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DUOLIY KNOX LIBRARY
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
MONTEREY, CALIF S3»40
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
Monterey, California
THESIS
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE
AND NUTRIENTS IN SATELLITE DETECTED OCEANIC
FRONTS
by
John Woeppel Conrad
March 1980
Thesis Advisor: Eugene
D.
Traganza
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
T 1
TTNrTAS.STFTF.D
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION Of THIS »*r.£ r»>«n D.<. fnxr.d)
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
Sp-
read INSTRUCTIONS
BEFORE COMPL.ETTNG FORM
2. OOVT ACCCMIOM MO.
RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUM1ER
4 TITLE i ortO Sutxin.t
Relationships Between Sea Surface
Temperature and Nutrients in Satellite
Detected Oceanic Fronts
5. type of report • mrioo coverco
Master ' s Thesis ;
March 1980
4 PERFORMING OHG. «»0»T NUMII*
7. AuTHOKrtj
John Woeppel Conrad
S. CONTRACT O* CHANT NUMlCKM)
»I»»0»wiNOOAOANII*TIOM NAME ANO AOORESS
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940
tO. MOGMAM CtEMlNT, PROJECT TASK
AREA • WORK UNIT NUUIERS
It CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME <NO AOORESS
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940
12. REPORT DATE
March 1980
'» NUMIER OF PAGES
114
14 MONITORING AGENCY NAME S RODRESsTT* MMfMl /ran Controlling Ollleo)
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940
IS. SECURITY CLASS, (ol thlm report)
Unclassified
IS«. DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING
SCHEDULE
IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol <h<« *•»•«■<)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol lf» o—trmct omform* in Blmok 20. II dllloroni
Rmport)
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
'• KEY WORDS ( Continue on rmvotmo midm II nacommmry «nrf Honttty my Hock maMrj
Nutrients, Nitrate, Phosphate, satellite infrared imagery, thermal
fronts, chemical fronts, fronts, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, sea surface
temperatures .
20
iCT (Conllnt— an tovotoo aid* II nmcammowr RR* Idonillr >r »/»«Jt iw— >>Q
Satellite IR images of the California coast off Point Sur
reveal recurrent surface features which appear to be "thermal dis-
continuities" associated with aperiodic upwelling events. Some of
these have associated "chemical fronts" and increased biological
activity. Satellite IR imagery was used to locate "discontinuities'
and with in situ monitoring the development of three features were
studied. Interrelationships between sea surface temperature
DO 'Qmu
yW I JAN 7J
(Page 1)
1473
coition OF I NOV «S is OBSOLETE
S/N 0 102-0 14- RAO 1
UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (*non Dmlm Knlorod)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. (cont'd)
nutrients and microplanktonic biomass were investigated.
Nutrient ratios, satellite imagery, wind stress data and corre-
lations between nutrients and temperature were used to develop
an estimate of "age" within a simplified upwelling "life cycle"
model .
The features range in scale from tens to hundreds of
kilometers. Two upwelling features exhibited very strong corre-
lations between nutrient and temperature but a third feature had
considerable nutrient variability. This suggests a considerable
impact from the dynamic and biological processes. The technique
of coupling satellite imagery and in. situ monitoring was found to
be a feasible method to provide real time inferences of the
nutrient structure associated with an upwelled thermal feature.
DD Forra 1473
S/N 0*12-014-6601
1 3£ri"j3_ * " 0 UNCLASSIFIED
If eumw eiAMiriCATioM o* tmh »Actr»*~ o«
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
Relationships Between Sea Surface Temperature
and Nutrients in Satellite Detected
Oceanic Fronts
by
John Woeppel Conrad
Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy
B.S., United States Naval Academy, 1969
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCEANOGRAPHY
from the
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
March 1980
ABSTRACT 9*>*o °°*
Satellite IR images of the California coast off Point
Sur reveal recurrent surface features which appear to be
"thermal discontinuities" associated with aperiodic upwell-
ing events. Some of these have associated "chemical fronts"
and increased biological activity. Satellite IR imagery was
used to locate "discontinuities" and with in. situ monitoring
the development of three features were studied. Interrela-
tionships between sea surface temperature, nutrients and
microplanktonic biomass were investigated. Nutrient ratios,
satellite imagery, wind stress data and correlations between
nutrients and temperature were used to develop an estimate
of "age" within a simplified upwelling "life cycle" model.
The features range in scale from tens to hundreds of
kilometers. Two upwelling features exhibited very strong
correlations between nutrient and temperature but a third
feature had considerable nutrient variability. This suggests
a considerable impact from the dynamic and biological
processes. The technique of coupling satellite imagery and
in situ monitoring was found to be a feasible method to
provide real time inferences of the nutrient structure
associated with an upwelled thermal feature.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 11
II. THEORY 13
A. UPWELLING 13
B. SATELLITE IMAGERY 14
C. NUTRIENTS (NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS) 15
III. METHODS --- 17
A. NUTRIENTS 17
B. SATELLITE IMAGERY 17
C. COMPUTATIONS - 18
D. CHLOROPHYLL 19
E . ATP - - - 1 9
F. TEMPERATURE 19
G. WIND 20
IV. RESULTS 21
A. 30 APRIL CRUISE 21
B. 13 JUNE CRUISE 32
C. 7 AUGUST CRUISE 33
V. DISCUSSION 54
VI . CONCLUS I ONS 6 2
APPENDIX A. Listing of Cruise Data: Time, Latitude,
Longitude, Elapsed Distance, ATP, Nitrate,
Phosphate, Chlorophyll, Nutrient Ratio,
Temperature 64
APPENDIX B: Wind Data: Wind Stress, Ekman Transport, Up-
Welling Index, Vertical Velocity 102
BIBLIOGRAPHY 10 8
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 112
5
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES
Plate 1. TIROS-N Satellite IR Image for 19 April 1979 22
Plate 2. TIROS-N Satellite IR Image for 29 April 1979 23
Plate 3. TIROS-N Satellite IR Image for 13 June 1979 34
Plate 4. TIROS-N Satellite IR Image for 30 July 1979 42
Plate 5. TIROS-N Satellite IR Image for 5 August 1979 43
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1. Track of the 30 April Cruise and Outline of
Upwelling Feature 24
Fig. 2. Nitrate, Phosphate and Sea Surface Temperature
Versus Elapsed Distance Along the Track of the
30 April Cruise 25
Fig. 3. ATP, Chlorophyll a, and Sea Surface Temperature
Versus Elapsed Distance Along the Track of the
30 April Cruise- 26
Fig. 4. Nutrient Ratio and Sea Surface Temperature Versus
Elapsed Distance Along the Track of the 30 April
Cruise 27
Fig. 5. Nitrate Versus Phosphate for the 30 April Cruise- 28
Fig. 6. Nitrate Versus Temperature for the 30 April
Cruise 29
Fig. 7. Phosphate Versus Temperature for the 30 April
Cruise- 30
Fig. 8. Vertical Temperature Sections Along the Track of
the 30 April Cruise 31
Fig. 9. Track of the 13 June Cruise and Outline of the
Upwelling Feature 35
Fig. 10. Nitrate, Phosphate, Nutrient Ratio, ATP,
Chlorophyll a and Sea Surface Temprature Versus
Elapsed Distance Along the Track of the 13 June
Cruise 36
Fig. 11. Nitrate Versus Phosphate for the 13 June Cruise-- 37
Fig. 12. Nitrate Versus Temperature for the 13 June
Cruise 38
Fig. 13. Phosphate Versus Temperature for the 13 June
Cruise 39
Fig. 14. Track of the 7 August Cruise and Outline of the
Upwelling Feature 44
Fig. 15. Nitrate, Phosphate and Sea Surface Temperature
Versus Elapsed Distance Along the Track of the
7 August Cruise 45
Fig. 16. ATP, Chlorophyll a, and Sea Surface Temperature
Versus Elapsed Distance Along the Track of the
7 August Cruise 46
Fig. 17. Nutrient Ratio and Sea Surface Temperature Versus
Elapsed Distance Along the Track of the 7 August
Cruise 47
Fig. 18. Nitrate Versus Phosphate for the 7 August Cruise- 48
Fig. 19. Nitrate Versus Temperature for the 7 August
Crui se 49
Fig. 20. Phosphate Versus Temperature for the 7 August
Cruise 50
Fig. 21. Vertical Temperature Sections Along the Track of
the 7 Ausust Cruise-- - 51
*5
LIST OF TABLES
Table I. Summary of Regression Analyses 52
Table II. Data Ranges 53
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This thesis is a result of ongoing research in chemical
oceanography at the Naval Postgraduate School which is
supported by the Office of Naval Research, Code 482, NSTL,
Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. I thank the sponsors and key
individuals whose assistance made this task possible,
including: Dr. Eugene D. Traganza, my thesis advisor and
principal investigator; Dr. Christopher N. K. Mooers ,
Dr. Stevens P. Tucker, Dr. Eugene C. Haderlie, Ms. Andrea
McDonald of the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey,
California; Captain W. W. Reynolds and the crew of the
R/V ACANIA; Mr. L. Breaker of the National Environmental
Satellite Service at Redwood City, California; and Mr. A. Bakun
of the National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Environ-
mental Group, Monterey, California. Lastly, I thank my
family for their forbearance, patience and support.
10
I. INTRODUCTION
In this thesis satellite thermal imagery and in situ
automated biochemical analyses were combined to study inter-
relationships of sea surface temperatures, nitrate, phosphate
and biological activity in oceanic fronts.
An oceanic front is a region of transition between two
oceanic regimes with different characteristics (Cheney, 1976)
These characteristics can be temperature, salinity, chemical
or biological quantities.
In situ automated biochemical and thermal analyses of
surface waters were previously accomplished by others, par-
ticularly Kelly, et al . (1975). However, they were not
linked to satellite infrared imagery. Due to the marginal
quality of satellite-derived results, oceanographers have
largely either ignored them or have not been convinced that
they could be integrated usefully with classical oceano-
graphic observations (Legeckis, 1978). More sophisticated
satellites and sensors, such as the TIROS (Television Infra-
red Observation Satellites) series and the Advanced Very
High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) have made it possible
to make useful inferences in areas of the ocean that are
classically associated with sea surface temperature anomalies
The region of interest in this study is off the central
California coast, where "oceanic fronts" and "eddies" appear
to form in response to wind driven pulses of cold upwelled
11
coastal waters. The existence of "chemical fronts" in
association with these features was postulated in 1978 by
Traganza (1978) and demonstrated in 1978 by Traganza et al .
(1980) .
Continued study of these frontal systems may be particu-
larly relevant to the interests of the Navy in view of their
potential effect on the propagation of sound energy and the
capability of sensors to distinguish significant sound
signals from the background noises in the ocean. Sound
velocity changes across thermal fronts, coupled with changes
in nutrient concentrations that lead to increased biological
activity, may degrade both active and passive sonar perform-
ance through changes in sound propagation loss, increased
biological reverberation levels and background noise levels.
12
II. THEORY
A. UPWELLING
Coastal upwelling is caused by the divergence of surface
water away from the coast. Cold water rises from subsurface
layers to replace this water. When the pycnocline surfaces,
relatively nutrient-rich water (which has been trapped below
the pycnocline due to density differences) will upwell and
enrich the surface waters. In the California coastal area
this water is generally derived from a depth no greater than
200 meters offshore (Fairbridge, 1966; Sverdrup, et al . , 1942)
In the Northern Hemisphere coastal upwelling can be caused
by the northerly wind stress prevailing in spring and summer
along the western continental coasts. These prevailing winds
may vary seasonally off the California coast as the North
Pacific subtropical high moves north during the spring and
summer, then south during the autumn and winter (Bakun, 1973).
Upwelling can also be caused by currents impinging on land
masses (Fairbridge, 1966) or winds blowing directly away
from shore.
The circulation patterns vary with the width and form
of the continental shelf and slope, the wind speed, duration,
fetch and latitude. The characteristics of upwelled water
may vary depending on the depth from which the water came,
the properties of the source water, the characteristic
vertical velocity, and the residence time of the upwelled
13
water in the euphotic zone (SCOR Working Group, 1974). The
proximity of the heads of underwater canyons enhances the
intensity of the upwelling, (SCOR Working Group, 1974;
Codispoti, 1977; Treguer, 1977). Therefore, upwelling can
vary from region to region and season to season (Codispoti
et al . , 1979; Barton et al . , 1977).
B. SATELLITE IMAGERY
Infrared (IR) images of the sea surface temperatures
were received from the TIROS-N series satellites using an
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) . The
measured quantity is the sea surface radiance which is con-
verted to an equivalent blackbody temperature. Correction
factors are applied to account for atmospheric attenuation
and radiation from atmospheric gases.
The infrared detectors have a temperature response from
approximately -113° to +47°C (Brower et al., 1976). This
is displayed in gray tones on photographic film, where the
darker shades represent higher temperatures. Since the
ocean temperature range is considerably smaller than the
detector's range it is possible, through the technique of
"image enhancement," to assign the available gray shades
to this narrower range. This allows finer resolution of
the gray shades that represent the oceanic temperature
structure and will better distinguish thermal features.
Cloud cover is often difficult to distinguish in infra-
red images. In this case a comparison between the visual
14
and infrared image can often resolve the ambiguity. If
not, comparison, over a period of several days will high-
light sea surface temperature (SST) fronts because of the
time scale difference between ocean features and cloud
formations .
C. NUTRIENTS (NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS)
Nitrogen, as reactive dissolved inorganic nitrate, and
phosphorus, as reactive dissolved inorganic phosphate, were
studied. Both elements are essential components of all
living cells and are present in phytoplankton in a ratio
approaching 16N:1P (Redfield, 1958). As a result of decom-
position and respiration nitrate and phosphate are released
into deep ocean waters. These deep ocean waters also have
a ratio approaching 16N:1P. This is or can be represented
by the statistical-stoichiometric model developed by
Richards (1965), viz.,
(CH2O)106 (NH3)16 H3P04 + 138 O2£106 C02 + 122 H20
1 ' + 16 HNO, + H,POd
i r, _ j
Organic Matter Nutrients
The distribution of nutrients in the ocean is dependent
upon biological processes (regeneration, utilization) and
physical processes (sinking and upwelling, horizontal advec-
tion, diffusion and mixing). These processes, individually
or collectively, plus differences in their rates cause the
concentrations to vary temporally and spatially. Therefore,
15
the ratio of nitrate to phosphate is not very often 16:1 in
ocean surface waters (Banse, 1974).
16
III. METHODS
A. NUTRIENTS
Surface nutrient concentrations were determined approxi-
mately every 0.6 km except for the 15 June Cruise Leg 3
when engine problems caused speed adjustments. Seawater
samples were pumped from a keel intake at 2.5m to the ship-
board laboratory. Nitrate and phosphate were analyzed
every two minutes according to the Technicon Autoanalyzer
Industrial Method 175-72-WM, 177-72-WM (Anonymous, 1975)
and 100-70-WM (Anonymous, 1978). Here nitrate may include
traces of in situ nitrite, since the nitrate is reduced to
nitrite before measurements. However, according to Paulson
(1972) there is little or no interference from surface
nitrate in this area.
B. SATELLITE IMAGERY
The pre-cruise procedure was initiated approximately
2-5 weeks prior to the estimated departure time. Mr. Breaker
of the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) at
Redwood City, California, monitored and enhanced images from
the TIROS-N satellite series. Several days prior to the
cruise, the day of the cruise and sometimes during the cruise
updated satellite information was passed via telephone.
Information, re IR inferred thermal features, such as ori-
entation, approximate center, size, and spatial relationship
17
relative to prominent landmarks proved invaluable in locat-
ing features and planning sampling strategy. Additionally,
the direction of a feature's general movement and large-
scale changes in shape may be inferred by viewing a time
sequence of images.
C. COMPUTATIONS
A linear regression analysis was performed and mean
values were calculated for nitrate, phosphate and tempera-
ture using the NORLSQ library subroutine at the W. R. Church
Computer Center of the Naval Postgraduate School.
Correlation coefficients for nitrate to phosphate,
nitrate to temperature and phosphate to temperature were
obtained utilizing the correlation coefficient equation:
r = Z(Xi-X)(Yi-Y)/([z(Xi-X)2][E(Yi-Y)2])%
Zero values of nitrate and phosphate occurred when taking
reference baselines or calibrating standards, or when a
nitrate "none detected" condition occurred due to concentra-
tions below the sensitivity of the instrument. When grossly
anomalous values occurred, the nutrient and temperature data
for that time increment were not used in the calculations.
(Statistical computations for the wind stress, adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) , and chlorophyll biomass will be discussed
in a related thesis.)
18
D. CHLOROPHYLL
Fluorescence was recorded continuously using a Turner
Model 111 fluorometer as described by Lorenzen (1966) .
Discrete samples, taken every 30 minutes, were used to
calibrate and convert fluorescence to chlorophyll a concen-
tration. The discrete chlorophyll samples were analyzed
using the method of Strickland and Parsons (1968) . These
samples were filtered through a Whatman 4.5 cm G/FC glass
fiber filter. For comparison with ATP, chlorophyll concen-
trations were converted to carbon units (mg/1) by using the
average conversion factor (100) proposed by Holm-Hansen
(1969) .
E. ATP
Adenosine triphosphate was sampled every 10 minutes or
approximately every 3 km over most of the cruise tracks.
Each 50 ml sample was filtered through a 200-iam nylon
screen, then through a 0.45-ym glass filter. The method of
Holm-Hansen and Karl (1976) was used for ATP analysis. For
comparison with chlorophyll, ATP concentrations were con-
verted to carbon units (mg/1) by using the average conversion
factor (250) proposed by Holm-Hansen (1969) .
F. TEMPERATURE
Sea surface temperature was recorded continuously from
a thermistor located at approximately 2.5m depth coincident
to the sea water intake. Sea surface temperature was also
measured by bucket thermometer every 20 minutes simultaneously
19
with the release of a Sippican expendable bathythermograph
probe (XBT) . The bucket thermometer readings differed by
a maximum of t0.5°C with respect to the continuous samples
and by a maximum of t0.6°C with respect to the XBT tempera-
tures. When these deviations exceeded to.3°C they were
adjusted to the bucket thermometer readings.
In Figures 8 and 21 the XBT data are plotted as isotherms
in vertical sections along the cruise tracks for the
50 April and 7 August cruises. A contour interval of 0.5°C
was used.
G. WIND
Wind effects were calculated from the Fleet Numerical
Oceanography Center's (FNOC) Data Base using the so-called
Field By Information Blending (FIB) routine for grid position
36°N x 122°W, which is in the vicinity of the Point Sur
coastal region. Computer programs developed by Mr. Andrew
Bakun of the National Marine Fisheries Service (Bakun, 1973)
produced an output consisting of six hour values for the
wind vector, wind stress magnitude, Ekman transport vector,
upwelling index (the Ekman vector component normal to the
coastline) and vertical velocity (Appendix B) . A minimum
of 12 days of data prior to and after each cruise was
selected for analysis.
20
IV. RESULTS
A. 30 APRIL CRUISE
Satellite IR imagery indicated a cyclonic thermal
feature had developed off Pt. Sur, California, on 19 April
1979 (Plate 1). It appeared to be forming as a seaward
extension of coastally upwelled water. By 29 April it
appeared to have persisted as a plume-like feature with a
cyclonic swirl (Plate 2) . Through the use of temperature
and nutrient sampling, referenced to the satellite imagery,
the central area was found on the first transect and re-
located on each subsequent transect (Fig. 1).
Temperature, nitrate and phosphate are plotted against
elapsed distance from 36°39.1'N x 121°58.6'W (Fig. 2). The
feature is evident in the gradients of nitrate, phosphate
and temperature.
Correlation coefficients of r = 0.98 for nitrate to
phosphate, r = -0.94 for phosphate to temperature, and
r = -0.96 for nitrate to temperature were obtained (Table I).
Nutrient ratio (N/P) and temperature when plotted against
elapsed distance (Fig. 4) also exhibit a strong negative
correlation with respect to each other; as is to be expected.
Based on the temperature minima and nutrient maxima the
central area of the feature appeared at approximately 65 km
(Leg 1) , 220 km (Leg 2) and 300 km (Leg 3) . The other cold
water areas at approximately 165 km (Leg 2) and beyond 335 km
21
Plate 1. TIROS-N Satellite IR Image of the California
Coast, 19 April 1979.
22
Plate 2. TIROS-N Satellite IR Image of the California
Coast, 29 April 1979.
23
37
36'
124°
CRUISE TRACK
LEG 1 2100
LEG 2 0200
CAMBRIA
TO 0200 GMT
TO 0900 GMT
LEG 3 1100 TO 1400 GMT
Fig. 1. Track of the 30 April Cruise (solid line) and
of the Upwelling Feature (dashed line) based on
Satellite IR Imagery, Sea Surface Temperature and
Nutrient Data.
24
PO. NO,
ELAPSED OISTANCE. km
225
ELAPSED DISTANCE, km
275
300
18t
E 14-
12-
10 ■■
300
LEG 3
TEMPERATURE
NITRATE
PHOSPHATE
325
350
375
ELPAPSED DISTANCE, km
400
425
3 T30
2 + 20 s
I--I0
450
Fig. 2. Nitrate, Phosphate, and Sea Surface Temperature
Versus Elapsed Distance along the Track of the
30 April Cruise. Note the tendency for inverse
correlation between temperature and nutrients.
25
18 T
16-
TEMPERATURE
ATP
CHLOROPHYLL
LEG 1
12--
10--
LEG 2
--I.8
•16
-14
o<
■■12 ^,
E
-1.0 §
- 8 3
-- 6
-• 4
-- 2
75 100
ELAPSED DISTANCE, km
14--
uj |2..
10 ■■
300
-4-
200
22 5 250
ELAPSED DISTANCE, km
275
TEMPERATURE
ATP
CHLOROPHYLL
LEG 3
325
350
375
ELAPSED DISTANCE, km
4 25
150
T'8
16
■'I 4 —
■12 £
0 |
a
T -6
4
2
0
<j
450
Fig. 3. ATP, Chlorophyll a, and Sea Surface Temperature
Versus Elapsed Distance along the Track of the
30 April Cruise.
26
50
75 100
ELAPSED DISTANCE, km
125
18 r
18 i-
<_> 16
LEG 3
200 225 250
ELAPSED DISTANCE, km
TEMPERATURE
NITRATE/ PHOSPHATE
275
12
10
300
325
350 375
ELAPSED DISTANCE, km
400
425
150
300
30
20 f
•■ 10
4 50
Fig. 4
Nutrient Ratio and Sea Surface Temperature Versus
Elapsed Distance along the Track of the 30 April
Cruise. Note the tendency for inverse correla-
tion between temperature and nutrient ratio.
27
30
20
S
4
10
Oo L-
0.0
3?
f^ i
o « Cb
00 °
Jo 8
95>
05
1.0
I 5 2.0
PHOSPHATE, /AM
2.5
30
Fig. 5. Nitrate Versus Phosphate for the 30 April Cruise
28
30
20 -
10
10
15
20
TEMPERATURE, "C
Fig. 6. Nitrate Versus Temperature for the 30 April Cruise
29
3 r
5
St
ui"
i
X
2
Q-
CD 0
10
TEMPERATURE,
20
Fig. 7
Phosphate Versus Temperature for the 30 April
Cruise .
30
Fig. 8. Vertical Temperature Sections Along the Track of
the 30 April Cruise.
31
(Leg 3) occurred when the ship's track extended into the
near-shore upwelling region. Sharp chemical and thermal
gradients or "fronts" are evident on all legs.
The linear regression analysis of nitrate versus
phosphate, nitrate versus temperature and phosphate versus
temperature (Figs. 5, 6, 7) yielded slopes of 15.10, -6.48
and -0.43 respectively and x-axis intercepts of 0.48 yM,
12.99°C and 14.11°C respectively (Table I).
Figure 8 gives some idea of the vertical structure of
the upwelled feature. The thermal feature is evident from
elapsed distance 64.0 through 81.6 km, 206.2 through 213 km
and 312.4 through 323.4 km (where the 11.0°C isotherm
surfaces) . Coastal upwelling is evident from elapsed
distance 163.7 through 171.4 km and 329.3 through 353.8 km.
B. 13 JUNE CRUISE
On 13 June 19 79, Mr. Laurence Breaker (NESS, Redwood
City) gave approximate coordinates and adjacent shore
features of a coastal upwelling event off Point Sur , with
"plume-like" characteristics (Plate 3) . The ACANIA sailed
south parallel to the shore until the northern and southern
thermal and nutrient gradients were transected. North-
south legs were to be repeated westward in a ladder-like
fashion until the seaward termination of the plume was
found. However, the cruise was terminated (after only
ten hours) due to a clogged sampling port.
32
Sea surface temperature, nutrient, ATP and chlorophyll
data were collected along one and one-half transects of the
feature as shown in Fig. 9. The elapsed distances are from
point 36°36.3'N x 121°58.7'W.
Based on the distributions of temperature, nitrate and
phosphate (Fig. 10) the upwelling area was encountered at
approximately 15 km along the track. Nitrate and phosphate
values were high (up to 12.1 yM and 1.23 yM respectively)
until the southern frontal boundary was reached. In the
oceanic water, at approximately 50 km, nitrate and phosphate
concentrations were low (0.55 to 3.8 yM and 0.33 to 0.65 yM,
respectively). To the north, the frontal southern boundary
was again encountered at approximately 60 km along the
track. Throughout, there was a strong correlation (r = 0.93)
between nitrate and phosphate, a strong inverse correlation
between nitrate and temperature (r = -0.92) and a strong
inverse correlation between temperature and phosphate
(r = -0.93) .
The chlorophyll data are unreliable after an elapsed
distance of 40 km, because of excessive air injection into
the sea chest during rough seas. Additionally, the XBT
recorder was inoperative during this cruise.
C. 7 AUGUST CRUISE
The satellite image of 30 July 1979 (Plate 4) shows a
cold water plume extending approximately 150 km southwest
from Point Sur. Mr. Laurence Breaker (NESS, Redwood City)
33
Plate 3. TIROS-N Satellite IR Image of the California
Coast, 13 June 1979.
34
Santa Cruz
124(
V-
37
122'
0200
0132
\0100
2T40Q
2350
2300
"23-18
36(
CRUISE m 13 JUNE, 1979
LEG 1 2100-2318 GMT
LEG 2 2318-2350 GMT
LEG 3 2350-0132 GMT
Fig. 9. Track of the 13 June Cruise (solid line) and
Outline of the Upwelling Feature (dashed line)
Based on Satellite Imagery, Sea Surface
Temperature and Nutrient Data.
35
18 r
o 16
ELAPSED DISTANCE, Km
18 |-
16
LEG 1
LEG 2
14
10
TEMPERATURE
ATP
CHLOROPHYLL
I \ / \ A
PO. NO,
4 3
3 T30
1.3
■• I 6
■1.4
■I 2
-■10
■ .8
6
+ 4
2
0
18 r
25
50
75 100
ELAPSED DISTANCE, km
25
75 100
ELAPSED DISTANCE, km
125
150
Fig. 10. Nitrate, Phosphate, Nutrient Ratio, ATP,
Chlorophyll a, and Sea Surface Temperature
Versus Elapsed Distance along the Track of
the 13 June Cruise.
36
30
20
5
10 •
o o
<£& #
a °ooo
d5»a »<
a
o 0
q6 i 1 1 1 1 1 l_
_i i i i i ■ ' ' ■ '
00
0.2
1.0
1.5
PHOSPHATE, ^.M
2 0
2.5
30
Fig. 11. Nitrate Versus Phosphate for the 13 June Cruise
37
30
20
2
10
Oo
<& «f ft
on_ °
0 i 1 "-
Fig. 12
10
TEMPERATURE, °C
15
20
Nitrate Versus Temperature for the 13 June
Cruise .
38
5
4
_i i . i i_
<*>%
% °
O CaO
o * «B
_i i i i i i i i_
10
TEMPERATURE , °C
20
Fig. 13. Phosphate Versus Temperature for the 13 June
Cruise.
39
reported the feature had continued to extend southwest.
By 5 August 1979 the feature had extended approximately
240 km southwest of Point Sur (Plate 5) . Sea surface
temperatures were expected to be within approximately
14 to 15°C inside the plume and greater than 17°C outside
the plume based on ship reports correlated to the satellite
image by Mr. Breaker.
The cruise plan was similar to the 30 April and
13 June cruises except, in this case, the primary interest
was the water near the seaward termination of the feature.
The track strategy was planned to coincide with the axis
of the feature; when applicable, turn south to transect its
southern boundary, zigzag across its southern boundary,
then run back up the axis upon return. Due to limited
sampling resources, ATP sampling did not commence until the
southern boundary was reached.
The cruise track is shown in Fig. 14. Legs 2 through 5
intersected the feature's southern boundary. Elapsed
distances are measured from position 36°38.8'N x 121°57.5'W.
Figure 15 is the line graph of temperature, nitrate and
phosphate along the cruise track. The nutrient lines are
discontinuous from 160 to 200 km, 275-295 km and 325-355 km
because the Autoanalyzer was secured for cleaning. When
there is a phosphate line but no line for nitrate, nitrate
concentrations were so low that they were below the sensi-
tivity of the instrument. However, in all cases the frontal
crossings are clearly evident in the temperature lines.
40
>
Frontal crossings occurred at approximately 260, 325, 360
and 385 km on Legs 2 through 5. The line graphs for Legs 1
and 6 are generally within a temperature range of 14 to 16°C
indicating that the ACANIA was within the plume.
The correlation coefficients were r = 0.42 for nitrate
versus phosphate, r = -0.11 for nitrate versus temperature,
and r = -0.39 for phosphate versus temperature. Linear
regression analysis yielded slopes of 26.44, -13.63 and
-0.32 and x-axis intercepts of 0.61 uM phosphate, 15.35°C
and 17.56°C for Figs. 18, 19, and 20, respectively (Table I)
The thermal feature is evident in the vertical cross
section of temperature (Fig. 21) and gives some idea of the
vertical structure of the feature. The transition between
plume water and oceanic water is located between elapsed
distances 249.5 through 263.1 km, 274.8 through 285.9 km,
and 305.2 through 336.0 km (where the 15.5°C isotherm rises
toward the surface). The 15.5°C isotherm is 30 to 40 meters
deep outside the plume and inside it rises toward the
surface. The thermal patchiness, evident in the satellite
IR imagery, is seen in both the temperature cross section
and the surface temperature line graphs.
41
Plate 4. TIROS-N Satellite IR Image of the California
Coast, 30 July 1979.
42
Plate 5. TIROS-N Satellite IR Image of the California
Coast, 5 August 1979.
43
124
123
122<
7 to 9 AUG. 1979
1452 GMT
700 GMT
900 GMT
2128 GMT
2230 GMT
0934 GMT
124'
123"
122*
Fig. 14. Track of the 7 August Cruise (solid line) and
Outline of the Upwelling Feature (dashed line)
based on Satellite Imagery, Sea Surface Tempera'
ture and Nutrient Data.
44
• 16
£ '•»
-
/\
\ _^—^~^. 1
TV
-A
TEMPERATURE
NITRATE
PHOSPHATE
i
3"
]
—
1
- /
1
i
75 100
ELAPSED DISTANCE . km
375 400
ELAPSED OISTANCE, km
TEMPERATURE
NITRATE
PHOSPHATE
io fV- ^
V
525
ELAPSED DISTANCE, km
PO NO
4 5
3T30
Fig. 15. Nitrate, Phosphate, and Sea Surface Tempera-
ture Versus Elapsed Distance Along the Track
of the 7 August Cruise.
45
75 100
ELAPSEO DISTANCE, km
■50
0 I
4 50
225
ELAPSED DISTANCE, Kn
375
ELAPSED DISTANCE, km
TEMPERATURE
CHLOROPHYLL
450
■18
-•I 6
•-! 4
I 2
+ 10
8
-■6
•-4
•2
525
ELAPSED DISTANCE,
600
Fig. 16. ATP, Chlorophyll a, and Sea Surface Tempera-
ture Versus Elapsed Distance Along the Track
of the 7 August Cruise.
46
150
TEMPERATURE —
NITRATE / PHOSPHATE —
LEG 2
LEG 3
—
—
LEG 1
■
^>.v^-"p-
-\>-v~
1
i i
i 1
225
ELAPSED OISTANCE. km
LEG 4 LEG 5 LEG 6
375
ELAPSED DISTANCE, kn
TEMPERATURE
NITRATE /PHOSPHATE
^- V\
500 525
ELAPSED DISTANCE, km
Fig. 17. Nutrient Ratio and Sea Surface Temperature
Versus Elapsed Distance Along the Track of
the 7 August Cruise Track.
47
30
20
5
10
06o-
0.0
o%
cSd
q^5
03 "«
08
<9
oo o
o
05
1.0
1.5
2 0
2 5
30
PHOSPHATE, p.M
Fig. 18. Nitrate Versus Phosphate for the 7 August Cruise
48
30
20
o
CD
2
4.
10 -
10
TEMPERATURE, °C
15
20
Fig. 19
Nitrate Versus Temperature for the 7 August
Cruise .
49
s
4
_ i i—
10
TEMPERATURE,
'5
20
Fig. 20. Phosphate Versus Temperature for the 7 August
Cruise.
50
LEG I CRUISE 7-9 AUGUST 79
TIME GMT) 0232 0300 0332 0400 0430 0500 0530 06O0 0630 0733 0814 0840 0906 0940 1020 1033 1104 1133 1202
OSTANCE 298 38 7 488 577 672 73 7 84 7 92 6 1017 118 9 130 9 138 7 146 2 154 5 '64 3 168 2 1756 182 7 1908
LEG I CRUISE 7-9 AUGUST 79
TIME IGMTI 1202 1232 1203 1337 1404 1433 1307
ELAPSED
DISTANCE 190 8 200 3 210 2 220 9 229 5 238 7 249 5
1750 1827 1902 2003 2040 2104 2136
263 1 274 8 2859 303 2 3360 3436 353 7
Fig. 21. Vertical Temperature Sections Along the Track of
the 7 August Cruise
51
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53
V. DISCUSSION
A better understanding of the "life cycle" of an up-
welling event may be provided through the integration of
satellite IR imagery and in situ sampling. This approach
leads to a descriptive "phase" model of the formation and
dissipation of an upwelling chemical system and some
insight on the interaction of dynamic and biological
processes in the system. This thesis analyzes results
obtained while using this integrated technique to investi-
gate three upwelling events.
An upwelling event, like many physical phenomena, may
be described in terms of phases: initiation, growth,
equilibrium, decay and dissipation. Each phase is a
function of the magnitude and rate of change of the dynamic
processes (mixing, advection, diffusion) and the boundary
conditions (atmospheric forcing; topography and bathymetry).
The chemical characteristics of any phase of an upwelling
event are a function of the initial conditions (source
water); the magnitude, direction, and duration of the driving
function (wind stress) ; and the differential utilization and
regeneration by biological processes.
The satellite imagery prior to all cruises show "plumes"
of colder water extending from the coast near Point Sur .
These features range in scale from tens of kilometers to
several hundred kilometers in length. Analysis of in situ
54
surface nutrient concentrations, summarized in Tables I and
II, the surface winds in the area prior to and during the
cruises (Appendix B) , sea surface temperatures, satellite
IR imagery and bathymetry strongly argue that
these satellite detected thermal plumes were caused by up-
welling events. That nutrient concentrations may closely
follow the pattern of the satellite thermal imagery of the
sea surface was shown by Traganza et al. (1980). These
upwellings of cold nutrient-rich waters produce chemical
and thermal fronts which appear to have associated with
them increased biological activity.
The feature examined during the 30 April Cruise is
postulated to be composed of recently upwelled water.
Figure 2 shows very sharp chemical (up to — 4 — y—r- 3)
and thermal (up to 0.9°C/2.3 km) gradients. The range of
nutrient ratio values are 0.6N:1P (lowest value, outside
the feature) and 11.7N:1P (maximum level, inside the feature)
The graph of nutrient ratio (Fig. 4) against elapsed distance
along the track shows that the concentrations of high values
are either within the area of the feature or the coastal
upwelling. The low values of temperature (below 12°C) and
the high concentrations of nitrate and phosphate (up to
12.1 yM and 1.29 pM, respectively) are all either within the
feature or the coastal upwelling (Fig. 10). There are strong
correlations between nitrate and phosphate (r = 0.98),
nitrate and temperature (r = 0.96), and phosphate and tempera-
ture (r = -0.94). Analysis of the wind data prior to the
55
cruise shows that favorable upwelling conditions occurred
during the periods 9 to 20 April and 28 April to 4 May
(Appendix B) . All these factors, plus the lower tempera-
tures indicated by the satellite IR imagery are taken to
describe a feature of recently upwelled water in the early
phases of its life cycle.
The 13 June Cruise examined a feature that is close
inshore (Plate 3) . Wind data (Appendix B) shows favorable
upwelling conditions commenced only three days prior to
cruise. The waters outside the feature are about 14°C but
inside the feature temperatures fall below 12°C. All high
concentrations of nutrients are within the feature, as are
all high nutrient ratios. There are strong correlations
between nitrate and phosphate (r = 0.93), nitrate and
temperature (r = -0.92), and phosphate and temperature
(r = -0.93) (Figs. 11, 12 and 13). This feature is recently
upwelled water and is postulated to be in the early phases
of the upwelling event "life cycle."
The waters examined in these two cruises still have very
strong source water (thermal and nutrient) signatures. The
dynamic and biological processes have not had sufficient time
to change the upwelled water's initial characteristics. Along
the frontal boundaries, the biological processes become
evident (Figs. 3 and 10). The dynamic processes appear to
have Drovided the necessary environment for biological
acitivity .
56
The data from the 7 August Cruise were gathered predomi-
nantly from within the feature (Fig. 14). In comparison to
the previous cruises, this resulted in a considerably
smaller proportion of data points being collected outside
the feature. A statistically insufficient number of samples
were obtained in the low nutrient concentration, high tempera-
ture region. In comparison to the previous cruises the
analysis is biased as follows: mean nutrient concentrations
are high; mean temperature is low; the slopes of nitrate to
phosphate, nitrate to temperature, and phosphate to tempera-
ture are too high, and the respective x-axis intercepts are
too low.
The feature observed on the 7 August Cruise appears to
contain upwelled water that is in various phases of the up-
welling cycle. At 50 km elapsed distance water temperature
was below 13°C with rapidly increasing nutrient ratios.
Sampling was interrupted to clean the Autoanalyzer but con-
centrations were approaching levels consistent with the
previous cruises (nutrient ratios above 10N:1P). This area
of the feature contains water that has source water charac-
teristics and may be assumed to be in the early phases.
At 75 km elapsed distance, while still within the feature,
temperature was approximately 14°C and nutrients had fallen,
but not to the "outside-the-features-levels" of the previous
cruises. This area might be considered to be close to
equilibrium. The water was still relatively cold and
nutrient-rich but no longer similar to the source water; the
57
dynamic and biological processes apparently had started to
modify it. The temperature then rose to the 15.0° to 15.5°C
range and while nutrients still generally decreased with
increasing temperature, they showed considerable variability.
This area can be characterized as in the decay phase. The
dynamic and biological processes continued to change the
temperature and nutrient characteristics.
Once outside the feature, temperatures rose sharply to
levels of 17.5°C and nutrients correspondingly fell. As the
track moved west (Fig. 15) the nutrient levels and nutrient
ratios (Fig. 17) never recovered to the levels previously
encountered within the feature. In some areas, at the
western most extent of the cruise, the nitrate levels are
too low to be detected. In most coastal upwelling systems,
nitrogen is characteristically the limiting nutrient,
Dugdale et al . (1967) and Thomas, (1969). "In accordance
with Liebig's law of the minimum, that constituent of the
sea water present in smallest quantity relative to the
requirement for growth of organisms will become the limiting
factor." (Redfield, 1958) . In this area, there is insuffi-
cient nitrate to sustain photosynthesis and, therefore, the
biological modification of the feature is complete and low
biomass concentrations are evident (Fig. 16). All that
remains is for the dynamic processes to dissipate the tempera
ture anomaly.
The wind data prior to the cruise shows a cyclical
pattern of upwelling events occurring since early April.
58
Upwelling periods were of the order of one to three weeks
and relaxation periods were of the order of two to six days
(Appendix B) . The average Ekman transport varied from west
southwest to southwest. With such an intermittent, long range
pattern of offshore transport; it is therefore possible that
the feature investigated on the 7 August Cruise was in fact
upwelled water of varying ages. Barton, et al . (1977) indi-
cates that during an upwelling event coldest water will
migrate to the continental shelf edge and remain there until
the system relaxes. Upon return of favorable winds the up-
welling will again reappear along the inner shelf. In this
case, high nutrient, cold water was found at 50 km elapsed
distance which is just inside the shelf break. The center
of an upwelling may stop at the shelf edge, with continued
favorable winds, upwelled water will continue to be trans-
ported offshore in a 20 m thick surface layer (Huyer, 1974).
Patchiness or banding can result from this start/stop action
between close upwelling events (Barton, et al . 1977). The
satellite images (Plates 4 and 5) show some patchiness. The
second image (Plate 5) shows the feature has moved 90 km
further southwest and the wind data show the Ekman transport
to be west southwesterly during the period between the images.
Therefore the feature investigated has some of the character-
istics of a wind induced upwelling plume with the oldest
water at its furthest extent; still maintaining some of its
temperature characteristics but due to biological action and
mixing losing much of its high nutrient signature at its
westernmost (oldest) edges.
59
In viewing the correlation values of all cruises it
must be remembered "that where elements are substantially
depleted by the growth of plants small unused residues of
one or another element may greatly alter the ratios."
(Redfield, 1958). The nutrient- to- temperature correlations
will reflect the effects of heat transfer, mixing, advection,
diffusion and biological utilization and regeneration. The
longer the water has been on the surface, the more time the
processes have to affect the correlations. This is evident
on the 7 August Cruise where all correlations are poor.
In sea water the ratio of change of nitrate and phosphate,
AN/AP, is representative of the uptake of these nutrients by
phytoplankton at a rate of 16N:1P. The slope of the best fit
line found from linear regression analysis (Table 1) repre-
sents this ratio of change. The values obtained on the
30 April Cruise (15.1:1) and 13 June Cruise (12.88:1) are
close to the theoretical value of 16N:1P.
On all cruises the nutrient ratio did not equal the
theoretical value of 16:1 (Redfield, 1958) most likely
because the source water was not at that ratio. The ratios
ranged from a low where no nitrate was detected to a high
of 15.3:1. The low values perhaps were found where further
biological uptake had become inhibited due to low nitrate
concentration and the higher values corresponded to the
upwelled water. These values are not inconsistent with the
annual range for the nutrient ratio of 3:1 to 13:1 obtained
in a study by Butler et al . (1979).
60
Finally, in areas of upwelling there exist some geograph-
ically fixed preferred positions, e.g. south of capes, where
plumes of freshly upwelled water protrude offshore (Shaffere,
1976; Reid et al . , 1958). The research of this thesis and
that of Traganza et al . (1980), which covered one annual
cycle, indicates the coastal waters off Point Sur, California,
are such an area. Whether this is because of the proximity
of Point Sur and/or Monterey Canyon, local bathymetry, local
water circulation patterns, local wind effects, or coastally
trapped topographic Rossby waves; or a combination of these
factors cannot be determined from the data. However, off-
shore plumes consistently, albeit aperiodically , originate
from this area.
61
VI. CONCLUSIONS
1. High resolution, enhanced satellite IR imagery can be of
great value in locating and assessing feature motion
when investigating upwelling events that are manifested
as sea surface temperature anomalies.
2. Upwelled water may be evidenced at considerable (ca. 100
to 300 km) distances from the coast.
3. Qualitative inferences on the distribution of nutrient
concentrations can be made using satellite infrared
imagery if coupled with in situ sampling to establish
nutrient versus temperature correlations.
4. Altogether, with sufficient historical upwelling data
from in situ monitoring, a nutrient predictive model
for upwelled water in the initiation, growth and equi-
librium phases is conceivable in the future.
5. A predictive model of the entire upwelling cycle, in all
its phases, is not yet possible. The effects of air-sea
interaction, the dynamical processes, and the biological
processes make any nutrient model extremely complex.
The dynamic processes vary from region to region and
season to season. Regeneration and utilization rates
vary from organism to organism and season to season.
This further compounds the task.
6. The area off Point Sur, California, consistently has
offshore upwelling plumes and merits further detailed
62
study. Such study is continuing under the direction of
Dr. Eugene Traganza supported by the Office of Naval
Research, Code 432.
7. From a Naval aspect the thermal gradients in upwelled
water can have a considerable impact on sound propagation.
The increased biological concentrations associated with the
thermochemical fronts can, depending on the species, increase
the reverberation levels and background noise.
63
APPENDIX A
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APPENDIX
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1 MRR 1979
....„._.„._..
""'3 MRR 1979
"i MRR 1979
"5"nflR 1979
' 6 MRR 1979
7 MRR 1979
8 MAP 11979
9 MRR 1979
Tb'mrr 1979'
ri' W 1979
12 'hnR" 1979"
13 MRR ' 1979 '
li"*MRR ""1979"
"i5"SSr "1979"
1*6 "'fiflR "l979
17 MRR 1979
*
1
t
!
19 MRR
20MRR
2l"MflR
1979
1979
1979
22 MRR
23 MRR
1979
1979
24 MRR
.25 MRR
26 MflR
27 MRR
28"mRR
29 MRR
30" MRR '
1979
1979
1979
1979"
1979
1979"
1979"
102
31 MRR 1979
1 RPR 1979
2 APR 1979
3 APR 1979
4 APR 1979
""5 APR 1979
5 APR "1979
"T RPR 1979
'TflPR 1979
"9"flPR 1979"
11 RPR 1979
12 RPR 1979
"l3 RPR .1979"
"ii apr ""1979"
' 15 RPR 1979
...„„.._.„_
"l7 RPR 1979'
"l8" RPR "1979"
19 RPR "l979
"S"flpS""'i979"
"21" RPR ""1979"
'22' RPR 1979'
..„.„.._.„_
2'4'flPR 1979
"SPflPR 1979
26 RPR 1979
27RPR 1979"
28 RPR 1979
29'flPR 1979"
30" RPR 1979"
"T MAY 1979
2 MAY 1979"
103
4 MAY 1979
'5 MAY 1979
6 MAY 1979
7 MAY 1979
8 MAY 1979
"9 MflY'"l979
10 HAY' "1979"
1 1 MAY 1979
"12' MAY 1979
13 MflY 1979
U MAY 19/9
15 MAY 1979
i6MAY'i979
17MAY 1979
18 MAY "l979
19 MAY "l97 9
20 MAY 1979
2T"iiflT'l979
22 MAY 1979
23 MAY 1979
24 MAY 1979
25 MAY 1979
.__„._
27 MAY 1979
'28'mAy'''i979'
29 MAY "1979"'
30 MAY 1979
^l'_MAY-i379l
104
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CT
1 JUN 1979
"2""jUfsl 'l979
3 JUN 1979
Tjun T979
5 JUN 1979
6' JUN "1*979
7 JUN 1979
8 JUN 1979
9 JUN 1979
10 JUN 1979
11 JUN 1979
12 JUN 1979
— —
13 JUN 1979
_____
-— -.
14 JUN 1979
_____
■ ■■■
15 -UN 1979
1 1
16 JUN 1979
17 JUN
18 JUN
1979
1979"
19 JUN
20 JUN
1979
1979
21 JUN
22'jUN
1979
1979
23 JUN
24"jUN
1979
1979
25 JUN
26 JUN
1979
1979
27 JUN
28 JUN
1979'
1979-
29 JUN
30 JUN
1979
1979
105
1 JUL
2 JUL
3 JUL
"i JUL
IT JUL
6"JUL
7 "Jul
"q JUL
"g'jUL
iS'juL
ii"jul
12 JUL
13 JUL
lX JUL
is" JUL
is'j'uL
i'f'jUL
18 JUL
1979
"1979
1979
"l979
1979
T979
1979
"l979
1979
"1979"
"1979"
"l979"'
1979
1979"
"l979
"1979"
'1979"
3979
20 JUL
2i" JUL
22"jUL
23 JUL
2'4'jUL
25"'jUL
1979
1979
"1979"
1979
1979"
i'979"
L 26
JUL
1979
— 27
JUL
1979
L 28
JUL
1979
1- 29
JUL
197.9
- 30
JUL
1979
31
JUL
1979
106
1 AUG 1979
"2"flUG 1979
"3 AUG 1979
"4 RUG 1979
"5 AUG 1979
•
"6""rug"i979
"7 AUG 1979
"8"aUG"i979
' 9 'AUG 1979
"H RUG 1979
11 AUG 1979
"1'2'AUG 1979
"l3 AUG 1979
;U RUG 1979
i"5'flUG"'l979
16 RUG 1979
"if RUG 1979
^ =~ 18 AUG 1979
'= 19" RUG 1979
1
■■#"
20 AUG 1979
2l""5jG 1979
*22 RUG 1979
23"'ruG 1979
24'ruG 1979
"25 AUG "l979
26 AUG 1979
"27 "RUG 1979
"23'AUG 197S
29 AUG 197S
"30 i AUG 197S
l3i'lAUG^4S7S
107
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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the Technicon Auto Analyzer II System, 1972 .
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5. Bakun, A., NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-671, Coastal
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18. Holm-Hansen, 0. and Karl, D. M. , "Effects of Luciferin
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19. Holm-Hansen, 0., "Determination of Microbial Biomass in
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20. Huyer, A., Smith, R. L. and Pillsburg, R. D. , "Observa-
tions in a Coastal Upwelling Region During a Period of
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21. Huntsman, S. A. and Barber, R. T., "Primary Production
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22. Jones, P. G. W. , "The Southern Benguela Current Region in
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23. Kelly, J. C. , Whitledge, T. E. and Dugdale, R. C, "Results
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24. Legeckis, R. V., "A Survey of Worldwide Sea Surface
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25. Lorenzen, C. J., "A Method for the Continuous Measurement
of I_n Vivo Chlorophyll Concentration," Deep Sea Research,
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26. Paulson, G. P., A Study of Nutrient Variations in the
Surface and Mixed Layer of Monterey Bay Using Automatic
Analysis Techniques, Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, California, September 1972.
27. Redfield, A. C, "On the Proportions of Organic Derivatives
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28. Redfield, A. C, "The Biological Control of Chemical
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29. Redfield, A. C, Ketchum, B. H., and Richards, F. A.,
"The Influence of Organisms on the Composition of
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Interscience Publishers, 1963.
30. Reid, J. L., Roden, G. I., and Wyllie, J. G., "Studies
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32. Riley, J. P., and Skirrow, G., Chemical Oceanography, 2nd
Ed., V. 3, Academic Press, 1975.
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Upwelling Processes, Report of 2nd Melting, Kiel, FRG
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September 1975 .
34. Shaffer, G., "On Quasi-Steady Three-Dimensional Coastal
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*35 . Sherman, J. W. , III, "Current and Future Satellites for
Ocean Monitoring," In: Proceedings of the Eleventh
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Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, V. 1, pp. 288-299, 1977.
110
36. Smith, S. L., and Whitledge, T. E., "The Role of Zoo-
plankton in the Regeneration of Nitrogen in a Coastal
Upwelling System Off Northwest Africa," Deep Sea
Research, V. 24, pp. 49-56, 1977.
37. Strickland, J. D. H. and Parsons, T. R. , A Practical
Handbook of Seawater Analysis , J . C . S t e venson (Ed. ) ,
Queen's Printer and Comptroller of Stationery, pp. 49-62
and 71-76, 1968.
38. Sverdrup, H. U. , Johnson, M. W., and Fleming, R. H.,
The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology,
Prentice Hall, 1942.
39. Thomas, W. H., and Siebert, D. L. R. ? "Distribtuion of
Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate, and Silicate in the
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40. Thomas, W. H., "Phytoplankton Nutrient Enrichment Experi-
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41. Traganza, E. D., Chemical Mesoscale and ATP-Biomass
Correlated with Satellite Imagery of Oceanic Fronts,
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in Satellite Detection of Ocean Fronts and Eddies for
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"Satellite Observations of a Nutrient Upwelling Off
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Phosphate, and Silicate During Uptake and Regeneration
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*45. Wiebe, P. H., "Gulf Stream Cold Core Rings: Large Scale
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Ill
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P A 183005
Conrad wVv/
Relationships between
sea surface temperature
and nutrients in satel-
1 ite detected oceanic
fronts.
Thes
c.l
is
5
189
Conrad
Relationships between
sea surface temperature
and nutrients in satel-
lite detected oceanic
fronts.
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