus mentioned
provided with a serial number in the list or employed in discussing
the probable affinities of the flora. The precise localities of the
Garden collectors specimens are not given ; all are from within
the Myitkyina district, though not necessarily from the immediate
vicinity of the head-quarters of that district

PHANEROGAMIA

Dicotyledones.

Thalamiflorm,

I .—RAN UN CU L ACE^. .

1. Thalictru.m foliolosum DC,

Myitkyina (C). DlSTRiB. Temperate Himalaya; Khasia and
Naga Hills.

2. Anemone rivularis Ham,

Neocbawng (E). Distrib. Temperate Himalaya; Khasia and
Naga Hills ; mountains of S. India and Ceylon. A very distinct
variety occurs on the Shan Plateau; the Kachin Hill plant is typical.

3. Clematis acuminata DC,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, Himalaya; Assam Ranges | Pegu.

[A Clematis^ of which no specimens could be brought, was con-
spicuous on the mountain ranges between the upper waters of the
La-king Kha and the Na-chawng Kha.)

II.— DILLENIACE/E.

4. Dillenia pulcherrima Kitrs,

Myitkyina; a common scrubby tree (E) ; (C). DiSTRIB. Pegu
'and the Shan Plateau. ^

III.— ANONACE.dl.

5. Unona dumocu Roxb.

228 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

Myitkyinat (C). DiSTRlB. Sylhet and Assam ; also the Malay
Peninsula ; our specimens are the first recorded from Burma.

6, Goniothalamus peduncularis Ktng& Prain,

Myitkyina (C). A very distinct species, nearer ta Gardneri
and G, ThwaitesH^ which are both Ceylon plants, than it is to any of
the Indian species,

7. Miliusa macfocarpa H. /. ^ T,

Bansparao, 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib, Eastern Himalaya; Khasia
Hills; never before reported from Burma,

IV.— MENISPERMACE.E.

8. Parabcena sagittata Miers,

Namlao (E). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; Khasia ; Chittagong ;
Andamans ; Pegu ; South-West Yunnan {Anderson ).

9. Pericampylus incanus Miers,

Namli, 2,000 ft. (E); Kakhying, 1000 feet (E). Distrib Eastern
Himalaya ; Southern China ; Indo-China ; Malaya,

10. Cyclea ? sp.

Namli, 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib. Taping Valley.

A very distinct plant, previously collected in the adjacent region
of South-West Yunnan by Dr. J, Anderson, F.R.S. Neither Dr,
Anderson’s specimens nor ours have flowers or fruits, so that a name
cannot be given to the species. In the Calcutta Herbarium both
Mr, Kurz and Dr. King have referred the plant tentatively to Cyclea^
and there is hardly room for doubt that it is an undescribed species
of that genus. The subjoined description will show how different
it is from any of the species hitherto published.

Leaves thinly membranous, peltate, ovate-rotund, entire, sparsely
beset on both surfaces with long adpressed hairs, and with similar,
but spreading, hairs fringing the leaf margins and clothing the very
slender, somewhat wiry stems.

PAPAVERACE/E.

\Papaver somniferum Linn.— Usually Kachin gardens contain
a few plants of the opium Poppy. The collection and mode of
smoking the drug have been described in the introductory chapter.
The opium is used as a food-accessory and not as a narcotic; never-
theless there are among the Kachins some who do not smoke it*
and who pride themselves on being non-smokers, just as certain
Europeans make a boast of not using tobacco. No stigma attaches
to the opium-smoker, and those Kachins who do not themselves use

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 22g

the drug grow the plant and prepare the opium in order to employ
it as a medium of exchange,^

V.— CRUCIFER.^,

11. Brassica juncea H, f, & 7', VAR. agrestis [Sinapts paien$
Roxb.)

Myitkyina, a weed (C), Distrib. Bengal^ Assam, S. China.

[One of the usual garden-plants among the Kachins is a
mustard grown for the sake of its edible leaves. No specimens were
brought, but from Lieutenant Pottinger’s description, it seems to be
Brassica rugosa (Sinapis rugosa Roxb.), In the Nachawng Kha Valley
the seeds of this plant are ground and mixed with the meal either of
maize or millet and baked into an unleavened cake of a highly
thirst-provoking and indigestible character.]

VI.-CAPPARIDE^.

12. Gynandropsis beptaphylla DC,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib, All warm countries.

13. Capparis sabiaefolia H,/, & T,

Phal6, 1)300 to 3,300 feet (E). DiSFRlB. Khasia and Naga Hills;
also Chin Hills.

14. Capparis tenera Dalz,

Namlao (E). Distrib. Assam, Arracan and Andamans, also
South India; with distinct varieties in Ceylon and in Tenasserim,
respectively,

15. Roydsia parviflora Grif,

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 feet (E); Noichang to Phald,
1,300 to 200 feet (E); Myitkyina (C). DisTrib. Hukung Valley.

This very distinct species is now reported for the first time since
its original discovery by Dr. Griffith, during his Assam-Ava journey.
The Perak plant referred to this species in Dr. King*s Materials
for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula^ is quite distinct from the
Kachin and Hukung Valley one.

16. Crataeva lophosperma ATwre.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Assam.

VIOLARIE^.

[Viola spp.-^Several different violets were met with while cross-
ing the ranges between the head-waters of the La-khing Kha and Na-
chawng Kha, during the time that no specimens could be collected.]

220 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MVITKVJNA,

VH.— POLYGALACEi^.

17. Salomonia cantoniensis Lour 4

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Eastern Bengal • Assam ; Burma;

China ; Malaya.

18. Polygala arillata Ham,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB iouthern India ; Himalaya; Indo-China ;
China ; Malaya. Tb/i’e are two distinct forms rep^^+^'d, one with
simple racenie/, the other with smaller firmer leaves and with the
Oowerj?pn terminal thyrsoid panicles.

19. Polygala leptalea DC.

Myitkyina (C.). OlSTRiB. India from Himalayas to Ceylon;
hido-China ; Nicobars ; Australia. Not from Malaya or China so far.

20. Seen rid aca tavoyana Wall,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Assam; Burma; Malaya and China.

21. Xanthophyllum glaucum Wall,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, Chittagong ; Burma ; Malaya ; never
before collected so iar north.

VIIl.—CARYOPHYLLACE^.

22. Stellaria media Linn,

Myitkyina, a weed (E). DiSTRiB. A cosmopolitan weed,

IX.—HYPERICINE^.

23. Hypericum patulum Thunhg,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; also pre-
viously collected in the Taping Valley by Anderson.

X.--GUTTIFER^.

24. Garcinia lancesefolia Roxb,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, Assam and Silhet ; not before reported
from Burma.

XL— TERNSTRCEMIACE^.

25. Saurauja macrotricha Kurz,

Myaungjong, 800 feet (E). DiSTRlB. Khasia {Clarke); also previ-
ously collected by Dr. J, Anderson in the Taping Valley and by
Dr. Griffith in the Hukung Valley.

26. Saurauja Roxburghii Wall,

THK BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 23I

Larainuk ( E ) ; Myitkyina ( C ). DisTRIB ; Sikkim ; Assam ;
Pegu.

27. Camellia Thea Link.

Occasionally found wild throughout the route, as at Shigu Ferry*
etc., also two cultivated plants found in a Kachin garden at Lammuk,
2,500 feet (E). DiSTRIB. Assam Ranges ; Southern China.

28. Anneslea fragrans Walh

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, Manipur; Shan Kills ; Tenasserim.

29. Eurya acuminata DC, VAR. euprista Korth,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges; Indo-China;
Malaya.

XII.— DIPTEROCARPE^.

30. Shorea siamensis Miq,

Namlao (E), DiSTRiB : Pegu ; Siam ; not before collected so far
north. _

XIH—

31. Kydia calyeina Ro%h

, ' Myitkyina (C) DiSTRlB. India ; Himalaya ; Assam and
Burma.'

. . 32, Abutilon indicum G, Don.

- • Myitkyina (E), Distrib. A cosmopolitan trooical weed.

33. Urena lobata Linn.

Myitkyina (E). Distrib. A cosmopol’^^n tropical weed.

34. Hibiscus cancellatus Roxb,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Burma.

35. Hibiscus macrophyllus Roxh.,

Namlao ( E ). DiSTRIB. Assam ; Chittagong ; and East Bengal ;
Tenasserim ; Pegu and Malaya ; not previously found so far north.

36. Thespesia Lampas Dah. 6* Gibs.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib . India from Himalaya southwards ; Indo-
China ; Malayan Islands ; East Tropical Africa.

37. Bombax roalabaricura DC,

Myitkyina (C) ; Phale, 1,300 to 3,300 feet (E). Distrib. India;
Indo-China ; S. China ; Malaya; N. Australia.

[ A species of Gossypium is generally cultivated by the Kachins ;
no specimens were brought. On the Chinese frontier two species
of Hibiscus, one with large yellow, the other with red flowers, were
seen, but specimens could not be preserved,]

XIV.— STERCULIACE.E.

38. Steixulia coccinea Roxb.

232 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

Myitkyina (E); banks of Tummao Kha, 700 feet (E); Nawgo Kha,
Ii3u0 to 2CO feet (E). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Indo-China.

39. Sterculia cognata P rain.

Myitkyina (C).

This is a very distinct species, perhaps nearest S, Roxburghii
and its allies, but easily distinguished by its larger dowers and its
sessile, narrow leaves.

40. Sterculia colorata Roxh.

Bansparao, 2,000 feet (£). DlSTRlB. Throughout India and
Indo-China.

41. Helicteres glabriuscula Wall.

Myitkyina (C). DlSTRiB. Eastern Himalaya; Assam and Burma*

42. Helicteres Isora Linn.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. India and Malaya, not before reported
from Burma and not sent from Assam.

43. Buettneria pilosa Roxb.

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 feet to 2,000 feet (E); Myitkyina (C).
Distrib. Assam ; Chittagong and Burma.

XV.— TILIACEiE.

44. Grewia elastica Royle*

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRIB. Himalaya ; Cachar and Burma, Re.
duced by Masters in Flora of British India to G. asiatic^ Linn., as
a variety (var. vestita)^ but better kept separate.

45. Grewia hirsuta Vahl.

Myitkyina (E) ; (C). Distrib. Throughout India, not before sent
from the Eastern Peninsula, but nevertheless exactly like the Indian
plant.

46. Grewia sapida Roxb.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Himalaya and Assam, not before sent
from Burma.

47. Triumfetta pilosa Roth.

Myitkyina ( C ). DiSTRlB. India ; Indo-China ,* China Malaya ;
Africa.

48. Elaeocarpus Braceanus Watt.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Manipur,

Disci flora.

XVI.— LINE/E.

49. Reinwardtia trigyna Planch.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. India ; Indo-China ; China ; Malaya.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 233

XVII.^MALPIGHIACE^.

50. Hiptage candicans AT./. & T.

Namlao (£)• DlSTRiB. Manipur; Burma.

XVIII.— GER ANI ACE^.

51. Impatiens bella & T.

Myitlcyina (C). DiSTRiB, Khasia and Naga Hills, not before re-
corded from Burma.

52. Impatiens latiflora Roxb.}

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Eastern Himalaya and Assam Ranges.

This is smaller than the typical plant, and may prove specifically
distinct, but the material is insufficient for absolute determination. If
new, its affinity is most marked with the species mentioned. Exactly
the same plant has been collected by Dr. J. Anderson in the Taping
Valley.

53. Impatiens leptoceras DC.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya and Assam Ranges; not
before sent from Burma.

54. Impatiens puberula DC,

Myitkyina (C). DisTRiB. Eastern Himalaya and Assam Ranges ;
not before sent from Burma.

[ Many other Balsams were seen during the journey across*
the two mountain ranges at the head-waters of the Lakhing Kha and
of the Nachawng Kha. ]

XIX.— RUTACE/E.

55. Clausena excavata Burm.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

56. Micromelum pubesceus DC,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya ; Indo-China ; Malaya;
also Ceylon.

57. Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB, Eastern Himalaya and the Assam Ranges;
previously sent by Mr. C, R. Dun from the Chin Hills, but not
reported from any other part of Burma.

58. Zanthoxyhim ovaiifolium Wight,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. India ; Eastern Himalaya and the Assam
Ranges ; not previously reported from Burma.

59. Toddalia aculeata Pers

234 the botany of the kachin hills north-east of myitkyina.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. India ; Indo-China ; China ; Malaya,

60. Acronychia laurifolia DC*

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. India j Indo’China ; China ; Malaya,

6 1. Citrus Aurantiurn Linn*

Myitkyina (E), cultivated. OlSTRlB. Doubtfully wild in the
Eastern Himalaya.

62. Citrus medica Linn,

Myitkyina (C) ; Lammuk, wild (E). DiSTRiB. India ; Indo'China;
Eastern Himalaya.

XX.— SIMARUBE^.

63. Brucea mollis Wall,

Myitkyina (C). D.STRIB. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam Ranges;
Karen Hills and mountains of Tenasserim.

XXI. — BURSERACEiE.

64. Garuga pinnata Roxh,

Ngaw-yii, 5,000 feet (E). DiSTRlB. India; Indo-China ; Malaya.

65. Protium serratum Engl, ( Bursera serrata Wall.)

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB, South India 5 Central India ; Assam ;

Burma, The Index Kewensis accepts the name Protium serratum
Engler, as the correct designation for the tree better known in India
as Bursera serrata,

XXII. — MELIACE^,

66. Dysoxylum grande Hiern ?

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Assaui ? The specimens are in fruit only
and cannot be definitely determined.

67. Lansium decandrum Harms, [Amoora decandra Hiern. )
Neo-chawng, yco feet (E). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; absent

from the Assam Ranges. Said also to be present in the Malayan
Peninsula, but this is doubtful,

68. Cedrela Toona Roxb.

Myitkyina (E). (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya India; Indo-China;
Malay Archipelago.

XXIII.— OLACINE^.

69 Olax acuminata Wall.

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 feet, (E). DiSTRlB. Bhutan;
Assam Ranges; previously obtained by Dr. J. Anderson in the Taping
Valley, but not elsewhere in Burma.

70, Schceplia fragrans Wall.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHfN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 235

Myitkyina (0). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya and the Assam Ranges ;
not before collected in Burma.

71. Cardiopteris lobata R, Br,

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRiB. Indo-China from Silhet eastwards ; Malaya.
Previously obtained by Dr. J. Anderson in the Taping Valley,

ILICINEiE.

[ An AT with leaves like the European Holly (and therefore
not improbably Ilex dipyrend) was observed during the marches
across the mountains between the upper reaches of the La-khing
Kha and the Nachawng Kha.]

XXI V.— C.ELASTRIN EJE.

72. Celastrus paniculata Willd,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. India ; Indo-China and Malaya.

73. Microtropis discolor WalL

Myitkyina (Cj. DiSTRiB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Tenasserim.

74. Gymnosporia pallida ColL <3?* HemsL

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Shan Plateau.

XXV. — RHAMNEiE.

75. Zizyphus rugosa Lamh,

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB. India; Himalaya ; Indo-China.

76. Zizyphus ? ? sp.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Taping Valley.

A very distinct plant, originally obtained by Dr. J. Anderson,
F. R. S., in the Taping Valley, South-West Yunnan. Dr. Anderson’s
examplei which is without flower or fruit, has been identified by
Mr. Kurz with Z. CEnopha, Our specimens, which are in fruit only,
show that the plant is certainly not Z, CEnoplia ; and almost certainly
not a Zizyphus \ if a Zizyphus^ it belongs to no species hitherto
described. Till flowering specimens are received, however, it seems
better to locate the plant where Mr. Kurz has tentatively placed it.

77. Rhamnus nipalensis WalU

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam Ranges and
Shan Hills.

XXVI. — AMPELlDEiE.

78. Vitis augiistifolia WalL

Phal6 (E). Distrib. Assam ; Silhet j Tenasserim ; Sumatra,

79. Vitis lanceolaria Roxb,

236 THE ROTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH EAST OF MYITKYINA.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. India ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

80. Vitis oxyphylla Wall- ( K duhia Laws.)

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 feet (E). DiSTRiB. E. Hima-
laya; Assam and Chittagong ; not before sent from Burma,

81. Vitis repens W. ^ A.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Eastern Himalayas; Indo-China ;
Malaya. There are also examples of a plant from Southern India, in
the Calcutta Herbarium, that are doubtfully referable to this
species.

XXVIl.-SAPINDACE.^..

82. Allophylus Cobbe DC, VAR. glabra Roxb, (sp.)

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. ( of the variety ) India ; Indo-China ;
China ; Malaya.

83. Lepisanthes burmannica Kurz.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Pegu and Tenasserim.

[ Nephelium Lit chi Camb. — The Litchi fruit was obtained at a
village in the hills immediately east of ’Nsentaru Ferry ; the quality
was rather indifferent ; the tree was not met with further north. ]

XXXVIII.-.SABIACE^.

84. Meliosma simplicifolia Roxb,

Shigu Ferry, 800 feet, (E). Distrib. Southern India ; Himalaya ;
Indo-China.

ANACARDIACEi^.

[Mangi/era indie a Linn.— The mango is cultivated sparingly in
the lower villages as far north as the confluence, but the fruit is not
of very good quality.]

Caiyci florae*

XXIX.— CONNARACE^.

85. Taeniochlaena birmanica Prain,

Myitkyina (C).

A very distinct species ; the only other species ot the genus is
Malayan.

XXX.— LEGUMINOS^.

86, Crotalaria alata Ham,

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB. India ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

87. Crotalaria ferruginea Walt,

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYiTKYtNA, 237

Nawgo Kha, 1,300 to 2,000ft. (E) ; Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Hima-
laya ; Indo-China; Malaya: also Ceylon. Not reported from India.

The Nawgo Kha examples are typical; chose from Myitkyina are
much less hirsute and are not at ail ferrugineously tornentose.

88. Indigofera atropurpurea Ham, VAR. nigrescens.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. (of the variety) Khasia Hills ; Taping
Valley and Shan Plateau.

This is the form for which Mr. Kurz has proposed the name
Indigofera nigrescens ; it has much smaller flowers and - thinner
leaflets than the true plant and doubtless deserves the specific rank
which Kurz claims for it.

89. Millettia pachycarpa Btk.

Myitkina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges; Tenasserim.

90. Millettia puerarioides Prain.

Mat6, 1,500 ft. (E) ; Myitkyina (C), DiSTRlB. E. Indo-China.

91. Millettia pulchra Benth*

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRiB. Assam Ranges ; also previously collected
by Anderson in the Taping Valley, but not reported from elsewhere
in Burma.

92. Wistaria chluensis Sieb, 8f Zucc,

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft. (E). DiSTRlB, China. Intro*
duced to Japan from China and thence to Europe. Even in China
the localities where this is wild seem doubtful ; Lieutenant Pottinger
points out that there is no dubiety about its being wild here. Not
previo usly recorded from any Indian or Indo-Chinese locality,

93. Desmodium cephalotes DC*

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB, India ; Indo-China; Malaya.

The specimens belong to typical D, cephalotes.

94. Desmodium gangeticum DC,

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB. A weed everywhere in the tropics of the
Eastern Hemisphere; introduced also in West Indies.

95. Desmodium gyroides DC

Myitkyina (C). DiSTR-iB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Indo-China :
China ; Malaya ; also Ceylon, but not in India proper,

56. DesmodiuTTi latifoliuir DC,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. A weed throughout the tropics of the
Eastern Hemisphere ; introduced in the West Indies.

97. Desmodium laxiflorum DC,

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRiB. General throughout South-Eastern Asia.

98. Desmodium oblongum Wall,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Shan Plateau ; Karen Hills,

99. Desmodium oxypbyllum DC.

238 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges ;
China and Japan.

This is D. podocarpum Baker, in part, of the Flora op British
India (D. japonicunif Miq.) and not the D. oxyphyllum of the Flora
of British India,

100. Desmodium parvifolium DC^

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. India; Indo-China; Himalaya; Malayan
Archipelago; China and Japan.

1 01. Desmodium polycarpum DC,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Throughout the tropics of the Eastern
Hemisphere and Polynesia.

102. Desmodium pseudo-triquetrum DC,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya and Assam Ranges;
never before collected in Burma. This does not occur in India
proper or in Indo-China and has not been as yet collected in China,

103. Desmodium pulchellum Bth,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Throughout South-Eastern Asia,
Collected both by Griffith in the Hukung Valley and by Anderson in
the Taping Valley.

104. Desmodium Scalpe DC,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. South India ; Manipur ; Malay Islands ;
Africa.

A curiously detached distribution, for the plant has not as yet
been recorded from anywhere in Assam except Manipur, nor from
anywhere in Burma except the Kachin Hills, and does not appear to
occur in the Himalayas. It is common in Africa, in Peninsular India^
and in the Malay Archipelago.

105. Desmodium tiliaefolium G, Don,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, Himalaya,

106. Desmodium triquetrum DC,

Namli, 2,000 to 2,500 ft. (E). Distrib. India; Indo-China; China ;
Malaya. This has never been found in the Himalayan region.

107. Uraria crinita Desv,

Namlao (E) ; Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Tropics of the Eastern
Hemisphere ; though said by Baker to come both from the Himalaya
and from India, there are no specimens from either region in the
Herbarium at Calcutta.

108. Uraria hamosa Wall,

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRlB. India ; Indo-China; Malaya.

IC9. Uraria lagopoides DC,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, Assam; Burma; Malaya; China; Australia.

This occurs also in Lower Bengal, but not elsewhere in India proper.

THE BOTANY OF THK KACHIN HILL?; NORTH- EAST OF MYITKVINA. 23Q

no, Urana picta Dcsv,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib, Tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere.

III. Lespedeza par vi flora

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Shan Plateau, Karen Bills.

212. Abrus pulchellus WaiL

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya, Indo»China, Malaya, also
Ceylon, but not in India proper.

1 13. Shuteria vestita W. & A.

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRlB. India,* Himalaya ; Indo-China ; Malaya»

1 14. Erytbrina stricta Rojib*

Namli, 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib. India from Rajputana to Orissa ;
Assam ; Burma and Chittagong ; not in the Himalayas.

1 1 5. Mucuna macrocarpa Wall,

Namli, 2,000 ft (E). Distrib, Eastern Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ;
Shan Hills.

A creeper stems as thick as a man^s thigh, flowers on old
wood [Pottzngef), Previously collected by Dr. Anderson at Poneshee
in the Taping Valley.

1 16. Spatholobus Pottingeri Prain,

Namli, 2,000 to 2,500 ft. (E).

A very fine species nearest to the Malayan S, ferrugineiis
S. gyrocarpus,

117. Cruddasia iusignis Prain,

Myitkyina (C),

A very distinct plant %vith most of the characters of a Pueraria^
except that its leaves are 5»foliolate, and that it has a penicillate
stigma.

1 1 8. Pueraria bella Prain,

Myitkyina (C),

A very distinct species, apparently nearest P, Thunbergiana,
iig. Pueraria Candollei Grab,

Namlao (E). Distrib. Chittagong ; Pegu and Tenasserim.

120. Pueraria phaseoloides Bth, VAR, javanica Bak,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. (of the variety), India and Malaya

Assam | not before recorded from Burma.

121. Pueraria subspicata Bth,

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRiB, Eastern Himalaya and Indo-China from
Assam eastwards.

122. Pueraria Thunbergiana Bth,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ;
China and Japan.

123. Canavalia ensiformis DC, VAR virosa Bak.

2^0 THE BOTANY OE THE KACIIIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OP MYITKYINA.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. India; Indo-China and Malaya

124. Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb.

Myitkyina (C) DiSTRiB. India: Himalaya; Indo-China; Malaya.

125. Vigna pilosa Bak,

Myitkyina (E). Distrib. India; Himalaya; Indo-China.

126. Dolichos Lablab Linn,

Myitkyina (E). Distrib. Throughout the tropics of the Old
World.

Cultivated throughout the Kachin Hills.

127. Dunbaria fusca Rurz.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Prome,

A very interesting re-discovery of one of Dr. Wallich’s Burmese
species,

128. Flemingia congesta Roxb,

Phale, 1,300 to 3,300 ft. (£). Distrib. India; Himalaya; China;
Indo-China ; Malaya.

The true plant describea and figured by Roxburgh.

129. Flemingia semialata Roxb.

Myitkyina (E); (C) ; Namlao (E). Distrib. India ; Himalaya ;
Assam Ranges.

This had not previously been collected east of the Assam ranges
of mountains.

130. Dalbergia Kingiana Prain,

Myitkyina (C).

A fine species, nearest to, but very distinct from, Dalbergia
Ben*hamiana Prain. (D. rubiginosa Benth. in Flora of Hongkong^
not of Roxburgh in Flora Indica^ or of Baker in Flora of British
Indid)>

131. Dalbergia rimosa Roxb

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya and throughout the
Assam Ranges, but not previously collected in Burma.

132. Dalbergia stipulacea Roxb,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalava, Assam Ranges, and
Upper Burma.

133. Derr is latifolia Prain,

Myitkyina (C).

A very distinct species, nearest D. Wallichii.

134. Mezoneuron cucullatum W,& A,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. India; Himalaya; Assam; Burma.

135. Cassia Fistula Linn,

Neochawng, 2,500 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. India; Indo-China ; Malaya.

136. Cassia nodosa Ham,

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 241

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRIB. Assam Ranges; Indo-China; Malaya ;
said by Mr. Baker to occur in the Eastern Himalaya, but there are no
examples at Calcutta from north of the Brahmaputra.

137. Bauhinia Pottingeri Prain»

Namlao to Bausparao, 500 to 2,000 ft. (E).

A very fine species, belonging to the group that includes B.
ferruginea and nervosa^ but with rather larger flowers than any
hitherto known member of its group.

138. Bauhinia variegata Limi,

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft, (E). Distrib, India ;
Himalaya ; Indo-China ; China,

139. Calliandra umbrosa Bth.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya and Assam Ranges ;
also reported from the Chin Hills, but not from the country east of
the Irrawaday Valley.

140. Acacia pennata Willd.

Bansparao, 2,000 ft. (E), Distrib, India; Indo-China ; Malaya,

141. Acacia pruinescens Kurs.

Namli, 2,000 to 2,500 ft. (E), Distrib. Upper Assam ; also previ-
ously collected both by Dr. Griffith in the Hukung Valley and by
Dr. Anderson at Poneshee in the Taping Valley.

142. Albizzia lucida Bth.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam ; Burma ; Tenas-
serim.

143. Pithecolobium angulatum Bth,

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRIB, Eastern Himalaya ; Indo-China and
Malaya.

144. Pithecolobium bigeminum Mart.

Pala, 1,500 ft. (E) ; Myitkyina (C), DiSTRiB, W. India; E. Himalaya
and Assam ; not before collected in Burma.

[ Peas were found cultivated in the villages on the Chinese
frontier, and other beans besides the Sim (Dolichos Lablah) were
noticed in gardens during the journey. ]

XXXE—ROSACE^.

145. Prunus acuminata Wall.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam; not before sent from

Burma.

[Prunus Armenaiaca Linn.— The Apricot was very often
seen during the journey ; no specimens were brought. The
Apricot occurs also among Dr. Anderson’s specimens from Momien
in the Taping Valley.]

242 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHFN HU ES NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

146. Prunus persica Linn,

Shigu Ferry, 2,500 ft. ; cultivated (E), Grown in the cooler parts
of India.

The Peach was seen in other places also, but was by no
cans so common as the Apricot. This likewise occurs among
Dr. Anderson’s specimens from Momien and elsewhere in the
Taping Valley.

147. Prunus Puddum Roxb,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya; Assam Ranges; Indo-China.

148. Neillia thyrsiflora Don,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya; Khasia ; Manipur;
also Java ; not before collected in Burma.

149. Rubus hexagynus Roxb,

Namli, 2,000 to 2,500 ft. (E), DlSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam
Ranges ; Shan Plateau ; also previously collected in the Taping
Valley.

[ Various other species of Rubus^ among them, to judge by
Lieutenant Pottinger's notes, R, moluccanus and R, rosgefolius^
were common,] t

[ Fragaria indica Linn.— -This was very frequently met with
during the journey, but no specimen was collected.]

[Fragafia^elatior^hx\i,-—Th\SYfdiS plentiful in the high ranges,
between the head-waters of the Lakhing Kha and the Nachawng
Kha, but no examples could be brought.]

150. Potentilia Kleiniana Wight,

Phal^, 1,300 to 3,300 ft. (E). Distrib. India ; Indo-China ; Malaya;
China ; previously collected by Dr. Anderson at Poneshee in the
Taping Valley.

1 51. Agrimonia Eupatorium Linn,

Myitkyina (C)- Distrib. Himalaya ; Indo-China ; China; Northern
Asia; Japan; doubtfully reported from Java,

152. Rosa involucrata Roxb,

Myitkyina (E) Distrib. India; Assam; Burma.

[Docynia indica Dene. — This was very common everywhere
throughout the Kachin Hills.]

153. Photinia Notoniana W, & A,t VAR. macrophylia J7aoh, f,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. (of the variety), Khasia Hills; ^ot

before sent from Burma.

XXXII.— SAXIFRAGACE^.

154. Hydrangea robusta //. /. r., VAR. Griffithii Clarke,

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 243

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. East Himalaya. This would be better
considered a distinct species.

155. Hydrangea Pottingeri Prain,

Lakham, 4,100 ft (E),

A very distinct species,

156. Dichroa febrifuga Lour,

Myitkyina (C), Distrib- Himalaya : Assam; Malaya; China;
Indo-China.

157. Escallonieartim genus novum.

Chesyan, 3,000 ft. (E.)

A plant that forms the type of a very distinct new genus near to
Itea, The solitary example is in fruit, and as the petals have fallen
and the anthers have dropped, the publication of a diagnosis is foi
the moment deferred.

158. Itea macrophylla Wall,

Pala, 1500 ft (E) ; Myaungjong 600 ft (E). DiSTRlB. Hima-
laya ; Assam Ranges ; Malaya ; not before collected in Burma.

XXXIII.^-HAMAMEUDEiE.

159. Altingia exceisa Noronha,

Myitkyina (£). Distrib. Eastern Himala}a; Yunnan; Indo-
China ; Malaya.

XXXIV.—COMBRETACE/E.

1 60. Terminalia argyrophylla King & Prain,

Myitkyina (C),

A very striking new species, noted as being a timber-tree
by the Garden collector.

16 1. Terminalia Chebula Reis,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. India, Indo-China, Malaya.

262. Terminalia myriocarpa Henk, ^ Muell,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam ; Upper Burma,

163. Calycopteris floribunda WalL

Namlao to BansparaO, 500 to 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib. India, Indo-
China, Malaya, not in the Himalayan Ranges.

XXXy.— MYRTACEAi*

164. FCugenia claviflora Roxb,

'Nsentaru, 600 ft. (E). Distrib, Malaya and Indo-China ; not
previously found so far north.

165. Eugenia Griffithii Puthie,

244 the botany of the KACHIN hills north-east of MYITKYINA.

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft. (E), DiSTRiB, Khasia Hills
plentiful. Founded on Griffith, 2,375, which is said to have come from
Malacca but may be from the Hukung Valley, Griffith’s Burmese and
Malayan specimens having become somewhat confused.

166. Eugenia obvata Wall.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya ; Assam ; Indo-China. Mr.
Duthie considers this only a distinct variety of. E. operddata Roxb.

XXXVL»-»MELASTOMACE^-

167. Osbeckia chinensis Linn.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. India ; Indo-China ; Malaya; China and
Japan ; Australia.

168. Melastoma malabathricum Linn,

Nawgo Kha, 1,300 to 2,000 ft. (E); Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. India ;
Himalaya; Assam. The true plant ; not before found in Burma.

169. Melastoma nor male Don.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Indo-China.

170. Oxyspora paniculata Z>C.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges.

1 7 1 . Sonerila maculata - Roxb.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya; Indo-China.

XXXVn.— LYTHRARIE^di:.

172. Woodfordia doribunda Salish„

Myitkyina; seeds used to make bird-lime (E). DiSTRiB. India;
Indo-China; China ; Africa.

173. Lagerstroemia parvifloia Roxb.^ VAR bengalensis Clarke,
Myitkyina (C), Dsstrib. (of the variety). Eastern Himalaya;

Assam ; also previously obtained by Dr. Griffith in the Hukung Valley,
but not elsewhere in Burma.

174. Punica Granatum Linn.

Myitkyina ; cultivated (E). Listrib. Cultivated in most warm
countries. Wild from North-Western India to Persia.

XXXVIII.— SAMYDACE^.

175. Casearia graveolens Dalz.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. India ; Himalaya ; Assam ; Burma.

XXXIX,— CUCURBITACE/E.

176. Hodgsonia heteroclita H. f T,

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAsT OF MYITKYINA 245

Nawgo Kha, 1,300 to 2,000ft. (E). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya;
Assam ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

177. Trichosanthes palmata Roxb.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. India; IndO'China; Malaya; previously
collected by Dr. Anderson at Mynela in the Taping Valley.

178* Trichosanthes Wallichiana Wight,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. India ; Himalaya ; Assam ; China ; Burma,
Malaya. This is the T, multiloba of the Flora of British India^ but
not the true T, multiloba Miq.

179. Gymnopetalum cochinchinense Kurz,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. East Himalaya; Assam; Burma; Malaya,
Cochin-China ; China. Mr. Clarke also records it from Chota Nagpur.

180. Thladianth^ Hookeri C. Clarke,

Myitkyina (C). Disrrib, Cachar, Khasia and Naga Hills ; not
before sent from Burma,

181. Alsomitra pubigera Prtf/w.

Myitkyina (C). A very distinct species, with velvety petioles
and fruits.

XL.— BEGONIACE^.

1 82. Begonia barbata Wall,

Myitkyina (E). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya and the Assam
Ranges ; Burma,

183. Begonia gigantea Wall,

Myitkyina (E). DisTRIB. Eastern Himalaya and the Assam Ranges,
common : not before sent from Burma.

[Several other species of Begonia were seen but specimens could
not be brought.]

XLL— UMBELLIFER^.

184. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunbg,

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRIB. Throughout South-Eastern Asia and in

Eastern Africa.

185. Heracleum Wallichii DC,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Central and Eastern Himalaya.

XLIL— ARALIACE^.

186. Aralia armata Seem,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya; Assam; Kedah ; and
Tenasserim, Not before collected so far north.

187. Heptapleurum Lawranceanum Prain,

Lakham, 4,100 ft. (E). A very distinct species of the section
Agalma,

24^ THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HH.LS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA,

XLlIL—CORNACE.€.

1 88. Marlea begoniaefolia Roxb.

Myitkyina (Cj. DiSTRiB. Northern India; Assam and Burma;
China ; and Japan.

i8g. Mastixia euonymoides

Myitkyina (C), A very fine and distinct new species.

I go. Alangium Kingian uni Prain,

Myitkyina (C). Avery distinct species, most nearly related to
A, faberi 01iv»

CorolUflorse.

XLlV.--»CAPRIFOLIACE.^.
igi. Sambucus javanica DC,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Assam | Indo-China ; China ; Malaya,
Previously sent from the Taping Valley by Anderson.

192. Viburnum coriaceum DC,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya ; Indo-China ; Malaya, Pre-
viously sent from the Taping Valley by Anderson.

193. Lonicera japonica Thunbg,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. China; Japan; also Assam (Naga Hills,
Dr^ Watt^

XLV.— RUBIACEi^.

194. Adina sessilifolia Hook, fit.

Myitkyina (C), Distrib. Cachar ; Chittagong ; Prome.

195. Uncaria macrophylla Wall,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya and Assam.
ig6. Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Eastern Himalaya; Assam and Indo-China.

197. Luculia gratissima W all,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya ; Burma.

198. Wendlandia paniculata DC^

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 It. (E), Distrib, Assam ;
Burma ; Malay ; China*

199. Wendlandia tinctoria DC,

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB, Northern India and Himalaya ; Assam ;
Burma ; doubtfully in Java.

200. Hedyotis capitallata Wall,

Myitkyina (C), Distrib. Manipur; Shan Hills; Tenasserim,
Malaya; also previously collected in the Taping Valley, but not
elsewhere in Yunnan.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 247

201. Hedyotis hispida Retz,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. India ; Indo-China ; China; Malaya.

202. Hedyotis scaudens Roxb,

Myitkyina (C).DlSTRIB. Himalaya; Assam; Chittagong. Already
collected by Anderson in the Taping Valley, but not before in Upper
Burma.

203. Anotis ingrata Hook, fil,

Myitkyina (C). DlSTRiB, Himalaya and the Assam Ranges ; not
before collected in Burma.

204. Spiradiclis cylindrica Hook* fil,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib, Assam Ranges; not before collected in
Burma.

205. Ophiorrhiza Hairiseiana Heyne^ VAR. argentea Hk,f,

Ningting, 3,000 ft. (E) ; Myitkyina (C). DlSTRlB. (of the variety),

India ; Assam ; not before obtained in Burma,

206. Ophiorrhiza hispida Hook, fil.

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib. Khasia Hills;
Cachar ; Makum Forest ; not before obtained in Burma.

207. Ophiorrhiza Kingiana Prain,

Myitkyina (C).

A distinct species, nearest O, lurida Hook, f.

208. Carlemannia Griffithii Benth,

Myitkyina (C), Distrib. Eastern Himalaya and Assam Ranges;
not before collected in Burma.

\Mussaenda macrop hy I la was plentiful in the lower

hills ; no specimens w^ere brought.]

209. Mussaenda Roxburghii yi

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Burma.

210. Mussaenda sp.

Myitkyina (E).

Of this very distinct plant only one specimen has been reported ;
though insufficient for descriptive purposes, it suffices to show that
it is very distinct from any of the Indian, Indo-Chinese, or Chinese
species represented in Herb. Calcutta. It most resembles M,
pavettasf ora Kurz, and is evidently nearly allied thereto, but the
young corollas are adpressed grey-silky, whereas in M, pavettxflora
these are quite glabrous.

211. Randia Wallichii Hook,f,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya; Assam Ranges; Indo-China;
Malay Archipelago ; also previously collected in the Taping Valley,

212. Gardenia erythroclada Kurz,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Pegu.

24S THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

213. Coffea Jenkinsii y*.

Neochawng, 2,500 to 7,000 ft. (E); Myitkyina (C) DiSTRlB. Assam
Ranges ; not before sent from Burma.

214. Morinda augustifolia

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft, (E); Male, 1,500 ft. (E),
DlSlRlB. Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges; Indo-China.

215. Psychotria adenophylla Wall.

Banks of Tummao Kha, 700 ft. (E); Myitkyina (E). Assam

Ranges; Chittagong; Burma ; Andamans.

216. Psychotria calocarpa

Banks of ' Nmai Kha, 900 ft. (E); Namli, 2,000 to 2,500 ft. (E).
DlS'iRlB. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam Ranges; Indo-China.

217. Psychotria erratica Hook. f.

Neochawng, 2,500 ft. (E). Distrib,* Eastern Himalaya and Assam
Ranges; not before sent from Burma.

218. Chasalia curviflora Thw.^

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. India ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

219. Lasianthus Wallichii Wight.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Assam ; Burma; Andamans ; China :
Malaya (a distinct variety).

220. Paederia Cruddasiana Prain.

Myitkyina (C).

A very distinct new species of the group with fruits not
compressed.

XLVI.—COMPOSIT^.

221. Vernonia arborea Ham. ^

Myitkyina (E), Distrib. India ; Assam : Indo-China; Malaya.

222. Vernonia cinerea Less.

Myitkyina (E) ; (C). DiSTRiB. Throughout the Tropics of the
Eastern Hemisphere.

223. Vernonia scan dens

Namlf, 2,000 to 2,500 ft. (E). DlSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya; Assam
Ranges ; Burma.

224. Verftonia volkameriafolia DC.

Myitkyina (E). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
Indo-China.

225. Adenostemma viscosum Forst.y VAR. elata Clarke,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Throughout the Tropics.

226. Dichrocephala latifolia DC.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Tropics of Old World.

227. Blumea balsamifera DC.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 249

Myitkyina, 450 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya ; China ; Indo.
China ; Malaya.

228. Blumea chinensis DC,

Myitkyina (E), DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya 5 China 5 Indo China ;
Malaya.

229. Blumea myriocephala DC,

Namlao (E), Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; Indo-China ; China.

230. Laggera flava Benth,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. General in South-Eastern Asia, in the
drier parts.

231. Gnaphalium indicum Linn,

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB. Drier parts of Tropics of Old World.

232. Vicoa auriculata Cass,

Myitkyina (E), DiSTRlB. Drier regions of India and Intfo-China,

233. Cotula hemisphaerica WalL

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB. Rice-helds of Northern India, and of
Assam, Burma and China.

234. Spilanthes Acmella Linn,^ VAR. calva Clarke,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB, Throughout the warmei parts of India

and Indo-China.

235. Artemisia vulgaris Linn,

Myitkyina and elsewhere, up to 5,000 ft. (E) ; (C). DfSTRlB. Tem-
perate parts of Europe and, Asia.

236. Senecio araneosus DC,

Nawgo Kha, 1,300 to 2,000 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. India; Himalaya ;
Assam Ranges, not before collected in Burma.

237. Senecio yunnanensis IValt, MSS, in Herb, Calcutta,
Myitkyina (Cl. DisTRlB. Upper Assam {Simons) and Taping

Valley (y, Anderson), Both Mr. Clarke and Mr. Kurz have included
this in S, vagans, which in externals it closely resembles.

238. Emilia prenanthoidea DC,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Eastern Himalaya 5 Assam Ranges.
Previously collected by Anderson in the Taping Valley, but not
elsewhere in Burma.

XLVII.— CAMPANULACE.E.

239. Pratia begonifolia Lindl,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ;
China ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

240. Lobelia affinis Wall,

Namlao (E) ; Myitkyina (C), Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam
Ranges ; China ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

250 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH*EAST OF MYITKYINA,

241. Lobelia rosea Wall,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya ; Assam ; Burma.

242. Wahlenbergia gracilis DC,

Myitkyina (C). DisTRIB. Tropics of Old World.

243. Campanumoea parviflora Bth.

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges; Shan
Plateau.

XLVIIL—VACCINIACEiE.

244. Agapetes Pottingeri Prain,

Lakham, 4,100 ft. (E).

A very distinct species, forming the type of a new section of
Agapetes,

245. Desmogyne nerii folia King Prain,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Chin Hills.

XLIX.— ERICACE^.

246. Pieris ovalifolia Don,

Hankow, 500 ft. (E), DiSTRlB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ;Indo.
China; China ; Japan.

247. Rhododendron indicum Linn,

Ningting, 800 ft. (E). Distrib. China and Japan ; also previously
collected by Dr. J. Anderson at Momien in the Taping Valley.

[Several Rh<Pdodendrons were met with while crossing the moun-
tains between the head-waters of the Lakhing Kha and the Nachawn^
Kha.]

L.—PRIMULACE^.

248. Lysimachia evalvis Wall,y VAR. grandifolia Prain,
Neochawng, 2,500 ft. (E). This differs from the type very con*

siderably and may be a distinct species, but the material is insufficient
for definite decision. Leaves 6in. long, 2*25in. wide; pedicels
2 in. long.

^49* Lysimachia ramosa Wall,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
Java. Previously collected by Dr. Griffith in the Hukung Valley,
but not elsewhere in Burma. A distinct variety occurs in Ceylon.

LI.— MYRSINEiE.

250. Ardisia crenata Sims.

Bansparao, 2,000 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. China; Japan ; Malaya ;
also Pegu {Kurz.)

251, Ardisia virens Knrs»

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 251

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Assam Ranges ; also previously
collected by Dr. J. Anderson at Munwine, in the Taping Valley.

252, Pimelandra Griffithii Clarke,

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft (Et DiSTRIB. Previously
collected by Dr. Griffith during his Hukung Valley journey.

Lir.— SAPOTACEiE.

253. Sarcosperma arboreum Benth,

Myitkyina (Cj. DiSTRiB. Himalaya | Assam j Hukung {Griffith) ;
Pegu (Brandts),

[Diospyros Kaki Linn,— Near Kumpi Bum, the Keg fruit was
brought to Lieutenant Pottinger's party by the villagers; the tree was
not seen.]

LIH.— STYRACE^.

254* Symplocos racemosa Roxb,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Northern India | Indo-China | China.

L1V.—OLEACE.E.

255. Jasminum anastomosans Wall.

Myitkyina (C). Banks of the ^Nmai Kha. (E). DiSTRiB. Eastern
Himalaya'; Assam Ranges ; Burma.

256. Jasminum decuSsatum Wall,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Burma,

257. jasminum scandens Vahl.

Namlao (E) ; Namlao to Bansparao, 2,000 to 2,500 ft. (E),
Distrib. Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges ; Indo China.

LV.—APOCYNE^.

258. Rauwolfia chinensis HemsL

Pala, 1,500 ft (E). Distrib. China.

259. Alstonia scholads R. Br,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Tropics of Old World.

260. Tabernaemontana coronaria R, Br,

Myitkyina (C). DistRIB. Generally cultivated in South-Eastern
Asia; native country unknown, probably not wild in the Kachin
Hills,

261. Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib, India ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

262. Vallaris Heynei Spreng,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. India and Indo-China. Pfeviously
brought from the Taping Valley by Anderson.

252 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

263. Pottsia cantoniensis Hook, ^ Arn,

Pala, 1,500 ft, (E). Distrib. Assam; Burma*; China ; Malaya.

264* Aganosma cymosum Don„

Pala, 1,500 ft. (E). Distrib, Silhet ; Cachar and Lushai
Hills. The Kachin plant is exactly the same as the Silhet one, which
constitutes A. cvmosum proper.

LVI.—ASCLEPIADACEiE.

265. Periploca calophylla Falc,

Myitkyiiia (C). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; S. China.
This has not before been collected in Burma.

266. Myriopteron pan icu latum Griff,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Assam, Burma; Malaya.

267, Asclepias Curassavica Linn.

Patzam, 3,100 ft. (E) ; Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, Native of the
West Indies, now a widespread weed in the Tropics.

268. Cynanchum corymbosum Wight,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam ; Burma ;
Malaya, Previously collected at Poneline in the Taping Valley.

269, Pentasacme cau datum Wall,

Namli, 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib. Assam Ranges and Burma^
previously obtained by Dr. Griffith during his Hukting Valley
journey,

270. Hoya longifolia Wall,

Neochawng, 2,500 ft. (E). Distrib, Himalaya and Assam
Ranges ; not before collected in Burma,

271. Hoya parasitica Wall,

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRiB, Assam-Ranges ; Burma ; Andamans ;
Malaya.

272, Ceropegia pubescens Wall.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya and the Assam Ranges ;
not before sent from Burma.

LVII.— LOGANIACE^.

273, Gelsemium elegans Bth,

Myitkyina (E) ; (C), Distrib. Though omitted from the Flora
of British India^ this is very common in the mountain ranges
between Assam and Burma ; it was collected in the Hukung Valley
by Griffith and at Poneshee in the Taping Valley by Anderson,
extends northwards into China and recurs in Sumatra.

274, Buddleia asiatica Lour,

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MVITKYINA. 253

Namlao (E). Distrib. India; Indo-China| China; Malaya.

LVIII.—GENTIANACEi®.

275. Exacum teres WalL

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Himalaya and the Assam Ranges ;
not previously collected in, Burma.

276. Exacum tetragonum Roxb^

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. India ; Himalaya ; China. A distinct
variety occurs in Lower Burma aud Malaya; the Kach in plant is?
however, the Hiraalo-Chinese and not the. Malayan form.

LIX.— BORAGINEiE.

277. Cynoglossum micranthum Desf,

Mjitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Northern India and the Himalayas to
Indo-China and China.

LX.— CONVOLVULACE.®.

2 78. Ipomoea linifolia DC.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Sikkim; Assam; Burma ; Malaya ;
Australia,

279. Ipomoea vitifolia Sw,

Myitkyina (E) ; (C). Distrib, India ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

280. Evolvulus alsinoides Li-nn^

My^ikyina (C), Distrib. Throughout the Tropics.

28 , Porana paniculata

Namli, 2,000 to p,500 ft. (E) . DiSTRlB. India ; Indo-China, Malaya*

282. Porana racemosa Roxh.

Myitkyijja (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Indo-China ;
China.

LXr.— SOLANACEiE,

283. Solanum barbisetum Nees^ VAR, Griffithii Prain.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. (of the variety), Upper Assam ; also

the Taping Valley and the Huking Valley. Though very different
from the type, this hardly deserves to be considered a distinct
species.

284. Solanum biflorum Laur»

Neochawngi 2,500 ft. (E); Myitkyina (C). Distrib. China; Indo-
China; Malaya. Previously collected at Poneshee by Dr. J. Andersoni

285. Solanum ferox VAR. inermis Prain.

Myitkyina (Cj.

254 the botany of the kachin hills north-east of myitkyina.

[ Physalis peruviana Linn.— This was once seen in a garden
during Lieutenant Pottiiiger’s journey.]

286. Nicotiana Tabacum Linn,

Noichong to Phal^, 1,300 to 2,000 ft. (E), Distrib. Native of
America ; cultivated in all warm countries. [Tobacco is very generally
cultivated throughout the Kachin Hills ; only this species was met with
by Lieutenant Pottinger's party ; N, rotun difolia appears to be un-
known,]

LXIL— SCROPHULARINEyE.

287. Torenia edentula Griff,

Myitkyina (Q, DiSTRIB. Bihar; Sikkim ; Assam ; Burma ; Malaya,

288. Torenia flava Ham.

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRlB. Assam; Burma ; China ; Malaya.

289. Torenia rubens Benth.

Chesyan, 3,000 ft. (E), Distrib. Sikkim*; Assam Ranges ; already
collected by Dr, Griffith during the Hukung Valley journey. This
is in reality exceedingly distinct from the next species, though the
two are united in the Flora of British India,

290. Torenia vagans Roxb,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; China; not
before collected in Burma. The Nilgiri locality cited in the Flora
of British India is erroneous.

291. Vandellia scabra Bih^

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Throughout Tropics of Old World.

29a. Vandellia sessiliflora Bth.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Bihar; Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
Burma.

293. - Bonnaya reptans Spreng.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Throughout South-Eastern Asia.

294. Bonnaya veronicacfolia

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Throughout South-Eastern Asia.

295. Centranthera hispida R, Br,

Myitkyina (C). DlSTRiB. Throughout South-Eastern Asia and in
Australia,

LXIII.— OROBANCHACE^.

296. yEginetia indica Ltnn,

Myitkyina (C). DlSTRiB. Throughout South-Eastern Asia,

LXIV.— LENTIBULARIE^.

297. Utricularia orbiculata Wall,

Myitkyina (C). DisTRIB, Throughout South Eastern Asia.

THB BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 255

LXV.-«GESNERACE.®.

298. yEschynanthus grandiflora Spreng,^ VAR. longiflora Pratn.
Myitkyina (C). Agrees with the type, except that the flowers

are here 2*25 in, long.

299. iEscbynanthus levipes C. B, Clarke,

Lakham, 4,100 ft. (E). DiSTRiB. Previously known only from
the Mishmi Hills.

300. ^schynanthus maculata LtndL

Neochawng, 7,000 ft. DiSTRiB, Previously only known

from the Eastern Himalaya.

301. iEschynanthus micrantha C, B. Clarke^ VAR. Pottingeri
Prain,

Namli, 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib. (of type) Sikkim. Capsules 10
in, long, otherwise extremely like the original examples, which are
from Sikkim. '

302. iEschynanthus pusilla Prain,

Myitkyina (C).

A very distinct species.

303. iEschynanthus superba C. B, Clarke,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib, Assam Ranges ; never before collected
in Burma.

304. Rhynchotechum ellipticum A, DC,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. (of the type.) Malaya.

305. Rhynchotechum ellipticum A, DC,^ VAR. angusta Clarke,
Myitkyina (C). Distrib. (of the variety), Khasia, Karen Hills ;

Martaban.

306. Rhynchotechum vestitum H,f, T,

Mekong, 600 ft, (E). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya and Assam
Ranges ; not before collected in Burma.

307. Rhynchoglossuro obliquum HC., VAR. parviflora Clarke,
Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. (of the variety.) India; Himalaya; Assam

Ranges. The type occurs in Tenasserim and Malaya y neither form
had hitherto been collected in Upper Burma.

308. Stauranthera grandiflora Bth,

Banks of the Tummao Kha, 700 ft. (E). DiSTRiB. Indo-China and
Malaya; not before collected so far north.

309. Didymocarpus elatior Pratn,

Myitkyina (C).

A rather striking species, most resembling D, corchorifolia from
Malaya. It has .the same woody stems, but is otherwise very
distinct.

256 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

310. Chirita pumila

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRlB. Himalaya: Assam Ranges ; not before
collected in Burma.

31 1. Chirita speciosa

Nawgo Kba, *,300 to 2,000 ft. (E). DiSTRIB. Taping Valley, where
it was collected by Dr. J. Anderson, both at Poneshee and at Pone-
line.

LKYL—BIGNONIACEiE.

312. Mayodendron igneum Kurz,

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft. (E). DiSTRiB. Assam
Ranges ; Indo-China; Taping Valley.

LXVH.— PEDALINE^\

.313. Sesamum indicum DC.

Banks of the Tummao Kha, 700 ft. (E). Distrib, Cultivated in
all hot countries.

It is noted by Lieutenant Pottinger that oil-seed crops were
conspicuovisly absent. The presence of this species in his collec-
tion and of Perilla octmoides in that of the Calcutta Garden collector
goes to show, however, that here and there patches of oil-seed crops
do probably occur.

LXVm.— ACANTHACE^.

314. Thunbergia coccinea Wall.

Myitkyina (C;. DiSTRfB. Eastern Hi malaya ; Assam Ranges ;
Tenasserim ; not before from Upper Burma.

315. Thunbergia lutea T. And.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya ; not before reported
from Burma.

316. Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Bengal ; Assam Ranges; cob
lecied also by Dr. J. Anderson in the Taping Valley and by a Cab
cutta Garden collector in the Bhamo District.

317. Nelsonia campestris

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Throughout the tropics.

318. Hygrophila salicifolia T. And., VAR, assurgens Clarke.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. (of the. variety;. Eastern Bengal ; Assam;

Tenasserim and Malaya; not before sent from Upper Burma.

319. Daedalacanthus tetragonus 7". And.

Namlao (E). Distrib. Burma; already collected in the Tapin
Valley by Dr. J. Anderson.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 257

320. Strobilanthes capitatus T, And,

Myitkyina (C) DiSTRlB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Karen Hills.

321. Strobilanthes coloratus T, And,

Myitkyina (C) DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya : Assam Ranges ; not
before collected in Burma.

322. Strobilanthes pentstemonoides T, And,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Burma. Our
specimens agree well with examples named S, pentstemonoides by
Kurz, from Pegu and from the Taping Valley, But less exactly with
those from the Himalaya so named by Dr. T. Anderson himself.

[Strobilanthes ftaccidifolius Nees. — Though this plant was never
actually seen by Lieutenant Pottinger’s party, it is fairly certain that
it occurs throughout the Kachin Hills and is the source of the blue dye
used by the people. Dr. Griffith met with it in the neighbouring
Hukung Valley, and it is quite common in the mountains of Assam
to the west, and in the Shan country to the south-east.]

The identifications of the two first species of Strobilanthes must
be accepted as tentative only. In neither instance do the specimens
agree absolutely with sheets of those species as named by Dr. Thos^
Anderson himself, or with any other sheets named or unnamed in the
Calcutta Herbarium, though in both cases we believe that the name
suggested represents the species to which our plants bear respec-
tively the closest affinity.

323. Acanthus leucostachyus Wall,

Myitkyina (E) ; Namli, 2,000 to 2,500 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Assam
Ranges ; also common in the Taping Valley.

324. Asystasia Neesiana Nees.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Assam Ranges; Indo-China,

325. Eranthemum indicum Clarke.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. East Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Sha»^
^nd Karen Hills.

326. Eranthemum palatiferum, Nees,

Namli, 2,000 ft. (E) ; ^NsentafU, 600 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Eastern
Himalaya; Assam Ranges; China; previously collected in the
Taping Valley by Dr. J. Anderson.

327. Eranthemum palatiferum Nees,^ VAR, elata Clarke.

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRlB. Burma.

328. Codonacanthus pauciflgrus Nees,

Bansparao, 2,000 ft, (E). Distrib. Assam Ranges ; from Chitta-
gong to Mishmi ; also in S. China ; but not before collected in Burma*

329. Androgtapbi’^tenuiflora T. And.

Myitkyina (C), DlSTRrB. Assam Ranges | Burma,

258 THE BOTANY OP THE KUCHIN HILLS NORTH EAST OF MYITKYINA,

330, Phlogacanthus curviflorus Nees.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Assam Ranges ; Burma.

331, Phlogacanthus Jenkinsii

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2, coo ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Naga Hills
{Jenkins^ Watt) ; Bhamo {J. Anderson)^

332, Phlogacanthus pubinervius T. And,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Sikkim, Shan Hills,

333* Phlogacanthus tubiflotus Nees,

Myiikyina (C). DiSTRlB. Daphla Hills; Assam Ranges; not before
sent from Burma.

334. Lepidgathis hyalina Nees,

Myitkyina, 450 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. India ; Indo-China ; China.

335. Justicia procumbens Linn,^ VAR. \2iWs^\cdi Clarke,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. India; Indo-China; China ; Malaya ; Aus-
tralia.

336. Adhatoda Vasica Nees,

Ningting, 3,000 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Throughout South-Eastern Asia.

337. Rhinacanthus calcaratus Nees.^ VAR. maxima Pram,

Myitkyina (C).

Leaves faintly puberulouson both surfaces, panicle dense, corolla*
tube !*5 inch long ; capsule 2 inches long. Very possibly this should
be considered a distinct species,

338. Rungia stolonifera C,B, Clarke,

Lammuk, 2,500 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Hitherto only known from the
Khasia Hills.

339. Dicliptera Roxburghiana Nees, ' ' , .

Lammuk, 2,500 ft. (E), DiSTRlB. India and Indo-China.

LXIX.— VERBENACE^.

340. Callicarpa arborea Roxh,

Myitkyina (E) ; (C). Distrib* Northern India and Himalaya ;
Assam ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

341. Caryopteris paniculata C,B, Clarke,

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya and Assam Ranges ;
also Taping Valley.

\Teciona grandis Linn, fil.— »The teak, though present at Myit-
kyina, is not plentiful, and the trees are gnarled and stunted. It
does not occur further north.]

342. Premna herbacea Roxh.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. India; Himalaya ; Assam Ranges; Burma.

343. Premna milleflora C,B. Clarke,

Myitkyina (Cb DiSTRIB, Hitherto only known from Assam.

THE BOTANY OP THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 259

344. Gmelina arborea Roxh.

Phale, 1,300 to 3,300 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. South Eastern Asia, not
extending into China,

345. Vitex glabrata R, Br,

Myitkyiaa (C). Distrib. Assam ; Indo-China ; Malaya ; North
Australia.

346. Clerodendron Colebrookeanum Wail,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB, Eastern Himalaya, Assam Ranges,
Indo-China, Malaya.

347. Clerodendron Griffithianum C.B, Clarke,

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft. (E); Myitkina (C).
Distrib. Hukung Valley, Griffith ; Taping Valley, J, Anderson,

348. Clerodendron infortunatum Gaertn,

Myitkyina (C) ; Bansparao, 2,000 feet (E). DiSTRIB. India, Indo-
China, Malaya.

349. Clerodendron lasigcephalum C. B, Clarke,

Namli, 2,000 to 2,500ft. (E). Distrib. Assam Ranges from Jaintia
to Mishmi ; also occurs among Dr. J. Anderson's specimens from the
Taping Valley.

350. Clerodendron nutans Wall,

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft. (£); Myitkyina (C).
Distrib. Eastern Himalaya and Assam Ranges, also among Dr, j.
Anderson's plants from the Taping Valley.

351. Clerodendron serratum Spreng,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib, India and Indo-China.

352. Sphenodesma pentandrum yack,

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft. (Ej, Distrib. Assam
Ranges ; China; Indo-China ; Malaya.

353. Congea tomentosa Roxb,

Myitkyina, 450 ft. (E). Distrib. Chittagong; Burma from Hukung
Valley southwards ; Inqo-China.

LXX.«-.LABIATiE.

354« Geniosporum strobiliferum Wall,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya; Assam Ranges; Shan Hills,

355. Acrocephalus capitatus Bth,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. {ndia; Indo-China; Malayan Archi-
pelago.

356. Orthosiphon stamineus Bth,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. India ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

357. Plectranthus Coetsa H a,

2b0 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

Myitkyina (C). DlSTRlB, Himalaya ; Assam ; Burma.

358. Plectranthus hispidus Bih.

Myitkyina (C). DlSTR^lB. Assam Ranges and Shan Plateau ;
China.

359. Plectranthus ternifolius Don,

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRlB. Bihar ; Himalaya | Assam ; Burma and
China.

360. Dysophylla Auricularia DC.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. throughout South-Eastern Asia.

361. Colebrookia oppositifolia Sm,

Bansparao, 2,000 ft. (E) ; Myitkyina, 450 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. India
and Indo-China.

362. Perilla ocimoides Linn,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges; Burma!
China.

363. Scutellaria glandulosa Hook, fil.

Namli, 2,000 ft. (^). Distrib, Hukung Valley ; Shan Plateau ;
Chin Hills.

364. Achyrospermum Wallichianum Bth.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam Ranges »
Burma.

* 365. Notochsete hamosa Bth.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya; Kaga Hills
{Pram) ; never before sent from Burma.

366. Leucas hyssopifolia BtK

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya; Burma; not sent from Assam.

367. Leucas mollissima WalU

Myitkyina (C).. Distrib. India ; Indo-China: China.

368. Gomphostemma lucidum Walh

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Assam Ranges; also previously col-
lected in the Taping Valley by Anderson.

369. Gomphostemma nutans Hook, fil,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Khasia Hills and Chin Hills.

370. Gomphostemma parviflorum Wall, VAR. farinosa Prain.
Myitkyina (C). Dist^ib. Assam Ranges ; not before collected in

Burma.

371. Leucosceptrum canum Sm,

Namli, 2,000 to 2,500 ft. (E), Distrib. Himalaya; Assam
Ranges; also previously collected by Dr, J. Anderson in the Taping
Valley and by a Calcutta Garden collector in the Ruby Mines
District of Upper Burma.

372. Teucrium stoloniferum Roxb.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MVITKYINA. 261

Myitkyina (C). DisTRIB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Burma ;
China.

373. Ajuga macrosperma WalL VAR. breviflora Hook, f,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Parasnath, Himalaya; Assam Ranges;

not before collected in Burma though typical A, macrosperma
has been. This is probably a good species; if so considered, the
name to be used for it is Ajuga sikkimensis Miq.

LXXI.— PLANTAGINE.E.

374. Plantago major Linn,

Myitkyina (E), (C); DiSTRlB. Cosmopolitan.

Incompletse,

LXXII.— AMARANTACE^.

375. Deeringia celosioides Moq.

Myitkyina (C;. Distrib. Throughout South-Eastern Asia;
also in Australia.

376. Amarantus paniculatus Ltnn,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Cultivated, or an escape ; in the Tropics
of Old World.

377. Aerua scandens WalL

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB. Throughout Tropics of Old World.

378. Gomphrena globosa Linn.

Myitkyina (E). Distrib. Throughout the Tropics cultivatad. or
an escape ; probably originally American.

LXXHL— POLYGONACE^.

379. Polygonum alatum Ham,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. India; Indo-China; China; Japan;
Abyssinia.

380. Polygonum chinense Linn.

Banks of the ^Nmai Kha, 900 ft. (E) ; Lammuk, 2,500 ft. (E) ;
Myitkyina (E) ; (C). Distrib. Throughout South-Eastern Asia.

381. Polygonum runcinatum Ham,

Myitkyina (C.) Distrib. Himalaya; Assam; China; Java; not
before collected in Burma.

382. Polygonum viscosum, Ham,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya; Assam Ranges; China;
not before collected in Burma.

383. Fagopyrum cymosum Meissn,

262 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHXN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

Myitkyina, wild (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya; Assam Ranges ;
China; already also collected in Taping Valley. Perhaps this is no
more than the next species in a wild state, the produce of seeds
washed down from the higher Hills.

\Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. — Buckwheat is very generally
cultivated throughout the Kachin Hills, especially in the higher
villages.]

LXXIV.-^PIPERACEJi.

384. Piper boehmeriaefolium DC.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. E, Himalaya | Assam Ranges; Burma*

385. Piper Kingianum Prain.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Taping Valley, where it was originally
collected by Dr. J. Anderson.

A very distinct species.

LXXV.— CHLORANTHACE.E.

386. Chloranthus brachystachyus Meissn,

Neuchawng, 7,000 ft (E). Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Throughout
South-Eastern Asia, but apparently absent from the Himalayan
Ranges west of the Daphla Hills.

LXXVL— LAURINE.^.

387. Phoebe attenuata Nees.

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft. (E) ; Namli, 2,000 to 2,500
ft. (E); near Myitkyina, 5,000ft. (E). DiSTRiB, Eastern Himalaya,
Assam Ranges; not befbre collected in Burma,

388. Phoebe paniculata Nees.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB, India ; Indo-China ; not in Himalaya or
in Assam.

389. Actinodaphne sikkimensis Meissn.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, E. Himalaya, Manipur; not before
sent from Burma.

jgo. Litsaea polyantha Juss.

Kepio, 2,900 ft. (E). Distrib. India ; Himalaya ; Indo-China ;
China ; Malaya.

391, Litssea salicifolia Roxh. VAR, ellipsoidea.Afmj^.

Namli, 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam Ranges;
not before sent from Burma.

392. Litsaea sebifera Pets^

Myitkyina (C), Distrib. Throughout South-Eastern Asia and
in Australia,

THE BOTANY OP THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 263

393. Lindera assamica Kurz*

Neochawng, 2,500 ft. (E). DiSTRIB. Assam Ranges $ also pre-
viously collected at Poneline in the Taping Valley.

LXXVIL— THYMELE^.

394. Wikstroemia canescens Meissn,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Ceylon; Himalaya; Assam; Shan Hills;
{King's Collectors) ; China.

395. Daphne pendula Sm,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Karen Hills ; Pegu ; Malay Islands
not before met with so far north.

LXXVIll.— LORANTHACE^.

396. Loranthus involacratus Roxb.

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRIB. Himalaya: Assam Ranges; from Chitta-
gong northwards.

397. l oranthus pentapetalus Roxh,

Myitkyina (C); Pala, 1,500 ft (E). DiSTRIB. Himalaya ; Assam
Ranges; China; Indo-China ; Malaya.

LXXIX.— EUPHORBIACE^.

393. Bridelia pubescens Kurs,^ VAR. glabra Prain,

Namli, 2,000 to 2,500 ft. (E). DiSTRIB. Taping Valley.

Previously obtained at Poneshee by Dr. J. Anderson ; it has
precisely the fruits of B. pubescens^ with leaves of the same size and
sliape and with similar venation. It differs in having the leaves
glaucous and quite glabrous beneath.

399. Sauropus albicans DC,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Throughout South-Eastern As^'a.

400. Glochidion assamicum Hook.JiL

Namli^ 2,000 to 2,500 ft. (E). DiSTRIB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges;
from Chittagong northwards ; also previously collected by Griffith in
the Hukung Valley.

401. Glochidion villicaule Hook,JiL

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Hukung Valley {Griffith) ; Taping
Valley {Anderson) ; Malay Peninsula.

402. Fluggea microcarpa DC,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Warmer parts of Eastern Hemisphere.

403. Aporosa oblonga Muell.-Arg,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Assam Ranges ; Burma.

404. Aporosa Roxburghii MuelL^Arg,

264 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKVINA.

Ningting, 3.000 ft. (E). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya; Assam
Ranges ; Burma.

405. Daphniphyllum himalayense Afue/i.^Arg,

Himalaya ; Assam Ranges.

406. Antidesma Ghsesembhilla Gaertn,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Tropics of Old World.

407. Croton oblongifolius Roxb.

Namli, 2,000 ft. (E). DiSTRIB. India; Assam; Burma; not in
the Himalaya proper.

408. Acalypha ? sp,

Lammuk, 2,500 ft. (E).

Very distinct from anything in the Calcutta Herbarium, but too
incomplete for description,

409* Mallotus alba MuelL^Arg.

Mekong, 600 ft. (E). Distrib. E. Himalaya; and Assam Ranges ;
from Chittagong northwards ; never before reported from Burma,

410. Mallotus nepalensis MuelL~Arg.

Neochawng, 1,000 ft, (E). Distrib, E, Himalaya and Assam
Ranges ; from Chittagong northwards ; never before reported from
Burma.

41 1. Macaranga denticulata RiuelL^Arg,

Neochawng, 7,000 ft. (E). Pistrjb, Himalaya ; Assam ; Indo-
China; Malaya.

412. Homonoia riparia Lour»

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. India, Indo-China ; Malaya ; China.

413. Baliospermum micranthum MuelL-Arg»

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIb, Khasia Hills ; Chin Hills {Calcutta
Carden Collectors),

414. Ricinus communis Linn,

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRiB, Generally cultivated in the tropics ;
probably a native of Africa.

This was also seen at various villages, but always near the fron-
tier ;the seeds are used for their oil, but the oil is not employed
medicinally.

415. Gelonium multidorum A, Juss,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Throughout South-Eastern Asia,

LXXX.--URTICACE/E.

416. Gironniera reticulata Thwaites,

Namli, 2,000 to 2,500 ft. (E), DiSTRlB. India; Indo-China; Java.

417. Cannabis sativaZ/«>?.

THE BOTANV OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 26$

Mat^, ifSoo (E)., apparently wild. Distrib. Cultivated, or an
escape in temperate and tropical regions.

The uses of this plant appeared to Lieutenant Pottinger to be
unknowm to the Kachins,

418. Streblus asper

Myitkyina (E). (C). Bank& of the ’Nmai Kha, 900 ft. (E), DlSTRlB.
Throughout South-Eastern Asia in the drier parts.

[ Morus indica Linn. — This was plentiful near Galing Village in
the Upper Valley of the Nachawng Kha ; no specini^ns were brought
away,]

419. Ficus clavatSt Roxb,

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRIB. Himalaya; Assam Ranges ; Indo-
China, Malaya,

420. Ficus clavata Roxb.^ VAR. trachycarpa WalL (sp.).
Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Assam Ranges.

\Ficus elastic a Roxb. — Met with, but by no means plentifully,
south of the Tumpang Kha.]

421. Ficus hirta VahL

Myitkyina (CJ; Shigu Ferryi 800 ft. (E). Distrib. Eastern
Himalaya; Assam Ranges ; Indo-China ; China ; Malaya.

422. Ficus hirta Vakl,^ VAR* Roxburghii King,

Nawgo Kha, 1,300 to 2,000 ft. (E) ; Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB.
Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges; Indo-China; China; Malaya.

423. Ficus mysorensis Heyne.^ VAR. subrepanda King
Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. (of the variety), Himalaya; Assam

Ranges ; Burma.

424. Ficus obscura DC,

Myitkyina, 450 ft. (E); Lammuk, 2,500 ft. (E), Distrib, Eastern
Himalaya; Assam Ranges; Burma Malaya.

425. Ficus obtusiViia Roxb,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya; Assam ; Indo-China;
Malaya. ^

426. Cudrania fruticosa Tree.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Assam Ranges ; Burma.

427. Conocephalus suavcolens DC,

Namli, 2,000 ft. (E). DisTRIB. Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges,
Burma and Malaya.

428. Pilea bracteosa Wedd,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; not pre-
viously reported from Burma.

429. Boehmeria macrophylla Don,

Namli, 2,000 to 2,500 ft. ,(E). DimiB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges i

266 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

also previously collected by Dr, J. Anderson in the Taping Valley.

430. Boehmeria platyphylla Don,

Myitkyina (E) ; Namlao (E). DiSTRiB, Tropics of Old World,

431. Boehmeria platyphylla Don, VAR. scabrella Wedd,

Myitkyina (C). DlSTRiB, India; Himalaya; Assam; not before

collected in Burma,

432. Elatostema papillosum Wedd,

Ncochawng, 2,500 ft. (E). Distrib. Assam Ranges ; not
before collected in Burma.

433. Elatostema platyphyllum Wedd.

Namli, 2,000 to 2,500 ft. (E), Distrib. Eastern Himalaya; Assam
Ranges ; not before collected in Burma.

434. Elatostema rupestre Wedd,

Nawgo Kha, 1,300 to 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam
Ranges ; Burma ; Malay Islands.

435. Maoutia Puya Wedd,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTKiB. Himalaya; Assam Ranges; Burma;
Sumatra.

LXXXI.— JUGLANDE^.

[Juglans regia Linn.— The walnut is cultivated by the Chinese
along the Kachin frontier.]

[Juglans 8p.— A walnut that differs markedly from the ordinary
tree in having a very hard shell, which it is almost impossible to
break, is planted in many of the villages throughout the Kachin
Hills. It seemed in other respects to be only a form of the preced-
ing. Lieutenant PottingePs party did not bring any specimens.]

436. Engelhardtia spicata DC,

Myitkyina (E), Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges; Indo-China;
Malaya.

LXXXII.— CUPULIFERyE.

437. Castanopsis tribuloides A, DC,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya, Assam Ranges; Burma,

438. Alnus nepalensis Wal!„

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges. Already sent,
from the Taping Valley and from the Kachin and Chin Hills, but
not from elsewhere in Burma.

439. Betula alnoides Ham,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Burma.

[Several Oaks and Chestnuts were seen by Lieutenant PottingePs
party, but no specimens could be brought One chestnut in particular

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYlTKYINA. 267

planted near villages on the Chinese frontier, did not seem to differ
in any way from the familiar European tree,]

LXXXIIL— SALICINE/F.

440, Salix telrasperma Roxb»

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, India j Indo-China; Malaya,

LXXXIV.— GNETACEiE.

441, Gnetiim Gnemon Linn.

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2j000 ft. (E) j Patzam, 1,100 ft. (E) ;
Myitkyina (C). DiSTRfB, Assam Ranges; Malaya ; not before collected
in Burma.

CONIFERiE.

[Two conifers were met with, as described in the Introduction,
on the high ranges near the head-waters of the Lakhing Kha and
Nawachang Kha. One of these was a Pine, most probably Pinui
Khasya ; the other a fir, the genus to which it belongs being un-
certain. As Lieutenant Pottinger has already explained, the party
were unable to collect or bring away specimens during the part
of the journey that lay ov^r these ranges.]

Monocotyledones.

LXXXV.— ORCHIDACE^.

442, Microstylis biaurita LindL

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Previously only known from the Khasia
Hills.

443, Oberonia iridifolia Lindl.

*Nsentaru, 600 ft. (E). Distrib, India; Indo-China,

444, Oberonia sp,

Neochawng, 7,000 ft. (E).

in fruit only, and not identifiable ; perhaps nearest O, Fakoneru

445, Liparis longipes LindL

Lammuk, 2,500ft. (Ej; Chesyan, 3,000 ft (E) ; Myitkyina (C),
Distrib. India; !ndo«China; China; Malaya.

446, Dendrobium cariniferum Roxb.

Myitkyina (E), Distrib. Naga Hills; Manipur; Shan Hills ; from
Bhamo southwards.

447, Dendrobium chrysanthum Wall.

Myitkyina (C). DlSTRIB. Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
Shan Plateau,

268 IHEBOTANY OF THE KA CHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA,

448. Dendrobium cretaceum LindL

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB. Western Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
Burma ; Andamans.

449. Dendrobium Falconeri Hook*

Myaungjong, 1,000 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Bhootan ; Assam Ranges;
Upper Burma.

450. Dendrobium lituiflorum LindL

’Nsentaru, 600 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Assam Ranges ; Burma.

45s. Dendrobium nobile LindL

Lammuk, 2,500ft. (E). DiSTRiB. Eastern Himalaya; Assam
Ranges; China; not previously collected in Burma

452. Dendrobium Pierardi Roxb,

Ningting, 900 ft. (E) Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam ; Burma.

453. Dendrobium transparens WalL

Namli, 2,000 ft, (E). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; not
before sent from Burma.

454. Dendrobium Wardianum Warner,

Myitkyina (E). Distrib. Assam Ranges, Burma.

455. Dendrobium papilliferum King Panthng.

Myitkyina (C),

456. Bulbophyllum Careyanum Spreng,

Myitkyina (E) ; (C). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
Burma.

457. Bulbophyllum leopardinum LindL

Mate, 1,500 ft, (E); Myaungjong, 800 ft. (E). Distrib. Eastern
Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; not before sent from Burma.

458. Bulbophyllum reptans LindL

Neocbawng, 7,000ft: (E). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam
Ranges ; not before collected in Burma.

459. Bulbophyllum suavissimum Rolfe.

Myitkyina (E). Distrib. Upper Burma.

460. Bulbophyllum fimbrilligerum King ^ Pantling,

Myitkyina (C.)

461. lone kachinensis King ^ Pantling,

Myitkyina (C).

462. Cirrhopetalum maculosum LindL

Lammuk, 2,500 ft. (E) DiSTRlB. Himalaya; Khasi Hills ; not
before collected in Burma.

463. Cirrhopetalum refractum ZolL

Myitkyina (E). Distrib. Himalaya ; Tenasserim ; Java,

464. Eria clavicaulis WalL

Myitkyina (C). Distrib, Khasia;jiot before sent from Burma.

THE botany of THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 269

465. Eria paniculata LindL

Myitkyina (C). DlSTPIB. Himalaya*; Assam Ranges; not before
collected in Burma,

466. Eria pannea LindL

Lammuk, 2,400 ft. (E); Hankow, 500 ft. (E) ; Myitkyina (C),
DisTRlB. Himalaya; Assam Ranges; Tenasserim ; Malaya; not
previously obtained so far north.

467. Eria stricta LindL

Myitkyina (E). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; also in Siam
but not before collected in Burma.

468. Pachystoma senile Reichb, fiL

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRlB. India; Indo-China; Malaya ; S. China.

469. Spathoglottis pubescens LindL

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Assam Ranges; Indo-China; China.

470. Phajus albus LindL

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. India; Himalaya; Indo-China.

471. Nephelaphyllum sp.

Bansparao, 2,000ft. (E.)

A handsome plant with beautifully mottled leaves, nearest to N*
pulchrum Benth. but evidently distinct. Unfortunately there are
no flowers and it cannotlbe described-

472. Tainia viridifusca Benth,

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB. Assam, Burma.

473. Anthogonium gracile LindL

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya; Assam Ranges; Indo-China.

474. Agrostophyllum khasianum Griff.

^ Nsentaru, 600 ft. (E). Distrib. Assam Ranges, Burma,
Andamans ; also recently found in Sikkim.

475. Ccelogyne Gardneriana LindL

Lakham, 4,100 ft. (E). Distrib. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Karen
Hills; not previously found so far north.

476. Ccelogyne graminifolia Par. §* Rchh. /.

Namli, 2,000 ft (E). DiSTRlB. Assam Ranges ; Tenasserim ; not
before found so far north.

477* Ccelogyne sp.

Neochawng, 7,000 ft. (E). Nearest C. ochracea^ but quite
distinct from any species in the Herbarium at Calcutta, though the
material hardly permits of description.

478. Otochilus fusca LindL

Neochawng, 7,000 ft, (E); Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB. Himalaya ;
Assam Ranges ; not before collected in Burma.

479. Pholidota imbricata LindL

270 THE botany op THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH EAST OF MYITKYINA.

Patzam, i,ioo ft. (E) ; Namlao (E). DiSTRlB. India; Himalaya;
Assam ; Burma ; Andamans.

480. Pholidota rubra LindL

Lakham, 4,100 ft. (E). DiSTRIB. Eastern Himalaya; • Assam
Ranges ; also previously collected by Griffith during his Hukung
Valley journey.

481. Calanthe angusta LindL

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Assam Ranges ; not previously reported
from Burma.

482. Calanthe brevicornu LindL

Mountain ranges near head-waters of Nachawng Kha Valley
(E). Distrib. Himalaya: another distinct form has been col-
lected by Dr. Watt in Manipur. Our plant differs somewhat
in coloration from the type. The following is Lieutenan tPottinger^s
field-note : Small upright-growing plant, leaves plaited, loin,

long, 3in. broad, pseudo-bulb fleshy, light green, about i|in, long.
Flower-spike erect, i8in. long, with 14 to 20 single flowers, petals
rather smaller and narrower than sepals, both being pale green ;
lip white touched with rose in front and at the sides; three
yellow ridges in the throat; each flower measuring ifin. across,
with scent much like that of gorse,

483. Calanthe densiflora, LindL

Lammuk (E). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
not before reported from Burma.

484. Arufldina bambusifolia LindL

Shigu Ferry, 800 ft, (E) ; Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB, India;
Himalaya; Indo-China ; Java. The Myitkyina specimens are
typical, those from Shigu Ferry are in externals very like the A,
minor of Ceylon,

485. Eulophia nuda LindL

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. India; Himalaya; Assam Ranges ;
Burma.

486. Eulophia longebracteata King Paniltng,

Myitkyina (C).

487. Cymbidium eburneum LindL VAR.

Lahkam, 4,100 ft. (E), Distrib. (of type), Eastern Himalaya and
Assam Ranges.

Lieutenant Pottihger, to whom the typical C, eburneum of the
Khasia Hills is quite familiar, notes that while this is no doubt refer-
able to the species, it is certainly not the same as the typical variety.
It may pbssibly be the VAR, Parhhii of the Flora of British India^

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HII,LS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYiNA. 271

but the material is insufficient for absolute determination ; VAR.
Parishii is a native of the Karen Hills.

488. Geodorum dilatatum, /?. Br.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. India and Indo-China.

489. Rhyncostylis retusa DC,

Myitkyina (C) Bistrib. India; Indo-China; Malaya.

490. Sarcochilus sp.

Myitkyina (C).

491. Aerides Fieldirigii Lodd,

Myaungjong,8ooft. (E) ; Kepio,2,9oo ft. (E). Distrib. Eastern
Himalaya and Assam; not before reported from Burma.

492. Aerides multiflorum Roxb^

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib. Eastern
Himalaya ; Assam Ranges and Tenasserim ; not previously
reported from Upper Burma.

493. Vanda Bensoni Batem,

^Nsentaru, 3,000 to 3,200 ft, (E). Distrib. Indo-China.

494. Vanda teres LindL

Myitkyina (C). DlSTRlB. Base of Eastern Himalaya ; Assam ;
Burma ; Andamans.

495. Saccolabium gemmatum LindL

Lammuk, 2,500 ft. (E). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya; Assam
Ranges ; not before sent from Burma.

496. Saccolabium papillosum LindL

Namli, 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib. The Circars; Himalayas; Assam
and Burma.

497. Saccolabium obliquum Lindl?

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRJB. Burma? Our example is in fruit only
and cannot be absolutely determined.

498. Saccolabium Cruddasianum King <S?* Pantling,

Myitkyina (C).

499. Sarcanthus filiformis LindL

Pungwa Tungsa, 3,100 ft (E) ; Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. Eastern
Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Burma,

500. Sarcanthus pallidus LindL

Pala, 1,500 ft (E) ; Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya ;
Assam Ranges ; Burma.

501. Ornithochilus fuscus Wall.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
China.

502. Vanilla sp.

Myitkyina (E). DlSTRIB. Chittagong.

272 THE BOTANY OF TUE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

In foliage .nearest to y, Moonii but apparently j quite distinct.
The same plant occurs in the Herbarium at Calcutta, from Chittagong;
unfortunately neither example suffices for descriptive purposes.

503. Tropidia curculigoides LindL

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
Burma ; Malaya ?

504. Goodyera procera Hook.

Kepio, 2, goo ft. (E) ; Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB. India; Indo-
China; China; Malaya.

505. Pogonia carinata LindL

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Throughout peninsular India and in
the plains of Burma; absent from the Himalaya.

506. Pogonia Juliana Wall.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Plains of India and Assam; not before
reported from Burma.

507. Epipogum nutans Rchb.Jil.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. India ; Himalaya : Assam; Malaya;
not before sent from Burma. Also found in Africa and Australia.

508. Habenarja constricta Hooh,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges and
Tenasserim ; not before sent from Upper Burma*

509. Habenaria Cruddasiana Prain.

Myitkyina (C),

A distinct species ; very nearly related to H. remformis from
the Assam Ranges.

510. Habenaria Galeandra Benth^

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. India; Himalaya, ; Burma ; China.

5 1 1. Habenaria gen iculata Don.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya, Assam Rapges ; Burma.

512. Habenaria Helferi Hook. fiL

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Assam Ranges, Burtria.

513. Habenaria furfuracea Hook. fil.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Khasia Hills; not before collected in
Burma.

514. Habenaria Parishii, Hook. fil.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Eastern Himalaya; Andamans; Burma,

515. Habenaria Susannae R. Br,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, India ; Indo-China; Malaya; China.

516. Habenaria Pottingeriana Kin^ ^ Pantling.

Myitkyina (C).

Near H. arhtata^ but the lateral lip-segments ve^y much longer,

517. Habenaria trichosantha Wall.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKVINA. 273

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Burma; previously collected by
Anderson in the Taping Valley.

518. Apostasia Wallichii Br,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges; Indo-China ;
Malaya ; New Guinea ; Ceylon.

LXXVL— SCITAMINE.E.

519. Globba multiflora WalL

Myitkyina (E); (C). DiSTRiB. Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
not before sent from Burma.

520. Globba sessiliflora, WalL
Myitkyina (E). Distrib. Burma.

521. Hemiorchis Pantlingii King.

Noichong to Phale, 1,300 to 2,000 ft. (E). DIstrib. Eastern
Himalaya; Assam Ranges; nearly allied to, but quite different
from, //. burmannica Kurz of Pegu.

522. Curcuma aromatica Salisb.

Myitkyina (March 1897) (^)* Distrib. India; Indo-China.

523. Curcuma plicata WalL

Myitkyina (June 1897.) (C). DiSTRIB. Burma.

524. Curcuma Roscoeana Wall.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Burma.

525. Gastrochilus longflora WalL

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB, Eastern Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
Burma; Malaya.

526. Gastrochilus pulcherrima l^alL
Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Burma; Malaya.

527. Kaempferia marginata WalL
Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Indo-Cbina ; Malaya.

528. Kaempferia rotunda Linn,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, India ; Himalaya ; Indo-China •
Malaya,

529. Hedychium coccineum Ham,

Myitkyina (C) DiSTRlB. Himalaya; Assam Ranges; previous-
ly collected in the Taping Valley but not elsewhere in Burma.

530. Hedychium coronarium Koenig,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. India; Indo-China ; Malaya.

53 T, Hedychium luteum Hfrb, Calcutta,

Myitkyina (C). DISTRIB. Assam ; not before sent from Burma.

532. Zingiber capitatum Roxb.y VAR. elata Bak,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; not
before sent from Burma.

274 the botany of the kachin hills north-east of myitkyina.

533. Zingiber cbrysanthum Roscoe,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya from Sikkim to
Daphla Hills; not before sent from Burma.

534. Zingiber Zerumbet Sm,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. India; Indo-China; Malaya; China.

535. Alpinia Galanga Sm^

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, India ; Indo-China ; Malaya,

LXXXVII— H^MODARCE,^.

536. Ophiopogon cordylinoides Prain,

Namli, 2,000 ft. (E) ; Myitkyina (E), (C).

537. Ophiopogon Wallichianus Hook.

Neochawng, 7,000 ft. (E). Distrib. Himalaya; Assam Ranges ;
Shan Plateau and Karen Hills. Previously collected in the Taping
Valley.

LXXXVIII— AM AR YLLI D ACE^.

538. Hypoxis aurea Lour.

Myitkyina (C). DlSTRlB. India ; Indo-China; China ; Malaya.

LXXXIX— TACCACEiE.

539. Tacca laevis Roxb.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. India ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

XC— DIOSCOREACE^.

540. Dioscorea oppositifolia Linn,

Namlao (E) ; Myitkyina (C) ; Distrib. India; Himalaya;
Assam Ranges; not before sent from Burma.

541. Dioscorea Daemona Roxh,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. General in forests of South-East Asia.

XCI— LILIACE/E.

542. Smilax ferox Wall.

Lammuk, 2,500 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
Indo-China.

543. Smilax lancesefolia Roxb,

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft. (E) ; Pala, 500 ft. (E).
Chipwi Kha, 1,000 ft. (E). Distrib, Himalaya; Assam Ranges ; Indo-
China ; China,

544. Smilax Roxburgh iana WalU

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Bihar; Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
not before sent from Burma,

THE botany of the KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 275

545. Smilax macrophylla Roxb,

Myaungjong (£)► DiSTRlB. India ; Indo-China.

546. Tupistra aurantiaca WalL

Pala, I4500 ff. (E). Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam Ranges;
not before sent from Burma.

547. Dracaena ensifolia Wall,

Namlao to Bansparao,50o ft. to 2,000 ft. (E) ; Namli, 2,000 ft.
(K). Distrib, Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; Indo-China.

This species is sometimes united with D7 a^usll/blta Roxb; the
two are however remarkably distinct. The present plant is an under-
shrub common at from 2,000 to 4i5op feet throughout the Eastern Hima.
laya and in the mountains of Indo-China. Roxburgh’s /?. angustifolia
is a purely littoral Malayan tree.

548. Dracaena spicata Roxb,

Myitkyina (E); Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 It (E) ; Lam-
muk, 2,400 ft. (E), Distrib. Assam Ranges, Chittagong and
Andamans ; not before sent from Burma.

549. Polygonatum cirrhifolium Royle,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB, Throughout Northern Asia.

550. Polygonatum nervulosum Bak,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Sikkim ; Bootan and Daphla ; not
before sent from Burma.

551. Disporum pullum Sallsb.f VAR. oblanceolatum Prain,

Lammuk, 2,400 ft. (E),

A very distinct variety ; the flowers not yet reported.

552. Paris polyphylla Don.

Nawgo Kha, 1,300 to 2,000 ft. (E) ; Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB.
Himalaya; Assam Ranges ; W. China; Burma.

[ A Garlic which the Chinese interpreter, and following his
example, the other members of Lieutenant Pottiuger’s party were
glad to use as a vegetable during the marches subsequent to the
attack that was made on them ; occurs in considerable quantity on
the high mountain ranges at the head waters of the Lakhing Kha, ]

' XCII.— PONTEDERIACEyE.

553. Monochoria vaginalis Presl.

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Throughout the Tropics of the Eastern
Hemisphere.

XCIII.— COMMELINACE.^.

554. Pollia Aclisia Hassk.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam Ranges;
Indo-China; Malaya.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HIlLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

555. Commelina bengalensis Linn.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Tropics of Old World.

556. Commelina obligua Don.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. India; Indo- China; Malaya.

557. Commelina salicifolia Roxb.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. India ; Indo-China ; Malaya ; China;
not in the Himalayas.

558. Aneilema lineolatum Kunth.

Myitkyina (C), DiSTRiB. India; Indo-China; Malaya.

559. Aneilema scaberrimum Kunth.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRIB. India; Indo-China ; Malaya.

560. Aneilema triquetrum Wall.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Assam Ranges ; China ; not before
collected in Burma.

561. Streptolirion volubile

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRiB. Himalaya; Assam Ranges ; China; also
previously collected by Griffith during his Hukung Valley journey.

562. Streptolirion volubile Edgew. var. setosa Prain.

Myitkyina (C).

An extremely distinct variety.

563. Floscopa scandens Lour.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Throughout South-Eastern Asia and
in Australia.

XCIV.— .PALMEiE.

564. Pinanga gracilis BU

Patzam, 1,100 ft. (C), Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam
Ranges ; Burma.

565. Wallichia disticha 7*.

Nawgo Kha, 1,300 to 2,000 ft. (E). DiSTRiB, Himalaya, Burma.

\Caryota ohtusa Griff.?— The “ Seit described in the intro-
ductory chaptet is a Cafyota and apparently is this species ; at all
events Lieutenant Pottinger does not recognise it either in C. urens
or in C. mitts ] though very like the former of these two, it has.
somewhat different leaves. No examples were brought. The original
locality for C. ohtusa is the not far distant Mishmi country.]

566. Phoenix humilis Roxb.^ VAR. Loureirii Becc.

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB. Assam Ranges and Indo-China.

567. Plectocomia assamica Griff.

Bansparao, 2,000 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Assam

This species is very common in the lower hills.

[The canes for bridges on the rivers are obtained locally from
one or more species of Calamus^ of which no specimens were brought.]

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 277

xcv.— AROIDEiE.

568. Arisaema album N, E, Br*

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Khasia Hills; not before sent from
Burma.

569. Arisaema concinnum Schott.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya ; not before sent from
Burma,

570. Arisaema petiolulatum Hook.f.

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Khasia Hills and Manipur; not before
sent from Burma.

571. Typhonium cuspidatum BL

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Lower Bengal ; Burma; Malaya.

572. Typhonium gracile Schotts

Myitkyina (C), Distrib. Assam ; Silhet ; also in the Punjab.

573* Typhonium inopinatum Prain,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Bengal (doubtfully wild).

574. Typhonium Pottingeri Prain»

Myitkyina (C).

Raised from tubers sent from Myitkyina and grown in the
Calcutta Botanic Garden,

575. Amorphophallus Cruddasianus Prain.

Noichong to Phald, 1,300 to 2,000 ft. (E) ; Myitkyina (C),

Very distinct because of its long parsnip-like corms, of which
examples are under cultivation in the Calcutta Garden,

576. Amorphophallus sp.

Myitkyina (C).

Also being cultivated in the Calcutta Garden ; as yet only leaves
have been produced, so that the species cannot be determined,

577. Gonatanthus sarmentosus Klotzsch.

Myitkyina (C) ; Namlao (E). DiSTRlB. East Himalaya ; Assam
Ranges ; not before collected in Burma.

578. Colocasia anti quorum Schott,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib, Cultivated in all warm countries.

This was very generally found by Lieutenant Pottinger’s party
in the neighbourhood of villages throughout the Kachin Hills.

579. Alocasia indica Schott.

Namlao (E), Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Cultivated in all hot coun-
tries. Almost as common as the preceding.

580. Steudnera capitellata Hook,

Nawgo Kha, 1,300 to 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib. Burma. Previously
collected by Dr. J. Anderson in the Taping Valley.

378 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH'EAST OF MYITKYINA.

5S1. Lasia aculeata Lour,

Namlao (E); Bansparao, 2,000 ft. (E). DiSTRiB. India; Indo-Chinaj
China; Malaya.

582. Pothos Cathcartii Schott.

Shigu Ferry, 800 ft. (E) ; Paid, 1,500 ft, (E}. DiSTRiB. H imalaya ;
Assam Ranges, Burma.

583. Pothos scandens Linn,

Bansparao, 2,000 ft. (E). DiSTRIB. India ; Indo-Cliina ; Malaya;
China.

584. Pothos Vriesianus Schott,

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 ft. to 2,000 ft. ( E). DISIRIB. East
Himalaya, Assam ; not before sent from Burma.

[ Besides the foregoing a Raphidophora was collected during
the expedition, but the specimens were among the articles abandoned
when the party was attacked. 1

XCVl.— ALISMACE^.

585. Sagittaria sagittifolia Linn,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib, Plains of Northern India, North
Europe, Asia and America.

XCVII.—NAIADACEiE.

586. Aponogeton crispus Thiinbg,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Inaia ; IndO"China; Australia.

587. Potamogeton perpusillusZ/««.

Myitkyina( C). Distrib. Temperate and sub-tropical regions.

XCVIII.— CYPERACEiE .

588. Liphocarpa argentea R, Br,

Myitkyina (C). Tropical and sub-tropical regions of the Eastern
Hemisphere.

589. Bulbostylis capillaris Kunth, VAR. trihda Clarke,

Namlao (E). Distrib. (of variety.) Warmer regions of the Eastern

Hemisphere.

590. Carex baccans Nees,

Neochawng, 700 ft. (E). Distrib. India; E. Himalaya; Assam
P.anges ; China; Malay Islands; not before collected in Burma.

591. Carex cruciata Vahl,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ;
Malaya; China ; Madagascar : not before collected in Burma.

592. Carex filicina Nees,

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 279

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2*000 ft. (E). Distrib. India ; Assam
Ranges; China; Java.

593. Carey spiculata Nees*

Lammuk, 2,500 ft. (E). DiSTRiB. E. Himalaya; Assam Ranges;
not before sent from Burma,

594. Cafex stramentitia Boott.

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2*000 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Bihair;
Himalaya ; Assam Ranges ; not before sent from Burma,

595. Carex Thomsoni Boott.

Myitkyina (E). DistriB. Himalaya ; Assam Ranges; Indo-China,

XCIX.-GRAMINEiE.

596. Setaria italica Beauv*

Generally cultivated in the Kachin villages at elevations of over
3,500 ft. ; specimens from Paid (E)^ and elsewhere (C). Distrib. Culti-
vated in most warm countries. I

[Oryea sativa Linn.— Generallj^ cultivated ; wet-rice cultivation
ceases north of Kwitu, except in the Nachawng Kha Valley, be-
tween the villages of Galing and Pelap; dry-rice is grown very
generally below 3,500 ft. throughout the hills.]

507. Coix Lachryma Linn.

Namlao (C). Distrib. Wild in S. E. Asia, cultivated in Tropics ge-
nerally.

The cultivation of this species as a cereal crop, which is so
striking a feature in the agricultural economy of the tribes that
inhabit the mountains between the Brahmaputra and the Chindwin
rivers, is conspicuous by its absence from the Kachin Hills,

\^Zta Mays Linn. — Generally grown at elevatinos above 3,500 ft. ;
the use of this grain appears to have been derived from the
Chinese,]

598. Anthistiria scandens Roxb.

Namlao (E). Distrib, India ; Indo-China ; Malaya ; Mascaretie
Islands.

[Eleusine Coracana Gaertn. — Very generally cultivated above

3,500 ]

599. Dendrocalamus Brandisii Kurs.

Namlao, 2,000 to 2,500 feet (E). Distrib. Burma,

600. Pseudostachyum polymorphum Munro,

Myitkyina (C) Distrib. Eastern Himalaya; Assam ; Burma.

601. Cephalostachyum Fuchsianum Gamble.

Myitkyina (C). DistriB. Sikkim ; Bhutan ; Daphla.

An interesting eastward extension of this rather rare species.

28o the botany of the kachin hills north-east of MYITKYINA.

[ In addition to the toregoing a species of Arundtnarta was
very plentiful on the mountains near the Chinese frontier crossed
by Lieutenant Pottinger^s party. Several other Bamboos were seen,
but, not being in flower, specimens were not collected.]

CRYPTOGAMIA.

C.— EQUISETACE^.

602. Equisetum debile Roxh,

Namlao (E). Distrib. South-Eastern Asia.

603. Equisetum diffusum Don,

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. Himalaya; Manipur ; previously collected
in the Taping Valley by Dr, J. Anderson, but not hitherto sent from
any other part of Burma.

CL— LYCOPODIACE/E.

604. Lycopodium cernuum Linn.

Banks of the ^Nmai Kha, 900 ft, (E). Distrib. Cosmopolitan in
the Tropics.

CIL--SELAGJNELLACEiE.

605. Sefaginella canaliculata Baker,

Namlao (E) ; Bansparao 2,000 ft. (E) ; Myitkyina (E) ; also very
plentiful along the upper reaches of the Nachawng Kha. DisTRIB.
East Himalaya ; Indo-China ; China ; Malaya.

606. Selaginella picta A, Br,

Nawgo Kha, 1,300 to 2^000 ft. (E). Distrib. Assam Ranges;
Mishmi Hills; not before sent from Burma.

607. Selaginella Wallichii Spreng,

Nawgo Kha, 1,300 to 2,000 feet; also-plentiful in the Upper
Nachawng Kha Valley (E). Distrib, Eastern Himalaya; Indo.
China ; Malaya ; New Guinea.

CIII-FILICES.

608. Davallia chinensis Sw,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Tropics of Old World,

609. Davallia Griffithiana Hook,

Lammuk, 2,400 ft.(E) ; Kepio, 2,900 ft. (E) DlSTRlB, Assam
Ranges; China; Burma; Malaya.

610. Onychium auratura Kaulp,

Myitkyina (C). Distrib. Himalaya; Indo-China; Malaya,

61 1. Pteris biaurita Wall*

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKVIna. 281

Bansparao, 2,ooo ft. (E)., DiSTRlB. Cosmopolitan in the Tropics.

612. Blechnum orientale Linn,

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft. (E). DiSTRiB. Himalaya :
China ; Indo-China ; Malaya ; Australia.

613. Asplenium Finlaysonianum Wall.

’Nsentaru, 600 ft. (E). DiSTRiB. Himalaya ; Indo-China ;
Malaya.

614. Asplenium planicaule Wall,

Neochawng, 7,000 ft. (E). Distrib. India; Himalaya; not
before collected in Burma,

615. Aspidium aristatum Sw

Phal^, 1,300 to 3,300 ft. (E). Distrib. Japan; China ; Himalaya;
India ; Polynesia; Australia; Natal,

616. Nephrodium falcilobum Hook*

Myitkyina (E). DiSTRlB. India ; Indo-China ; China ; Malaya.

617. Nephrodium Leuzeanum

Lammuk, 2,500 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Himalaya ; Indo-China ; China ;
Malaya ; Polynesia.

618. Nephrodium membranifolium PresL

Namli, 2,000 ft. (E). DiSTRIB, India ; Indo-Chiaa ; Malaya ;
Polynesia ; Madagascar.

619. Nephrodium variolosum Hook, ^ Bak,

Patzam, 1,100 ft. (E). Distrib. India ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

620. Polypoduim leiorrhizon Wall,

^Nsentaru, 600 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Himalaya; Assam Ranges; not
before collected in Burma.

621. Gymnogramme javanica DC,

Ningting, 800 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. Tropics of Old Worlds

622. Antrophyum plantagineum Kaulf.

Bansparao, 2,000ft. (E). DistrIB. Ceylon ; Himalayas ; Assam ;
Indo-China ; Malaya ; Polynesia.

623. Acrostichum appendiculatum Willd,

Bansparao, 2,000 ft. (E). DiSTRlB. India ; Indo-China ; China ;
Malaya.

624. Platycerium Wallichii Hook*

Myitkyina (E) ; Bansparao, 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib. Assam
Ranges ; Malaya.

625. Lygodium pinnatifidum Sw,

Namlao to Bansparao, 500 to 2,000 ft. (E). Distrib. Tropics of
Old World.

\Psmunda regahs Linn.«-*This was very plentiful in the upper
valley of the Nachawng Kha.]

282 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYlTKYiNA.

626. Helminthostachys zeylanica Linn^

Myitkyina (C). DiSTRlB. South-Eastern Asia and Australia.

627. Ophioglossum vuigatum Linn.

Myitkyina (C), Distrib. Cosmopolitan.

§ 4.— Nature and Relationships of the Kachin Flora.

{D. Prain.']

Though the collection dealt with in this paper is no doubt only
a partial one, a perusal of the list of species will show that it possesses
considerable interest. This interest depends to some extent on the
fact that no previous collection has been made in this particular
district; it is, however, intensified by the geographical position of the
region whence the species are derived. The Kachin Hills constitute,
roughly speaking, the upper catchment-area of the river Irrawaday,
Which was formerly supposed to derive at least some part of its waters
from the Tibetan table-land but which we now know to have no trans-
Himalayan tributaries. Though the botany of the Kachin Hills
proper has remained till now quite iminvestigated, collections have
been made in the Hukung Valley immediately to the west and in the
Taping Valley immediately to the south-east ; the former by Dr.
Griffith, the latter by Dr. J. Anderson. The Hukung Valley plants of
Griffith have beeiT, in the majority of instances, dealt with in the
Flora of British India) those from the Taping Valley, owing to
their place of origin being, politically, part of China, are eni?merated
in the Index Sinensis of Forbes and Hemsley. These Taping
Valley plants, as an examination of our Kachin list will show, are,
Bowever, only accidentally Chinese. Of the 627 plants enumerated,
173, or about -/gths (more accurately 27*59 per cent.) of the whole,
occur in the Taping Valley, though less than half of these (only 78)
have been found in China outside the limits of this particular valley.
Ncr is this all; two-thirds of the plants that do occur in China out-
side this valley are in no sense characteristic of any particular portion
of South-Eastern Asia, since they occur in Indo-China, Malaya, the
Himalayas, Assam and India, as well as in China. As a matter of
fact, onlyffive of the plants that are common to the Kachin Hills and
the Taping Valley extend eastward to China without occurring
in Eastern Indo-Cliina as well, and two of these four are not dis-
tinctively Chinese plants, since they occur in Assam as well as in
China 1 one of the two appearing in the Eastern Himalaya as well.
Nor has the I'aping Valley any more marked affinity with the

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAS.T OF MYITKYINA. 283

Indo-Chinese countries lying east of the Irrawaday Valley ; though
as many as 137 of the 173 plants common to the Kachin Hills and
the Taping Valley occur on the Shan Plateau as well, more than
one-third of these are distributed to all parts of South-Eastern- Asia,
and there are only four species that are peculiar to the Kachin Hills,
the Taping Valley and the Shan Hills.

In strong contrast with this parsimony of Chinese and of eastern
Indo-Chinese influence in the Taping Valley flora, as represented by
those species that this valley shares with the Kachin Hills, stands the
fact that no fewer than i6 of these 173 species are plants that are dis-
tinctive of the Eastern Himalaya, or of the Assam Ranges, or of both,
and that find their eastern limit of distribution, so tar as is now known,
in the Taping Valley. At the same time no fewer than five species
are peculiar to the Kachin Hills and the Taping Valley, so that the
conjoined Kachin-Taping area, though immediately bordering on
China and the Shan Plateau, exhibits an endemic element that ex-
ceeds numerically the Chinese and Shan elements respectively, and
yet hardly exceeds in strength one-third the element derived from
the more remote Himalo-Assamese areas. These facts render it
advisable to include the Taping Valley in the natural phytogeogra-
phical area to which the Kachin Hills proper belong, and this annexa*
tion has the further advantage of according with the physiographi-
cal features of the region. The Taping Valley constitutes an integral
portion of the catchment-area of the Irrawaday, and is separated from
the river-systems of China by the mountain-ranges that at once con-
fine and separate the narrow gorges occupied by the Salween and the
Mekong.

Physiographical considerations lead equally to the suggestion
that the Hukung Valley may also be best conjoined with the Kachin
Hills as a preliminary measure, and an examination of the table of dis-
tribution of our Kachin plants, where the Hukung and Taping species
present in the Herbarium at Calcutta are indicated, bears out this
idea. There are 34 species in the list that are known to have been ob-
tained by Griffith in the Hukung Valley, and it is possible that still
another Griffithii) may have come from there. Twenty of
these species, or rather more than half, extend both westward into
Assam, the Himalayas or India, and eastward into China, Indo-China,
or Malaya, and thus throw no light on the affinities of the Hukung flora,
but while there is only one that does not occur elsewhere save in the
countries east of the Irrawaday basin, no -fewer than nine extend only
westward, and as many as four are confined to the Irrawaday catch*-
ment-area. Of the 13 plants that are either confined to this area or

284 the botany of the kachin hills north-east of myitkyina.

that extend only westward from it, there are four that occur both
in the Hukung and Taping Valleys, as well as in the central portion
of the Kachio country.

It seems then safe to conclude that the catchment-area of
the Upper Irrawaday admits of being dealt with as a natural phytogeo-
graphical entity, and that the plan of considering its eastern portion
as Chinese and its western as Burmese must be abandoned. The
question now to be settled is the precise relationship of this conjoint
Hukung-Kachin-Taping district. Situated as it is where at least
three well-marked phytogeographical sub-sub-areas-— those of China,
Indo-China and the Eastern Himalaya-^meet, it may not inconceiv-
ably be referable to any one of these, and from its position may even
throw light on the relationships these bear to each other. The
writer has, on more than one occasion, had reason to express his
belief, based on an examination of the distributional features in
particular genera like Pedtcularis and Gomphostemma^ that the
hitherto accepted sub-division of Western Indo-China into a northern
half termed Ava and a southern half termed Pegu, is at variance
alike with pbysiographical and phytogeographical facts, and is as
inconvenient as it is incorrect. The facts reviewed by him else-
where have led to a proposal to treat as a natural sub-sub-area the
block of mountainous country that intervenes between the valleys
of the Brahmaputra river to the north and west, and of the Irrawa-
day river to the east. This block certainly includes the hill-ranges
known as the Patkoi, Barel, Khasi, Chin-Lushai, Chittagong and
Arracan, and ends towards the south in the Andaman Islands, and in
this sense possesses a natural rank equivalent to that of the Eastern
Himalaya from the Sarju Valley, 82°E. Lon,, to the Dihong Gorge,
95°E. Lon. The Mishmi-Kachin block, between the gorges of the
Dihong and the Salwen, 95°E. Lon. to gg^E. Lon., may conceivably
be referable to either one or other of the sub-sub-areas mentioned;
but it may equally conceivably be regarded either as central Indo-
Chinese— the tract of mountainous country intervening between the
valleys of the Irrawaday and the Mekong— or as south-west Chinese.
The unexplored character of the block in question has hitherto
rendered any opinion on the point more or less conjectural ; in
order to test the extent to which our present Kachin collection lends
itself to the elucidation of this point, the distributional features of its
elements have been tabulated so as to show the extension of each
species westward into the Assam-Arracan sub-sub-area, and into
the sub-sub-area of the Eastern Himalaya, beyond these into India;

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 285

eastward into China and into Eastern Indo-China, beyond Indo-China
into the Malay countries.

The list in which the facts of distribution are shown is followed by
a synoptical view of the distributional features from which the various
influences may be readily calculated. In the synoptic table, the
words Shan and Assam are, for the sake of brevity, used in place
of the expressions “Eastern Indo-China'' and Arracan-Assarti’'
respectively.

A sketch map, to show the geographical relationship of the Kachin
Hills to adjacent areas has been added. This map is based on Stieler’s
Hand- Atlas, maps No. 66 and No. 67 ; the only deviation from those
maps being that the Upper Irrawaday, eastern branch, is in the sketch
shown as not rising in Tibet. When Stieler's maps were pub-
lished it was supposed to do so ; this is now known not to be the case.

286 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MVITKVINA.

Himalaya.

Arracan-Assam. j

Hukung Valley.

Name of Species.

Taping Valley.

China.

E. Indo-China.

Malaya.

Thalictrum foliolosum

•

Anemone rivularis « .

•

—

Clematis acuminata .

•

—

Dillenia pulcherrima .

•

—

Unona dumosa •

—

Goniothalamus peduncularis

—

Miliusa macrocarpa •

—

Parabsena sagittata .

—

Pericampylus incanus

•

—

Cyclea sp. . . .

—

Brassica juncea var. agrestis

•

—

Gynandropsis leptoph^la

—

Capparis sabisefolia •

•

—

Capparis tenera •

•

—

“

Roydsla parviflora . •

—

Cratseva lophosperma

•

—

Salomonia cantoniensis

•

—

Polygala arillata . .

—

Polygala leptalea . .

—

«-

—

Securidaca tavoyana

—

Xanthophyllum glaucum

—

Stellaria media

—

Hypericum patulura ,

—

Garcinia lancesefolia .

—

Saurauja macrotricha •

•

—

Saurauja Roxburghii .

—

Camellia Thea . ,

—

— '

Anneslea fragrans ,

—

•—

Eurya acuminata VAR, euprista

—

•MM

Shorea siamensis •

•

" i

Indo-China,

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 287

India.

Himalaya.

ctf

1 —

Hukung Valley.

Name of Species.

Taping Valley.

China.

E. Indo-China.

ffl

Kydia calycina

—

Abutilon indicuin . .

—

Urena lobata . • .

—

Hibiscus cancellatus .

—

Hibiscus macrophyllus

•

1 —

—

Thespesia Lam pas

•

—

Bombax malabaricutn .

•

StercuUa coccinea . .

—

Sterculia cognata .

—

Sterculia colorata .

—

Helicteres glabriuscula

—

Helicteres Isora «

—

i —

—

Buettneria pilosa . .

—

1 X
i

—

X ‘

—

Grewia elastica . •

•

—

Grewia hirsuta • •

•

—

Grewia sapida •

•

—

Triumfetta pilosa . .

•

—

Elaeocarpus Bracean'US

•

—

Reinwardtia trigyna •

•

—

Hiptage candicans ,

•

—

Impatiens bella . •

•

—

Impatiens latiBora .

—

Impatiens leptoceras

•

—

Impatiens puberula •

—

Clausena excavata .

•

—

Micromelum pubescens .

•

—

Toddalia.aculeata . .

•

—

“

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium

•

—

Zanthoxylum ovalifolium .

•

—

Acronychia laurifolia

•

worn

imalaya.

288 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

Himalaya.

Arracan-Assam.

Hukung Valley.

Name of Species.

Taping Valley.

China.

E. Indo-China.

Citrus medica . . .

•

—

Brucea mollis , . «

—

Garuga pinnata . .

•

—

Protium serratum . •

—

Dysoxylum grande ? .

•

—

Lansium decandrum

•

—

Cedrela Toona

•

....

—

Olax acuminata

•

—

Scboepfia fragrans .

•

—

Cardiop^.eris iobata .

•

—

Cela&trus panicuiatus

•

—

Microtropis discolor

•

—

Gymnosporia pallida •

•

—

Zizyphus rugosa .

•

—

ZizyphusPsp. . •

•

—

Rhamnus nipalensis •

•

—

Vitis augustifolia

•

—

Vitis lanceojaria

•

Vitis osyphylla . *

•

—

Vitis repeas

K '

—

Allopbylus Cobbe var. glabra

. —

j X

—

Lepisantties burmannica

—

Meliosma simplictfolia

•

—

TseLniochlaena birroanica ^

—

Crotalaria alata • .

•

—

Crotalaria ferruginea

—

Indigofera atropurpurea var. nigres-
cens

—

Millcttia pacbycarpa

•

—

90^

—

Millettia puerarioides

••

Millettia pulchra .

•

Arracan-Assam.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 289

Name of Species,

Wistaria chinensis

■

—

Desmodium cephalotes

•

—

Desmodium gangeticum

•

—

Desmodium gyroides

Desmodium latifolium

—

Desmodium laxiHomm

•

—

Desmodium oblongum

•

—

Desmodium oxyphyllum

•

—

Desmodium parwfclium

•

—

Desmodium polycarpum

—

Desmodium pseudo«triquetrum

—

Desmodium pulchellum

—

Desmodium Scaipe

—

Desmodium tillae folium

•

—

Desmodium triquetrum

•

—

Uraria crinita .

•

Uraria hamosa .

•

—

Uraria lagopoides .

1 ^

—

Uraria picta

•

—

Abrus pulchellus .

•

—

Lespedeza parviflora

•

—

Erythrina stricta

•

—

Shuteria vestita •

•

—

Mucuna macrocarpa

•

—

1 -

—

Spatbolobus Pottingeri

—

Cruddasia insignis

—

Pueraria bella

—

«-

—

Pueraria Candollei

•

—

Pueraria phaseoloides var

javanica

—

■

““

Pueraria subspicata .

•

E. Indo-China,

Arracan- Assam.

290 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA

1 —

Hukung Valley.

Name of Species.

1 Taping Valley.

China.

Pueraria Thunbergtana .

—

Canavalia ensiformis V4r virosa

—

Phaseolus calcaratus

—

Vigna pilosa •

•

—

Oolichos Lablab .

•

—

Dunbaria fusca . •

•

—

Flemingia congesta

—

Flemingia semialata

—

Dalbergia Kingiana

—

Dalbergia rimosa

—

Dalbergia stipulacea

•

—

Derris latifolia

•

! -

—

Mezoneuron cucullatum .

•

—

Cassia Fistula

—

Cassia nodosa . >

•

—

Bauhinia Pottingeri

•

—

Bauhinia variegata . .

•

—

Calliandra umbrosa «

—

Acacia pennata

•

—

Acacia pruinescens *

•

—

Albizzta lucida . .

—

Pithecolobium angulatum

•

—

Pithecolobium bigeminum

—

Prunus acuminata »

—

Prunus persica . •

Prunus Puddum

—

Neillia thyrsiflora . .

•

—

Rubus hexagynus •

•

—

Potentilla Kleiniana .

Agrimonia Eupatorium .

X —

X X

Indo-China.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 2gi

India.

Himalaya. |

Arracan-Assam.

Huking Valley,

Name of Species.

Taping Valley.

China.

E. Indo-China.

Malaya.

Rosa involucrata ....

—

Photinia Notoniana var macrophylla

—

Hydrangea robusta var Griibthii

. “

—

Hydrangea Pottingeri

—

Dichroa febrifuga • > . .

—

Escalloniearum non).

—

«.

—

!tea macrophylla «...

—

Altingia excelsa ....

—

Terminalia argyrophylla

—

Termlnalia Chebula

—

Termifialia myriocarpa

—

”

—

Calycopteris floribunda , .

—

Eugenia claviflora ....

—

Eugenia Griffithi ....

—

Eugenia obovata ....

—

Osbeckia chinensis ....

Melastoma malabathricum

—

— -

— '

—

Melastoma normale

—

Oxyspora paniculata , , ,

—

Sonerila maculata ....

—

Woodfordia Boribunda . ,

X '

—

Lagerstrramia parviflora var. ben-

— ■

gale nsis

Punica Granatum ....

—

Casearia graveolens . . , ,

—

Hodgsonia heteroclita . ,

—

— .

—

Trichosanthes palmata ,

—

Trichosanthes Wallichlana .

—

- X

—

Gymnopetalum cochinchinense

Alsomitra pabigera ....

—

292 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA

India. |

i Himalaya.

Arracan-Assam.

Hukung Valley.

Name of Species.

Taping Valley.

China

E. Indo-Ghina. ||

Malaya. |

Thiadiantha Hooker!

....

—

Begonia barbata

•

—

....

—

Begonia gigantea .

—

Hydrocotyle javanica

•

—

Heracleum Wallichii

....

—

1 —

—

Araliaarmata .

•

—

1 ^

—

Heptapleurum Lawranceanum

•

—

Marlea begoniaefolia

•

—

Mastixia euonymoides

•

—

Alangium Kingianum

•

—

Sambucus javanica .

•

—

Viburnum coriaceum

•

—

Lonicera japonica •

•

—

-•

Adina sessilifolia •

•

—

Uncaria macrophylla

•

—

Uncaria sessilifructus

—

Luculia gratissima .

•

—

VVeadlandia paniculata

•

—

Wendlandia tinctoria

•

—

Hedyotis capitellata

•

—

Hedyotis hispida .

•

—

Hedyotis scandens .

•

—

Anotis ingrata

•

—

Spiradiclis cylindrica

•

—

Ophiorrhiza Harrisiana VAR.argentea

—

Ophiorrhiza Lawranceana

—

Carlemannia Grifhthii

•

—

Mussaenda Roxburghii

•

—

Musssenda sp>

•

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKVINA. 293

India.

Himalaya. I

Hukung .Valley.

Name of Species.

Taping Valley.

China.

Malaya.

Randia Wallichii •

—

Gardenia erythroclada

•

—

Coffea Jenkinsii

•

—

Morinda angustifolia

•

—

Psychotria adenophylla •

•

—

Psychotria calocarpa ,

•

—

Psychotria erratica .

•

—

Chasalia curvi flora .

—

Lasianthus Wallichii .

•

—

Psderia Cruddasiana •

—

Vernonia arborea .

•

—

Vernonia cinerea «

•

—

VerDunia scandens . .

•

—

Veroomia volkameriaefolia

•

—

Adenostemma viscosum var.

elata

•

—

D-'chrocephala latifolia •

•

—

biumea balsamifera •

•

—

Blumea chinensis

•

—

Biumea myriocephala

•

—

Laggera flava . .

• 1

X 1

Gnaphalium indicum

•

—

Vicoa auriculata

—

Cotula hemisphserica *

•

—

Spilanthes Acmella var. calva *

•

—

Artemisia vulgaris . •

•

—

Emilia prenanthoidea •

•

Senecio araneosus • .

•

—

Senecio yunnanensis .

•

—

Pratia begohifolia . •

—

Lobelia aflinis . •

•

294 the botany of the kachin hills north-east of myitkyina.

India. {

Himalaya.

Arracan-Assam. !

Hukung Valley.

Name of Species.

Taping Valley.

China, i

Cxi

Malaya.

..i.

Lobelia rosea . . ,

—

Wablenbergia gracilis *

—

Campanumcea parviflora «

....

—

Agapetes Potti'ngeri

—

Desmogyne neriifolia

—

Pieris ovalifolia ' . ,

—

Rhododendron indicum .

—

Lysimachia evalvis VAR. latifolia .

—

Lysimachia ramosa . .

—

Ardisia crenata , •

—

Ardisia virens • .

—

Pimelandra Griffithii .

—

Sarcosperma arboreum •

—

Sympiocos racemosa •

—

Jasminum anastomosans .

—

—■

—

Jasmin um decussatum

—

X i

Jasminum scandens ' .

•

—

Rauwolha chinensis . .

•

—

Alstonia scholaris •

—

Tabernoemontana coronaria

—

Holarrhena aotidysenterica

Vallaris Heynei . •

—

Pottsia cantoniensis .

—

Aganosma cymosum ,

—

Periploca calophylla •

• •

—

Myriopteron paniculatum

—

Asclepias Curassavica

—

Cynanchutn corymbosura

—

Pentasacme candatum

—

Hoya longifolia . •

•

—

— -

Arracan-Assatn.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 295

Name of Species.

Hoya parasitica

Cecopegia pubescens

Gelsemium eiegans

Buddleia asiatica •

Exacum teres • .

Exacum tetragonum

Cynoglossum micranthum

Ipomcea linifolia •

Ipomcea viti folia •

Evolvulus alsinoides

Porana paniculata •

Porana racemosa •

Solanum barbisetum var. Giifiithii

Solanum biflorum •

Soianum ferox var> fnermis

Nicotiana Tabacum

Torenia edentula •

Toreniaflava.

Torenia rubens •

Torenia vagans •

Vandeilia scabra

Vandellia sessilidora

Bonnaya reptans •

Bonnaya veronicaefolia

Centranthera hispid a

Aeginetia indica «

Utricularia orbiculata

/Eschynanthus grandiflora var. Ion
giflora.

iEschynanthus brevipes • •

E. Indo-China.

Arracan-Assatn.

396 THE BOTANV OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKVINA.

bfl

Name of Species.

/Eschyoanthus maculate

uEschynanthus micrantha var. Pot-
tingeri.

/^schynaothus pusilla . .

/Bschynanthus superba . •

Rhynchotechum ellipticum *

Rhynchotechum ellipticum var. an-
gusta^

Rhynchotechum vestitum • .

Rhynchoglossum obliquum var. par-
viflora.

Stauranthera grandiBora
Oidymocarpus elatior
Chirita pumila •

Chirita speciosa ,

Mayodendron igoeum
Sesamum ihdicum •

Thunbergia coccinea
Thunbergia lutea
Thunbergia grandiflora
Nelsonia campestris
Hygrophila salibifolia
Dsdal acanthus tetragonus
Strobilanthes capitatus
Strobilanthes coloratus
Strobilanthes pentstemonoides
Acanthus leucostachyus
Asystasia Neesiana .

Eranthemum indicum
Eranthemum palatiferum
Eranthemum palatiferum var, elate

E. Indo-China.

Arracan-Assam.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYIYKYINA. 297

Name of Sj-ecies.

I Taping Valley.

(fl

Codonacanthtis paud^larus

1 _

Andrographis tenuiflora .

—

Phlogacanthtis curvifiorus

1 _

—

Phlogacanthus Jenkinsii

i X

—

Phlogacanthus pubinervius

i _

—

Phlogacanthus tubiflorus .

1 -

Lepidagathis hyalina . ,

I ___

Justicia piocumbens vab. latispica .

: •*-

Adhatoda Vasica . . ' .

i X

Rhinacanthus calcaratus var. maxima

Rungia stolonifera ....

Diciiptera Roxburghiana .

—

Callicarpa arborea . . . .

—

Caryopteris paniculata

—

Prerana herbacea ....

—

Premna milleflora ....

—

Groelina arborea • • . .

—

Vitex glabrata

—

Clerodendron C olebrookeanum .

' —

Clerodendron Grifhthianum • .

—

Clerodendron infortunatum .

—

Clerodendron lasiocephalum

—

Clerodendron nutans . •

— ,

Clerodendron serratum

' —

Sphenodesma pentandrnm

Congea tomentosa ...»

—

Geniosporum strobiliferum

—

Arrocephalus capitatus . ^

—

Orthosiphon stamineus . .

Plectranthus Coetsa . •

maa

—

X • —

X i •—

E. Indo-China.

Himalaya.

flgS THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKViNA

Hukung Valley.

Name of Species.

Taping Valley. 1

China. i

Plectranthijs hispidas . .

—

Plectraothus terntfolius .

Dysophylia Auricularia . •

—

Colebrookta opposit^oUa . .

—

Perilla ocimoides ....

—

Scutellaria glandulosa

—

Acayrospermum Wallichianum

—

Notochaete hamosa ....

—

Leucas byssopifolia ....

—

Leucas mollbsima ....

—

-r*

Gomphostemma lucidum .

Gompbostemma nutans . .

—

Gomphostemma parviflorum var. .
farinosa.

—

Leucosceptrum canum

—

Teucrium stoloniferum

AjugS macrosperma var. breviflora

—

Plantaga major . . . .

Deeringia celosioides

—

Amarantus paniculatus . .

—

Aerua scandens ....

—

Gomphrena globosa • .

Polygonum alatum . .

Polygonum cbioense

Polygonum runcinatum . .

—

Polygonum viscosum .

Fagopyrum cymosum

Piper boehmerisefolium . .

—

Cbloranthus brachystachyus

—

Actinodaphne sikkimensis

—

E. Indo-China,

THE BOTANY OF THE KAC HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 299

India.

Himalaya.

Name of Species.

Taping Valley.

China.

1 Malaya.

Fhcebe attennata . . .

—

Phoebe paniculata ....

—

Litsxa polyantha ....

—

Litsaea salicifolia VAa. ellipsoidea .

—

Litsaea sebifera ....

—

Lindera assamica . • • .

—

Daphne pendula . • . •

—

Wikstroemia canescens . . .

—

Loranthus involucratus . •

—

Loranthus pentapetalus .

—

Briedelia pubescens var. glabra

—

. -

—

Sauropus albicans . • • .

—

Glochidton assamicum . • •

—

Glnchidion villicaule • • •

...

Flueggea microcarpa . •

—

Aporosa oblonga • • . *

—

Aporosa Roxburghii • • •

.«

—

Daphniphyllum himalayense . .

■-

Antidesma Ghsesembhilla • •

—

Croton oblongifolius • • •

—

Acalypha sp. • • « .

—

Mallotusalbus . • • •

—

Mallotus nepalensis • . .

—

Macaranga denticulata • • .

Homonoia riparia . . •

Baliospermum micranthum . ,

— '

Ricinus communis • . • •

—

Gelonium muUiflorum . .

Gironniera reticulata . • •

Cannabis sat iva • • . .

300 THE BOTANY OE THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-BAST OF MYITKYINA.

India.

Himalaya. ||

(/>

Hukung Valley.

Name of Species.

Taping Valley.

China.

^ i

& ■

•a

Malaya. ||

—

Streblus asper . .

•

Ficus clavata •

Ficus clavata vab. trachycarpa

•

Ficus hirta

•

- 1

1 K

•-

Ficus hirta var. Roxburghii

•

Ficus mysorensis var. subrepanda

Ficus obscura . . .

X .

—

Ficus obtusifolia

—

Cudratkia fruticosa •

• {

Conocephalus suaveolens .

•

Filea bracteosa

Boehmeria macrophylla .

Boehmeria plntyphylla •

•

—

Boehmeria platyphylla var. scabrella

—

Elatostema papillosum

Elatostema platyphyllum .

—

Elatostema rupestre

•

—

Maoutia Puya .

•

—

Engelhardtia spicata

•

—

1 _

Castanopsis tribuloides

—

Alnusnepalensis

—

Betula alooides •

. .

Salix tetrasperma . .

Gnetum Gnemon

Mirrostylis biaurita

—

Oberonia iridifolia *

•

—

Liparis longipes

—

Dendrobium cariniferum .

•

Dendrobium chrysantheum

•

Dendrobium cretaceum .

•

—

Dendrobium Falconer! .

•

THE BOTANY OE THE KACHlNf HILLS NORtH-EAST OF MVITKVIHA. 30I

India. 1

Himalaya.

Arracan- Assam.

J£

)

Name of Species.

Taping Valley, j

w 1

China. 1

1
(d

j Malaya.

—

Oendrobium lituiflorum •

...

Dendroblum nobile • . .

-■

Dendrobium Pierardi . .

Dendrobium transnarens .

Dendrobium Wardianum . •

Dendrobium papilliferum . T

Buibophyllum Careyanum .

Bulbonhyilum leopardinum. •

•

—

“

Buibophyllum reptans • •

Buibophyllum suavissimum

•

Buibophyllum hmbrilligerum .

•

—

lone kachinensis • ;

—

Cirrhopetalum maculo^un •

•

—

”

Cirrhopeiatum retractum « •

•

Eria panicutata • • •

—

Eria clavicauHs • . •

—

Eria pannea « • • •

•

Eria stricta ...»

•

—

“

Pachystoma senile ...

•

.-r

jSpathoglottis pubascens . •

—

Pbajusalbys, « • . •

•

—

- ,

Nephefaphyllum sp. • •

•

—

Tainia viridifusca . • •

•

—

Anfchogonium gracile • •

Agrostophylium kbaslanum •

•

Coelogyat Gardneriana •

•

Coelogyne gramimtolia .

•

“

Coelogyne (near C. ochracea) .

“1

—

OtochiluB fusca . • •

—

Pkolidota imbricata • •

•

302 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

India.

—

Himalaya.

Hukong Valley.

Name ol Species.

Taping Valley.

China.

E. Indo-Chi'na.

Malaya.

Calanthe angusta .

. -

CaUnthe brevicornu

•

Calaothe deosiflora

^ -

Aruadina bambusifolia •

Eulophia loogebracteata .

•

Bttlopbia ttttda •

Cjrmbldium eburneum var.

Geodor u m di 1 atatu m

Rhyne ostylis retusa .

•

Stereoebilus kachioeosis .

iiN»

Aerides multiftorum

—

Vaoda Beosoni . .

Vandaterea ,

SaccoUbium gemmatum .

—

Saccolabium papillosum .

Saccolabium obliquum ?

Saccolabium Cruddasianutn

Sarcaothus fiUformb

Sarcanthus pallidas

—

Ornithochilus fuscus

, -

Vanilla ....

Tropidia curcutigoides •

Goodyera procera . •

Pogoniacariaata • •

' w

■ >

Pogonia juliaoa . •

« .

...

Epipogum nutans . •

Habenaria constricta •

;X :

Habena ria Cruddamaa •

' -

—

Habenaria Galeaodra

Arracan-Assai i.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 303

b£

Name of Species.

Habenaria geniculata

“

Habenaria Helferi .

Habenaria furfuracea

^ )

Habenaria Parish ii

“

Habenaria Susannse

1 ^

—

Habenaria Pottingeriana

“

Habenaria trichosanthes

Apostasia Wallichii .

•

Globba multiflora •

Globba sessili flora • •

Hemiorchis Pantlingii «

Cwcumaaromatica «

Curcuma plicafa

“

Carcuma Roscoeana •

- ,

Gastrochilus loDgiflora

Gastrochilus puicherrima .

J'X '

Ksempreria Galaoga

•

—

Ksempferia margioata

‘

Hedychium cocci neum

“

Hedychium coronarium .

.kt ^

Hedychium luteum

x; ;

-■

Zingiber capitatom var. elata

•

Zingiber dhrysanthum

•

X ’

Zingiber Zerumbet

•

Alpina Galang^ .

Ophiopogon cordyunoides

»»

Ophiopogon Wallichianura

•

Hypoxisaurea . .

•X

Tacca laevis • .

- ,

Dioscorea daemona ,

•

Ghioa.,

Ai racan-Assam,

304 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA,

Name of Species,

Dioscorea oppositi folia

Smiiax ferox .

—

Smilax lancesfolk .

—

Smiiax Roxburghiana

Smilax machrophylla

—

Tupistra aurantiaca

Dracaena enslfdia .

• '

—

Dracaena spicata

Disporum oblanceolatum

•

“

...

Paris polyphylla . •

Polygonatum cirrhifolium

Polygonatum nervulosum

Monochoria vaginalis

—

Pollia Aclisia •

“

1 X

Commelina bengalcnsis .

—

Commelina obliqua •

—

Commelina saticifolia •

•

—

Aneilema lineolatura

•

1 X

—

Aneilema scaberrimum »

—

AneUema triquetrum

—

Streptolirioo volubiie •

1 ^

“

—

— j

Streptolirion volubiie var. setosa

. «•

—

Floscopa scandens «

' ^ i

— :

—

Pinanga gracilis • •

—

■X

—

Wallichia disticha , •

•

—

K-

Phoenix humills VAR. Loureirii

• '

—

Plectocomia assamica ?

—

Arisaema album

■

—

Arisaema coodnnum

•

—

Arisaema petiolulatum

•

■

E. Jndo-China.

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 305

India.

1 J

Arracan-Assani.

Hukong Valley,

Name cf Species.

Taping Valley. |

China.

Malaya.

Typhonium cuspidatum . .

“

—

Typhonium graciiu .

«e

—

Typhonium fnopinatum . ,

•

—

Typhonium Pottingeri • •

•

—

Amorphophallus Cruddasianus

•

—

...

—

Amorphophallus sp. «

—

Gonatanthus sarmentosus ,

•

Colocasia antiquorum . *

•

—

Alocasia indica . • .

•

—

““

Steudnera capitellata •

•

—

Lasia aculeata . . • •

—

Pothos Cathcartii • • •

•

—

Pothos scan dens • • •

•

—

Pothos Vriesianus . . •

—

...

Sagittaria sagittifolia . .

—

Aponogeton crispus . • •

—

Potamogeton perpusillus. •

—

Liphocarpa argentea .

Bulbostytis capillaris var trifida

•

Carex baccans .

Carex cruclaia • .

•

—

Carex fil kina . « •

•

Carex spiculata » » «

•

Carex strain entitia • • «

“

Carex Thomsoni ,

•

—

Setaria italica , . • ,

Coix Lachryma , ,

Anthistiria scandens

Dendrocalamus Brandish' •

Pseudostachyum polymorphum

—

3o6 the botany of the KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA-

India.

Himalaya.

j Arracan-Assaro.

Hukung Valley.

Name of Species.

1 1

Taping Valley.

China. |

Malaya.

—

Cephalostachyum Fuchsianum

Equisetum debile . .

Equisetum diffusum .

• •

“

Lycopodium cernuum

• •

Selaginella canaiiculata .

• •

Selaginella picta . .

Selaginella Wallicbii

• •

Davallia chinensis .

• •

“

Davallia Griffithiana

• •

Onychium auratum .

• •

Pteris biaurita

% •

Blechnum orientale .

• •

Asplenium Finlaysonianum

e •

Asplenitun planicaule •

• •

—

Aspidtum aristatum ; •;

—

Nephrodium falibilobum .

—

Nephfodium Leuzearr^r.. .

Nephrodium membi>"®''*^J'.am

Nephrodium varioiosum .

Polypodi'Sui lelatfisizon . •

—

«-

—

Platycerium Wallir.hii

Gymoogramme javanica

Antrophyum plantagineum

; -

■ X

Acoatichum appendiculatum

X-

Lygodium pinnatiBdum .

Hetminthoatacliys zeylanica

—

Opbioglossum vulgatum •

* V

THE BOTANV OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 307

Synopsis of Distribution of Kaehin Species.

ICachiii H ill plants sent to Herbarium Calcutta, during the year iSgy ,

Endemic in the Catchment-area cf Upper Irrawaday (Hnkung-Kachln-Taping)
Occurring elsewhere than in the Kaehin- Taping area

Distributed Westward only , » , , ,

India , — -

— — , Himalaya
India . Himalaya

Assam , - —

Assam .

Assam , — «
Assam . — —

— — , Himalaya
Distributed both Westward and Eastward from the Kachiu Hiils
With Western influences predominating , , . ♦

India

— . Assam

— — , Malaya

•

1 1

India

Himalaya , — —

Shan ,

■r. 1 1 ,

•

India

Himalaya , Assam

- , __

China .

•

India

Himalaya , Assam

— — , Malaya

China .

•

Himalaya . Assam

— — , Malaya

•

>■ — ^

•

India

Himalaya « Assam

•

— . Malaya

— — •

•

India

—— • Assam

•

Shan ,

■■■ - ■ ,

•

Himalaya » Assam

— — . ■ ' "

China «

•

India

Himalaya , Assam

Shan , —

China .

•

India

Himalaya . Assam

Shan .

India

Himalaya . Assam

Shan , Malaya

— M— ,

—

•

Himalaya , Assam

Shan . -

•

With Western influencea counterbalanced by Eastern
India

India

Himalaya

Assam

Shan

Malaya

China

1 00

Assam

Shan

Malaya

■

Assam

Shan

-■■■ ■■

Assam

Shan

China

Assam

China

— -

Shan

•

Assam

Shan

Malaya

Shan

«»«•

Assam

Malaya

•

Maiaya

•

China

Assam

Malaya

China

Assam

Malaya

China

Assam

Shan

— .

China

With Eastern Influeaces predominating
Himalaya

India

Assam

Ascam

Assam

Himalaya
Distributed Eastward only .

Shan

Malaya

Malaya
M alaya
Malaya
Malaya

Malaya

Ma laya

Malaya

China

135

408

173

184

574

637

Totai.8,

318

India.

41a

Himalaya.

332

Assam.

403

Sh.in.

348

Mavaya,

les

CUtNA.

[£ndkuic« • 0 8*45

per cent.-

34*70

66*34

83*35

64*11

•36^36 -

31* 10

3o8 the botany of the KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA,

There is a very appreciable endemic element in the Kachin Flora ;
the collections of the first year of exploration contain 53 apparently
endemic forms out of a total of 637, making about one-twelfth, or
8*45 per cent., of the whole. Of the remaining eleven-twelfths, 31
species, making only 4*94 %, or about one-nineteenth part ot the
whole flora, are purely eastern in distribution ; occurring, that is to
say, in China, in the Indo-Chinese area east of -the Irrawaday, or in
Malaya, without extending westward and southward along the Asaam-
Arracan ranges. Of these 31 plants^ as many as 21 extend only, so
far as is known, to the Shan Plateau. Nor do those plants hat,
while they extend both eastwaraa and westwards from the K hin
country are more widely spread to the east than they are to the
west of these hills, bulk very largely ; of such, the list contains but
51, again about one-twelfth or 8*13 per cent., of the whole flora»
Even if w'e add these to the purely eastern species, we only obtain a
total of 82, making 13*07 per cent, or something like one-eighth of the
whole flora, wherein eastern influences may be said to predominate.

The western and eastern influences are counterbalanced in 184
species, or nearly one-third (29*34 per cent.) of the flora as re-
presented by our list ; of these as many as 100, or 15*78 per cenu,
(one* sixth of the flora) occur in every part of south-eastvern Asia,
the majority being cosmopolitan tropical or sub-tropical plants.

The element wherein western influences predominate mucii ex-
ceeds that which indicates eastern affinities, ana, indeed, considerably
exceeds that where the two influences are balanced. There are
135 species, nearly one-fifth (more eAd.ctiy 31*53 per cent.) of th«
flora that extend westward only, while as many as 173, about one-
fourth (more exactly 27*59 per cent) of -the whole, are more wide-
spread to the west than to the east of the Kachin country. If these
two gioups of species be added, we have a total of 308, nearly one-
half (more exactly 47*54 per cent) of the flora wherein western in-
fluences predominate. The total number of species that occur in
Assam, the Himalayas, or India, is 543, as against 439 that occur in
China, Eastern Indo-China, or Malaya.

When the distribution in particular sub-sub-areas is considerec
we find that more light is thrown on the precise affinities of the
Kachin flora. Though Kachin is situated close to China, its flora is
obviously not very closely allied to the Chinese flora. Only 195
Kachin species, 31 10 per cent., or rather less than a third of the
floral ocsiur in China at all, and there are, in the whole list, but three
species, Wistaria ckinensis, Rhododendron indicum and Rauwolfia

THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA. 309

chinensiSf that are peculiarly Chinese. The meagreness of the
Chinese element is emphasised by the fact that in Malaya, with th**
whole of Indo-China intervening, and in India with Assam interven-
ing, we find respectively 228, or 36*36 per cent., and 218 or 34*76
per cent., of our Kachin Hill plants.

In Eastern Indo-China we find almost twice as many Kachin
Hill plants as we do in China, the number and percentage being
402 and 64*1 1, respectively. The especially Indo-Chinese element
is seven times as great, for there are twenty-one Kachin plants that
occur, out of Kachin, only on the Shan Plateau or in Prome, Tonquin^
and Siam. Still the number of Kachin Hill species in Eastern Indo-
China is exceeded by the number that occur in the Eastern Hima-
laya, whither 416, or 66*34 per cent, of our plants extend. The pe-
culiarly Himalayan element is, however, only about one-third the
strength of the Shan element, for there are but eight Kachin species
peculiar to the Himalaya, as against the twenty-one peculiar to the
country east of the Irrawaday. If, however, we think of the species
that extend from the Kachin Hills, both to the Himalayas and to
the Assam ranges, without occurring in Eastern Indo-China at all,
we are able to realize how small the Shan element really is. There
are as many as 67 species, io*68 per cent., of the flora, that belong
to this category, more than thrice the number that are peculiarly
Indo-Chinese. The affinities of the Kachin flora are thus manifestly
greatest with the floras that characterise the Himalayan and Assam-
Arracan siib-sub-areas, particularly the latter, since 522 species,
83*25 per cent., or about five-sixths of the whole list occur in the
Assam Ranges, and as many as 46, or 7*03 per cent., of these species
are peculiarly Assamese. The Mishmi-Kachin block then, so far at
least as the evidence derived from the present collection in its
Eastern or Kachin section goes, must be treated as part of the
Assam-Arracan sub-sub-area rather than as a part of the Chinese,
the Indo-Chinese, or even the Himalayan regions.

The comparative value of the influences exerted oy the four
adjacent areas of China, the Eastern Himalaya, Indo-China east of
the Irrawaday Valley, and the Assam-Arracan ranges, are however
more accurately determined by employing in succession the numbers
indicated by each actual distributional arrangement that occurs. By
treating the figures thus attained as numerators and by using as
denominators the number of adjacent areas involved in each case,
we obtain a series of fractions the sum of which gives us a number
that indicates the proportional influence of each adjacent ai*ea in the

310 THE BOTANY OF THE KACHIN HILLS NORTH-EAST OF MYITKYINA.

composition of the Kachin flora. It is unnecessary here to do more
than indicate the results thus attained, which are as follows
Assam 230*3, or 40*1
Himalaya 128*4, or 22*4
Shan iS4'9i or 27

40*1
2 2*4
27

China 6o*4, or 10*5
(Distributed species) 574 ico

Here again the slightness of the affinity with the Chinese flora
and the paramount influence of the Assam- Arracan flora, is
manifest.

A synoptic view of the systematic character of the collection is
given in the following table : —

Systematic Synopsis of Kachin Plants reported during iSgy,

Phanerogams .

387

60s

Dicotyledons

303

441

Polypetalae

132

190

Thalamifloree ,

Disciflorse .

Calyciflorae .

106

Gamopetalse

124

183

Incompletse • .

Monocotyledons . .

I60

Cryptogams . •

Totals

Nat. Orders

103

Genera

40s

Species

627

The most extensively represented natural oider is Orchidaceee^
with 77 species, followed by Leguminosae with 60 species ; Acantka-
ceae, 26 ; Ruhiaceae^ 25 ; LabiataBi Urticaeae and Filices^ 20 each ;
Euphorbiaceae^ i8; Compositae^ Scitamineae A roideae ^ \

Verbenacece^ 14; Gesneraceas^ 13; Liliacce^ 11 ; and Commdynacae^
10. Of those natural orders with less than ten species, Rosaceae has
9; Rutaceasy Asclepiadaceae and Cyperaceae 8 each; Malvaceae^
ApoycynecBy and Laurineae^ each 7...; Sterculiaceaey Ternstroemiacea^
Cucurhitaceas and Gramineasy each 6. There are six natural
orders with five representatives, seven with four species, thirteen
with three species, nineteen with two species, the rest with but one
species each.

G. I. C. P. O.-No. 1278 R k A.-16-8^98.~430.-B. R.C.

RECORDS

OF THE

BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Published by authority.

Volume I

No. 19,

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BRYOLOGICAL FLORA
OF SOUTHERN INDIA.

V. F. BROTHERUS.

CALCUTTA;

OFFICE OF superintendent OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.

1899.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE

BRYOLOGICAL FLORA OF SOUTHERN INDIA

REPORT

ON A

COLLECTION OF MOSSES MADE BY Dr. T. L. WALKER
IN GOORG DURING THE COLD WEATHER OF
1897-98.

Last summer Dr. 1>. Pruin^ Superintendent of the Botanical
Garden of Calcutta, had the kindness to send me a rich and very
interesting collection of mosses made by Dr. T. JL. Walker in Coorg,
asking me to determine them and also expressing a wish that I should
make a list of all the species in the collection In now publishing
it, I do so the more readily that the Bryological Flora of South India
is still very .little known, and because Dr. Walker^s collection is,
moreover, excellent owing to its exact statements of the places where
the different species grow.

Helsingfors^ January iSgg.

WEISlACEiE.

Anoectangium (Hedw.) Br. eur.

Anoectangium WalUeri BrotL n. sp.

Dioicum ; gracile, caespitosum, caespitibus densissimis, usque ad
3 cm. altis, inferne fusco-tomentosis, superne laete viridibus ; caulis
erectus, dense foliosus ; folia sicca incurva, superiora spiraliter
contorta, humida erecto-patentia, carinato-concava, lanceolata,
mucronata, marginibus inferne plus minusve revolutis, integerrimis,
nervo basi c. 0*05 mm. lato, in mucronem brevem. acutissimum
excedente, dorso ubique scabro, cellulis rotundato quadratis, c.
0*007 nini., minute papillosis, basilaribus infimis ad nervum anguste
rectangular ibus, laevibus. Caetera ignota.

Coorg : dry faces of cliffs of gneiss near Mercara (n. 277;.

Species A, claro Mitt, similis, sed foliis superioribus spiraliter
contortis, nervo dorso ubique scabro cellulisque papillosis optime
diversa.

312

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, 1898-99.

Weisia Hedw.

Weisia edentula M'lity Muse. Ind. or. p.' 27.

Coorg : Mercara, dry granite rocks (n. 62) ; face of gneiss cliffs
S miles east of Mercara m. 9); face of granite cliff near Hatur (n.
196) ; on abandoned anthills in South Coorg (n. 21 1) ; dry clay banks
near Murnad (n. 103).

DICRANAGEiE.

Trematodon Michx.

Tn^emaiodon patidfolius C. MulI.~Mitt., Muse. Ind. or. p. 13.
Coorg: Sidapur, perpendicular faces of decomposed gneiss,
exposed but moist and springy ^n. 268) ; Mercara, damp banks by
roadside (n. 24); banks of decomposed ^elss near Mercara {n. 28) ;
Verajpet, wet grassy banks in rice fields (n. 162).

Trefnatodon ceylonenais C. Mull.

Coorg: shady clay banks near Mercara (n. 17).

Campylopodium C. Mull.

Campylapodium khasianum (Griff.) Par.

Syn. Leptotrichum khasianum Mitt., Muse. Ind. or. p. 8.

Coorg: dry clay banks near Mercara (n. 30).

Dicranella Schimp.

Ikicraneua pomiformis (Griff.) Jaeg.

.Syn. Leptotrichum poniiforme Mitt., Muse. Ind. or. p. 8.

Coorg: dry clay banks near Mercara (n. 36, 273).

Dicranella Griffithii (Mitt.) Jaeg.

Syn. Leptotrichum Griffit hii Miity Muse. Ind. or. p. 9,

Coorg: clay banks near Paluru (n.~42) ; clay banks near Mercara
(n. 60); damp shady hillside eight miles from Mercara, on the
Mangalore road (n. 76) ; clay banks near Verajpet (n. 157).

Campylopus Brid.

Vampylopua GoughU (Mitt.) Jaeg.

Syn. Dicranum GoughU Mitt. 1. c. p. 17.

Coorg: close mats on trunks of trees by roadside near Paluru

(11. 44).

Campylopua nigresema (Mitt.) Jaeg.

Syn. Dicranum nigrescem.Miit, 1, c. p. 19.

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, (898-99.

313

Coorg: Murnad, forms large cushions on dry exposed gneiss
(n. 93) ; dry sunny hillsides and clay banks in vicinity of Mercara
(n. 34, 274).

Leucoloma Brid.

Leucoloma Walkeri Broth, n. sp.

Dioicum ; gracile, caespitosum, caespitibus densis,

viridibus, baud nitidis ; caulis vix ultra i cm. altus, erectus vel
adscendenS) basi fusco-radiculosus, dense foHosus, simplex ; Jolia
sicca crispatula, humida flexuosula, patentia, canal iculato-concava,
e basi lanceolata sensim subulata, hyalino-mucronata, marginibus ,
erectis, integerrimis vel summo apice dentibus paucis, minutis
praeditis, limbata, limbo angustissimo, hy^lino, . superne evanido,
nervo angusto, infra sunimum apicem evan:c: dorso laevi, cellulis
minutis, quadratis, papillosis, subobscuris, ba^ii^ibus anguste rect-
angularibus, laevibus, alaribus magnis, numerosis, fusco-aureis ;
bracteae perichaetii e basi semi vagi nante, teipere reticulata sub-
ulatae; seta 6 mm. alta, stricta, tenuis, rUbra; theca erecta, c. 15 mm.
alts, anguste subcylindrica, pallide fusca, nitidula. Caetera ignota.

South Coorg : decayed wood in shady jungle (n, 294).

Species ob folia angustissima limbata, limbo superne evanido
peculiaris, habitu L. csbspitulanti C. Miill. similis.

Leucoloma Kenauldii Broth, n. sp.

Dioicum ; gracile, caespitosum, caespitibus laxis, viridibus, nitidius-
culis; cauUsmyi ultra i cm. altus, adscendens, tenuis, niger, densiuscule
foliosus, superne dichotomus vel simplex ; folia sicca vix flexuosula,
humida strictiuscula, patula, comalia vix subsecunda, canaliculato-
concava, e basi anguste lanceolata sensim setacea, marginibus erectis
in parte superiore subulae serrulatis, limbata, limbo basi c. 0*025
lato, superne sensim angustiore, usque ad apicem continue, nervo
angusto, cum apice evanido, dorso laevi, cellulis minutis, quadratis,
chlorophyllosis, sublaevibus, basin versus sensim long'oribus, basila-
ribus anguste linearibus, alaribus magnis, numerosis, fusco-aureis ;
bracteae perichaetii e basi vaginante, tenero-reticulata longe setaceae ;
seta 4 mm, alta, stricta, tenuis, rubra ; theca erecta, ovalis, fusca,
nitidula ; peristomium simplex ; exostomii dentes erecti, c. o*2
mm. long! et c. o 05 mm. lati, irregulariter fissi, aurantiaci, laeves ;
spori Q'o\^ — 0*02 mm., fusciduli, minutissime papillosi ; operculum
e basi conica rostratum, rostro c. i mm. alto, recto j calyptra cucullata,
basi iaciniata, ultra medium thecae producta.

Coorg : on trees in very dense jungle 7 miles S.-W, of Verajpet
(n. 293][.

314

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, 1898-99.

Species pulchelk) teueiia, foliis angustissimis, cellulis sublaevibus
jam memorabilis, cum nuila specie indica adhuc cognita comparanda.

LEUCOBRYACE^.

Leucobryum Hamp.

Leucohryum imbricatum Broth, n. sp.

Dioicum ; gracile, caespitosum, caespitibus densissimis, rigidis,
latissimis, glauco-viridibus, hand nitidis ; caiilis usque ad 4 cm, altus,
erectus, dense foliosus, dichotome ramosus, rarais erectis, fastigiatis
obtusis j folia sicca arete imbricata, humida erecto-patentia, elliptico-
lanceolata, pbtusissima, apiculo minuto, hyaline terminata, 2 — 2*5 mm.
longa, dorso laevia, marginibus erectis, superne involutis, integerrimis,
limbata, limbo hyalinOi a seriebus cellularum 3 — 4 formato, usque ad
apicem producto, lamina e stratis cellularum aequalium duobus compo-
sita. Caetera ignota.

Coorg*. tree trunks in dry open jungle near Verajpet (n. 292) ;
Murnad, on tree trunks in dry open places (n. 107).

Species L* Wightii admodjim simih’s, sed statura rigida nec non
foliorum forma et structura longe diversa.

Leucobryum Wightii Mitt., Muse. Ind. or. p. 25.

Coorg: logs on roadside near Nalknad Palace (n. 327, 328).

OCTOBLEPHARUM Hedw.

Octoblepharum albidum (L.) Hedw.—Mitt. 1. c. p. 95.

Coorg: leaves and trunks of trees in coffee gardens, Verajpet
(n. 139).

FISSIDENTACEi®.

Fissidens Hedw.

Fissidene anomalus Mont.— Mitt., Muse. Ind. or. p. 137.

Coorg : on decayed logs in jungle on Tadiandamol peak, 5729
(n. 310).

Fissidens carnosus Broth, n. sp.

Dioicus ; caespitosus, caespitibus densis, mollibus, usque ad 2 cm.
altis, sordide atro-viridibus ; caulis erectus, flexuosus, dense foliosus,
cum foliis 2 — 3 mm latus, vage ramosus ; folia multijuga, flaccida,
carnosa, erecto-patentia, saepe destructa, inferlora oblongo-ligulata
obtusissima, super iora longiora, obtusiuscula, integerrima, elimbata,
lamina ver? lamina apicali longlor, lamina dorsalis ad basin nervi
enata, nervo rufescente,^ basi crassiusculo, superne multo tenuiorc;

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, I 898-99

313

infra summum apicem evanido, cellulis rotundato-hexagonis, c.
0’02 mm.r parce chlorophyllosis, laevissimis ; seta terminals, plerumque
solitaria, adscendens, 4 mm, alta, cxassioscula, rubra^ laevis ; theca
erecta vel suberecta, obovata, minuta, fu&cidiila ; peristomium simplex,
dentibus 16, purpureis,, basi connatis, c. 0*3 mm. longis basi
c. 0’05 mm. latis, dense papillosis, ultra medium in cruribus duobus
filiformibus fissis ; operculum e basi cupulato rostratum^ rostra brevi,
recto, Calyptra ignota.

Coorg : granite rocks in stream of clear water near Hatur (n. 178).

Species valde peculiaris, ob folia carnosa, cellulis magniS| pellucidis,
laevissimis cum nulla alia commutanda.

Fissidens tutescens Broth, n. sp.

Dioiczis ; gracilis, caejpitosus ; caespitibus densis, lutescenti-
viridibus ; caulis i cm. vel paulum ultra altus, flexuosus, basi fusco-
radiculosus* densiuscule foliosus, cum foliis vix 2 mm. latus, parce
ramosus vel simplex ; folia multijuga, sicca circinato-involuta, bumida
homomalla, elongate lanceolata, breviter acuminata, superne ob cellulas
prominentes minutissime serrulata, el irabata, lamina vera lamina apicali
longior lamina dorsalis ad basin nervi enata, ibidemque rotundata,
nervo lutescente, infra summum apicem evanido, cellulis minutis,
subrotundis, c. o*oi mm., grosse papillosis* Caetera ignota-

Coorg: damp clay banks near Verajpet (n. 159).

Species F. involuto Wils., proxima, sed foliis nervo infra apicem
evanido cellulisque grosse papillosis jam dignoscenda.

Fissidens excedens Broth, n. sp.

Dioicus ; caespitosus, caespitibus densis viridissimis, aetate nigres-
centibus ; caulis i cm. altus, dense foliosus, cum foliis 3 mm. latus^
parce ramosus ; folia multijuga, sicca homomalla, comalia subcircinato-
involuta, humida strictiuscula, lanceolato-ligulata, obtusiusccila, mucro-
nata, superne ob cellulas prominentes minutissime serrulata, elimbata,
lamina vera lamina apicali longior, lamina dorsalis ad basin nervi enata,
nervo pallido, in mucronem excedente, cellulis minutis, 0*007 —
o'oio mm. subrotundis, ob papillas minutas subobscuris. Caetera
ignota,

Coorg : dry shady clay banks near Sidapur (n. 284.)

Species cum praecedente et F involuto comparasida^ s^^ nervo in
mucronem excedente jam dignoscenda.

Fissidens fuscoviridis Thw. Mitt.

Coorg : trees near Watakoli (n. 147) ; tree trunks in coffee gardens
at Verajpet (n. 137).

Fissidens WalUevi Broth, n. sp.

Dioicus ; tenellus, gregarius, laete viridis ; caulis ad 5 mm usque
altus, erectus, strictus, infima basi radiculosus, dense foliosus cum

3i6

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, 1898-99.

foliis c. 1*5 mm. latus, simplex; folia usque ad la-juga, sicca
homomalla, erecto-patentia, oblonga, acuta, ob cellulas prominentes
minutissime serrulata, lamina vera lamina apicali parum longior,
limbata, limbo hyalino, ad medium laminae evanido, lamina dorsalis ad
basin nervi enata ibidemque rotundata, nervo pallido vel lutescente
infra summum apicem evanido, cellulis rotundato-hexagonis, 0*007 —
0*0 1 mm., valde chlorophyllosis ; seta terminalis, solitaria, 3 mm.
alta, adscendens, tenuis, rubra, laevissima ; theca minuta, suberecta,
urceolata, leptodermis, pallida. Caetera ignota.

Coorg : clay banks near Bhagamandala (n. 334).

Species pennatulo Thw. Mitt, habitu similis sed foliis lati-
oribus, limbo laminae verae breviore nec non nervo infra summum
apicem evanido optime diversa.

Fissidens ellmbcitus Broth, n. sp.

Species praecedenti siinillima, sed laminis omnibus elimbatis dig-
noscenda.

Coorg: moist clay banks by roadside near Verajpet (n. 15 1).
Fissidena coorgenaia Broth, n. sp.

Dibicus ; gregarius, fuscescenti-viridis ; caulis vix ultra 2 mm*
altus, basi fusco-radiculosus, densiuscule foliosus, simplex ; folia
paucijuga, erecto-patentia, flaccida, sicca contractula, elongate ellipr
tico-lanceolata, acuta, integerrima, laminis omnibus angustissime limba-
tis ; lamina vera lamina dorsali multo brevior, lamina dorsali basi
angusta et paulum decurrens, nervo lutescente, flexuosulo, cum apice
evanido, cellulis rotundato-hexagonis, 0*007— O'oi n^rn-i chlorophyl-
losis, pellucidis, laevissimis ; seta 8 mm. alta, flexuosula, tenuissimai
rubra, laevissima; theca minuta, ovalis,. erecta, leptodermis, fusci-
dula. Caetera ignota

Coorg: dry shady clay banks near Sidapur (n. 267).

Species F, flabellulo Thw. Mitt, habitu similis, sed statura
robustiore foliisque limbatis longe diversa.

DlTRICHACEiE.

Garckea C. Mull.

GarcUea phascoidea C. Mull.— Mitt, Muse. Ind. or.

p. 8. ,

Coorg : Mercara, shady banks by roadside (n, 25) ; dry clay banks
and decomposed gneiss near Mercara (n. 59, 72) ; Verajpet, dry granite
rocks (n. 131^ dry open banks of decomposed gneiss near Murnad
(n. 106) ; wails of ^n^ound of travellers’ bungalow at Watekoli
(n. 163).

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, 1898-99,

317

TORTULACE^.

Hyophila Brid.

Hyophila involuta (Hook.) Jaeg.

Syn. Desmatodon involutus Mitt,, Muse. Iiid.' or. p. 39.

Coorg: dry decomposing pegmatite near Verajpet (n, 125) ; dry
rocks in bed of Cauvery river, Fraserpet (n, 271).

Hyophila cylindrica (Hook.) Jaeg.

Coorg : dry steep faces of gneiss 8 miles east of Mercara (n. ii) ;
plastered walls of the fort at Mercara (n. 18) ; on tomb-stones in shady
places near Murnad (n. no) ; steep rocky banks, Verajpet (n. 122) ; rocks
in coffee gardens, Sidapur (n. 265) ; on granite rocks by riverside
near Gonikopaul (n. 201) on dry rocks in river-bed (n. 208) ; rocks
in river-bed near Titimati (n. 254) .

Hyophila Walheri Broth, n. sp.

Dioica ; pusilla, laxissime caespitosa vel gregaria fuscidula, ' baud
nitida ; caulis vix ultra i mm. altus, infima basi radiculosus, dense
foliosus, simplex ; filia sicca incurva, humida suberecta carinato-
concava, oblonga vel oblongo-spathulata, obtusiuscula, mutica vel
brevissime mucronata, marginibus erectis, integerrimis, nervo crasso,
rufescente, basi c. 0*05 mm. lato, cum apice evanido vel brevissime
excedente, dorso laevi, cellulis subrotundis, c. o’bio mm , papillosis,
basilaribus hexagono-oblongis, inanibus, laevissimis ; seta 2 — 4 mm:
alta, tenuis, stricta, lutea ; theca erecta, oblongo-cylindrica, atro-pur-
purea, laevis, gymnostoma ; spori 0-02 mm , virides, papillosi; ; oper^
culum conico-subulatum, curvatulum.

Coorg : Verajpet, sparingly on tree trunks in coffee gardens
(n. 134) ; tree trunks in dry jungle near Hatur (n, 173); tree trunks
at Ponnapet (n. 240).

Species distinctissima, pulchella, cum nulla specie indica commu-
tanda.

Barbula Hedw.

Barbula comosa 1)ol. Molk. — Mitt. Muse. Ind. or. p. 35.

Coorg : dry decomposed rocks near Mercara (n. 78) ; damp sandy
soil by side of stream near Hatur (n. 186).

Barbula indica (Hook.) Brid.

Syn. Tortula indica Mitt. I. c. p. 30.

Coorg .* a lime-loving moss, — on plastered portion of bridges near
Verajpet (n. 156).

3*8

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, 1898-99.

Tortella (C. Miill.) Limpr.

Tortella hyalinoblasta Broth, n. sp.

Tenella, caespitosa, caespitibus humiUimis, viridibus, laxiusculis,
baud nitidis ; caiilts i — 3 mm, altus, infima basi fusco-radiculosus,
dense foliosus, simplex ; folia sicca circinato-incurva, ftumida erecto-
patentia, carinato-concava, sublinearia, obtiisa, mucronata, c. 2*5 mm.
longa et 0*3 — 0*35 mm. lata, marginibus erectis, integerrimis, nervo
basi c. o’o6 mm. iato, superne tenuiore, in mucronem excedente,
dorso nitido, laevi, cellulis rotundato-quadratis, c. o'oio mm., valde
chlorophyllosis, minute papillosis, basilaribus rectangularibus, inanibus,
marginem versus angustioribus, laevissimis. Caetera ignota.

Coorg : on trunks of trees in jungle (n. 205) ; trees in bamboo
forest near Pollebetta (n. 219); trees at Ponnapet (n. 239).

Species T, caespitosae (Schwaegr.) Limpr. affinis, sed statura graci-
liore^ foliis pbtusis, cellulis majoribus dignoscenda.

GRTHOTRICHACE^.

MaCROMITRIUM Brid.

Maeromitrliim MoorcrofHi Schwaegr.

Coorg : tree trunks near Verajpel (n.. 291).

3Iacroiiiitrium nepalense Schwaegr.

Coorg : branches in tree-tops near Mercara (n. 46, 51); tree trunks
near Murnad (n. 80).

Blacromltritim sulcatum Brid.

Coorg : on trunks of trees in coffee gardens on Verajpet hill
(n. 115) ; trees near Ponnapet (n. 247) ; tree trunks near Gonikopaul
(n. 253) ; Hatur, branches of trees in bamboo jungle (n. 182); tree
trunks on Tadiandamol peak, altitude 5726' (n. 317, 325).

Maeromitrliim {Leiostoma) leptocarpam Broth, n. sp.

^ Dioicuin ; sat robustum, caespitosum, caespitibus densis, fusco-viri-
dibus, baud nitidis ; caiilis oXoiAgditus^ repens, densissime ramosus, ramis
erectis, strictis, usque ad 1*5 cm. altis, dense fusco-radicuiosis, simplici-
bus vel divisis, dense foliosis, obtusis ; Jolia sicca incumbenti-contorta,
bumida patentia, oblongo-lanceolata, acuta, margin ibus erectis, apice
minute serrulatis nervo rufescente, infra summum apicem evanido,
cellulis minutis, rotundatis, c. 0*007 mm., pellucidis, sublaevibus,
basilaribus elongatis, lumine angustissimo, flexuosulo, grosse papillosis,^
ad nervum uno latere laxis, calymperoideis ; bracteae perichaetii io\\\s
subsimiles ; seta lateralis, i cm. alta, strictiuscwla, tenuis, rubra ;
theca erecta, anguste cylindrica, c. 2 mm, alta, laevis, atro-purpurea ;

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, 1898-99.

319

peristomium duplex ; exostomii dentes lutei, obtusi, papillosi ; inter-
num hyalinum ; sport valde inaequales, 0*012 — 0*025 virides,

laeves ; operculum aciculare, rectum ; calyptra sordide fuscidula,
thecam totam obtegens, plicata> basi laciniata, glabra.

Coorg : on trees in exposed situations near Mercara (n. i, 7, 69) ;
Mercara, exposed granite rocks (n. 68) ; dry jungle near Verajpet
(n. 132).

Species M, sulcaio affinis. sed tbeca anguste cylindrica, laevi
facillime jam dignoscenda.

FUNARIAGE^.

Funaria Schreb.

Funaria leptopoda Griff.— Mitt., Muse. Ind. or. p 56.

Coorg : dry banks and moist banks near Paluru (n. 48, 54^ ; clay
banks and dry banks of decomposed gneiss near Mercara (n. 13,55) ;
Watekoii, bare earth near dwellings (n. 152); burned ground near
Fraserpet (n. 276); Verajpet, clear soots of earth free from all other
vegetation (n. 118)

Physcomitrium (Brid.) Br. Sch.

PhysGomitrium coorgense Broth, n. sp.

Autoicum ; gregarium, viride ; caulis 3 mm. altus, basi longe
fusco-radiculosus, mferne laxe, superne dense foliosus, simplex ] folia
inferiora minuta, comalia multo majora, patula, anguste obovata vel
spathulata, acuminata, limbata, limbo angustissimo, ex unica serie
cellularum formato, superne minute serrulate, nervo lutescente, breviter
excedente, cellulis laxis, ovali-hexagonis, basilarihus multo
longioribus, rhomboideis ; seta 8 mm. alta, strictiuscula, tenuis,
rubra ; theca erecta e collo longiusculo subhemisphaerica, macrostoma,
demum atropurpurea, cellulis transversis sub ore biseriatis ; spori
0*025 > fusci, papillosi ; operculum convexum, umbonatum.

Coorg: Verajpet, dry shady banks (n. 170).

Species Ph. acuminata (Schleich.) Br. eur. similis, sed foliorum
forma et theca cellulis transversis sub ore biseriatis longe diversa.

SPLACHNACEyF
Tayloria Hook., Mitt.

Tayloria Schmidii (C. Mull.).

Syn. Dissodon Schmidii C. Miill., Flora. 1874, R*

Coorg: Pollebetta, dry logs in forest (n. 228).

320

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, 1898-99.

BRYACE.E.

Bryum Dill,

Bryum giganteum Hook. — Mitt. Muse. Ind. or. p. 75.

Coorg : on black loam in damp jungle on Tadiandamol peak, 5729'

(n. 3ii)-

Bryum ramosum D^ok.) Mitt. Mus^ Ind. or. p. 75.

Coorg: dry clay banks near Verajpet (n. 290),

Bryum medianum Mitt. 1. c. p. 74.

Coorg: Ponnapet, dry earth under trees in bamboo jungle (n. 243)

Bryum Wightii Mitt. 1. c. p. 74.

Coorg : damp earth near Nalknad Palace (n. 329) ; Mercara, by
small spring at the foot of a cliff of gneiss (n. 280).

Bryum apalodictyoides C» Mull. — Mitt. I. c. p. 74,

Coorg : dry woods and dry exposed rocks* in bamboo jungle near
Hatur (n. 189, 19 1) ; near Nalknad Palace on tree trunks (n. 326).
Bryum erythrinum Mitt. 1, c. p. 70.

Coorg : dry clay banks near Verajpet (n. 145) ; dry clay banks
near Pollebetta (n. 214) ; dry clay banks near Gonikopaul (n. 203);
Mercara/on bridge stones near water (n. 33),

Bryum doliolum Duby.

Coorg: dry clay banks at Pollebetta fn. 215); Poimapet, logs in
bamboo jungle (n. 238); black charred stumps in jungle near Titimati

(n. 259).

Bryum argenteum L. — Mitt. I. c. p. 63.

Coorg surface of large stones, dry clay banks and trees near
Mercara (n. 31, 39, 67) ; Hatur, dry recks (n. 193).

AnOMOBRYUM Schimp.

Anomohryum cymbi/oUum (Lindl.).

Syn. Bryum jiliforme Mitt. 1. c. p. 67.

Coorg: bare gneiss hills near Sidapur (n. 258).

Brachymenium Hook.

Brachymenium Walker I Broth, n. sp.

Dioicum'\ caespitosum, caespitibus densis, mollibus, inferne fusco-
tomentosis, lutescentibus, sericeis ; caulis brevissimus, dense foliosus,
innovationibus binis, usque ad i cm. vel paulum ultra altisf julaceis,
flexuosulis; dense foliosis, obtusis ; folia sicca et humida imbricata,

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, 1898-99.

32«

concava, ovato-vel ovali-lanceolata, acuminata, nervo excedente
aristata, marginibus inferne paulum revolutis, intergerrimis, elimbata,
nervo crassiusculo, in aristam brevem, integram excedente, cellulis
teneris, laxe rhomboideis, basilaribus laxis, subquadratis ; hracteae
perichaetii sensim longe subulato-acuminatae, integrae ; seta usque
ad 2*5 cm. alta, tenuis, flex.uosula, rubra ; theca erecta, cum collo
sporangium subaequante pyriform is, c. 2 mm alta et vix i mm. lata,
atro-fusc^, laevis, collo siccitate pHcato ; annulus c. 0*090 mm. latus,
per partes secedens ; peristomium duplex ; exostomii dentes
c. 0*25 mm. alti et c. 0*09 mm. lati, rufescentes apice hyalini, lamellis
c. 15; endostomium sordide luteum, minute papillosum corona basilari,
c. 0*12 mm. alta, processibus nullis ; sport o'oi$ — 0*017 mm., olivacei,
sublaeves ; operculum minutum, conico-cupulatum, obtusum.

Coorg: on steep faces of gneiss 8 miles east of Mercara (n. 10);
Mercara, dry banks (n. 27); dry banks near Paluru (n. 43) ; Mercara,
damp clay banks (n. 47); dry clay banks near Murnad (n. 81) ; Verajpet.
common on dry clay banks (n. 124, 154) ; Pollebetta, dry clay bankt
by roadside in coffee gardens (n. 213).

Species Br, acuminato Harv. affinis, sed foliis ner\^o multo
tenuiore, brevius excedente cellulisque multo longioribus, tenerioribus
facilitcr dignoscenda.

Brachymenium Weisslae Hook,

Syn. Bryum Weissiae Mitt, Muse. Ind. or. p. 68*

Coorg • trees in Mercara (n. 38) ; Murnad, dry clay banks (n. 83) ;
damp granitic rocks near Hatur (n. 185).

Brachymenium leptostomoides (C. Mull.) Schimp.

Syn. Bryum leptostomoides C, Mull. — Mitt. Muse. Ind. or. p. 74.

Coorg : tree trunks near Murnad (n. 89).

Brachymenium nepalense Hook.

Syn. Bryum nepalense Mitt. Muse. Ind. or. p. 73.

Coorg : very common on tree trunks in open places (n. 2) ; on trees
in open places — vicinity of Mercara (n. 32) ; trees in open sunny places
near Mercara (n. 67) ; tree trunks near Murnad (n. 91) ,* on trunks of
coffee shrubs near Verajpet (n. 128) ; dry exposed rocks in jungle near
Hatur (11. 184) ; trees in dry jungle near Hatur (n. 194) ; tree trunks
near Sidapur (n« 270) ; on dry logs in forest at Pollebetta (n. 233).

BARTRAMIACEiE.

Phii onotis Brid.

Bhilonotis angusta Mitt. Muse. Ind. or. p. 61.

Coofg : forms big mats on dry rocks near Mercara (n. 56).

322

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORO, 1898-99.

PhilonoUB imhriea^ula Mitt. 1. c. p. 6i.

Coorg : clay banks at Verajpct (n. ^17, 158) ; dry clay banks near
Murnad (n. 87, 10 1, 102) ; Sidapur, stumps in dry forest and logs in
coffee gardens (n. 262, 269).

J^hilonotU heUrophylla Mitt. 1. c. p, bi.

Coorg : Paluru, clay banks (n. 53) ; dry clay banks by roadside near
Verajpet (n. 142, 168).

mounts (Doz. Moik) Br. jav.—z/^r.

Coorg : shady banks of decomposed gneiss near Mercara (n. 12) ;
on dry aad moist clay banks near Mercara (n. 26, 279) ; moist shady
clay banks near Murnad (n. 104) ; on dry clay banks near Gonikopaul
(n. 204) ; on dry clay banks near Veraipet (n. 143).

POLYTRICHACEiE.

POLYTRICHUM Dill., Ehrh.

jPolytTichum I^eesii C. MCill. — ^Mitt. Muse. Ind. or. p. 15 1,
sub Pogonato.

Coorg : dry clay banks and moist banks of decomposed rocks near
Mercara (n. 15, 35).

JPolytrichum hemagonum (Mitt.)

Syn. Pogonatum hexagonum Mitt. I. c. p. 15 1.

Coorg : damp clay banks and moist banks of decomposed gneiss
near Mercara (n. 14,21, 282) ; moist clay banks near Verajpet (n. 161) ;
close mats on damp banks near Paluru (n. 45, 49).

HYFOPTERYGIACE^.

Racopilum Brid.

MaGOpilmn indicuni Mitt. I. c. p. 136.

Coorg : on clay and dry rocks in jungle near Gonikopaul (11. 249,
252) ; Hatur, tree trunks in open jungle (n. 192).

CyATHOPHORUM Brid.

Cyathophorum Adianthum Mitt. I. c. p. 147.

Coorg : on decayed wood in jungle on Tadiandamol peak, alt. 5729'
(n. 3H)“

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, 1898-99.

323

HOOKERIACEy^I.

Daltonia Hook.

Daltonia reticulata C. Miill.

Coorg; Tadiandamol peak, on dead bamboo rods (n. 301).

NECKERACEiE.

ACROCRYPHi^A Br. eur.

Acrocryphaea concavifolia (Griff.) Br. jav.

Syn. Cryphaea concavifolia Mitt. Muse. Ind. or. p. 125.

Coorg: Verajpet, branches of coffee shrubs (n. 127) ; on branches of
orange trees near Hatur (n. 174) ; trees in exposed places near Murnad
(n. 82) ; South Coorg, on branches of small trees in bamboo jungle
(n. 209).

Meteor lUM Brid.

Meteorium tumidum (Dicks.) Mitt. 1. c. p. 86.

South Coorg: branches of orange trees (n. 296).

3Ieteorium squarrosum (Hook.) Mitt. 1. c. p. 87.

Coorg : Verajpet, on earth beneath trees in coffee gardens (n. 119).

Meteorium recUnatum (C. Mull.) Mitt. 1. c. p. 87.

Coorg: hangs from trees in streets of Mercara (n.3, 16, 20) ; forms
large close mats on trees 10 miles from Mercara, on the Mangalore
road (n. 71) ; base of trees in dry jungle at Verajpet (n, 167).

Meteorium enerve Thw. Mitt.

Coorg : Mercara, hangs from branches of trees (n. 58) ; hangs from
branches of trees at Paluru (n. 40) ; hangs from branches of trees near
Nalknad Palace (n. 323).

Meteorium fllamentosum (Hook.) Mitt. l.c.p. 91.

Coorg: Verajpet, coffee shrubs in an ill-kept garden (n. 140).

Trachypus Reinw. Hornsch.

Trachypus blandus (Harv.) Mitt. I. c. p. 127.

Coorg • on trees in streets of Mercara (n. 5) ; branches of trees in
open sunny places near Mercara (n. 66) ; tree trunks 10 miles from
Mercara, on the Mangalore road (n. 70).

Trachypus crispatulus (Hook.) Mitt. I. c. p. 129.

Coorg : trees in dry jungle on Tadiandamol peak (n. 306).

Papillaria C.MuIL

Papillaria fuscescens (Hook.) Jaeg.

Syn. Trachypus fuscescens Mitt. 1. c. p, 128.

3^4

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, 1898-99.

Coorg : trees near Paluru (n. 41); branches of otcange trees at
Hatur (17 1, 177) ; Verajpet, coffee shrubs (n. 141) ; trees near Murnad
(n, 96) ; perpendicular faces of cliffs near Mercara (n. 63),

J^apillaria floribunda (Doz. Molk.) C. Mull.

Coorg : Pollebetta, bark of trees (n. 224, 235) ; trees near Paluru
(n. 50) ; Verajpet, hangs from the trunks and branches of coffee
bushes (n. 114, 12 1).

Aerobryum Doz. Moiic.

Aerohryum longisaimum (Doz. Molk.) C. Mull.

Coorg : hangs from branches of trees in dry open jungle at Murnad
(n. 108}.

Pterobryum Hornsch.

Pterobryum Walkeri Broth, n. sp.

Dioicum) sat robustum, lutescenti-viride, nitidum; caulis repens
elongatus, densissime ramosus, ramis 2-3 cm. altis, erectis, super ne
arcuatis, crassis, julaceis, filis articulatis numerosis, dense foliosis,
simplicibus vel subsimplicibus, obtusis ; JoUa sicca imbricata, humida
patentia, cochleariformi-concava, ovato-ovalia, apiculo lato, acuto
terminalis, marginibus erectis, integerrimis vel superne subintegris,
nervo lutescente, ultra medium evanido, cellulis elongatis, angustis-
simis, basilaribus infimis brevioribus et laxioribus aureis, inter se
porosis, alaribus numerosis, quadratis, fusco-aureis, omnibus laevissimis ;
bracieae perichaetii erectae, longe vaginantes, acuminatae, integerri-
mae ; seta erecta, 8 mm. alta, rubra, laevissima ; theca erecta, oblonga,
crassicollis, fusca. Caetera ignota.

Coorg : Mercara, dry exposed rocks (n. 74) ; stones on Mangalore
road five miles from Mercara (n. 75) ; in exposed places on trunks of
large trees near Mercara (n. 79) ; Hatur, on branches of orange trees
(n. 150).

Species distinctissima, a Pt, frondoso (Mitt.) proximo ramis
simplicibus, foliis cellulis alaribus numerosis, magnis et seta longiore
optime diversa. ,

Pterobryum frondosum (Mitt.)

Syn. Meteorium frondosum Mitt. Muse. Ind. or. p. 86.

Coorg : on tree trunks in jungle on Tadiandamol peak (n, 307).

Pterobryum grueile Broth, n. sp.

Dioicum ; gracile, lutescenti-viride, nitidum ; caulis repens,
ramosus, ramis usque ad 5 cm. altis, erectis, superne arcuatis,
julaceis, dense foliosis, pinnatim ramulosis, ramulis usque ad 2 cm.

Collection of mosses in coorg, 1898-99.

325

longis, julaceis, obtusis ; folia sicca imbricata, humida erecto-patentia,
cochleariformi-concava, ovato-ovalia, acuta, marginibus erectis, sub-
integris, nervo lutescente ad basin acuminis evanido, cellulis elongatis,
angustis, alaribus numerosis, quadratis, incrassatis, fusco-aureis, supra-
alaribus numerosis, multo minoribus, qu? ratis, hand incrassatis,
omnibus Jaevissimis. Caetera ignota.

Coorg: tree trunks in bamboo jungle near Pollebetta (r "217);
tree trunks in coffee plantations on Verajpet hill (n. 113) ; base of
trees in exposed places near Murnad (n. 84).

Species Pt, frondoso affinis, sed statura multo graciliore nec non
foliis nervo longiore, cellulis supraalaribus numerosis, quadratis longe
di versa.

Bterohryum (C. Miill.).

Syn. Meteorium Schmidii Mitt. Muse. Ind. or. p. 91.

Coorg : dry clay banks near Mercara (n. 22) ; hangs from branches
of trees in streets of Mercara (n. 4, 8) ; Verajpet, branches of trees in
coffee gardens (n. 123) ; hangs in tufts from branches of trees on
Tadiandamol peak (n, 303).

jPterabryum involutum T}iw. Mitt.

Coorg : on trunks of trees in open jungle on Tadiandamol peak,
5729' (n. 305, 313).

JPterobryum patulum Broth, n. sp.

Dioicum , robustum, lutescenti-viride, nitidum ; caulis elongatus,
repens, ramosus, ramis remotis, erectis, 2 cm. vel paulum ultra altis,
arcuatulis, densiuscule foliosis, simplicibus, obtusis ; folia sicca et
humida horride patula, cochleariformi-concava, e basi cordata alis"
parvis circinatis, undulatis late ovata, in acumen breve, angustum
contracta, marginibus erectis, integris vel subintegris, nervo tenui,
longe ultra medium evanido, cellulis elongatis, angustissimis, basila-
ribus abbreviatis, inter se porosis, fusco-aureis, auricularibus parvis,
hyalinis, omnibus laevissimis. Caetera ignota,

Coorg: Murnad, base of large trees in open forest (n. 88).

Species Pt. Wightii (Mitt.) proxima, sed statura multo robustiore
foliisque horride patentissimis oculo nudo jam dignoscenda.

NeckerA Hedw.

Neckera rugulosa Miti. 1. c. p. 121.

Coorg: roots of trees in dry forest near Verajpet (n, 288).

Homalia Br. eur.

Homalia flabellata (Dicks.) Br. jay. —

Syn. Neckera flabellata Mitt. 1. c. p. 1*8.

326

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, 1898-99,

Coorg : tree trunks in dry jungle near summit of Tadiandamol
peak, 5729' (n. 308, 309),

POROTRICHUM Brid.

Porotrichum alopecuroides (Hook.) Br. jav.

Syn. Neckera alopecuroides Mitt. 1. c. p. 123.

Coorg: tree trunks in shady forest, Pollebetta (n, 221).

SEMATOPHYLLACE^.

Chionostomum C. Miill.

Chiofiostomum rostratum (Griff.) C. Mull.

Syn. Stereodon rostratum Mitt. 1. c. p. 102.

Coorg; branches of trees near Mercara (n. 64, 65) ; Sidapur, bare
gneiss on hill-sides in coffee gardens (n. 266) ; Tadiandamol peak,
dead bamboo twigs (n, 302) ; Verajpet, branches in jungle (n. 131).

Trichosteleum Mitt.

Trich08teleum monostictum (Thw, Mitt.).

Coorg : decaying wood near Bhagamandala (n. 335) ; Tadiandamol
peak, alt, 5729' (n. 321) ; on rotten logs in dry jungle in South
Coorg (n. 146).

Rhaphidostegium Schimp.

j^haphidostegium tristiculum (Mitt.) Jaeg. Sauerb.

Syn. Stereodon tristiculus Mitt. 1. c. p. 102.

Coorg: Verajpet, stalks of coffee shrubs in abandoned coffee
gardens (n. 129, 166) ; Ponnapet, trees (n. 244) ; Sidapur, tree trunks
in coffee gardens (n. 261) ; trees in vicinity of Mercara (n. 61),

Sematophyllum Mitt.

Hematopfiyllum anguaticuspes Broth, n, sp.

Dioicum ? caespitosum, caespitibus densis, lutescentibus, nitidis ;
caulis elongatus repens, pinnatim ramosus, ramis brevibus, suberectisi
strictis, dense foliosis, cuspidatis, simplicibus ; folia concava, patentia,
oblonga, in cuspidem angustum, subpiliformem subito contracta, margi-
nibus erectis, apice subconniventibus, integerrimis, enervia, cellulis
elongatis, angustis, basilaribus infimis abbreviatis, aureis, alaribus
numerosis, biseriatis infimis majoribus, vesiculaeformibus, aureis vel
hyalinisj omnibus laevissimis. Caetera ignota.

COLLECTION OF MOSSES IN COORG, 1898-99.

327

Coorg : dry clay banks and dry earth near Verajpet (n. 136, 160) ;
dry rocks in South Coorg (n. 295) ; crevices in rocks, Tadiandamol
peak (n. 319) ; tree trunks at Gonikopaul (n. 260).

Species S, hermaphrodito (C. Mull) habitu simillima, sed foliorum
forma longe diversa.

.STEREODONTACEiE.

ISOPTSRYGIUM Mitt.

Isopterygium taxirameum (Mitt.) Jaeg. Sauerb.

Syn. Stereodon taxirameus Mitt. 1. c. p. 105.

Coorg : clay banks by roadside near Nalknad Palace (n. 320) ; bed
of small stream near Verajpet (n. 164) ; Verajpet, dry banks (n. 172) ;
on dry clay banks near Hatur (n. 180) ; Pollebetta, on dry sod in
bamboo jungle (n. 230),

Isopterygium Ugnicola (Mitt.) Jaeg. Sauerb.

Syn. Stereodon lignicola Mitt. 1. c. p. 104.

Coorg : coffee gardens near Sidapur (n, 263) ; Pollebetta, logs in
damp jungle (n. 226) ; on roots and base of bamboos near Pollebetta
fn. 218) ; on small trees in shady jungle near Hatur (n. 179, 181) ;
Verajpet, on trunks of trees in coffee gardens (n. 133) ; South Coorg,
on bamboo stumps in shady jungle (n. 206).

Ectropothecium Mitt.

Bctropotliecitim eyperoides (Hook.) Jaeg. Sauerb.

Syn. Stereodon cyperoides Mitt. 1. c. p. 99.

Coorg : base of trees in coffee gardens near Mercara (n. 281) ; tree
trunks near Gonikopaul (n. 250); trees at Watekoli near Verajpet
(n. 148) ; on dry decaying wood in jungle near Verajpet (n. 112) ; dry
sod in open jungle near Pollebetta (n, 162) ; Pollebetta, base of
small trees by streams (n. 222) ; dead branches in dry jungle on
Tadiandamol peak (n, 304) ; Sidapur, base of trees in coffee gardens
(n. 264) ; extreme S.-E. Coorg, damp stones in river bed (n. 256).

Mctropothecium reticulatum (Doz. Molk.) Jaeg. Sauerb.

Syn. Stereodon reticulatum Mitt. L c. p. 10 j.

Coorg : on damp rocks in jungle near Pollebetta (n. 225) ; in bed of
Nager River near Mysore Frontier (n. 257).

Entodon C. Mull.

Bntodon plicatus C. Mull.

Syn. Stereodon plicatus Mitt. 1. c. p. io5*

328 COLLECTIDN OF MOSSES IN COORC, 1898-99.

Coorg : base- of tree trunks in jungle near Murnad (n. 92, in)
Pollebetta, coffee gardens (n. 220),

Erythrodontium Hamp.

Erythrodontium julifovme (Mitt.) Pav.

Syn. Stercodon julifor7ms-W\ii* 1. c. p! 92.

Coorg : dry banks of decomposed rocks near Mcrcara (n. 85) ; on
trees in South Coorg (n. 210).

Campylodontium Doz. Molk.

Campylodontium flavescens (Hook.) Br, Jay.

Syn. Stereodon flavescens Mitt, 1. c. p. 93.

Coorg : base of tree trunks near Murnad (n. 94, 105) ; Mercara,
tree trunks by roadsides (n. 52) ; Verajpet, on hedge shrubs in open -
(n. 126) ; trees in Reserve Forest, extreme S.-E, (n. 255).

HYPNACE^.

Stereophyllum Miti.

Stereophyllum WigJitii (Mitt.) Jaeg. Sauerb.

Syn. Hy.pniim Wightii Mitt. 1. c. p. 82.

Coorg : Ponnapet, trees in bamboo forest (n. 245,246) ; on trees m
streets of Mercara (n. 6) ; on small tree-trunks in coffee gardens
at Pollebetta (n. 212) ; trees at Watekoli near Verajpet (n. 149).

SCHWETSCHKEA C. Mull.

■Schwetschkea Ipdica Broth, n. sp. .

Autoica ; tenerrimum, caespitosum, caespitibus densiusculis, viridi-
bus ; caulis elongatus, repens, densissime pinnatim ramosus stands, ramis
suberectis, vix ultra 2 mm. longis, strictis, subteretibus, dense foliosis ;
folia sicca imbricata, humida patentia, concaviuscula, ovato-lanceolata
acuminata marginibus erectis, superne minutissime denticulatis, nervo
viridi, tenui, vix ultra medium producto, rarius indistincto, cellulis ellip-
ticis, basilaribus ad nervum longioribus, ad marginem subquadratis,
chlorophyllosis, laevissimis ; bracteae perichaetii erectae, hyalinae,
internae longe et anguste acuminatae, subintegrae ; seta 4-75 mm. alta,
strictiuscula, tenuissima, rubra, superne scaberula ; theca minuta, erecta,.
oblonga, sicca deoperculata sub ore paulum constricta, leptodermis,
fuscidula, dein nigreseens ; annulus o \ peristomiiim duplex ; exostomii
dentes anguste lanceolati, dense lamellati, linea media notati, lutei ;

collection of mosses in coorg, 1898*99.

329

endostomium luteum, baud papillosum ; processus filiformes, nodulosi,
linea longitudinali percursa operculum e basi conica oblique

rostratum

Coorg: trunks of small trees in dry jungle near Pbllebetta (n. 231,
232).

Hypnum Dill., Mitt.

Hypnum her})uceum Mitt. 1. c. p. &j.

Coorg: on toddy palm, at Murnad (n. 95).

Sypnum vagans Harv.— Mitt. 1. c. p. 81.

Coorg: damp banks near Verajpet (n. 163) ; dry shady banks near
Verajpet (n. 287).

Hypnum procumhens Mitt. 1. c. p. 79.

Coorg: forms large mats on dry clay banks near Verajpet
(n. 16).

Hypnum Buchanani Hook. — Mitt. 1. c. p. 78.

Coorg: Hatur, tree in dry jungle (n. 187).

Thuidium Br. eur.

Thuidium blepharophyllum (C. Mull.)Jaeg. Sauerb.

Syn. Leskea blepharophylla MitT. 1. c. p. 133.

Coorg: tree trunks on Tadiandamol near the summit (n. 315, 316) ;
on logs in jungle on Tadiandamol, altit. 5729' (n. 312).

Thuidium glaucinum (Mitt.) Br. jav.

Syn. Leskea glaucina W\ti. 1. c. p. 133.

Coorg : Verajpet, tree trunks in coffee gardens (n. i3o).
Thuidium trachypodum (Mitt.) Br. jav.

Syn. Leskea trachypoda Mitt. 1. c. p. 133.

Coorg : logs i^ jungle at Pollebetta (n. 227, 236) ; on sandy river
banks in bamboo jungle, South Coorg (n. 207V-

Thuidium tamariscellum (C. MulI.) .Br. jav.

Syn. Leskea tamtriscella Mitt. 1. c. p. 134.

Coorg: Verajpet, qn trees in dry jungle (n. 144).

G. I. C. P. O.— No. 1103 R. & A.— 12 6-99.— oo,—- W. B. G.

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI

HILLS.

By A, T, Gage^ M.A.f B,Sc.^ LMS.

The following is an account of a short botanical excursion made
by the writer in the spring of 1899 to a portion of the South Lushai
Hills in accordance with instructions from the Director of the
Botanical Survey of India.

The writer left Calcutta on the evening of the 15th March 1899
and arrived at Chittagong on the morning of the 17th, the journey
being accomplished partly by rail and partly by river steamer down
the combined Ganges and Bramhaputra river. The route then lay
in a north-easterly direction up the KarnaphuH river, which flows
into the Bay of Bengal at Chittagong, as far as Demagiri ; thence
directly eastwards across the Lushai ranges to Fort Lungleh. At
Chittagong a dug-out manned by three men was engaged to proceed
up stream as far as Rangamatti, and a week's provisions were laid
in. Late on the evening of the 18th March, the writer accompanied
by two servants started on the journey up the river. The boatmen
kept to their work the greater part of the night and the next day,
halting for m(^ls dnd a mid-day rest. The night of the 19th was
spent camped on the river bank. An early start was made next
morning, and Rangamatti, the first * station ' after Chittagong, was
reached that afternoon. Rangamatti is sixty-five miles by river from
Chittagong, and is situated at an elevation of about 100 feet in a
narrow loop of the river, where it first bends to the south-east and
then abruptly to the north-west. The station is in the Bengal
Presidency, and is a small clean-looking village with a good dkk bun-
galow. A detachment of Ghurka police are stationed here. An
assistant commissioner and a deputy magistrate are the only Euro-
pean residents.

The river here runs between rather steep banks and meanders
through a wide, flat, somewhat sparsely wooded vale. Coming up
towards Rangamatti, cultivated patches line the river banks here
and there, bearing plantains, melons papayas, etc.

The night of the 20th was spent in the Rangamatti dAk bunga-
low. Through the good omces of the assistant commissioner two

332

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS

dug-outs were obtained, in place of the one which had done the
journey from Chittagong whither it returned.

Early on the morning of the 21 St a fresh start was made, and
rowing kept up till nightfall, when camp was pitched. Next day
Barkhal was reached in the afternoon. The latter part of the jour-
ney to Barkhal was difficult and tedious from the dug-out constantly
getting aground on shoals or the flat rocks in the'rivdr bed.

At'Barkhal itself there are nearly two miles of impassable rapids
the river here flowing in a gorge, as the name Barkhal implies, with
very steep and thickly wooded banks. To get over the difficulty
caused by the presence of the rapids the Government has constructed
on the north bank of the river a single trolly line of rail running
from the foot to the head of the rapids, where the line and the jungle
clearing alike cease. The trollies are propelled by Sonthal coolies

With some difficulty tw^o fresh dug-outs were secured, to take the
place of the two from Rangamatti. Accordingly on the morning of
the 23rd March the last stage of the river journey was begun, and
that night camp was pitched just above the rapids of Utan Chatra,
through which the dug-out was hauled by main force.

Next day the 24th, after surmounting one more set of rapids
Demagiri was reached and the river Journey ended. Demagiri is
about fifty-six miles from Rangamatti, that is, about 120 miles from
Chittagong by river. Between Barkhal and Demagiri is the bound-
ary between Bengal and Assam.

The scenery for the first twenty or thirty miles up the river
differed in no wise from the ordinary plains scenery.

As one journeyed higher up, how’ever, the banks became steeper
■and more thickly wooded, with multitudinous species of trees and
shrubs. Collections were made at each of the halting places so far as
time permitted. These, however, are not included in the present
report, as the localities do not come within the South Lushai Hills.

At Demagiri the writer met with the subdivisional officer for
Lungleh, who was returning thither after having been out on tour,
and in his company the remainder of the journey was made.

The four marches that intervened between Demagiri and Fort
Lungleh were as follows: —

25th March
26th „

27th „

28th „

. Demagiri
. Tuichong
. Lungsin
. Ridge camp

to Tuichong S miles.
„ Lungsin lo^ „

„ Ridge camp 13 „

„ Fort Lungleh 10^ „

These were four very fatiguing marches in the hot sun and uphill
the whole way practically and during the last three the writer

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

333

suffered from slight fever, and on reaching Fort Lungleh was obliged
to lay up for a day or two. So practically nothing was collected on
the land part of the journey to Lungleh.

The writer was most hospitably received at Fort Lungleh by Mr.
C. B. Drake-Brocivman, the -Subdivisional officer, and Lieut. Bailey,
l.S.C., assistant commandant, the only Europeans, there. The writer
then stayed at Fort Lungleh up to the 19th A'ppil^ when circumstan-
ces compelled his return to Calcutta. The actual collecting period
was thus reduced to about three weeks, of which one week was lost
partly owing to very bad weather and a recurrence of the writer’s
fever.

Had it been possible for the excursion to have taken place earlier
in the year, and had more time been available doubtless a better
collection would have been got.

The return journey was unfortunate from a weather point of view.
The journey from Lungsin to Tuichong was made amid torrents of
rain, quite precluding any attempt at collecting. The river journey
from Demagiri to Barkhal was also done under the same wretched
circumstances, in addition the dug-out running against a rock and
partially capsizing in shooting the Utan Chatra rapids, so that what
the rain did not wet the river effectually did.

Next day the 24th April was spent at Barkhal, where the rain
poured steadily down the whole day, in drying clothes and paper.

Rangamatti was reached on the 25 ih April, Chittagong on the
28th, and Calcutta on the 30th April.

Special thanks are due to Major Shakespeare, C.I.E., Superin-
tendent of the Lushai Hills, for allowing access to that region and
for giving facilities for obtaining coolies and supplies.

The South Lushai Hills are fprna^d of several parallel ranges
running roughly north and^south between latitude* 22° and 24® N and
longitude 92° to 94° EasL The altitude varies from about 2,000
to 4,000 feet, with a few isolated peaks reaching 7,000 feet.
The valleys are very deep with exceedingly steep slopes, covered
with a dense impenetrable jungle of climbing palms, creepers, bamboos,
etc., amongst which tow er lofty trees, the most conspicuous of which
are huge Dipterocarps.

The general features of the flora are practically those of the
adjacent Burmese hills. Epiphytic orchids abound, chiefly species of
Dendrobium and form conspicuous masses of colour on the trees.
ScitamineoHS plants and aroids are very common, and the trailing
strings of Dioscorea fruits w'cre very frequent. Amongst the
commoner trees in addition to the Dipterocarps were Saurauja pund-
uanaTFitf//., Schiroa WalUchii Chois\\ Duabanga sonneratoid' s Ha)n ,

334

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAi HILLS.

Gmelina arborea Roxb* Bamboos formed a. very conspicuous feature
of the jungle but none were found in flower.

Fort Lungleh itself is situated on a ridge at an elevation of
3,500 feet. In the list, when Fort Lungleh is given as the locality of
collection, the altitude is not mentioned, but is to be taken as about
3 000 bet. The approximate altitude of other localities is given in
most cases.

For much help in identifying the species of the ollection generally
the writer is specially indebted to Major Prain. The list of orchids
is made up to a small extent from specimens collected by the writer,
but mostly from living plants collected by Lieut Bailey for his own
study. Examples of each species in Lieut. Bailey^s collection were
very generously given by him to the writer, who forwarded them to
Mr. Pantling of the Government Cinchona Department. Thethanks
of the writer are due to Mr. Pantling for kindly identifying those
that were sent to him.

In the list the number within brackets, when present, after the
name of each species is the field number. The sketch map at the
end of the note shows the route and the posHion of Lungleh. For a
map showing the relative position of the Lusbai Hills to their surround-
ings the reader is referred to Pottinger and Prain’s note on the
Botany of the Kachin Hills, No, 11 of the Records, page 310.

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

335

Phanerogamia.

Dicotyledones.

Tkalamiflorss.

L— RANUNCULACE^.

I. Clematis grewiaeflora. Z?.C. (No. 29).

In fruit.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib, Lower temperate, and Subtropical Himalaya; Kachin
hills; Naga hills; Manipur; Burmah.

II.—ANONACE^.

a, Goniothalamus scsquipedalis, Hf^ & T. (No. 95).

Leaves only.

Helio hill, Lungleh. Alt 3,700 feet

Distrib. Sikkim to Assam, Khasia hills to Tenasserim,

III.— MENlSPERMACEiF:.

3. Pericampylus incanus Mters (No. 58).

In flower.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Kachin hills; Eastern Himalaya; Southern Chira ;
Indo-China; Malaya.

Stephania rotunda Lour, (No. 217),

Fori Lungleh.

Leaves only.

Distrib. Tropical and Temperate Himalaya ;
Pegu; South-West India.

Khasia hills ;

Lophophyllum bicristatum Grtf, (No. 43),

In fruit

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; . Khasia
Burtnah.

hills; Manipur r

33*5

BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

IV. ^CRUCIFER^.

6 Nasturtium indicum, D,C, var, bengalensis (No. 215).
Between Ridge Camp and Lungsin,

Alt. circa 2,500 feet.

Distrib. of variety. Bengal ; Chittagong; Silhet ; Khasia Hills ;
Assam.

V. - CAPPARIDE^.

7. Roydsia suaveolens Roxb. (Nos. 41 and 77).

In flower and fruit.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Assam ; Chittagong and Burmah.
VL-BIXINEiE.

S. Gynocardia odorata Roxb, (Nos. 70 and 178).

In fruit.

Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Chittagong and Burmah,

9. Hydnocarpus sp. (No. 71).

Fcrt Lungleh

VII.— PITTOSPORE^.

10. Pittosporum floribundum W, A, (No. 103).

In fruit.

Helio Hill Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet.

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya; Sikkim; Khasia Hills;
Burmah ; South India.

VIIL-GUTTIFERiE:.

11. Garcinia Xanthochymus Hook.f, (No. 205).

In fruit.

Between Tuichong and Demagiri. Alt. circa 1,000 feet.
Distrib Sikkim; Khasia hills; Burmah; South India;
Ceylon ; Eastern Peninsula ; Andamans.

IX.— TERNSTROEMIACE^.

12 Saurauja punduana Wall. (No. 51).

In flower.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Khasia hills ; Burmah.

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAl HILLS.

337

13. Schima Wallichii Choisy (No 33).

In flower and fruit.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya; Sikkim, Khasia hills;
Assam ; Chittagong and Burmah.

X.— DIPTEROCARPEi®.

14. Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaettn.

Huge trees of which only the fallen young fruits were
collected.

Xl.—MALVACEi^:,

15. Abutilon polyandrum (No, 108).

In fruit.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Tropical Himalaya; South, West, and Central
India ; Burmah ; Java.

16. Urena lobata Linn^ var, tomentosa (No. 60).

In fruit.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. General in the tropics.

17. Hibiscus pungens Roxh, (No. 157).

In fruit.

Fifteen miles South-East of Fort Lungleh.

Distrib North-Western Himalaya; Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ;
Duphla hills ; Naga hills ; Khasia hills ; Assam ; Bengal
Burmah.

XIL— STERCULIACE^.

18. Sterculia colorata (No. rii).

In flower.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. India and Indo-China.

19. Bucttneria aspera Colebreoke (No. 69).

In fruit.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia hills; Assam; Burmah;
Andamans.

20. Buettneria pilosa Roxh» (No. 200).

In fruit.

Between Fort Lungleh and Ridge Camp. Alt. circa 3,000
feet.

Distrib. Kachin hills: Assam; Chittagong and Burmah.

338 A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHA! HILLS.

XIIL— TILIACEiE.

21. Columbia floribunda Walh (No. 193).

In fruit.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib, Assam ; Burmah.

22. Triumfetta pilosa Roth, (No. 59).

In fruit.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. India ; Indo-Cbina ; China ; Malaya ; Africa.
Discifloras,

XIV.-MALPHIGIACE^.

23. Hiptage acuminata WalU var. (No. 146).

In flower and fruit.

A tall climber.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills ; Naga hills ; Manipur ; Assam •
Burmah

XV.— GERANIACEiE.

24. Oxalis corniculata (No. 216),

In fruit.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Cosmopolitan.

XVI— RUTACE.^.

25. Toddalia aculeata Pers, (Nos. 42 and 102).

In fruit.

Helio hill, Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet.

Distrib. India; Indo-China; China ; Malaya.

26. Glycosmis pentaphylla Corrett. (No. 80).

In flower.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib, North-Western Himalaya; Sikkim; Khasia hills;
Assam ; Burmah ; Andamans ; South and West India ;
Ceylon ; Malaya Peninsula and Archipelago; Philippines ;
Australia.

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

339

27. Microme!um pubescens BL (Nos. 20 and 30).

In fruit.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Khasia bills ; Naga hills ; Assam •
Chittagong and Burmah; Malaya; Ceylon ; Java; China,

28. Murray exotica Lmn, {No. 183)

In flower.

Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya; Assam; Chittagong and
Burmah; Andamans, South-West India ; Ceylon; Chihay
Australia; Pacific Islands.

29. Clausena suffruticosa W, & A, (No. 46}.

In flower.

Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Khasia hills ; Chittagong and Burmah.

30. Citrus Medica Linn, (No. 65).

In flower and fruit. Helio hill, Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet.
Distrib. North-Western Himalaya ; Sikkim ; Khasia hills ;
Garo hills ; Kachin hills ; Chittagong and Burmah ; Western
Ghats ; Central India.

XVIL— BURSERACEiF.

31. Garuga pinnata (No, 274),

In fruit.

Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Throughout India; Assam; Burmah; Malaya;
Philippines.

XVIIL-».MELIACEiF.

32 Dysoxylum binectariferum Naok (No. 198).

In fruit.

Between Lungleh and Ridge Camp. Alt circa 3,000 feet,
Distrib. Sikkim; Khasia hills; Assam; Chittagong and
Burmah ; South India ; Ceylon ; Malacca ; Java.

33. Dysoxylum procerum Hiern. (No. 177).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim; Bhotan; Khasia hills; Assam; Chittagong
and Burmah.

34. Chisocheton paniculatus Hiern, (No. 203)*

In fruit. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Sikkim ; Cachar ; Khasia hills; Assam ; Chittagong
and Burmah.

340

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

35. Aglaia Chittagonga Miq. (No. 161).

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Lunglep. Alt. 3,000 feet.
Distrib. Khasia hills; Duphla hills; Akha hills; Chitta-
gongjBurmah.

XIX.-CELASrRINEiE.

36. Microtropis discolor WalL i^o, 159).

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. North-West Himalayas; Sikkim; Khasia hills;
Assam ; Manipur; Kachni hills; Burmah.

37. Celastrus monosperma Roxh. (Nos. 16 and 147).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Naga hills ; Burmah.

38. Gymnosporia acuminata Hook,/, (No. 40),

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Eastern Peninsula ; Burmah ;
Yunnan

XX.«.AMPELIDEi^,

39. Vitis adnata WalL (No. 220),

In fruit, Demagiri. Alt. circa 500 feet.

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya; Sikkim; Khasia hills;
Cachar ; Assam ; Chittagong and Burmah ; S. India ; Malay
Peninsula.

40. Vitis angustifolia Wall, (No. 221).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills; Kachin hills; Silhet; Assam; Su-
matra ; Hong Kong.

41. Vitis capriolata Don (No. 104).

In fruit. Helio hill, Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet.

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya; Sikkim; Khasia Hills?
Assam ; Kachin hills ; Chittagong and Burmah.

42. Vitis lanceolaria Wall, (No, 8).

In fruit. Fort. Lungleh,

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya; Nepal ; Sikkim l Khasia
bills; Assam; Chittagong and Burmah; Andamans;
South and West India ; Ceylon ; Malaya ; Java.

43. Vitis Japonica Thunh. (No. 219).

In flower. Demagiri. Alt 500 feet.

Distrib. Sikkim; Khasia Hills; Naga hills; Manipur;
Assam ; Chittagong and Burmah ; Nicobars ; Andamans ;
South India; Malaya ; Java ; China.

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

34*

44. Leea sambucina Willd, (No. 85).

In fruit. Fort Lungleb,

Distrib. Common throughout India and Burmah ; Ceylon ;
Malaya ; China; Philippines ; Australia.

XXI. -SAPINDACE^.

45. Acer sp. iNo. 138).

In fruit. Fifteen miles S. E. of Lungleh.

Not matched in Herb. Calcutta. Nearest Acer isolobum Kur^
but quite distinct.

46. Turpinia pomifera D,C. (No. 255).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Naga hills ; Assam ;
Kachin hills; Chittagong and Burmah; South and West
India , Malaya ; Yunnan ; China.

Calycijlorx.

XXII. -CONNARACE.qi.

47. Connarus paniculatus Roxb. (No. 27),

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia ; Silhet ; Assam ; Chittagong ; Burmah.

XXMI — LEGUMINOS.^:.

48. Crotalaria ferruginea Grah* (No. 92).

In fruit. Helio hill ; Lungleh. 3,700 feet.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkjm ; Khasia hills ; Naga hills ; Kachin
hills ; Chittagong and Burmah ; Ceylon ; Java ; Sumatra ;
Philippines; Formosa.

49. Desmodium gangeticum D C, (No. 224).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Universal in the tropics.

50. Erythrina stricta Roxb» (No, 112).

In flower and fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. India from Rajputana to Orissa ; Assam ; Burmah
and Chittagong,

51. Mucuna imbricata D,C, (No. 225).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya ; Sikkim ; Silhet ; Assam ;
Manipur ; Burmah ; Andamans.

342

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

52. Dunbaria podocarpa Kurz. (No. 192).

In flower and fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Burmah,

53. Flemingia stricta Roxh. (No. 227).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya; Sikkim; Oude ; South
and Central India ; Assam ; Chittagong and Burmah.

54. Dalbergia volubilis Roxh> (No. 196).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim Terai ; Assam ; Chittagong and Burmah ;
Andamans; Oude; Bihar; Central, South, and West India.

55. Derris monticola Prain, (No, 23).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Is Milletia monticola Kurz.

Distrib. Burmah.

56. Derris thyrsiflora Bih, (No, 32).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; Khasia Hills ; Malaya.

57. Cassia timorensis Z7.C, (No. 226).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Chittagong and Burmah ; Malaya ; Western India;
Ceylon ; Philippines ; Australia.

58. Bauhinia rufa Grah, (No. 136).

In fruit. Fifteen miles S. E. of Lungleh.

Distrib. Assam ; Burmah,

59. Bauhinia glauca Walh

In fruit. Helio hill, Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet,

Distrib. Burma; Malaya; China.

A decided northward extension of this species.

60. Saraca indica Linn, (No. 213),

In flower. Between Ridge Camp and Lungsin. Alt. 2,000-—
2,500 feet.

Distrib. Central and Eastern Himalaya ; Khasia hills ;
Assam; Chittagong and Burmah; South and West India ;
Ceylon ; Malaya.

61. Entada Pursaetha D,C, (No. 90).

Entada scandens of the Flora of British India,

In flower. Helio hill, Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet.

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia hills; Naga hills ; Manipur ;
Assam; Chittagong and Burmah; Andamans; Malaya;
South and West India; Ceylon,

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS. 343

62. Acacia Intsia Willd* (No. 79). Var. oxyphylla. In truit

Fort Lungleh.

Dlstrib. Tropical Himalaya ; South and West India ; Assam;
Chittagong and Burmah ; Malaya ; Ceylon,

63. Acacia Willd, var. arrophula (No. 106).

In fruit. Helio hill, Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet.

Distrib. Nepal j Sikkim ; Khasia hills | Assam; Chittagong
and Burniah ; Andamans; Malaya; Central India,

64. Acacia pruinescens KurB. (No. 121).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Kachin hills ; Upper Assam.

65. Albizzia stipulata Boiv^ (No. 124).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nortb^West Himalaya.,* Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia
hills ; Naga hills; Chittagong and Burmah; Andamans;
South and West India; Ceylon ; Malaya ; Borneo; Java.

XXIV.— ROSACEA.

66. Rubus moluccanus (No. 21).

In flower... Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Assam'; Chin hills ;
South and West India and Ceylon; Manipur; Burmah;
Malaya.'

67. Rubus ellipticus (No. 62).

in fruit. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. North-West Himalaya; Nepal; Sikkim ; Khasia
hills; Kachin hills; Manipur; Assam; Burmah; Yunnan;
South-West India; Ceylon^

68. Rubus lasiocarpus Smith (No. 58).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. North-West Himalaya ; Sikkim ; Naga hills ; Assam ;
Chin hills; Burmah; South and West India; Ceylon ; Java.

69* Rubus rossefolius Smith (Nos. 30 and 51).
in fruit. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. North-West Himalaya ; Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Naga
hills ; Assam ; Burmah ; Java,

70. Eriobotrya bengalensis /. (No. 155.)

In fruit. Fifteen miles -South-East of Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim; Khasia hills ; Manipur ; Chittagong and
Burmah; Malacca.

344 A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHA! HILLS,

XXV.-RHIZOPHORE^.

71. Caralia integerrima DC, (No. 57).

In flower Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim Terai ; Bengal ; Silhet ; Cachar ; Khaaia
hills; Matiipur; Assam; Chittagolig abd Bnrmah ; Aiida*
mans ; Soutb-West India ; Ceylon ; Malaya.

XXVI.— COMBRETACEiE.

72. Calycopteris floributtda (No, ).

In fruit. Demagiri Alt 500 feeli

Distrib. Assam; Chittagong and Burma: Andamans; South
and West India; Malaya.

73; Anogeis$us acuminata Wall, (No. tog) var. lanceolata*

In f ruiti Fort tubgleh.

Distrib. Chittagong and Burmah.

74. Combretum squamosum Roxb, (Nos. 110 and i ii).

In truit. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. .Nepal; SikkiMli Khasii hills; Assam j Chittagong
and Burmah; Malay; Philippines^

75. Combretum dasystachyum Kurz (No. 187).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib, Khasia hills; CachaT; Sihet ; Chittagong and
Burmah.

XXVn.-MYRTACEiE.

76. Eugenia polypetala Wight, (No.—).

In flower. Demagiri. Alt 500 feet
Distrib.

XXVIII —MELASTOMACE.E.

77. Melastoma normale Don, (No. 73).

In flower. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Khasia hills; Naga hills;
Kachin hills; Burmah; Indo>China.

78. Sonerlla maculata Roxh, No :?59).

Leaf specimen. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal ; Khasia hills ; Assam ; Kachin hills ; Burmah

79; Medinilla rubicunda (No, 25).

/ Vi Ju fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib, Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Assam ; Malaya.

345

A BOTANIOAL TOUR m THE SOUTH LUiHAl HILLS.

XXIX.-.LYTHRACEiE.

80. Duabunga sonneratoides Ham. (No. 72).

In flower and fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Khasia hills j Assam ; Chittagong

and Burmah ; Andarrians ; Malaya.

XXX. — CUCURBITACC^

8 1, Hodgsonia heteroclita Hook. /• (N o. 1 o i) ,

In fruit. Helio hill; Lungleh* Alt, 3,700 feet.

Distrib* Sikkim ; Khasia bills ; Assam ; Chittagong and
Burmah ; Malaya,

Sal Thladiantha calcarato C* Clarke (No. 210),

In flower. Between Ridge camp and Lungsin. Alt. 2,000 feet.
Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Assam ; Chittagong and
Burmah ; Malaya ; China.

XXXI. -BEGONIACEyF.

83. Begonia barbata Wall. (Nos. 23a and 233).

In flower and fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Assam ; Burmah ; Chittagong.

XXXII.-UMBELLIFER^.

84. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. (No. 234),

In fruit. Between Tuichong and Demagiri. Alt. 500-1,000
feet,

Distrib. Throughout South-Eastern Asia and in Eastern
Africa.

XXXIII.— ARALIACEiF.

85. Heptapleurum venulosum Seem (No 175), var. macrophylla.
In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Throughout tropical and subtropical India; Malaya;
Australia*

86. Trevesia palmata Vts. (No. 222).

In fruit. Demagiri. Alt. 500 feet.

Distrib, Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia hills; Assam ; Chittagong
and Burmah ; Malaya.

87. Brassaiopsis speciosa Dene, and Planch. (No. 156).

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Naga hills ; Assam ;
Chittagong and Burmah ; Java.

346 A botanical tour in the south lushai hills.

Corolli floras,

XXXIV.-RUBIACEiE.

88. Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb, (Nos. i8 and 223).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim; Bhotan; Khasia hills; Assam;
Kachin hills ; Chittagong and Burroah ; Indo-China.

89. Uncaria homomalla Miq, (No. 38).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills ; Sumatra.

Wendlandia glabrata D,C, (No. 3.;).

In flo>ver Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills; Naga hills; Manipur; Burmah ;
Yunnan; South India; Malaya; Formosa.

91. Hedy Otis scandens Roxh^ (No. 48).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh^

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia hills ; Akha hills Kachin
bills ; Chittagong.

93, Ophiorrhiza Harrissiana Heyne,^ var. argentea. (No. 188).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia hills; Siihet ; Kachin hills
Chittagong ; South and West India; Ceylon.

93. Mussaenda glabra VahL (No. i86).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia hills; Manipur; Cachar
Assam : Chi|i4gong and'Burmah ; Malaya.

94. Mussaenda macrophylla IF3//. (No. 277).

-ifluflbwcr. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim; Khasia ; Burma ; Andamans ; Malaya.

95. Adenosacme longifolia Wall. (No. 150).

In fruit. Filteen miles South-East of Lungleh.

Distrib. North-Western Himalayk;; Sikkim ; Khasia hills;

Duphia hills; Cachar; Manipur; Chittagong and Burmah ;
: Malaya.

96. Randia longiflora (No. 235),

In flower. Between Ridge camp and Lungsin, Alt. circa
2,500 feet.

Distribv Khasia hills; Siihet ; Assam ; Chitt^ong and Burmah ;
Andamans ; Malaya,

97. Ixora sobsessillt'IF^//. (No, 145).

In fruit. Fifteen miies South-East of Lungleh.
bistfib. Assam ; Khasia hills ; Naga hills ; Manipur.

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

347

98. Ixora villosa Roxb, (No. 236).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim; Khasia hills; Silhet ; Cachar; Assam;
Burmah ; Malaya.

99. Pavetta indica Linn, (Nos. 82 and 176).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Throughout Indiai Ceylon and Malaya; South
China; North Australia.

100. Morinda angustifolia Roxh, (No. 39).

Ill flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Assam ; Chittagong
and Burmah.

101. Psychotria calocarpa Kurz (No. 169).

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia hills ; Cachar; Assam;
Kachin hills ; Chittagong and Burmah.

XXXV.— COMPOSITiE.

102. Vernonia blanda Z?.C. (No. 13).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills ; Manipur; Burmah.

103. Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (No. 165).

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.

Distrib. Throughout India.

104. Conyza stricta Willd, (No. 88).

In flower, Helio hill, Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet.

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya; Sikkim; Khasia hills;
Assam ; Chittag&ng and Burmah ; South and Western
India ; East Africa.

105. Blumea lacera Z>.C. (No. 89).

In fruit. Helio hill, Lungleh. Alt. 31700 feet.

Distrib. Throughout India and Ceylon; Malaya; China;
Tropical Africa. ^

106. Blumea den^flora Z7.C. (No. 98).

In fruit. Helio hill, Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet.

Distrib. ^ Sikkim; Khasia hills; Naga hills; Duphla hills
Burmah; Yunnan and Malaya.

107. Blumea balsamifera Z7.C. (No. — ^),

In flower. Bank of Karnaphuli river. Alt. 500 feet.

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia hills; Kachin hills;
Assam; Burmah; China; Indo-China ; Malaya.

348 A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

Ig8. Laggera pterodonta Bth. (No. 151).

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya; Sikkim; Khasia hills;
Manipur ; Burmah ; South and Western India ; Tropical
Africa.

109. Gnaphalium luteo-album Linn. (No. ).

In flower. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.

Distrib. Throughout the tropics*

110* Siegesbeckia orientalis Linn^ (No. 262).

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.

Distrib. Cosmopolitan in the tropics.

111. Bidens pilosa Linn. (No. 86).

In flower. Helio hill, near Lungleh; Alt. 3>700 feet.

Distrib. . General throughout the tropics.

XXXVI.--CAMPANULACEiE.

112. Campanumoea celebica Blume (No. 202).

In flower and fruit. Between Lungleh and Ridge camp.
Alt. 3,000 feet.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Chittagong ; Burmah and Malaya.

XXXVl I.— M YRSIN EM.

1 13. Maesa indica Wall. (No. 2)«

In flower and fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Throughout India and Ceylon ; Malaya ; South
China.

114. Maesa paniculata A D.C. (No. 22].

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Silhet ; Assam ; Burmah.

115. Myrsine semi-serrata. IVall. (No. 93).

In fruit. Helio hill, Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet.

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya ; Nepal ; Sikkim ;
Khasia hills ; Manipur ; Burmah.

116. Embelia Ribes Burnt. (No. 122).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Throughout India and Ceylon, Malaya; South
China.

117. Ardisia paniculata Roxb. (No. 66).

In flower. Demagirb Alt. 1,000 feet.

Distrib. Khasia hills ; As^am ; Chittagong.

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN TilE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS. 349

il8. Ardisia fcolorAte Ra^h» (No. 237).

In fruit. Between Ridge camp and Lttngsin. Alt. 3,500
feet.

Distrib, Assam j Cachar ; Chittagong ; Burmah and Malaya.

II > Antistrophe oxyantha A,D.C» (No. 143).

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Garo hills and Silhet.

XXXVII L--.ST¥RACEiE.

lao. Symplocos sp. near Hooker!, C. B, C» (No^ 339).

In fruti. Fifteen miles South-East ©f Lungleh.

Distrib, Collected by Gallatly in Tenasserim in 1B77.

I 3E. Styrax serrulatum Var. agreslis. (No. 238).

In bud. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Chittagong ; Burmah ;
South India.

XXXIX.-«OLEACEiE.

12a. Jasminum coarctatum R0x6* (No. 275).

In flower. Fart Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills; Duphla hills; Assam ; Chittagong ,*
Burmah.

123. Jasminum anastomosans (N04 49).

In flower. Fort Lungleh

Distrib. Bhotan ; Khasia hills; Naga hills; Cachar; Silhet;
Manipur ; Kachin hills ; Burmah.

124. Jasminum Listeri Kmg, Mss. in Herb. Cak. (No. 78).

In flower. Fort Lungleh,

Collected by Lister in Chittagong hill tracts in 1876.

Scandent shrub, branches pale brown glabrous, branchlets
faintly pubescent. Leaves opposite, simplej petiole
lamina 3'^^ to 5^ by lanceolate acuminate, base cuneate,
glabrous above, faintly pubescent on nerves beneath, main
nerves 4 to 5, prominent beneath. Cymes^ rather lax,
axillary, capitate, pubescent, much shorter than the leaves,
5 or 6 flowers in each cyme. Peduncle pedicels
Bracts subulate, minute, a to 3 pairs, pedicels and calyx
slightly villose, calyx teeth subulate, faintly villous
corolla white, lobes six, tube lobes Stamens two,
in the throat of the corolla, on very short filaments, anthers
oblong, aristate. Ovary 2- celled, style cylindric, stigma,
bifid, lobes linear, ovules 2 in ^ach cell.

C f

350

A BOTANICAL TOUR IlT THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

This' is a very distinct and pretty species, and would appear
to come between Jasminum undulatum Ker and J. pubes-
cens Willd, of the Flora of British India,

125. Ligustrum robustum BL (No, 99).

In fruit, Helio hill, Lunglah, Alt. 3,70© feet,

Distrib. Sikkim j Kbasia hills; Chittagong j Burmah ;
Malaya.

XL.— APOCYNACEyE.

126. Melodious roonogynus Ro%h. (No, 240),

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Duphia hills ; Silhet; Assam :
Malaya,

127. Melodious sp. (Nos, 17 and 154).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Not matched in Herb, Cak,

128. Tabern^montana coronaria 5r, (No. 199),

In flower. Between Lungleh and Ridge camp. Alt, 3,000
feet.

Distrib. Throughout India,

X29. Anodendron paniculatum C (Nos, 81 and 97).

In flower and fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills; Duphia hills; Silhet; Chittagong ;
Burmah ; South and West India ; Ceylon ; Jaya ; Philip-
pines.

XLL— ASCI.EPIADACEiE, . .

130, Gymnema sp. (No. 74).

In flower. Fort Lungleh,

Not matched in Herb. Calc,

XLIL— LOGANIACEiE,

131, Buddleia asiatica Loun (No,

Common everywhere,

Distrib. Throughout India ; Malaya: Iiido-China; China,
XLIIL— BORAGINEiE.

132, Ehretia Wallichiana Ho&k,/. and T, (Nos. 84 and 184),

Irl flower and fruit. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib.X Sikkim; Bhotan\* Assam; Khasia hills.

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAl HILLS. 35 1

T33* Tournefortia Roxburghii C, Clarke (No. 181).

Id fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Dlstrib. Chittagong hill tracts.

134. Helintroplum indicum Linn, (No. ^).

Common. In flower and fruit.

Distrib. Throughout India; Malaya; East Asia; Tropical
Africa ; Tropical America.

XLIV.— CONVOLVULACEiE.

135. Ipomoea kingii Prain, (No. 76).

In flower and fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Khasia ; Assam ; Burmah.

136, Ipomoea vitifolia Sweet, (No. 24 1).

In fruit. Demagiri. Alt 1,000 feet.

Distrib. Throughout India ; Ceylon and Malaya.

XLV.-SOLANACE^.

137. Solanum torvum Swartz (No. 242).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Throughout India; Indo-China ; China; Malaya;
Tropical America

138. Solanum indicum (No. 91).

In fruit. Hello hill, Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet.

Distrib. Throughout India; Indo*China ; Malaya.

139. Datura fastuosa Linn, (No. i).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Throughout India ; Malaya ; Tropical Africa.

140. Nicotiana Tabacum Linn, (No.——).

Common. In flower. Throughout India.

XLVL— SCROPHULARINEiE.

1 4 1. Mazus rugosus Lour, (No. 164).

In flower. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Afghanistan; North-West Himalaya; Sikkim; Bho-
tan; Khasia hills ; Assam; Chittagong ; Burmah; Malaya;
China ; Japan ; Philippines,

353

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAl HILLS.

142. Lindenbergia philippensis Benih, (No. 244).

In fruit* Demagiri. Alt. I4OOO feet. .

Distrib. Naga bills ; Shan hills ; Chittagong ; Burmab ;
Indo-China; China.

143. Torenia vagans Roxb, (No. 243).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia hills; Assam; Kachin
hills ; Chittagong.

XLVIL— GESNERACEiE.

144. Aeschynanthus sp. (No. 130].

In fruit. Sect. Haplotrichium.

Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh. Not matched in Herb.
Calc.

XLVIII.— BIGNONIACEiE.

145. Oroxylum indicum Vent. (No. ).

Only fruit gathered. Fort Lungleh.

Distribr Throughout India ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

146 Stereospermum glandulgsum Mtg. (No. 153).

In flower and. young fruit. Fifteen miles :?out!i-East of
Lungleh.

Distrib. Burmah ; Malaya.

XLlX.-«^ACANTHACEiE

147. Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. (No, 211).

In flower. Between Ridge camp and Luingsin. AH. 2,500
feet

Distrib. East Bengal ; Assam ; Manipur ; Kachin hills ; Chit-
tagong hill tracts.

148. Hemigraphis hirta T. And. (No. 251).

In flower and fruit Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. North-Western Provinces ; Bengal ; Central Prov-
inces ; Pegu.

149. Acanthus leucostachyus Wall. (No. 141).

In flower Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills; Duphla hills; Cachar; Manipur;
Kachin hills ; Chittagong hill tracts.

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILIS.

353

I JO. Eranihemum album Nees (No. 64).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib Jaboca Naga hills ; Assam ; Chittagong ; Burmah ;
Andamans ; Nicobars. -

I jl. Phlogacanthus tubiflorus (No. 6) .

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills ; Duphlahills ; Manipur ; Kachin hills.
15a. Phlogacanthus guttatus (No, 190).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills ; Jaboca Naga nills ; Chittagong hill
tracts.

153. Lepidagathis hyalina JVees (No. aSoL
In fruit. Demagiri. Alt. i,ooo/eet

Distrib. Throughout North India ; Assam ; Chittagong ;
Burmah ; Indo-China ; China.

154. Rhinacanthus calcaratus (No. ii).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills ; Cachar ; Chittagong hill tracts.

155. Rungia parviflora var. muralis. (No. 134).

In flower. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.

Distrib. of the variety. South India ; Chittagong hill tracts.

156. Dicliptera Roxburghiana var. linearis in Herb.

Calc. (No. 135).

In flower. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.

Collected by /iur£i in Pegu,

157. Peristiophe fera C. B, Clarke, (No.— — ).

In flower. Helio hill, Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet,

Distrib. Bhotan ; Assam ; Khasia,

L.— VERBENACEiE.

158. Gmelina arborea Roxh, (No, 348).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. South-Eastern Asia.

159* Clerodendron infortunatum Geertn. (No. 107).

In flower and fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. India ; Indo-China ; Malaya.

160. Caryopteris paniculata C, B, Clarke, (No 148).

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal; Sihkim; Mishmi hills; Kachin hills |
Upper Burmah \ Yunnan-

354 A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

LI.— LABlATiE.

|6|. Pogostemon parviflorus Bth, (No. lo).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. North-West Himalaya ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Khasia
hills; Silhet ; Assam; Chittagong; Burmah; Andamans;
South and West India.

162 Pogostemon glaber Bth, (No. 247).

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Kachin hills ; Upper
Burmah.

163. Pogostemon fraternus Miq. (No. 245).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim; Khasia hills; Naga hills; Manipur;
Upper Burmah.; Java.

164. Ajuga macrosperma WalL var. typica. (No. 246).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. of the variety, Khasia hills; Naga hills; Assam;
Chittagong and Burmah.

LII.— PLANTAGINE^.

^63. Plantago major Linn, (No. 63).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Throughout India In niisj regions ; Ceylon ;
Malaya ; Afghanistan and westwards.

JncompUiw.

LIll.— AMARANTACE^.

166 Amarantus viridis Linn, (No. 268).

In flower, Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Throughout tropical countries.

167. Aerua scandens WalL (No. 137).

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.
Distrib. Throughout the tropics of the Old World.

LIV.— POLYGONACEyE.

168. Polygonum alatum Ham, (No. 163),

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.
Distrib. India; indo-China; Japan ; Abyssinia.

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS. 355

i6g. Polygonum chinense Linn, (No.—).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. South-Eastern Asia.

LV,— ARISTOLOCHI ACE.E.

170. Aristolochia sp. (No. 24).

In flower.

Like Wall. cat. 2705 D in Herb. Calc, but with tomentose
veins.

Near Fort Lungleh,

LVT.-.PIPERACE/E.

17 1. Piper peepuloides (No. 94).

In flower. Fifteen miiles. Sowth»Etwt of Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Assam ; Silhet ; Khasia
hills ; Chittagong.

172. Piper boehmeriaefolium Wo,lU (No. 47),

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim; Bhotan ; Assam ; Silhet ; Khasia hills;
Burmah.

LVIL-MYRISTICEyE.

173. Myristica longifolia WalK (Nos. 114 and 152).

In fruit. Near Lungleh,

Distrib. Sikkim ; Assam ; Silhet ; Khasia hilk ; Chittagong;
Burmah.

LVIII.-LAURINE^.

174. Beilschmiedia assamica (No. 171).

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh,

Distrib. Sikkim; Khasia hills ; Manipur ; Assam.

175. Cinnamomum Tamala Fr, Nees (No. 47).

In flower and fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Tropical and Sub-Tropical Himalaya; Silhet »
Khasia; Assam.

176. Litsaea Salicifolia Hook,f. (Nos. 3 and 12) var. attenuata.

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. of the variety. Silhet ; Assam.

177. Alseodaphne petiolaris. Ho<tk, f,

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Assam; Cachar ; Burmah.

356 A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILI.S.

LlX.-^ELEAGNACEiE.

*178, Elaeagnus latifolia Linn. (No. 37),

In fruit. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. North-West Himalaya; Sikkim; Bhotan ; Mishmi
hills ; Khasia hills ; Chittagong; Burmah ; South India ;
Ceylon ; Malaya ; lodo-China ; China,

LX.— EUPHORBIACEiE.

179. Euphorbia pilulifera (No. 257).

In fruit and flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Throughout the tropics.

180. Bridelia stipularis BL (No. 105).

In fruit. Fort Lungleb.

Distrib. Throughout India ; Ceylon ; Malaya; Philippines
Tropical Africa.

181. Phyllanthus reticulatus (No. 191).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Throughout India and Ceylon; Malaya; China;
Tropical Africa.

182. Breynia patens Benth. (No. 276).

Female in flower and fruit. Lungleh and Lungsin. Alt. 2,000
to 3,000 feet.

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim ; Mishmi hills ; Khasia hills ; Silhet ;
Manipur; Chittagong; Burmah; South India; Ceylon.

183. Cyclostemon assamicus 182),

In fruit. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib, North-West Himalaya ; Sikkim ; Khasia hills ;
Assam; Sunderbuns; Chittagong; Arracan ; Anda-
mans.

184. Aporosa oblonga MuelL Arg. (No. 194) •

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Burmah ; Chittagong.

185. Baccaurea sapida MuelL Arg. (No. 116).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Silhet ; Khasia hills ; Assam,; Burmah ;
Andamans ; Malaya.

186. Antidesma Bunius (No. 170).

In fruit. . Fifteen miles South-East of Lunglen,

Distrib. Throughout Jndia and Malaya.

K BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS. 357

187. Croton oblongifolius Roxb, (No, 38).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib* India ; Assam ; Burmah.

r88, Alchorn^a, rugosB. MuelL A (No. 128).

In flower. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh,

Distrib. Burmah ; Andamans ; Malaya ; China.

189. Mallotus Roxburgliiana MuelL Arg* (No. 260}%

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Silhet ; Manipur ; Assam ;
Chittagong ; Burmah.

190. Ricinus communis Linn. (No. 125)^

In fruit. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Throughout the tropics.

X91. Homonoia riparia (No. 238).

In flower. Demagiri. Alt. 200 feet.

Distrth. India, Indo-China; Malaya; Chma.

193. Sapiiim insigne Bth. (No. 35).

In frmt. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. North-West Himalaya’; Nepal; East Himalaya;
Chittagong ; Burmah.

LXI.— URTICACEiE.

193. Ficus subulata i9/. (Nos. ais and a54>.

Between Ridge Camp and Lungsin. Alt. a, 000 feet.

Distrib. From Chittagong southwards to the Malayan
Archipelago : China.

194. Ficus urophylla Fa/A (No. 14),

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Assam ; Khasia ; Chittagong) BuTihan ; Malay^

195. Ficus retusa var. nltida THun% (No. 123).

Fort Lungleh. •

Distrib. of the variety. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam ; Khasia
hills; Burmah ; Malaya,

196. Ficus hispida Z^w, ^ (No. 253).

Banks of the Karnaphuli river. Alt. 100-200 feet.

Distrib. Throughout India ; Malaya ; Hong Kong;
Australia,

35? A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS^

197* Ficus cunia Ham, (N9. igy)*

Between Lungleh and Ridge Camp, Alt. 3,000 feet.

Distrib. Sub-Himalayan forests; Central India; Assam;
Khasia ; Chittagong ; Burmah ; Malaya.

196. Ficus hirta VahL (No. 142).

Fifteen miles 3outh-£ast of Lungleh.

Distrib. Eastern Himalaya ; Assam ; Burmah ; Malaya ;
China.

199. Ficus pomifera. (No. 129).

Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh. Alt. 3,000 feet.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Assam ; Chittagong ; Burmah ; Malaya.

200. Allaeanthus Kurzii.:^f(p^^'.;/;n{Ndi ^

Male flowers. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Assam and Burmah,

201. Cudrania fruticosa Wight ex. Kuns For. Flor. (No. 19),

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills; Kachin hills ; Chittagong; Burmah.

202. Artocarpus Lakoocha Roxh, (No. 201).

Between Lungleh and Ridge Camp. Alt. 2,000*3,000 feet.
Distrib. Trppical Himalaya, ; Burmah ; South India ; Malaya

203. Conocephalus suaveolens BU (No. 256) •

In flower. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Sikkim; Khasia hills; Kachin hills ; Assam ;
Burmah; Malaya.

204. Girardinia heterophylla Dene, (Nos. 5 and 7),

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. North-West Himalaya ; Sikkim ; Assam ; Silhet ;
Burmah ; Central and South India ; Ceylon ; Java.

205. Elatostema sesquifolium Hassk* (No. 55),

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills ; Assam ; Chittagong ; Burmah ;
Andamans ; Nicobars ; Java.

206. Boehmeria malabarica Wedd, (Nos. 4 and 54),

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Mishmi hills ; Khasia hills ; Chittagong ;
Burmah ; South and West India ; Ceylon ; Java.

207. Sarcochlamys pulcherrima Gand, (No. 13 1).

Leaf specimens only. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh.
Distrib. North-West Himalaya; Bhotan ; , Assam ; Khasia
hills ; Silhet ; Cachar ; Chittagong ; Burmah.

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

359

LXH.— GNETACC.^

208. Gjietum Gnemon Linn, (Nos. 269 and 270).

In jSower and fruit, Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Khasia hills ; Kachin hills ; Manipur ; Malaya.

Monocotyledones.

LXIII.—ORCHIDACE^.

Nearly all the species of orchids in the following list were con-
tributed by Lieut. Bailey from his collection, and consequently bear
no field number. All were collected in the Fort Lungleh district, but
the exact localities and altitudes had not been noted —

209. Oberonia iridifolia LindL
Distrib. India ; Indo-China.

210. Liparis longipes LindL

Distrib. India; Indo-China; China; Malaya,

21 1. Dendrobium cariniferum Reichb,/,

Distrib. Naga hills; Manipur; Shan hills; Kachin hills.

212. Dendrobiun formosum Roxb,

Distrib Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Khasia hills ; Assam
Burmah ; Andamans.

213. Dendrobium anceps Swartz,

Distrib. Sikkim ; Bengal ; Assam ; Burmah.

214. Dendrobium bicameratum LindL

Distrib, Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Behar ; Burmah.

215. Dendrobium cretaceum LindL

Distrib. Western Himalaya; Khasia hills ; Kachin hills;
Burmah.

216. Dendrobium heterocarpum WalL

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Assam ; Burmah ;
South India; Ceylon.

217. Dendrobium transparens WdlL

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya ; Sikkim: Khasia hills;
Garo hills ; Assam ; Kachin hills.

218. Dendrobium crepidatum LindL

Distrib, Khasia hills ; Assam ; Burmah ; West India.

219. Dendrobium pendulum Roxb,

Distrib. Chittagong ; Burmah ; Siam.

3C0 A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH 1 USHAI HILLS.

220. Dendrobium Devonianum Post.

Distrib. Bhotan ; Khasia Hills ; Naga Hills ; Assam ; Burmah.

221. Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook* var. oculata.

Distrib. of species. North-West Himalaya ; Sikkim ; Khasia
hills ; Manipur Burmah.

222. Dendrobium Gibsoni Lindl.

Distrib. Sikkim; Assam; Khasia hills ; Burmah.

223. Dendrobium chrysanthum Wall,

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Shan hills ; Kachin
hills.

224. Dendrobium ocbreatum Lindl, (No. 214).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Naga hills ; Khasia hills ; Chittagong.

225. Dendrobium aggregatum Roxb*

Distrib, Assam ; Burmah.

226. Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl, (No. 197).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib, Burmah ; Assam.

227. Bulbophyllum Lobbii Lindl, (No. 179).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Burmah ; Siam ; Java. ^

228. Cirrhopetalum picturatum G, Lodd.

Distrib. Burmah.

229. Eria convallarioides Lindl,

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya ; Sikkim; Khasia hills;
Naga hjlls; Burmah.

230. Eria pannea Lindl,

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Kachin hills ; Burmah ; Malaya.

231. Eria bambusifolia. Lindl.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Kachin hills ; Southern India.

233. Eria tomentosa Hook, f, (No. 228].
j^n flower. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib, Silhet ; Khasia hills ; Chittagong ; Burmah,

233. Phajus maculatus Lindl,

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia hills ;* Indo-China ; China;
Japan,

134. Phajus albus Lindl*

Distrib. North-West Himalaya; Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia hills;
Kachia hills; Burmah ; Southern India; Indo-China,

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS,

361

Coelogyne Gardneriana Ltndl,

Distrib* Himalaya; Assam hills; Karen hills.

336. Ccelogyne graminifolia Par. and Reichh, f,

Distrib. Assam ; Tenasserim ; Kachin hills.

237. Coelogyne fuscescens LindL
Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim ; Khasia hills.

238. Coelogyne ovalis LindL

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya; Sikkim; Khasia hills.
339. Coelogyne elata LindL

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya ; Nepal; Sikkim ; Bhotan ;
Assam ; Burmah.

34Q. Coelogyne maculata ? LindL

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Khasia hills.

24^. Pholidata imbricata LindL ^No. 229).

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Himalaya; Assam; Burmah; Andamans.

342* Pholidota advena ?

Distrib. Burmah.

343. Pholidota Convallariae Afi7(?y^./’.(No. 195).

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Khasia hills ; Naga hills ; Burmah.

344. Pholidata rubra LindL

Distrib, Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Kachin hills; Upper Burma.

345. Cymbidium lancifolium Hook.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Mishmi hills ; Khasia hills ; Indo-
China, Japan; Malaya.

246 Cymbidium pendulum 5"

Distrib. Sikkim ; Bengal ; Assam ; Burmah ; Andamans ;
Southern India; Malaya.

247 Phalaenppsis Cornu cervi, Par. and Reichh. /.

Distrib. Burmah ; Malaya.

24*^. Aerides Fieldingii Lodd,

Distrib. Sikkim ; Assam ; Kaohin hills.

349 Aerides odoratum Lour.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Silhet ; Chittagong r
Burmah ; South India; Indo-China ; China ; Malaya.

250. Renanthera Inschootiana Rolfe (No. 230).

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Assam.

362 A BOTANICAL TOU|?| iN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

251. Vanda teres LindL

Distrib. Bengal ; Assam ; Burmah ; Andamans.

253. Vanda coerulea

Distrib. Khasia and Jyntea hills.

253. Saecolabiura papillosum LindL

Distrib. Eastern Himalaya; Assam; Lower Bengal; Burmah.

254. Sarcanthus appendiculatus. Hook.f,

Distrib, Sikkim ; Assam ; Burmah,

255. Cleisostoma bicuspidatum. Hook, /.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia ; Tenasserim,

256. Onithochilus fuscus. Wall,

Distrib. Sikkim; Bhotan ; Khasia; Assam; Kachin hills;
Burmah.

357. Cypripedium villosum. var. Boxalli.

Distrib. Shan hills ; Kachin hills ; Moulmein,

LXIV.— SCITAMINE^.

25S. Hemiorchis burmanica Kurz, (No. 207).

In flower. Between Ridge Camp and Lungsin. Alt. 2,000
feet.

Distrib. Khasia hills ; Buimah.

259 Hedychium villosum Wail, (No. 120).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib Silhet; Assatn ; Khasia h.lls ; Miki hills; Naga hills;
Manipur ; Burmah.

«6o. Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe (No. 206).

In flower. Between Ridge Camp and Lungsin. Alt. 2^000
feet.

Distrib. Bengal ; Khasia ; Assam ; Chittagong ; South and
Central India ; Malaya,

261. Amomum dealbatum Roxb, (No. 173).

In flower. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh. Alt. 3,000
feet,

Distrib. Sikkim; Bengal; Khasia hills; Silhet; Naga hills;
Assam ; Chittagong ; Burmah,

262. Alpinia malaccensis Roscoe (No, 115),

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Assam ; Chittagong ; Bur-
ms^h ; South India ; Malaya.

A BOTANrCAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHA! HILLS, 363

LXV.— AMARYLLIDEiE.

263. Curculigo recurvata Dryand. (No. ai8).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bengal ; Assam ; Cbittagofig ; Bur-
mah ; Ceylon ; Malaya ; China ; Australia,

LXVI.—DIOSCOREACE^.

264, Dioscorea glabra Roxb* (No. 252),

In fruit. Demagiri. Alt. 500 feet.

Distrib. North-West Himalaya; Nepal; Sikkim; Bengal;
Burmah; Malaya ; South India.

365. Dioscorea bulbifera Z/««. (No. >),

Grown from a tuber gathered near Fort Lungleh.

( ■

LXVIL— LILIACEiE

266. Smilax lanceaefolia Roxh, (No. 45).

In young fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Naga hills ; Kachin hilb ;
Manipur ; Burmah.

267. Smilax Roxburghiana Wall, (No. 149).

In fruit. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh. Alt. 3,006
feet.

Distrib. North-West Himalaya ; Sikkim; Silhet ; Cachar;
Khasia hills ; Kachin hills.

268. Dracaena ensifolia Wall, (No. 144).

In flower. Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh. Alt. 3,000
feet.

Distrib. Bhotan ; Duphla hills ; Silhet ; Assam ; Khasia hills ;
Naga hills ; Kachin hills ; Burmah.

269* Dracaena terniflora Roxh, (No. 263). I

In flower. Between Ridge Camp and Lungsin. Alt./ 2,000
feet.

Distrib. Silhet j Cachar ; Khasia hills ; Manipur ; Chittagong ;
South Iii#a.

LXVIII.— COMMELINACEiE.

270. Coimneluia nudiflora Linn, (No. 264) «

In flower. Between Linchong and Demagiri All. 500=
1,000 feet.

Distrib. Cosmopolitan in the tropics.

364 A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

LXIX.— PALMEiE.

271. Pinanga gracilis 5/. (Nos. 117 and 118).

In fruit. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Khasia hills ; Assam ; Cbittagc ng ;
Burmah.

272. Caryota urens Roxb» (No. 56}.

In leaf only. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Throughout the hotter parts of Asia.

273. Licuala peltata Roxb* (No. 262),

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia ; Assam ; Silhet ; Burmah ;
Andamans.

274. Calamus tenuis Roxb, (No. 261).

In leaf only. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Tropical Himalaya ; Bengal ; Assam ; Silhet ; Chitta*
gong; Burmah; Indo-China.

LXX.— AROIDEiE.

275. Steudnera sp. (No. 267).

In flower. Between Ridge Camp and Lungsin. Alt. 1,000
feet,

276. Alocasia fallax Schott (No. 50).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Burmah.

277. Rhaphidophora calophyllum Schott (No. 15).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Burmah.

278. Rhaphidophora Hookeri Schott (No. 67).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim; Duphla hills; Khasia liills ; Garo hills;
Chittagong; Manipur; Upper Burmah.

279. Rhaphidophora glauca Schott (No. 266).

In flower. Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; DuphU hills ; Khasia hills ;
Naga bills ; Manipur,

280. Rhaphidophora decursiva (No. 68).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Khasia hills ; Upper Burmah ; South India ;
Ceylon.

A BOTANrCAL TOUR IN THfi SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS, 365

281. Pothos scandens Linn, (No, 265),

In fiower. Hello hills, Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet,

Distrib. India; Indo China; Malaya; China.

282. Pothos Cathcarti Schott (No, 83).

In flower. Fort Lungleh.

Distrib, Nepal; Sikkim ; Rhasia 'hills ; Naga hills ; Assam ;
Kachin hills ; Burmah,

LXXI.—CYPERACC.^.

283. Kyllinga menocephala Rotth^ (N@. 278).

Between Lungleh and Ridge Camp. Alt. 3,000 feet.

Distrib. Throughout India and the Old World tropics.

284. Cyperus diffusus Vahl. (No. 167).

Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh. Alt. 3,000 feet.
Distrib. Throughout the tropics,

285. Scleria sumairensis Retz. (No. — ).

Between Ridge Camp and Lungsin. Alt. 2,000-3,000 feet.
Distrib. Bengal; Chittagong hill tracts; South India
Ceylon ; Malaya ; Nicobars ; Java.

LXXiI.-~GRAMlN£/£

The following species are only those which have been as yet
Worked out from the collection, and do not represent it com-
pletely : —

286. Panicum sarmentosum Roxb. (No. i56).

Fifteen miles South-East of Liingleh. Alt 3,000 feet.

Distrib. Assam; Silhet ; Cachar ; Khasia ; ' Chittagong ;
Burmah; Indo-China; China,

287. Panicum plicatum Lamk, (No. 279)

Between Lungleh and Ridge Camp. Alt. 3,000 feet.

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya; Sikkim; Shan hills;
South India ; Ceylon ; Malaya ; China.

288. Panicum pilipes Nees, and Arnoft, (No. 133) .

Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh, Alt. 3,000 feet.

Distrib. Sikkim Terai; Khasia hills ; Burmah ; Central and

South India; Ceylon; Nicobars; Malaya; Indo-China;
Madagascar; Australia,

366 A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LU&HAI HIT.LS.

289. Thysanolaena agrostis Nees» (No. s8i).

Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh, Alt. 3,000 feet.

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya ; Sikkim ) Khasia hills;
Behar; South India; Burmah ; Nicobars; Malaya.

290. Imperata arundinacea Cyrill. (No. 208).

Between Ridge Camp and Lungsin, Alt. 2,500 feet.

Distrib. Cosmopolitan in the tropics.

291. Pogonatherum crinitum Trin. (No. 280).

Between Ridge Camp and Lungsin. Alt, 2,500 feet.

Distrib. Throughout India and Malaya ; China ; New

Hebrides,

LXXIII.-^LYCOPODIACEiE:.

292. Lycopodium setaceum Ham,

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Himalayas ; Nilgherries ; Ceylon ; Borneo.

LXXIV.— SELAGINELLACEyE

293. Selaginella caulescens Spreng-

Between Ridge Camp and Lungsin, Alt, 2,000 feet.

Distrib. India; Ceylon; Indo-China ; Malaya; China;
Japan ; Philippines ; New Guinea.

2Q4. Selaginella Wallichii Spreng*

Between Ridge Camp and Lungsin. Alt. 2,000 feet.

Distrib, Eastern Himalaya; Malaya; Philippines; New
Guinea.

LXXV.— FILICES.

295. Davallia polypodioides Don, var. strigosa of C. B, Clarke’s

Ferns of Nor^^hern India
Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. North-West Himalaya; Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia;
Chittagong ; Assam ; South India ; Malaya ; China ; Japan ;
Polynesia; Tropical America.

296. Onychium auratum Kaulf,

^ Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim; Assam ; Chittagong; Malaya.

297. Pteris quadriaurita Retz*

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Punjab; Assam; Chittagong; South and West
India; Ceylon; Malaya.

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS. 367

298. Pteris biaurita Linn,

Fort Lungleh.

Distfib. North-West Himalaya; Sikkim ; Khasia ; South and
West India; Ceylon ; Malaya ; China; Xropical Africa and
America.

299. Blechnum orientale Linn,

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim; Khasia hills; Chittagong; South
India; Ceylon ; Malaya; China; Polynesia; Australia,

300. Asplenium Nidus Linn,

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Assam ; Chittagong; South India;
Ceylon ; Malaya ; Polynesia.

301. Asplenium bantamense Baker,

Fifteen miles.

South-East of Lungleh. Alt, 3,000 feet.

Distrib. Khasia ; Cachar ; Chittagong ; South India ;
Malaya ; China,

302. Asplenium sylvaticum PresU

Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh. Alt. 3,000 feet.
Distrib. Burmah ; Malaya ; South India ; Ceylon ; Mauritius.

303. Asplenium multicaudatum Wall,

Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Khasia ; Chittagong,

304. Didymochlaena lunulata Desv,

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Assam ; Burmah ; Malaya. The discovery of this
fern-goes to show that the doubt thrown upon the authen-
ticity of Jenkin's Assam specimens in the Calcutta
Herbarium, is not well founded.

30*1. Nephrodiuro glandulosum J, Sm,

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya ; Assam ; Chittagong ;
Burmah ; Malaya ; Philippines.

306. Nephrodium molle Desv,

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Himalaya; Chittagong; Burmah ; Malaya ; South
and West India ; Africa ; South America ; West Indies :
Australia.

368 A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAI HILLS.

307. Nephrodium parasiticum, C. B, Clarke,

Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Throughout India.

308. Nephrodium vastum Baker,

Between Lungleh and Tuichong. Alt. 2,000-3,000 feet.
Distrib. East Bengal ; Mishmi ; Khasia ; Chittagong \
Burmah ; Malaya.

309. Polypodium urophyllum Wall,

Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh. Alt. 3,000 feet.

Distrib, North-Western Himalaya ; Sikkim; Bhotan ; Chitta-
gong ; South India ; Ceylon ; Malaya ; North Australia ;
Polynesia,

310. Polypodium multilineatum Wall,

Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh. Alt. 3,000 feet.

Distrib, North-Western Himalaya ; Sikkim ; Chittagong ;
South India ; Malaya,

31 1. Poly podium Heteractis Meit,

Helio hill, Lungleh. Alt. 3,700 feet.

Distrib. Sikkim ; Bhotan : Khasia.

312. Polypodium quercifolium Linn,

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Throughout India ; Malaya ; South China ; Aus-
tralia.

313. Polypodium normale Don,

Fifteen miles South-East of Lungleh. Alt. 3,000 feet.
Distrib. Nepal; Sikkim; Bhotan; Khasia hills.

314. Polypodium hemionitideura Wall,

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Khasia ; Chittagong ;
South India ; Malaya ; China.

315. Acrostichum virens Wall,

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib, Chittagong hill tracts.

316. Lygodium pinnatifidum Sw.

Fort Lungleh.

Distrib. North-Western Himalaya ; Nepal ; Sikkim ; Silhet;
Khasia hills ; Assam ; Kachin hills ; Chittagong and
Burmah; South and Western India; Andamans; Malaya.

317. Angiopteris evecta
Fort Lungleh,

Distrib. Nepal ; Sikkim ; Bhotan ; Chittagong ; South In din ;
Ceylon ; Malaya ; Australia ; Madagascar.

A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE SOUTH LUSHAl HILLS. 369

The following table gives a synoptic view of the systematic
character of the collection

Phanerogams . .

215

Dicotyledons . •

171

208

Poly petal SB • .

Ihalamiflorae • »

Disclfloras • •

Calyciflorac • •

Gamopetalas « .

Incompletae • •

Monocotyledons •

Cryptogams • •

Totals

Nat.

ord

ers

nera

228

Spec

ies

Amongst the Phanerogams the Natural order Orchidacese comes
first with 49 species, next Filices with 23 species, Leguniinosse
with 18 species, Urticacae with 15 species, Rubaceaewith 14, Euphor-
biaceae with 13 species, Acanthaceae with ii species, Compositae
with 10 species. Of the remainder there are one order with 8 species^
one with 7 species, ten with 6 species, three with 5 species, nine
with 4 species, ten with 3 species, thirteen with 2 species, twenty,
eight with 1 species.

Gi 1. C. P. 0.-*No. 614 & A.— a2»2-i9oi.— 400.

INDEX

[Spec es described ere printed in heavier type.]

PAGE.

Abelia triflora . . 4 .

190, 300

Abies Webbiana 2', 3 4', 6', 10', 1 1

H'f I9'»33 »
140, 172, 210

Abies Webbiana, var. Pindrow

36, 172

Abroma augusta

Abrus pulchellus • 1 •

239, 289

Abutilon indicum . . 37* 193, *31, 287

Abutilon polyandrum .

337

Acacia . . . . .

68, 79

Acacia ara^bica ....

49,89

Acacia Catechu . , . .

1S3

Acacia concinna

Acacia Intsia . . . .

Acacia Intsia, var. oxyphylla

343

Acacia leucophloea

Acacia pennata

241,290

Acacia pennata, var. arrophula

343

Acacia pruinescens ,

241, 343

Acalypha

264, 299

Acalypha brachystachya

208

Acanthacese 83, 165, 205, 256,

3*0,352,369

Acantholiinon lycopodioides

160

Acanthopanax aculeatum

71,81

Acanthus leucOstachyus 67, 83,

257, 296, 352

Acer

341

Acer caesium . . 26, 27,

f ^0, 149, lob

Acer caudatum . ^ .

3', 4', >96

Acer oblongum ....

196

Acer pictum . • . .

196

Acer'villosum ' .

187

Achillea millefolia

158, 203

Achillea pubescens

158

Achyranthes aspera

Achyranthes bidentata

169

Achyrospermum Wallichianum

360, 298

Aconitum

323

Aconituin Delphinium .

Aconitum ferox, var. moschata

Aconitum heterophyllum

37, *43, 192

Aconitum Lycoctonum

37, *43

Aconitum NapeUus . . 37

> 74, *43, *92

Aconitum Napellus, var. dissecta .

Aconitum Napellus, var. multifida

Aconitum Napellus, var. rotundifolia 37

Aconitum Napellus, var. taurica

PAGE.

Acrocephalus capitatus

. 206, 259, 297

Acrocryphaea

323

Acrocryphaea concavifolia

323

Acroglochin chenopodioides .

. 207

Acronychia laurifplia

234, 287

Acrostichum appendiculatum

. B8, 281, 306

Acrostichum aureura .

Acrostichum axillare .

69,88

Acro.'tichum flagelliferum

AerosUchum palustre .

Acrostichum scandens .

Acrostichum variable .

69, 88

Acrostichum virens

368

Actaea spicata

37, *43

Actinodaphne obovatum

64, 85

Actinodaphne sikkimensis

. 262, 298

Adenosacme longifolium

346

Adenostemma tenerum

Adenostemma viscosum

. 201

Adenostemma viscosum, var. elata 248. -293

Adhatoda ....

. 19*

Adhatoda Vasica 52, 72, 83, 95

166, 183, 185,

Adiantum Capillus-Veneris .

206, 258, 297
. *37, 178, 214

Adiantum caudatum .

. 88, 184, 213

Adiantum flabellulatum

Adiantum lunulatum .

54, 88, 93, 213

Adiantum pedatum

. 214

Adiantum venustum

. 178, 214

Adina sessilifolia .

. 246, 292

Adonis ....

19*

Adonis aestivalis .

. 142

i^lgiceras majus .

.^ginetia indica .

254, 295

.^Egle marmelos .

.^nanthe bengalensis .

. 69, 80

.^^nanthe stolonifera ,

Aerides ....

66,86

Aerides Fieldingii

. 271, 302, 361

Aerides multiflorum

* 271,302

Aerides odoratum

. 361

Aerobryum

324

Aerobryum longissimum

324

Aerua javanica

*34

3Z2

INDEX.

PAGE.

Allium margaritaceum

PAGE.

Aerua scandens

207, 261, 298, 354

*74

Aerua tomentosa

169

Allium rubellum .

*74

i^schynanthus

56, 352

Allium rubellum, var. grandiflorum 174

/^Ischynanthus brevipes

255» 295

Allium Wallichii .

. 3

/Eschynanthus gracilis

«3

Allophyllus Cobbe

i^lschynanthus grandiflora,

var.

Allophyllus Cobbe, var. glabra

. 236, 288

longiflora .

255» 295

Allophyllus zeylanicus .

^Eschynanthus maculata

255, 296

Alnus nepalensis

172, I QO, 210, 26G, 300

/Eschynanthus micrantha

255» 296

Alocasia

^Eschynanthus pusilla

255» 296

Alocasia fallax

364

/Eschynanthus superba

255. 296

Alocasia indica

277, 305

/Eschynomene aspera

Alpinia

69, 86

/Eschynoinene indica

i5o> 10

Alpinia Galanga .

274, 303

/Esculus indica

26, 149, 195

Alpinia malaccensis

362

/Esculus punduana

62, 70, 79

Alseodaphne petiolaris .

355

Aganosma cymosum

252, 294

Aisomitra pubigera

245, 291

Agapetes Pottingeri

250, 294

Alsophila glabra .

■ 54. 68, 88

Agaricus campestris

137

Alsophila glauca .

68, 88

Agave americana

Alston ia scholaris .

65. 82, 251, 294

Agave sisalana

51. 97

Alternanthera sessilis

. 84, 92, 307

Agave vivipara .

Althaea rosea

• **.37. *47

Ageratum conyzoides .

81, 89, 347

Altingia excelsa .

243, 291

Aglaia Chittagonga

340

Alysicarpus .

191

Ag’aia minutiflo a, var. travan-

Alysicarpus bupleurifolius

. 196

corica

Alysicarpus pubescens .

92, 95

Agrimonia Eupatorium .

152, 198, 24», 290

Alysicarpus vaginalis .

196

Agrimonia pi osa

198

Amarantaceae , 84, 134,

169, 207, 261, 354

Agropyron longe*aristatuni

177

Amarantus .

Agrostis

213

Amarantus Blitum

. 169, 207

Agrostis alba

177

Amarantus paniculatus

169, 184, 187, 207, 261

Agrostis sub-aristata

1 ,

177

298

Agrostis verticillata

177

Amarantus spinosus

. 84, 188, 207

Agrpstophyllum khasianum

269, 301

Amarantus viridis

354

AinsHaea aptera .

159, 202

Ama'*yllidaceae

. *73.274,363

Ainsliaea pteropoda

19'

Amblystegium Blicinum

181

Ajuga bracteosa .

169, 206

Amblystegium serpens

i8i

Ajuga macrosperma, var. breviflora

261, 298

Ammannia .

* 70, 80, 1 91

Ajuga macrosperma, var. typica .

354

Ammannia ba^cifera .

*54

Ajuga parviflora

169, 206

Ammannia multiflora .

Alangium Kingianum .

246, 292

Ammannia pentandr;; .

*99

Albizzia

Ammannia rotundifoHa

• 69

Albizzia Julibrissin

197

Amomum dealbatum .

. 362

Albi?zia lucida

24 T, 290

Amoora

. 62

Albizzia p ecera

Amoora Rohituka

59, 78

Albizzia stipulata

55. 94. 343

Amorphophallus .

277, 305

Alchornea rugosa

357

Amorphophallus bulbifer

Alchornea tiliaefolia

Amorphophallus commutatus

• 54. 97

Alhagi cametorum

*50

Amorphophallus Cruddasianus

277, 305

Alhagi maurorum

Ampelide* .

78. 149, 195. 235, 340

Alisma

87, 191

Amphidium lapponicum

180

Alisma Plantago .

212

Anacardiaceae

79,

129, 149, 196, 236

A’ismaceae .

87,

17s, 212, 278

' Anacardium occidentale

Allaeanthus Kurzii

358

Anagallis arvensis

i6i

All ardia glabra .

*7'

Anamirta Cocculus

Alla dia tomentosa

Anaphalis contorta

*57.202

Allium blandum .

*74

Anaphalis cuneifolia

157

Allium Govanianum

*74

Anaphalis nubigena

. 202

INDEX.

373

Anaphalis Royleana

PAGE.

157. 202

Anaphalis triplinervis .

202

Andrachne cordifoiia

171

Andioffiaphis tenuifloia

257. 297

An(Iropog'on ....

93» i9«

Andropogon annu’atus

45,213

Andropogon assimiiis .

213

Andropogon contortus ,

213

Andropogon distans

Andropogon Gryllus

Andropogon Gryllus, var, echinulata

176, 213

Andropogon halepcnsis

176

Andropogon Ischaemum

45, 176. 213

Andropogon Iwarancusa

176,213

Andropogon lancifolius . .

Andropogon laniger . .

Andropogon micranthus

213

Andropogon monticola

213

Andropogon monticola, var. Trinii

176

Andropogon scandens .

Andropogon serratus . t .

213

Andropogon Sorghum, var. halepe*
sis

Andropogon squarrosus

213

Andropogon tristis

213

Androsace foliosa

161

And rosace Harrissii, Duthie

141, 161

Androsace rotundifolia

189, 203

Androsace rotundifolia, var. glandu-
losa

161

Androsace rotundifolia, vac. macro-
calyx

161

Androsace sarmentosa

203

Androsace semperviroides

161

Androsace villosa

161

Androscepia . . . .

Aneilema lineolatum .

276, 304

Aneilema nudiflorum .

72, 86, 21 1

Aneilema scaberrimum

276, 304

Aneilema triquetrum

276, 304

Anemone .....

183

Anemone albana

5,7

Anemone biflora . . .

142

Anemone Falconeri

142

Anemone narcissiflora .

142

Anemone obtusiloba

J5', 37, >42

Anemone rivularis

3', 227, 286

Anemone vitifolia

10', 184, 1 91

Angelica glauca . , . .

>55

Angiopteris evecta . .

56,68,88,368

Anisomeles Heyneana

Anisomeles ovata .

84, 168,206

Anneslea fragrans

231, 286

Anodendron paniculatum

350

Anoectangium . . .

311

Anoactangium Walkeri,

Broth

311

Anoectochilus . . . .

222

Anogeissus acuminata, var. lanceo*

PAGE.

lata \ .

344

Anomobryum

320

Anomobryum cymbifolium

320

Anonaceae .

75.227, 335

Anona reticulata .

Anotis calycina

2oJ

Anotis ingrata

247, 293

Antennaria muscoides .

17', 2l'

Anthemis odontostephana

132

Anthistiria .

Anthistiria Adscenscionis

213

Anthistiria anathera

1 76, 2 1 3

Anthistiria ciliata

Anthistiria cyanantha .

2>3

Anthistiria gigantea

Anthistiria scandens

279, 30S

Anthocephalus Cadamba

62,81

Anthogonium gracile .

269,301

Anthriscus nemorosa

>55

Antidesma Bunius

356

Antidesma diandrum .

Antidesma Glisesembhilla

264, 299

Antistrophe oxyentha .

349

Antrophyum latifolium

An trophy um plantagineum

281, 306

Antrophyum reticulatum

66,88

Apluda aristata .

Ap'uda varia

213

Apluda varia, var, aristata

176

Apocynaceae .82,133,162,

204,251,310, 350

Apocynum venetum

Aponogeton

V 87

Aponogeton crispum .

y •

27^,305

Aponogeton monostachyum

Aporosa oblonga .

263, 299, 35^1

Aporosa Roxburghii

263,299

Apostasia Wallichii

273>.303

Apta ....

Aquilegia vulgaris, sub.-sp.

Moor-

croftiana, var afghanica

Aquilegia vulgaris sub.-sp.

nivalis,

var. paradoxa

143

Arabis alpioa

144

Arabis amplexicaulis .

144

Arabis auriculata

' 144

Arabis bijuga

144

Arabis perfoliata .

144

Araliaceae . . 1

Br,

>55,

200, 245, 345

Aralia armata

245, 292

Aralia cachemirica

>55

Aralia Thom soni .

64,81

Arceutholobium minutissiraum

2, 26, 29

Arcthim

187

Arctium Lappa .

202

Ardisia

Ai^isia coloi'ata .

, ' 34

374

INDEX,

PAGE.

Ardisia crenata • .

. 250,294

Arundo bengalensis

. 137

Ardista paniculata . •

. 348

Arundo Donox

. 177

Ardisia virens

. 250, 294

Asarum himalaicum

Areca ....

. 219

Asclepiadaceae , 82, 162, 204, 252, 310, 350

Areca Catechu

68, 86

Asclepias Curassavica .

57, 82, 252, 294

Arenaria

Asparagus

. 56,218

Arenaria iestucoides

. 190

Asparagus filicinus

173

Arenaria foliosa .

147

Asparagus racemosus .

Arenaria Gridithii

. 190

Asperugo procumbens .

. 163

Arenaria holosteoides .

38, 190

Asperula cynanchica .

*56

Arenaria orbiculata

147

Asperula setosa

156

Arenaria serpyllifolia .

147

Asphodelus flstulosus .

. 136

Argemone mexicana

Asphodelus tenuitouus

. 136

Argyreia ....

Aspidium aculeatum

S', 214

Argyreia cuneata

Aspidium aristatum

. 281, 306

Argyrolobium flaccidum

196

Aspidium auriculatum •

. 8', 214

Argyrolobium roseum

149

Aspidium cicutarium .

Arisaema

211

Aspidium coryotideum

214

Arisaema album

. 277, 304

Aspidium decurrens

Arisaema concuinum

277, 304

Aspidium heterosorum

Arisaema petiolulatum

277, 304

Aspidium ilicifolium

214

Arisaema speciosum

Aspidium Lonchitis

179

Aristida ....

Aspidium membranifoliunii

Aristida adscensionis

. 176

Aspidium Prescottianum

214

Aristida cyanantha

. 176

Aspidium Prescottianum, var, Bakeriana 214

Aristolochiaceae

84, 355

Aspidium Thomsoni

214

Aristolochia ,

355

Aspidium variolosum

Aristplochia Roxburghiana .

Aspidium vastum

Aristolochia saccata

67, 84

Aspidopterys natans .

Aroideae 86, 175,

2 1 1, 277.310,364

Aspidopterys Roxburghiana

Artemisia ....

. 190

Asplenium

Artemisia campestris .

Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum

. 179,214

Artemisia laciniata

158

A3plenium alternans

179,214

Artemisia maritima . 15,

33, 38, 45, 46, 132

Aspleniun. bantamense

88, 367

Artemisia parvi flora

. 15, 93, 202

Asplenium Ceterach

179, 214

Artemisia sacrorum

15, 158

Asplenium dentigerum

179

Artemisia scoparia

. 39, 158, 202

Asplenium esculentum

. 69, 88

Artemisia vestita

158

Asplenium Filix-foemina

. 214

Artemisia vulgaris 71, 81, 93, 158, 202, 249, 293

Asplenium fimbriatum

214

Arthraxon ciuaris

213

Asplenium Finlaysonianum

. 88, 281, 306

Arthraxon lanceolatus .

213

Asplenium fontanum

. 179, 214

Arthraxon mrcrophyllus

213 1

Asplenium japonicum

214

Artocarpus Chlaplasha

63, 85

Asplenium lanceum

Artocarpus hirsuta

57 1

Asplenium latifolium

Artocarpus integrifolia

72, 85 1

Asplenium longissimum

Artocarpus Lakoocha

358 1

Asplenium Mackinnoni

141, 179

Arum JacquemontH

175

Asplenium multicaudatum

367

Arundina bambusiblia

. 270, 302

Asplenium Nidus

. 65, 88, 367

Arundinaria

. 222, 223, 280

Asplenium nigripes

. 141, 214

Arundinaria falcata

213

Asplenium nitidum

Arundinaria Gammieana

Asplenium planicaule .

. 281, 306

Arundinaria Hookeriana

Asplenium platyphyllum

Arundinaria racemosa
Aruhdinaria spathiflora

3', 4'

Asplenium polypodipides
Asplenium septentrionale

. 83, 214

179,214

Arundinella brasiliensis

. 212

Asplenium sylvaticum

367

Arundinella setosa

. 212

Asplenium thelypteroides

. 214

Arundinella Wallichii

217

Asplenium trichomanes

. 179, 214

Arundo

69, 73, 87

Asplenium umiaterale

. 214

INDEX.

375

•

PAGE.

Asplenium varians

. 214

Asplenium viride

179

Aster altaicus . .

157

Aster asperulus

. 201

Aster Laka

. 201

Aster Thomsoni ,

. 201

Astilbe rivularis

198

Astragalus

45, 47, 1^7, 196

Astragalus chlorostachys

150, 184

Astragalus graveolens .

150

Astragalus pycnorhi/us

. lo'

Astragalus squarrosus .

130

Astragalus subulatus

150

Asystasia Neesiana

257, 296

Athyrium filix-foemina ,

Athyrium pectinatum .

189

Athyrium thelypteroides

190

Atriplex crassifolia

45, 169

Atriplex nummularia .

Atriplex rosea

Avena fatua

Avena sativa . '

Azalea

222

Azolla pinnata

Bauhinia racemosa
Bauhinia rufa
Bauhinia Vahlii
Bauhinia variegata
Beans
Beet -root
Begoniacese
Begonia

Begonia amoena
Begonia barbata
Begonia gigantea
Begonia picta
Begonia JRouburghii
Begonia silhetensis
Beilschmiedia assamica
Berberidese
Berberis

Berberis aristata
Berberis Lycium
Berberis vulgaris
Berchemia floribunda
Betel leaf
Betel nut
Betula alnoides
Betuia utilis

PAGE.

92
342
>07
241, 290
72, 218
218

200, 245, 345
222
200

2455 292, 345
24s, 292
200
80
80
355
143, 192
187, 189
192

39, 143, 192
144, 185, 192
186, 195
50

50, 53, 68
266, 300
, 4', 6', 12', 39, 210

Bhabur

Bhantal

. 1 10

Bhahtali

. 1 12

Babul . . . ■ .

Bhantel

1 12

Baccaurea sapida

72, 85, 356

Bhantur . • .

. 1 12

Baer ....

221

Bhatal

1 12

Balanitis Roxbrughii

Bhos ....

Baliospermuin micranthum

264, 299

Biboas

Baltan

Bidens cernua

202

Bamboo

222, 223

Bidens pilosa

. 81, 158, 348

Bambusa . ,

213

Bidens tripartita .

i 203

Bambusa Balcooa

Bignoniaceae

• 83, 256, 352

Bambusa Tulda .

Blschofia javanica

64, 85

Banyan . . ■ .

223

Bixineae

76, 336

Barbarea vulgaris

144

Blechnum cartilagineum

Barbula

317

Blechnum orientale 54, 5^, 69, 88, 281, 306, 367

Barbula alpigena

180

Blepharis asperrima

93, 94, 96

Barbula comosa .

317

Blumea . .

. 69, 72, 81

Barbula indica

317

Blumea balsam ifera

. 248, 293, 347

Barbula rubella ,

180

Blumea chinensis

249, 293

Barleria .

I9I

Blumea densiflora

347

Barleria cristata .

206

Blumea lacera

347

Barleria Prionitis

Blumea membranacea .

Barley

Blumea myriocephala .

. 55,249,293

Bartramiaceae

321

Blumea Wightiana

157

Bartramia CEderi .

180

Boehmejria macrophylla

. 85, 265, 300

Basella rubra

Boehmeria malabarica .

358

Bassia longifolia .

51, 53

Boehtneria nivea .

Bauhinia

Boehmeria platyphylla

67, 85, g6, 188, 209, 266,

BiauhiiSia glauca .

342

300

Bauhinia Pottingeri

241, 290

Boehmeria platyphylla, var. scabrela 266, 300

Bauhinia purpuria

1S4, 197

Boeica fi-liformis .

376

INDEX.

PAGE.

Boerhaavia repens ... 84, 169

Boennmghaiisenia ... 183

Boenninghausenia sbbiflora . . 194

Bombax 64

Bombax malabaricum 6^ 63, 77, 183, 185, 194,

231, 287

Bongarat 90f 9>» 93

Bonnaya reptans .

Bonnaya veronicaefolia
Boragineae . . 82, 133, 263

Bosia Amherstiana
BoswelHa serrata

Brachyactis robusta
Brachyactis umbrosa
Brachymenium
Brachymexiium acuminatum
Brachymenium leptostomoides
Brachymenium nepalense
Braohymenlum Walker I, Broth,
Brachymenium Weiisiae
Brachypodiura sylvaticum
Bramble

Brassaiopsis speciosa .

Brassica campestris, var. Rapa
Brassica juncea .

Brassica juncea, var. agrestis
Brassica rugosa .

Bread-fruit .

Breynia patens .

Bridelia assamica
Bridelia pubescens, var. glabra
Bridelia retusa
Biidelia stipularis
Brinjal

Bromus patulus .

Brucea mollis
Brunella vulgaris
Bryaceae

BryopKyllum calycinum
Bryum apalodictyoides
Bryum argenteum
Bryum caespiticium
Bryum doliolum .

Bryum erythrinum
Bryum fillforme .

Bryum giganteum
Bryum leptostomoides
Bryum mediahum
Bryum nepalense
Bryum ramosum .

Bryum Schleicheri
Bryum turbinatum
Bryum Weissiae
Bryum Wightii .

Buchnera hispida
Buckwheat

Hudcllfia asiatica 67, 82, r88, 204, 252, 295, 350

254» 295
254» 205
204, 253, 350

2tf7

.91

201
201

320

321
321
321

320

321
177, 213

34, 221
345
39
76
229
229
57

85, 356
85

263,299
85,96
356
74, 218
*77
234, 288
206
320

72,79

320
180, 320
180
320
320
320

320

321

320

321

320
180
180

321
320

92, 205
33, 34, 219, 2G2

Buddleia Colvillei

PAGE.

10'

Buddleia macrostachya

10'

Buddleia paniculata

162

Buettneria aspera

337

Buettneria pilosa

232, 287. 337

Bulbophyllum

66, 86

Bulbophyllum Careyanum .

268, 301

Bulbophyllum fimbrilligerum

268, 30*

Bulbophyllum leopardinum

268> 301

Bulbophyllum Lobbii .

360

Bulbophyllum reptans .

268, 301

Bulbophyllum suavissimum .

268, 301

Bulbostylis barbata

212

Bulbostylis capillaris, var. trifida

278, 305

Bupleurum ....

*54

Bupleurum falcatum .

154,1200

Bupleurum jucundum .

*54

Bupleurum longicaule .

154, 200

Bupleurum setaceum

*54

Bupleurum tenue

200

Burseraceae

78, 234, 339

Busera serrata

234

Butea frondosa

Cabbage

128

Cabbage- mustard

. 219

Cactaceae .

. 200

Cadaba indica

Caesalpinia

Caesalpmia mimosoides

Caesalpinia sepiaria

i96, 197

Caesulta axillaris

Cajanus indicus .

Calamagrostis . ,

46. 213

Calaroagrostis littorea .

*77

Calamintha Ciinopodium

. 166, 206

Calamintha umbrosa .

. 166, 2u6

Calamus

56, 68, 86, 276

Calamus tenuis .

364

Calanthe

. 222

Calanthe angusta

. 270, 302

Calanthe brevicornu

. 218,270,302

Calanthe densiflora

. 270, 302

Calathodes palmata

Calliandra umbrosa

. 241, 2QO

Callianthemum cachemirianum

142

Callicarpa arborea

, 83, 258, 297

Callicarpa macrophylla

. 67, 83, 206

Calligonum Caput-Medusae

135

Calligonum comosum

*35, '36

Calligonum crinitum

*35

Calligonum leucoctadum

*36

Calligonum Fallasia

136

Calligonum polygonokles

*35

Calligonum sp.

135

INDEX.

377

PAGE.

Callipeltis Cucullaria .

156

Calophaca depressa

ISO

Calophyllum inophyllum

Calotropis gigantea

Calotropis procera

. . 204

Caltha

187

Caltha palustris .

. . 192

Caltha palustris, var. alba

143

Calycopteris floribunda

. 243,291,344

Camellia drupifera

Camellia 1 hea . ,

. . 231, 286

Camellia theifera

77» 193

Campanulacese

81, 1 60, 203, 249, .348

Campanula argyrotricha

. . 203

Campanula canescens

203

Campanula caiihmiiiana

i . 160

Campanula colorata

1 60, 203

Campanula evolvulacea

160

Campanula Griffithii

160

Campanumoea celebica

. V . 348

Campanumoea parvi flora

250, 294

Campylodium

312

Campylodium khasianum

312

Cam pylodontium

328

Campylodontium flavescens . . 32S

Campylopus Goughii .

312

Campylopus nigrescens

312

Canarium bengalense

Canavalia ensiformis, var, virosa . 239, 290

Cane-

217

Canna indica

Cannabis indica .

. 9', 72, 183

Cannabis sativa . 85,171,209,219,264,299

Capparidese

76, 145, 193, 229, 336

Capparis Heyneana

Capparis olacifolia

Capparis sail sfolia

. . 229, 2S6

Capparis spinosa

39v44> 14s, 193

Capparis tenera .

. . 229, 286

Capparis viminea

Caprifoliaceae

81, 155, 200, 246

Capsella Bursa-pastoris

14s. 192

Capsicum frutescens

82, 205

Caragana decorticans .

150

Carallia intelgerrima .

344

Carbenia benedicta

. • ISO

Cardamine hirsuta

144

Cardamine impatiens .

144

Cardamoms

Cardanthera pinnatifida

Cardiopteris lobata

235, 288

Cardiospermum tlalicacabum . 79, 195

Carduus nutans .

46, 158

Carex baccans

278, 305

Cafex cardiolepis

175

Carex cruciata

278, 305

Carcx cruenta

175

Carex filicina

PAGE.

.212, 278, 305

Carex flava

175

Carex obscura

175

Carex spiculata .

. . 279, 305

Carex stramentitia

279, 305

Carex Thomsoni

279, 305

Carex WalHchiana

175

Careya arborea .

5i>62,95

Carissa Carandas

50, 92

Carlemannia Griffithii

247, 292

Carpesium abrotanoides

. . 202

Carpesium cernuum

158, 202

Carpinus

186

Carpinus viminea

. . 26,210

Carthamus O xyacantha

159

Carum Bu bocastanum .

154

Caryophyllaceae .

. 76, 146, 193, 230

Caryopteris paniculata

.258, 297, 353

Caryota

221

Caryota mitis

220, 276

Caryota obtusa .

. . 220, 276

Caryota urens

. 53^68,86,96,364

Casearia graveolens

244, 291

Cassia

79» 191

Cassia Absus

197

Cassia auriculata . .

Cassia Fistula

51,56,240,290

Cassia mimosoides

197

Cassia nodosa

240, 290

Cassia occidental is

... 197

Cassi timorensis .

342

Cassia Tora

. . 183

Cassiope fastigiata

Castanopsis

Castanopsis citribuloides

Castanopsis indica . >

. . 64, 72, 85

Castanopsis tribuloides

. 8', 85, 266, 300

Castor oil ,

. . 220

Catharinea obtusula

. . 180

Cathcartia villosa

22'

Catiang

219

Caucalis Anthriscus

155

Caucalis latifolia .

155

1 Caucalis Stock siana

15s

1 Cauliflower

. . 2i8

Cautleya lutea

. . 21 1

Cedrela

. . 191

Cedrela serrata

195

Cedrela Toona

. 78, 234, 288

Cedrus Deodara .

187

Cedrus Libani var. Deodara . . 172, 210

Celastrinese

78, 148, 195, 235. 340

Celastrus monosperm a .

78, 340

Celastrus paniculata

. 78, 235, 288

1 Celery

218

1 Celosia argentea .

. 72, 84, 90, 169, 207

1 Celosia cristata

378

INDEX.

Celtis australis

PAGE.
26, 171, 185, 209

Centaurea Calcitrapa .

159

Centranthera hispida .

254. 295

Cephalostachyum Fuchsianum

279, 30G

Cephalostachvum perp^racile

Cerastium ....

193

Cerastium dichotomum

. 146

Cerastium glomeratum

146

Cerastium trigynum

146

Ceratophyllum demersum

51. 97

Ceratopteris thalictroides

« 88, 96

Ceropegia sp. . . .

. 204

Ceropegia pubescens .

252, 295

Chaerophyllum reflexum.

155, 200

Chaerophyllum villosum

154

Chara fragilis

Chasalia curviflora

. 56,248,293

Cheilanthes albo-marginata .

214

Cheilanthes farinosa

93, 214

Cheilanthes farinosa var. Dalhousiae 214

Cheilanthes fragrans

178

Cheilanthes rufa .

214

Cheilanthes Szovitzii .

178

Cheilanthes tenuifolia .

Cheilanthes varians

Chenolea eriophora

134

Chenopodiaceae .

84, 134, 169, 207

Chenopodium album

45, 72, 84, 169

Chenopodium Blitum .

45, 169

Chenopodium Botrys .

. 45, 169 207

Chenopodium hybridum

Chenopodium murale .

Chilli

218

Chinostomum

326

Chinostomum rostratuni

. 326

Chirita pumila . .

259, 296

Chirita speciosa .

. 222, 256, 296

Chisocheton paniculatus

339

Chloranthaceae .

84, 262

Chloranthus brachystachyus .

262, 298 j

Chloranthus officinalis .

84 1

Chloris villosa

.77

Chondriila graminea .

159

Chonemo. pha macrophylla . C

56 I

Chorispora . . .

145 i

Chroaophora tinctoria .

171

Chrysanthemum Atkinsoni .

23'

Chrysanthemum Richteria var.

158

Chrysosplenium alternifolium

Cichorium Intybus

39, 159

Cinnamomum obtusifolium ,

Cinnamomum Tamala .

221,351

Circaaa alpina

. 154, 200

Circaea cordata .

. 200

Cirrhopetalum maculosuin .

268, 301

Cirrhopetalum picturatum

360 i

Cirrhopetalum refractum

268,301

Cissampelos Pareira

PAGE.

. 75, 1S9, 192

Cistanche tubplosa

133

Citrus Aiirantium

234

Citrus medica

. 234, 288, 339

Clausena eveavata

233, 2S7

Clausena suffruticosa .

Cleidion javanicum

Cleisostoma bicuspidatum

. ' 362

Clematis

. 190, 222, 227

Clematis acuminata

227, 286

Clematis connata

. 142, 191

Clematis Gouriana

Clematis grata

. 142, 184, 191

Clematis graveolens

. 142

Clematis grewiasflora .

335

Clematis hedysarifolia .

Clematis montana

. 4', 142, 1 91

Clematis orientalis

142

Cleome simplicifolia

Cleome viscosa

. 76, 145, 193

Clerodendron Colebrookianum

259, 297

Clerodendron fragrans .

. 206

Clerodendron Griffithianum

259, 297

Clerodendron infortunatum

66, 83, 259, 297

Clerodendron lasiocephalum

259, 297

Clerodendron nutans

259, 297

Clerodendron serratum .

. 92, 259, 297

Cnicus

. 1S6, 187, 190

Cnicus argyracanthus ,

15s

Cniews arvensis

8, 39, 4f>

Cnicus eriophoroides

4', 15', 18', 20^

Cnicus involucratus

. 10', 46, 202

Cnicus Wallichii .

. 202

Cocculus laurifoHus

192

Cocculus viliosus .

Cocoa-nut .

50, 57

Codonacanthus pauciHorus

. 83, 257, 297

Codonopsis ovata

. lOo

Coelogyne .

361

Coelogyne sp.

260,301

Coelogyne bicolor

Cceiogyne cristata

Cojlogyne Gardneriana

269, 301

Coelogyne graminifolia .

269, 301

Coelogyne ochracca

. 8', 269, 301

Cotfea bengalensis

72, 81

Coffea Jenkinsii .

284, 293

Coix ....

• 72,87,191

Coix Lacryma 22', 69
Colchicum luteum
Colebrookia oppositifoli
Colocasia antiquorum
Colocasia Mannii .
Columbia floribunda
Combretaccae
Combretura
Combretum chinense

94, 206, 260, 295
S6, 277, 305

33^

79» *99. 243, 3-1-1

66, 7(

INDEX,

379

Combretum dasystachyum

PAGE.

344

Cremanthodium reniforme

PAGE.

’7'

Combretum squamosum

344

Crepis glomerata

Cometes surattensis

134

Crepis jopohica

69, 81, T50

Commelinaccaj

86, 2 1 1, 275, 3f>3

Crinum ....

CommeJina bengalensis

2*76, 304

Crinum ensifolium

Commelina nudiflora .

. 72, 86, 363

Crocus Korulkowi

173

Commelina obliqua

276, 304

Crotalaria ....

79, ’9’

Commelina salicifolia ,

276, 30 1

Crotalaria alata .

236, 288

Compositse 8i, 131,

157.

201, 248, 310, 347

Crotalaria albida

149, 196

Congea tomentosa

259, 297

Crotalaria ferruginea

236, 288, 341

Coni ferae

. 172, 210, 267

Crotalaria Leschenaultii

Connaraceae

236, 341

Crotalaria mcdicaginea

196

Connarus paniculatus .

341

Crotalaria mysorensis .

196

Conocephalus suaveoleus

68, 85, 265, 300, 358

j Crotalaria prostrata

196

Convolvulaceas

83,

164, 204, 253, 351

j Croton caudatus .

66, 85

Convolvulus arvensis

. 164, 204

; Croton oblongifolius . . 8

299, 357

Conyza japonica .

202

Cruciferre . . 76, 12S, 144

1 92, 229, 336

Conyza stricta

157, 182, 202, 347

Cruddasia insignis

259, 2S9

Coptis Teeta

Cryphaea concavifolia .

323

Corchorus acutangulus .

V ■ 194

Cryptocarya amygdalina

Corchorus trilocularis .

194

Cryptocoryne Ro'burghii

Cordia Macleodii .

Cryptgramme crispa

Cordia Myxa

72, 82, 90, 204

Cryptolepis Buchanani

82, 94, 204

Cordia obliqua

Cucubalus baccifer

»5', 146, 193

Coriariaceae

190

Cucumis Melo „

’54

Coriaria nepalensis

196

Cucumis Pepo

200

Cornaceae

. 81, 200, 246

Cucumis sativus .

Cornus macrophylla

. 200

Cucurbitacese . . 80, 15

200, 244, 345

Cortusa Matthioli

. 161

Cucurbita Pepo .

Sv)

Corydaiis

186, 187, 190, 192

Cudrania fruticosa

265, 300, 35S

Corydalis cornuta

144

Cu torulosa

1 89, 2 1 0

Corydaiis crassifolia

Cl ... 8

172, 210, 266

Corydalis cyrtocentra ,

141

Cuiculigo recurvata

86, 363

Corydaiis diphylla

144

Curcuma ....

Corydalis Gortschakovu

144

Curcuma aromatica

273, 303

Corydalis Gcvaniana

39 1

Curcuma plicata .

273, 303

Corydalis Moorcroftiana

144 1

Curcuma Rosctuana

273, 303

Corylus Colurna .

39, 172, 1S7, 210

Curcuma Zcdoaria

362

Costus speciosus .

Cuscuta capitata

364

Cotoneaster bacillaris .

153, 1 os

Cuscuta cbinensis

164

Cotoneaster microphylla

. ’53, 184, 1 98

Cuscuta europsea

164

Cotoneaster nummularia

• 153 1

Cuscuta rellexa ... 7

82, 164, 204

Cotton

221 1

Cyanotis ....

Cottonia macrostachys

54 1

Cyanotis barbata

211

Cotulo, hemisphaerica .

. 81, 249, 293

Cyathocline

Cotyledon Lievenii

153

Cyathocline lutea

*95

Cotyledon papillosa

153 !

Cyathophorum

322

Cousinia

46 1

Cyathophorum Adianthum .

322

Cousinia buphtbalmoides

158

Cyclea sp

228, 286

Cousinia microcarpa

158

Cyclostemon assamicus

356

Cousinia mutliloba

158

Cydonia vulgaris .

198

Ccusina Thomsoni

158 1

Cyiista scariosa .

Craniotome versicolar .

. 206

Cymbidium aloifolium .

Crassulaceae

. 79, 153, 199

Cymbidium bicolor

Crassula indica .

.90 !

Cymbidium eburneum, var. . , 222, 270, 302

Crataegus O^yacantha .

34, 153, 186, 198 j

Cymbidium eburneum, var. Parishii

270,271

Crataeva lophosperma .

229, 286 !

Cymbidium Hookerianum .

38o

INDEX.

PAGE.

Cymbidium landfoliutn

. 3bl

Daucus Carota

*55

Cytnbidium pendulum .

. 361

Davallia

Cynanchum acutum’

. 162

Davallia chinensis

88, 280, 306

Cynanchum auriculatum

. 204

Davallia divaricata

Cynanchum corymbosum

. 252, 294

Davallia Griffithiana

88, 280, 306

Cynanchum Dalhousiea:

. 204

Davallia Hookeriana

69, 88

Cynanchum Jacquemontianum

. 162

Davallia immersa

213

Cynanthus lobatus

, 190, 203

Davallia polypodioides, var. strigosa

366

Cynodon , . ,

Davallia pseudo-cystopteris .

213

Cynodon Dactylon

69, I37> 213

Davallia pulchra .

190

Cynoglossum

183, 187

Davallia Speluncae

69, 88

Cynoglossum denticulatum

. 204

Davallia tenuifolia

66, 69

Cynoglossum glochidiatum

72, 82

Debregeasia hypoleuca

209

Cynoglossum micranthum

. 204, 253, 295

Decaisnea insignis

22'

Cynoglossum microglochin

. 163, 204

Deeringia celosoides

261, 298

Cynoglossum nervosum

. 204

Deliraa sarmentosa

Cynoglossum Wallichii

. 163, 204

Delphinium

*87

Cyperaceae . 87, 175,

212, 278, 310, 365

Delphinium alpinum

Cyperus

69,191

Delphinium Brunonianum

30, 39, *43

Cyperus aristatus

. 212

Delphinium cashmirianum .

*43

Cyperus difformis .

. 212

Delphinium denudatum

32, 143, 192

Cyperus diffusus .

Delphinium glaciate

*7'

Cyperus eleusinoides

. 175^212

Delphinium saniculaefolium .

*43

Cyperus Eragrostis

17s

Delphinium speciosum, var. ranun*

Cyperus glaber

*75

culifolium

Cyperus Haspan

. 212

Delphinium uncinatum

*43

Cyperus Iria

I75»2I2

Delphinium vestitum .

*43, *92

Cyperus niveus

. 212

Dendrobium

66, 86, 222, 359

Cyperus rotundus

*75

Dendrobium aggregatum

360

Cypripedia .

222

Dendrobium anceps

359

Cypdpedium cordigerun*

*73

Dendrobium bicameratum

359

Cypripedium villosum, var. Boxalli 362

Dendrobium cariniferum

267,359

Cystopteris fragilis

.178, 190, 2T3

Dendrobium chrysanthum

8', 268, 360

Dendrobium dirysotoxum

360

Dendrobium crepidatum

359

Dendrobium cretaceum

268, 359

Dendrobium Devonian urn

360

Dactylis glomerata

*77.213

Dendrobium Falconeri

268

Daedalacanthus nervosus

67,83

Dendrobium fimbnatum

360

Daedalacanthus tetragonus

. 256, 296

Dendrobium formosum

359

Daemia exteosa .

. 49, I89, 204

Dendrobium Gibsoni .

360

Dalbergia -

Dendrotuum heterocarpum .

359

Dalbergia Kingiana

.. 240, 290

Dendrobium lituiflorum

268

Dalbergia latifolia ;

Dendrobium nobile

268

Dalbergia riraosa

. 240, 2^

Dendrobium ochreatum

360

Dalbergia Sissoo

*84, *85, 188, 197

Dendrobium papilliferum

268

Dalbergia stipulacca .

240,290

Dendrobium pendulum .

359

Dalbergia sympatlietica

93,94

Dendrobium Pierardi . .

268

Dalbergia volubilis

53,342

Dendrobium transparens

268, 359

Daitonia reli'-jlafa

• 323

Dendrobium Wardianum

268

Daphne oleoides .

. 170,208

Dendr<^Iamu& - , .

(54

Daphne pendula .

263, 299

DendrocalanuiS Brandiai

279,505

DaphniphyllUia hinralayebse

. 12', 264, 299

Dendrocalamus g^anteus

Oatisca cannabina

39, >54

Dendrocalamus Kamiltonii .

Datiscacese

*54

repens . .

Datiica fastuosa .

35i

D^at' v i . . .

140

Datura Stramonium

1C4, 205

Derrtis terdiigin^

INDEX.

381

Derris latifolia

PAGE.

, . 240, 2go

Derris monticola .

S42

Derris scandens .

55.96

Derris thyrsi flora .

342

Desmatodon involutus .

3»7

Desmatodon latifolius .

, . 180

Desmodiunl

19*

Desmodinum argenteum

197

Desmodium Cephalotes

. . 237

Desmodium concinnum

^97

Desmodium diffusum .

®2

Desmodium floribundura

197

Desmodium gangeticum

237. 341

Desmodium gyrans

197

Desmodium gyroides .

237

Desmodium japonicum

238

Desmodium iatifoHum .

. - . 237

Desmodium laxiflorum

72, 79, 196, 237

Desmodium oblongum

237

Desmodium oxyphyllum

. 237. 238

Desmodium parvifolium

197. 238

Desmodium podocarpura

150, 196

Desmodium polycarpum

197, 238

Desmodium pseudo-triquetruir . 238

Desmodium pulchellura

. . 238

Desmodium Sca’pe

238

Desmodium tiliaefolium 26, 150, 183, 184, 187,

Desmodium triflorum .

189, 197, 238
93. 197

Desmodium triquetrum

. . 1-96,. 238

Desmogyne neriifolia

250, 294

Deutzia coryrabosa

. . 199

Deutzia staminea

153

Dhor Downa

Dianthus anatolicus

. . 146

Dianthus crinitus

. . 146

Diarthron vesiculosum .

. . 170

Dkhroa febrifuga

. 9-. 243. 291

Dichrocephala latifolia

24S, 293

Dkksonia assamica

. . . 68

Dickson ia Barometz

68,88

Dkliptera linearis

353

Dicliptera Roxburghiana

. 83, 166, 258, 297

Dicliptera Roxburghiana,

var.

bupleuroides

206

Dkranaceae

312

Dicranella Griffithii

312'

Dicranella pomiformis .

. . 312

Dicranum Goughii

312

Dicranum nigrescens .

312

Dictamnus albus . .

39. 148

Didymocarpus corchorifolia

255

Didymocarpus elatior .

255. 296

; Didymochlaena lunulata

367

Digera arvensis

45. 169

Dillenia indka

. ^ 63, 65; 75

Dillenia pentagyno

53. 62, 63

Dillenia pulcherrima

PAGE.

227, 2SG

Dilleniaceae

75. 227

Dioscoreaceae . . ' 86

,173, 211, 274,363

Dioscorea

86, 333

Dioscorea bulbifera

363

Dioscorea daemona

274, 303

Dioscorea deitoidea

173. 21 1

Dioscorea glabra

363

Dioscorea kumaoncnsis

21 1

Dioscorea oppositi folia .

. 5/. 274, 304

Dkspyros Kaki .

. 221

Diospyros Lotus .

. 162

Dip!achne Gatacrei

14*. 177

Diplarche pauci flora

. 12^

Dipsaceae

. 156, 201

Dipsacus

29, 183

Dipsacus inermis

. 180,201

Dipsacus strktus

156

Dipterocarpeae

. 77. 23!, 337

Dipterocarpus pilosus .

64, 77

Dipterocarpus turbinatus

337

Dischidia benghalensis

Disporum pullum, var. oblanccola-

turn

275. 304

Dissodon Schmidii^

3'9

Ditrichapeae

316

Docynia indka

221,243

Dodak

1 1 1

Dodi ....

II2

Dodonaea viscosa

149

Dolkhandrone falcata . *

Dolichos

Dolichos Lablab .

.218, 240, 290

Draba alpina

144

Dracaena angustifolia ,

72, 86

Dracaena ensifolia

' '.275,304,363

Dracaena petiolata

72, 86

Dracaena spkata .

275, 304

Dracaena terniflora-

363

Dracocephalus nutans .

167

Drimycarpus racemosus

Drosera peltata .

12^

Drummondia Thomsoni

. - iSo.

Drymaria cordata

76. 193

Drymglossum carnosum

s; 65

Drymoglossum piloselloides

Drynaria quercifolia

Duabanga sonneratoides

64. 80, 333, 345

Dunbaria fusca

. 340, 290

Dunbaria podocarpa ^ .

343

Dysophylla auricalaria

. 260, 298

Dysoxylum binectariferum

78, 330

Dysoxylum grande

234. 2S8

Dysoxylum malabaricum

Dysoxjflum procerum

78. 339

382

INDEX.

PAGE.

Epipactis latifolia

PAGE.

*73,211

Ebenaceae . . . . .

162

Epipogum nutans
Equisetaceae

277, 302
. 179, 280

Ecdysanthera

Equisetum arvense

. 179

Ecdysanthera micrantha

Equisetum debile

. 6g, 179, 280

Echinocarpus stercubaceus

72, 77

Equisetum diffusum

2S0

Echinops cornigerus

46, 202

Eiagrostis

87,213

Echinops echinatus

Eragrostis cynosuroides

46, 177

Echinops niveus ....

202

Eiagrostis minor .

*77

EcHpta alba ....

81, 92

E.^agrostis pilosa .

*77

Ectropothec'um . . . .

327

Eragrostis poaeoides

Ectropotbecium cyperoides .

327

Eranthemum album

353

Ectropothecium reticulatum .

327

Eranthemum indicum .

257, 296

Edgeworthia Gardner! .

8', 9'

Eranthemum palatiferum

257, 299

Ehretia Wallichiana

350

Eranthemum pataliferum, var.

elata 257, 296

Elaeagnaceae ....

171, 208, 356

Eree Babool .

Elaeagnus angustifolia' .

171

Eremostachys speciosa .

. 168

Elaeagnus latifolia

356

Eremurus himalaicus

*73

Elaeagnus umbellata

208

Eria alba

Elaaegnus umbellata, var. parviflora

171

Eria bambusifolia

360

Elaceocarpus . . .

Eria clavicaulis

. 268, 301

Elaeocarpus Braceanus

232, 287

Eria convallaroides

360

Elatostema papillosum

266, 300

Eria paniculata

. 269, 301

Elatostema. platyphyllum

266, 300

Eria pannea

. 269, 301, 360

Elatostema rupestre

69, 266, 300

Eria stricta .

. 269, 301

Elatostema sesquifoUum

358

Eria tomentosa

360

Elatostema sessile

Erianthus filifolius

. 176

Eleocharis palustris

*75

Erianthus fulva- .

190, 213

Elephantopus scaber

Erianthus Griffithii

. 176

Eleusine .....

72, 220

Erianthus Ravennae

. 176, IQO, 21%

Eleusine Coracana

219, 279

Erianthus Ravennae, var. purpuras-

Elsholtzia blanda

69, 84

cens

. 176

Elsholtzia cristata

206

Ericaceae

. 160, 203, 250

Elsholtzia densa ....

169

Erigeron . .

187

Elsholtzia eriostachya .

*5'

Erigeron alpinus .

157, 202

Elsholtzia incisa ....

206

Erigeron alpinus, var. multicaulis . 157

Elsholtzia polystachya .

206

Erigeron andryaloides .

*57

Elytrophorus articulatus

96, 213

Erigeron canadensis

■157, 202

Embelia Ribes ....

348

Erigeron monticolus

*57

Emilia prenanthoidea .

249. 293

Erigeron multiradiatus

. 15', 202

Engelhardtia spicata

266, 300

Erinocarpus Nimmoanus

Enhydra fluctuans

Eriobotrya bengaiensis .

343

Entada Purssetha

342

Eriocauleae .

. 212

Entada scandens ....

52, 55

Eriocaulon .

95> *9*

Entodon plicatus ....

327

Eriocaulon quinqueangulare

. 212

Epaltes divaricata . . .

Erioglossum edule

Ephedra Gerardiana

Eriophorum comosum .

• *75,212

Ephedra intermedia

*3, 136, 172

Eriophyton himalaicum

17/

Ephedra vulgaris

17', 210

Erodium cicutarium

148

Epilobium .....

187, 191

Erophila praecox .

*44

Epilobium angustifolium

*54*. 199

Eruca sativa

*45

Epilobium hirsutum . .

*54» 199

Eryngium coeruleum

*54

Epilobium hirsutum, var. sericeum

154

Erysimum altaicum

*45

Epilobium latifolium . . ,

28, 154

Erythrina

Epilobium roseum

1543 199

Erythrina arborescens .

Epilobium tetragonum .

*54

Erythrina indica .

79, 93

Epipactis consimilis'

*73

Erythrina stricta .

93, 239, 289, 341

INDEX. 383

Erythrina suberosa

PAGE.

Erythrodontium juliforme

. 328

Erythropalum vagurn .

Escalloniearum gen, nov.

243, 291

Ethulia conyzoides

Eucladium verticillatum

. 180

Eugenia ....

. 80

Eugenia caryophyllaea .

50, 57

Eugenia claviflora

243, 291

Eugenia Griffithii

. 243, 283, 291

Eugenia Jambolana

50j 183

Eugenia Jambos

Eugenia obovata .

244, 291

Eugenia polypetala

344

Eugenia rubicunda

Eulophia ....

Eulophia campestris

173

Eulophia longibracteata

. 2705 302

Eulophia nuda

. 2/0, 302

Euonymus grandiflorus

148

Euonymus Hamiltonianus

148, 195

Eupatorium- cannabinum

10'

Euphorbiaceae .85, 136, 171,

208, 2G3, 310, 356

Euphorbia ....

185, 188

Euphorbia dracunculoides

. 107, 1 12

Euphorbia Emodi

. 171, 208

Euphorbia falcata

171

Euphorbia helioscopia .

171

Euphorbia hypericifolia

0 '

(jO

Euphorbia neriifolia

• 91, 93

Euphorbia osyridea

. 136

Euphorbia pilosa .

. 171,208

Euphorbia pilulifera

. 85, 208, 356

Euphorbia Tirucalli

Euphorbia Wallichii

. 208

Euphrasia od’cinalis

165, 205

Eurotia ceratoides

Eurya acuminata .

231, 286

Eutrema primulaefolium

145

Evolvuius alsinoides . 49, 91, 204, 253, 295

Exacum peduncu'.atum .

Exacutn teres

253, 295

Exacum tetragon um

253i 295

Fagopyrum ....

187

Fagopyrum cymosum .

. 207, 261, 298

Fagopyrum esculentum

33j 4o> 219, 262

Fagopyrum tataricum .

33, 4«

Fagraea obovata . - .

68, 82

Ferozepur rust

. 1 15, 120, 122

Ferula Assafcetida

128, 130

Ferula Jjeschkeana

4,40,155

Ferula Narthex

. 40

Festuca ....

. 2T3

Ficoideai ....

200

Ficus ......

PAGE,

52, 55, 85

Ficus Arnottiana . . . .

55, 94

Ficus asperriina . . . .

Ficus carica . .. . .

136

Ficus clavata ....

188, 209

Ficus Cunia ....

65, 358

Ficus elastica ....

73, 222

Ficus foveolata ....

1 7 1, 209

Ficus gibbosa . . . .

Ficus heterophylla

Ficus hirta .....

358

Ficus hispida . . . .

66, 188, 357

Ficus inlectoria ....

Ficus mysorensis . . . .

Ficus nemoralis ....

209

Ficus palmata ....

171, 185, 209

Ficus pomifera ....

7i> 358

Ficus pyriform is ....

6.6

Ficus religiosa . 70, 8g, 183,

184, 185, 209

Ficus retusa, var. nitida . ,

357

Ficus Roxburghii ....

Ficus scandens ....

F eus silhetensis . . . .

Ficus subulata ....

357

Ficus Tsjela ....

Ficus urophyila ....

357

Figs . . . . .

222

Filago germanica

157

Filices . . 87, 137, 178,

213, 280, 366

Fimbristylis dichotoma

175

Firs . . . .

217

Fissidens . . . . .

314

Fissidens anomalus

314

Fissidens camosiis. Broth. .

314

Fissidens coorgensls. Broth.

316

Fissidens elimbatus

316

Fissidens excedens, Broth. .

315

Fissidens flabeliulus

316

Fissidens fuscoviridis

315

Fissidens involutus

3J5

Fissidens lutoscens, Broth.

315

Fissidens Walker!, Broth. .

315

Fissidentaceae ....

314

Flemingia .....

Flemingia conjesta

71, 240, 290

Flemingia conjesta, var. semi-alata

197

Flemingia semi-alata .

240, 290

Flemingia stricta

342

Flemingia strobilifera .

92, 93, 197

Floscopa

191

Floscopa scandens

21 1, 276, 304

Fluggia Leucopyrus

Fluggia microcarpa

I 71, 263, 2Q9

Foeniculum vulgare

200

Forrestia .....

Fragaria Daltoniana

Fragaria elatior .. ..

242

384

INDEX.

PAGE.

Fragaria indica •

69, 79> *52, 198, 242

Geodorum dilatatum

. 302

Fragaria vesca

152, 198

Geraniaceae . . 78, 129, 147, 194, 233, 338

Fraxinus excelsior

162

Geranium . . . .

183, 187

Fraxinus floribunda

162, 203

Geranium collinum

20, 147

Fraxinus xanthovyloides

9> 40^ 45» 162

Geranium nepalense

148, 194

Fritillaria imperialis •

174

Geranium polyanthes .

7', 30

F umariaceae

192

Geranium pratense

148^

Funaria hygrometrica .

180

Geranium rivulare

. 148

Funaria leptopoda

3»9

Geranium rotundifolium

I4S

Funaria parviflora

144

Geranium Tuberaria

I4S

Funariaceae

319

Geranium Wallichianum

. 148, 194

Fungi ....

*37

Gerhwa . . . .

. 108, 109

Gerhwi . - .

107, 108, 109, 113

Gesneraceae

. 83,255,352

Gironniera reticulata .

264, 299

Getonia floribunda

Gagea amblyopetala

128, 137, *74

Geum alatum

. . *53

Gagea fascicularia

*74

Geum eiatum

198

Gagea filiformis .

*74

Geum urbanum

152, 198

Gagea persica

*36, 174

Girardinia ....

187

Galeopsis Tetrahit .

*9'

Girardinia heterophylla

85, 05, 209, 358

Galium Aparine .

156, 201

Girnoal ....

G^ium boreale •

*S6

Gleicbenia dichotoma .

Galium Mollugo .

201

Gieichenia linearis

54,88

Galium rotundifolium .

201

Globba multiflora

273, 303

Galium triflorum' «

156, 201

Globba sessiliflora

273, 303

Galium vernum

201

Glochidion ....

Galium vestitura .

201

Glochidion assamicum .

363, j299

Gdnja

219 .

Glochidion hirsutum

Garcinia

Glochidion viiictinle

263, 299

Garcinia Cowa

Gloriosa superba .

91, 97

Garcinia indica .

S3, 56

Glycine hispida

*5*

Garcinia lanceaefolia

230, 286

Glycosmis pentaphylla

. 72, 78, 338

Garcinia xanthochymus

336 I

Gmeiina arborea . . . 83» 92, 259^^ 297, 353

Garckea phascoides

3*6

Gpaphalium hypoleucum

157, 202

Gardenia

222

Gnaphalium indicum .

69, 81, 249, 293

Gardenia campanulata

^57, 72, 81

Gnaphalium luteo-album

69, 81, 202, 348

Gardenia erythoclada .

247, 293

Gnaphalium luteo-album, var. 1

ittul-

Garlic

219, 275

ticeps ....

*57

Garuga pinnata . .S'

78. 94»

234, 288, 339

Gnaphalium luteo-album, var. palli-

Gastrochilus long i flora .

273, 303

dum .

*57

Gastrochilus pulcherrima

273,303

Gnetaceae . . . 136,172,210,267,359

Gaultheria nummularia

Gnetum Gnemon .

. 267, 300, 359

Gaultheria trichophylla

ios

Gobi .... 107,

108, 109, 110, 113

Geissaspis cristata

94,95

Gomphostemma .

284

Gelonium multiflorum, .

264, 299

Gomphostemma lucidum

260, 298

‘ Gelseminun elegans

252, 294

Gomphostemma nutans

. 260, 298

Geniosporum strobiliferum

259» 297

Gomphostemma parviflorum

Gentiana argcntea , ^

162

Gomphostemma parviflorum.

var.

Gentiana cachemirica .

162

farinosa ....

. 260, 298

Gentiana cannataj var. marginata

1^2

( omphrena globosa

. 261, 298

Gentiana decumbeus

162

Gona^nthus sarmentosus

277, 30s

Gentiana Kurroo . .

204

Gondal ....

• 97

Gentiana quadrifaria .

162

Goniocaulon glabrum .

. 91

Gentiana stylophora

4', 6'

Goniophlebium ebenipes

Gentian aceae . •

. 162, 264, 253

Goniophlebium erythocarpum

12'

Geodorum .

Goniophlebium subamoenum .

12'

INDEX.

385

PAGE.

Goniothalamus Gardner!

. 228

Habenaria trichosantha

272, 303

Goniothalamus peduncularis

. 227, 228, 286

Haeklu

Goniothalamus sesquipedalis

75, 335

Haemodoraceae ,

86, 274

Goniothalamus Thwaitesii

. 228

Hamamelideae . .

. *53, 199, 243

Goodyera procera

. 86,272,302

Hamiltonia suaveolens

201

Gossypium .

. 231

Harda

106

Gossypium herbaceum .

. 40, 77, 194

Hedera Helix .

155, 200

Gourds

72, 74

Hedychium cocci neum

273, 303

Graminese . 87^ i37» J7S» 212, 279, 310, 365

Hedychium coronarium

S', 273, 303

Grangea

Hedychium luteum

273, 3C2

Grewia asiatica

, 232

Hedychium villosum

362

Grewia elastica

. 232, 287

Hedyotis

Grewia excelsa

Hedyotis Auricularia .

Grewia hirsuta

. 232, 287

Hedyotis capitellata

246, 292

Grewia oppositifolia

194

Hedyotis hispida

81,

191, 201, 247, 292

Grewia sapida

. 232, 287

Hedyotis monocephala

Grimmia commutata

180

Hedyotis scandens

8f, 247, 292, 346

Grimmia leucophsea

180

Hedyotis vestita ,

Grimmia pulvinata

. 180

Hedysarum astragaloides

150

Grinaldia dichotoma

. 181

Hedysarum Falconer! .

*50

Guay^K •

Hekal ...

Guizotia abyssinica

Heldreichia silaiifolia .

*45

Guttiferse

. 77,230,336

Helicteres glabriuscula .

232, 287

Gymnema, sp.

350

Helicteres Isora .

55, 232, 287

Gymnema syivestre

54, 57

HeliobCDpium Eichwaldi

*33, 163

G^uanocarpus decandrum

134

Heliotrbpium Eichwaldi, var. lasio-

Gytnnogramma fraxinea

214

carpa .

163

Oymnogramma Hamiltoniana

69, 88

Heliotropium indicum .

82, 3|i

Gymnogramma favanica

. 28 r, 3o5

Heliotropium strigosum

184, 20^

Qynmogramma Levingil

. ,

?I4

Helmiothostachys ?ey!anica .

88, 282, 3o5>

Gymof^ramma Totta .

214

Hemerocallis fulva

Gymnogramma v^tfca

. ■

. 214

Hemidesmus indicus . 50, 52, 54, 57, 91,' 94,' 96

GytnnQp^lum cochlpbhioensis

. 24*29*

Hemigraphis hirta

352.,

Gy miipsporia acunimata

340

Hemiorchis burmannica

, ■

273, 362

Gyompsporia montana .

. 89,90

Hemiorchis Pantlingii .

273, 303

Gyminpsporia pallida .

235, 288

Hepaticae . .

i8i

J^yxopothrix alopecuroides

. So

Heptapleurum Lawranceanum

245,292.

Oynandropsis heptaphyllaa

. 229,286

Heptapleurum venulosum

, '

6^345

Gfnocardia 0|dorata

. 65,76,336

Heptapleurum venulosum.

var.

Gynostemma . .

macrophylla

Gynostemma pedata

H^tap.eurum Wallichianum

QypsophUa, sp.

193

Heracleum .

187

Hetacleum xrandicans .

155, 200

.Heracletan WaUichii ,

245,292

Herminium angustifbliuat

• .

211

Habon&ria aristata

272

Herminium Ptithiei

*73

ilabeaaria elliptica

. 15

Hemiaiiahicsn^ i .

169

Habenaria furfuraeca

^ ■

272, 303

Heteropogooinsignis .

•

Habenaria constocta ' .

272, 302

. ‘

•

Habenaria Cruddasiana

272, 3Q2

" H«ylandia latebrosa

•

■

89, go

Habei^iaGaleandra .

. ■ ' 272,;3Q2'^'

Hibisais cancellatus

•

231,287

Habenaria g^^ulata .

, ■ *

. 272,393:

i ^ Iffhalscus cannabinus .

•

90, 194

Habenaria Heiferi .

272,303

r Hibiscus hirtns

•

•■95

Habenam marginata «

Hibiscus raacrophyllus .

•

23*i^^87

Habenaria Parishii , .

r 2^72,303

Hibtos pungens

•

^*^*9^ 337

Habenaria Pdttingeriana

.272,303

Hferacium crocatum

203

Habenaria Susaihfiae " •

. 273,303

Hippophae rhamnoides

•

386

INDEX.

PAGE.

HIppophae salicifolia .

Hiptag-e acuminata

338

Hiptage candicans

233, 287

Hodgsonia heteroclita .

68, 80, 244, 291, 345

Holai'-hena antidysenterica

51, 96, 251, 294

Holigarna longifolia

Holly ....

222

Homalia

325

Homaha flabellata

325

Homonoia riparia . 5=

6, 85, 264, 299, 357

Honey-suckle

. 222

Hookeriacese

323

Hopea Wightiana

Hordeum murinum

177

Hordeum vuigare

Horse-chestnut

140

Houttuynia cordata

Hoya longifolia .

252, 294

Hoy a parasitica .

252, 295

Hoya retusa

Hydrocarpus sp. .

336

Hydrangea .

. 222

Hydrangea altissima

199

Hydrangea Pottingeri .

. 243, 291

Hydrangea robusta, var. Griffithii . 242, 29 r

Hydrilla

• 85

Hydrilla verticillata

• 51

Hydrocharidese

Hydrocotyle asiatica

. 50, 80

Hydrocotyle Javanica .

. 245> 292, 345

Hydrocotyle rotundifolia

Hydrolea zeylanica

Hygrophiia polysperma

Hygrophila salicifolia, var.

ssur-

gens

. 256, 296

Hygrophila Serpyllum .

92, 95

Hygrophila spinosa

Hymenodictyon excelsum

201

Hyophila

i 317

Hyophila cylindrica

317

Hyophila involuta

317

Hyophila Waikeri, Broth. . 317

Hyoscyamus muticus .

128, 133

H yoscyamus niger

164, 205

Hyoscyamus reticulatus

133

Hypecoum parviflorum .

144

Hypericineae

77> 147^ 193? 230 j

Hypericum elodioides .

193 1

Hypericum japonicum .

69? 77 I

Hypericum lysimachioides

147 1

Hypericum patulum

. 193? 230,286

Hypericum perforatum .

147? 193 i

Hypericum scabrum

147

Hypnaceae .

328

Hypnum

329

Hypnum Buchanani

329

iiypnum herbaceum

329

Hypnum procumbeus .

PAGE.

329

Hypnum pseudoplumosum .

181

Hypnum rutabulum ,

181

Hypnum salebrosum

j8i.

Hypnum strigosum

181

Hypnum vagans

329

Hypnum Wightii

328

Hypopterygiaceje ....

322

Hypoxis aurea ....

274» 303

Hyssopus officinalis

166

i I

1 Ilex dipyrena

19'j 195? 222, 235

1 Ilex intricata

19'

! Ilicinese

195? 235

Illecebraceae

134, 169

1 Illigera . . . .

. 68, 69

j Impatiens . . . .

. 186, 187

I Impatiens amphorata .

148, 194

1 Impatiens Balsamina

148, 194

1 Impatiens bella .

233, 287

^ Impatiens brachycentra

. 148

i Impatiens latiHora

233, 28?

' Impatiens laxiflora .

148

Impatiens leptoceras

. 233, 287

Impatiens puberula

233, 287

Impatiens Roylei

• 148

Impatiens Tliomsoni

194

Impatiens scabrida

. 148, 194

Impatiens sulcata

194

Impatiens tripetala

Imperata ....

Imperata arundinacea .

176, 366

Indian corn ....

72, 74

Indigofera ....

191

Indigofera atropurpurea

Indigofera atropurpurea, var.

nig-

rescens

. 237, 288

Indigofera Gerardiana . 150, 183, 184, 180, ig6

Indigofera Gerardiana, var. heteran-

tha

. 40, 150, 196

Indigofera hebepetala .

196

Indigofera hirsuta

196

Indigofera linifolia

. 92, 1 96

Indigofera nigrescens .

237

Indigofejci pulchella

94, 150

Indigofera trilollata

196

Indigofera trita

Inula cuspidata .

. 202

Inula grand! flora .

. 190, 202

Inula Hookeri

15'

Inula obtusifolia, var. Clarkci

158

inula Royleana .

. 29, I go, 202

lone kachinensis ,

. 268, 301

Ipomoea ....

68, 83

Ipomoea campanulata .

INDEX.

387

PAGE.

Ipotnoea eriocarpa

164, 204

Juncus

211

Ipomoea hcderacea

164, 1S5, 204

Juncus glaucus

*74

Ipomoea Kinjjii

351

Juncus himalensis

174

Ipomoea linifoHa .

253, 295

Juncus lampocarpus

1 75

Ipomoea Nil

Juncus membranaceus .

17s

Ipomoea obscura .

Juniper

Ipomoea pes-tigiidis

204

Juniperus communis

172, 210

Ipomoea sepiaria .

Juniperus excelsa.

• • 5, 6, 9, 10, 11

Ipomoea vitifolia .

55,

253, 295, 351

Juniperus macropoda .

41, 140, 17a

Iridaceae

136, 173, 21 1

Juniperus pseudo-sabina

. 2', 4

6', ii', 210

Iris . . ; .

21 1

Juniperus recurva. . 4

,6', 11',

*9\ 172, 210

Iris kashmiriana .

40, 173

Jurinea macrocephala .

202

Iris kumaonensis .

173

Jussiaea

5*, *91

Iris nepalensis , ,

22'

Jussiaea repens

Iris Sisyrinchium .

40, 136

Jussiaea suffruticosa

70, 80, igg

Iris songarica

173

Justicia

191

Iron-wood

223

Justicia Betonica, var, ramosissima

Isatis' Stocksii

J45

Justicia Gendarussa

72, 83

Isatis tinctoria

145

Justicia procumbens, var. latispica

258, 297

Ischsemum augustifolium

07, 17<5

Justicia simplex .

206

Isopterygium

327 .

Isopterygium lignicolta .

327

Isopterygium taxirameum

327

Itea macrophylla ,

243, 2QI

Kachhu

21Q

Ivy ....

Ixiolirion montanum

Ixora ....

222

1 73

Kadsura Roxburghiana
Kaempferia .

Kaempferia marginata .

273, 303

Ixora coccinea

Ixora subscssilis .

Ixora villosa

346

347

Kaempferia rotunda
Kaempferia scaposa

Kala teel

273. 303

Kalanchoe spathulata .

199

Kanghari

112

Kaulfussia aesculifolia .

Jack-fruit

50, 54, 221

K^g . . . .

221

Jajschkea gentianoides .

41, 162

Kendur

Jaeschkea iatisepala

204

Khair ...

Jasmine

222

Khungi

no, HI, 112

Jasminum

82, 191, 222

Kobresia capillifolia

*75

Jasminum anastomosans

25?, 294, 349

Kobresia laxa

*75

Jasminum arborescens .

53, 94

Kochia prostrata .

Jasminum coarctatun

349

Koeleria cristrata

*77

Jasminum decussatum .

25«, 294

Kulawai . . .

jasminum dispermum .

190, 203

Kurwanda .

Jasminum grandiflorum

203

Kydia calyeina

77, 23*, 287

Jasminum humile .

162, 302

Kyllinga monocephala .

365

Jasminum Listerl, King

349

Jasminum officinale

162

Jasminum pubescens

350

Jasminum scandens

251, 294

Jasminum undulatum .

67, 350

j Labiatae . 84, 134,

166, 206,

259, 310, 354

Jatropha Curcas .

j Lactuca

45, *87, 190

Jowarce

1 Lactuca Dubyaea

Jiiglandacea;

172, 209, 266

1 Lactuca dissecta

*59

Juglans regia

. 172,

184, 209, 266

1 Lactuca hastata

203

Juglans sp. .

266

1 Lactuca Heyncana

*5)

Juncaceae

174, 21 1

j Lactuca Lessertiana

20j

Juncellus pygmaeus

1 Lactuca lonarifolia

*59, 203

388

INDEX.

ben

epha

PAGE.
12'
203

159
159

203
r^, 202

91
57» 96
63, 184, 199
53

244, 291

168
249, 293
34S
190, 206

167

168
96

234, 288

188
901 91
184, 206

85
159
II', 19'
278, 30s
69, 86
248, 293
94

150

151

iSi
I5i
4i» 151

Launea asplenifolia 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109^
110, III, 112, 113, 117, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124
Launea nudicaulis 107, 108, 109, no, ii i, 112, 113
Launea secunda .... 203

Laurineae . . . 84,208,262,310,355

Lavatera cachemeriana
Lecanora sp.

Lecanthus Wightii
Leea macrophylla
Leea sambucina .

Leguminosae 79, 130* 149, tg6,

Lemnaceae .

Lactuca macrantha
Lactuca macrofhiza
Lactuca orientaltp
Lactuca persica
Lactuca sagittarioides
Lactuca Scariola
Lagascea mollis .
Lagerstroemia Flos-Reginae
Lagerstroemia indica ,
Lagerstroemia lanceolata
Lagerstroemia parvtfiora
Lagerstroemia parviflora, va
galensis .

Lagerstroemia Reginae
Laghochilus cabulicus
Laggera flava'

Laggera pterodonta
Lagotis

Lallemantia Royleana
Lamium album
Lamprochsenium microc
Lansium decandrum
Lantana

Lantana Camara
Lantana crenulata
Laportia crenulata
Lapsana communis
Larix Griffithii
Lasia aculeata
Lasia heterophylla
Lasianthus Wallichii
Lasiosiphon eriocephalus
Lathyrus altaicus
Lathyrus Aphaca .

Lathyrus montanus
Lathyrus pratensis
Lathyrus sativus .

Lemna

Lemna polyrrhiza
Lendee jambool .

Lens esculenta
Lentibularieae
Leontopodium alpinum
Leonurus Cardiaca
Leonarus Cardiaca, var. Royleana
Leonurus sibirica

*47

137

• 209

52, 67, 78, 94, 341
, 236, 310, 34i» 369

• 86,212
69, 86, 192, 212

96, 97

90
5, 150
83, 254
157, 202
168, 207
168
69, 84

Lepidagathis cristata .

PAGE.

Lepidagathis hyalina . 83, 206, 258, 297, 353

Lepidium Draba .

Lepidium latifolium

Lepionurus oblongfifolius

72, 78

Lepisanthes burmannica

236, 288

Leptocodon gracilis

10'

Leptodermis lanceolata

201

Leptorhabdos Benthamiana

205

Leptorhabdos linifolia

16s

Leptotrichum Griffithii

312

Leptotrichum khasianum

312

Leptotrichum pomiforme

312

Leskea blepharophylla

329

Leskea glaucina .

329

Leskea tamariscella

329

Leskea trachypoda

329

Lespedeza eriocarpa

196

Lespedeza juncea

150

Lespedeza juncea, var. kanaorensis

150

Lespedeza parviflora

239, 289

Lespedeza sericea

71, 79, 183

Lespedeza sericea, var. longipetio-

lata

150

Lettsomia .

Leucas capitata .

168

Leucas Cephalotes

207

Leucas hyssopifolia

207, 260, 298

Leucas linifolia .

69, 84

Leucas mollissima

168, 260, 298

Leucas stelligera .

Leucobryaceae

314

Leucobryum

314

Leucobryum imbricatum.

Broth.

314

Leucobryum Wightii

314

Leucoloma .

313

Leucoloma caespitulantus

313

Leucoloma Renauldii,

, Broth.

313

Leucoloma Walker!, Broth. .

313

Leucosceptrum.canum .

260, 298

Leucostegia Hookeri .

10'

Leucostegia membranulosa

10'

Leycesteria formosa

10'

Lichenes

137

Licuala peltata

364

Ligustrum robustum

350

Li iaceae . 86, 136* 173, 211,

274, 310, 363

Lilium polyphyllum

174,211

Lilium roseum

It'

Limnanthemum indicum

Limnophila hypericifolia

191, 205

Limnophila Roxburghii

Linaceae

147, 194, 232

Linaria odora

164

Linaria ramosissima

Linaria ramosissima, var.

pubes*

189, 205

cens

164

INDEX.

38g

Lindelofia spectabilis .

PAGE.
i63> 204

Lycopodium

PAGE.

222

Ltndenbergia philippensis

352

Lycopodium cernuum .

280, 306

Lindcnbergia urticaefolia

. 205

Lycopodium setaceum .

363

Lindera assatnica

263, 299

Lycopsis arvensis

. 163

Lindera Neesiana

. 12'

Lycopus europaeus

166

Lindsaya ensifolia

Lygodium japonicum .

214

Lindsaya orbiculata •

Lygodium microphyllum

. 54,66,88,141,179

Lindsaya repens . .

65, 88

Lygodium pinnatifidum

. 281,306,368

Lineae

. 147, 194, 233

Lysimachia evalvis, var.

grandi-

Lipodera macrophylla .

72, 82

folia .

250, 294

Linum mysorensis .

Lysimachia japonica .

161

Liparis . . = .

. 211

Lysimachia ramosa

250, 294

Liparis longipes .

. 267, 300, 359

Lythraceae .

80,

154, 199, 244, 345

Lipocarpha argentea •
Lippia geminata

Ltppia nodiflora

.212, 278,30s
72, 83
83. 93, 184, 206

Maba nigricans .

Litchis . . .

221

Macaranga denticulata

. 85, 264, 299

Lithospermum arvense

163

Macaranga Roxburghii

Lithospermum tenuiflorum

164

Machilus bombycina

63, 84

Litsaea citrata

65, 85

Macromitrium

318

Litsaea oblonga .

Macromitrium leptocar-

Litsaea polyantha

65, 85, 262, 299

pum. Broth.

318

Litsaea salicifolia

. 65, 85, 355

Macromitrium Moorcroftii

318

Litsaea salicifolia var. ellipsoidea . 262, 299

MaciCiinitrium nepalense

318

Litsaea sebifera .

262, 299

Macromitrium sulcatum

318 319

Litsaea umbrosa .

208

Macrotomia perennis

. 164

Livistona Jenkitisiana .

68, 86

Madder

221

Lobelia aflinis

69, 81, 249, 293

Maesa indica

. 66, 81, 348

Lobelia rosea

. 81, 250, 294

Maesa paniculata

348

Lobelia triala ta .

. 203

Maesa rugosa

Loganiaceae

82,

162, 204, 252, 350

Magnolia

Lonicera asperifolia

156

Magnolia Griflithii

Lonicera Griflithii

156

Magnolia Gustavi

Lonicera japonica

246, 292

Magnolia Pealeana

Lonicera purpur^ens

156

Magnolia pterocarpa .

Lonicera xylosteum

156

Magnoliaceae

. 75, 192

Lophophyllum bicristatum

335

Maize

. 219

Loranthaceae

85, 171,208,263

Malaxis sikkimensis

Loranthus .

Malcolmia africana

. 145

Loranthus involucratus

263, 299

Malcolmia Bungei

128

Loranthus loniceroides

Malcolmia strigosa

129, 145

Loranthus pentapetalus

. 263, 299

Mallotus albus

64, 85, 264, 299

Loranthus pulverulentus

208

Mallotus denticulatus .

-Lotus corniculatus •

150

Mallotus nepalensis

264, 299

Lotus major

ISO

Malloti^ philippinensis

52, 85, 183, 1165, 208

Luculia gratissima

246, 292

MalTotus Roxbughianusr

^ > Ss, 357

Luff a acu^angula

Malpighiaceae .

. '78, '233, 338

Luffaechinata ...

154

Malva . . . '

, .

. , 187

Luvunga scandens

Malva pa'rviflora .

147

Lychnis

187

Malva rotundifolia

. 147, 193

Lychnis himalayensis .

,146

Malva silvestris .

, ^

Ip3

Lychnis'infdica .

146, 193

Malva verticilluta . ,

77, *93

Lychnis nutans .

• 1 15

Malvaceae 1 . .77,

147,

*93, 231,310,337

Lychnis pilosa

193

Mangifera indica

72, 79, 196, 236

Lycium barbarum

133

Mango

53, 55, 89,92, 96

Lycopersrcum esculentum

Manglietia Caveana

Lycopodiacese

179, 280,366

Manglietia insignis

390

INDEX.

Manisuris granularis
Maoutia Puya
Maple
Marathi

Marchantia, sp. .
Mariscus Sieberianus
Marlea begoniaefoUa
Marrubium vulgare
Marsdenia Roylei
Marsilea

Martynia diandra
Marwail

Matricaria corymbifera
Mastixia euonymoides
Matthiola odoratissima
Mayod endron igneum
Mazus . V .
Mazus rugosus

8i, iS6

PAGE.

213

266, 300
140
q6

181

212

200, 246, 292
168

204
I91

205
90,91

158
246, 292
144
256, 296
69

83,165, 351

Meteorlum enerve
Meteorium filamentosum
Meteorium frondosum .
Meteorium reclinatum .
Meteorium Schmidii
Meteorium squarrosum
Meteorium tumidum
Mesua ferrea
Mezoneuron cucullatum
Michelia

Michelia Champac-i
Michelia Mannii
Micromeium pubescens
Micromeria bi flora
Microstylis .

Microstylis biloba
M icrotropis discolor

Mazus surculosus

205

Miliusa Roxburghiana .

Meconopsis

187

Millet

. 74.319

Meconopsis aculeata

192

Millettia

. 79

Meconopsis horrid ula .

. 13', 2o',2i'

Millettia pachycarpa

. 237, 28S

Meconopsis nepalensis

15'

Millettia puerarioideis .

237, 288

Meconopis simplicifolia

15'

Millettia pulchra

237, 288

Meconopsis Wallichii .

Mimosa

. 79, 191

Medicago lupulina

149

Mimosa rubricaulis

197

Medicago sativa

. 41,47,149

Mimosa sensitiva

. 52

Medinilla rubicunda

344

Mimulus

. 69

Megacarpaea polyandra

17,41

Mimulus nepalensis

Melastoma malabathricum

53, 57, So, 244, 291

Mirmisops Elengi

55, 96

Melastoma normale

. 244,291,344

Miquelia Kleinii .

. 7t,78

Melastomaceae

80, 199,244, 344

Mirabilis Jalapa

. 169, 207

Melia Azadirachta

• 50,78,195

Mnium lycopodioides

. 180

Melia Azedarach . 70, 148, 184, 185, 195

Mnium medium .

. 180

Meliaceae . . . 78,148,195,234,339

Mnium riparium .

. 180

Melica Cupani, var. brevifolia . 177

Modecca palmata

55, 57

Mehlotus alba

Modecca trilobata

Melilotus officinalis

• 41, 45, 149

Mogul Serai rust

. 115, 121

Microstylis biaurita

. 267, 300

Mohl . .

• ' 89, 93, 97

Meliosma simplicilolia .

65, 79, 236, 288

Mollugo stricta .

. 200

Melissa parviflora

206

Moltkia parviflora

. 164

Melodinus monogynus

82, 350

Momordica Charantia

. 80, 200

Melodinus sp.

350

Monochoria

. 191

Melodorum bicolor

68, 75

Monochoria hastaefolia

211

Melothria heterophylla

>54

Monochoria vaginalis .

275, 304

Memecylon edule

57,96

Monsonia senegalensis

128, 129

Meniscium triphyllum .

Morina .

187

Menispermaceae .

75, 192,228, 335

Morina Coulteriana

. 156, 201

Mentha arvensis

128, 134

Morina longifolia

. 201

Mentha sylvestris

. 134,206

Morina persica

. 201

Mentha sylvestris, var. incana * . 166

Morinda augustifolia .

. 248, 293, 347

Mentha sylvestris, var. Royleana . '41, 166

Morinda citrifolia

^ . 90

Merendera persica^

174

Morus a ba .

. 171,209

Merendera robusta

174

Morus indica

• 67, 85, 265

Mertensia primuloides .

163

Morus laevigata .

Mertensia, sp. n.

163

Morus sp. .

Mertensia tibetica

163

Mosla dianthera .

. 60, 2o5

Meteorium

323

Mozufferpur rust

114, 118, 119, 122, 123

2,78

PAGE.

323

324
323

325
323
323

4, 73, 77, 223
240, 290
62
192
75

233, 287, 339
100, ib+, 206
222
8'

235, 288, 340

INDEX

391

Mucuna

PAGE.

Neckera flabellata’

PAGE.

32$

Mucuna imbricata

34*

Neckera rugulosa

325

Mucuna macrocarpa

239, 289

Neckeraceae

323

Mucuna pruiens

Neel

Muehlenbergia himalayensis

213

Neillia thyrsiflora

242, 290

Muehlenberga sylvatica

. . 213

Nelsonia campestris

83, 256,296

Muehlenbcrgia viridissima

. . 213

Nelumbium speciosum

52, 192

Mukia scabrella .

. . 80, 94, 200

Neottia listeroides

173

Mulberry

. . 221

Nepeta ....

187

Murraya exotica

339

Nepeta Cataria

167

Musa ....

Nepeta Clarkei .

167

Musa rosacea

68, 86

Nepeta connata .

167, 206

Musa sapientum

Nepeta elliptica .

\67

Musci . ,

. . 180

Nepeta erecta

167, 2o5

Mussaenda

Nepeta eriostachya

206

Mussaenda frondosa

Nepeta Govaniana

i67

Mussaenda glabra

67, 346

Nepeta juncea

167

Mussaenda macrophylla

247, 346

Nepeta linearis

206

Mussaenda pavethae flora

247

Nepeta nervosa .

167

Mussaenda Roxburghii

247, 292

Nepeta pinetorum

167

Mussaenda sp.

247» 292

Nepeta podostachys

i67

Mustard

33, 74

Nepeta raphanorhiza .

167

Mutkee

. . 90

Nepeta spicata

167, 2o5

Myosotis Hooken

17'

Nepeta spicata, var. elata

167

Myosotis sylvatica

. . 163

Nepeta supina

167

Myriactis nepalensis

157, 201

Nephelaphyllum pulchrum .

269

Myriactis Wallichii

157

Nephelaphyllum sp.

269, 301

Myricaria elegans

Nephelium Litchi

236

Myricaria germaniea .

. 15,' 4h 147

Nephelium longanum .

Myrioneuron nutans

Nephrodium amboinense

Myriopteron paniculatum

252, 294

Nephrodium aridum

88, 214

Myristica attenuata

56, 59

Nephrodium barbigerum

214

Myrlstica canarica

Nephrodium Blumei

Myristica Beddomei

Nephrodium Boryanum

214

Myristica longifolia

. 64, B4, 355

Nephrodium Brunonianum .

214

Myristica magnifica

. . 59

Nephrodium calcaratum

Myristiceae

84, 335

Nephrodium crinipes .

Myrsine africana

. . 162, 203

Nephrodium decurrens

Myrsine semi-serrata .

348

Nephrodium falcilobum

281,306

Myrsineae .

81, 162, 203, 250, 348

Nephrodium Filix-mas

8, 179.214

Myrtaceae

80, 153, 199, 243, 344

Nephrodium glandulosum

367

Myrtus communis

153

Nephrodium hirtipes

Myxopyrum smilacifotium

7h 82

Nephrodium Leuzeanum

88, 281, 306

Nahor ....

223

Nephrodium membranifolium
Nephrodium molle

Nephrodium moulmeinensc

88,

69, 281, 306

-79,214,367

Naiadaceae .

. 87,212,278

Nephrodium ochthodes

Naias minor

Nephrodium odontoloma

179

Naravelia zeylanica

• • 56, 68, 74

Nephrodium odoratum

314

Nardostacbys Jatamansi

. . 13/23'

Nephrodium parasiticum

368

Nasturtium indicum

69, 76

Nephrodiuni procurrens

Naisturtium indicum, var.

benga-

Nephrodium prolixum

214

lensis

336

Nephrodium ramosum

141, 179

Naisturtium palustre

76, 144

Nephrodium syrmaticum

Nastsiatum herpeticum

Nephrodium tenericaule

NecUera

325

Nephrodium truncatum

Ncckera alopccuroidus

326

Nephrodium unkum

392

INDEX.

Ncphrodium variolosum

PAGE.

281, 306

Ncphrodium vastum

368

Nephrolepis acuta

Ncphrolepis cordifolia

Ncphrodium exaltata .

65, SS

Nerium

191

Nerium odorum

. 133, 162, 204

Ncyraudia madagascaricnbis

213

Nicotiana rotundifolia

254

Nicotiana rustica

8,41

Nicotiana Tabacum . 82,

219, 254, 295, 35 1

Nilambi ....

Nitclla Roxburghii

Noragamia alata

Nothochlaena vellea

214

Notochicta hamosa

260, 2qS

Nurki ....

Nyctagincze

. 84, 169, 207

Nymphaja

5UQ0, 191, 192

Nyniphaeaccaj

192

C)aks ....

266

Obcronia i rid i folia

267, 300, 359

Obcronia sp.

267

Ochiocarpus longifolius

Ociinum

Octoblepharum

314

Octoblcpharum albidum

314

Odina Wodier

Oiacir.eae

78, 234

Olax acuminata .

234, 288

Olax scandews .. .

Oiv^enlandia

69, 72, 81

Oldcrti.; Jlia coccine?x .

201

Oldcnlandia cO. i mbosa

Olea cuspidata

1 62, 185, 203

Olca dioica . . ,

•r ^

Olea glanduiifera

183, 203

Oleaccse

82, 162

203, 251,349

OU‘andra neriiformis

Onagraceje .

‘ 80, t54» 199

Onosma echioides

I64

Onosma stcnosiphon

\ 1^4

Onychium auratum

. 88

280, 306, 36C

Onychium japonicum .

214

Ophioglossum vulgatum

282, 366

Ophiopogon cordylinoides

274. 303

Ophiopogon VVallichianus

274» 303

Oi)hiorrhiza

69, 81

Ophiorrhiza Harrisiana
OjjhioiThiza Harrisiana,

var. ar

gcntca

247, 292, 346

Ophiorrhiza hispida

247, 202

(JphiorrhiTa "kingiana .

247, 292

,j^Uphiorrhiz.a luriJa

247

PAGE.

Ophiorrhiza oppositifldra

Ophiurus corymbosus .

Opium

. 219

Oplismenus .

212

Opuntia Dillenii .

. . 200

Opuntia nigricans

49, 89

Orange

Orchidaceae . .86, 173,

21 1, 267, 310, 359, 369

Orchis Chusua

15'

Orchis latifolia

173

Origanum vulgare

. 166, 184, 206

Origanum vulgare, var. laxiflorum 166

Ornithochilus fuscus

. 271, 303, 362

Orobanchaceae

• 133, 165, 254

Orobanche Clarkei

i65

Oroxyluin indicum

. 65, 83, 352

Orthosiphon pallidus

206

Orthosiphon stamincus

2S9> 207

Oi thotrichiceae

318

Orthotrichum anomalum

180

Oryza sativa

. 41,212,279

Oryzopsis

Oryzopsis Munroi

176

Oryzopsis pallida

177

Osbeckia

10*

Osbeckia chincnsis

. *99, 244, 291

Osbeckia siellata

>99

Osmunda Clayton iana .

io',2i4

Osmunda regalis

. 56,222,281

Osyris Wightiana

Otochilus fusca

269, 301

Otoctegia limbata

168

Ottelia alismoidcs

. 69, 85, 97

Oxalis corniculata

51, 78, 148, >94, 338

Oxyria digyna

. 12' 170, 208

Oxyspora paniculata

24 1, 20*

Pachystoma senile

26g, 301

Pacderia Cruddasiana .

248, 293

Pa;deria tomentosa

68, 81

Paeonia anomala ,

*43

Paeonia Emodi

26, 41

Palmeae

. 86,211,276,364

P6n ....

219

Pandanus

Panicum

Panicum Crus*galH

*75

Panicum intcrruptum .

51,0b

Panicum Isachne

212

Pa.iicum m'liaceum

33,41,212

Panicum montanum

I^anicum pilipcs .

. . 365

Panicum plicaturn

212,365

Panicum sanguinale

Panicum sarmentosum

365

INDEX.

393

PAGE.

Papaver dubium, var. glabrum

144

Periploca'aphylla .

163

Papaver somniferurn

75, 228

Periploca calophylla

189, 204, 352, 294

Papaveraceae

75, i44» 102, 228

Peristrophe bicalyculata

96, 206

Papillaria

323

Peristrophe fera .

353

Papillaria floribunda .

324

Perowskia atriplicifolia .

166

Papillaria fuscescens

323

Peucedanum Dana

1 55

Pappophorum Aucheri .

177

Phagnalon acuminatum

. 128, I3i,'i57

Pappophorum persicum

Phagnalott niveum

I31, I57> 189, 203

Paraboena sagittata

228, 286

Phajus albus

. 269, 301, 360

Paracaryum asperum .

. 163

Phajus maculatus

360

Paracaryum glochidiatum

. r63

Phajus Wallichii .

Paracaryum heliocarpum

. 163

Phalsenopsis Cornucervi

361

Paracaryum microcarpum

163

Phaseolus .

Parietaria judaica

171

Phaseolus calcaratus

. 197, 240, 290

Paris polyphylla .

275, 304

Phaseolus grandis

Parnassia n ubicola

190, 198

Phaseolus Mungo

151

Parnassia ovata

153. 198

Phaseolus vulgaris

151

Parochetus .

187

Philonotis .

321

Parochetus communis .

. 196

Philonotis angusta

321

Parrotia Jacquemontiana

26,

41. 153, 186, 199

Philonotis falcata

. 180

Paspalum

Philonotis heterophylla

. 323

Paspalum sanguinale .

I7S» 212

Philonotis imbricatula .

322

Paspalum scrobiculatum

212

Philonotis mollis .

322

Paspalum sp.

Phleum arenarium

177

Passifloracese

Phlogacanthus asperulus

Pattal

III

Phlogacanthus curviflorus

• 83,258,297

Pattal boti .

. Ill

Phlogacanthus guttatus

353

Pavetta Brunonis

Phlogacanthus Jenkinsii

258, 297

Pavetta indica

72, 81, 94> 347

Phlogacanthus pubinervis

258, 297

Peach

. 242

Phlogacanthus thyrsi florus

Pedalinese .

. 165, 205, 256

Phlogacanthus tubiflorus

. 258, 297, 353

Pedicularis ,

. 187, 190, 284

Phlomis bracteosa

168, 207

Pedicularis bicornuta

165

Phlomis cashmiriana .

168

Pedicularis carnosa

. 205

Phlomis setigera .

168, 207

Pedicularis gracilis

. 186, 205

Phlomis spectabilis

. i68, 207

Pedicularis megalantha

. 20S

Phoebe attenuata

262, 299

Pedicularis pectinata .

165, 205

Phoebe paniculata

262, 299

Pedicularis porrecta

. 205

Phoenix acaulis .

Pedicularis pycnantha .

. 16S

Phoenix humilis, var, Loureirii

276, 304

Pedicularis siphonantha

. 74 165, 205

Phoenix robusta -

94, 95, 97

Pedicularis tenuirostris

. 16S

Phoenix sylvestris

68, 86, 185, 211

Pedicularis tubiflora

15'

Pholidota advena

361

Peepul ...

Pholidota Convallarise .

361

Peganum Harmala

. 129, 148

Pholidota imbricata

54, 86, 269, 301, 361

Peliosanthes Teta

Pholidota rubra .

. 270, 302, 361

Pellsea nitidula .

. 178, 214

Photinia Notoniana, var.

macro-

Pennisetum ■,

87, 190

phylla

. 242, 291

Pennisetum Alopecurus

89, 97

Phragmites communis .

46, 137

Pennisetum dichotomum -

46.

Phragmites Roxburghii

177

Pennisetum flaccidum .

•

. 46, 212

Phrynium .

69, 86

Pennisetum lanatum

. 46, 176

Phyllanthus

. 91, 19*

Pennisetum orientale .

. 176, 212

Phyllanthus distichus .

Pentasacme caudatum .

252, 294

Phyllanthus Emblica

72, 85

Pepper vines

Phyllanthus Niruri

. 208

Perhwi

Phyllanthus reticulatus

67, 85, 92, 93, 356

Pericampylus incanus .

75» 228, 286, 335

1 Phyllanthus Urinaria .

. 85, 1 84, 208

Perilla ocimoides . 69, 84, 206, 256, 260, 29^

1 Phyllostachys Mannii

394

INDEX.

PAGE.

Physalis minima

72» 82

Physalis pei'uviana

82, 254

Physochlaiana praealta

42, 164

Physcomitrium

31Q

Physcomitrium acuminatum

319

Physcomitrium coorgense.

Broth

319

Physorhynchus brahuicus

. 129

Phyteuma Thomson! ,

. 160

Phytolacca acinosa

190, 207

PhytolaceacesB

Pic^a Morinda , ii'> *9'

,140,172,187,210

Picris hieracioides

159

Picrorrhiza Kurrooa

13', 2^5

Pieris formosa

. 10

Pieris ovalifolia . At* ^

10', 203, 250, 294

Pilea bracteosa

. 265, 300

Pilea peploides

69,85

Pilea umbrosa

. 309

Pimelandra GriflSthu

25b 294

Pimpinella adscendens

92,96

Pimpinella diversifolia

155,200

Pimpinella Saxifraga, var. dissectifolia 1 55

Pinanga gracilis

68, 86, 276, 304, 364

Pines . . . .

• . 33,34,35

Ptnus excelsa ii 3i 10. i2j

,14,29,42,140,172,

189, 210

Pinus Gerardiana *

II, 12, 42, 172

Pinus Khasya

. 222, 267

Pinus longifolia .

183, 185, 191,210

Piper

53, 84

Piper Betle . .

. 219

Piper boehmeriaefoHum

. 262, 298, 355

Piper Kingianum

. 262, 298

Piper nepalensis .

Piper pecpuloides

355

Piperaceae

. 84,262,355

Pistacia cabulica

. 129, 130,

Pistacia Khinjak

. 130, 149

Pistacia mutica

130, 149

Pistacia Terebinthus

. 130

Pistia stratiotes .

* 52, 97

Pisum sativum

Pithecolobium

Pithecolobium angulatum

. 241, 290

Pithecolobium bigeminum

. S6, 241, 290

Pittosporeae

336

Pittosporum floribundum

336

Plagiothecium denticulatum

181

Plantagineae

169, 207, 261, 354

Piantago lanceolata .

. . 169, 207

Plantago major

. 207,261,298,354

Plantain

• 50, 54, 222

Platanaceae

. . 172,200

Platanus orientalis

26,172,184,209

Platycerium Wallichii .

281,306

Plcctocomia assamica .

276, 304

Plectranthus

PAGE.

19*

Plectranthus Coetsa

. 166,206,259,297

Plectranthus hispidus .

. . 260, 298

Plectranthus incanus .

. . ^06

Plectranthus rugosus . 166, 185, 189, 19^., 206

Plectranthus striatus .

. , 206

Plecfranthus ternifolius

. 11,84,260,298

Pleopeltis rhynchophylla

10'

Pleopeitis simplex

10'

Pieurospermum Brunonis

. . 200

Pleurospermum Candollei

*55

^lumbagineae

. . 132, 203

Plumbago zeylanica

. . 92, 188, 203

Poa . , ^ .

. . 313

Poa bulbosa

. . 16

Poa bulbosa, var. vivipara

*77

Poa rtetnoralis, var. iigulata

*77

Pea persica, var. soonganca

*77

Poa pratensis

*77

Poa pratensis, var. vivipara

*77

Podophyllum Emodi

18', 42, 144, *92

Podostemon Hookerianus

Pogonatherum crinitum

366

Pogonatherum saccharoideum . 177,213

PogonatuiD hexagon um

. . 322

Pogonia

Pogonia carinata .

. . 272,302

Pogonia Juliana

272, 302

Pogostemon fraternus .

354

Pogostemon glaber

354

Pogostemon parviflorus

72,84,94,354

Pohlia cruda

. ' . iSo

Polemoniaceae

. . 163

Polemomum coeruleum

. . 163

Pollia Aclisia

275, 304

Poilia subumbellata

Pollinia argentea

. . 212

Pollinia nuda

• . 212

Polyalthia simiarum

Polycarpaea corymbosa

Polycarpon Loeflingiae

. . 76

Polygala abyssinica

• • *45, *93

Polygala arillata

. . 230, 286

Polygala crotalaroides

193

Polygala cjiinends

*93

Polygala leptalea

• . 230, 286

Polygala persicaciaefolia

• * *93

Polygala sibirica

• • *46, 193

Polygalaceae

• • *45,193,230

Polygonatum cirrhitolium

• • 275,304

Polygonatum geminiflorum

• • *73

Polygonatum multiflorum

• '• *73

Polygonatum nervulosum

275, 304

Polygonatum verticillatum

*73

Polygonaceae . 84,135,169,207,261,354

Polygonum

69, 70, 186, 187, 19,

Polygonum affine

35, 169

INDEX. 395

Polygonum alatum

PAGE.

170, 207, 261,298, 354

PAGE.

Polypodium trichomanoides . . 12*

Po'.ygonum alpinum .

170

Polypodium uroplyllum

368

Polygonum amplexicaule

170,207

Polypogon littoralis

177

Polygonum aviculare .

170,207

Polypogon maritimus .

177

Polygonum barbatum .

50,84

Polytoca CooUei .

Polygonum capitatum .

207

Polytrichaceae

. . 322

Polygonum chinense

261, 298, 355

Poly trichum

323

Polygonum dumetorum

170,207

Polytrichum hexagonum

. . 322

P^gonum Gilesit

170

Poly trichum Neesii

322

Polygonum glabrum

84, 93

Pomegranate

Polygonum Hydropiper

170,207

'Pongamia glabra

• • 50, 55, 93

Polygonum lapathifolium

170

Pontederiacese

211,275

Polygonum orientate .

Populus alba

34, 42

Polygonum paronychioides

170

Populus ciliata . . 29,34,42,172,186,210

Polygonum plebeium

84, 170, 207

Porana

Polygonum Posumbu

Porana paniculata

253, 295

Polygonum recumbens

170

Porana racemosa

253, 295

Polygonum rumicifolium

170

Porotrichum

• • 326

Polygonum runcinatum

261,298

Porotrichum aiopecuroides

• • 326

Polygonum sagittatnum

Portulaceae

' 77

Polygonum stagninum

207

Portulaca oleracea

Polygonum strigosum

Potamogeton

• 69,87,191,212

Polygonum tortuosum

Potamogeton perpusiilus

278, 305

Polygonum tubulosum

170

Potatoes

• • 74

Polygonum vaccinifolium

12', 20/

Potentilla .

• . *83,186,187

Polygonum viscosum .

261, 29S

Potentilla albifolia

Polygonum viviparum .

207

Potentilla argyrophylla

198

Polypodium adnascens

Potentilla coriandrifolia

• • 7'

Pplypodium amoenum

8% 214

Potentilla desertorum .

• • 152

Polypodium argutum

Potentilla fragarioides .

• . 152

Polypodium Boothii

8' 281, 306

Potentilla fruticosa

12', \f

Polypodium clathratum

214

Potentilla gelida '

152

Polypodium distans

214

Potentilla Kleiniana

72,79,242,290

Polypodium ebenipes .

214

Potentilla microphylla .

• • r

Polypodium fissum

8', 88, 214

Potentilla nepalensis .

• . 198

Polypodium hastatum .

214

Potentilla peduncularis

• » 7'

Polypodium hemionitidiura

368

Potentilla leptans

152

Polypodium Heteractis

268

Potentilla Sibbaldi

152, 198

Polypodium lachnopus

8^184,214

Potentilla Sibbaldi, var. micrantha j C2

Polypodium leiorhizon

88,281,306

Potentilla supina

• • 152

Polypodium lineare

88, 184,214

Poterium saitgitisorba .

• • *52

Polypodium longissimum

Pothos

Polypodium membranaceum .

Pothos Cathcartii

. 86,278,305,365

Polypodium multilineatum

368

Pothos scandens .

.S3, 86, 278, 305, 365

Polypodium nigrescens

69,88

Pothos Vriesianus

278, 305

Polypodium normale .

368

Pottsia cantoniensis

252, 294

Polypodium nummiilarifolium

65,83

Pouzolzia hirta

. . 209

Polypodium Phegopteris

*79

Pouzolzia indica .

85, 209

Polypodium proliferum

Pouzolzia pentandra

. . 209

Polypodium pteropus

Prangos pabularia

42, *55

Polypodium punctatum

65, 88, 214

Pratia begoniaefolia

. . 249, 293

Polypodium quercifolium

88, 368

Premna coriacea

Polypodium Robetdanum

179

Premna herbacea

258, 297

Polypodium rostratum

Premna milleflora

258, 297

Polypodium strigmosum

Prenanthes Brunoniana

*59

Polypodium subfurfuraceum
Polypodium superficiale

Primula

Primula dcnticulata

. . *87

7',16o

INDEX.

69, 88, 280, 306, 367
Pteriscretica . . . 69,88,178,214

Pteris ensiformis
Pterls excelsa .... 214

Pteris GrifiBthii ... 88

jPteris incisa .... 88

iPteris longifolia . . . . 88, 178

Pteris ludens . . . . 141, 178

^eris pellucida . . . . 54, 88

Pteris quadriaurita . . 69, 88, 366

pterin semi- pinnata . . . 66,69,88

Pteris Wallichiana . . . 8', 214

.JPterobryum .... 324

Pterobryum frondosum . . 324,328

Pterobryum graclle. Broth. . 324

Pterobryum involutum . . 325

pterobryum patulum. Broth. 325

Pterobryum Schiuidii . . 325

PAGE.

Primula denticulata, var. erosioides 160

Pterobryum Walked, Broth. 324

Primula glabra .

5', 7'

Pterobryum Wightii .

325

Primula muscoides

13*

Pterocarpus indicus

Primula pulchra .

Pterosperum acerifoHum

59, 64, 77

Primula pusilla .

Pterospermum uliginosum

Primula reticulata

Pterotheca Falconer} .

. . 159

Primula rosea

. 35> i6q

Puccinia anomala

. . 121

Primula rotundifolia

Puccinia graminis

107, 109, 1 13, 118, 1 19

Primula sikkimensis

Puccinia graminis, forma secalis 119

Primula soldanelloides

13'

Puccinia Hordei

. . 121

Primula Stuartii .

. 5'.7'>2o',35

Puccinia rubigo-vera

99, loi, 106, 107, 109,

Primula Stuartii, var. purpurea

. 161

no. III, 112, 113, 114, ii5, 116, 117, 118, ii9>

Prjmula uniflora

13'

120, 124

Primuiaeeae

. 160, 203, 250

Puccinia rubigo-vera, var.

simplex 121

Prlnsepia utilis

. 10', 185, 197

Pueraria bella

239, 289

Protium serratum

. 234, 288

Pueraria Candollei

. . 239, 289

Prunella vulgaris

168

Pueraria phaseoloides, var. java-

Prunus acuminata

241,290

nica

239, 289

Prunus Armenaiaca

. i5i»iQ7»24i

Pueraria subspicata

. . 239, 289

Prunus brahuica

151

Pueraria Thunbergiana

239, 290

Prunus Cerasus .

151

Pulicaria glaucescens .

132

Prunus commnnis, var.

insititia

197

Pulicaria Wightiana

Prunus Jenkinsii .

72, 79

Pulse

Prunus Padus . 19 , 26, 28, 140, 15 1, 187, 197

Pumpkins .

» 72, 74, 219

Prunus persica

151, 197» 242, 290

Punica Granatum

70, 80, 154, 244

Prunus prostrata .

151

Pycreus capillaris

175,212

Prunus Puddum .

242, 290

Pycreus sanguinolentus

. . 212

Prunus rufa

3', 4', 6'

Pyrola secunda .

t6, 36

Psychotria adenophylla

248, 293

Pyrus armeniaca .

. . 184

Psychotria calocarpa

248, 293

Pyrus baccata

198

Psychotria erratica

248, 293

Pyrus communis .

152, 198

Pseudostachyum polymorph*' m

64, 87, 279, 305

Pyrus Cydunia

153

Psidium Guyava

. 80, 199

Pyrus foliolosa

. 3',4't6', 19'

Psoralea corylifoHa

Pyrus lanata

. 19', 140, 153, £98

Psoralea drupacea

150

Pyrus Malus

153

Psychotria calocarpa

81, 347

Pyrus microphylla

. 6% iS% 19'

Psychotria denticulata

67,81

Pyrus Pashia

153

Psychotria fulva .

Pyrus rhamnoides

Quercus 62

Quercus dilatata 140, 172, 186, 187, 189, 190, 208^

zio

Quercus glauca .
Quercus Ilex
Quercus incana .
Quercus lineata .
Quercus Listeri
Quercus semecarpifolia

Racopilum .
Racopilum indicum

. 213

140, 172, 190, 210
140, 172, igo, 210
. 190

122', 187, iqo, 210

322

INDEX,

397

Radish

PAGE.

. . 2y<j

Rainphicarpa longiflora

Randia

Randia duinetorum

Randia fasciculata

Randia longiflora

346

Randia uliginosa

Randia Wailichii

247, 293

Ranunculaceae

74, 142, 1 91, 227, 335

Ranunculus

187. 19«

Ranunculus afiinis

Ranunculus arvcnsis

<42

Ranunculus falcatus

142

Ranunculus hirtellus

142

Ranunculus laetus

142

Ranunculus muricatus .

143

Ranunculus rufosepalus

143

Ranunculus pennsylvanicus

Ranunculus sceleratus

69, 74» *43, 1 91

Raphanus sativa .

Raspberries .

^ • 221

Rauwolfia chinensis

.251, 204, 308

Reaumujria Stocksii

128, 129

Reinwardfia trigyna

. *47, *94, 232, 287

Remusatia vivipara

Renanthera Imschootiana

361

Reptoria buxifolia

. . 162

Rhagadiolus Hedypnois .

128, 132

Rhamnaceae

. 78, 149, *95, 235

Rhamnus dahurica

*49

Rhamnus davaricus

195

Rhamnus nipalensis

235, 288

Rhamnus purpureus

195

Rhaphidophora

. (55, 86, 278

Rhaphidophora Calophyllum

1 . 364

Rhaphidophora decursiva

364

Rhaphidophora glauca

364

Rhaphidophora Hookeri

364

Rhaphidostegium

326

Rhaphidostegium tristiculum

. 326

Rhazya stricta

133

Rheum

. . 207

Rheum acuminatum

3', *8', 23'

Rheum Emodi

Rheum uobile

. 12', 13' 16', 21'

Rheum Ribes

. 128, 136, 170

Rheum Webbianum

. . 170

Rhinacanthus calcaratus

353

Rhinacanthus calarat«s,

var.

maxima . . . ^

• 258, ^

Rhizophorese

344

Rhododendron Anthopogon

5', 7', 8' 20' 21', 203

Rhododendron arboreum

. 4', 10', 203

Rhoflodendron barbatum

Rhododendron campanulatum 7', S', 12', 20', 203

Rhododendron ciliatum

. 10'

Rhododendron cinnabarinum

i . 4'

Rhododendron Collctianum

160

Rhododendron Falconeri

PAGE.

Rhododendron formosum

222

Rhododendron Hodgsoni

Rhododendron indicum

. 2So, 294, 308

Rhododendron lanatum

Rhododendron lepidotum

263

Rhododendron nivale

. 17', 2l', 22'

Rhododendron setosum

5', 7'- 21'

Rhus

184

Rhus Cotin us

. 196

Rhus parviflora

Rhus punjabensis

*49

Rhus semi-alata

196

Rhus succedanea .

42, lyG

Rhynchoglossum obliquum.

var.

parviflora . . . .

255, 296

Rhynchosia himalensis .

*97

Rhynchosia pseudo'cajan

*5*

Rhynchosia sericea

107

Rhynchotechum ellipticum .

. 83, 255, 296

Rhynchotechum ellipticum,

var.

angusta ....

255, 296

Rhynchotechum vestitum

. 83, 255, 296

Rhyncostylis retusa

54, 80, 96, 271, 302

Ribes

*99

Ribes glaciale

*53

Ribes nigrum

Ribes rubrum

*53

Rice .....

. 72, 74, 279

Ricinus communis 74, 85, 183,

208, 2O4, 299, 357

Rivea hypocrateriformis

49, 90

Rivea ornata

Rouinia ....

Rola

Roli

. loi, log

Rora

. 1 10

Rori

log, 1 1 9

Rosa alba ....

152

Rosa damascena .

*52

Rosa involucrata .

. 222, 242, 29!

Rosa macrophylla

*0', 15', 152, 19S

Rosa moschata

. 152, I SO, 19S

Rosa sericea

. 10', 18'

Rosa Webbiana .

. 5', 9', 42, 152

Rosa zanthina

152

Rosaceae . . *79,

151, *97, 241, 343

Roscoea alpina

. 10', 12*, 21 1

Rottboellia perforata .

213

RottbOellia specio^a .

176, 213

Roydsia parviflora

229, 286

Roydsia suaiveolens

336

Roylea elegans

. 184

Rubia cordifolia .

*6', 156, 1 89, 201

Rubiaceae Si, iSd, 201,

246, 3*0, 346, 369

Rubus biflorus

. 26

Rubus ellipticus .

186, 1 98, 343

Rubus fruticosus .

152

398

INDEX.

PAGE.

Rubus hexagynus

. . . 242, 290

Rubus lasiocarpus

72, 79, 152, 198, 343

Rubus lucens

67, 79

Rubus moluccanus

. . . 242, 343

Rubus niveus

xo', 36, 42, 152, 198

Rubus paniculatus

. . . 198

Rubus parvifolius

. . . 151

Rubus pungens

. . . 151

Rubus rosaefoHus

. 72,79,242.443

Rubus saxatilis

Rum

. . . 221

Rumex acetosa .

. . . 170

Ramex dentatus .

84, 170

Rtn^x bastatus .

. . . 45, 170, 208

Rumex maritimus

. . . 69, 84

Rumex nepalensis

. . . 170, 208

Rungia . .

Rungia elegans .

. . . 90

Ruagia parvi flora, var. mural is , 353

Rungia parviflora, var. pectinata . 83

Rungia stolonifera

. . . 258, 297

Rust, Ferozepore

. 111,115,120,122,124

Rust, Mogul Serii

.107,115,121

Rust, Mo ufEerour

105, 106, 1 14, 118, 1 19, 120,

122, 123

Rust, Saharanpur

. . 1 12, 115, 121, 122

Rust, Shibpur 99, 100, iQi, 102, 104, 113, 114,

1 16, 117, 1 18, 122

Ruta sp.

1..8

Rutaceae

78, 129, 148 194, 233, 310, 338

Sabai . . . .

Sabia lanceolata .

Saijiace?^ . . . .

79, 236

Saccharum . . . .

Saccharum cylindricum

Saccharum spontaneurn

. 46,69,176

Saccolabium . ^

66,86

Saccolabium calceolare

Saccolabium Cruddasianum

. 27X, 302

Saccolabium gemmatum

271, 302

Saccolabium maculosum

Saccolabium obliquum

' . ^7x, 302

Saccolabium papillosum

. 271, 302, 362

Saccolabium Wightianum

Sageretia Brandrethiana

149

Sage ret ia theezans , .

149, 195

Sagina

193

Sagina procumbens

147

Sagittaria .

69, 7-0, 87, 1 91

Sagittaria guayanensis

. 175, 212

Sagittaria sagittifolia .

175, 278

Sago ....

. 221

Saharanpur rust .

115, 121

Salicineae .

85, 172, 210, 267

Salix ....

PAGE.

Salix acmophylla

Salix alba .

210

Salix babylonica .

172

Salix elegans

210

Salix hastata

172

Salix oxycarpa

172

Salix tetrasperma

. 65, 86, 267, 300

Salix Wallichiana

6, 18', 172

Salomonia .

193

Salomonia cantoniensis

230, 286

Salvadora oleoides

134

Salvia

187

Salvia Sclarea

X34

Salvia glutinosa

166, 206

Salvia hians

206

Salvia lanata

167

Salvia macrosiphon

134

Salvia Moorcroftiana .

167, 190, 206

Salvia plebeia

167, 92

Sambucus Ebulus

43, JS5

Sambucus javanica

81, 246, 292

Samnius VaJeranai

161

Samydaceae

• i

244

Sandalwood

Sanicula europaea

200

Santalaceae . . .

171

Santalum album

Sapindaceae

79, 149,

195, 236, 341

Sapindus attenuatus

Sapindus Mukorossi

184, 1 91, 195

Sapium baccatum

Sapium insigne .

94,357

Sapium sebiferum

191, 2o3

Saponaria Vaccaria

146

Saprosma ternatum

67, 81

Sapotaceae

251

Saraca indica

56, 342

Sarcauthus .

Sarcanthus appendiculatus

362

Sarcantbus filiforrnis

271, 302

Sarcanthus pallidus

71, 302

Sarcantbus secundus •

Sarchochilus sp. . .

271

Sarchochlamys pulcherrima

67, 85, 358

Sarcococca pruniforrnis

10', 171, 20S

Sarcosperma arboreum

251, 294

Sarcostemma brevistigma

Saurauja macrotricha

230, 286

Saurauja Roxburghii

• 65, 77, 230, 286

Saurauja punduana

Sauromatum guttatum

Sauropus albicans

263, 299

Saussurea afbnis

69, 81

Saussurea albescens

159

Saussurea candicans

159

Saussurea Candolleana

202

399

PAGE.

Saussurea gossypiphora

. . 12'

Sapssurea labescens

. . 202

Saussurea Lappa

29, 43

Saussurea leptophylla .

IS9

Saussurea obvallata

. . 6^12'

Saussurea piptathera .

. . 202

Saussurea tridactyla

. . 21'

Saussurea sp.

159

Sa*ifraga

i8y

Saxifraga diversifolia .

. . 190, 19S

Saxifraga imbricata ’ .

Saxifraga Jacquemontiana

Saxifraga ligulata

. 4% IS3. 198

Saxifraga Stracheyi

153

Saxifragaceae

. iS3j 198, 242

Scabiosa Candolleana ■ .

156

Scandix Pecten-Veneris, var. bre»

virostris .

ISS

Scbima WaUichil

77 f 337

Schieichera trijuga

».9b

Schoepfia fragrans

. . 234f 288

Schrebera swietenoides

Scbwetschkea

, . 328

Schawetscihkea Indlca, Broth. 328

Scindapsus ,

Scitamineae .

865211,273^310,362

Selena suinatrensis

36s

Scoparia dulcis

Scorzonera di¥aricata .

45t 160

Scrophulark

. . 204

Saopbularia alata

. » 164

Scrophularia cabulica .

i6s

Scropbularia himalensis

I6S

&rophularia scabiosaefolia

165

Scrophularineae .

83, 164, 205, 2S4» 35 »

Scutellaria .

191

Scutellaria angu’osa

. . 206

Scutellaria discolor

. . 206

Scutellaria glandulosa .

. ' . 260,298

Scutellaria grossa

. . 206

Scutellaria linearis

. . 167

Scutellaria multicaulis

168

Scutellaria prostrata

168

S^ale montanum

177

Sechtum edule

. . 200

Securidaca tavayana

230, 286

Sedum

. . 187

S^um adenotrichum .

153

Sed'utn asiaticum

*53, .199

Sedum Ewersti

■ . *53, *90,^99

Sedum linearifolium

• . • 153

Sedum multkaule

. . igg

Sedum quadriiidum

199

Sedum Rhodiola .

*99

Sedum rosulatum

*99

Sedum tribdum .

*99

Seit

220, 276

Selagineae .

PAGE.

206

Selaginella .

66, 222

Selaginella canaliculata

280, 306

Selaginella caulescens

366

Selaginella picta .

280, 306

Selaginella rupestris

*79

Selaginella Waliichi; .

280, 306, 366

Sdaginellaceae

280,366

Selinum tenuifolium

200

Sematophyllacese

^26

Sematophyllum .

a26

Sematophyllum angrustP

cuspes. Broth.

S26

Sematophyllum hermaphroditum .

327

Semecarpus Anacardium

So, 5*, 62

Sena:io

186

Senecio amolexicaulis .

23', 202

Seneao araneosus

249, 293

Senecio ctienopodifolius

Senecio dhrysanthemoides

» 158, 202

Sen^io chrysanthemoides,

var.

158

Senecio coronopifolius .

*32, 158

Senecio Decaisnei

128, 132

Senecio diversifolius

*5'

Senecio graciliflorus

202

SenecioJKunthianus

202

Senecio rufinervis

2©2

Senecio vagans

249

Senecio yunnanensis

249, 293

Sesamum indicum

* *65,

205, 256, 296

geseli daucifolium

69,80

Seseli sibiricum .

*55

Setaria

87, 220

Setaria glauca

176, 212

Setaria italica . 43, 176, 212,

2*9, 279, 305

Setaria verticillata

Shaelu

Shewal

Shibpur rust

. **4#

*16, 1 17, 1 18

Shorea assamica .

Shorea siamensis .

231, 286

Shuteria vestita .

239, 289

Sida . • .

Sida cordifolla

*93

Sida humilis

*93

Sida rhombifolia .

*93

Sida !5pinosa

*93

Sideroxylon tomentosum

Siegesbeckia orientalis .

69, 81,

158, 202. 348

Silene afgbanica .

146

Silene arenosa

146

Silene conoidea .

146

Silene Cucubalus .

146

Silene Falconeriana

*93

Silene Griffithii

146

Silene inflata

*93

400

INDEX.

PAGE.

Silen*e.Mocrrcroftiana .

193

Spinifex squarrosus

Silene tenuis

193

Spiradiclis bihda .

• 81

Srivei Fir.

33,34

Spfradidts cylindrica

247, 292

Sim ... .

219, ^4St

Spiraea bella

Simarubeae

234

Spiraea brahuica .

151

Sinapis patens

229

Spiraea hypericifolia

1. 0, 43

Sinapis rugosa

. . 229

Spiraea cant ens

151,198

Sisymbrium AHiaria

i45

Spiraea parvifolia

198

Sisymbrium Columnae ..

*45

SlTiraia sorbifolia

ISI, 187, 197

Sisymbrium mollissimum

145

Spiraea vestita

151, 197

Sisymbrium Sophia

14s

Spiranthes australis

173

Sisymbrmra $t»*fctum .

145

Spirogyra

Sisymbrium Thafianum

145

Splachnaceae

319

Slum fffectum

155

Spondias attenuatus

Skiciimid. Laureola

148,195

Spondias mangifera

^2,79. 96

Smildx

Sporobolus diander

213

Smilax ferox

274,304

Sporobolus piiiferus

213

Smilax lanceaefolia

I274, 304, 363

Spruce

33, 34

Smilax macrophylla

. 94, 275, 304

Stachys floccosa .

168

Smilax ovalifolia

Stachys oblongifolia

Smilax parvifolia

. . 211

Stachys sericea

1 08, 206

Smilax Roxburghiana .

. 274, 304, 363

Staphylea Emodi .

149

Smilhia ciliata

91, 196

Statice cabulica

132

Smithia purpurea

. . 92

Statice Gilesii

lOo

Smithia sensitiva .

Statice Griffithii .

lOo

Sclanaceae 82, 133, 164, 205, 253, 351

Statice macrohabdos

128, 132

Solanum barbatum, var. Griffithii . 253, 295

Stauranthera grandiflora

225, 296

Solanum biftoi’Um

253, 295

Stellaria

193

Solanum ferox, var. inermis

253, 295

Stellaria bulbosu .

146

Soianum indicum

. 66, 82, 94, 205, 351

Stellaxia crispata .

146

Solanum melongena

Stellaria media

69, 76,

146, 230, 286

Solanum nigrum

. 82, 164, 205

Stellaria uliginosa

14O

Solanum torvum

« 71.82,351

Stemodia viscosa .

Solanum verbascifolium

. 82, 184, 205

Stenoloma chinensis

Solanum xanthocarpum

. 93, 184, 205

Stephania elegans

192

S.Qlenanthus circinatus .

. . 163

Stephania rotunda

335

Solidago Virgaurea

157,201

Sterculia coccinea

231, 287

Sonchus

Sterculia cognata .

232, 287

Sonchus. arvensis .

111

Sterculia colorata

232, 287, 337

Sonchus asper

160

Sterculia guttata

Sonchus oleraceus

81.203

Sterculia Roxburghii

Sonerila maculata

. 244^,291 , 344

Sterculia urens

77, 9O

Sophoia nwllis

151, 197

Sterculia villosa .

62, 77

Sophora moHis, var. Duthiei

141, 151

Sterculiaceae

77,

231, 310, 337

SOphora delphinifolia .

Strawberry .

222

Sorghum halepense

Stereodon c^^peroides

327

Stereodon flavescens

328

Spathoglottis pubesccns

^9, 301

Stereodon juliformis

328

Spatholobus ferruginous

239

Stereodon lignicola

327

Spatholobua gyrocarpus

239

Stereodon plicatus

327

Spatholobus ^ottinger

239, 289

Stereodon reticulatus

327

Spermacoce

191

Stereodon rostratus

326

Spermacoce stricta

201

Stereodon taxirameus

327

Sphenocleit 2eylanica .

160

Stereodon tristiculus

326

Sphenodesma pentandrum

259, 297

Stereodontacese •

327

Spilanthes Acmella

69, 81, 92

Stereophyllum

328

Spilanthes Acmella, var. calva 249, 293

Stereophyllum VVightii

•

328

INDEX.

Stercospermum chelonoides

•

PAGE.

52, 63, 72, 83

Stercospermum glandulosum

•

352

Stercospermum xylocarpum

S.teudnera capitellata .

•-

277/ 305

Steudnera sp.

•

364

Stipa ....

•

Stipa barbata •

176

Stipa Hookeri • •

•

176

Stipa orthoraphium .

S(2

Stipa sibirica • •

•

18, 43, 176

Straelti . . •

•

Streblus asper

•

265, 300

Streptolirion volubile .

276, 304

Stceptoiirion volubile, var. setosa

•

276, 304

Strobiianthes alatus

•

165, 205

Strobilanthes angustifrons

205

Strobilanthes capitatus

3S7> 296

Strobilanthes coloratus .

•

257/ 296

Strobilanthes flaccidifolius

•

221, 257

Strobilanthes pentstemonordes

•

257, 296

Strobilanthes, sp.

Strychnos Nux-vomica .

Styraceae

82, 251, 349

Styrax serrulatum

67, 82

Styrax serrulatum, var. agrestis

349

Supari . . •

219

Svvertia . • •

•

187

Swertia cordata . «

163

Swertia Hookeri . ,

4^ 18'

Swertia petiolata . .

rfe, as*4

Swertia purpurascens .

204

Swertia speciosa .

•

163

Symplocos racemes ,

•

82, 251, 294

Symplocos spicata

72, 82

Symplocos, sp. • .

Syringa Emodi

162, 203

Tabernaemontana coronaria .

251, 294, 30s

Tacca laevis

274, 303

Taccaceae .

274

Taeniochlaena birmanica

236, 288

Tagetes erecta

158

Tail Downa

Tainia viridifusca

269, 30 1

Talauma Hodgsoni

64, 75

Tamarindus indicus

Tamaricineae

• 29, 147

Tamarix ericoides

Tamarix gallica .

44. 147

Tamarix macrocarpa .

128, 129, 130

Tamarix Pallasii .

128

Tanacetum .

190, 202

Tapiria hirsuta

68, 79

Taraxacum ofticinale .

15,

' 29, 44, 159, 202

Taxus baccata

2/ 172

401.

Tayloria

iTayloda, Schmidii
Teak

Tectona grandis
Tephrosia purpurea
Terminalia

Terminalia ai'gyrophylla
Tetminala Chebula
Termfoala mywocarpa
TerminaJia tomer ^ a
Terniola Latvo
T ernstr cem iaceae
Teucrium incanum
Teucrium Royleuanum
■jneucrium serratum
Teucrium stotoniferum .
Thalictrum alegans
Thalictrum foliolosum .
Thalictrum «opyroicles
Thalictrum pedunculatum
Thesium divaricatum
Thespesia Lam pas
Thladiantha
Thladiantha caicarata
Thladiantha duhia.
Thladiantha Hookeri
Thlaspi alpestre .

Thlaspi cardiocarpum
Thuidium
Thuidium blepharophyllum
Thuidium glaucinum
Thuidium tamarjsrelium
Thuidium trachypodium
Thunbergia alata
Thunbergia coccinea .
Thunbergia grand! flora
Thunbergia lutea
Thymelacea:

Thymus Serpyllum
Thysanolaena agrostis
Tikcham. . ,

Tiliacese

Tiiisea pentandra
Timmia bavarica
Timmiella anomala
Tinospora .

Titlia

Tobacco

Toddalia aculeata
Tomatoes .

Torenia

Torenia cordiiolia
Torenia edentula
Torema flava
Torenia pedimcularis
Torenia rubens
Torenia vagans .
Tortella

PA6E

319
319

69, 83, 258
188, 196
79

243, 291
51, 243 agi
243» 2pi
5o,53» 95, 183, 199
QS

77/ *03, 230, 310, 336

i68

168

169
26b, 298

14*

142, 184, 191, 227, 286
142
142
171

94, 231, 287
58
345
80'

245. 293.

*45

179
329
329
329
329
83

68, 83, 256> 296
68, 83, 256, 296, 352
256, 296
170, 208, 263
166, 206
366
*02

77, *94, 232, 338
199

180
180

106, 107, l\2
3)9

233, 287, 338
74
69

188, 205
254/ ^5
83, 254, 295
8.-^

*54/ 295
254. 2p5. 352
3I8

402

INDBX.

PAGE.

Tortella caespitosa

318

Tulipa Clusiafts .

*74

Tortella hyallnoblasta,

Tulipa dasystemon

*74

Broth

418

Tulipa stellata

*74

Tortula indica

3*7

Tupistra aurantiaca

275, 304

Tortilla inermis

180

Turpinia pomifera

79, 34*

Tortula montana

180

Turraea viilosa

Tortulaceie

317

Typha angustata

*75

Tournefortia Roxburghii

351

Typhaceae

*75

Tournefortia viridiflora

67, 82

Typhonium quspidatum

277, 305

Trachelospermum

7'yphonium gracile

. . ^77, 3o5

Trachelospermum fragranS .

Typhonium inopinatum

277, 30S

Trachydium Kotschyi

128, 130

Typouium Pottingeri .

277. 305

Ttachydium Roylei

154

Trachypus .

323

Trachypue blandus

323

Trachypus crispatuluS .

323

Ulmus campestris

. . *186

Trachypus fuscesceng .

323

Ulmns Wallichiana

26, 140, 171, 187, 209

Tragopogoa

Umbelliferae . 80,

*30, *54» 200, 245, 345

Tragopon pratensis

160

Uncaria homomalla

346

Tragus racemosus

176

Uncaria macrophylla .

. 67, 81, 246, 292

Trapa natans

Uncaria. sessilifructus .

67, 81, 246, 292, 346

Trema amboinensis

8.5

Uoona discolor .

Treraa. politoria, .

188, 209

Unonadumosa .

227, 286

Trematodon

312

Uraria crinita

238, 28g

Trematodon ceylonensis ,

312

Uraria hamosa .

. . 238, 289

Trematodon paucifoUus

312

Uraria lagopoides

238, 2S9

Ttevesia palmata

345

Uraria lagopus

*96

Trewia nudihora

Uraria picta

. 196, 239, 289

Trianthema decandra .

Urena lobata

. 77, *93, 231, 287

Tributus ttift’estijs

49, 147. 194

Urena lobata, var. tomenfosa . 337

Tnchodesma amplexicaule .

Urtica

i87

1 richodesma indicum

49» 163

Urtica dioica

171

Tricholepis amplexicaulis

Urtica parviflcra .

209

Tricholepis elongata .

202

Urtic«ce3C

85, *36, *7*, 209, 264,

Tricholepis glaberrima

310, 357, 369

Tricholepis montana

Usnea ba^bata

Tricholepis radicans

Ustilago

. . 122

Tricholepis tibetica

159

Utricularia .

. . 83

Trichosanlhes

68, 200

Utricularia orbiculata

254, 295

Trichosanthes cordata .

Utricularia stellaris

TVichosanthes palmata

52, 8o, 245, 291

Uvaria Hamiltonii . .

Tnchosanthes Wallichiana .

245, 291

Trichosteleum .

326

Trichosteleum monostictum .

326

Trifolium pratense

196

Trifolium repens

149* 196

Vaccinaceje

. . 250

Trifolium resupinatum .

149

Valeriana dentata

156

Trigonella corniculata .

149

Valeriana dioica •

156

Trignonella Emodi

149

Valeriana Hardwickii .

. . 201

Trillium Govanianum .

174

Valeriana Hardwickii, vai

•. Hoff-

Triticum sativum

meisteri

156

Triticum vulgare .

213

Valeriana Wallichii

156, 201

Triumfetta pilosa . 77j

1 194, ;

232, 287, a38

Valerianaceae

. . 156, 201

Triumfetta rhomboidea

93j 194

Valerianella Szovitsiana

*56

Trollius acauiis

143

Vallaris Heynei

251, 294

Tropidia curculigoides .

272, 302

Vallisneria

. . 85

Tsuga Brunoniana

2/ 11/ 19'

Vanda Bensoni

271, 302

Tulipa chrysantha

174

Vanda ccerujea

362

rXDEX.

403

PAGE.

Vanda parvtfiora

54*96

Viscum angulatum •

•

• 96

Vanda teres

.271, 302, 362

Viscum articulatum •

•

• «7«

Vandellia

Viscum japonicum

• 208

Vandellia Crustacea

Vishnoo krant •

• 9>

Vandellia pedunculata

83, 205

Vitex alata . •

Vandellia scabra

254, 295

Vitex altissima

52, 94

Vandelia sessiliflora

254, 295

Vitex glabrata • .

259, 297

Vangfueria spinosa

Vitex Negundo . ,

. 57, 83, 94, 95, 166

Vanilla Moonii .

272

Vitex trifolia . .

•

. 184, 206

Vanilla sp. . .

. 271, 302

Vitis .

•

. 68, 78, 187

Vclezia rigida

. 146

Vitis adnata

•

. 340

Verbascum erianthuin .

*64

Vitis angustifolia ,

•

. 235, 288, 340

Verbascum Thapsus

IG4, 205

V'itis capreolata . .

•

. 34°

Verbena officinalis

fiQ, S3, i66, 206

Vitis discolor , ,

Verbenaceae . 83, 16

205, 258, 310, 353

Vitis dubia

. 236

Vernonia

Vitis japonica « ,

. 340

Vernonia anthelmintica

Vitis lanata . .

. 189, IQS

V^ei nonia arborea

. 81, 248, 293

Vitis lanceolaria •

• 236, 288, 340

Vernonia blanda

347

Vitis oxyphylla

. 236, 288

Vernonia cinerea

. 69, 248, 293

Vitis parvifolia . ,

•

• 189, 195

X'ernonia indica*

Vitis persica

•

• *49

Vernonia javanica

Vitis quinquefolia •

• 96

Vernonia scandens

248, 293

Vitis repanda . •

•

- 9*

V'ernonia volkametisefolia

248, 293

Vitis repens • ,

•

. 236, 288

Veronica Anagallis

. 165, 191. 205

Vitis setosa , ,

•

• 49

Veronica Beccabunga .

165

Vitis vinifera , ,

•

149, 195

Veronica biloba

165

Vittaria elongata .

•

• 66,88,214

Veronica deltigera

163

Vittaria scolppendr* na •

• 88

Veronica hederaefolia .

165

Veronica laxa

165

Viburnum

187

Viburnum Colebrookianum

67, 81

V'iburnum coriaceum

246, 292

Wagatea spicata

Viburnum cotinifoHum

155

Wahlenbergia gracilis <

. 250, 294

V'iburnum foetens

34» 200

Wakande .

Viburnum nervosum

. 156

WalHchia caryotoides .

Viburnum stellulatum

• 156, 200

Wallichia densiflora

. 68, 86

V'icatia coniifolia

. 154

WalHchia disticha

68, 86, 276, 304

Vicia Faba

. 44

Walnut

. 221

Vicia mollis , •

. ISO

Weisia

3*2

Vicia pallida . •

. 197

Weisia edentula .

. 3*2

V'iria Sepium . •

. 150

Weisiacese .

31*

Vicia tenuifolia

ISO

Wendlandia glabrata .

34«

V'icoa auriculata •

, -joi, 202. 249. 203

Wendlandia paniculata

. 8r, 246, 292

Vigna Catjang

. 151

Wendlandia puberula .

. :88, 201

Vigna pilosa

240, 2go

Wendlandia tinctoria .

67, 81, 246, 2P2

Vigna vexillata .

• 197

Werneria Ellisii .

SOI

Villebrunea . .

. St2Ij 223

Wikstroemia canescens

170, 208, 263, 299

Villebrunea integrifoHa

67, 85

Willow

29, 33, 34, 3.5

Viola biflora . «

. 193

Wistaria chinensis

. 237, 289, 308

Viola canina . •

. 145

Withania somnifera

. 49, 20S

Viola Patrinii , •

72, 76, 145, 193

Woodfordia floribunda .

96, 199, 244, 291

Viola serpens , •

. 145, 193

Woodsia elongata

. 190, 213

Viola sp. • • •

. 229

Woodsia lanosa .

19'

VIolaceae , .

• 76, 145, 193, 229

Woodwardia radicans .

214

Violets . . •

, 222

W rightia tomentosa

Viscum album « 1

, 171,208

1 Wulfenia Amherstiana

165, 205

404

INDEX.

PAGE.

Zehneria nmbellata

. 80, 200

Zeuxine sulcata .

Xanthium Strumarium . 69, 81, 92, 158, 188, 202

Zingiber capitatum, var. elata

• 273, 303

Xanthophyllum glaucum

. 230, 286

Zingiber chrysanthum .

. 274, 303

Zingiber offlcinale

Zinigber Zerumbet

274, 303

Zizophora chinopodioides

167

Zizophora tenuior

. 167

Yew

. 140

Zizyphus

321

Zizyphus tunicuioaA

Zizyphus Hamiltoniana

Zizyphus Jujuba .

. 78, 185, IQS

Zanonia indica

• 59

Zizyphus Oenoplia

235

Zanthoxylum acanthopodi'tm

. 333, 287

Zizyphus rugosa .

67, 78, 23S. 288

Zanthoxylum alatum

. 148, 1 8s, 194

Zi/yphus.sativa .

• 149

Zanthoxylum Hamiltonianum

Zizyphus vulgaris

44, 195

Zanthoxylum ovalifoHum

. 233, 287

Zizyphus sp.

. 23s, 288

ZaUria multiflora . .

. 166

Zoegia purpurea .

159

Zea

. 219, 220

Zornia diphvHa .

. 196

Zea Mays ....

. 176, 279

Zygophyllaceae ,

147, 146

G. I. C. P. O.— No. 1373 R. Sc A.—23-|io*h>o».— 3JS —R, B.

1 ■ . • . I

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