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Boston Medical Library
in the Francis A. Countway
Library of Medicine --Boston
Digitized by tine Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
Open Knowledge Commons and Harvard Medical School
http://www.archive.org/details/reminiscencesofd1881cape
JOHN GASPAR SPURZHEIM, M.D
Fkom Fisuer's Painting, in the Possession of Hon. Moses Kimball,
Boston. Photographed by Black.
REMINISCENCES
DK. SPUKZHEIM
GEORGE COMBE:
A REVIEW OF THE SCIENCE OF PHRENOLOGY, FROM THE PERIOD OF
ITS DISCOVERY
TO THE TIME OF THE VISIT OF GEORGE COMBE TO THE UNITED
STATES, 1838, 1840.
By NAHUM CAPEN, LL.D.,
Author of " Biography of Spurzheim," " Republic of the United States,"
" History of Democracy," etc.
NEW YORK :
FOWLER & WELLS, PUBLISHERS,
753 BROADWAY.
BOSTON: A. WILLIAMS & CO.
1881.
copyright, 1880, by
Fowler & Wells,
Edward O. Jenkins,
Printer and Stereotyper,
20 North William Street^ New York.
TO
GEORGE H. CALVERT
IS INSCRIBED BY HIS FRIEND OF MANY YEARS,
PREFACE.
The origin of these few pages, designed to impart
and perpetuate the teachings of three of the greatest
philosophers of modern times, is sufficiently explained
in the correspondence which closes this Preface.
Since their preparation, Mr. Calvert, to whom this
volume has been dedicated, has added another volume
to his many admirable productions. To his " First
Years in Europe," his numerous " Essays," to his vol-
umes on Goethe, Ptjbens, Chaelotte Yon Stein,
WoEDSWOKTH, and Shakespeare, he has just added
one on Colekidge and Shelley, and closed with his
address on Goethe, delivered before the Goethe Club
of ISTew York, Jan. 10, 1877.
As an author of high tone, poetic conception, clear
analysis, deep philosophy, and pure thought, he is to
be ranked among the ablest in the country. It was his
high privilege to be one of the first in the United
States to ask public attention to Phrenology. In 1832
he edited and published a volume entitled '^ Illustra-
tions of Phrenology ; heing a selection of articles from
the Edinburgh Phrenological Journal, and the Trans-
actions of the Edinburgh Phrenological Society. With
twenty-six wood-cuts. With a/n Introduction. By
Geokge H. Calveet."
In his Preface, dated Baltimore, Md., September,
(V)
vi Preface.
1832, lie says : " The conviction the editor entertains
of the vast importance of the Phrenological discoveries
and of the beneficial results to be produced by a diffu-
sion of a knowledge of them, has entered largely into
his motive to undertake the task."
We speak of this task with peculiar interest, in this
connection, as it was executed nearly fifty years ago,
and as it enables us to make quotations from his inter-
esting volume on Coleridge, just published.
He says : " That there is a close connection between
brain and mind, especially intellectual mind, has always
been vaguely acknowledged, or, rather, indistinctly felt.
Toward the end of the last century Dr. Gall, a physi-
cian of Yienna, proved, by a thoroughly Baconian
method, not only that there is a connection, close and
indissoluble, between them, but that the brain is the
indispensable organ of every kind of mental power ; and
further, that, instead of being one single organ, it is a
congeries of organs, and that every intellectual aptitude,
every animal propensity, every aspiration, every senti-
mental movement, has in the brain its individual instru-
ment. What a helpful auxiliary was here offered to
the metaphysician, to the psychologist, to the theolo-
gian, to the moralist ! Kant's rare intuition would
have caused new delight in Coleridge, who, by means of
this new potent objective discovery of Gall, could have
given precision, enlargement, definiteness, depth, to the
subjective conclusions of Kant and of himself."
" Through Spurzheim, a pupil of Gall, who was in
London about the year 1826, Coleridge got a glimpse
of the great discovery. But whether from being too
Preface. vii
old (most people are, after forty, to accept a large, new
revolutionary truth), or whether, though having an
intellect apt for philosophic search, he yet lacked the
warm hospitality to new truths, what may be called
the philosophic temperament, which not many even
capacious minds are blessed with, or whether he was
not just then in the mood for such study, — whatever the
cause, while he admitted to his nephew (see Table Talk)
that 'all the coincidences which have been observed
could scarcely be by accident,' the presentation of the
new phenomena did not flash into his mind the light
of a new prolific principle, as the fall of an apple did
into that of [N^ewton. Had he seized the import of
these phenomena by following the high logic of their
revelations, both his philosophy and his theology would
have been expanded, clarified."
MoTJNT Ida, Boston, Novemher^ 1880.
CORRESPONDENCE.
" New York, May 8, 1879.
•'Hon. NAHinvt Capen :
"My Deah Sir: — Remembering your very intimate, per-
sonal relations with Dr. Spurzheim, and believing it im-
portant that the public, and especially the readers of the
PhrenoloGtICAL Journaij, should know more of him and
his work than has yet been published, I am led to ask you
to prepare for the Journal your personal reminiscences of
Spurzheim ; to include a description of his personal ap-
pearance, his habits of life, and of his traits of character.
And I should be glad if you could add some account of
the discovery of the "Science of Phrenology; of the labors
viii Preface.
of Gall alone, and of Gall and Spurzheim together; of the
progress of the science abroad up to the time of Spurz-
heim's ^dsit to the United States; of the object of his visit
to this country; of his arrival and reception; his lectures
and their influence, and of the circumstances of his sick-
ness and death. Also, the state and progress of the sci-
ence up to the period of Mr. Combe's visit to the United
States ; of his reception, labors, lectures, etc. : with a view
that the teachings of Phrenology may be compared with
previous systems of Mental Philosophy, and their impor-
tance and utility demonstrated by facts of history and ex-
perience,
" Feeling the importance of this, and knowing that there
is now no person living besides yourself who has so much
data from which to write, I beg leave to urge the matter on
you, hoping that you may take the time necessary before
it is too late.
"I remain, yours for the dissemination of Phrenological
truth.
"Signed, Charlotte Fowler Wells."
(4
Mount Ida, Boston, Mass., Jan. 28, 1880.
Mrs. Charlotte Fowler Wells, New York :
' ' Dear Madam : — When I received your favor of May
last, I was surrounded with permanent cares and unfinished
labors. From this condition I anticipated no exemption.
My first impressions, instant and decided, were to decline
the task enjoined by your letter. But when I reflected on
your demands, and your reasons for them, I was influenced
by convictions of duty, in some degree to meet your
wishes.
"The labor of examining numerous letters and docu-
ments of nearly half a century ago ; of recalling to mind the
events and opinions of that period; of verifying, classify-
ing, and condensing them, is much more than that of
Preface. ix
writing. I have been embarrassed by the extent of my
materials. I have written, and compiled from my own pro-
ductions, and others, in such a manner as to give a con-
nected view of the subjects enumerated in your letter. Of
course, much of the matter will not be new to some of your
readers, but what I have inserted, I trust, will prove to be
of permanent value. I could have added much, but the
reader will, I doubt not, pardon any omission, or imper-
fection, in view of my want of time, and of other duties
which I could not evade.
" I am, with great respect, faithfully yours,
"jSTahum Capen."
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introductory Remarks 1
Spurzheim's Labors in Great Britain — His Home in
Paris — His Marriage — His Motives in Visiting the
United States — Events of his Voyage ... 4
His Arrival in the United States — Reception . . .8
His Personal Appearance 11
First Interview with Spurzheim 12
His interest in Public Men, in Public Institutions, and
in the Clergy 13
Rev. Hosea Ballou . . . . . . . .15
Rev. Father Taylor 16
Spurzheim's interest in Public Institutions — Educa-
tion . . .19
Visit to the Monitorial School . , . . . .20
Visit to "Hancock School," and "The Smith School,"
for Colored Children 24
First Appearance before a Boston Audience — His Lect-
ures in Boston and Cambridge — His Engagements
— Health, and the Events of his Sickness — His
Death . . . . . . . . . .25
Preparations for a PubUc Funeral — Proceedings of
Committees — His Property — Proceedings of Bos-
(xi)
xii Contents.
ton Medical Society — The Funeral at the " Old
South Church" — Pro/. Follen's Oration — Pier-
pont's Ode — Notices of the Press — His Character . 34
His Monument 43
His Interment — Heart and Brain ..... 45
His Character — Dr. Roberton, George and Andrew
Combe 46
His Death announced in Edinburgh — Highly respected
by Distinguished Men of Europe . . . .50
What should be the Influence of Model Philosophers —
GaU, Spurzheim, and Combe 55
Personal Appearance of Gall — His Ability and Skill as
a Physician 57
Personal Character of George Combe . . . .59
Metaphysics before the Time of Gall — Physiognomy
nothing without Phrenology 61
Birth and Education of Gall — His Early Observations
— Scientific Conclusions — Anatomy of the Brain —
First Appearance as Author 62
Outlines of the Science of Phrenology, in a Letter to
Jos. Fr. De Retzer 70
Dr. Gall's Lectures and Works . . . . .86
Birth and Education of Spurzheim — His Connection
with Gall 88
Gall and Spurzheim's Memoir to the French In-
stitute — Napoleon — Cuvier — Davy — Sovereigns
and Science 91
Joint Publication of Gall and Spurzheim . . . 97
Death of Gall— His Funeral 98
Labors of Spurzheim alone— His Visit to Great Britain
— Anatomy of the Brain — Reviews — Abernethy . 99
Contents. xiii
Spurzheim's Visit to Dublin, Cambridge, Edinburgh —
Festival in Honor of — Speeches of Combe and
Simpson — Mme. Spurzheim — Replies of Dr. Spurz-
heim — Christianity and Women .... 104
Progress of Phrenology in Europe — Reviewers . .111
The Dignity of Truth in Controversy . . . ,112
State of Phrenology in the United States — Master-Mind,
like that of Spurzheim, wanted — Influence of his
Labors — Attacks upon the Science — Its Progress —
Character of Opponents 115
Organization of the Boston Phrenological Society — Its
Members and Officers — Its Transactions — Birthday
of Spurzheim annually observed — Proceedings —
Lectures by Members — Close of Society — Reasons . 119
Progress of Phrenology from 1832 to 1840 — Visit of
Combe to the United States — Birth and Education
of Combe — High Position of Gall, Spurzheim, and
Combe as Philosophers — Numerous Testimonials
respecting the AbiUty and Character of George
Combe 125
Combe's Visit to the United States — His Motives — His
Arrival and Reception — Testimonials of Respect —
In Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore,
Washington, D. C, New Haven and Hartford,
Conn. — Influence of his Labors .... 131
Results of Mr. Combe's Visit to the United States . 137
Active and Scientiflc Phrenologists of the United States
— Surviving Phrenologists who Wrote upon the
Subject from the Period of 1832 — Dr. Isaac Ray —
Geo. H. Calvert 138
Philosophy of Phrenology — The Three Great Teachers 142
XIV
Contents.
The Physiology of the Brain 143
Mental Philosophy . .145
Phrenology the Science of Human Nature — Testimony
of Hon. James D. Green 149
Importance of Phrenology to the Blind, Deaf and
Dumb, and to Idiots — Testimony of Dr. S. G. Howe. 153
Who, now, are Phrenologists ? — Where, now, is Phre-
nology ? . 155
Testimony of Rev. Henry Ward Beecher . . . 157
Importance of Mental Philosophy 157
Acknowledgments of Indebtedness .... 173
APPEISTDIX.
A.
Extracts from Prof. Barber's Address.
"Mental Philosopliy and Education," "Reform and Legislation,"
" Materialism," "Anatomy of the Bfaiu," " Political Economy," 175
B.
Science of Human Nature.
Furtlier Extract from Mr. Green's Address, 180
c.
Social Relations of Man.
From Dr. Howe's Address, -_.--... 187
\ Contents, xv
D.
Utility of PHRENOLoaY.
From Dr. Bartlett's Address, 198
E.
Progress of Phrenology — Its Obstacles kwq Its
Importance to the People and Education.
From Mr. Combe's Address, -------- 210
F.
George Combe's Letter to the Right Hon. the Lord Provost, etc.
" What is Logic," 21U
G. H. I.
Testimonials on behalf of George Combe.
Letter from Dr. William Weir, etc., 230
Letter from Dr. John Elliottson, etc., ------ 232
Letter from James Johnson, Esq., ------- 234
J.
Science of Phrenology
As left by Gall, Spurzheim, and Combe, ------ 335
Extract of Spurzheim's work, entitled " Philosophical Catechism
of the Natural Laws of Man." The Preface - - - - 340
xvi Contents.
L.
Oliver Caswell and Laura Bridgmar".
Extracts from volume entitled "Life and Education of Laura
Dewey Bridgman," ----- -.- 243
M
Crime-Cause.
From Pamphlet on Crime-Cause, by Hon. Richard Vaux, - - 253
REMINISCENCES OF SPURZHEIM.
Mount Ida, Boston, )
January, 1880. \
The appeal to me, as the only person liviog, who is
able to furnish reminiscences of SpuRZHEm, of his last
days in this country, and upon earth, affects me deeply.
It is now nearly forty-seven years since the remains of
this great philosopher were deposited at Mount Aubuen,
and the first Monument placed in that beautiful Ceme-
tery was that of Spuezheim. His name is deeply cut
in marble, and there it will remain forever. It is one
of the first monuments seen after the visitor enters the
gateway. How eminently proper, and yet not by the
wisdom of man, that the remains of one who dedicated
his life and energies to the study of natm^e and of mind,
should be placed at the entrance of that consecrated
enclosure, where the bodies of all classes have their final
home. Here, in all future time, visitors will first be
reminded of him who gave so many lessons of useful
knowledge for the permanent benefit of humanity, and
made for himself a record of character that will stand
as an example to be admired and followed by all sin-
cere inquirers after truth.
It is a remarkable fact, that the first two interments
at Mt. Aubuun were male and female, and were alike
celebrated as gifted thinkers and authors. Both were
2 Reminiscences of Spurzheim.
dear friends of mine. Tlie first, were tlie remains of
Hannah Adams, the authoress of the " History of the
Jews," and the second, those of Spurzheim, who, at the
time, was ranked among the most distinguished authors
of the world. Thus, while all that was placed beneath
the slab and monument, was ^' dust to dust," the souls
of the first tenants had acquired before death an im-
mortal record in history. Let the fact iUustrate the
Christian truth at Mt. Aubtjkn, in its beginning, that
though the body may be buried, the soul is above the
power of death.
Both of these distinguished persons died the same
year, 1832 — Hannah Adams at the age of 73, and
Spurzheim at the age of 56. The remains of the latter
were embalmed, in the expectation that his kindred in
Germany would send for them. They were placed in
the Receiving Tomb of Park Street Church, J^ovember,
1832, and removed to Mt. Aubukn early in 1833.
What a splendid beginning in that sacred ground of
the dead ! What a solemn fact to contemplate — that in
less than half a century, the remains of many thousands"^
have been there deposited, and millions of wealth have
been expended to beautify the spot, that has been made
holy by memories of greatness, goodness, and affection.
Parents and children, brothers and sisters, men and
women, respected for their virtues, charities, and patri-
otism, have here their final record upon earth to be read
and remembered by succeeding generations, each adding
its own examples of life upon the slab and monument.
In the collective skill of the architect, sculptor, artist.
* Number of interments, to 1880, about 22,000.
Reminiscences of Spurzheim. 3
and gardener, we have before us, in tliis silent Paek of
THE Dead, the magiiificei'it and nndjing bloom of love,
in all its relations of beauty, tenderness, and sublimity.
I can not repress the deep emotions of my soul, when
I speak of these impressive realities of the past. I am,
indeed, overwhelmed with reflections upon persons and
characters I have known, and upon the events of a
period, which, though it seems short to me, when meas-
ured by days and years, long to others. In these
grounds we find the familiar names of persons who
have characterized the metropolis and commonwealth
of Massachusetts during the present century. Among
them, variously inscribed, are the names of Kirkland,
Quincy, Eliot, Warren, Bigelow, Everett, Story, Choate,
Appleton, Lawrence, Jackson, Bowditch, Ticknor, Gray,
Sparks, Longfellow, Holmes, Prescott, Walker, Brooks,
Otis, Savage, Ballon, Adams, Austin, Amory, Sears,
Tuckerman, Parkman, Shaw, Lyman, Kuhn, Lowell,
Perkins, Channing, Codman, Cabot, Parker, Ward,
Parsons, Brereton, Peirce, Motley, Welles, Lewis,
Worcester, Hedge, Bartlett, Lothrop, Hale, Sargent,
Bell, Wigglesworth, Ware, Pickering, Emerson, Capen,
Coolidge, Thacher, Ligalls, Lee, Curtis, — ^indeed, the
enumeration would almost exhaust the necrologic regis-
ter of ]^ew England. What varied reflections and as-
sociations crowd upon the memory in the review of so
many departed persons, who, while they lived, accom-
plished so much for their age, their country, and the
world. Active friends of education, interpreters of
history, science, law, and government, and the promot-
ers of art and industry, of commerce and refinement,
though gone from earth, their names will be forever
4 ReminisGences of Spurzheim.
identified with the great cause of progress and patriot-
ism. In this hallowed retreat of the dead, rests the
dust of men, women, and children, of families who, for
many generations, have made Boston what it has been
and what it is — the city where Spnrzheim was advised,
before he left home, first to make known his theories.
This was a high compliment to the modern Athens of
America, and it was amply justified by the events which
we are about to recite connected with his reception.
SPTJEZHEIm's LAJBOES in great BRITAIN" HIS HOME IN
PARIS HIS MARRIAGE HIS MOTIVES IN VISITING THE
UNITED STATES — EVENTS OF HIS VOYAGE.
In 1831-2, Spurzheim delivered courses of lectures
on Phrenology, and on the Anatomy and Pathology of
the Brain, in Dublin and in London. They were at-
tended by distinguished professional men, and they
excited deep interest and general admiration. There
was an influential movement, though unsuccessful, to
have him appointed Professor of Anthropology, in one
of the universities of England. The eloquent Andrew
Carmichael, of Dublin, says : '' If this rational, just,
and honorable step had been taken by any of our uni-
versities ; if, as was confidently expected, the London
College had appointed him to the chair of Anthropol-
ogy, the world might still have been in the enjoyment
of the useful, enlightened, and invaluable services of
the wisest and best of men ; and under his auspices,
society might possibly have gained an advance of half
Reminiscences of Spurzheim. 5
a century or a century, in the general progress of im-
provement."
This opportunity was lost to the college and to science.
He now decided to make his home in Paris, with the
relatives of his late wife. " They were aifectionately
attached to him," says Carmichael, "particularly M.
Perier, his brother-in-law, and M. Perier's residence was
in fact his home."
It may be here remarked that Spurzheim was mar-
ried to Mademoiselle Perier in 1818, a most agreeable,
accomplished, and talented lady. Those beautiful draw-
ings which her husband exhibited at his lectures were
the production of her pencil. Their married life was
one of unclouded happiness, and it continued till 1829,
when his beloved companion was removed by death.
This severe affliction only deepened his conviction that
his life belonged to the cause of truth. " It was often
observed," says Prof. Pollen, "how well their charac-
ters seemed to be fitted for each other. They were both
adepts in that profoundest of all sciences, and the most
pleasiug of all the fine-arts — -Christian benevolence
shone forth in beautif al manners. It is characteristic
of Spurzheim, that one of the reasons which influenced
him in the choice of his wife, was the knowledge that
she had undergone great suffering, which he thought
essential to the perfection of human nature. A short
time previous to his death, having occasion to allude to
her, he remarked, ' that she possessed a mind of uncom-
mon charact-er, and that he had never found a superior.' "
Spurzheim had not been long settled in his new abode
when he received pressing invitations from various sci-
entific bodies in Boston, and other cities in the United
6 Reminiscences of Sjpicrzheim.
States, to cross the Atlantic, for their instruction in the
true philosophy of mind. He could not resist so favor-
able an opportunity of doing good. He assented ; and
resolved to visit America during the summer of 1832.
" He was always a sufferer from sea-sickness," says
Carmichael, " even in the shortest voyages ; and to en-
counter a long one, with such a constitutional predis-
position, required some magnanimity. In the spring
of 1832, some friends of mine, who were greatly at-
tached to Spurzheim, visited him in Paris. He had at
that time come to the determination of crossing to the
United States ; and my friends were remonstrating with
him on his imprudence, in braving the inconveniences
and hazards of such a voyage, and asked him what could
possibly compensate him for all that he must necessarily
endure? His simple and emphatic reply was, " Shall 1
not see Channing ? "
On the 20th of June, 1832, Dr. Spurzheim sailed
from Havre for the United States, and arrived at ]S^ew
York on the 4:th of August. This was a quick passage
for a sailing ship. Steamships on the Atlantic, at that
time, were generally deemed to be not only unsafe, but
impracticable. On board the ship he proved himself a
friend in need to a number of poor emigrants, many of
whom, being taken sick on their passage, experienced
his kind and successful medical assistance. The sailing
packets from the United States did not provide a phy-
sician, and passengers on a voyage incurred great risks
for the want of one, unless supplied by a chance travel-
er of the profession. That Spurzheim would be prompt
to meet such an emergency, was a fact in harmony with
his nature. When his usefulness on board ship was
JReminiscences of Spurzheim, ^
reported to his friends in Paris, they did not omit the
opportunity to remind him of their ardent desire to
influence him to return to his profession, and perma-
nently to settle in the great city of France. In a letter
which he received from a lady in Paris, dated Septem-
ber 13, 1832, speaking of the poor emigrants, she says :
'' That you, my dear friend, have rendered yourself on
board the vessel so useful by your talent as a physician,
ought to reconcile you to the medical science. Many of
these poor men would perhaps have perished without
your aid ; and the fact that all Were saved, is for you no
small blessing."
His friends joined in writing to him the most touch-
ing and affectionate letters. They greatly mourned his
absence, and expressed deep solicitude as to his safety,
health, and success. The same lady continues : "We
have longed greatly for the first news that we should
receive from you, and are quite anxious on account of
the long delay. The frequent head-winds, and the
thought that sea-sickness would impair your health, has
caused us much anxiety. God be praised, it is now
happily over. That the illness which threatened you,
and which was remedied by your skill and carefulness,
may not return, is our sincere prayer." . . . . " Madame
Perier mourns greatly over your resolution to be away
from us, and we all join in constant regrets that we did
not more earnestly remonstrate against your departure.
We can not but feel, if we had done this, we might
have easily held you back." She thus closes her letter,
giving other friends a portion of her sheet to express
their joy on his safe an^ival : " JSTow I seize your hand
with heartfelt friendship and confident hope that the
8 Reminiscences of Sjpurzheim,,
next news from you may be so good that nothing can
be added." We can add but another extract from this
large sheet, filled with affection, and that is from his
brother-in-law, Mons. J. Perier : " My wife joins me
and our friends in expressing our joy on account of
your happy arrival, and to offer our prayers for your
well-being. May the cholera spare you, as it spared
you in Paris. We trust it will be as gracious to you in
America." . . . . " Fare right well, worthy, precious
friend, and believe in the unchangeable friendship of
J. P."
It is an interesting fact to be noted, that M. Perier,
in speaking of national affairs, asks the following ques-
tion : " Tell us if the ITorthern portion of the United
States will separate from the Southern portion, as I
fear will be the case." Let it be remembered this was
in 1832.
The object of Spurzheim's visit to this country was
of a twofold character: 1st, To study the genius and
character of our nation ; and 2d, to propagate the doc-
trines of Phrenology. He had a great desire to visit
the various tribes of Indians, and to examine the men-
tal and physical condition of the slaves at the South.
HIS ARRIVAL EST THE UNITED STATES RECEPTION".
He arrived at New York on the 4th of August, in
the heat of summer, while the cholera was raging there.
He remained there till the 11th, when he left for New
Haven, Conn., and arrived there on the evening of the
HeminisGences of Spurzheim, 9
same day. It was Commencement week at Yale Col-
lege. Here lie first breathed the classic atmosphere of
IS^ew England. He was received with great considera-
tion by the Faculty of this Institution. '' Indeed," the
distinguished Prof. Silliman told me, " the Professors
were in love with him." He said, '^ He was much in-
terested in the pubHc exercises, the whole of which he
attended, and it was easy to read in bis expressive feat-
ures the impression made upon his mind by the difi*er-
ent speakers ; it was obvious he understood everything
he heard. In the evening of the commencement day
he attended the annual meeting of the Society of the
Alumni, and listened attentively to their discussions.
He dissected the brain of a child that had died of hy-
drocephalus, and gave great satisfaction to the medical
gentlemen present by the unexampled skill and the per-
fectly novel manner in which he performed the dissec-
tion."
On the 16th of August he proceeded to Hartford.
At this place he visited with deep interest the Asylum
for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Petreat for the In-
sane. He also visited the State Prison at Weathers-
field, near Hartford. The distinguished Dr. Amariah
Brigham was then alive, and he accompanied Spurz-
heim, with other gentlemen of the Washington Col-
lege, and others of his profession, in his visits to these
Institutions. In a letter to me, dated May 22, 1833,
Dr. Brigham says : " I have many interesting facts
respecting Spurzheim's visit to the Prison, Insane Re-
treat, Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, etc. I presume
he did not take so full notes as he would have done had
he not expected soon to return here." . . . . " The
I*
10 ^Reminiscences of Sjpurzheim,
Warden of the Prison has repeatedly assured me that
Dr. Spurzheim gave the characters of many of the
criminals, especially of the noted ones, as correctly as
he himself could have done who had long known
them."
On the evening of the 20th of August he arrived at
Boston, and took lodgings at the Exchange Coffee-
House. The next morning he engaged rooms at Mrs.
Le Kain's, Pearl Street, at which place he remained till
his death. At that time some of the finest private
dwellings were to be found in this street. ]!!^ow, not
one. It is entirely given to business, and on both sides
only extensive and splendid warehouses and stores are
to be seen. Here, too, was the " Boston Athenaeum "
and the " Perkins Institution for the Blind." In the
hall of the former institution Spurzheim commenced
his lectures, but it proved to be too small, and he en-
gaged the spacious hall at the Masonic Temple, now
the United States Court-House.
The arrival of Spurzheim was announced in the pub-
lic journals, and curiosity was soon awake to see a man
whose fame had so long preceded him, and who had
attracted the attention of the whole civilized world.
The rich and the learned, the student and the scholar,
soon paid him their respects, as due to a distinguished
stranger, and a course of polite engagements was at
once commenced. All who called upon him soon be-
came his admirers, and he was made the leading topic
of the day, both in conversation and in the public
prints.
Heminiscences of S^rzheim, 11
HIS PERSONAL APPEARANCE.
It would be difficult to describe bis person and pres-
ence. An interview witb bim was, indeed,
*' A feasting presence fall of light."
His cordial greeting, bis inimitable smile and dignified
suavity were irresistibly captivating. In bim tbere
was
"A combination, and a form, indeed,
Where every god did seem to set his seal,
To give the world assurance of a man."
He was tall — about six feet in beigbt — and well-pro-
portioned, tbe picture of vigor and good bealtb, and bad
a countenance beaming witb superior intelligence. He
was slow and graceful in bis walk, and, without tbe
air of uneducated curiosity, be appeared to see every-
tbing tbat was peculiar or bad a meaning. Mr. Buck-
ingham, of tbe Courier, who was habitually reserved
when others were extravagant, gave a graphic picture
of bis persona] ap^jearance on the street. He closed
by saying tbat "no one would be likely to meet
him without being inclined to turn to look after him,
and to inquire bis name." It was my privilege to meet
bim almost daily, to converse, to walk, or to ride witb
bim ; and, tbough always cbeerful and sometimes play-
ful, he seldom indulged in remarks even upon trifles
without giving instruction. His language indicated a
ready knowledge of men and things, and invariably
disclosed high motives practically connected witb tbe
application of principles.
12 Reminiscences of Sjyurzheim.
FIKST INTEKYIEW WITH SPHRZHEIM.
But in giving reminiscences of Spurzheim, the reader
will very naturally expect that I should speak of the
origin of my first acquaintance with him. In doing
this I can not well avoid speaking of myself, but in a
manner, I trust, that will be pardoned.
Soon after his arrival I called upon him. 1 was com-
paratively ignorant of his theories, but from what I had
heard and read, I thought much of his learning and
character. Some years before, I had marked out for
myself a course of reading upon the history and nature
of man. Metaphysics had been my early and favorite
study. I had a desire to become acquainted with his
philosophy. I sought him as a teacher. He was old
enough to be my father, and I approached him as an
humble student. I had friends of the medical profes-
sion who knew him, and who would have given me
notes of introduction with pleasure. But I felt that I
needed none. The truly great always welcome the
honest student. When I called he received me po-
litely, but he was engaged with President Quincy. As
they were engaged in general conversation, he invited
me to be seated. I waited nearly an hour before Pres-
ident Quincy, with assurances of high consideration,
took his leave. I then made known the object of my
call, and freely expressed my wishes. We became im-
mediately engaged in conversation upon subjects of
mutual interest, and our first interview lasted nearly
two hours. I had formed distinct views on metaphys-
ical theories of the old schools, and had adopted for
myself a method of inquiry which at once seemed to
Hemmiscences of Sjpurzheim. 13
harmonize with his philosophy. He did not disguise
his pleasure and satisfaction, and probably no two
minds were ever more suddenly brought together in
agreement and sympathy. He placed in my hand the
second volume of his works, and remarked that " my
first lesson must be to read law, philosophy^ though he
advised beginners, generally, to commence with the
first, which was on organology." From this time forth
we were together more or less every day. He honored
me with unlimited confidence in regard to his views on
all subjects, his works, his plans, and his wishes. He
gave me control of his business affairs, and placed in
my hands from time to time all his money, and with-
out counting. One day, when in his room, he re-
marked to me, '^ I believe I have some money in my
trunk. Please take care of it." I found nearly Hyq
hundred dollars in gold on the bottom of the trunk,
but I could not persuade Mm to count it. The receipts
from his lectures were frequently handed to him tied
up in a paper by his business agent, and he would pass
them to me unopened with the simple remark, " Please
take care of this money." When he died, all his prop-
erty, papers, and money were in my hands. But I
anticipate.
HIS INTEKEST IN^ PITBLIO MET^T, IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS,
AND IN THE CLEKaT.
He manifested a deep interest in the schools and
public institutions. He was earnest to know about our
pubhc men, their opinions upon the great topics of the
14 ReminisGences of Sjpurzheirrb,
age, their habits in life, and their methods of influence
and action. He early became acquainted with Web-
ster, Qiiincj, Bowditch, and other distinguished men
of Massachusetts, and it was remarkable to see with
what accuracy he could delineate their peculiarities and
character. But his opinions of men were confiden-
tially communicated, unless asked with special motives
to some definite good. He took a lively interest in the
teachings of the clergy. He desired to hear all denom-
inations of Christians, and, on every Sabbath, we at-
tended two or three services at the different churches.
In this he was not moved by any idle curiosity, nor
with motives to indulge in captious criticism. He had
no uncharitable expression in regard to peculiar views
or differences. He was quick to observe the natural
language of the preacher, and to speak of any incon-
sistency between that and his teachings. When we
attended Edward Beecher's church on Bowdoin Street,
the sexton politely ushered us into a pew finely cush-
ioned and carpeted. As we were early he had time to
inspect the finish and the furniture of the church. The
next pew he quickly observed was without a carpet and
cushions. " What ! " he whispered to me, " a pew for
the rich and a pew for the poor ! This was not the
teaching of Jesus Christ." At another church, where
the minister was distinguished for his personal appear-
ance and oratory, and handled his prayer-book and Bi-
ble with grace and elegance, he whispered : " See what
Self-esteem! When I met him the other day he
thought his Self-esteem was small ! "
Rermniscences of Sjpurzheim, 15
KEV. HOSEA BALLOU.
"When we attended an afternoon service at Mr. Bal-
lou's on School Street, we were accompanied by the
Eev. Dr. Tuckerman, who was an ardent admirer of
Spurzheim. Ahnost every day he inquired after his
health at his lodgings, and, in speaking of him, he said :
" I have traveled much, both at home and abroad, and
have seen many great and good men, bat he is the only
one that reminds me of the character of Jesus Christ."
Whether anything had been said to Mr. Ballon as
to our intention to attend his church 1 do not recol-
lect. I think not, however. The subject of his dis-
course was on the Universality of God's Love. He
was particularly earnest and eloquent and original in
his illustrations. After service we walked for exercise
toward Beacon Street, and had proceeded some dis-
tance before any conversation took place in respect to
the subject of Mr. Ballou's discourse. Dr. Spurzheim
was the first to speak, and he highly commended the ser-
mon. He said, " That was good phrenology." Dr. Tuck-
erman coincided with this opinion, but he feared that the
preacher did not say enough about the world after
death, ^* Ah!" said Spurzheim, with one of those in-
telligent and charming smiles for which he was so re-
markable, ''man did nothing to entitle him to exist-
ence in this beautiful world. Teach him to do his
best where he is, and leave the future to his Maker.
In Him our confidence should know no limits. What
the Creator prepares, man can not alter. By trying to
understand what is beyond his comprehension, he is
very apt to neglect the duties for which he was created.
16 HeminiscenGss of S_purzheim.
Let him cultivate the faith in the immortality of the
Boul and practice the requisitions of Jesus Christ, but
not impair the sublime results of such a belief and
course by narrow speculations."
I can only give the substance of his remarks, and
add the fact that the respect in which the philosopher
was held by Dr. Tuckerraan was so great, deep, and
sincere, he was quite disinclined to continue a conver-
sation where there was likely to be any difference of
opinion. Another topic was soon introduced, and no
further allusion was made to the discourse.
EEY. FATHER TAYLOR.
The manner and matter of Kev. Father Taylor, the
Sailor Preacher, greatly interested him. He was of the
Methodist denomination, and, having been a sailor him-
self, he knew how to reach the sailor's heart. His church,
though built for the sailor, was ever crowded by first-class
people from other societies. Distinguished strangers from
all parts of the country and from abroad, when visiting
Boston, were sure to be seen at the Bethel to hear Fa-
ther Taylor. Of this number may be mentioned J. S.
Buckingham, M.P. ; Charles Dickens, Miss Martineau,
Jenny Lind, Fredrika Bremer, Miss Sedgwick, Bev.
Dr. Bellows, and others ; all of whom have noticed his
eloquence in their writings. Sketches of his great
power and interesting peculiarities by these authors
and by Rev. Dr. Clarke, Dr. Bartol, and others may
be found in the biography of Father Taylor by Bev.
Gilbert Haven and Hon. Thomas Bussell. The volume
Jteminiscences of Spurzheim. 17
is filled with anecdotes and incidents of the Sailor
Preacher, furnishing ample evidence of his great popu-
larity and usefulness. At a Conference in Buffalo, in a
speech of Kev. Peter Cartwright referring to Father
Taylor, who had just addressed them, he said : " When
Father Taylor was speaking I was forcibly reminded
of a remark made by a foreign lady who visited this
country a few years ago. She said there were but two
cataracts in the United States — l^iagara and Father
Taylor — and I verily believe it." Pev. Dr. Bartol,
who was intimately acquainted with him, in a sermon
preached from the text, " My father ! my father ! " has
the following passage: "E^o American citizen — Web-
ster, Clay, Everett, Lincoln, Choate — has a reputation
more impressive and unique. In the hall of memory
his spiritual statue will have forever its own niche."
To Ksten to one of his most impressive sermons was
like taking a voyage with him at sea. His sailor lan-
guage and sea phrases to illustrate the dangers of sin
were made as startling as the terrific blasts of the tor-
nado— ^the foundering or the burning of a ship on the
ocean. All hands were called to duty with rapid utter-
ances of command, with such graphic pictures of peril,
impending death, and a hopeless future, that his excited
audience would frequently rise from their seats and
seem to be ready to spring to the fearful conflict with
the tempest. When, on the other hand, he had occa-
sion to describe the beauty and safety of holiness, he
would sketch in the language of a mariner a beautiful
ship under full sail — commanded by a model captain
and worked by a faithful crew — grandly moving on-
ward by steady and auspicious wiads to its destined
18 Heminiscences of SpurzTheim.
port, and clieered by the unerring lights of the sun,
moon, and stars. Or, if inspired to give his hearers a
realization of heaven, he would liken life to a long and
perilous voyage, made terrible by shipwrecks and
starvation and by almost miraculous escapes, and then,
with a look of joy, hear the welcome cry of " land," the
haven of home, where joyous and kindred hearts were
ready to greet and embrace them. This to the long-
absent and hard-working sailor was a heaven he could
see and feel and understand. But language is alto-
gether inadequate to describe the eloquence of Father
Taylor. Its style and character can only be very im-
perfectly indicated. His originality, his unstudied
flights of language, bursts of enthusiasm, and evident
sincerity were greatly admired by Spurzheim. He had
found a natural orator and a preacher who had not been
trained by the learning and logic of the schools. He
was charmed with his sincerity and honest bluntness,
and his freedom from all cant and bigotry. We make
the following extracts from his biography :
" When an evangelical clergyman had visited his
church from curiosity, and had declined a seat in the
pulpit because it had been once occupied by Rev.
Henry Ware (a distinguished Unitarian clergyman),
he fell on his knees and made this brief prayer : ' O
Lord, there are two things that we want to be delivered
from in Boston — one is bad rum, the other is religious
bigotry. Which is worse Thou knowest and I don't.
Amen ! ' In the diary of Horace Mann, June 4th,
1873 (Sunday), is the following entry ; ^ Judging from
external indications, what do ministers care on Monday
at a dinner-party or a "jam," which way souls are
Heminiscences of Spur^hevm. 19
sleeping ? Let me always except in this city, however,
Dr. Channing and good old Father Taylor.' "
I have made these brief allusions to Father Taylor, as
my pleasant recollections of him are associated with
Spnrzheim. I enjoyed his friendship and admired his
character. He was a devoted admirer of Spnrzheim
and constantly attended his lectures and introduced
him to his family at home. He could not repress his
enthusiasm when speaking of him after his death, and
frequently repeated the superlative remark, " He was
the only preacher I have ever heard on earths"
SPTJKZHEIm's mTEREST m PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS-
EDUCATION.
During the day-time. Dr. Spurzheim was mostly en-
gaged in visiting the various institutions of Boston, and
in the vicinity, and returning the calls of friends. In
his visits to our prisons and institutions of beneficence,
he uniformly discovered great interest for the welfare
of man, by his observations and inquiries with respect
to all the details of peculiarities, discipline, and results.
On invitation of President Quiney, he was present at
the exercises of Harvard University, on Commence-
ment day, and attended those of the Phi Beta Kappa
Society on the day following.
His visits to our institutions were generally made in
haste, as it was his intention, at a time of more leisure,
to revisit them. We can not but regret that it so hap-
pened, as his deliberate and explicit judgment upon
character, and the natural dispositions of our children,
20 ReminisGences of Spurzheim.
would have afforded us a clearer view of the practical
importance of his system. It was astonishing to see
with what facility he could point out among the pupils
of a school, those who were remarkable for any supe-
riority or deficiency. His quick and penetrating eye
seemed to read the very thoughts and feelings of those
around him, and his remarks which immediately fol-
lowed, showed his entire confidence in the truth of his
science and the certainty of his decisions. He discov-
ered no solicitude in making known his opinions, but
generally expressed them without even asking whether
they were right or wrong. He had been too strict an
observer of human nature not to be acquainted with
the extent and accm^acy of his own discriminating pow-
ers, and his conclusions invariably proved that there was
no cause for any apprehension of failure.
VISIT TO THE MONITORIAL SCHOOL.
The following account of his visit to the Monitorial
School is extracted from a paper read before the Bos-
ton Phrenological Society, by Mr. Wm. B. Fowle, the
accomplished teacher of that Seminary for girls :
" Soon after the commencement of Dr. Spurzheim's
lectures in Boston, understanding that some peculiari-
ties of my school had led him to express a wish to
visit it, I requested a gentleman to invite him to visit
the school whenever he pleased. He came October 3d,
accompanied by the gentleman before mentioned. It
had been previously hinted to the pupils that Dr. S.
would visit the school, and they having imbibed the
Reminiscences of Spurzheim. 21
notion that he could see farther than their teacher, were
by no means at ease, when a very tall, stout man, with
an exterior rather commanding to children, was intro-
duced. The first impression upon the minds of the
pupils was unfavorable to their ease, hut the counte-
nance of the Doctor, which expressed the delight he felt
at the sight of so many interesting subjects for the exer-
cise of his skill, soon removed all apprehension.
" The children were engaged at their desks in a
variety of exercises, and I requested him to walk freely
among them, remarking that he probably did not wish
to see any exhibition of their acquirements. This I
said, because I wished hhn, if he gave any opinions, to
do it while unacquainted with the points of excellence
which would naturally be developed by any exhibition.
'*I had just corrected some pieces of composition,
and I remarked to him that one short piece seemed to
have such a phrenological bearing, that it might amuse
him. He read it, and said he should like to see the
child that wrote it. I told him where she sat, and we
purposely walked in that direction. Before we reached
her, ' Ah,' said he, ' Caution.^ ' Ask her,' said he,
' whether she ever heard any discussion upon the points
touched in her theme ? ' I asked the question, and she,
blushing deeply, replied, that she never had heard any
one speak on the subject. ' Well, my dear, you have
not given your own opinion ; to which side of the ques-
tion do you incline ? ' She hesitated, and he turned to
me and said, ' Caution will take time to consider.' She
then gave her opinion with great modesty, and it hap-
pened to favor his view of the subject. ' A fine head,'
said he to me, ' a fine head. What Conscientiousness !
22 a eminisGences of Spurzheim.
and then what Firmness ! A fine model of what a fe-
male head should be.' ... . With a perfect knowledge
of her character, having had her under my care for
seven years, I could not have described her peculiar ex-
cellences as readily as he did.
" As we tm'ned to proceed back to my desk, he laid
his hand upon the head of a little girl about ^yq years
old. ' Fun, fun,' said he, and laughed, ' Courage too,'
said he, ' look out for pranks.' The child had only been
my pupil three or four days, but she had already exhib-
ited symptoms of insubordination. A few months' more
experience proved her playful to excess, and so courage-
ous in the pursuit of fun, that she disregarded the re-
straints I usually impose upon insubordination and in-
attention." ....
Several pupils, having marked peculiarities, were
pointed out by Mr. Fowle, and without communicating
any information respecting them, but Spurzheim seemed
to know them better than their teacher.
" I next called up a little girl, whom he pronounced
quick at figures. She is the quickest I have- ever seen
in the elements of arithmetic. I then called up the
head and foot of a class formed of three or four classes
that I had been reviewing, and asked him which was
the best arithmetician. He instantly pointed her out,
but said, ' the other was not deficient.'
"By this time the curiosity of the pupils was so much
excited, that regular work was interrupted. Children
that had been called, remained standing around the
Doctor, and in a short time others joined them, and he
had an audience of twenty or thirty. He was a decided
favorite. At this moment, a few of the larger pupils
Reminiscences of SpurBheim. 23
brought forward a Miss about thirteen years old, who
had, as they thought, a very small head, and respect-
fully requested Dr. S. to tell what her head was good
for. He turned to me and said, ' Imitation, oh, how
full ! ' I asked him how it would be likely to show it-
self. ' In mimicry,' said he, ' as likely as in any way.
Is she not a great mimic ? ' I had never suspected her
of any such disposition, and turning to her companions,
I asked them if they had ever seen her attempt to mimic
any one. * Oh, sir,' said they, ' she is the greatest mimic
you ever saw. She takes everybody off.' This was
news to me. ' You may rely upon it,' said Dr. S., ' she
will be taking me and my foreign accent off, before I
leave the room.' This proved to be a true prediction.
Before he left, she was seen to be manipulating the
heads of her companions, in his peculiar way.
" His visit lasted only two hours, and he left the
school much to the regret of the pupils, to whom his
easy manners, benevolent advice, and knowledge of their
thoughts, had strongly recommended him. IS^ext day,
they requested me to beg him to honor them with
another visit. He promised to do so, but his engage-
ments prevented him."
When at the Massachusetts State Prison, he selected
one who probably would, as he said, soon return if he
were liberated. The prisoner was there for life. He
pointed out another who had, as he remarked, no par-
ticular development that should have led him to crime ;
and on inquiry, the prisoner acknowledged that he was
there for acts committed while in a state of intoxica-
tion. He thought the heads of the prisoners, compared
with others of similar institutions, were unusually good,
24: He^niniscences of SjpuTzkeim.
and lie explained this upon the ground that a large pro-
portion of them, previous to their commitment, were
addicted to habits of intemperance, and were influenced
bj other than natural causes.
YISIT TO " HANCOCK SCHOOL," AJSTD '' THE SMITH SCHOOL "
FOR COLORED CHILDREN.
He visited the Hancock School, Boston, and the fol-
lowing extract is taken from a note received from the
Principal, Mr. Barnum Field :
" In anwer to inquiry respecting the visit of Dr.
Spurzheim to mj school, I would observe that his object
seemed to be to understand the physical and intellectual
condition of the pupils.
" The aptness of his questions to the subject, and the
originality of thought produced by them, excited the
most lively interest in the pupils. His examination of
their intellectual progress, though perfectly simple, was
more appropriate and interesting than anything of the
kind I have ever witnessed.*'
The schools kept for the children of the colored popu-
lation, received his especial attention. He remarked,
" that Individuality and Eventuality were strong in the
negro children ; the reflective faculties less, and the
whole forehead, in general^ smaller than in the whites.
They will receive their first education as quick, if not
quicker than the white; they can read and speak as
well, but they will be deficient in the English High
School." This judgment was confirmed by the teachers.
Heminiscences of Spurzheim. 25
FIEST APPEARANCE BEFORE A BOSTON AUDIENCE HIS
LECTURES IN BOSTON AND CAMBRIDGE HIS ENGAGE-
MENTS HEALTH, AND THE EVENTS OF HIS SICKNESS
HIS DEATH.
^ The first time Dr. Spurzheim appeared before an
andience in this country to speak, was at a meeting of
the American Institute, in tlie Representatives' Hall of
the State House, Boston. He delivered, at the request
of that institution, a lecture on Education.
When it was known that he was to spea.k, there was
a general interest excited, all had a desire to see and
hear him, and the occasion brought together a large and
most respectable audience of ladies and gentlemen. He
delivered his lecture without notes (as he always did),
and was listened to with profound attention. The
audience seemed to be perfectly delighted. His views
were original and practical, and all could understand
them.
On the 17th of September he commenced a course of
eighteen lectures on Phrenology, at the Athengeum
Hall, Boston, and soon after another course at the Uni-
versity, Cambridge. These lectures occupied six even-
ings in the week. He delivered, besides, in the after-
noon of every other day, a course of five lectures before
the Medical Faculty and other professional gentlemen
of Boston and vicinity, on the Anatomy of the Brain.
His lectures, both in Boston and at the University,
excited great and lively interest. They attracted alike
the fashionable and the learned, the gay and the grave,
the aged and the young, the skeptic and the Christian.
Our most eminent men, as well as humble citizens,
2
26 RerrwniscenGes of Spurzheim.
were early at the Hall to secure eligible seats ; and they
were ahke profoundly silent and attentive to the elo-
quence and philosophy of the lecturer. Whether con-
viction or doubt followed his words in the minds of his
hearers, all uniformly yielded to thoughts and feelings
of admiration. The simplicity of his views, his unaf-
fected and amiable manners, his strict adherence to
facts and candid discussion of doctrines, all bespoke the
Christian and philosopher. Some of those who at first
attended with a view to collect materials for amuse-
ment, or for ridicule, were among the earliest to become
converts to his system ; and among those of his most
constant and devoted auditors were some of our most
respectable and intelligent ladies.
Having excited a most favorable interest among our
citizens, in relation to Phrenology, he labored with great
earnestness to elucidate the principles of the science.
His lectures in the city were generally an hour and a
half in length, and at Cambridge two hours; and he
often remained at the close of the lecture to answer
such questions as his auditors might feel disposed to
ask, and many at this time sought an introduction to
him. While he remained in the Hall he was generally
surrounded by a crowd of admirers who seemed to lose
the faculty of counting time.
His time and presence were in constant demand.
There was hardly an hour in the day, after 9 o'clock
A.M., during which he was not engaged either in receiv-
ing company or making visits. This was not all. The
httle time which he had after the close of his lectures,
of almost every evening of the week, was claimed, and
he too often yielded to the pressing invitations of
Reminiscences of Sjmrzheim, &
friends. He was early to rise, and much of the time
he had before breakfast was given to the preparation
of new editions of his works for the press.
Although he had naturally a strong constitution, his
exertions were more than he could endure. Of this he
was fully sensible himself, and frequently observed that
his health would require him to lessen his labors, and
that he should not engage, after his first course, to give
more than three lectures a week. When he complained
of any illness, he generally attributed it to a change of
diet, to eating of food to which he had not been accus-
tomed ; or, as he generally expressed himself, " The
natural laws have been violated, and I must suffer the
penalty ; I must live simple, and nature will correct the
evil." He presumed upon his powerful constitution
before he became accustomed to our chmate. I fre-
quently found him writing in his room at an open win-
dow early in cool October mornings. Invariably when
I entered he would close the sash. When asked the
reason for so doing, he kindly remarked, '* Oh, I can
stand what you can not." JSTo man had more confidence
in the strength of his constitution and in the internal
corrective power of nature than Spurzheim. He had
become so familiar with the natural laws of man, that
he almost fancied they were under his control. In
answer to comphments regarding his health, we have
heard him reply, with a confident smile, " I am well, I
thank you ; I am always well."
In his funeral oration, Prof. Follen says : " We have
seen him sitting down to sumptuous meals provided in
houor of him, and have seen him fasting for the want
of food adapted to his simple tastes."
28 JRemmiscences of Spurzheim.
"At one of his lectures in Boston," continues the
same author, "the beautiful lecture on charity and
mutual forbearance, while he was diffusing light and
warmth among his hearers, he was seen suddenly shiv-
ering."
When leaving the hall, after his lecture on natural
language, he said : " I feel quite ill, and I am afraid my
own natural language has been too strong for the pleas-
ure of my hearers."
Eegardless of the entreaties of his friends, he contin-
ued to fulfill his engagements. His lectures were nearly
finished, and he had a most ardent desire to close them
before he rested. " The arrangement has been made,"
said he, " the public will expect to hear me at the stated
time, and when I have finished, it will be a relief to
know that I can rest without disappointing others."
On the evening of the last lecture, it was very appa-
rent that his illness had increased. When he arrived
at the Temple, although he rode in a close carriage, we
observed a free and cold perspiration on his face, and
saw that he was unusually pale and occasionally affect-
ed by chills. In his lecture h^ appeared grave and fee-
ble, and did not discover that lively animation which
usually lighted up his countenance and characterized
his performances. He greatly exerted himself to edify
his hearers, but they seemed to be more concerned for
his health than interested in his subject. They rather
sympathized with the sick man than listened to the
philosopher.
It was ascertained at the close of the lecture that
the hall in the Temple could not be had for the next
evening, and he, wishing to consult the convenience of
ReminisGences of Spurzheim, 29
his audience, asked, with one of his benignant smiles,
" In what place shall we meet next time ? " A ques-
tion, though answered bj man, it pleased the Almighty
Disposer of Events to answer in the counsel of His own
will, leaving mortals to dwell upon the infirmities of
human nature, and to stand in awe before the inexplic-
able decrees of Divine Providence !
He returned to his lodgings, never to leave them. It
was difficult, even then, to persuade him that he was
too sick to lecture. He consented to a postponement
of only two or three days, and until the expiration of
that time he could not be prevailed upon to acknowl-
edge the importance and necessity of entire cessation
from labor. He entertained the idea that exertion
would have an influence in restoring his system.
A new obstacle now presented itseK ; he was a^^erse
to all medicine. While in England he suffered from a
severe fit of sickness, owing, as he then supposed, to
change of climate, and afterward another when he re-
turned to France. In both cases he submitted to the
advice and prescriptions of physicians, and from what
he saw in his own experience, he inferred that it was not
safe to place too much confidence in the skill of the Fac^
ulty or in the virtue of drugs. He said that " Cuvier
had been bled, though he (Dr. Spurzheim) protested
against it, believing that literary men did not bear that
evacuation, that his own constitution was very sensitive,
and that from his childhood he had never been able to
bear medicine."
For several days after he had first complained, there
were no symptoms that gave rise to any serious appre-
hension or alarm. He considered himself as slightly
30 IteminiscenGes of Spurzheim.
indisposed, and confidently believed that his chosen
physician, nature, would heal and restore him. Had
these moments been enjoyed in rest and quietude, it is
possible that the fatal grasp of disease might have been
avoided. But this was not to be.
Receiving no relief from his own choice, he consent-
ed that I should call Dr. James Jackson, who at that
time stood at the head of the Faculty, not only in Bos-
ton, but in ISTew England. This distinguished physi-
cian attended him from the 30th of October till his
death, which occurred at 11 o'clock on Saturday
night, IS'ovember 10th. He died without a groan or a
struggle. -
On the following Monday his death was announced
in the daily papers as an irreparable loss to the world,
in language that betokened a deep and common sorrow.
Dr. Ware and Dr. Stevenson were called in consul-
tation several days before his death, but they suggested
no change of treatment. The course pursued by Dr.
Jackson was not only approved by Dr. Spurzheim him-
self, but by all of the most eminent in the profession,
who were constant in their attendance to afford aid. I
had a long list of physiciaus, from which I selected two
to be with him at his bedside every night. Immedi-
ately after his death Dr. Jackson published in the daily
papers a detailed statement of his case. It is too long
to be copied, and only a brief extract is made in respect
to Dr. Spurzheim's disease. He says : " I should de-
scribe it thus : It was continued fever, in which the
symptoms of the access came on insidiously, and were
alone for many days ; the symptoms of the other stages
never became very prominent ; those of a crisis never
MeminiscenGes of Spurzheim, 31
appeared. There was not evidence of inflammation in
any organ of the body. If inflammation did exist, it
must be called latent."
During the last week of his illness he frequently
complained of the want of light. On the evening of
the 5th he said, " The light is dirty, artificial ; I want
natural light." He made the same complaint on the
succeeding night, and wanted the doors and windows
opened to admit more air. The admission of light
into the room when morning appeared gave him great
pleasure.
He believed the air of the city to be bad and close,
and was anxious that a carriage should be procured to
take him out to Cambridge, where it was pure. His
mind was so strongly impressed with this idea, that his
friends could hardly persuade him that the step would
be dangerous, and perhaps fatal. This was a trying
scene for those who were present. To be obliged to
deny a request made by one whom they loved and
respected, and which was urged with every interesting
expression of deep feeling, of reason, and of right, was
indeed a painful duty to perform. It was more than
painful ; it was performed in anguish.
It was thought by some, at the time, that he was de-
ranged ; but he had spoken of the subject frequently,
and had reasoned himself into the belief that his recov-
ery depended upon the measure. On the assurance of
his physician, however, that such a remove would be
impossible without great danger, he acquiesced, and
after that made no allusion to it.
About a week before his death two letters were re-
ceived for him from Paris, to which we have already
33 Hernvniscences of Spurzheim,
alluded. "When told of their arrival, he seemed to be
reanimated, and at the same time profoundly affected.
He grasped the lettera with a mingled expression of
fervent gladness and sorrow we shall never forget, and
pressing them to his lips, he laid down and wept. The
language of his soul shook his noble frame, and with
the simplicity of a child he silently expressed, by his
tears and deep-heaving bosom, that to a mighty mind
God had united a loving heart.
Although these letters, so precious in his sight, arrived
to gladden him in his illness, yet he had not strength
sufficient to read them. He would not suffer them for
some time to be taken from him, and frequently at-
tempted to read their contents, but with little success.
One day he called for his watch, to which were
attached several seals and rings. He viewed one of
them for some moments with an expression of intense
thought, and appeared to derive an exquisite pleasure
from the act. Who will say that a gift from a friend
we love can be kept too sacredly, when such a mind as
that of Spurzheim acknowledged and enjoyed the pres-
ence and the touch of a simple ring ? Tokens of true
friendship become sources of delight by association.
In the afternoon of the 9th he called for the writer
of these pages and lawyers. When told that he was
present, he immediately signified a wish to be raised
Tip, and could only recognize his friend by a pressure of
his hand. His eyes were nearly closed, his mouth and
tongue dry, and his strength was insufficient to sustain
his body. He attempted to speak, but in vain. His
friend, being satisfied that he (Dr. Spurzheim) was con-
scious of his approaching dissolution, assured him that
Rermniscences of Spurzheim. 33
no duty would be omitted, and that everything would
be properly done. But this assurance did not seem to
aid him to speak his wishes. Attempts were made to
solve them, but in vain. The wisdom of living mortals
could not fathom the departing mind, nor give strength
to the dying body.
BUs inability grieved him, and for a moment we saw
an expression of despairing grief pass over his counte-
nance, and an inward struggling to make known his
death-bed request. That he had something particular
to say, there can be no doubt, as he expressed a wish to
make some communication to the writer soon after his
confinement, but feeling too ill at the time, he said,
" To-morrow, when I shall feel better." To-morrow
came, and days succeeded, but not to witness the re-
turning health of Spurzheim.
When his sickness began to grow more dangerous, he
said to one of his best friends, " I must die," His friend
replied, " I hope not ; " and he added, " Oh, yes, I must
die ; I wish to live as long as I can for the good of the
science, but I am not afraid of death." He never mur-
mured at his sickness, but awaited its issue with entire
submission.
The scenes at his lodgings during his sickness and
just preceding his death were of painful interest. The
man who had so lately appeared in public, apparently
enjoying all the blessings of hcaltli ; who had, by his
learning and eloquence, excited the wonder and admi-
ration of our citizens — lay prostrate and helpless, and
seemingly unconscious of those who surrounded his bed.
^Nothing was heard but the laborious breathing of him
who was the object of attention, and the low and mel-
2*
34: MeminiscenGes of SpurzJieim.
ancholy wMspers of his numerous inquiring friends.
Sadness and despondency clouded every countenance,
and the silent language of the feelings told that a spirit
respected and beloved was about to depart from earth.
Men advanced in age and accustomed to the hardening
cares of life gazed upon the face that had so recently
smiled upon them, and left the room weeping at the
sight of so vast a change. But a few hours before his
death, says Prof. Foil en, " I saw him, with his hands
folded upon his breast, while deep tranquillity was rest-
ing on his uplifted countenance, as if saying within
himseK the prayer which was ever in his heart and upon
his tongue, ' Father, thy will be done.' "
It was not my privilege to be with him in his last
moments. He had so frequentlj^ enjoined me not to
remain in the sick-room after 9 o'clock p.m., I sacredly
heeded his injunctions, although he was unconscious of
all earthly surroundings. His kind and constant solici-
tude in regard to my health and happiness will forever'
be to me
**The Morning-star of memory."
PEEPARATI0N"S FOR A PUBLIC FUNEEAL PE0CEEDrN"G8
OF COMMITTEES HIS PEOPERTT PKOCEEDINGS OF
BOSTON MEDICAL SOCIETY THE FUNERAL AT THE
" OLD SOUTH CHURCH " PROF. FOLLEn's ORATION
PIERPONt's ode NOTICES OF THE PRESS HIS CHAE-
-ACTER.
Early on the following morning, after his death,
quite a number of the friends of the deceased, both in
Reminiscences of Sjmrzheim. 35
Boston and Cambridge, were notified to meet for the
purpose of adopting snch measures as the solemn occa-
sion required. The following is from the published ac-
count of their proceedings :
" On Sunday, the 11th day of IS'ovember, 1832, the
morning after the decease of Dr. Spurzheim, a number
of his friends assembled at his late apartments for the
purpose of considering what measures should be taken
on this melancholy occasion.
" The Hon. Josiah Quictct, President of Harvard
University, being called to the chair, and J. Greely
Stevenson, M.D., appointed Secretary, a deliberation
took place on the measures which should be adopted to
express a sense of the public loss sustained by the death
of this distinguished man, and of the impression made
by his talents and virtues on those who had enjoyed the
privilege of his acquaintance during his short residence
in this city. The gentlemen assembled also took into
consideration what disposition should be made of his
remains, so as to place them at the future disposal of
his European relatives and friends, in case they should
be hereafter claimed by them, and in whose hands his
papers, casts, and other property should be deposited,
so as to secure them from the possibility of being dam-
aged, diminished, or lost, until some person legally au-
thorized should take them into possession.
" Whereupon it was voted,
" 1. That the arrangement of the funeral obsequies of
the deceased, and of the measures proper to be adopted
to express a sense of the public loss by the death of
Dr. Spurzheim, and the respect entertained by the in-
habitants of this city and its vicinity for his talents and
36 Reminiscences of Sjpurzheim.
virtues, be committed to Josiah Qnincj, LL.D., Pres-
ident of Harvard University '^ ISTathaniel Bowditch,
LL.D., Joseph Story, LL.D., Joseph Tuckerman, D.D.,
Charles Follen, J.U.D., Jonathan Barber, M.D.,
Charles Beck, P.D., William G-rigg, M.D., George
Bond and Charles P. Curtis, Esquires.
" 11. That the body of Spukzheim be examined and
embalmed and be placed in such a situation as will ren-
der it most suitable to be transmitted to his European,
relatives and friends should they request it, and also
that a cast of his head be taken under the superintend-
ence of Drs. John C. Warren, James Jackson, George
G. Shattuck, Walter Channing, George Parkman, John
Ware, Edward Reynolds, Winslow Lewis, Jr., J. Greely
Stevenson, John D. Eisher, William Grigg, and Samuel
G. Howe.
" III. Yoted, on motion of Mr. Capen, That the pa-
pers, casts, and other property of the deceased be com-
mitted to John Pickering, LL.D., Nathaniel Bowditch,
LL.D., Thomas Ward and J^ahum Capen, Esquires,
and that they be requested to secure the same until
such disposition be made of them as the laws of the
land in such cases provide.
''A true transcript of the proceedings.
"Josiah Quinoy, Chai/rman.
" {Attest) : J. Gjreelt Stevenson, Secretary ^
At a meeting of the committee appointed by the
friends of the late Dr. Spuezheim to take charge of his
funeral obsequies, and to adopt measures proper to ex-
press a sense of the public loss sustained by the death
of Dr. Spuezheim and the respect entertained by the
Remm/iscences of Sjpurzheim. 37
inhabitants of this city and vicinity for his talents and
virtues, holden on the 11th of E^oveniber, 1832, it was
" Yoted^ That the body of the deceased be conveyed
on Saturday, tlie 17th inst., at two o'clock p.m., to the
Old South Meeting-house, where appropriate services
shall be performed, after which the body shall be con-
veyed to the receiving tomb belonging to the trustees
of Mount Auburn, there to remain until the determina-
tion of his European friends shall be known, and that
it be attended from the Old South Chui'ch to the ceme-
tery in Park Street by a voluntary procession composed
of the members of the several committees and such
citizens as may be desirous to pay that mark of respect
to the remains of this distinguished stranger.
" JosiAH QtrcN^CT, diaiTmoMP
At a meeting of the above committee on the 17th of
!N"ovember, 1832, it was
" Yoted, That a place for the permanent deposit of
the body of Dr. Spubzheim be prepared at Mount Au-
burn, in case it should not be requested to be sent to
Europe by his relatives and friends, and that a monu-
ment be erected over his tomb, and, for this purpose,
that a subscription be opened among those who are
willing to pay this tribute to his memory.
" Voted, That Edward H. Robbins, Thomas B. Curtis,
and William Sturgis, Esquires, be a committee to so-
licit subscriptions for said monument and to take
proper measures for erecting the same.
"A true copy of the proceedings of the above sub-
committee.
" JosiAH QumoT, OhairmanP
38 JReminiscences of Sjpurzheim.
At a special meeting of the Boston Medical Associa-
tion, held at the Massachusetts Medical College, No-
vember 14th, 1832, the following resolutions were
uncmimously adopted and ordered to be published :
" The Boston Medical Association, having received
with great satisfaction the visit of the late Dr. J. G.
Spukzheevi, and their acquaintance with him having
inspired them with high respect for his researches in
Anatomy and Physiology, and a deep interest in his
opinions on the moral and physical improvement of
man ; therefore
^'^ Resol/ded^ That we view the decease of Dr. Spttez-
HEiM and the termination of his labors as a calamity
to mankind, and, in a special manner, to this country.
''Hesol/ued^ That a respectful letter be addressed to his
friends in Europe by the Secretary of this Association,
detailing an account of his labors, his illness and death,
and the expression of public respect paid to his mem-
ory.
""Resolved^ That this Association, as a body, will at-
tend the funeral obsequies of the deceased.
''liesolved^ That we recommend to our fellow-citizens
the opinions of the deceased on the improvement of
our systems of education, and especially what relates to
the development of the physical powers and moral dis-
positions, and, as they can no more expect to hear them
from the lips of our lamented friend, that they lose no
time in making a practical application of them to the
existing state of our institutions for the culture of the
human mind.
" {Attest) : Joseph W. McKean, Secreta/ryP
ReminisGences of Sjpurzheim, 39
The solemn funeral rites were paid to tlie remains of
Dr. Spurzheim, at the appointed time and place. The
body of the deceased was removed from the Medical
College to the church, at 12 o'clock, accompanied by
the Boston Medical Association. The bells of the city
were tolled from two to three o'clock.
The services were commenced at three o'clock, by a
dirge on the organ by Zeuiter. The Eev. Dr. Tucker-
man addressed the throne of grace in a most fervent
prayer. An able and eloquent oration was then, deliv-
ered by Prof. FoUen, of Harvard University.
The following beautiful Ode, by Rev. John Pierpont,
was then sung with great effect by the Handel and
Haydn Society :
I.
Stranger, there is bending o'er thee,
Many an eye with sorrow wet :
All our stricken hearts deplore thee ;
Who, that knew thee, can forget ?
Who forget what thou hast spoken ?
Who thine eye — thy noble frame ?
But that golden bowl is broken,
In the greatness of thy fame.
II.
Autumn's leaves shall fall and wither
On the spot where thou shalt rest;
'Tis in love we bear thee thither
To thy mourning mother's breast.
For the stores of science brought us,
For the charm thy goodness gave,
To the lessons thou hast taught us,
Can we give thee but a grave ?
40 Reminiscences of S^puTBheim.
III.
Nature's priest, how true and fervent
Was thy worship at her shrine !
Friend of man, of God the servant,
Advocate of truths divine, —
Taught and charmed as by no other,
We have been, and hope to be ;
But while waiting round tliee. Brother,
For thy light — 'tis dark with thee !
IV.
Dark with thee ! — no ; thy Creator,
All whose creatures and whose laws
Thou didst love, shall give thee greater
Light than earth's, as earth withdraws.
To thy God thy god-like spirit
Back we give, in filial trust ;
Thy cold clay — we grieve to bear it
To its chamber — but we must.
On this occasion, the Old South Church was crowded
with ladies and gentlemen at an early hour, and large
numbers came and went away sadly disappointed, who
could not find even a place to stand upon. It was esti-
mated that about three thousand persons were present.
The ceremonies were peculiarly and intensely solemn,
and they made an impression upon the audience, that
time can never erase. After the close of the services,
the remains of the lamented deceased were removed to
the receiving tomb under Park Street Church, fol-
lowed by city and State officials, by distinguished repre-
sentatives of institutions of learning, and by several
hundred citizens. The procession embraced the most
illustrious men of Massachusetts.
The decease of Spurzheim cast a gloom over the city
Henrniisoences of SpurzheiTn. 4:1
not to be described by language. We have never known
a death which seemed to excite so universal and sincere
a feeling of grief. The citizens of Boston and vicinity
had seen and heard him. They had met him, and had
been dehghted with his conversation. They saw that he
was a man, eminent both for his learning and virtues,
and they regarded his death not only as a pubhc calam-
ity, but a personal bereavement. They felt that they
had lost a noble and powerful friend, one who had
made human nature his study, and held in his willing
hands the keys of wisdom, and of earthly happiness in
his teachings. They had been charmed by his manners
and love, and inspired by his language.
We would be glad to quote largely from the eloquent
language of the funeral oration of Prof. Follen, but our
limits do not permit. We feel, however, that the
reader is entitled to the following beautiful passage, in
respect to the wonderful influence of the personal pres-
ence of the great man : " We have welcomed him at
our firesides, we have seen him surrounded by our
children, and the hearty applause he drew from these
little hearers, who listen with their hearts, and judge by
their affections, has convinced me that the charm which
had attached us to the successful lecturer, was not the
spell of a great name, or of talent, learning, or eloquence ;
that the light which shone in his countenance, was not
the reflection of many lamps, or of admiring eyes, but
that it was the spirit of truth and goodness within,
which lighted up his face, and gave life and meaning to
every sound and every motion. And of all this power
of eloquence, by which words became pictures to the
eye, and music to the ear, of all those bright manifesta-
42 RemmisGenees of SpurzTieiin.
tiong of a mind that had searched into the kingdoms of
nature, and the institutions of man, that had studied
the wonderful architecture of the human frame, in order
to reach the more mysterious recesses of the mind ; of all
these powers and charms, which, but a few days since,
excited, engaged, and delighted so many of us ; of that
fullness of thought and action, embodied in a frame
which nature herself seemed to have designed to be a
stronghold of life and health — is there nothing left of
all this? nothing but what is enclosed in the narrow
case before us ! "
In noticing the funeral, the Boston Daily Advertiser
of JSTov. 19, 1832, says : " The final tribute of re-
spect was paid to this distinguished stranger by a mul-
titude of our citizens, whose respect and regard he had
conciliated by his scientific reputation and the amiable
qualities of his private character." . ..." It will be
consoling to the friends of the deceased in his own coun-
try, to know, that during his last illness he received
every attention which kindness could suggest, or pro-
fessional skill bestow ; that the feeling of regret and
sympathy for him was very deep and sincere ; and that
funeral offices were performed by our citizens in a man-
ner which exhibited their sensibility to departed worth."
It is now nearly half a century since the departure
of Spurzheim. The illustrious men who performed
with so much feeling and consideration the sepulchral
rites to his remains, and with whom it was my privi-
lege to act, are all, with the exception of the venerable
and respected Dr. Keynolds, of Boston, numbered
among the dead. The remains of most of them are de-
posited at Mt. Auburn, and their monuments speak a
Reminiscences of Spurzheim. 43
language, that while it records their worth and distinc-
tion as citizens, it exalts the name of him they so much
loved and honored
HIS MONTTMElsTT.
In pursuance of the vote of the Committee, passed
Nov. 17, 1832, a subscription was immediately com-
menced, after the funeral, for funds to procure a suit-
able monument, to be placed at Mt. Auburn. In a
week or two, several hundred dollars had been sub-
scribed, when Hon. William Sturgis, one of the Com-
mittee, becoming impatient at the slowness of the
movement, requested " that all sums already contributed
should be returned to the subscribers, and he would pay
for such a monument as the Committee would author-
ize." A beautiful Italian monument was selected,
and it was the first placed at Mt. Auburn. It is
marked by his illustrious name alone. There could be
no better epitaph. Its entire cost was paid by Mr.
Sturgis, and he was honored by a vote of thanks of the
Boston Phrenological Society, and a donation of a bust
of Spurzheim, and a copy of his works, elegantly
bound.
The bust was from the artistic hand of Bally, and it
gives accurate outlines of the original. The Marquis
Moscati placed upon it, in London, the following in-
scription :
"Hie est Spurzheim, medicus, sophiceque sacerdos,
Qui cerebri partes omnes, arcanaque novit,
Atque facultates mentis, sedesque notavit,
44 Reminiscences of Spurzheim.
Quique bono liumani generis sudavit et alsit.
Noctes atque dies meditans, summoque labore
Perficiens systema sui sublime magistri."
Thus translated by Pierpont :
*' Spurzheim is here ! the Sage, who drew
Its secrets from the complex brain,
Who gave each power a place and name,
Surpassed, sublime, his Teacher's fame,
And died, imparting what he knew."
In Mr. Combe's address, delivered at the Anniversary
Celebration of the birth of Spurzheim, and the organiza-
tion of the Boston Phrenological Society, Dec. 31,
1839, he thus alludes to this monument, and to the
noble donor :
■ " 'Alas ! that America's first tribute to her illustrious
guest should be a grave and a monument ! ' — is the
language of James Simpson, of Edinburgh. That
monument, citizens of Boston, is a noble tribute of re-
spect to a great and good man's worth. The place, the
form, the simple inscription of the name, ' Spuezheim,'
all speak with a touching eloquence to the soul, which
no pomp of architectural decoration, and no panegyric
of classic phraseology could have reached. Posterity
will associate one name with that monument, the name
of William Sttjkgis, citizen of Boston. This day I
repaired to his residence, and tendered him my humble
gratitude for the tribute which, in erecting it, he had
paid to the memory of the benefactor of his race, to my
master and my friend ; and for which many a good
mind will hereafter honor him."
Meminiscences of Spurzheim. 45
HIS INTEEMENT— HEAKT AOT) BEATN".
In 1867 1 received a letter from A. J. Coolidge, Esq.,
Secretary of " Mt. Auburn Cemetery," asking the par-
ticulars respecting the remains of Spurzheim, and of
their interment at Mt. Auburn, as it was believed by
some that they were removed to Germany.
In reply, I communicated the particulars of his sick-
ness and death, and in .that letter the following para-
graph will be found concerning the remains :
"A short time after his (Spurzheim's) death I re-
ceived a letter from George Combe, Esq., and after
dwelling upon his beautiful character and important
labors, he stated that it was his wish, frequently ex-
pressed, while living, that his skull should be detached
after death, and prepared for scientific purposes. I did
not feel at liberty to disregard a request so distinctly
communicated, and by so distinguished a person. As
the remains were embalmed, and had not been removed
from the receiving tomb under the Park Street
Church, there was no obstacle in the way of its prompt
execution. By my request, this sad task was skillfully
performed by Dr. Winslow Lewis, in the presence of
several of his professional brethren." The skull, brain,
and heart were preserved, and placed in a fire-proof
safe, and the remaining parts of the remains were de-
posited beneath the monument.
Alas ! what is life, and what is death ! Yast multi-
tudes of human beings are born, who live, and move,
and act, and die without leaving a single trace of their
usefulness, or without discovering to the world the de-
sign of their existence ! New names are hourly added
4:6 Remwiiscences of Spurzheim,
to our records of deatb ; but how few of the great num-
ber that are let down into the cold grave, excite public
grief for the loss of their wisdom, piety, or exertion !
Living is not physical action, though death may be
physical decay. To live is to possess the knowledge
proper to man, to perform the duties required by the
condition of our fellow-creatures, and to act according
to the noblest dictates of an honest mind.
It should be humiliating to the pride of man that so
few are alive to the great and subhme objects of their
existence. That the decease of one human being out
of so many millions, should create a void which no other
is capable of filling ! And yet, who can ^ill the place
of Spurzheim ?
HIS CHAEACTEE — DE. EOBEETON, GEOEGE AND ANDEEW
COMBE.
It is difficult, in a few words, to convey to the reader
the character of Spurzheim. All that was proper and
exalted in man was to be found in him. What he was
in character he was in practice. The semblance was
true to the reality. Endowed with a powerful intellect
and eminently graced by the higher sentiments, he
honestly explored the world for truth. His passions
were made the servants of his reason, and by systematic
culture, he literally stood before the world as a man of
wisdom and strength. He was a favorite son in his
youth, and a beloved classmate at the University where
he was honored as a student, l^eukomm, the celebrated
composer of music, was a classmate of his. I met him
in Manchester, England, and found him to be a gentle-
HeminisGences of Spurzheim. 47
man of great dignity and intelligence. He spoke of
Spurzheim with deep emotion and profound respect.
He said, " N^o one was more beloved by his classmates."
I also met, in the same city. Bally, an Italian, Spurz-
heim's skillful artist, who accompanied him in his
travels for six years. When he heard of my arrival he
called upon me with a mind so full of inquiries, and a
heart so oppressed by affectionate recollections of his
departed friend, that, at first, he could not utter a word.
He could only speak the name of one who was with
Spurzheim in his last hours before death. He seized
my hands and wept. This example of deep affection, I
may say of reverence, almost unmanned me. His dis-
position to sei-ve me, his suggestions for my gratifica-
tion and pleasure, were unlimited, and they are grate-
ful]y remembered.
To speak of the many attentions I received from dis-
tinguished persons in Europe, in 1835-6, on account of
my intimate relations with Spurzheim, would too much
extend the communications you have asked of me. I
can not omit, however, reference to Dr. Roberton, a
distinguished Scotch physician, an old resident in Paris.
He was a classmate of Sir Charles Bell, and was much
respected by the learned men of France. He was alive
to all questions of progress, and was quite intimate
with the eminent men of science in Paris.
He was then President of the Anthropological Soci-
ety, an institution founded by Spurzheim, of which he
was the first President. I attended a meeting of this
Society, and was introduced to its members, and at the
same time to a nephew of Spurzheim, who was in Paris,
completing a medical education by attending the lect-
48 ReminiscenGes of Spurzheim,
Tires of the most distinguislied professors. He was a
young gentleman of fine appearance, and very intel-
ligent.
Through the influence of Dr. Hoberton, I had the
privilege of attending a meeting of the French Insti-
tute, and was introduced to Arago, and to other mem-
bers of distinction. He was a most devoted friend and
admirer of Spurzheim. Though older in years, the
friendship was mutual. I can never forget his manifes-
tations of affection for the departed philosopher. His
many inqniries of his last days and hours, the state of his
mind, and of his consciousness of the approaching end,
and last words ; respecting his disease and medical treat-
ment ; of the attentions to make him comfortable, and
of his reception and teachings — all these and numerous
other inquiries were rapidly made with dropping tears
and trembling voice — vindicating deep emotions of affec-
tion too touching and exciting to be described by the
pen. His attentions to me while in Paris were unre-
mitting. He was unhappy unless I could breakfast
with him every morning. But the depth of his friend-
ship is best illustrated by an item found in his will
after his death, which happened in 1841. Knowing
that the skull of his dear friend had been preserved, as
has been stated, he provided, that his own skull should
be preserved in a similar manner, and sent to Boston,
to be placed by the side of that of Spurzheim. Having
faith in Phrenology, he had collected numerous skulls
and casts, and these he bequeathed to the Boston
Phrenological Society, having made ample provision to
pay all expenses incident to the donation. They were
shipped and safely received. His will was faithfully
Reminiscences of SjpuTzheim, 49
executed. His skull was placed by the side of that of
Ms dear friend — and there it will sacredlj remain in
obedience to the commands of unalterable aifection.
What a monument to be preserved in honor of science !
Dr. Roberton bequeathed a large sum of money, to
be disbursed to advance the science of Phrenology, un-
der the direction of the Edinburgh Phrenological Soci-
ety, but in consequence of some uncertainty in the
language of his will, the sum has not been paid.
It is but proper that I should introduce some of the
testimony from abroad in respect to the death and
character of Spurzheim. In a letter to me from
George Combe, dated Edinburgh, December 20, 1832,
he says :
" I offer you my warmest acknowledgments for your
very interesting letter of ISTovember 15, 1832, an-
nouncing the lamented death of Dr. Spurzheim. The
subject was painful and distressing, but your kind at-
tention was highly appreciated. I read the communi-
cation to the Phrenological Society, and prefix an ex-
tract from their minutes, which I request you to circu-
late as widely as possible among your countrymen, that
they may receive the humble expression of our grati-
tude for their admirable treatment of Dr. Spurzheim,
and for the honor which they paid to his remains.
" Inclividually, I felt as if I had lost a near and dear
relative and friend. To Dr. Spurzheim I owe an un-
speakable debt of gratitude, which it gave me joy to ex-
press when he was alive, and which I shall never cease
to acknowledge while my being continues.
" He found me an anxious, but disappointed inquirer
after the philosophy of man ; a lover of mankind, but
3
50 Mendniscences of Sj^uvzheirrh,
ignorant how to do tliem any good ; a firm believer in
a superintending Providence, but utterly incapable of
comprehending the principles of the moral government
of the world. I was unhappy because I had blind de-
sires which I could not gratify, and longings for good
and knowledge which were nowhere to be found. Dr.
Spurzheim gave me light ; the world cleared up under
his tuition ; my moral and intellectual faculties, from
being spell-bound, became active. I experienced the
delight of having my various powers placed in harmony
with each other, and I saw how the good which I de-
rived might be practically realized. To the man who
conferred these gifts, gratitude unbounded was due ;
and, when he added to them an affectionate and abid-
ing kindness as a friend, you may judge how deeply I
deplored his loss. The whole conduct of yom- country-
men toward him was excellent." ....
" The shopkeepers and merchants of Edinburgh and
their clerks requested me to lecture to them this win-
ter in the evenings. The course commenced on the 6th
of ITovember, and about two hundred and twenty at-
tend. They heard your letter read with an intense and
melancholy interest."
HIS DEATH AITNOUNCED IN EDINBURGH HIGHLY EE-
SPECTED BY DISTINGUISHED MEN OF EUROPE.
The extract from the proceedings of the Edinburgh
Phrenological Society, December, 1832, alluded to by
Mr. Combe, was as follows :
" James Simpson, Esquire, in the chair. After the
jReminiscences of Spurzheim. 61
discussion on the papers read to the meeting, the Pres-
ident addressed the Society in nearly the following
words :
" ' Gei^tlemen" : — Dnring the twelve years of this So-
ciety's existence, no communication has ever been made
to it so afflicting as that which it is now my painful
duty to make to you — Dr. Spurzheim is no more ! He
died of fever, brought on by over-exertion in his great
vocation at Boston in the United States, on the 10th
day of last month.
" ' The death of Dr. Gall, the great founder of
Phrenology, was not without its alleviations. He had
run his course, and had done all that seemed in the
decrees of the All-wise allotted him on earth to do, and
fell like a shock of corn fully ripe. Above all. Dr.
Spurzheim, his great pupil, survived — heir of all his
master's wealth, and richer than even that master in
treasures of his own. But Dr. Spurzheim himseK is
now snatched away in the midst of his usefulness, at the
summit of his power, about to pour the true philosophy
of man, like a flood of light, upon the transatlantic
world. This is, indeed, a blow almost devoid of al-
leviation.
" ' And yet, hope deserts us not. To his own genius
we owe the discovery of the organ of Hope and a beau-
tiful exposition of its functions. As we bend over his
early grave, a ray breaks forth even from that dark
abode. America has celebrated his obsequies with pub-
lic honors, and ranks him with the illustrious dead.
Europe will sanction the award. His philosophic page
will live, and even pride and prejudice will look into
the philosophy when the philosopher whom they
62 JReminiscences of SpurzTieim,
shunned when alive is no more. Galileo, l^ewton, and
Harvej were all destined to teach from the tomb ; so
are Spurzheim and Gall. Thej, too, are among the
departed, " who are dead, yet speak," and many a kin-
dred genins will yet arise to listen to their voice. The
minds already laboring in the great work by them be-
queathed, will be stimulated by the very thought that
they are bereft of their leaders. A hand to grasp all
the inheritance may not be, but there does live a proph-
et who will wear gracefully the mantle that has now
descended upon him. May all of us, however humbly
each, make redoubled exertions to do that which our
teacher would have ui^ged us to do with his dying ac-
cents— ^promote by all that in us lies the cause for
which he lived and in which he died ! His labors were
as expansive as they were indefatigable ; no scope was
too great for them. He had gone to add the new
world to the old in one wide empire of truth. Alas !
that America's first tribute to her illustrious guest
should be a grave and a monument 1 Be hers the care
and custody of his honored remains. The spirit of his
genius is everywhere. His memory is the cherished
legacy of the human race.'
? ?j
After this most eloquent speech of Mr. Simpson, the
following resolutions were moved by Mr. Combe, sec-
onded by Mr. Dunn, and adopted unanimously :
''JFirstj That this Society have heard the communi-
cation now made with sentiments of the most heartfelt
sorrow. While they deplore the premature death of
Dr. Spurzheim, as by far the greatest loss which the
philosophy of mind and man can in their present state
Reminiscences of Spurzheim. 53
STistain, they lament it as an especial bereavement to
themselves of a valued and beloved benefactor and
friend.
" Secondly^ That this Society feel deeply, and — con-
sidering their intimate and affectionate relation to the
illustrious deceased — gratefully, the intense concern
manifested by the citizens of Boston over his sick-bed,
the public sorrow for his loss, and the intended honors
to his remains and his memory, and they experience
comfort in the reflection, since it was in the Divine de-
crees that that great man was so soon to be taken away^
that he did finish his mortal career in the midst of a
people enlightened enough to discern his distinguished
talents and worth, and duly to appreciate the philoso-
phy which he had come among them to teach."
In a letter of George Combe to Dr. Spurzheim, dated
March 12, 1832, we find the following passage :
" Your sympathy and advice did Andrew great good
in October. [He was quite ill, and Spurzheim did not
expect to see him again alive.] He was most grateful ;
and I need not assure you that, in the affections and es-
teem of all my family, you hold a place more like that
of a father than of any other being. How much of
happiness and usefulness do we not owe to you ! Chance
brought me first into your presence ; but the day when
I met you was the fortunate one of my life."
In a letter to me from Dr. Andrew Combe, dated
Edinburgh, November 2, 1833, is the following post-
script : " By a curious coincidence, it is exactly two
years to-day since I last shook hands with our lament-
ed friend Spurzheim. He came to the coach-office in
Paris to see me start for Italy ; he, the picture of ro-
64: Heminiscences of Spurzheim.
bust health, and his countenance radiant with the kind-
liest affections of our nature, and I, weak and ill, with
little hope of ever returning. And now I am here, and
he is gone in the midst of his usefulness ! I can hard-
ly trace the reality to my mind. To me he was at once
the friend, the physician, and the philosopher."
But the most touching allusion to Spurzheim by Dr.
Combe was in a letter to me dated Edinburgh, Decem-
ber 13, 1838, in which is the following language : " I
have to thank you most warmly for your intended
present of a brooch with Spurzheim's hair. There was
no man out of my own family to whom I ever felt the
deep attachment I did to Spurzheim, and scarcely a day
passes that my thoughts do not turn with affectionate
interest to some fact or other of my past intercourse
with him, and especially to that of autumn 1831, when
he tended me in Paris with a friendly care which I
shall never forget. He believed me to be dying, as I
believed myself to be, and under such circumstances
there was a gentleness, purity, and simple truthfulness
in every word and in every tone, in every look and in
every gesture, that soothed and comforted while it
moved me. When we parted, it was felt by both as a
long and last farewell ; but little did I then expect how
it was to prove so. You may conceive, then, how I
shall value your memorial of him."
These undisguised sentiments of regard and respect
were fully reciprocated by Spurzheim. He considered
Dr. Andrew Combe as one of the ablest and best of
men. In respect to the high qualities of amiability and
attractiveness, perhaps no two men were more alike.
Dr. Combe was not only thoroughly conversant with
Heminiscences of Spurzheim, 55
the natural laws, but he was a strict observer of them.
Doubtless to this fact was attributable his long contin-
uance in life after his extreme physical prostration.
I received letters from Prof. Elliotson, Sir George S.
McKenzie, London ; James Simpson, Edinburgh ; An-
drew Carmichael, Dublin ; Dr. Roberton, Paris ; Prof.
Otto, Copenhagen ; and from many other gentlemen, on
the death and character of Spurzheim, and all filled with
similar language to that we have quoted. At meetings
of learned societies in Europe, before and after his death,
speeches were made and resolutions passed, and all in
terms of profound respect and admiration. Such unan-
imity of opinion everywhere among those who knew
him or heard him speak, in respect to the greatness of
his mind and purity of his character, should lead all
inquirers after truth to treat his investigations with
careful consideration and respect, even if they do not
adopt his theoretic conclusions.
WHAT SHOTJLD BE THE mFLUENCE OF MODEL PHILOSO-
PHERS GALL, SPUEZHEIM, AND COMBE.
The invitation to give reminiscences of Spurzheim,
has led me to dwell at some length, not only on the
events of his visit to the United States, his sickness and
death, the detail of his funeral solemnities and inter-
ment, but upon his personal and private character, as a
man and lover of wisdom. As defined by himself,
*' Wisdom consists in the knowledge and in the applica-
tion of Truth.'' The evidence of his greatness as a
man, and of his goodness as a Christian philosopher.
56 Heminiscences of S^urzheim,
has been taken from tlie records of his eventful life. In
doing this, my endeavor has been^ in some small degree,
to acknowledge my indebtedness for his friendship and
teachings, and to present to the world a model philos-
opher, whose integrity of heart was equal to the great-
ness of his intellect. When thinking men have hon-
ored philosophy by their genius and discoveries, and in
addition become shining examples of social and moral
conduct, their influence should be kept alive and per-
petuated.
In this case the question arises. How can this be
done ? By demanding that the same public attention
should be given to the science of Phrenology that is
conceded to all other sciences in our schools and uni-
versities.
Spurzheun was one of the founders of this science,
and its importance is to be estimated in view of his
character, investigations, and opinions. But he does not
stand alone. Gall preceded, and Combe followed him.
It is proposed to glance at their character as men, that
we may see w^hat evidence can be found that they are
entitled to be classed among the acknowledged teachers
of wisdom in the world.
Standing as I do as one of the trusted friends of
Spurzheim, and being asked to speak of his character
as disclosed by events at the close of his life, it was first
in order to commence with what I knew of him, to add
the testimony of others, and then to proceed to speak
of his joint laborers in the same field of science. After
giving a brief sketch of their character as men, it is
proposed to consider them as philosophers identified
with the origin and progress of Phrenology. All three
Reminiscences of Sjpurzheim. 67
were endowed with gifted minds, and had superior ad-
vantages of education. All three became distinguished
in their respective professions, and high authority in all
the established departments of learning, whenever they
expressed opinions npon the current subjects of prog-
ress or of pubhc concern.
PEESONAL APPEAEANCE OF OALL HIS ABILriY AND
SKILL AS A PHYSICIAN.
Of the personal character of Gall but little need be
said. That all who approached him or who listened to
his lectures, admired him, and that such a man as Spurz-
heim should join him in his labors from high convic-
tions of duty, warrants the unqualified belief that he
was a man of remarkable capacity and of elevated
motives. He had slight peculiarities, but they were
remarkable only as illustrating self-forgetfulness. In
1826, an interesting account of an interview with him
was published in the Birmingham Gazette, England,
from which the following extract is made :
"I found Dr. G-all to be a man of middle stature,"
says the interviewer, '' of an outline well-proportioned ;
he was thin and rather pallid, and possessed a capacious
head and chest. The peculiar brilliancy of his pene-
trating eye left an indelible impression. His counte-
nance was remarkable, his features strongly marked and
rather large, yet devoid of coarseness. The general
impression that a first glance was calculated to convey
would be, that Dr. Gall was a man of originality and
3*
58 Meminiscences of Sjpurzheim.
depth of mind, possessing much urbanitj, with some
self-esteem and inflexibility of design."
M. Fosati, M.D., of Paris, knew him personally, and
spoke of him in unmeasured terms of admiration. He
thus particularly describes his person : " His body was
well developed ; he was five feet three inches two lines
in height, with a large chest and strong muscles ; his
step was firm, and his look vivid and penetrating. His
features, though not handsome, possessed a mild and
pleasing expression. Every part of his head was strik-
ingly developed, measuring above the eyebrows and
at the top of the ears twenty-two inches two lines in
circumference, and fourteen inches and nine lines from
the root of the nose to the occiput." . . . . " He was
frank and honest, acute and penetrating. I always ob-
served him to be indifferent to the praise and approba-
tion of the multitude, as he was also to their blame and
ridicule. He labored for the love of science, and under
the conviction that his ideas would triumph in the end.
I could recall a thousand anecdotes to illustrate mj
statements. He was proud and independent. He never
was anxious for titles, and cheerfully practiced the pro-
fession of medicine. His skill as a physician may be
inferred from the fact that in 1820 a medal was pre-
sented to him, executed by M. Bane, an eminent artist
in Paris, by order of Count Potosky, a rich Polish no-
bleman, who took this method of expressing his deep
gratitude to Dr. Gall, who had cured him of an old and
dangerous malady, for which he had in vain consulted
the best medical men in Paris. As a political man, he
loved liberty and good laws." ....'' He often said
that it is more difiicult to sustain a reputation than to
HeminisGences of Sjpurzheim. 69
create one, and that we must always act as if making
tke first efforts to render onrselves known. It was to
his firmness that he owed the success of his researches.
Without this constancy with which he pursued the same
ideas, the same observations, and the same researches,
it would have been impossible for him to carry his new
science to the point where he left it." . . . . " Gall was
exceedingly benevolent ; he succored the unfortunate,
and procured them the assistance of his rich patients ;
he encouraged talents, and rendered them all the aid in
his power. He educated and supported his nephews,
and his table was free to everybody. The more inti-
mately he was known, the mora he was loved."
His views in regard to Deity may be found in his
own language. " Everywhere," he says, " and in all
times, man, pressed by the feeling of dependence, by
which he is completely surrounded, is forced to recog-
nize at every instant the limits of his powers, and to
avow to himself that his fate is in the hands of a supe-
rior Power. Hence the unanimous consent of all peo-
ple to adore a Supreme Being; hence the ever-felt
necessity of recurring to Him, of honoring Him, and
rendering homage to His rule."
What Spurzheim was we have already seen.
PERSONAL CHARACTEK OF GEORGE COMBE.
It is hardly necessary lo speak of the personal char-
acter of George Combe, of Edinburgh.* His high
* "The Life of George Combe," in two volumes, by Charles Gib-
bon, was published by Macmillan & Co., London and New York, la
1878. It IS a very interesting book.
60 Reminiscences of Spurzheirri.
moral nature and unyielding integrity have almost a
universal record. His extreme love of truth erected in
his mind a standard of conduct but few could reach. If
he had charity for weakness or error, it was seldom
exercised at the expense of justice. Indeed, his rigid
observance of the ten commandments was an example
but few could follow. Prof. JS^ichols, of Edinburgh,
who knew him intimately, says : '^ It is never possible
for Mr. Combe's audience to doubt that the aim and
object of his instructions is the benefit of mankind ; and
he is manifestly actuated by that pure and independent
love of truth which it is the highest privilege of a teach-
er to exhibit and infuse, but which is never a ruling
principle unless in very superior minds." Prof. Hun-
ter, of Glasgow, says : " The lectures of Mr. Combe are
characterized by simplicity, clearness, elegance, and co-
gency of reasoning ; and his writings are remarkable
not only for purity of style, but for sound philosophy
and right moral feeling." The Hon. Andrew Car-
michael, of Dublin, says : " When I had the honor to
propose George Combe as an honorary member of the
Royal Irish Academy, our celebrated astronomer. Sir
William Hamilton, Dr. Litton, Professor of Botany of
the Dublin Society, and the Very Pev. Henry Daw-
son, Dean of St. Patrick's, were all desirous of placing
their names beside mine in certifying to his high posi-
tion and character." No man was better acquainted
with Mr. Combe than Charles Maclaren, Esq., the able
editor of the Scotsman^ Edinburgh. He says : " Mr.
Combe, like his predecessors, Drs. Gall and Spurzheim,
instead of applying the new doctrines of Phrenology to
unsettle men's notions of duty by raising doubts and
Reminiscences of Spurzheim. 61
difficu]ties, has invariably employed them to strength-
en the foundations of virtue and religion. The moral
results of his system may be said to be, that we best
promote our own well-being when we venerate God
and obey the voice of conscience — when we are tem-
perate, industrious, and orderly, and exercise justice
and charity toward our neighbor. These principles are
not only enforced in the volume of Mr. Combe, the
* Constitution of Man,' but they may be said to pervade
every page of it."
The Hon. Thomas Wyse, M.P., Chairman of the
Committee on Education in Ireland, says : " I feel a
high admiration for the talents of Mr. Combe, and for
the truly Christian benevolence which directs them."
Here we close the testimony in respect to the per-
sonal character of the three distinguished Phrenologists
who labored so long and faithfully in the great cause
of science and education. Much might be added, but
the reader is referred to the pages of their numerous
works, and to the record of their achievements. They
were the first to mark with precision the conditions of
health necessary to sound mental activity, and the first
to discover the nature and to remove the local causes
of insanity. They were the first to systematize mental"
development according to physical means, and to meli-
orate idiocy by a special knowledge of its causes.
METAPHYSICS BEFOEE THE TIME OF GALL PHYSIOG-
NOMY NOTHING WITHOUT PHRENOLOGY.
For centuries man had been studied — not as a being
to be observed as to the functions of all the parts of a
harmonious body, as to his form, habits, and natural
62 Meminiscences of Spui^zheim.
tendencies, as we study the subjects of Natural His-
tory— but as a creature of mere theory — an abstraction
— an abstraction so mysterious, as to challenge the
most gifted minds to furnish a reasonable or practical
solution of its meaning. When Gall appeared, philos-
ophers were ignorant of men. They knew man by
sight, indeed, and they had records of what he had
done, but they had not carefully studied naind in con-
nection with matter. They even recognized the gen-
eral fact that all persons were physiognomists to a cer-
tain degree, but they failed to observe the connection
between the face and head. They did not discover the
fact that the shape of the head rather gave expression
to the face than the face to the head. The face of
Lord Bacon or of Daniel Webster joined to an idiot's
head would not be recognized. Most people claim to
be judges of character, and are favorably or unfavorably
impressed with a person in the fll'st interview. This
impression makes a part of the judgment, whether
right or wrong, but how few are prepared to analyze
their impressions of personal character, and to give
special reasons upon which they are based. To do
this accurately the importance of Phrenology can not
be over-estimated. We now proceed to speak of G-all,
Spurzheim, and George Combe — of each in the order of
his birth — as connected with the science.
BIETH AND EDTJCATION OF GALL — HIS EARLY OBSEKVA-
TIOKS SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSIONS — ANATOMY OF THE
BEAIN FIEST APPEARANCE AS AUTHOR.
Francois Joseph Gall was born in Tiefenbrum, a
village of the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, on the
Meminiscences of Sjpurzheim. 63
9tli of March, 1758. His father was a merchant, and
mayor of Tief enbrum, a village two leagues distant
from Pforzheim in Swabia. His parents — professing
the Roman Catholic reli2:ion — had intended him for the
Church, but his natural dispositions were opposed to it.
His studies were pursued at Baden, afterward at
Brucksal, and then were continued at Strasburg. Hav-
ing selected the healing art for his profession, he went
in 1781 to Vienna — the Medical School of which had
obtaiued great reputation, particularly since the times
of Yan Swieten and Stahl.
Dr. Gall gives an account, of which the following is
an abstract, of the manner in which he was led to the
study of the natural talents and dispositions of men —
his views of which terminated in the formation of the
Phrenological system. When snch a man as Gall
speaks, it would be presumption to deviate from his
own language as it has been reported.
From an early age he was given to observation, and
was struck with the fact that each of his brothers and
sisters, companions in play, and school-fellows possessed
some peculiarity of talent or disposition which distin-
guished him from others. Some of his school-mates
were distinguished by the beauty of their penmanship,
some by their success in arithmetic, and others by their
talent for acquiring a knowledge of natural history or
of languages. The compositions of one were remark-
able for elegance, while the style of another was stiff
and dry, and a third connected his reasonings in the
closest manner and clothed his arguments in the most
forcible language. Their dispositions were equally dif-
ferent, and this diversity appeared also to determine
64 Reminiscences of Spurzheim.
the direction of their partialities and aversions. ]S"ot a
few of them manifested a capacity for employments
which they were not taught. They cut figures in wood
or delineated them on paper. Some devoted their leis-
ure to painting or the- culture of a garden, while their
comrades abandoned themselves to noisy games, or
traversed the woods to gather flowers, seek for bird-s'
nests, or catch butterflies. In this manner each indi-
vidual presented a character peculiar to himself, and
Gall never observed that the individual, who, in one
year, had displayed selfish or knavish dispositions, be-
came in the next a good and faithful friend.
The scholars with whom young Gall had the greatest
difficulty in competing were those who learned by heart
with great facility ; and such individuals frequently
gained from him by their repetitions the places which
he had obtained by the merit of his original composi-
tions.
Some years afterwards, having changed his place of
residence, he still met individuals endowed with an
equally great talent of learning to repeat. He there
observed, that his school-fellows, so gifted, possessed
prominent eyes ; and he recollected, that his rivals in
the first school had been distinguished by the same pe-
culiarity. When he entered the University, he directed
his attention, from the first, to the students whose eyes
were of this description, and he soon found that they
all excelled in getting rapidly by heart, and giving cor-
rect recitations, althongh many of them were by no
means distinguished in point of general talent. This
observation was recognized also by the other students
in the classes ; and, although the connection betwixt
Reminiscences of Spurzheim. 65
tlie talent and the external sign was not at this time es-
tablished upon such complete evidence as is requisite
for a philosophical conclusion, yet Dr. Gall could not
believe that the coincidence of the two circumstances
thus observed was entirely accidental. He suspected,
therefore, from this period, that they stood in an im-
portant relation to each other. After much reflection,
he conceived that if memory for words was indicated
by an external sign, the same might be the case with
the other intellectual powers ; and, from that moment,
all individuals distinguished by any remarkable faculty
became the objects of his attention. By degrees, he
conceived himself to have found external characteris-
tics, which indicated a decided disposition for painting,
music, and the mechanical arts. He became acquaint-
ed, also, with some individuals remarkable for the de-
termination of their character, and he observed a par-
ticular part of their heads to be very largely developed.
This fact first suggested to him the idea of looking to
the head for signs of the Moral Sentiments. But in
making these observations, he never conceived for a
moment that the shull was the cause of the different
talents, as has been erroneously represented ; he refer-
red the influence, whatever it was, to the Brain.
In following out, by observations, the principle which
accident had thus suggested, he for some time encoun-
tered difficulties of the greatest magnitude. Hitherto
he had been altogether ignorant of the opinions of
physiologists, touching the brain, and of metaphysi-
cians respecting the mental faculties, and had simply
observed nature. When, however, he began to enlarge
his knowledge of books, he found the most extraordi-
66 Reminiscences of S^urzheim.
nary conflict of opinions everywhere prevailing, and
this, for the moment, made him hesitate about the cor-
rectness of his own observations. He found that the
moral sentiments had, by almost general consent, been
consigned to the thoracic and abdominal viscera ; and
that while Pythagoras, Plato, Galen, Haller, and some
other physiologists, placed the sentient soul or intel-
lectual faculties in the brain, Aristotle placed it in the
heart, Yan Helmont in the stomach, Des Cartes and his
followers in the pineal gland, and Drelincourt and
others in the cerebellum.
He observed also that a greater number of philos-
ophers and physiologists asserted that all men were
born with equal faculties; and that the differences
observable among them are owing either to education
or to the accidental circumstances in which they are
placed. If all differences are accidental, he inferred that
there could be no natural signs of predominating facul-
ties, and consequently that the project of learning, by
observation, to distinguish the functions of the differ-
ent portions of the brain must be hopeless. This
difficulty he combated, by the reflection that his broth-
ers, sisters, and school-fellows had all received very
nearly the same education, but that he had still ob-
served each of them unfolding a distinct character,
over which circumstances appeared to exert only a lim-
ited control. He observed, also, that not unfrequently
they whose education had been conducted with the
greatest care, and on whom the labors of teachers had
been most freely lavished, remained far behind their
companions in attainments. " Often," says Dr. Gall,
^' we were accused of want of will, or deficiency in
Reminiscences of Spurzheim. 67
zeal; but many of us could not, even witli the most
ardent desire, followed out by the most obstinate ef-
forts, attain in some pursuits even to mediocrity ; while
in some other points, some of us surpassed our school-
fellows without an effort, and almost, it might be said,
without perceiving it ourselves. But, in point of fact,
our masters did not appear to attach much faith to the
system which taught the equality of mental faculties ;
for they thought themselves entitled to exact more
from one scholar, and less from another. They spoke
frequently of natural gifts, or of the gifts of God, and
consoled their pupils in the words of the Gospel, by
assuring them that each would be required to render
an account only in proportion to the gifts which lie had
received.""^
Being convinced by these facts that there is a natu-
ral and constitutional diversity of talents and disposi-
tions, he encountered, in books, still another obstacle
to his success in determininoj the external sio^ns of the
mental powers. He found that, instead of faculties
for languages, drawing, distinguishing places, music,
and mechanical arts, corresponding to the different tal-
ents which he had observed in his school-fellows, the
metaphysicians spoke only of general powers, such as
perception, conception, memory, imagination, and judg-
ment ; and when he endeavored to discover external
sigus in the head corresponding to these general facul-
ties, or to determine the correctness of the physiologi-
cal doctrines regarding the seat of the mind, as taught
* Preface by Dr. Gall, to tlie "Anatomie, etc., du Cerveau."
68 Meminiseences of Spurzheim.
by tlie authors already mentioned, lie found perplexi-
ties without end and difficulties ins armoun table.
Dr. Gall, therefore, abandoning every theory and
preconceived opinion, gave himself up entirely to the
observation of nature. Being physician to a lunatic
asylum in Yienna, he had opportunities, of which he
availed himself, for making observations on the insane.
He visited prisons and resorted to schools ; he was in-
troduced to the courts of princes, to colleges, and the
seats of justice ; and wherever he heard of an indi-
vidual distinguished in any particular way, either by
remarkable endowment or deficiency, he observed and
studied the development of his head. In this manner,
by an almost imperceptible induction he conceived
himself warranted in believing that particular mental
powers are indicated by particular configurations of the
head.
Hitherto he had resorted only to physiognomical in-
dications, as a means of discovering the functions of
the brain. On reflection, however, he was convinced
that physiology was imperfect when separated from
anatomy. Having observed a woman of fifty -four
years of age, who had been afflicted with hydrocephalus
from her youth, and who, with a body a little shrunk,
possessed a mind as active and intelligent as that of
other individuals of her class. Dr. Gall declared his
conviction that the structure of the brain must be dif-
ferent from what was generally conceived — a remark
which Tulpius also had made, on observing a hydro-
cephalic patient, who manifested the mental faculties.
He therefore felt the necessity of making anatomical
researches into the structure of the brain.
Reminiscences of Spiirzheim. 69
In every instance where an individual, whose head
he had observed ^^hile alive, happened to die, he used
every means to be permitted to examine the brain, and
frequently did so ; and found, as a general fact, that on
removal of the skull, the brain, covered by the dura
mater, presented a form corresponding to that which
the skull had exhibited in life.
The successive steps by which Dr. Gall proceeded in
his discoveries are particularly deserving of attention.
He did not, as many have imagined, first dissect the
brain, and pretend, by that means, to have discovered
the seats of the mental powers; neither did he, as
others have conceived, first map out the skull in vari-
ous compartments, and assign a faculty to each, accord-
ing as his imagination led him to conceive the place
appropriate to the power. On the contrary, he first
observed a concomitance betwixt particular talents and
dispositions, and particular forms of the head ; he next
ascertained, by removal of the skull, that the figure and
the size of the brain are indicated by these external
forms; and it was only after these facts were deter-
mined that the brain was minutely dissected, and light
thrown upon its structure.
Dr. Gall was first known as an author by the publi-
cation of two chapters of an extensive work, entitled
" Pliilosophisch-inediciniscTie Untersuchiingen uber
Natur unci Kunst imgesunden und kranhen Zustande
des Menschen, Wien, lY9i." The continuation of this
work has never appeared; but, in the first of the two
chapters printed, he has evinced the spirit with which
his researches into the moral and intellectual nature of
man were subsequently conducted. The first written
70 Reminiscences of Sjpurzheim,
notice of his inquiries concerning the head appeared in
a familiar letter to Baron Ketzer, which was inserted in
the German periodical jonrnal " DeutscJien^ Ilercur^'^
in December, 1Y98. In this letter he announces the
publication of a work upon his views concerning the
brain ; but circumstances induced him to alter his in-
tention.
In reading it, one will be sui^rised to find, contained
in so few pages, written so long ago, all the principles
of the physiology of the brain. It will be observed
that Gall clearly defined the object of his researches ;
to wit, a knowledge of the brain, in relation to the fun-
damental qualities of man, illustrated by that of the in-
stincts and propensities of animals in connection with
their cerebral organization. The reader will perceive
in it all the useful applications which he proposed to
make of his new doctrines to medicine, to morals, to
legislation, to everything, in a word, which relates to
the physical, moral, and intellectual nature of man.
This paper is a valuable document for the history of
the science, and M. Dr. Fossati says, " Should convince
every one that to Gall alone belongs the glory of hav-
ing discovered the true physiology of the brain."
OUTLINES OF THE SCIENCE OF PHRENOLOGY, IN A LETTER
TO JOS. FE. DE EETZER.
The following letter from Dr. F. J. Gall to Joseph
Fr. De Retzer, upon the Functions of the Brain in
Man and Animals, is taken from the Journal de la
SocieU Phrenologique de Paris :
Hemimscences of Spurzheim, Yl
" I have at last the pleasure, my dear Retzer, of pre-
senting yon a sketch of my Treatise upon the Functions
of the Brain ; and upon the possibility of distinguish-
ing some of the dispositions and propensities by the
shape of the head and the skull. I have observed that
many men of talent and learning awaited with confi-
dence the result of my labors, while others set me down
as a visionary or a dangerous innovator.
" But to the subject : my purpose is to ascertain the
functions of the brain in general, and those of its differ-
ent parts in particular ; to show that it is possible to
ascertain different dispositions and inclinations by the
elevations and depressions upon the head ; and to pre-
sent, in a clear light, the most important consequences
which result therefrom to medicine, morality, education,
and legislation — in a word, to the science of human
nature.
" To do this effectually it is necessary to have a large
collection of drawings and plans. Therefore, with re-
gard to particular qualities and their indications only,
I shall now submit to my readers so much as i^ neces-
sary for the establishment and illustration of the fun-
damental principles.
" The particular design of my work is to mark the
historical outline of my researches ; to lay down the
principles, and to show their application. You will
readily conceive that the study of the real springs of
thought and action in man is an arduous undertaking.
Whether I succeed or not, I shall count upon your in-
dulgence and support, if only on account of the hardi-
hood of the enterprise.
" Be so good as to recollect that I mean by the head
72 Reminiscences of S^urzheiTYi.
or cranium, the bony box wliicb contains tbe brain ;
and of this, only those parts which are immediatclj in
contact with it. And do not blame me for not making
use of the language of Kant. I have not made prog-
ress enough in mj researches to discover the particular
organ for sagacity, for depth, for imagination, for the
different kinds of judgment, etc. I have even been
sometimes wanting precision in the definition of nay
ideas, my object being to make known to a large num-
ber of readers the importance of my subject.
Paet I.
contains the principles. I start with my readers from
that point to which nature had conducted me." [The
original is obscure ; the author means, probably, that
nature, or the natural process of induction, having led
him to certain principles, he starts from them with his
readers.] "After having collected the result of my
tedious experiments^ I have built up a theory of their
laws of relation. I hasten to lay before you the funda-
mental principles.
" I. — The faculties and the jpTopensities innate in man
and animals,
" You surely are not the man to dispute this ground
with me ; but, follower of Minerva, you should be
armed to defend her cause. Should it appear from
my system that we are rather slaves than masters of
our actions, consequently dependent upon our natural
impulses, and should it be asked, what becomes of lib-
erty ? and how the good or evil we do be attributed to
us % I shall be permitted t(; give you the answer by ex-
ReminisGences of Spitrzheim. T3
tracting it literally from my preface. You can
strengthen the argument by your metaphysical and
theological knowledge.
" Those who would persuade themselves that our dis-
positions (or qualities) are not innate, would attribute
them to education. But have we not acted alike pas-
sively, whether we have been formed by our innate dis-
positions or by education 1 By this objection they con-
found the ideas of faculties, inclinations, and simple
disposition with the mode of action itself. The ani-
mals themselves are not altogether subject to their dis-
positions and propensities. Strong as may be the in-
stinct of the dog to hunt or of the cat to catch mice,
repeated punishments will nevertheless prevent the ac-
tion of their instincts. Birds repair their nests when
injured, and bees cover with wax any carrion which
they can not remove. But man possesses, besides the
animal qualities, the faculty of speech and unlimited
educability — two inexhaustible sources of knowledge
and action. He has the sentiment of truth and error ;
of right and wrong. He has the consciousness of free-
will. The past and the future may influence his action.
He is endowed with moral feeling, with conscience,
etc. Thus armed, man may combat his inclinations.
These indeed have always attractions w^hich lead to
temptation, but they are not so strong that they can
not be subdued and kept under by other and stronger
inclinations which are opposed to them. You have a
voluptuous disposition, but, having good morals, con-
jugal affection, health, regard for society and for relig-
ion as your preservatives, you resist it. It is only this
struggle against the propensities which gives rise to
4
74 Reminiscences of Spurzheim,
yirtue, to vice, and moral responsibility. What wonld
that self-denial so much recommended amount to if it
did not suppose a combat with ourselves ? And then,
the more we multiply and fortify the preservatives, the
more man gains in free-agency and moral liberty.
'' The stronger are the internal propensities, the
stronger should be the preservatives. From them re-
sult the necessities and the utility of the most intimate
knowledge of man, of the theory of the origin of his
faculties and inclinations, of education, laws, rewards,
punishments, and religion. But the responsibility
ceases, even according to the doctrine of the most rigid
theologians, if man is either not excited at all, or if he
is absolutely incapable of resistance when violently ex-
cited. Can it be that there is any merit in the con-
tinence of those who are born eunuchs ? Rush men-
tions the case of a woman, who, though adorned by
every other moral virtue, could not resist her inclina^
tion to steal. I know many similar examples among
others of an irresistible inclination to kill. Although
we reserve to ourselves the right .to prevent these un-
happy beings from injuring us, all punishment exer-
cised on them is not less unjust than useless; they
merit indeed our compassion. I hope some day to
render the proof of this rare but sad fact more familiar
to judges and physicians.
" Now that our opponents are tranquillized, let us
take up these questions — In what manner are the fac-
ulties and propensities of man connected with his or-
ganization ? Are they the expression of a principle of
mind purely spiritual and acting purely by itself, or is
the mind connected with some particular organization
Reminiscences of Spurzheim. 16
— if so, by what organization ? From the solution of
these questions we shall derive the second principle.
"II. — The facvMies and propensities of man hoAie
their seat in the hrain.
" I adduce the following proofs :
" 1. The functions of the mind are deranged by the
lesion of the brain ; they are not immediately deranged
by the lesion of other parts of the body.
" 2. The brain is not necessary to life ; but, as nature
creates nothing in vain, it must be that the brain has
another distinction — that is to say,
" 3 and 4. The faculties are not only distinct and
independent of the propensities^ hut also the faculties
among themselves and the propensities among them-
selves are essentially distinct and independent. They
ought ^ consequently, to have their seat in parts of the
hrain distinct and independent of each other,
"Proof 1. We can make the qualities of the mind
alternately act and repose, so that one, after being fa-
tigued, rests and refreshes itseK, while another acts and
becomes fatigued in turn.
"2. The dispositions and propensities exist among
themselves in variable proportions in man as also in
animals of the same kind.
" 3. Different faculties and propensities exist sepa-
rately in different animals.
"4. The faculties and propensities develop them-
selves at different epochs ; some cease without the other
diminishing, and even while the other increases.
" 5. In diseases and wounds of certain parts of the
brain, certain qualities are deranged, irritated or sus-
IQ JRemmiscences of Sjpurzheim.
peiided. They return by degrees J:o their natural state
during the curative process.
" I do not imagine myself a man sufficiently great
enough to establish anytliing by bare assertion. I must
endeavor, therefore, to establish each one of these facts
by proof. E^evertheless, some timid minds will object
thus : If you allow that the functions of the mind
are produced by corporal means, or by certain organs,
will you not assail the spiritual 'nature and the immor-
tality of the soul? Condescend to hear my answer.
The naturaHst endeavors to penetrate the laws of the
material world only, and supposes that no natural truth
can be in contradiction with an established truth ; he
now finds that neither the mind nor body can be de-
stroyed without the immediate order of the Creator ;
but he can draw no conclusion as to spiritual life. He
contents himself with perceiving and teaching that the
mind is chained in this life to a corporeal organization.
'' Thus much in general ; but for details, I answer in
the following manner : In the preceding objection the
being acting is confounded by the instrument by which
he acts. That which I laid down respecting the lower
faculties, that is to say, of the inferior organs of the
functions of the mind, in numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, takes
place also with it in regard to the external senses. For
example, while the fatigued eye reposes, we can listen
attentively ; the hearing may be destroyed without the
vision being impaired ; some of the senses may be im-
perfect, while others are in full force ; worms are en-
tirely destitute of hearing and sight, but they possess a
perfect touch ; the new-born puppy is for several days
both blind and deaf, while his taste is perfectly de-
Heminiscenees of Spurzheirrh. 77
veloped ; in old age, the hearing generally diminishes
before the sight ; while the taste almost always remains
unimpaired. Hence results the proof of the existence
of the senses themselves, and of their independence,
which no one doubts. Has any one ever drawn the con-
clusion that the mind ought to be material or mortal,
from the essential diiference of the senses ? Is the
mind which sees different from the mind that hears ?
I extend the comparison a Kttle further ; he is mistaken
who thinks that the eye sees, that the ear hears, etc. ;
each external organ of sense is in communication by
nerves with the brain ; and at the commencement of
the nerves is a proportionable mass of the brain which
constitutes the true internal organ of each sensitive func-
tion. Consequently, the eye may be ever so sound, the
optic nerve may be ever so perfect, and yet, if the internal
organ is impaired or destroyed, the eye and the optic
nerves are of no avail. The external instruments of
sense have, consequently, their organs also in the brain,
and these external instruments are only the means by
which the internal organs are put in relation with ex-
ternal objects ; it is for these reasons that it never
entered the head of Boerhaave, nor of Haller, nor of
Mayer, nor even of the pious Lavater, who seeks for the
qualities of mind in the head, and of character in the
body, that anything could be inferred against the doc-
trine of the immateriality and immortality of the soul
from the difference and independence of the faculties
and propensities, and of their internal organs. The
same mind which sees through the organ of sight, and
which smells through the olfactory organ, learns hy
heart through the organ of memory, and does good
Y8 Reminiscences of SpurzJieinh.
through the organ of benevolence. It is the same
spring which puts in motion fewer wheels for you and
more for me. In this way the general functions of the
brain are established.
" I now proceed to prove that we can estabhsh the
assistance and the relation of many faculties and pro-
pensities by the formation of the cerebral development,
by which means will be demonstrated, at once, the
. functions of the different cerebral parts.
" Y. — Of the distrihution of the different organs and
their various develo])rYhent arising from different for^ns
of the hrain.
"Among the proofs in support of this principle, I
point out the differences of conformation between car-
nivorous, frugivorous, and omnivorous animals. Then
I show the cause of the difference between different
species of animals, also the cause of accidental differ-
ences of species and individuals.
" YI. — From the totality and the deuelopment of de-
terminate organs results a determinate form ^ either of
the whole hrain or of its parts as separate regions.
" Here I take the opportunity to show that an organ
is the more active the more it is developed, without
denying other exciting causes of its activity. But how
is all this to lead us to a knowledge of the different
faculties and the different propensities by the formation
of the skull ? Is, then, the form of the skull moulded
upon that of the brain ?
" YII. — From the formation of the hones of the head
until the most ad/vanced joeriods of life, the form of the
Heminiscences of Spurzheim. ^9
internal surface of the skull is determined hy the exter-
nal form of the hrainj we can then he certain of the
existence of some faculties and propensities, while the
external surface of the shidl a^grees with its internal
surface, or so long as the variation is confined to certain
known limits.
" Here I explain the formation of the bones of the
head, and I prove that, from the moment of birth, they
receive their form from the brain. I speak afterwards
of the inflnence of other causes npon the conformation
of the head ; among which causes we may rank con-
tinual or repeated violence. I show that the organs
develop themselves from the earliest infancy nntil their
final completion, in the same proportion and the same
order as the manifestation of the faculties and natural
propensities. I show, besides, that the bones of the
head take on their different forms in the same propor-
tion and in the same order. I show, finally, the gradual
diminution of onr faculties by the diminution of the
corresponding organs, and how nature deposits in the
vacant spaces new portions of bony matter. All these
things were heretofore unknown in the doctrine of the
bones of the head. By these is the first step taken for
the determination of the particular functions of the
different parts of the brain.
"Paet II.
^'Application of general principles. Estahlishment and
determination of the faculties and propensities edc-
isting of themselves,
" As I suppose a particular organ for each one of our
independent qualities, we have only to estabhsh what
80 Heminiscences of Spurzheim,
are the independent qualities, in ©rder to know what
are the organs which we may hope to discover. For
many years I met great difficulties in this research, and
at last I am convinced that, as in everything else, we take
the nearest and surest road if we lay aside onr artificial
logic and allow ourselves to be guided by facts. I make
known to my readers some of the difficulties which it
was necessary to surmount. They may solve them if
they have more penetration than I have. I come at last
to the means which have served me most in the determi-
nation of the independence of the natural qualities, and I
begin by pointing out more clearly the seat of the
organs. Among these means I cite —
" 1. The discovery of certain elevations or certain
depressions when there are determined qualities. I
mark here the course which it is necessary to follow in
like researches.
" 2. The existence of certain qualities together with
the existence of certain protuberances.
" 3. A collection of models in plaster.
" 4. A collection of skulls.
""We shall find many difficulties with regard to
human skulls ; you know how every one fears for his
own head ; how many stories were told about me when
I undertook such researches. Men, unhappily, have
such an opinion of themselves that each one believes
that I am watching for his head, as one of the most im-
portant objects of my collection. ^Nevertheless, I have
not been able to collect more than twenty in the space
of three years, if I except those that I have taken in
the hospitals, or in the asylum for idiots. If I had not
been supported by a man who knows how to protect
Hernvniseences of Spurzheim. 81
science, and to consult prejudices, bj a man jnstlj and
nniversally esteemed for his qualities of mind, and for
his character, I should not have been able, in spite of
all my labors, to collect even a few miserable specimens.
" There are those, indeed, who do not wish that even
their dogs and monkeys should be placed in my collec-
tion after their death. It would be very agreeable to
me, however, if persons would send me the heads of
animals, of which they have observed well the charac-
ters ; for example, of a dog who would eat only what
he had stolen, one who could find his master at a great
distance ; heads of monkeys, parrots, or other rare ani-
mals, with the histories of their lives, which ought to
be written after their death, lest they should contain
too much flattery. I wish you could establish the fash-
ion, for every kind of genius should make me the heir
of his head. Then, indeed (I will answer for it with
mine own), we should see in ten years a splendid edi-
fice, for which at present I only collect materials. It
would be surely dangerous for a Castner, a Kant, a
Wieland, and other like celebrated men if the exter-
minating angel of David were placed under my order ;
but, with Christian patience, I shall await the timely
will of Providence.
'' However, in the meantime, my dear Retzer, look a
little with me into futurity and see assembled the choice
spirits of men of past ages. How they will mutually
congratulate each other for each minute portion of util-
ity and pleasure which each one of them has contribu-
ted for the happiness of men ! Why has no one pre-
served for us the skulls of Homer, Ovid, Yirgil, Cicero,
Hippocrates, Boerhaave, Alexander, Frederic, Joseph
83 Heminiseences of Spurzheim,
II., Catharine, Yoltaire, Rousseau, Locke, Bacon, and of
others ? What ornaments for the beautiful temple of
the muses !
^'5. I come now to the fifth means — phenomena of
the diseases and lesions of the brain. I have also much
to say on this subject. The most important is the en-
tirely new doctrine of the different kinds of insanity
and the means of cure — all supported by facts. If all
of my researches should only conduct me to this result,
I should deem myself sufficiently rewarded for my la-
bors. If men of sense will not thank me, I ought at
least to be sure of the thanks of fools.
" 6. The sixth means for discovering the seat of the
organs consists in examining the integral parts of dif-
ferent brains and their relations, always comparatively
with the different faculties and the different propensi-
ties.
" 1. I come at last to one of my favorite subjects —
the gradual scale of perfections.
" Here I imagine that I am a Jupiter, who beholds
from the heavens his animal kingdom crowding upon
the earth. Think a little of the immense space which
I am going to pass through — from the zoophite to the
simple polypus, up to the philosopher and the theos-
ophist. I shall hazard like you, gentlemen poets,
some perilous leaps. In setting out I shall create only
irritable vessels ; then I add nerves and the herma-
phrodite nature ; then beings who merit something
better, who can unite and look around upon the world
by the organs of sense. I make an arrangement of
powers and instruments and divide them according to
my pleasure. I create insects, birds, fishes, mammalia.
Itew.iniscences of Spurzheim. 83
I make lap-dogs for your ladies and horses for your
beaux ; and for myself, men — that is to say, fools and
philosophers, poets and historians, theologians and nat-
uralists. I end, then, with man — as Moses told you
long before ; but it has cost me more than one reflec-
tion before I could elevate him to the rank of the king
of the earth. I give you the language of signs or nat-
ural language, that you may amuse yourselves, and that,
if any mute should be found, there may be for him one
other language besides that of speech. 1 assure you
that, although no one has thought of acknowledging it,
I have not been able to effect this, but by putting in
communication in a strange manner your body and
your muscles with your cerebral organs.
" Strictly speaking, you only play the part of pup-
pets in a show. When certain cerebral organs are put
in action, you are led according to their seat to take
certain positions, as though you were drawn by a wire,
so that one can discover the seat of the acting organs
by the motions. I know that you are blind enough to
laugh at this ; but, if you will take the trouble to ex-
amine it, you will be persuaded that by my discovery
I have revealed to you more things than you observe.
You will find the explanation of many enigmas ; for
example. Why you defend so valiantly your women ;
why you become churls at your advanced age ; why
there is no one so tenacious of his opinions as a the-
ologian. PoiiTC[iioi jplus cVun taureau doit eterneior
loTsqxC une E\iro])Q le chatouille entre las cornes^ etc.
I return at last to you, my dear Ketzer, like a poor au-
thor, to satisfy you concerning my work.
" The first section of the second part being here fin-
84 Reminiscences of Spurzhehn.
ishedj I ought to beg my readers to examine all that I
have said, so that they may be more convinced of the
truth of my first principles, which I have explained in
a superficial manner; but I think that he who is so
blind as not to see by the light of the sun, will not do
better by the additional light of a candle.
" The second section contains various subjects.
"1. — Of National Heads.
" Here I agree in some measure with Helvetius,
whom I have heretofore contradicted. I shall, perhaps,
fall out with Blumenbach, Camper, and Soemmering,
although I gladly confess that I am not certain respect-
ing it. You may, nevertheless, perceive why some of
our brethren can not count more than three ; why others
can not conceive the difference between meum and
tuum I why lasting peace among men will be always but
a dream.
"2. — Of the difference hetween the Heads of Men and
Women.
" That which I could say on this subject must remain
entre nous. We know nqtj well that the heads of the
women are difficult to unravel.
" 3. — On Physiognomy.
" I shall show here that I am nothing less than a
physiognomist. I rather think that the wise men have
baptized the child before it was born ; they call me
craniologist, and the science, which I discovered, crani-
ology; but, in the first place, all learned words dis-
HemmisGences of Spv/rzheim, 85
please me ; next, this is not one applicable to mj profes-
sion, nor one which really designates it.
" The object of my researches is the brain. The
cranium is only a faithful cast of the external surface
of the brain, and is, consequently, but a minor part of
the principal object. This title, then, is as inapplicable
as would be that of maker of rhymes to a poet.
" Lastly, I cite several examples to give to my read-
ers something to examine, so that they may judge, not
by principles alone, but also by facts, how much they
can hope from the effect of these discoveries. You
know, without doubt, my dear friend, how much strict-
ness I observe in my comparisons.
"If, for example, I do not find in good horse the
same signification as in good dog, and if I do not find
in this the same as in good cook, or good philosopher,
and if it is not in the same relation to each of these in-
dividuals, the sign or word is of no value to me ; for I
admit no exceptions in the works of nature.
" Finally, I wonld warn my disciples against a rash
use of my doctrine, by pointing out many of its diffi-
culties. On the other hand, I shall get rid of many
doubters.
" Allow me, at present, to touch upon two impor-
tant defects in my work. First, it would have been my
duty and my interest to conform more to the spirit of
the age ; I ought to have maintained that we could ab-
solutely ascertain by the form of the skull and the
head, all the faculties and all the propensities, without
exception ; I ought to have given more isolated experi-
ments, as being a hundred times repeated ; I ought to
have made of the whole one speculative study, and not
86 RoininiscenGes of Sjmrzhcim,
to submit my doctrine, as I have done, to so many in-
vestigations and comparisons ; I should not ask of the
world so much preparatory knowledge and persever-
ance; I ought to have mounted Parnassus upon Pegasus,
and not upon a tortoise. Where is the charm of the
interest of a science so hard to acquire ? The prema-
ture sentences which have been pronounced, the jokes
and squibs which have been let off at my expense, even
before my intention or my object was known, prove
that men do not wait for research in order to draw their
conclusions.
" I remark, in the second place, I have not sufficiently
appreciated the a priori. I have had the weakness in
this to judge others by myself ; for that which I have
considered as well established by my logic, I have in-
variably found incomplete or erroneous. It was diffi-
cult for me to reason soundly upon the experiments
which I make, as well as upon those made by others,
although I am persuaded that I can collect truths only
on the highway of experience. It is possible, neverthe-
less, very possible, that others have a more favorable
organization than I have to arrive at knowledge a pri-
ori I but you will do me the justice not to insist upon
my entering the lists with other arms than my own."
DR. gall's LECTUEES A^J} WORKS.
In 1Y96 Dr. Gall commenced giving courses of lect-
ures in Vienna. Several of his hearers, as well as
others who had never heard him lecture, published
notices of his doctrines, and represented them with
Reminiscences of Sjpurzheim. 87
greater or less exactness. Among the better class, the
following deserve to be noticed :
Feokiep. — Who has printed an Exposition of the
Doctrine of Dr. Gall. — Third Edition.
Maetens. — " Quelque chose sur la physiognomie."-—
Leipzic^ 1802.
Walthee. — '* Exposition critiqne de la Doctrine de
G-all, avec quelques particularites concernmant son
autenr." — Zurich, 1802.
Having continued his lectures five years, on the 9th
of January, 1802, the Austrian Government issued an
order that they should cease ; his doctrines being con-
sidered dangerous to religion. A General Kegulation
was made upon the occasion, prohibiting all private lect-
ures, unless a special permission was obtained from the
public authorities. Dr. Gall understood the object of
this " General Regulation," and never solicited permis-
sion, but preferred to stop his courses. The doctrines,
however, continued to be studied with greater zeal than
before ; the prohibition strongly stimulated curiosity,
and all publications on the subject continued to be per-
mitted, provided they abstained from reflecting on the
Government for issuing the " general order."
Gall was settled as a physician in Vienna, and had in
his charge many of the hospitals and other public insti-
tutions requiring medical superintendence. His house
was open to every one who wished for information in
his newly-discovered science. As might be expected,
the new views of Gall soon attracted the unprejudiced
notice of Spurzheim, whose birth and education, it is
but proper, should be noticed in this place.
88 JReminisGenees of Spurzheim.
BIETH AND EDUCATION OF SPURZHEIM — HIS CONNECTION
WITH GALL.
John GtAspae Spurzheim was bom on the 31st of
December, 1776, at Longvich, a village about seven
miles from tlie city of Treves, on the Moselle, in the
lower circle of the Rhine, now under the dominion of
Hussia. His father was a farmer, and cultivated the
lands of the rich Abbey of St. Maximin de Treves. In
his religious persuasion he was a Lutheran, and young
Spurzheiin was educated for the clerical profession.
He acquired the first rudiments of Greek and Latin in
his native village ; to which he added Hebrew at the
University of Treves, where he matriculated in 1Y91,
in his sixteenth year, and where he also entered upon
the study of Divinity and Philosophy, of both of which,
in his riper years, he was a consummate master. Li
1792 the armies of France overran the south of Grer-
many, and seized upon Treves. Spurzheim retired to
Yienna, and devoted himself to the study of medicine,
which opened to him a wider field of inquiry and more
suited to his mind. In 1800 he became acquainted
with Gall, and entered with great zeal into the con-
sideration of the new doctrine. To use his own words,
he " was simply a hearer of Dr. Gall till 1804, at which
period he was associated with him in his labors, and his
character of hearer ceased." Before this time, Dr. Gall
had employed a student to dissect for him, but his
method was mechanical, according to the old school.
The moment Spurzheim became the associate of Gall,
the anatomy of the brain assumed a new character. He
specially undertook the prosecution of the anatomical
ReminiscenGes of Spurzhemi, 89
department, and in their public and private demonstra-
tions he always made the dissections, and Gall ex-
plained them.
"Dr. Spurzheim," says Dr. Gall, "who for a long
time had been familiar with the physiological part of
my doctrine, and who was particularly expert in ana^
tomical researches and in the dissection of the brain,
formed the design of accompanying and of pursuing in
common with me the investigations which had for their
end the anatomy and physiology of the nervous sys-
tem." They left Yienna in 1805 to travel together
and to pursue in common their investigations.
In the period which elapsed betwixt the interdiction
of Dr. Gall's lectures in 1802 and the time when he
and Spurzheim left Yienna, the doctrine had made a
rapid progress — not only in general diffusion, but in
solid additions. The following works afford evidence
of the state of the science in 1805 : Bischoff, " Expo-
sition de la Doctrine de Gall sur le Cerveau et le
Crane, suivie de remarques de Mr. Huf eland sur cette
doctrine," Berlin, second edition^ 1805 ; Blcede, " Le
Doctrine du Gall sur les fonctions de Cerveau,"
Dresde, second edition, 1805.
From 1804 to 1813 Gall and Spurzheim were con-
stantly together. On leaving Yienna they proceeded
directly to Berlin, and afterward they visited the fol-
lowing places : Potsdam, Leipzic, Dresden, Halle,
Jena, Weimer, Goettingen, Brauerschweig, Copenha-
gen, Kiel, Hamburgh, Bremen, Munster, Amsterdam,
Leyden, Dusseldorf, Frankfort, Wiirtzbourg, Mar-
bourg, Stuttgard, Carlsruhe, Lastall, Freybourg en
Brisgaw, Doneschinque, Heidelberg, Manheim, Mu-
90 Meminiscences of Spurzheim.
nich, Angsbourg, Ulm, Zuricli, Bern, Basle, Muhlhause,
and Paris.
"In these travels," says Dr. Gall, "I experienced
everywhere the most flattering reception. Sovereigns,
ministers, philosophers, legislators, and artists seconded
my design on all occasions, augmenting my collection
and furnishing me with new observations. The cir-
cumstances were too favorable to permit me to resist
the invitations which came to me from most of the
Universities.
" This journey aflPorded me the opportunity of study-
ing the organization of a great number of men of emi-
nent talents and of others extremely limited, and I had
the advantage of observing the difference between
them. I gathered innumerable facts in the schools
and in the great establishments of education, in the
asylums for orphans and foundlings, in the insane hos-
pitals, in the houses of correction, in prisons, in judicial
courts, and even in places of execution. The multi-
plied researches on suicides, idiots, and madmen have
contributed greatly to correct and confirm my opin-
ions." An interesting account of their visit to the
prisons in Berlin and Spandau may be found in the
sixth volume of Gall's works, American edition.
From November, 1807, Dr. Gall made Paris his per-
manent home.
In ]!^ovember, 1807, Dr. Gall, assisted by Dr. Spurz-
heim, delivered his first course of public lectures in
Paris. " His assertions," says Chenevix,"^ " were sup-
ported by a numerous collection of skulls, heads, casts,
* Rictiard Chenevix, Esq., F.R.S., etc.
Reminiscences of Spurzheim, 91
and by a mnltiplicitj of anatomical and physiological
facts. Great indeed was the ardor excited among the
Parisians by the presence of the men, who, as they
supposed, could tell their fortunes by their heads.
Every one wanted to get a peep at them ; every one
was anxious to give them a dinner or supper ; and the
writer of this article saw a list on which an eager can-
didate was delighted to inscribe himself for a breakfast,
distant only three months and a half, at which break-
fast he sat a wondering guest."
GALL AND SPUEZHEIm's MEMOIR TO THE FEENCH INSTI-
TUTE NAPOLEON CUVIER DAVY SOVEREIGNS AND
SCIENCE.
In 1808 they presented a joint memoir on the anat-
omy of the brain to the French Institute. " We pre-
sent you," said they in their memoir, " une description
du Systeme Nerveux^ moins d'apres sa stritcttcre phy-
sique, et ses formes mecaniques que d''apres Yues
jPhilosophiques et PTiysiologiques que des hom^mes hab-
itues a des considerations superieures ne refuserant
point WaccueillirP The Institute was there in all its
glory. In proportion as Bonaparte had cannonaded, it
had grown enlightened. As the hero was the referendary
of military justice, so was it the areopagus of scientific
truth. The chief of the anatomical department was M.
CuviER, and he was the first member of this learned
body to whom Doctors Grail and Spurzheim addressed
themselves.
M. Cuvier was a man of known talent an^ acquire-
92 Heminiscences of Spurzheim,
ments, and lie was high authority in many branches of
science. But what equally distinguished him with the
versatility of his understanding was the suppleness of
his opinions. He received the German doctors with
much politeness. He requested them to dissect a brain
privately for him and a few of his learned friends, and
he attended a course of lectures given purposely for
him and a party of his selection. He listened with
much attention, and appeared well-disposed toward the
new doctrine ; and the writer of this article (Chenevix)
heard him express his approbation of its general feat-
ures in a circle which was met particularly private.
About this time the Institute had committed an act
of extraordinary courage in venturing to ask permission
of Bonaparte to award a prize medal to Sir H. Davy
for his admirable galvanic experiments, and was still in
amaze at its own heroism. Consent was obtained, but
the soreness of national defeat rankled deeply within.
"When the First Consul was apprised that the greatest
of his comparative anatomists had attended a course of
lectures by Dr. Gall, he broke out as furiously as he
had done against Lord Whitworth ; and, at his levee,
berated the wise men of his land for allowing them-
selves to be taught chemistry by an Englishman and
anatomy by a German, sat verbum. The wary citizen
altered his language. A commission was named by the
Institute to report upon the labors of Drs. Gall and
Spurzheim. M. Cuvier drew up the report. In this
he used his efforts— not to proclaim the truth, but to
diminish the merits of the learned Germans. When-
ever he could find the most distant similarity between
the slightest point of their mode of operating and any-
Reminiscences of Spurzheim. 98
tWng ever doue before, he dwelt upon it witli peculiar
pleasure, and lightly touched upon what was really
new. He even affected to excuse the Institute for tak-
ing the subject into consideration at all, saying that the
anatomical researches were entirely distinct from the
physiology of the brain and the doctrines of mental
manifestations. Of this part of the subject, Bonaparte
(and not without cause) had declared his reprobation,
and M. Cuvier was too great a lover of liberty not to
submit his opinion to that of his Consul. His asser-
tion, too, that the anatomy of the brain has nothing to
do with its mental influence, he knew to be in direct
opposition to fact ; but even the meagre credit which
he did dare to allow to the new mode of dissection he
wished to dilute with as much bitterness as he could.
So unjust and unsatisfactory, so lame and mutilated did
the whole report appear, that the authors of the new
method published an answer, in which they accused the
committee of not having repeated their experiments.
Such was the reception, concludes Chenevix, which
Phrenology met with from the Academy of the great
nation.
l^apoleon was supposed to be a good judge of char-
acter, and doubtless had his rules in deciding upon the
motives and designs of men. Had he been tested by
the signs of the countenance in connection with the
form of the head, his rules would have been discov-
ered. It was not his nature to be ignorant of, or in-
different to, the doctrines of Gall. Conscious of his
own superiority and eminently proud and selfish, it is
not to be supposed that he would favor a system which
opened to all the origin and nature of human actions.
94 RenniniscenGes of Spurzheim.
In admitting sucli a theory as that of Gall, lie would
himseK become a subject of remark and investigation
by his own consent, and, however well he might have
liked the principles of organology for his own exclusive
use, his spirit could never have sanctioned the practice
of them in others.
That this position may be made more apparent, we
will quote the following conversation from the Me-
moires du Docteur F. AntomarcJii^ ou les derniers
Moonens de Najpoleon. He does not express his aver-
sion to all those philosophers who pretend to interpret
the internal man by the external organization.
Lady Holland had sent a box of books, in which was
also contained a bust in plaster, the head of which was
covered with divisions and figures, according to the
craniological system of Dr. Gall. " There, doctor,"
said I^apoleon, " that lies in your province. Take and
study it, and you shall then give me an account of it.
I should be glad to know what Gall would say of me if
he felt my head." I immediately set to work, but the
divisions were inexact and the figures misplaced, and I
had not been able to put them to rights when ISTapoleon
sent for me. I went and found him in the midst of a
mass of scattered volumes reading Polybius. He said
nothing to me at first, and continued to run over the
pages of the work he held in his hand. He then threw
it down, came to me, and, taking me by the ears and
looking me steadily in the face, said : " Well, dottorao^
cio di capo Corso, have you seen the bust ? " " Yes,
sire." "Meditated the system of Gall?" "Yery
nearly." " Comprehended it ? " "I think so." " You
are able to give an account of it ? " " Your Majesty
Heininiscences of Sj[>urzheim, 95
shall judge." " To know my tastes and appreciate my
faculties by examining my head ? " '' Even without
touching it." He began to laugh. "You are quite up
to it ? " " Yes, sire." " Yery well, we shall talk about
it when we have nothing better to do. It is 2i jpis-alleVy
which is just as good as any other, and it is sometimes
amusing to notice to what extent folly can be carried."
He now walked up and down, and then asked : " What
did Mascagni think of these German reveries ? Come,
tell me frankly, as if you were talking to one of your
brethren." " Mascagni liked very much the manner in
which Gall and Spurzheim develop and point out the
different parts of the brain. He himself adopted their
method, and regarded it as eminently fitted for discov-
ering the structure of this interesting viscus."
" Sovereigns," remarks Dr. Gall, " are always de-
ceived when they ask advice from the ignorant, the
jealous, the envious, the timid, or from those who, from
age, are no longer accessible to new opinions. E^a-
poleon acquired his first notions of the value of my dis-
coveries during his first journey to Germany. A cer-
tain metaphysical juris consult, E , at Leipzig, told
him that the workings of the soul were too mysterious
to leave any external mark. And, accordingly, in an-
swer to the report of the Institute, I had this fact in
view when I terminated a passage in these words:
' And the metaphysician can no longer say, in order to
presei've his right of losing himself in a sea of specula-
tion, that the operations of the mind are too carefully
concealed to admit of any possibility of discovering
their material conditions or organs.' At his return to
Paris he scolded sharply {tanga vertemont) those mem-
96 Beminiscenees of Spurzheim.
bers of the Institute who had shown themselves enthu-
siastic about any new demonstrations. This was the
thunder of Jupiter overthrowing the pigmies."
It is a remark of the Edinburgh Phrenological Jour-
nal, "that, although Gall, merely from seeing the bust
of Napoleon placed alongside of those of the Generals
of the AustriaU armies, predicted the immortal victories
of Italy, yet he never received from the Emperor the
smallest mark of attention."
Keeping in view the strong and adverse feelings of
Napoleon in relation to Phrenology, we may account
for the imperfect report of Cuvier. The report, it
should be observed, related only to the anatomical dis-
coveries of Gall and Spurzheim — not to their peculiar
doctrines of the functions of the brain. Cuvier, how-
ever, admitted in the annual report that their "Me-
moir was by far the most important which had occupied
the attention of the class."
That Cuvier was a phrenologist, there can be but lit-
tle doubt ; neither his report nor any of his works
warrant us in supposing the contrary. Although politi-
cal causes had a tendency to influence Cuvier against
the doctrines of Gall, nevertheless these two celebrated
men were made to understand and esteem each other,
and, toward the end of their career, they did each other
justice. Gall had already one 'foot in the grave when
Cuvier sent him a cranium, " which," he said, " ap-
peared to him to confirm his doctrine of the physiology
of the brain." But the dying Gall replied to him
who brought it, " Carry it back and tell Cuvier that
my collection only wants one head more — my own —
which will soon be placed there as a complete proof of
iny doctrine."
MeminisGences of Spurzheim. 97
JOINT PTJELIOATION OF GALL AND SPTTEZHEIM.
In 1809 Gall and Spurzlieim commenced publishing
their magnificent work, entitled The Afiatomy and
Physiology of the Nervous System in general^ and of
the Brain in particular, with Observations upon the
possibility of ascertaining the several intellectual and
Tuoral Dispositions of Man and Anhnals hy the coro-
figuration of their Heads. Four volumes folio, with
an Atlas of 100 Plates. [Price 1,000 francs].
This great work was continued by the joint exertions
of Gall and Spurzheim to the completion of two and a
half Yolnmes, and was ultimately finished by Gall in
1819. They continued their researches in common till
1813, when Spurzheim left Paris to visit Yienna and
Great Britain. Previous to his departure he had stud-
ied the English language, and could write and speak it
with remarkable accuracy. While in Vienna he re-
ceived from the University his degree of M.D. These
were preparatory steps to his scientific travels, and, con-
sidering that England was to be the first field of his la-
bors, they were, of course, most important. During
Dr. Spurzheim's absence Dr. Gall discontinued his lect-
lU'es. After his return (1817) he delivered one private
course in his own . house and two public courses gratis
— --one, "J. VEcole de Medecine,^^ and the other in a
hall, ^'Pe V Institution pour les Aveugles.'^'^
In 1819 Dr. Gall, at the request of the Minister of
the Interior, commenced lecturing for the benefit of
the medical students in Paris. The lectures were, like
others, delivered gratis ; but he was provided with the
use of an operating-room in the Hospice de Perfec-
5
98 Reminiscences of Sj^urzheim,
tionnement for his first course, and afterward, on ac-
count of that being too small, with the large examina-
tion-room of the Institution des Jeune Aveugles^ which
is well fitted for the purpose. His audience amounted
to betwixt two and three hundred ; and, so eagerly
was he attended, that many more tickets were applied
for at each course than could be given, and the apart-
ment was regularly crowded half an hour before the
lecture began. The French savants listened to him with
the same interest as those of Germany had done, and
the celebrated Corvisart was, among others, one of his
most enthusiastic admirers. Some were slow and re-
luctant to admit the great value of his labors. " At
last, however," said Dr. Fossati in his funeral oration
on Dr. Gall, " his works appeared, and several of his
eminent contemporaries hastened to do him justice, and
still to follow the line of investigation so successfully
marked out by him."
From 1822 to 1826, Dr. Gall published an edition of
his work, " Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau^"^ etc., in six
volumes, 8vo.
DEATH OF GALL HIS FUNEEAL.
In March, 1828, at the conclusion of one of his lect-
ures. Dr. Gall was seized with a paralytic attack, from
which he never perfectly recovered, and which ulti-
mately carried him off the 22d of August, 1828, in the
seventy-first year of his age.
His remains were followed to the grave by an im-
mense concourse of friends and admirers, ^nq of whom
pronounced discourses over his grave, as is the custom
Herainiscences of Spurzheim, 99
in France on such occasions. His death gave rise to a
succession of eulosriums and attacks in the French
newspapers that had scarcely ever been paralleled, and
public sentiment was warmly and loudly expressed in
his favor. In proof of this we quote from a letter to
Dr. Andrew Combe, written by a gentleman in Paris,
at the time, who was not a professed believer in Phre-
nology, and whose testimony is therefore impartial.
After speaking of the political relations of France, he
adds, " You will, I am sure, be more affected by the
death of Dr. Gall, than by any political events. In
truth, it is an immense loss to science. Whatever
opinion we may form of the system of that illustrious
man, it must be acknowledged that he has made an im-
mense stride in the sciences of medicine and of man.
You must have been satisfied with the homage paid to
his memory by the side of his grave, by whatever dis-
tinguished men Paris possesses. J^othing was wanting
to his glory ; not even the abuse and calumnies of our
devots de gazette P
LABOES OF SPTJEZHEIM ALONE HIS VISIT TO GKEAT
BKITAII^ ANATOMY OF THE BKAIN REVIEWS — ABEK-
NETHY.
"We now proceed to consider the scientific labors of
Dr. Spurzheim, alone. After a few months' residence
in Yienna, he left for England, and arrived at London,
March, 1814. Without doubt, he had seen much in the
character of the English that corresponded to his own ;
— carefulness and patience in study, but boldness in
100 - Beminiscences of Spurzheim.
opinion ; ardent in tlie pursuit of scientific discoveries,
but regulated by deliberate reflection.
" The moment of bis first visit," says Cbenevix,
"was not propitious. The nation was still smarting
with tbe scars of war. Many kings, too, bad indis-
posed it to tbe lore of Germany ; it was jealous and
toucby upon tbe subject of quackery. Mesmer, Maina-
duke, Perkins, tbe morbid sentimentalism of Miss
Ann Plumptre's translation, bad made it so ; and Dr.
Spurzbeim bad to struggle against all tbese obstacles.
He commenced bis labors by a dissection of tbe brain,
at tbe Medico-Cbirurgical Society's in Lincoln's Inn
Fields ; and tbe novelty as well as tbe trutb of tbe
demonstration, tbat tbis viscus is composed of fibres,
created no small surprise among tbe learned audience.
Tbe cboice of sucb a mode to enter upon tbe subject
was eminently judicious, as it placed it at once upon a
respectable footing, by making an appeal to science.
Tbe effect in its favor, bowever, was not so general as
migbt bave been expected. Wben a course of lectures
was delivered, not more tban forty auditors were pres-
ent ; neitber did a second course attract a more numer-
ous circle."
It is said, tbat Dr. Abernetby " fully acknowledged
tbe superiority of Dr. Spurzbeim's anatomical demon-
strations over every previous mode of dissecting the
brain," and that he " directed tbe attention of bis class
to Dr. Spurzbeim's anatomical labors, as most impor-
tant discoveries."
As the opinions of Abernetby are always read with
interest and respect, we introduce tbe following extracts
from the second volume of his Surgery :
Hermniscences of SpurzheiTn. 101
^'The views which Drs. Gall and Spurzheim have
taken of the nature of the dispositions and faculties of
man and animals appear to me, however, both new and
philosophical, and these admit of being surveyed with-
out any reference to organization or its supposed situa-
tion. It is thus only that I submit them to you as well
deserving your examination ; for I think it will be ac-
knowledged that they have drawn a correct portrait of
human nature, whether they be right or wrong iu their
speculations concerning certain protuberances which
they have depicted."
" It should be remembered, that Gall and Spurzheim
do not speak of protuberances or bumps ; they require
that every one who wishes to form an opinion concern-
ing the reality of Phrenology, must make himself ac-
quainted with, (1), the situation of the special organs ;
(2), with the true meaning of each fundamental faculty
of the human mind, as adopted in Phrenology; (3), with
the different temperaments as giving more or less ener-
gy to the function of the organs ; (4), with the relative
development of the four regions of the head, occipital,
lateral, frontal, and sincipital ; (5), with the proportion-
ate size of the basilar to the coronal portion, and with
the proportionate size of the three great divisions of
the inferior feelings, superior sentiments, and intellect-
ual faculties ; finally, (6), with the relative development
of the special organs in each individual."
After considering the science in detail, Mr. Abernethy
thus remarks in conclusion :
" The foregoing representation of hunian nature,
when viewed in its proper hght, and with due atten-
tion, must, I think, please every one ; for it is not like
102 Jteminiscences of Spurzheim.
others heretofore presented to us, which appear in com-
parison but as mere diagrams, the result of study and
imagination, whilst this seems like a portrait from life
by masterly hands. It is not, indeed, exactly like any
individual, but capable, by alterations, of being made
to resemble every one ; so that by the help of a few
touches we are able to show ' Yirtue her own image,
Yice her own deformity,' in all their diversities.
" I had gratification in being intimate with Dr.
Spurzheim whilst he remained in London, and in a kind
of badinage I proposed to him questions which he an-
swered with facility, and in a manner that showed a
very perfect knowledge of human nature. For instance,
I inquired whether he had discovered any organ of com-
mon sense ; and he replied in the negative. I then de-
manded in what that quality consisted ; and he answered,
in the balance of power between all the other organs.
This answer shows why a quality so peculiarly useful is
common to all, and rare in any ; for there are but few
who have not prejudices and partialities, hopes or fears,
or predominant feelings, which prevent them from pur-
suing that middle and equal course of thought and con-
duct which unbiased consideration, or common sense,
indicates and directs. I inquired if there was any organ
of self-control, or, if not, whence that power originated.
He said, ' It is the result of a predominating motive ;
thus, justice may control avarice, and avarice sensuality.'
In short, I readily acknowledged my inability to offer any
rational objection to Gall and Spurzheim's System of
Phrenology, as affording a satisfactory explanation of
the motives of human actions.
*' Their representation simplifies our notions of such
Heminiscences of Spurzheim. 103
motives, by lessening the number of reputed agents ;
thus the want of benevolence and virtuous dispositions,
with excitement to anger, produces malevolence, and
this, conjoined with concealment, malice. I need not
recite a variety of instances, since they are sufficiently
apparent."
From London Dr. Spurzheim proceeded to Bath,
Bristol, Cork, and Dublin, where he was well received,
and where he lectured with success. He then proceeded
to Scotland. " If," says Chenevix, '^ during his qxqwt-
sion, the harvest of proselytes was not yet very great,
the additions to his observations were extensive and in-
teresting. In the Scottish capital another fate attended
him, and a decisive moment was approaching. There,
as in London, he opened his campaign by the dissection
of the nervous mass; but the circumstances of the
demonstration were highly exciting.
" The writings of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim, conjoint-
ly and separately, had attracted the attention of our
periodical critics, and an article had appeared in the
Edinburgh Review for June, 1815, in which these
authors were most heartily reviled. Hardly an oppro-
bious epithet in the language was omitted on their
moral, as on their intellectual characters, and they were
roundly called fools and knaves." ....
The intention of Dr. Spurzheim always was to visit
the Scottish Athens, but this article confirmed it. He
procured one letter of introduction for that city, and
but one ; that was to the reputed author of the vituper-
ating essay. He visited him, and obtained permission
to dissect a brain in his presence. The author himself
was a lecturer on anatomy, and the dissection took place
104: HeininisGences of SpurzTieim,
in his lecture-room. Some eyes were a little more, or a
little less, clear-sighted than others, for they saw, or
thought they saw, fibres. A second day was named.
The room was full as it could be, particularly as an in-
termediate bench was reserved for Dr. Spurzheim to
carry round the subject of inquiry to every spectator.
There, with the Edinburgh Review in one hand and a
brain in the other, he opposed fact to assertion. The
writer of the article still believed the Edinburgh Review^
but the public believed the anatomist; and that day
won over near ^yq lumdred witnesses to the fibrous
structure of the white substance of the brain, while it
drew off a large portion of admiring pupils from the
antagonist lecturer.
Thus, aided by success, Dr. Spurzheim opened a
course of lectures on the anatomy and the functions of
the brain, and its connection with mind. He used to
say to the Scotch, '^ You are slow, but you are sure;
I must remain some time with you, and then I'll
leave the fruit of my labors to ripen in your hands.
This is the spot from which, as from a centre, the doc-
trines of Phrenology shall spread over Britain." These
predictions proved true. Converts flocked in on all
sides ; the incredulous came and were convinced.
spurzheim' S VISIT TO DUBLIN", CAMBRIDGE, EDINBURGH — •
FESTIVAL IN HONOR OF SPEECHES OF COMBE AND
SBIPSON Ml^IE. SPURZHEIM REPLIES OF DR. SPURZ-
HEIM CHRISTIANITY AND WOMEN.
In giving an account of his visit to Dublin, I shall
employ the language of my late and respected friend,
Reminiscences of Sjpurzhehn. 105
the Hon. Andrew Carmichael. He was a ripe scholar,
a learned author, and a most genial and refined gentle-
man. When I was preparing a biography of the great
philosopher, he was engaged in producing his interest-
ing volume, entitled " A Memoir of the Life and Phi-
losophy of Spurzheim," which was published by request
of the Dublin Phrenological Society in 1833, of which
he was the first President.
After speaking of the audacious misrepresentations
of the reviewers, he says : " Spurzheim arrived in Dub-
lin at a time when every mind was poisoned against
him by the effusions of the reckless reviewers. I did
not myseK escape the infection. It was with difficulty
I was persuaded to enter his lecture-room ; but, having
then an abundance of leisure, I thought a few hours
would not be much misspent in indulging an idle curi-
osity, and reaping some little amusement where I could
hope but for little information.
" I listened to his first lecture, expecting it to breathe
nothing but ignorance, hypocrisy, deceit, and empiri-
cism. I found it fraught with learning and inspired
by truth ; and, in place of a hypocrite and empiric, I
found a man deeply and earnestly imbued with an un-
shaken heliefm the importance and value of the doc-
trines he communicated.
" I Hstened to his second lecture, and I adopted his
helief. I was satisfied of the importance and value of
those doctrines, and exulted in anticipating those treas-
ures of knowledge, of whose enjoyment the Edinburgh
Meijiew had well-nigh overreached and swindled me.
" I listened to his third lecture, and perceived, with
all the force of thorough conviction, that there was
5*
106 Reminiscences of Spurzheim.
nothing of any value in the metaphysics of ancient or
modern schools, except so far as they coalesced and
amalgamated with the new system. Fi^om that hour to
the present, I have regarded the science with increasing
confidence and unalterable devotion. More certain or
more important truths the divine finger has not written
in any of the pages of nature, than those which Spurz-
heim, on this occasion, unfolded to our examination,
our study, onr admiration.
" He was attended by a large and intelligent class of
both sexes, and consequently made many ardent con-
verts to Phrenology in Dublin. Indeed, whoever
listened attentively to his lectures must, voluntarily or
involuntarily, become a disciple. Of the numbers who
received his instructions, I have personally known only
three who were not convinced of the truth and value of
his doctrines.
''In January, 1816, he went to Cork, where. he de-
livered two courses. In a letter from that city he ob-
serves : ' From the beginning the fair sex has been
favorable to our science : it is so in Cork. Yery few of
the medical profession think proper to be interested in
our investigations, and prefer dinners and suppers to
Phrenology.' ....
" In February he returned to Dublin and delivered
two concurrent courses, repeating in the evening the
same lecture he had given in the morning. Many at-
tended both; and though the topics were the same,
his language, manner, and illustrations varied so much
that his auditors felt unabated gratification whenever
they heard him."
" In May, 1826," says Carmichael, " Spurzheim wrote
Reminiscences of Bpurzheim. 107
me from his residence, Gower Street, London : ' The
pleasure to see jon and my friends in Dublin is post-
poned. I return to France for the present, and am
willing to pay a visit to Dublin at the beginning of
next winter, if a class can be assured. If this be im-
possible, I remain in England. Here the progress of
Phrenology is extraordinary. I have lectured at the
London Institution to such an audience as never before
was brought together by any scientific subject.' "
In 1827 he visited Cambridge, "and was received,"
says Chenevix, "in that seat of exact learning with
honors seldom bestowed before. By the influence of
some of the members of that eminent body, the most
distinguished for their characters and talents, permis-
sion was granted to deliver a course of lectures on
Phrenology, in the botanical lecture-room of the Uni-
versity— a favor never conferred on any who are not
members of the establishment. The audience was most
respectable, and increased as the course advanced ; till,
toward the close, it amounted to one hundred and
thirty, among whom were fifty-seven partly professors,
partly tutors, and fellows of the different colleges.
The attentions paid to Dr. Spurzheim, personally, were
most gratifying ; and the impression made, not merely
by his method of dissecting the brain, but by his
phrenological doctrines, was as complete a refutation of
the lame and impotent conclusions of the Edinburgh
Peviewer as candor and science could desire/'
"He also lectured," says Carmichael, " with the most
triumphant success, at Bath, Bristol, and Hull ; and
from the last-mentioned town continued his journey to
Edinburgh, where he arrived, by invitation, in the first
108 Remmiscences of Sp'^'^^heim,
week of January, 1828. He was accompanied by Mme.
SpuTzheim.
" On this occasion Ms reception formed a strong con-
trast to that which he had experienced eleven years be-
fore. During this period a Phrenological Society and
Journal had been established, of which George Combe
was made president and chief editor; a large collec-
tion of casts and drawings, to illustrate the science, had
been made, and funds secured to give permanency to
the great objects of the association. He was received
with sincere respect and profound attention. He de-
livered two general courses ; and a third, confined to
the anatomy and pathology of the brain. His classes
were numerous, respectable, and intelligent.
" But the most gratifying incident accompanying this
visit, was a dinner given in honor of Dr. Spurzheim, by
the Phrenological Society, on Friday, 25th of January.
The enthusiasm of that day will not readily be forgotten
by those who had the happiness of being present.
George Combe was president of the day, and was sup-
ported by Sir Geo. Stewart Mackenzie, the Hon. David
Halliburton, Mr. Neil, Mr. Simpson, and other distin-
guished gentlemen.
" In proposing the health of Dr. Spurzheim, which
was received with profound respect and applause, Mr.
Combe made a most eloquent speech, from which the
following extracts are made :
" 'How would we rejoice to sit at table with Galileo,
Harvey, or I^ewton, and pay them the homage of our
gratitude and respect ; and yet we have the fehcity to
be now in company with an individual whose name will
rival theirs in brilliancy and duration ; to whom ages
Heminiscences of Spurzheim. 109
nnbom will look with fond admiration as the first great
champion of this magnificent discovery; as the partner
in honor, in cotjeage, and in toil, with Dr. Gall ; as the
rival in genius of him by whose master-mind the
science of man started into existence.' ....
" ' Dr. Spurzheim, my friends, is an historical per-
sonage : a glory dwells on that brow which will never
wax dim, and which will one day illuminate the civil-
ized world. His greatness is all moral and intellectual.
Like the sun of a long and resplendent day, Spurzheim,
at his rising, was obscured by the mists of prejudice and
envy ; but, in ascending, he has looked down upon and
dispelled them. His reputation has become brighter
and brighter as men have gazed upon and scrutinized
his doctrines and his life. ]^o violence and no anguish
tarnish the laurels that flourish on his brow. The
recollections of his labors are all elevatino; and en-
nobling, and in our applause he hears not the voice of
a vain adulation, but a feeble overture to a grand strain
of admiration which a grateful posterity will one day
sound to his name.' "
" Striking," says Carmichael, from whose volume this
account is taken, "impressive, and affecting was Dr.
Spurzheim's reply :
" ' I never felt so much the want of mental powers
necessary to express the pleasurable satisfaction and
gratitude I feel. This day is for me a day of joy, which
I never hoped to see. My joy would be complete were
Dr. Gall amongst us. Dr. Gall and myself often con-
versed together about the future admission of our doc-
trines. Though we relied with confidence on the in-
variable laws of the Creator, we, however, never ex-
110 Heminiscenc&s of S])UTzheim.
pected to see them in our lifetime admitted to such a
degree as thej actually are. I often placed my conso-
lation IN MAN BEING MOETAL, or in futuTe generations^
to whom it is generally reserved to take up new dis-
coveries. But we are more foktunate.' "
What adds greatly to the value of such speeches, is
to be found in the character of those who uttered them,
and in the absence of all vanity. On this occasion, the
language spoken by these distinguished men was that
oi undisguised sincerity. They stood before the world
as the exalted servants of truth, and their extreme en-
joyment was inspired by the noblest motives for the
advancement and happiness of mankind.
After a most felicitous speech by Vice-President
Simpson, he proposed, " With all the honors, the health
of Mme. Spurzheim, and all the matrons and all the maids
who devote themselves heart and soul to Phrenology."
The response of Dr. Spurzheim to this sentiment
was most important and worthy to be remembered :
" Mr. President : As Mme. Spurzheim has had the
honor to be named at the head of the females who
study Phrenology, I think it is incumbent upon me to
thank you in Tier name. There can be no doubt among
phrenologists, that the minds of ladies should be culti-
vated as well as ours, to lit them for their social re-
lations and duties. With respect to Phrenology in par-
ticular, I am convinced that among an equal number
of ladies and gentle^men^ a greater number of the
former, are fitted to become Practical Phrenolo-
gists : that is, to become able to distinguish the different
forms and sizes of the head in general, and of its parts
in particular. The reason seems to be, because girls
ReminisGences of Spurzheim. Ill
and women, from the earliest age, exercise the intellect-
ual powers of coniiguration and size, more than bojs
and men, in their daily occupations.
"You have already done justice to those mothers
whose influence has been great on the education of their
children. It is also evident, that ladies may greatly
contribute to the diffusion of Phrenology in society,
and may make frequent use of it in practical life. But
if ladies do render service to Phrenology, this science
will also be of great advantage to them — I may say^
of the greatest advantage, after Christianity."
PROGRESS OP PHRENOLOGY IN EUROPE REVIEWERS.
It would be both useful and interesting to give a
connected account of the progress of Phrenology in
Europe during the first generation of the present
centur}", but this would fill a large volume, which, we
trust, will be produced at some future time. Our pres-
ent endeavor must be regarded only as an imperfect
sketch, simply to indicate the great field and ample
materials for some gifted author to shape who desires
to be useful. It was in 1830, when Chenevix said, in
his very able article — " It would be long to enumerate
all the successes and triumphs which this new science
now obtained in the shape of societies, collections of
busts, lectures fully attended in different parts of the
British empire : London, Exeter, Manchester, Edinburgh,
Glasgow, Liverpool, Dublin, Cork, Hull, Paisley, Dun-
dee, vied with each other, according to their means, to
learn and diffuse the science; and, in an instant, as
112 Reminiscences of Spurzheim.
soon as the doctrine was fairly stated, more phrenolo-
gists sprung up among us than during twenty years in
the country where Drs. Gall and Spurzheim had been
residing all the time.
"In the British colonies, too, Phrenology has not
been neglected ; and Dr. Murray Patterson, in the East
India Company's service, delivered lectures at Calcutta,
where a Phrenological Society was about to be formed.
"But the freest of nations must always be that in
which whatever relates to the study of man will excite
the greatest interest. Without such knowledge, in-
deed, liberty can not exist. Such is a cause of the
warm reception which Phrenology has met with among
its partisans in England, and of the no less warm op-
position of its adversaries. The reverse, too, has pro-
cured it a tepid attention in France ; for, whatever be
the forms of liberty there, its spirit is yet to be bom.
It is, then, easy to conjecture what may be the mind of
the United States of America toward this doctrine.
Dr. Caldwell, medical professor in Transylvania Uni-
versity, Kentucky, has prepared a work, entitled " Ele-
ments of Phrenology," and delivered lectures in Balti-
more, Washington, D. C, and in other cities. And it
may be added, that the city of Copenhagen boasts
of Professors Otto and Hoppe, who recognize the im-
portance of the science."
THE DIGNITY OF TEUTH m CONTEOVEEST.
There is no higher test of the character of great
men than that to be found in public controversy, on
any subject. This is particularly true when antagonists
Remmiiscences of Spurzheim. 113
indulge in terms of bitterness and abuse^ and in reck-
less misrepresentation. Perhaps no writers, in any
country, were treated with more ridicule and audacious
injustice than Gall and Spurzheim. Endowed with
great capacity and favored by the best education and
position, their theories and opinions, to say the least,
were entitled to grave and careful consideration. But
instead of this, their lectures and works were attacked
by the most influential Reviews of the world in lan-
guage as false as it was shameless. Facts were opposed
by groundless assertions, and opinions were first misin-
terpreted and then dismissed with flings of contempt.
They discovered no aim for truth, and no respect for
decency.
The spirit and temper of Spurzheim in replying to
these reviewers was truly magnanimous, and afforded a
salutary example to his opponents, as may be seen in
the following extracts, taken from the Preface of one
of his works :
" Discussions properly conducted," he says, " are of
great utility. For that reason I am always ready to
examine every objection against our doctrines. But I
am sorry to observe, that scientific pursuits are so often
degraded by selfish passions and spirit of party ; that
literary publications are employed for the purposes of
calumny and detraction ; that invectives are used in-
stead of arguments ; and that by praising friends and
blaming rivals, the progress of the arts and sciences,
and the improvement of man, are mightily retarded.
" Such behavior I will never imitate ; nay, the illiberal
and uncandid manner in which some British Reviews
have taken up our investigations, has hitherto prevent-
114 Reminiscences of Spurzheim.
ed me from attempting jiistification. As, however,
many persons liave no inclination, and a greater num-
ber no time, for comparing the original works with the
reports of the critics ; and as in science the majority of
readers believe without examining for themselves, I
can not entirely avoid controversy.
" I am now to submit to the public some observations
on the objections of our principal antagonists in Great
Britain, confining myself to the points in question, and
depending on the moral sense, the judgment, and ob-
servation of my readers.
"Every one will perceive that our adversaries are
very witty men. They deal very extensively in the
ridiculous ; and when they have leisure to become seri-
ous, they speak of the motives and dangerous conse-
quences of our inquiries ; but their generous minds
need not be apprehensive, since they declare our doc-
trines ' incredible and disgraceful nonsense^ absurd
theories^ trash, and desjpicahle trumpery,'^
*' Why do they not rather listen to our constant dec-
laration, that one fact well observed is more decisive to
us than a thousand opinions and all the metaphysical
reasoning of the schools, and that facts alone can expel
such intruders as our doctrines."
This able and dignified reply, which secured to its
author the respect even of his opponents, thus con-
cludes :
''' Certainly, with such critical reviewers, such would-
be philosophers, such mechanical directors, and such
historians I have done forever ; and I may say with
Job (xiii. 5), ' Oh, that you would altogether hold your
peace, and it should be your wisdom.' "
Herainiscences of S^purzheim, 115
STATE OF PHRENOLOGY IN" THE UNTTED STATES MASTEE-
MmD, LIKE THAT OF SPUKZHEIM, WANTED — INFLUENCE
OF HIS LABORS ATTACKS UPON THE SCIENCE — ITS
^PROGRESS CHARACTER OF OPPONENTS.
When Spurzheim visited the United States, Phrenol-
ogy was a new subject. So far as it had been discussed,
it was perverted and misrepresented. It is true soci-
eties had been formed in Philadelphia and in Washing-
ton, D. C, and lectures had been delivered by Profes-
sor Charles Caldwell, of Kentucky, but these efforts
were insufficient to counteract the influence of foreign
reviewers and a class of editors at home who were ac-
customed to repeat opinions from abroad without ex-
amination.
In this state of things a master-mind was wanted to
combat the prejudices of the people and to undeceive
the learned. If there were one man more capable than
all others in the world to set forth the claims of this
important science and to defend it, that man was
Spurzheim. With a desire to increase his own knowl-
edge, and moved by that noblest motive of human ac-
tion, to advance the cause of truth, he resolved to visit
the growing Pepublic of America.
His arrival in this country and the receptions given
him in several of our large cities have already been no-
ticed. It is an interesting fact to be noted, and partic-
ularly to be remembered, that no stranger from abroad,
however distinguished by public service or by attain-
ments in science, was ever received in the United
States with more profound respect and enthusiastic
attention than Dr. Spurzheim. It was clearly evident
116 Reminiscences of Spurzheim,
tliat his higli reputation had preceded him, and that it
was more than sustained bj his wisdom and presence.
The unanimity of all who met him or who listened to
his lectures was soon made known in the public press
and by private correspondence throughout the country.
JS^umerous letters of inquiry from men of science in all
sections were received and answered ; and there was
but one common feeling everywhere, and that was ex-
pressed in an earnest desire to see him and to hear him.
Once heard, his influence became irresistible, ^o wit-
ness of his eloquence, of his truthful appeals, and of his
ample knowledge had even a desire to venture an open
opposition to his teachings. All saw in hun "the
bright countenance of truth " and the surpassing wealth
of goodness. All admired, no one doubted. Without
exaggeration the hues of Goldsmith could here be
quoted :
*' Truth from his lips prevail'd with double sway ;
And fools, who came to scoff, remain'd to pray."
This was while he lived to be seen, to be met, and to
be heard. When he was removed from earth, however,
the self-complacent critic — too ignorant to be prudent
and too proud to be wise — appeared in the E-eviews
with an assumed courage to contradict and misrepresent
the departed philosopher. The N orth- American and
the Christian Examiner^ in a year or two after his
death, gained an unenviable reputation by repeating
the insulting language and unfounded assertions of for-
eign E-eviews against Phrenology published more than
twenty years before. They copied statements which
repeatedly had been denied or refuted, and quoted au-
Heminiscences of SpuTzheim, 117
thors who had lived to be honest, and who had dis-
carded their own premature opinions. The article in
the North-American Review was ablj answered by
Professor Caldwell, of Kentucky. In a letter to the
editor, Hon. A. H. Everett, enclosing the article, and
dated Lexington, Kentucky, August 31, 1833, he em-
ploys the following decided language :
" One of two things is true — you either did not read
attentively the article of your correspondent before in-
serting it in yom' journal, or you have no familiarity
with the history and science of Phrenology. Possessing
suoh familiarity, you never would have admitted such
an article."
This reply was published in the October !N"umber of
the Annals of Phrenology^ 1833. "We can make only
two or three brief extracts from it :
" The article," he says, " is a compound of worn-out
matter. There is no originality in it. The allegations
of the writer are but the mouldering remains of the
sophistry of his predecessors Nor is it the
matter of the article alone that is borrowed or pur-
loined. Of its form and manner the same is true."
In refutation of the assertion that Phrenology was
losing its hold upon thinking men, the writer says :
" Able works in exposition and defence of it are now
extensively circulated and read. Societies for the cul-
tivation and promotion of it are growing in number in
our own country, and, in Great Britain and France,
they are already abundant and still on the increase.
.... ]^ot only are the friends of Phrenology increas-
ing, its enemies are, in much more than an equal ratio,
reduced — not alone in number, but in activity, energy,
118 Reminiscences of Spurzheim,
and the hope of success. Comparatively, they are par-
alyzed in everything. In proof of this, let the former
hostile operations of the British press be contrasted
with its present unbelligerent condition, and the testi-
mony will be found conclusive. The Edinburgh Re-
mew^ BlacTcwood^ s Magazine^ and the London Quar-
terly— which once formed the holy anti-phrenological
alliance and led the war against the science — have re-
tired from the field, their shields broken and their
laurels withered, and will never renew the helpless
conflict."
The article entitled " Pretensions of Phrenology Ex-
amined," published in the IN^ovember Number of the
Christian Examiner^ 1834, was answered by Mr. Capen
in the Annals of Phrenology in 1835, and by Professor
Caldwell in a pamphlet of ninety-three pages. It was
of a similar character to that of the North- American
Review. It was characterized by unbecoming arro-
gance and ignorance. After reviewing the article with
great severity. Professor Caldwell thus dismisses the
writer :
" Influenced by these considerations, and regardless
of the opinion of any one to the contrary, we feel that
we have inflicted no unbecoming or unmerited chastise-
ment on the Pev. Defamee of Pheenologt and its
Advocates."
From 1832 to 1838 lectures against Phrenology were
occasionally delivered by Doctors of Divinity and by
Doctors of Medicine, but with no marked success, ex-
cept to show their utter want of information upon the
subject. Their objections to the science were old, and
had been frequently refuted, and even their wit and
Heminiscences of Spitrzheim. 119
prejudices were harrowed. It would be unprofitable to
the reader to dwell in this place upon these discredit-
able articles and lectures, or upon the triumphant re-
plies that proved them to be such. To be fully under-
stood, they should be read as a part of the history of
conflicts between truth and error, a subject, by itself, of
imposing magnitude.
The immediate results of Spurzheim's lectures, in
Boston and Cambridge, were most gratifying both to him
and to the public. Their effect upon the minds of
leading men and editors produced an excitement through-
out the country. It was one of inquiry. Phrenolog-
ical societies were numerously organized, courses of lect-
ures were given upon Phrenology, and the subject was
almost everywhere discussed, at the lyceums, in the
social and debating clubs, and by the public press.
OEGAJSriZATION OF THE BOSTON PHRENOLOGICAL SOCIETY
ITS MEMBEKS AND OFFICERS ITS TRANSACTIONS
BIRTHDAY OF SPURZHEIM ANNUALLY OBSERVED PRO-
CEEDINGS LECTURES BY MEMBERS CLOSE OF SOCIETY
REASONS.
On the evening of the 17th of J^ovember, 1832 (the
day of the funeral of the lamented Spurzheim), a meet-
ing of gentlemen was held in the building occupied by
Marsh, Capen & I^yon, at which the Pev. Dr. Tucker-
man presided, and ^Nahiim Capen was chosen secretary.
The following resolutions were offered by Dr. J. D.
Fisher, and passed :
" 1. Resolved, That we form ourselves into a society to be
called ' The Boston Phrenological Society,' instituted
120 . Iteminiscences of SpurzheiTn,
for the purpose of investigating the science of Phrenology
and its bearings upon the physical, intellectual, and moral
conditions of man.
* ' 3. Resolved^ That a committee of five, consisting of Hon.
John Pickering, Dr. Jona. Barber, Dr. Saml. G. Howe, Rev.
John Pierpont, and Wm. B. Fowle, Esq., be appointed to
draft a Constitation and By-Laws for the government of
the Society, and that the said committee shall have power
to invite others to act with them."
At a subsequent meeting, ]^ov. 28th, the venerable
Dr. Wm. Ingalls presided, and a Constitution and By-
Laws were reported by the committee, and adopted.
It was voted, " that the annual meetings of the Society
should be held on the 31st of December, this being the
birthday of the late Dr. Spurzheim." It was also
voted to petition the Legislature for an Act of In-
corporation. This was granted and signed by the Gov-
ernor, in March, 1833.
The first officers of the Society, elected December
31, 1832, were the following: Rev. John Pierpont,
President ; Dr. Jona. Barber, Yice-President ; Dr.
Samuel Gr. Howe, Cor. Secretary ; ITahum Capen, Re-
cording Secretary ; E. P. Clark, Treasurer.
Counsellors — Dr. J. F. Flagg, Dr. Winslow Lewis,
Jr., Dr. Jos. W. McKean, and Wm. B. Fowle.
Curators [elected in 1834]— Dr. ]^. B. Shurtleff and
Henry T. Tucker man.
Of the first organization, all are deceased except the
Recording Secretary. The Society continued a useful
activity for about ten years, and numbered one hundred
and forty-four members. Of these, about one-fourth
were of the medical profession, about one-tenth were
Memyniscences of SpursHieim. 121
clergymen, and the remainder were merchants, lawyers,
professors, teachers, artists, clerks, and mechanics.
In the list of members, we find the names of some of
the weU-known citizens of Boston, viz : Kev. Henry
"Ware, Jr., Eev. Dr. Brownson, Hon. John Pickering,
Hon. Abbott Lawrence, Hon. J. W. Edmnnds, Wm.
P. Mason, l^athl. C. ISTash, Samnel Downer, Chas. Gr.
Loring, J. H. Walcott, Moses Kimball, Geo. G. Smith,
Jonas Chickering, Joseph Tilden, Otis Everett, Jr.,
James Blake, Hon. James D. Greene, Hon. J. S. Sleeper,
J. W. Ingraham, E. L. Frothingham, Wm. A. Alcott,
Dr. Daniel Harwood, Wilder S. Thurston, Wm. Hunt,
F. Skinner, John Appleton, Dr. Henry G. Clark, John
H. Blake, Danl. F. Child, Alvan Fisher, Danl. S. Smal-
ley, Dr. M. S. Perry, Dr. John Flint, John J. Dixwell,
etc.
Of the twenty-six members elected to office during
the ten years' existence of the Society, only five are
living. Of the whole number of members, during the
same period, one hundred and forty-four, only twenty-
one are now living. During the same period the following
distinguished professors and authors were elected hon-
orary members : Prof. EEiottson, Sir Geo. S. McKen-
zie. Sir Wm. Ellis, J. De Yille, London ; Geo. Combe,
Dr. Andrew Combe, Eev. Dr. Welsh, Edinburgh ; Prof.
Otto, Copenhagen ; Prof. L. Y. de Simoni, Eio Janeiro ;
Dr. Eichard Carmichael, Hon. Andrew Carmichael,
Dublin ; Prof. Blumenbach, Gottingen ; Dr. J. Eober-
ton, Prof. Andral, Dr. C. Broussais, Prof. Broussais,
Dr. Felix Yoisin, Dr. Yimont, Paris; and Eev. Dr.
Wheaton, Pres. Washington College, Hartford, Conn.
Quite a large number of scientific gentlemen, in the
6
122 Reminiscences of Sjpurzheim.
United States and abroad, were elected corresponding
members.
In bis advisory letter to Blumenbacb, tbe Corre-
sponding Secretary, Dr. Saml. Gr. Howe, says :
" Tbe Boston Pbrenological Society bas for its ob-
ject tbe examination of tbe principles of tbe science of
Pbrenology directly ; and indirectly all of tbe pbysical
tbat bas a bearing upon tbe social, moral, and intellect-
ual conditions of man. It numbers among its members
many of tbe scientific minds of our community."
In bis letter to Sir G-eo. Stewart Mackenzie, after
complimenting bim upon bis important labors in favor
of Pbrenology, be says : " Tbere is but little credit due
to tbose wbo now embrace and defend a doctrine wbicb
bas survived tbe storms of prejudice tbat assailed it at
birtb, and wbicb numbers among its supporters some
of tbe brigbtest geniuses of tbe age."
All tbe letters of tbe Corresponding Secretary to tbe
honorary members elect, are cbaracterized by tbe intel-
ligent zeal and good judgment of tbe distinguisbed
autbor.
During tbe period of its existence, tbe Society duly
observed tbe birtbday of Spurzbeim, tbe day of its an-
niversary, by suitable private or public services. Tbese
occasions were made public in 1833, 1836, 1837, 1838,
and in 1839. Tbe proceedings, tbe addresses, and
poems delivered, were published. Tbey were delivered
by Professor Barber, of Cambridge ; Hon. James D.
Green, of Cambridge ; Dr. Samuel Gr. Howe, of Bos-
ton ; Dr. Bartlett, of Lowell ; and by George Combe,
of Edinburgh.
The subject of Professor Barber was " The Impor-
J^eminiscences of Spurzheim. 123
tance of Phrenology ; "* of Mr. Green, " Claims of
Phrenology to be regarded as the Science of Human
Nature ; "f of Dr. Howe, " The Social Eolations of
Man; "J of Hon. EKsha Bartlett, "Progress of the
IN'atural Sciences, the Character of Spurzheim, and the
Importance of Phrenology ; "§ of Mr. Combe, " Obsta-
cles to the Progress of Phrenology, and its Importance
to All Classes and in the Schools ; "||
Lectures were given by Drs. Ingalls and McKean on
the anatomy of the brain, and by Dr. Ingalls on the
harmony between Phrenology and Christianity. Two
courses of public lectures were also given in 1834 and
1836 by the following members of the Society, viz :
Pev. John Pierpont, Professor Barber, Hon. J. D.
Greene, Dr. Howe, Dr. J. D. Fisher, Dr. J. F. Flagg,
and ISTahum Capen.
In 1835 the Council of the Society were authorized
by the publishing house of Marsh, Capen & Lyon to
offer a premium of one hundred dollars for the best
essay of fifty pages against Phrenology — the merits of
such essay to be determined by a competent committee
of three anti-phrenologists. This offer was announced
in 1835, 1836, and 1837, but no one was ambitious to
compete for the prize.
To give a full account of the transactions of this So-
ciety— of its correspondence, reports of committees on
heads, skulls, and character, of papers read, and of dis-
cussions on numerous subjects — would make a large
volume. It was the leading Society of the United
* Appendix A. f Appendix "B. J Appendix C.
§ Appendix D. | Appendix E.
124r MeminisGences of S^urzheim.
States, and it was extensively approached by prominent
men in all sections of the_ country and from abroad.
It would be quite natural for the reader to inquire in
this place why the Society was not continued beyond the
period of 1842. The reasons are various and obvious. The
subject had ceased to be a novelty. All new subjects
or discoveries, after a certain time cease to command
special attention. If established, contrpversy ends ; if
otherwise, its importance ceases. New topics arise,
and these absorb the public mind. The great master
of the science had been removed by death, and slowly
by death his enthusiastic followers were removed, or
scattered by the calls of a business nature. Some
may have had a disposition to be active, but were with-
out health or means. Besides, in a Society of nearly
one hundred and fifty members, there will always be
some who injure the cause of scientific investigation by
their weakness, their want of sense, and by their tedi-
ous dissertations upon subjects they do not understand.
This is the common fate of associations made up of
members of unequal capacity, and where pride and
vanity often claim a distinction above merit and an in-
fluence above that of knowledge.
When men do not readily disclose the sources of
their convictions and the reasons of their belief, it is
difficult to measure the progress of phrenological
science, or indeed of any science. The unyielding
pride of the schools, the influence of old prejudices
against new theories, the natural aversion to labor to
investigate new truths and at the expense of old ones,
stand for a long time in the way of tracing thought in
its invisible action. Error is often rejected by clothing
RertiiniscenceB of Spurzheim, 1^5 '•
new truths in disguised language — that is, the princi-
ples of new theories are recognized, but not in the
technical language of their authors. This has been ex-
tensively done with Phrenology. Many adopt its phi-
losophy, but are not honest enough to give due credit
to the science.
PEOGKESS OF PHEENOLOaT EEOM 1882 TO 1840 VISIT
OF COMBE TO THE UNITED STATES ^BIETH AND EDUCA-
TION OF COMBE HIGH POSITION OF GALL, SPUEZHEIM,
AND COMBE AS PHILOSOPHERS NUMEEOUS TESTIMO-
NIALS EESPECTING THE ABILITY AND CHAEACTEE OF
GEOEGE COMBE.
But perhaps the progress of the science may be best
estimated by a review of the period from 1832 to 1840,
when leading scientilic men of the country gave their
unqualified testimony in favor of the importance of the
proposed visit of George Combe to the United States,
and other distinguished men of the world gave their
high testimonials as to his eminent fitness to fill the
chair of Logic in the University of Edinburgh. Add
these testimonials to the record already given of Gall
and Spurzheim ; weigh them together and study their
meaning.
The emphatic acknowledgment of so many distin-
guished men, who have given glory to the present cent-
ury, of the ability and merit of such authors and teach-
ers, is an extraordinary fact. It is an irrevocable
recognition of the great truths which they have taught
and indisputable evidence of their salutary inflaence
upon society. As the mountain marks the geographi-
126 Heminiscences of Spurzheim.
eal locality from which the countless streams of water
flow, to give fertility to the earth and pass to the ocean,
so this great fact points to a common centre from which
trnth emanates to cheer and bless mankind. The
teachers of truth are but the servants of God, in whom
all truth centers.
George Combe was born October 21, 1788, at Liv-
ingston's Yards, close under the south-west bank and
rock of the Castle Edinburgh. He was the son of
George Combe, brewer. His mother, Marion Kewton,
was the daughter of Abram l^ewton, of Curriehill.
He was educated to the profession of the law, and be-
came "Writer to the Signet. As a student in the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh it was certified that he " prose-
cuted his studies with great diligence and success." In
his chosen profession he became distinguished for his
carefulness, accuracy^ and integrity. Mental philoso-
phy was his favorite theme at an early period. '' While
still a youth," says Gibbon, "he read the works of
Locke, Francis Hutch eson, Adam Smith, David Hume,
Dr. Eeid, and Dugald Stewart." These authors served
only to discourage him. He could not understand
what they seemed to endeavor to teach, and was led to
mistrust his own want of capacity, rather than their
want of philosophy. In 1815 he followed the lead of
the Edinburgh Remew against Gall and Spurzheim,
but he was not slow in manifesting his delight when
he listened to the simple language of truth as uttered
by the latter. But this has been given in his own lan-
guage.
We have already spoken of his high personal char-
acter. Of his eminent ability and scientific attain-
JReminiscences of SpurzTieiin. 127
ments tbere is a mass of unquestionable evidence,
which, for extent and character, is almost without a
parallel. In 1836 he was a candidate for the vacant
chair of Logic in the University of Edinburgh. There
were ten candidates, but only four were voted for, viz :
Sir William Hamilton, Isaac Taylor, Mr, McDougall,
and Mr. Combe.*
We have printed documents before us, numbering
more than two hundred octavo pages, containing letters
addressed to "the Lord Provost and Council of the
city of Edinburgh, in behalf of George Combe," and
articles from influential journals favoring his appoint-
ment. The letters are signed by more than a hundred
of the most eminent physicians, surgeons, divines, pro-
fessors, editors, and authors in England, Scotland, Ire-
land, France, Germany, Denmark, and in the United
States. Among the names of Great Britain we may
mention His Grace Eight Rev. Archbishop of Dublin
(Whately), Sir George S. Mackenzie, Sir WiUiam C.
Ellis, Professor Elliotson, Robert Ferguson, M.P.,
R. Jonson Evanson, M.D,, M.R.I.A., Dr. William
Gregory, F.R.S.E., Professor J. P. Nichol, Professor
Robert Hunter, M.D., Hon. D. G. Halliburton, M.P.,
Robert Chambers, Esq. ; Charles Maclaren, editor of the
Scotsman^ James Johnson, M.D., physician to the King
and editor of the Medico-Chirurgical Review ; Robert
C. Macnish, M.D., author of " Philosophy of Sleep ; "
Surgeon Carmichael, and Hon. Andrew Carmichael.
Of the names in the list from France we can give only
a few: Professor Broussais, M. David Richard, Dr.
* Appendix F. '
128 Heminiscences of Spurzheim,
Roberton, Dr. Fossati, Professor Boullard, M. Turpin,
member of French Institute ; Professor Cloquet, M. Pel-
tier, Dr.Yimont, Dr. Gaubert, M. Dumontier, Dr. Felix
Yoisin, and Professor Andral. Among the names from
the United States we find^from JSTew York^ Drs. John F.
Gray, Valentine Mott, and H. J. Jndson ; from Balti-
more^ John P. Kennedy, Professors Dunglinson, George
H. Calvert, Drs. Ducatel, Geddings, and Dickson ; from
Hartford, Connecticut^ Pev. Dr. Wheaton, President,
and Professors of Washington College, Dr. A. Brig-
ham ; from Boston^ Drs. J. C. Warren, Hayward, Lewis,
Homans, and Storer; and from Albany, New Yorls,
Pev. Dr. Sprague and Professor Dean.
Of these testimonials, the London Spectator says :
" The testimonialists (in favor of Mr. Combe) are of
various countries. They are of various walks in science,
religion, literature, and life ; many of them are the well-
known heads and oiiicers of philosophical institutions,
and teachers of the great schools of medicine and gen-
eral science throughout Europe ; and some of them
members of Parliament. Among them are the present
philosophical and high-minded Archbishop of Dublin
("Whately), himseK the chief authority on Logic, as a
writer upon it ; and Andral, one of the most eminent
guides of the medical student."
The Bath Journal, Eng., says : " Probably an equiv-
alent amount of evidence has never been collected, in
so short a time, in favor of any individual, or of any
subject whatever."
The following brief extracts will afford the reader
some idea of the substance of these interesting and re-
markable letters:
Item^iniscences of SpurzheiTn. 129
Dr. Robert Macnishj of Glasgow, author of the
" Philosophy of Sleep," etc., says : " I am not acquainted
with any individual, either in Edinburgh or elsewhere,
who, as a teacher of Logic or Metaphysics, can be com-
pared with M.Y. Combe."
Prof. William Weir, M.D., of Grlasgow, one of the
editors of the Glasgow Medical Journal, says : ''I con-
sider Mr. Combe, from his splendid talents, his vigor-
ous and enlightened understanding, and his very superior
attainments in philosophy, to be eminently qualified for
the Logic Chair in the LTniversity of Edinburgh."*
Dr. John EUiotson, F.P.S., President of the Poyal
Medical and Chirurgical Society, Dean of the Faculty
in the London University, etc., etc., says : '' JS^o one
could be found more fitted for the chair of Logic than
Mr. Combe, and scarcely any one so fit."f
Hon. D. G. HalHburton, M.P., says : " Wherever Mr.
Combe is known (and he is very generally known in
the Scotch metropolis), there is but one opinion, and
that a very favorable one, of his ample qualifications
for filling, with credit to himself, benefit to his pupils,
and honor to any learned body who should adopt him,
the chair of siooh a Professorship as that of Logic."
James Johnson, M.D.,. Physician Extraordinary to
the King, and editor of the Medico- Chirurgical Review^
etc., says : " I have no hesitation in stating my convic-
tion that Mr. Combe is eminently qualified to teach the
manifestations of the immortal sjparh through the me-
dium of its perishable instrument on earth. "ij:
Dr. W. F. Edwards, F.R.S., says: "JS'o man has,
* Appendix G. t Appendix H. J Appendix L
6*
130 Reminiscences of Spurzheim,
since Gall and Spurzheim, done so much to enlarge our
knowledge of human nature as Mr. Combe, to whose
labors the scientihc world, and humanity at large, are
much indebted." In noticing this letter, the London
Courier says : '^ Dr. Edwards is a Member of the
French Institute, and is known all over Europe for the
accuracy of his scientific investigations."
Broussais, Professor to the Faculty of Medicine of
Paris, expresses " the hope that Mr. Combe will obtain
the chair of Logic in question. It can not be filled by
a man better qualified to cause a great and rapid ad-
vancement of the positive philosophy." Turpin, Mem-
ber of the French Institute, and many of the learned
professors of France, give similar testimony, and even
in stronger language.
In a letter signed by Professor P. Dunglinson, John
P. Kennedy, Geo. H. Calvert, and others, dated Balti-
more, Md., U. S. A., June 3, 1836, we find the following
passage : " Wherever Mr. Combe's works have been read,
they have been admired, as well by those who do not
as by those who do believe in the phrenological doc-
trines, and have given their author fame in America as
a man of high mental powers and fine cultivation."
Similar and stronger language in his favor may be found
in the printed letters from Dr. Mott and others of IS^ew
York ; from Dr. John C. Warren and others of Bos-
ton ; and from Dr. Brigham, Pev. Dr. Wheaton and
others of Hartford, Conn. ; and from Pev. Dr. Sprague,
of Albany, N. Y. These testimonials (in the U. S.)
were addressed to l^ahum Capen.
Heminiscences of Spurzheim. 131
combe's visit to the united states HIS IMOTIVES — HIS
AKEIVAIi AND RECEPTION TESTIMONIALS OF RESPECT
IN BOSTON, NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, BALTIMORE,
WASHINGTON, D. C, NEW HAVEN AND HARTFORD, CONN.
^INFLUENCE OF HIS LABORS.
" Long before Mr. Combe had determined to visit
America," says Charles Gibbon,* "he repeatedly, in
letters and in private notes, expressed his admiration of
the country and the people." The visit of Spnrzheim,
in 1832 ; his cordial reception and sad ending ; the great
influence of his teachings, his unfinished labors, and the
general voice of thinking men, that he was counted as
his successor — all these events, in connection with pri-
vate letters from personal friends, served to hasten Mr.
Combe in his convictions of duty that he had a sacred
mission to perform in the United States. When assured
of a warm welcome, he did not hesitate. He left En-
gland, in the Great Western^ on the 8th of September,
1838, and arrived in JSTew York on the 25th. He was
accompanied by his accomplished wife, Mrs. Cecilia
Siddons Combe, the daughter of the late celebrated
Mrs. Siddons. He was met there by his friend, Mr.
Capen, who had made arrangements for his first course
of lectures in the United States, to be delivered in Bos-
ton. He commenced his first course, of sixteen lectures,
at the Masonic Temple, on the 10th of October, 1838.
No delay was permitted in making arrangements for
his lectures in New York, Albany, Philadelphia, Bal-
timore, Washington, Hartford and New Haven, Conn.,
and in other cities.
His arrival was extensively announced, and with much
* "The Life of George Combe."
132 MeminisGenoes of S^urzheim,^
favor. He was received everywhere* by the learned and
distinguished men of all classes with marked distinc-
tion, and his lectures were attended by the most intel-
ligent citizens of all classes. While in Boston he
became acquainted with Wm. H. Prescott, Daniel
Webster, Rev. Dr. Channing, Dr. James Jackson, Dr.
J. C. Warren, Prof. Ticknor, George Bancroft, John
Pickering, Horace Mann, Dr. Shattuck, and with many
other leading men of the city and vicinity.
At the close of the last lecture, the following compli-
mentary resolutions were adopted* by the class, and pre-
sented by a committee :
"At a meeting of the subscribers to the course of lect-
ures delivered by George Conibe, Esq., in Boston, held at
the Masonic Temple, Nov. 14, 1838,
"Besolved, That this audience feel highly grateful to George
Combe, Esq., for the generous philanthropy which has led
him from the shores of his native country to extend among
us the principles of that philosophy which he has cultiva-
ted with so much success.
" Resolved, That we have derived from the lectures of Mr.
Combe much instruction and delight, and we believe that
his investigations have shed a valuable light on the physi-
cal, intellectual, and moral constitution of man ; and that
his la,bors are eminently calculated to promote the progress
of the human race in civilization, virtue, and religion.
^'Besolved, That these resolutions be signed by the Chair-
man and Secretary, and that the following persons, viz.,
John Pickering, Charles G. Loring, John Pierpont, Horace
Mann, and George Barracott, be a committee to present
these resolutions to Mr. Combe.
' ' Abbott Lawrence, Qhairman.
"Nahum Capen, Secretary.'^''
In presenting these resolutions, in the presence of the
audience of his last lecture, the Hon. Abbott Lawrence
Reminiscences of Spurzhevm, 133
made a brief speech, in his happy manner, and a modest
reply was made by Mr. Combe. He claimed no special
reward for honest motives to be useful, and if thanks
were due to any one they were due to Mr. Capen for
having influenced him to visit the United States.
The following letter to him explains itself :
*' BosTOif, Nov. 13, 1888.
" To George Combe, Esq. :
** A large number of our citizens having expressed a
desire of giving you some public testimonial of their
personal regard, and of their respect to you as a teacher
of mental and moral philosophy, a meeting was held
for that purpose on Friday last.
" The undersigTied were appointed a committee to
carry into effect the wishes of the meeting, and as the
result of their deliberation, they beg to ask your ac-
ceptance of a piece of plate, as a testimonial of affec-
tion and respect of your friends in Boston.
" They are desirous that the presentation should be
accompanied by some ceremony, and they propose that
it shall be followed by a social entertainment, in order
that ladies, as well as gentlemen, may have an op-
portunity of paying their respects to Mrs. Combe as
well as to yourself.
" Will you have the goodness to name some evening
when it will be convenient to you to attend the pre-
sentation ? With much respect we are, dear su*,
" Tours most truly,
'' JoHiq^ Piokeeestg,
" Charles G. LoRnra,
" S. G. Howe,
** Samuel E. Sew all,
"IS" AHUM CAPElir."
134 HemmiscenGes of S^urzkeim.
The e'vening was appointed and the presentation
took place in the spacious parlors of the Tremont
House. There was a large gathering of ladies and gen-
tlemen, and the occasion was one of the most interest-
ing of the season. Happy sentiments and speeches
were uttered by gifted minds, but I am unable to give*
particulars. I can only give extracts from an extended
and beautiful speech of Mr. Combe, which I have in man-
uscript. He said ; *' I ascribe your present gift to your
own generous sentiments much more than to any merit
of my own. I accept it as a memorial of the elevated
feelings and high intellectual attainments of the do-
nors, and, as such, it will recall many of the most de-
lightful associations of my life The high talents
and distinguished station of those in whose names
these resolutions have been presented will operate not
only in every region of this vast country, but in Eu-
rope, in dispelling the mists of prejudice against Phre-
nology."
The design of this testimonial was quite original. It
was a tea-kettle of solid silver. It was forwarded by
request of Mr. Combe to his hotel in E^ew York. In
a letter from Mrs. Combe to me, she thus speaks of it :
"My dear Mr. Capen: — The box containing the
vase was delivered here yesterday, and you may be sure
we lost no time in unpacking it. We placed it on our
table and admired it in every point of view. It is very
handsome, and, in style and execution, very peculiarly
adapted both to our taste and to correspond with all
the other plate which we possess. In all respects, then,
we shall indeed most highly prize it — first, as a remem-
Remniniscences of Spurzheim. 136
brance of most valued friends; secondly, as in itself
intrinsically handsome and in good taste ; and lastly,
as suitable in substantial and unpretending appearance
to tbe character and establishment of a simple and prac-
tical philosopher. "VYe beg yon to tell all our friends
liow much gratified and pleased Mr. Combe and my-
self are at the sight of their kind token of regard."
When Mr. Combe arrived in this country, the citi-
zens of ]N^ew York vrere favorably disposed to the sci-
ence of Phrenology. In a letter to me from Dr. A.
Brigham, dated ISTew York, August, 1837 (where he
resided at the time), he asks : " How is Phrenology in
Boston ? Here I find a general and favorable impres-
sion respecting it. Nearly all the physicians are said to
be phrenologists." After Mr. Combe had commenced
his first course of lectures in that city, Professor Wil-
liam M. Holland, in a letter to me dated JSTew York,
^November 22, 1838, says : " Mr. Combe is succeeding
admirably. His first lecture was attended by ^vq or six
hundred of the best hearers in the city. He has set to
work with an earnestness of a man forgetful of himself
and everything but truth, and can hardly fail to make
a strong impression."
At the close of his second course of lectures in [N^ew
York, an address, expressive of admiration for himseK
and confidence in the beneficent tendency of his phi-
losophy, was made, and subsequently the class made a
presentation to him (March 23, 181:0) of a silver vase
bearing medallic portraits of Gall, Spurzheim, and him-
self, and also of Dr. Benjamin Push and Dr. Charles
Caldwell. In presenting this testimonial the chairman
136 Heminiscences of Spurzheim.
of a committee, E. P. Hurlbut, said : " Your visit has
awakened the interest of thousands in your welfare — of
thousands who are not wanting in gratitude for tlie in-
struction and delight which your discourses have af-
forded them, but who have had no opportunity to man-
ifest, as we do on this most favored occasion, their high
appreciation of your character and attainments and the
enduring impression which your visit has made upon
their minds. Their and our best wishes attend you."
Mr. Combe made an eloquent reply, but we have room
for only a brief extract, showing the character of his
sense of appreciation: "I have held converse," he
said, " with many enlightened minds in this country —
minds that do honor to human nature, whose philan-
thropy embraces not only patriotism, but an all-prevail-
ing interest in the advancement of the human, race in
knowledge, virtue, religion, and enjoyment in every
clime. Many of these admirable men are deeply inter-
ested in Phrenology."
A cordial reception in Philadelphia was anticipated
by Mr. Combe, and he was not disappointed. I had
received assurances from Professor John Bell which
were fully redeemed. Mr. Combe wrote me, "Dr.
Bell's head is like my brother Andrew's, and his writ-
ings are like his." In a letter dated Philadelphia, Feb-
ruary 10, 1839, he says : " Our lectures terminated on
the 8th inst. most satisfactorily. I have had regularly
from five to six hundred and a vote of approval at the
close. My auditors here embraced professors, physi-
cians, and men of the first grade, and, so favorable has
been the impression, that I have been publicly re-
quested to repeat the course. ..... Mr. Rembrandt
Beminiscences of Spurzheim. 137
Peale is painting my portrait for his own gratification,
as I appear to his mind, but considerably different from
my appearance in your portrait." The one he referred
to was painted in Edinburgh in 1837.
When he visited Washington, he became acquainted
with Dr. Sewall, who had distinguished himself, among
the great men of the nation, by lecturing and speaking
against Phrenology. He had been repeatedly warned
respecting his unguarded statements and assertions, by
Dr. Brereton, of the U. S. army, and Secretary of
Washington Phrenological Society, but without effect.
In a letter to me dated March 14, 1839, Mr. Combe
thus alludes to him : " Dr. Sewall overwhelmed us with
kindness. I told him in presence of a dozen of Sena-
tors and Representatives in his own house, that what
he called Phrenology was a phantom of his own crea-
tion, and that if it were really Phrenology, I should
be an opponent also. He took this in good part, and
said he would revise his opinions."
RESULTS OF ME. COMBe's VISIT TO THE TOOTED STATES.
That the visit of Mr. Combe to the United States
was regarded by some of the best and most infiuential
people of the country, as an event calculated to ad-
vance the great cause of education and science, is at-
tested by unquestionable evidence. This evidence is
to be found in the public journals, in votes and resolu-
tions of associations passed at pubic meetings, and in
the correspondence of learned and professional men.
That his lectures served to confinn and advance tho
138 Reminiscences of ^urzheim,
great truths of Phrenology as taught by Gall and
Spurzheim, no one will venture to deny. That they
aided to remove a prevailing prejudice against the sci-
ence, and to invest the subject with a dignity that be-
longs to truth, all must admit. That those who were the
most active and foremost in offering him attention and
in giving him opportunities to be useful, were men emi-
nent in the walks of science and among the highest in
respectability, is abundantly proved by the record. That
the high reputation in Europe which he had acquired,
and which had been conceded to him there by all class-
es ; that he was the only living representative of Spurz-
heim, wlio was able to do justice to the science which
he taught, were facts fully acknowledged everywhere.
Of course, many who approached him, had no motives
above those of mere curiosity. But few of such,
however, were to be found on his committees of ar-
rangement for his lectures or receptions. That Mr.
and Mrs. Combe fully comprehended and appreciated
the results, may be seen from his journal :
" I thank God very sincerely for His bounteous gifts
to her (Mrs. Combe) and to me, and am persuaded that
the recollection of our visit to the United States will
afford us lasting gratification."
ACTIVE AND SCIENTIFIC PHEENOLOGISTS OF THE UNITED
STATES SURVIVING PHEENOLOGISTS WHO WROTE UPON
THE SUBJECT FROM THE PERIOD OF 1832 — DR. ISAAC
RjiT GEO. H, CALVERT.
I could easily extend this chapter of details by mak-
ing numerous extracts from letters, from Mr. Combe,
Hemmiscenoes of Bpurzheim, 139
Prof. Silliman, of l^ew Haven ; Dr. Brigham, of Hart-
ford ; Prof. Bell, of Philadelphia ; Prof. Calvert, of Bal-
timore ; Prof. Dean, of Albany ; Dr. Pay, of East-
port ; Prof. Caldwell, of Kentucky, and from many
others; but most of them have long been numbered
among the dead, and further testimony, I trust, will
not be deemed important. Of the many correspond-
ents I had between the periods from 1832 to 1842,
only two are now living : Doctor Isaac Pay, formerly
of Eastport, Maine, now of Philadelphia, the gifted
author on Medical Jurisprudence, etc., etc. ; and the
Hon. Geo. H. Calvert, formerly of Baltimore, now of
Newport, P. I., the able author of many valuable
volumes.
When advised that I was preparing these pages, they
both addressed me letters, which follow :
Lettee feom Isaac Pat, M.D.
" Philadelphia, Baring Street, August 2^, 1879.
" My Deae Sik : — Your letter has called up many
interesting reminiscences of my earlier years — those
connected with Phrenology and my dealings with your
house. Phrenology was to me, in those days, a revela-
tion of new truths and especially of a philosophy that
shed a marvelous light on the whole field of mental
science. I never reached much belief in organology,
but it gave a turn to my inquiries which I never have
ceased to follow, and for which I can never cease to be
thankful. No story-book was ever devoured with such
an abandon of every other thought as was Gall's great
work, ' Sur les Fonctions.''
" I. do not think Phrenology throws much light on
140 . Reminiscences of Sjpurzheim.
insanitj, nor upon the received theories of cerebral
pathology ; could it be expected to ? The source of in-
sanity is an organization, more or less vicious, of the
brain, and so far as our inquiries have yet gone, it seems
to be general and not local or partial in its seat. Mr.
Combe thought that the insane manifestations must
come from the prominent organs, and thus the manip-
ulation of the head would enable one to say what
would be the character of the derangement in any par-
ticular case, produced by the disease insanity. Had he
known as much of insanity as he did of the brain and
mind in the sound state, he would never have adopted
this notion. The practical application of it on several
cases at the McLean Asylum, failed completely, as Dr.
Bell informed me. Not but what some light may be
shed on the play of the mind in the unsound state as
well as the sound to the patient and skilled observer.
The two most common manifestations of mental de-
rangement, are excessive exaltation and depression, and
they may continue for months the only ones. They
are as clearly the results of abnormal cerebral action,
as delusion or raving. If it be contended that they
spring from some affection of Hope, it is a fair ques-
tion, but one not easily answered, how it happens
that one particular organ, and that a small one, should
become diseased so much of tener than any other ? You
must conclude, of course, that I am unable to commend
Phrenology for any signal service it has rendered in
the treatment of insanity. I am glad that you have
undertaken this book of reminiscences of one who
made so strong a mark on his time (Spurzheim) and
promise myself much gratification from reading it.
• Heminiscences of Spurzheim. 141
*' "With thanks for your expressions of kindness and
regard, I remain,
" Yours, truly, Isaac Eat.
"I^AHUM Capen, Esq., Boston, Mass."
In an address delivered in Glasgow, Mr. Combe thus
alludes to a work of Dr. Ray :
" Dr. Ray's work, allow me to say, is a valuable treat-
ise on Medical Jurisprudence, in which he not only
presents the Hghts of Phrenology to illuminate the
subject, but condemns the lawyers of other countries
for their blindness to its importance, and among others,
he censures the High Court of Justiciary of Scotland
for their condemnation in 1832 of Howison, obviously
a homicidal monomaniac."*
Letter feom Hoist. Geoege H. Calveet.
"Newport, R. I., August 20, 1879.
" My Dear Me. Capen^ : — Herewith I send you a
copy of ' Brief Essays and Brevities^ in which is a
paper entitled ' The Beain,' a succinct statement as to
the discovery of the functions of the brain by Gall,
and as to the nature and significance of this great dis-
covery. That it is a discovery, and one of the greatest
ever made, I Urmly believe. Observation and reflec-
tion, during the fifty years since I first began to ex-
amine the expositions of Gall and his disciples, have
from year to year strengthened in me the opinion that
this discoverv of what is the office of the hitherto
mysterious mass of cerebral nervous matter, and is
* Gibbon's " Combe."
142 JRemmiscences of S^urzheim.
pregnant with solutions — solutions ethic, aesthetic, meta-
phjsic, and theologic.
"Most truly yours, Geo. H. Calveet.
" E'ahum Capen, Esq.,
" Mount Ida, Boston, Mass."
The interesting volume referred to by Mr. Calvert,
was published in J 8Y4, The chapter on " the 'brain " is
brief, original, and full of meaning, but we can make
from it only a single extract. He says : " From the
discoveries of Gall legitimate deductions are : that the
brain is the instrument of mind ; that the brain is not
a single organ, but a congeries of organs, the function
of each being to manifest a primitive mental power of
feeling or of intellect ; and that, other things being
equal, such as health, temperament, opportunity, size is
the measure of power."
PHILOSOPHY OF PHEENOLOGT THE THREE GREAT
TEACHERS.
When I commenced these pages, I had intended to
give outline views of Phrenology as left by Gall, and
as modified and extended by Spurzheim and Combe,
but the reader must look for these additions in their
works.* Like all other subjects. Phrenology should be
carefully studied and practically applied in the affairs of
life.
Having given reminiscences of Spurzheim and Combe,
and having given unquestionable evidence of the per-
* See Appendix J.
ReminiscenGes of Sj[>urzheim, 143
sonal character, education, and eminent ability of these
great teachers of Phrenology, and of their claims npon
all good men — to be remembered, respected, and fol-'
lowed as honored disciples of troth — it remains to be
added a brief review of the philosophy of their system,
and its importance to the great canse of education, legis-
lation, and to the treatment of criminals and the insane.
The object of these pages is to influence instructors and
parents to teach children the science of Phrenology, and
legislators and heads of public institutions to boldly rec-
ognize the system as the true science of self-hnowledge
— the greatest of all themes for the study of man.
The PHYSioLoaT of the Beain.
It is now nearly half a century since Prof. Elliotson,
of the University of London, the learned translator of
Blumenbach's Physiology ; Dr. John Mackintosh, Sur-
geon to the Ordnance Department in ]^orth Britain,
Lecturer on the Principles of Pathology and Practice
of Physics, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of
Edinburgh, etc., etc.; Prof. Robert Hunter, Prof, of
Anatomy, etc., in the Andersonian LTniversity, Glasgow ;
Prof. C. Otto, M.D., Prof, of Medicine in the Univer-
sity of Copenhagen ; James Johnson, M.D., Physician
Extraordinary to the King, etc. ; Richard Carmichael,
Surgeon and Author, of Dublin — and numerous other
distinguished authors and professors — ^gave distinct and
emphatic testimony in favor of the Anatomy of the
Brain — as demonstrated and taught by Gall and Spurz-
heim. Let this fact be publicly and unreservedly an-
nounced in our medical schools — whatever else may be
added that may have been discovered since theii' time.
144 Heminiscences of SpuTzheirrh.
But in speaking of the Physiology of the Brain,
especially, it is not to be inferred that Human Physi-
ology, as a whole, is either to be omitted or neglected. It
is a subject that should be studied and made familiar
both in the family and in the school. The prevailing
ignorance of common people of the make of their own
bodies and the means of health, is truly lamentable.
Even educated men and women often invite both dis-
sease and death by violating the physical laws of their
bodies.
In 1853, by co-operation of that great and good man,
Sir James Clark, an opinion was obtained in favor of
teaching Physiology and the laws of health in the com-
mon schools, and signed by sixty-five of the leading
physicians of London.
The following is a copy of the docament :
" Our opinion having been requested as to the advan-
tage of making the Elements of Human Physiology, or
a general knowledge of the laws of health, a part of the
education of youth, we, the undersigned, have no hesi-
tation in giving it strongly in the afiirmative. We are
satisfied that much of the sickness from which the work-
ing classes at present suffer, might be avoided ; and we
know that the best directed efforts to benefit them by
medical treatment are often greatly impeded, and some-
times entirely frustrated, by their ignorance and neglect
of the conditions upon which health necessarily de-
pends. We are, therefore, of the opinion that it would
greatly tend to prevent sickness, and promote soundness
of body and mind, were the elements of Physiology, in
its application to the preservation of health, made a part
of general education ; and we are convinced that such
Meminiscences of Spurzheim. 145
instruction may be rendered most interesting to the
young, and may be communicated to them with the
utmost facility and propriety in the ordinary schools,
by properly instructed schoolmasters."
Mental Philosophy.
It was a great event to be recorded in the history of
science when the learned Archbishop Whately, in 1836,
pronounced in favor of the metaphysics of Phrenology.
" It had a metaphysical nomenclature," he said, " far
more logical, accurate, and convenient than Locke,
Stewart, and other writers of their schools." To give
numerous similar opinions would be easy, but mere
•opinions, perhaps, would not aid the reader so much as
a few words upon the subject itself.
In works on Mental Philosophy, the Mind has usually
been represented as made up of Faculties and Affec-
tions, but these words have been used in so vague a
sense, and in such a variety of "relations, that it is diffi-
cult to find, in any standard work, satisfactory defini-
tions. The mind consists of faculties, as all admit, and
yet there is an apparent relation constantly kept in sight
between the faculties and the mind, as if they had
separate spheres of action, although one and the same.
Of this, however, Locke was perfectly aware, as he
says that " this way of speaking of faculties has mis-
led many into a confused notion of so many distinct
agents in us, which had their "several provinces and
authorities, and did command, obey, and perform several
actions, as so many distinct beings." But in this re-
mark Locke only stated a difficulty in his own philoso-
phy, without even attempting to obviate it, and by im-
146 Reminiscences of Spurzheim,
plication, as we have a right to suppose, admitted tlie
necessity of some system like that of Phrenology.
Some may be of the opinion that " when Locke dis-
proved the existence of innate ideas he also disproved
the existence of innate faculties and propensities," but
such an inference is altogether unwarrantable. So far
from this, he furnishes much evidence that the faculties
are innate, and advanced a step nearer to Phrenology
when he maintained that the organs of thinking might
be material. Such were the opinions of H artley, Tucker,
Hume, Priestly, Peid, Butler, and others equally em-
inent.
But to make still nearer approaches, the functions of
nearly thirty of the organs, discovered by Gall and
Spurzheim, have been alluded to as innate faculties of
mind, by several of the most eminent metaphysicians.
Lord Karnes alone admits twenty. Conscientiousness^
under the name of the moral sense, moral feeling^ sense
of right, is supported by Warbuton, Hume, Marmontel,
Pousseau, Tucker, Hutches on, Peid, Gregory, Stewart,
Browne, Cudworth, and others.
Veneration has had many learned supporters, but we
shall only name Kant, Davy, Montesquieu, Warbuton,
Tucker, Kames, and some distinguished professors in
the United States. The innateness of Philoprogenitive-
ness is maintained by Hume, Warbuton, Tucker, Peid,
and Browne ; Marijellousness, by the same, and Lord
Shaftesbury ; Benevolence and Cautiousness, by the
same, and others. Self-esteem is maintained by Peid,
Stewart, and Browne ; Love of Approbation, by Hume,
Browne, and Kames ; Hope, by Stewart ; Ideality, by
Browne and Stewart ; Imitation, by Peid and Browne ;
Reminiscences of Sjpurzheim. 14lr
Tir)ie and Time^ Individualif/y and Causality^ by
Reid, Browne, and Karnes ; Comparison^ by Mal-
branclie, Bacon, and Locke. Adhesiveness is supported
by Warbuton, Browne, and Karnes ; Amaiiveness, by
Browne and Stewart ; Comhati/veness and Destructive-
ness, by Hume, Browne, Karnes, and Leigliton ; Firm
ness, by Tucker, and Acquisitiveness^ by Reid and
Kames, and Sccretiveness, by Lord Bacon and Bishop
Leighton. And, as stated by Andrew Carmichael, in
whose work references to some of these authors may
be found, "Browne absolutely admits a faculty of
eguilihrium^ which is identical with the phrenological
faculty of Weight I and if his principle of relative sug-
gestion be not a component part of the mind, then, to
account for other pnenomena v/hich he discusses, the
innate existence must be inferred of Individuality^
Eventuality^ Conpa/rison, Causality, Nuniber, Size,
Form, Coloring, and Space, in addition to those facul-
ties which he admits without reserve."
To say nothing of these subdivisions of mind into
faculties, without a system to be found in nature, most
writers have agreed in dividing the mental nature of
man into four classes of powers, and allowing to each
class its own sphere and peculiar characteristics, viz,
the Intellectual, the Moral, the Religious, and the
Animal.
With this view of the subject, it is very natural to
inquire whether it be consistent to suppose that particu-
lar acts of the mind result from many powers combined,
and acting as one, or, as one power acting in different
modes. We hear of religious men without moral hon-
esty, and of moral men without religion. And we find,
148 Jteminiscences of SpuTzTieim,
also, men of great intellectual endowments without
either.
Men are ever before us marked by the greatest vari-
ety of differences as to person, capacity, and conduct.
Let us study them as we see them, as we know them
— without losing ourselves in the labyrinths of an artifi-
cial erudition or in the spell-bound fogs of prejudice.
Let us study nature as we find it to-day, and, in the past,
as we find it revealed both by sacred and profane his-
tory. Let us have certainties to stand upon while we
are studying the uncertainties of life. Let us regard
the attributes of mind as immutable in their nature as
the attributes of Deity. Shall we presume to under-
take to improve the immortal principle of the soul it-
self, or of the body in its conditions of strength or
weakness? Let us confine ourselves to the training of
that nature which limits and deranges the manifesta-
tions of the spirit, of the immortal mind, whose depths
and mysteries no finite wisdom can solve. Let us study
mind and matter — as we only know them together — as
it has pleased the Almighty to place them. As we
study T^atural History to leam the instincts and habits
of the animal creation, so should we study the physical
and mental capacities of man — that we may understand
their normal conditions and arrive at the best methods
of training the body and developing the faculties of the
mind in harmony: the great business of education.
Practical self-knowledge formulized will prove to be
the most useful system of mental philosophy. The
philosophy of Phrenology affords an easy solution of
the mental phenomena of Consciousness, Perception,
Keflection, Memory, the Association of Ideas, Dream-
Reminiscences of S^urzheim, 149
ing, and of Insanity, such as can not be found in any
other system.*
PHRENOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN NATUEE TESTI-
MONY OF HON. JAMES D. GliEEN.
In this connection it is a most agreeable privilege to
employ the language of an able brother member of the
Boston Phrenological Society. He is still living, be-
yond the period of fourscore years, and is delighted to
join his voice with mine again in the cause of truth,
guided by a reflective experience of nearly half a cent-
ury. In 1836 the Hon. James D. Green, of Cambridge,
Massachusetts, was appointed to deliver the anniversary
discourse on the birthday of Spurzheim. '^ Phrenol-
ogy the Science of Human Nature^'' was his subject,
and it was discussed by him with great ability and
learning. The discourse was published, and the fol-
lowing extracts are made from it, which, I doubt not,
will be welcomed by the reader as appropriate matter
to make a part of these pages.
He says : " The true mode of conducting inquiry in
the pursuit of knowledge was first pointed out by Lord
Bacon. The minds of men until his time had yielded
profound homage to the Aristotelian philosophy. But
the spell of enchantment was broken by the publication
of his NovuTYh Organum Scientiarum — the new
method of studying the sciences — and the world was
delivered from an intellectual bondage of two thousand
years. Goethe says, ' He drew a sponge over the table
* See Appendix K.
150 RcminlscenGes of Spurzheim.
of human knowledge.' Bacon was not himself the
founder of a sect. His object was attained when he
had discovered and pointed oat the way by which fut-
ure inquirers should be guided to the truth. This was
enough to be accomplished by a single mind. It pro-
cured for him the enviable distinction of being known
through all after-time as the ' Father of the Experi-
mental Philosophy.' His great principle of inquiry
has been called the ' Inductive Method,' i. e.^ the
method of hringing in or collecting facts, making ex-
periments, and observations of nature. General truths
are to be established only by an induction of facts.
'^ This great principle was at once applied in physi-
cal investigations, and lo ! how surprising was the re-
sult ! A total revolution was effected in natural phi-
losophy. Instead of a jargon of unmeaning terms to
stand for occult qualities and imaginary essences, about
which there was not one clear conception in the mind,
the attention was directed to the observation of facts
and the classification of phenomena, and the inves-
tigation of causes was abandoned as a fruitless en-
deavor
" Intellectual philosophy, as it has been taught in the
schools and founded on individual consciousness, pos-
sesses no title to rank as a science, and, least of all, to
constitute a science of a distinct class. Instead of be-
ing knowledge it is still mere theory^ altogether unset-
tled, various and conflicting in its elements, as ex
pounded by different writers, and without any verifica-
tion by an examination of nature. Intellectual philos-
ophy in times past has made no progress in comparison
with other departments of scientific inquiry. Yet gi-
Reminiscences of Spurzheim, 151
gantic minds have laid out their strength upon it.
They have had the misfortune to overlook the only-
true mode of investigating the mental phenomena
" It was reserved for Gall and Spurzheim to make
the first application in the study of human nature, of
the same inductive process which had been so success-
fully applied in physics. The founders of Phrenology
had deeply imbibed the spirit of the Baconian philoso-
phy. It everywhere breathes through their works.
The first sentence of the Organum of Bacon is as fol-
lows : ' Man, the servant and interpreter of ISTature,
understands and reduces to practice just so much as he
has actually experienced of i^ature's laws ; more he can
neither know nor do.' How much akin to it is the sen-
timent that follows : ' Man will be happy when he con-
fines himself to understand the laws of his Creator, and
to find out the means of putting them into execution.'
" According to the principle which is here expressed,
the phrenologist applies himself to the study of human
nature. He begins by regarding himself, not as the
standard of universal man, but as possessing a distinct
individuality. He forbears to draw general conclusions
from a single case. He takes care not to mistake his
idiosyncrasies for common attributes of humanity.
He observes other individuals, and ascertains his facts
both by positive and negative proof. His observation
is directed to every period of life from infancy and
childhood, through the various situations, occupations,
and professions of men, in which every variety and
modification of individual talent and character may be
called into exercise. From individuals he proceeds to
sexes and notes their characteristic differences. He
152 Heminiscences of Spurzheim,
studies human nature in all the modes of its manifesta-
tion as it may be learned in the school, in the hospital,
in the almshouse, in the prison, in the asylum for the
deaf and dumb, the blind, the insane, and the idiotic.
From classes he proceeds to the observation of nations
and races of men, and marks their distinctive peculiari-
ties. How vast is the field to be explored by him who
would be a profound student in the science of man's
nature! But the observation of such a student does
not terminate here ; it must extend even beyond the
human race to the animal kingdom, that thus his con-
clusions may be further ascertained by the demonstra-
tions of comparative anatomy and the broad distinction
found and marked between the human, the spiritual,
immortal, and the brutal, earthly, perishable. Having
made these extensive observations, the phrenologist
feels authorized to regard his conclusions as established,
unless opposing facts are produced or an error is pointed
out in his induction.
" On the ground of this procedure, the phrenologist
conceives that he makes out the title of his science /
that he establishes its claims to be regarded as the true
jpMlosoj>hy of human nat/iireP
IMPOETANCE OF PHEENOLOOT TO THE BLIND, DEAF AJ^D
DUMB, AND TO IDIOTS TESTEVIONT OF DE. S. G. HOWE.
I can not omit to quote in this place from a letter I
received from my late and respected friend, Dr. Samuel
G. Howe, dated June 3, 1836 : -
Heminiscences of Spurzheim, 153
"Tou request my opinion of the works of Mr.
George Combe. I can not conceive how my individ-
ual opinion can be of any consequence ; it would be
but a faint note in the loud expression of approbation
and admiration which I am sure would follow a ques-
tion on this subject, if addressed to hundreds of our
first literary men. Convinced as I thoroughly am of
the soundness of Mr. Combe's views, and the truth of
most of his deductions, my opinion as a phrenologist
might be considered as biased in his favor ; but aside from
that, I speak my own deliberate opinion, and that of many
of my anti-phrenological friends, when I say that Mr.
Combe should be ranked among the master-spirits of
the age. But one fact is worth many speculations ; I
have had occasion to teach the general principles of the
philosophy of mind to the young. I have given my
class the views of the older writers, and mystified them
with Stewart and Browne ; but on presenting the new
philosophy, as explained by Mr. Combe, they said that
they saw, and felt, and understood, what before was
dark and unsatisfactory. I consider Mr. Combe's works
as invaluable to a teacher of moral and intellectual
philosophy."
This testimony is particularly valuable, although
given more than forty years ago. He modestly es-
teemed his own opinion at that time, and yet subse-
quent achievements made it more valuable than the
opinion of any other man. I well remember the be-
ginning of his study of mental philosophy as taught
by Phrenology, of his enthusiasm in dwelling upon its
importance. We were students together. He was
naturally bright and keenly practical in everything
7*
154: Reminiscences of Spurzheim.
that was nobly useful and generous, and wlien he left
college he was utterly indifferent to the metaphysics of
Locke, .Stewart, and others of the old schools. He
taught their philosophy from their books, but without
satisfaction, either to himself or to his pupils. When
guided by the light of Spurzheim, his first glimpse of
the great truths of his system gave him irrepressible
joy. They opened to him a new world of mental or-
der and activity such as he had never imagined or real-
ized. He first began to see man in his relations of
power and duty, and to comprehend the value of self-
knowledge in the cause of education. It was simple,
it had a meaning, it was practical, and by applying it
he became the foremost teacher of the Blind in the
world. That his success, as the Director of the " Per-
hins Institution and Massachusetts Asylum for the
Blind^'' was really beyond that of any other man, I
had substantial reasons for believing. My relations
with him were intimate, and I was well acquainted
with the results of his methods, and when I visited
Europe in 1835-'6, I took special pains to visit all
similar institutions abroad, and the comparison was
most gratifying, and largely in his favor. He not only
gave to the blind the full advantage of the new phi-
losophy, but he sought out new subjects, subjects to
whom unfortunately had been denied most of the in-
lets of knowledge. The history of Laura Bridgman
and Oliver Caswell is extensively known and need not
be repeated here. They were deaf, dumb, and blind,
and by the aid of Phrenology he found the key to un-
lock their imprisoned minds. Such an achievement in
mental philosophy was without a parallel. No meta-
Reminiscences of Spurzheim. 155
physician of any age had ever supposed it possible.*
But he was not satisfied even with this triumph.
James Simpson, Esq., Advocate, and a distinguished
phrenologist of Edinburgh, had succeeded in teaching
an idiot boy, and I had personal knowledge of his de-
light when he discovered that he had sufiiciently awak-
ened his darkened pupil to join his fellows in l)lay.
This first step consumed a period of four months, be-
fore the first flash of pleasurable intelligence appeared
in the poor boy's eyes. This experiment was not lost
to the world when it was made known to Dr. Howe.
He entered earnestly into an inquiry as to the causes
of idiocy, and was the first in the world to establish a
school for idiots, in Boston, which has been in success-
ful operation since 1848. It is known as the " Massa-
chusetts School for Idiotic and Feeble-minded YouthP
WHO, NOW, AEE PHRENOLOGISTS ? WHEKE, NOW, IS
PHEENOLOGY
2
It is to be remembered, that neither the evidence of
truth, nor the sources of truth, are to be found in the
utterances of to-day, either in books just published, or
in the public journals. The skeptical inquiries, " Who,
now, are phrenologists ? " and '' Where, now, is Phre-
nology?" would not so often be made, if the records
of the past had been faithfully read, and if all literary
and scientific men had publicly confessed their indebt-
edness to the founders of Phrenology. At no period
* See Appendix L.
156 Meminiscences of Spurzheim,
since 1836 has there been such a collection of over-
whelming testimony in its favor ; and during the long
period since, let it be asked, how many institutions of
learning have been founded, how many reformatory
schools and asylums have been established; and how
many subjects concerning humanity have been discuss-
ed, and without even a reference to the science by
name, though using by stealth many of its important
truths ?
An expensive and important work on Comparative
Phrenology was published by Dr. Yimont, in Paris, in
1836, and how many E^atural History Societies in the
United Stat^, let me ask, even know of its existence, or
have studied its pages ? The human race stands at the
head of the animal kingdom, and yet how many of these
societies have given any time or attention to the natural
history of man, or to Phrenology? Criminals have
constantly been before Courts for trial, and before
councils for pardon, when questions have been raised
as to the line which divides crime from insanity, but
how seldom has the skill of the phrenologist been in-
voked to solve the dark uncertainties of human mo-
tives ? In all the recent discussions on " Color-Blind-
ness," how many have looked to Phrenology for an
explanation of this common deficiency which was given
by Spurzheim a long time ago ? Is a person who can
not distinguish Yankee-Doodle from Old Hundred to
be regarded as deaf? Is the possessor of millions of
property, who can not see a shilling to count for use,
money hlind f An idiot can see persons, animals, and
things ; but he can not see the use of the alphabet : is
he hnowledge hlind f Such misuse of language indi-
JReminiscences of Spurzheim. 157
cates the want of a pMosophj that can be explained
and understood.
TESTIMONY OF EEV. HENEY WAED BEEOHEE.
More than twenty years ago, a distinguished clergy-
man acknowledged, in the pulpit, this indebtedness in a
manner that was highly creditable to him, and yet, but
few, probably, who are accustomed to read his eloquent
sermons are aware of the language to be found in the
following quotation :
" And I may say here, what I have never said before
in the pulpit, that the views of the human mind as
they are revealed by Phrenology, are those views which
have underlaid my whole ministry ; and if I have had
any success in bringing the truths of the Gospel to
bear practically on the minds of men, any success in
the vigorous apphcation of truths to the wants of the
human soul, where they are most needed, I owe it to
the clearness which I have gained from this science,
and I could not ask for the members of my family,
nor of a church, any better preparation for religious in-
doctrination, than to put them into possession of such
a practical knowledge of the human soul as is given by
Phrenology."
IMPOKTANCE OF MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.
Next in importance to religion, to all classes of men
and women, is mental philosophy. Indeed, without a
knowledge of mental philosophy, even religion can not
be fully understood. Its importance to legislators, and to
158 Reminiscences of SjpuTzheim.
all who are chosen to administer the affairs of Govern-
ment, can not be overestimated. A thorough knowl-
edge of the faculties of the human mind, studied in
their relations of duty and to external objects, should
be regarded as indispensable to the statesman, as light
is to the painter, or tools to the mechanic. Without
such knowledge, how can the judge, the lawyer, or the
juror analyze evidence that will safely defend the in-
nocent or convict the criminal ? How can the physician
accurately draw the line between sanity and insanity,
or between the causes of mental depression and the
causes of physical disease ? How can the clergyman
understand in what language to appeal to the numer-
ous and varying faculties of the minds of his hearers,
unless he has clear conceptions of their separate and
combined activity ? How can parents and teachers
educate children, without a knowledge of their differ-
ences ?
The frank confession of Sir G. S. Mackenzie, pub-
lished in 1836, is a striking example of candor, and is
to be remembered for what it teaches :
" When I was unacquainted with the facts on which
Phrenology was founded, I scoffed, witk many others,
at the pretensions of the new philosophy of the mind.
On hearing and conversing with the most eminent dis-
ciple of Gall, the lamented Spurzheim, the light broke
in ujDon my mind ; and many years after I had neglect-
ed the study of mind, in consequence of having been
disgusted with the utter uselessness and emptiness of
what I had listened to in the University of Edinburgh,
I became a zealeus student of what I now perceive to
be truth. Dui'ing the last twenty years I have lent my
lieminiscences of Spurzheim, 169
humble aid in resisting a torrent of ridicule and abuse,
and have lived to see the true philosophy of man es-
tablishing itself wherever talent is found capable of
estimating its immense valae."
But this imperfect chapter must be closed. Let the
subject receive further and earnest attention, from all
classes, by reading that able and eloquent book of
George Combe, entitled " The Constitution of Man,
considered in relation to External Ohjects^^ and when
this has been faithfully read and studied, all books on
Phrenology, calculated to convey information explan-
atory of the science, will be extensively sought for and
appreciated.
Here, again, we have occasion to give another exam-
ple of Dr. Howe, who, in teaching the blind, excelled
other professors, whose pupils could see, and yet were
not permitted to use their eyes on lessons they could
understand.
It was more than twenty years after the date of the
letter already quoted, that Dr. Howe caused " The
Constitution of Man^^ by Mr. Combe, to be printed
for the use of the blind. It made a large quarto vol-
ume of 250 pages, and was " about live inches thick."
In sending a copy of it to Mr. Combe, in 1858, he
wrote a letter, in which he says :
" I consider this edition of your great book to be
the most valuable addition ever yet made to the library
for the blind in any language. I have already had
warm expressions of gratitude from intelligent blind
persons for putting the ' Constitution'' within their
reach — gratitude and thanks which belong rather to
you than to me."
160 Heminiscences of S^urzheim.
There is another subject which demands special con-
sideration, in connection with Phrenology, and that is
criminal legislation.
During all time, man has been the subject of educa-
tion, and no community has been found without the
criminal. Almost every generation has had its new
methods of teaching and of reform. With what success
we can only know from the history of progress. That
progress has been very slow, is sufficiently proved by
the diversity of opinion as to the best methods of im-
provement now in use. Perhaps, after so long a period
of trial and with so little success, it would be useful to
inquire how far we have been influenced by our igno-
rance and prejudices, and how little by accurate knowl-
edge.
We have before us a learned pamphlet, just pub-
lished, on " Criws Caiise^'^ by the Hon. Pichard Yaux,
of Philadelphia. For more than thirty years Mr. Yaux
has been chairman of the State Commission on Prisons,
and all the reports of that long period have been writ-
ten by him. They have been prepared with much
knowledge and great ability, and yet it is amazing to
see how much remains to be ascertained and how much
to be done. He says, " That crime is hereditary is now
accepted as pathologically as well as physiologically
determined." Dr. Harris, of New York, gives a
well-authenticated case of six hundred and seventy-
three descendants of one female who was incorrigibly
vicious, traced through five generations. We commend
this Peport to all inquirers.*
* See Appendix M.
Eeminiseences of Spurzhemi. 161
If such documents fail to point out the true method
of treating criminals, they certainly serve to demon-
strate the necessity of a more careful study of the sub-
ject, and a more enlightened judgment, which, in our
humble opinion, can only come from a thorough knowl-
edge of Phrenology.
If we should read the candid and intelligent letter
of Sir George S. Mackenzie to the Right Hon. Lord
Gleneig, Secretary of State for the Colonial Depart-
ment of Great Britain, in 1836, in respect to the best
method of treating and reforming criminals, we might
reasonably conclude, to say the least, that if his counsel
had been followed, more progress than we have seen
would have been made duiing the past forty-four years.
His letter was filled with practical information, and
which was made the basis of a method of proceeding
which he plainly suggested. The entire letter is inter-
esting, but we can only give such extracts as will indi-
cate its character :
" My Dear Lord : — I now put into your hands a
number of certificates from eminent men, confirming
my former assertion, that it is possible to classify con-
victs destined for our penal settlements, so that the col-
onists may be freed from the risk of having atrocious
and incorrigible characters allotted to them, and the
colonial public from the evils arising out of the escape
of such characters
" Your Lordship must be aware of the fact, that,
independently of rank, education, or wealth, men differ
from each other very widely in the amount and kind
of their intellectual power, in moral feeling, and in
their tendencies to indulge their propensities. It is
162 MeminiscenGes of Spurzheim.
too well known that titled, intelligent, wealthy black-
guards exist, guilty of the grossest violation of moral
law, while they contrive to escape the penalties of
statutes, which, however, occasionally reach their enor-
mities. That such are rather encouraged by what is
called high society, is notorious ; and surely a titled
gambler, or cheat, or seducer, can not be reckoned less
guilty than a poor, ignorant wretch, who steals perhaps
to sustain life, and not from a depra^^ed propensity. It
is, however, to the fact of difference of character and
talent among men of all stations of society to which I
anxiously desire your Lordship's attention. This dif-
ference must clearly be the effect of something. There
have been philosophers who tanght that man is a tabula
rasa,^ on which we may stamp what talent and what
character we please. This, however, has long been
demonstrated, by thousands of facts of daily occur-
rence, to be mere delusion. Differences in talent, in-
telligence, and moral character are now ascertained to
be the effects of differences in organization
" The differences of organization 'are, as the certifi-
cates which accompany this show, sufficient to indicate
externally general dispositions, as they are proportioned
among one another. Hence, we have the means of
estimating, with something like precision, the actual
natural characters of convicts [as of all human beings],
so that we may at once determine the means best
adapted for their reformation, or discover their inca-
pacity of improvement, and their being proper subjects
* "A shaved or smoothed tablet," leaving it a mere blank.
Rernvniscences of Spurzheim. 163
of contimied restraint, in order to prevent their further
injuring society
" It will be a proud day for our country when the
Government that has provided vigorously to reform
our institutions, shall proceed in the true path to moral
reform. There is a near prospect of education being
conducted on the true principles of man's nature under
national sanction ; and I hope the time is not far dis-
tant when their influence on criminal legislation will
be apparent
" In the hands of enlightened governors. Phrenology
will be an engine of unlimited improving power in
perfecting human institutions, and bringing about uni-
versal good order, peace, prosperity, and happiness."
This letter was formally approved and commended
by a large number of eminent men of scientific reputa-
tion, and of officials of large experience in Great Britain,
France, Germany, and the United States.
With an accurate knowledge of Phrenology, criminal
legislation and prison discipline could be systematized
with great ease and with much advantage. Ignorance
of this subject, at the present day, is most sad and
lamentable. Cruel and criminal arrests are often made,
without rebuke, by competing detectives, and newspaper
reporters are permitted to lead judicial inquiry. At-
torneys are feed to cast suspicion upon innocence, and
to conceal the evidence of crime. Imprisoned crimi-
nals are debased and made ferocious by the passionate
injustice of their keepers, and the means of reform be-
come powerless by the slow process of the ignorant or
the indifferent official circumlocution of the Govern-
ment.
164 I^eminisGences of Sjpurzheim.
In Gibbon's Life of Combe, pnblislied in 1878, we
find the views of Mr. Combe on tliis subject are thus
briefly stated :
" His views of the mental constitution of those per-
sons who generally become criminals have been already
explained ; and in the two systems of dealing with them
he found the radical defect that they did not provide
sufficient means for strengthening the moral and intel-
lectual faculties of the prisoners. The conclusions at
which he arrived led him to suggest a scheme of prison
discipline, which, although, he admitted, of a Utopian
character in some of its features, was based upon sound
principles. His leading ideas were as follows : 1. That
the criminal should be treated as a moral patient from
the beginning. 2. That he should be sentenced to con-
finement in a penitentiary for an indefinite period of
time, power to restore him to liberty being invested in
Government commissioners. 3. That he should be first
subjected to solitary confinement, without occupation of
any kind, until the mental depression of ennui forced
him to ask for work as a relief from the monotony of
his existence. He would thus be made most susceptible
to moral and religious instruction, which should then be
commenced and continued in solitude until repentance
and the desire of reformation were produced. 4. In
proportion to his improvement, the moral faculties
should be exercised by increasing degrees of liberty,
and he should be allowed occasionally to leave the
prison on parole before he was finally discharged. 6.
During the long period of confinement, seclusion during
the night, and active labor during the day, should be
combined with vigorous intellectual and religious culti-
JReminiscences of Spurzheim. 165
vation. 6. The prisoners should be carefully classified,
so that the more advanced might act as guides and ex-
amples to those recently admitted, and their privileges
curtailed for every breach of discipline. 7. The prisons
should be remote from towns, but near a village, where,
during their probationary period, the prisoners might
hold regulated communication with the inhabitants.
Until they had been brought to that state of mind in
which they would not only give their pledge to return to
the prison at a stated hour, but redeem it faithfully, he
would not consider them fit to be restored to society.
There were individuals whose moral and intellectual
organs were so deficient in size in proportion to that of
the propensities, that they might be found incapable of
reformation. Such men he regarded as moral patients,
and he would have them confined for life. The mistake
of detaining a man who ought to be at large could not
be easily made, for, according to this plan, the prisoner
would always have it in his own power to determine by
his own conduct the period of his imprisonment.
"Finally," he said, "a practical knowledge of Phre-
nology on the part of the chief superintendent and direc-
tors of the institution would be of great advantage. By
means of this science the natural dispositions and talents
of each individual would be ascertained, mjich decep-
tion on the part of the criminals be prevented, and a
steady and consistent direction be given to the efibrts
of all persons employed in the institution."
We commend these views as practically sound, in our
opinion, and for the substantial reason, that wherever
they have been adopted they have been successful. To
estimate their full value, the reader must test them
166 Reminiscences of Spurzheim.
by observation and experience, as many others have
done.
I sball close these pages, already extended beyond my
original purpose, by a few remarks upon the gravest of
all subjects, the subject of insanity.
When Dr. Todd, of the Hartford Asylum for the In-
sane, was alive. Phrenology had been but little studied
or noticed in the United States. He had the enviable
reputation of curing a larger percentage of his patients
than any other physician in the world. He left no
record of his special knowledge, and no record of his
methods of treatment.
"When in Edinburgh, I was told by Dr. Andrew
Combe that he would give more to possess the knowl-
edge that successfully guided Dr. Todd in his treatment
of the insane, than that of any other man who had ever
lived. I promised inquiry, and the only information I
could obtain from any one was from the talented Dr.
A. Brigham, his successor in Hartford, Gonn., and
afterward the head of the great asylum at Utica, ^. Y.
This was only verbal, and from personal acquaintance.
He said that " Dr. Todd was remarkable as a judge
of character from personal appearance. He could read
the natural language of a person, whether sane or in-
sane, almost instantly and with great accuracy. It was
impossible to deceive him, and he gave me interesting
anecdotes to illustrate the fact. He did not know the
rules by which he judged, he only knew the fact, that
when he expressed opinions of persons w^hom he had
seen, he was always right in his judgment. He only
asked to see them and to hear them converse. It was this
accurate knowledge of character that enabled him to
excel in the treatment of the insane."
Reminiscences of Sjpurzheim. 167
WTiat Dr. Combe said of him may be said of Gall,
Spurzheim, Combe, Sir "Wm. C. Ellis, Prof. Elliotson,
and numerous other physicians and surgeons at the head
of asylums in Europe, and Dr. Brigham, Dr. Wood-
ward, and others, in the United States. The language
of Sir Wm. C. Ellis is entitled to great consideration,
and his language was substantially the language of all
who spoke from experience.
In a letter to the Right Hon. Lord Gleneig, Secretary
for the Colonies, dated March 29, 1836, he says : " I
have been the resident physician of the Lunatic Asylum
at Hanwell, where we have upward of six hundred
patients, for five years, and for thirteen years previous
held a similar situation in Yorkshire, where we had two
hundred and fifty. If it were necessary, I could men-
tion a great variety of cases in the treatment of which
I have found the Kttle knowledge I possess of this in-
teresting science [Phrenology] of the greatest utility ;
and I am fully persuaded that when it is more known
and acted upon, very great advantages will result to so-
ciety."
In a subsequent letter to Mr. Combe, Sir William
says : '' I candidly own that until I became acquainted
with Phrenology I had no sohd basis upon which I
could ground any treatment for the cure of the disease
of insanity, which had long had a peculiar claim upon
my attention."
When I visited Europe, 1835-6, 1 visited most of the
asylums for the insane, and at that time nearly one-half
of the whole number were under the direction of
phrenologists. I had opportunities to see the great
differences in their management by comparison. Sue-
168 ReininisGences of Spurzheim,
cess and failure were the two words to be applied to
them, precisely to the extent they had adopted Phre-
nology as a guide. I well remember the large asylum in
Manchester, where I was introduced by a note from
Kichard Cobden, whose governor gave me, in a single
sentence, the extent of his knowledge and an idea of his
system of classification. Observing a great variety of
patients in the same ward, I asked him " on what prin-
ciple he classified his patients." " Classify them ? " he
asked, with an inquiring look. " Why, a crazy man is
a crazy man ! " By invitation of Mr. Cobden, who was
then an active member of the Manchester Phrenological
Society, I attended a special meeting of that Society, at
which I gave an account of my visits to the various in-
stitutions of the city. My account of the lunatic asylum
caused great merriment. Mr. Cobden. remarked, that
" it was a whole generation behind the age. The direc-
tors were highly respectable men, advanced in years,
but they allowed their prejudices to influence them
against Phrenology." The same was true of the asylum
in Liverpool, and for the same reasons, as I was assured
by Dr. Baird, the physician.
What was true in Europe, was essentially true in the
United States, as to the importance of Phrenology in
the treatment of the insane. Dr. Woodward, of the
asylum at Worcester, Mass., said ''it was impossible
successfully to treat the insane without the aid of Phre-
nology." -He gave me the particulars of a very inter-
esting case ; in which he relieved a patient by local ap-
plications. Dr. Brigham, of Plartford, was of the same
opinion. Dr. Bell, and others of high distinction, ad-
mitted the importance of the science, just to the extent
HeTnmiscences of Sjmrzheim. 169
of their knowledge of it. It may be said of some meu,
who are distinguished for ability and learning, that if
they are not influenced by their own prejudices, they
permit themselves to be influenced, or neutraHzed, by
the prejudices of others. Personal independence is
an indispensable element in the t^haracter of all who
have an honest desire to aid in advancino; science.
That the present age is sadly ignorant of the nature
and causes of insanity there can be no doubt. We see
ignorance everywhere among the common people, in
our schools, at the hearings of legislative committees,
in the halls of legislation, and in our courts of justice.
Even the testimony of medical men is often given with
a timidity that indicates doubt, and in qualified lan-
guage that indicates the want of knowledge. Experi-
ence is frequently quoted by them with so many un-
certainties of opinion, that no positive information
whatever can be gathered and shaped from their testi-
mony. Ignorant attorneys are employed to serve par-
ties on occasion, and what they often attempt to prove
or disprove, by their numerous questions, only serves
to demonstrate their ignorance of the subject, and to
confuse others who are in the pursuit of the truth.
Such ignorance leads to painful mistakes, and some-
times to horrors too terrible to be described. Insane
people are arrested as criminals by rough and insolent
detectives, and forced into the dark cells of the prison,
and suspicion manufactured to sustain abhorrent theories
at the expense of all the sacred relations of kindred
and of the affections of the heart. Religious frenzy is
counted a crime of the deepest atrocity, and monorrtcmia
conclusive evidence of guilt. Lawyers and judges of
8
lYO Meminisoences of S^trzheim.
courts of justice have so little knowledge of the hu-
man mind, and of its aberrations, that thej are per-
mitted to employ their skill and learning, not so much
to demonstrate the truth as to hide it.
Professed Christians allow themselves to indulge in
revengeful language, in respect to such cases as we have
in Jesse Pomeroy, the moral idiot and monster youth,
and in Freeman and his wife, who took the life of a
beloved child by the supposed command of the Al-
mighty. The case of Pomeroy is one of the saddest
on record, but he should be humanely cared for in an
asylum, but never liberated. Intellectual idiocy is
recognized and provided for by law. Moral idiocy is to
be found, and it should be understood. Fox, of Leba-
non, IT. H., who killed his sister and her husband be-
cause they married against his consent, was an idiot.
He inherited property, and when of age he had a guard-
ian appointed by the Judge of Probate. He imagined
that their marriage was a conspiracy against his proper-
ty, and threatened their lives before they were united.
Comparatively, his organ of Constructiveness was large^
and it was said that he could make the best ox-yoke of
any man in Lebanon. He was placed in an asylum.
ISTo explanation influenced him to regret the act. He
was sorry that he was not able to find the sexton who
published them, and the clergyman who married them,
to take their lives. Even now Freeman is confined as
a criminal in prison, and by a government so ignorant
that it is incapable of discriminating between crime and
insanity ;* such ignorance is culpable in this age of pro-
* Since the above was written, Freeman has been ad-
judged insane, and sent to the State Asylum at Danvers.
Reminiscences of Sj^urzheinfi. ITl
gress, and it can only be explained by tbe absence of a
true system of philosophy. The saddest error that can
be committed in an enlightened community is to con-
found crime with insanity. The enormities of crime
are often so shocking to humanity, that it is difficult to
look upon them with a charitable judgment, or with a
Christian forbearance. The atrocities of murder are so
frequently paraded in the daily journals, and with de-
tails so revolting to cultivated Christianity, we can well
understand how ignorant people are led to indulge in
terms of unmeasured destructiveness in their demands
for instant and terrible retribution. But little time is
given to reflection, and this without a proper knowledge
of the human mind, in its weakness or in its conditions
of disease, and people are liable to be counseled by
their propensities, and not by their sentiments of jus-
tice directed by a discriminating judgment. Humanity
fails only when it is weak, and when temptations are
strong. Good and evil forever go hand in hand to-
gether. The stronger is the master in the conflicts of
life. The faculties of the human mind, so far as possible,
should be weighed and measured, as taught by Phre-
nology, so that the harmony of right and the key to
happiness may be secured in the conduct of life.
Phrenology helps to establish by knowledge a safe
and consistent Faith '^ it gives an intelligent and practi-
cal meaning to Hope ^ and with these aids it increases
the moral and religious responsibilities of the mind, by
opening to its view the sources and blessings of truth
and duty, and by pointing out the dangers and penalties
of wrong and error, thus leading to the sublime privi-
leges of Charity, Let ignorance be feared rather
172 ReminiscenGes of Spv/rzheim,
tlian knowledge. Remember, that wlien the judgment
is weak, prejudice is strong. Remember, too, that
pride is apt to be a false counselor against the courage
of conscience, as it is well known to be " the vice of
fools." He that is without sin " let him cast the first
stone." It is a sad doom to be a criminal within the
meaning of the law, but to confound the wreck of
mind with guilt and crime is like a stain that wounds
humanity. Phrenology is an aid to Christianity, and if
it be feared that it leads to too much charity, let all re-
member the example of Jesus Christ upon the Cross,
who, instead of dooming His enemies to a cruel destruc-
tion, prayed, " Father, forgive them : for they know
not what they do."
Thus, very imperfectly, I haye given the reminis-
cences of Spurzheim and Combe during the period from
1832 to 1840, and have endeavored to convey to the
reader some idea of Phrenology in its origin, in its slow
progress, and of its importance to humanity. Of the
progress of the science since 1840, I leave to other
pens. Since that period mine has been largely turned
to subjects of history.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS OF INDEBTEDNESS.
Before closing, however, I desire publicly to express
my indebtedness to the science as affording me the true
philosophy of mind, without which, in my humble
opinion, no subject can be well understood.
And furthermore, I take. this occasion to express my
Reminiscences of SjpuTzheim. 173
acknowledgments as a citizen to Messrs O. S. and L. ]^.
Fowler, to the late Samuel R. Wells, and " thongli last,
not least," to Mrs. C. F. Wells, for their long, persistent,
and successful efforts in keeping Phrenology before the
public mind. They have done this by lectures, by
numerous publications, and by establishing an Institute
for the instruction of students, male and female, in the
great truths of the science ; thus extending their bless-
ings throughout the country. They are entitled to the
thanks of all good people. It is certainly a subject of
congratulation, that we have before us an example
where enterprise and truth for more than a generation
have so successfully worked together. And in this
connection, I am reminded of a remark of Spurzheim,
that women make better phrenologists than men, and
I trust I shall be pardoned for adding, that this truth
is well illustrated by the character and intelligence of
the lady who so efficiently and modestly directs the ap-
pointments and proceedings of " The American Insti-
tute OF Phkenology."
APPENDIX A.
IMPORTANCE OP PHRENOLOGY,
EXTRACTS FROM DR. BARBER'S ADDRESS BEFORE THE BOS-
TON PHREIs^OIiOGICAL SOCIETY, DEC. 31, 1833.
.... Thus the phrenologists claim for their metaphysics
one especial point of superiority, that they have separated
by a broader and brighter line than preceding inquirers,
the distinctive characteristics of man as compared with the
inferior animals; and, seriously, if we admit the correctness
of their analysis of the human powers, I see not how this
claim can be disputed, or how we can deny that they have
thus presented morals in a more simple and impressive
point of view than they had attained before.
From the data obtained by the combined study of the
brain with the moral and intellectual phenomena, phre-
nologists proceed to deduce the physical, moral, and intel-
lectual laws. It is not to be denied that some of the specu-
lations of the phrenological writers, on this branch of their
subject, are of a very imposing character. They set forth
in a novel and striking manner what they deem the causes
of the evils which afflict society — showing these to be
certain specific combinations of the faculties in too great
activity, or too little checked by the restraining authority
of intellect and of the powers exclusively human. The use
they make of their nomenclature simplifies their inductive
processes, and gives a clearer and more impressive charac-
ter to these moral disquisitions. In practical affairs, names
(176)
176 Appendix A.
are often made to stand for things, and here lies the foun-
dation of many fallacies; but this shows the power of a
nomenclature, which, if based on truth, is always of great
assistance in science.
I am not aware that any but the phrenological writers
have perceived, and clearly stated, the fallaciousness of the
general expectation that the cultivation of the intellectual
powers, and the progress of mere knowledge, will remove
the moral evils of society. They contend that the notions
which exist on this subject are chimerical and extravagant;
and that the cultivation of the yhoyqI feeling s\^ essential to
the production of the anticipated improvement. In this
respect the deductions of Phrenology are in harmony with
Christianity.
Phrenologists contend, of course, that the brain's struct-
ure has an influence upon human actions; and that the
admission of this truth is an important factor hitherto left
out in the computation of the probabilities of improvement
in the human race, and of the degree to which it may be
ultimately carried. They consider the brain as subject,
generally, to the following organic laws : First, that parts
assigned to special faculties will increase in size, and be
active, in proportion to their exercise. Secondly, that if
not exercised, they will probably diminish in size as well as
activity. Thirdly, that, thus, classes of organs greatly ex-
ercised will acquire, in proportion to their original capacity,
an ascendency in the general system, and that, consequent-
ly, the class of faculties and propensities dependent on
them will be active accordingly. Farther, they think it
very probable that, as to intellectual powers, moral dis-
positions, and animal propensities, children start from a
higher or lower point of organization, according to the ac-
tivity or restraint imposed upon the respective faculties by
the parents. They think that on the operation of this law
depends, in part, the improvement and deterioration of
races, the rise and fall of empires
Phrenology, too, say its friends, shall teach you how to
Importcmoe of Phrenology, 177
rule as well as reform. Her wise oracles shall prescribe the
principles of legislation. She shall teach how to punish in
order to amend. She shall enter your prison-houses, and
lay her hand upon the heads of your criminals. She shall
tell you whom you must consign to bondage— whom you
may hope to restore to society— how to reclaim the wan-
derer, to raise the fallen, and to give free course to that
gracious religion by which the captive of sin is translated
into the liberty of the sons of God.
Phrenologists point to the works of Spurzheim and
Combe for great moral lessons on Toleration, and on Po-
litical Economy. These philosophers, they say, have shown
how it happens that if unjust regulations sometimes lead
to riches, these, in their turn, prove the bane of nations ;
that schemes of national policy and international commu-
nication and exchange must be regulated by Juster prin-
ciples to secure the continued peace and prosperity of com-
munities. These authors tell us that they predicate, from
observation of the cranium, what powers are in general
most energetic, what are the modifications which exist in
particular communities, and how the predominance of cer-
tain classes of feelings become especially dangerous to the
well-being of society, and are the sure precursors of the
revolutions and fall of empires
Attempts have been made to put down Phrenology by
excluding investigation on other grounds than those al-
ready stated. Its enemies have said that it is an irreligious
science — that it leads to materialism. The objection I have
to this argument is, that it is entirely senseless. My alle-
gation against it is, not that it is false, but unintelligible.
The question, whether the hrain thinks, is mere logomachy;
the words, however correct in grammatical construction,
have not any correspondent ideas, and can not have. We
are limited in the attainment of knowledge to the exercise
of the senses, of the knowing and of the reflective faculties.
Now, by what conceivable exaltation of the powers of sen-
sible discernment can we be supposed to perceive thought —
8*
178 Appendix A.
particles in the act of thinMng — or by what knowing or re-
flective faculty can we form a notion of such a process in
the brain ? Consequently, whether the brain thinks, is a
question just as intelligible as that attributed to the old
schoolmen, "whether a chimera, bounding in a vacuum,
could eat up the second intentions."
Is such nonsense as this to stand in the way of scientific
investigation, or to weaken the hopes and expectations
which lay hold on eternal life ? . . . .
In joining this society, I take it for granted that all the
means necessary to determine on the truth or illusiveness
of Phrenology will be provided, and that every facility will
be afforded for acquiring a thorough knowledge of it. I
need not dwell on the importance of anatomy in every
physiological investigation. The society should provide
for a thorough system of instruction in the anatomy of the
brain, spinal marrow, and nerves of the senses. There will
be gentlemen among our members, able, and, I am confi-
dent, willing to undertake the demonstrations. The anat-
omy of the cranium within and without, together with
the external coverings, should be understood. In demon-
strating the cranium, the places of the respective organs,
assigned by phrenologists, and their boundaries, should be
pointed out. These should also be shown on the brain it-
self, and their position should be always indicated in con-
nection with the sutures, eminences, and depressions of the
different bones, which have received anatomical designa-
tions. In this way our members will become familiar with
the exact seat of the organs, and be able to determine their
relative size, when they approach them in the living head.
Dr. Spurzheim dwelt much on the importance of con-
sidering the general shape of the head, apart from isolated
prominences or depressions. With reference to this ob-
ject, the society should spare no pains in obtaining a well-
selected assortment- of national skulls. The history of na-
tions may thus be studied in direct connection with organ-
ization, and iu this way, as it seems to me, the truth of
Invportance of Phrenology. 179
Phrenology in its general outlines be at once verified or
disproved. The society should lose no opportunity of lay-
ing military and naval officers, captains of merchant ships,
and travelers, under contribution in this respect, or of ob-
taining supernumerary specimens, with wiiich sister socie-
ties may be disposed to favor us. Casts already in existence,
and which, in the opinion of experienced phrenologists,
may be necessary fally to verify the data of the science,
should be procured and deposited in the museum
Phrenology, if it be not an illusion, must form the basis
of political economy. The data of that science can never
be relied upon, unless they be in harmony with the ele-
ments of the human character, and be founded upon the
dictates of the higher sentiments.
The same is triie-of the law of nations, as well as of that
which regulates the intercourse of the different portions of
the same community. Each must depend upon the dis-
covery of the true principles which propel man to associ-
ate and deal with his fellows, which strike the balance justly
between his selfish interests and his social duties, which
exalt to their just pre-eminence the nobler sentiments of
his nature, and suggest efficacious means of establishing,
maintaining, and perpetuating their ascendency. Prison
discipline, the causes and remedies of pauperism, and the
management of the insane, are all connected with the
science of the mind, and if Phrenology be in possession of
the secrets of this science, it is intimately connected with
every one of these subjects, and must suggest important
practical views respecting them.
But I forbear to enlarge on the results of the truth of
Phrenology. They touch every subject of anthropology,
and I shall make an end of this last head of my subject by
observing, that if Phrenology be an illusion, the effect of
our testimony will not be lost in proclaiming it such; and
in that alternative our duty is not less obvious and imper-
ative than in the other
APPENDIX B.
CLAIMS OF PHRENOLOGY TO BE REGARDED AS
THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN NATURE.
EXTRACT FROM MR. GREEN'S ADDRESS BEFORE THE BOSTON
PHRENOLOGlCAIi SOCIETY, DECEMBER 30, 1836.
. ..." It is not in the mere knowledge, nor even in the
discovery of facts, that philosophy consists. One who pro-
ceeds thus far is an experimentalist ; but he alone, who, by
examining the nature and observing the relation of facts,
arrives at general truths, is a philosopher. It is, therefore,
no wonder that, amongst many experimentalists, there
should be few philosophers."*
An appeal to fact is the test of truth. By this Phrenol-
ogy will be content to stand or fall. We inquire how man
has been constituted by his Creator ? This is the question;
not how we think beforehand he ought to have been consti-
tuted; nor how we should have been pleased to have had
M7n constituted; but simply, what is the fact ? Now, Phre-
nology claims to have made the discovery. Phrenology
answers the question. Do you deny it ? Then you are
bound to disprove the facts. Produce the cases that are
in opposition. If there be no foundation for the doctrine,
you can bring as many facts against it as are brought in
its support. But the opponent will not abide this test.
He shrinks from the appeal to nature. He reasons ab-
stractly about the subject; he misconceives and misrepre-
sents its nature; he denounces its tendency; he attempts
* Enfield, Pref. to Institutes of Nat. Phil.
(180)
Claims of Phrenology. 181
to excite prejudice; he calls hard names; but he carefully
keeps clear of the only touchstone. In vain will you look
to the anti-phrenologist to bring examples to disprove the
science. So tenaciously does he cling to the old modes of
conceiving of human nature, so great seems to him the diffi-
culty, a priori^ of admitting the system, such is the fear
he entertains of its consequences, that he can not come,
like a little child, to be taught of nature. He has not
learned the philosophy of Bacon.
It was a saying of Dr. Spurzheim, that ' ' all which can be
found out by human reasoning has been found out." That
is, reasoning is not the mode of discovering truth. It is
available for purposes of proof, but it supposes the truth
to be already known.
Such, then, though imperfectly represented, is the ground
on which the claims of Phrenology rest to be ranked as a
science. The name it has assumed denotes the science of
the mind {^(^r]v-\oyc) ; not that it pretends to treat of the
mind in itself considered ; for of the nature of the mind we
can know nothing. We have no faculties by which we can
take cognizance of this. We know not, indeed, the nature
of any thing. We do not know the nature of matter. We
can perceive only its properties, its form, its magnitude,
its color, and a few other external characteristics ; but wjiab
that substance is to which these properties belong, what is
its real nature, is concealed entirely from our observation.
So it is in regard to the true nature of mind. We can not
tell what constitutes the mind. We are conscious of its
operations in ourselves, of its thoughts and feelings; but
of its nature we know nothing. As form, size, and color
do not constitute matter, so neither do thought and feeling
constitute the mind. They can not exist of themselves.
They imply something else, of which they are the qualities
or properties in the one case, and the operations or affec-
tions in the other.
Phrenology professes to be the science of the mental
phenomena, or of the mental manifestations. It claims
182 Apjpendix B.
to have discovered the laws in accordance to which the
mind acts; or, in other words, the material conditions ac-
cording to which the mind is exercised and manifested.
It claims to be received as the only true basis of intellectual
and moral philosophy. It urges that mind, in itself con-
sidered, apart from matter, can not be an object of our
study. It would be as wise to attempt the study of grav-
ity, electricity, or magnetism, in themselves considered,
and without reference to matter. Mind is connected with
a material organization, and manifests itself, in this state
of existence, only through a material instrumentality. How
it may be in other modes of existence, whether the mind
can act or not, independent of a material instrument, is
altogether hypothetical. As philosophers, we are con-
cerned only with present phenomena. We have nothing
to do with theory and hypothesis.
What we affirm is this: the human mind, in its present
state of existence, manifests itself only through a material
organization. Phrenology claims to have established with
certainty the fact — a fact which no physiologist of any name
will now undertake to question, so full and conclusive is
the proof — that the human brain is that organization.
These aTe the words of Blumenbach, second to no man
living as a physiologist : "That the mind is closely con-
nected with the brain, as the material condition of mental
phenomena, is demonstrated by our consciousness and by
the mental disturbances which ensue upon affections of
the brain."*
Phrenology claims, moreover, to have demonstrated the
fact that the several faculties of man's nature, both of in-
tellect and feeling, have their respective cerebral organs,
whose functions are distinct, and whose energy may gen-
erally be ascertained. These are the fundamental posi-
tions. Of the nature of that connection which exists be-
tween the mind and the several organs by which its facul-
* Blum. Elem. Ed. Elliotson, 4th Lond., p. 195.
Claims of Phrenology. 1^3
ties are manifested, we pretend to know nothing. "We
assert only the simple fact, the existence of the connec-
tion. The mind we regard as a unit; and the proposition
we aflBLrm is this: that the mind, in the present life, is de-
pendent on the cerebral organization for its power of mani-
festation; or, to express it more precisely, is dependent on
the several organs for its several miodes of manifestation.
Phrenology does not affirm that the mind results from or-
ganization; this might, indeed, with some show of reason,
expose it to the charge of materialism; but that it acts, or
manifests itself, through this instrumentality.
To render it obnoxious to such a charge, the order of
nature, as we conceive it, must be reversed, and mind must
be shown to result from organization ; whereas the simple
truth may be, that mind exists back of the organiza-
tion, and uses the organized system for its exercise and
manifestation. Thus organization is not the cause of mind,
but the m.edium through which the mind acts. It is not
the cause of any mental phenomena, but merely the me-
dium through which these phenomiena are displayed. The
distinction appears to be perfectly plain and simple, and
such as no clear and candid mind can confound.
It is true there have been those who have conceived of
the mind as though it were a quality, not a thing that
could have an independent existence, but a quality or
property resulting from organization, in some manner
analogous to that in which harmony results from a mu-
sical instrument. But Phrenology is not responsible for
this opinion. It has no connection whatever with it.
Even John Locke, whose " ideas " were as remote as possi-
ble from Phrenology, has argued at great length, in a let-
ter to the Bishop of Worcester, to prove that God may
"give to matter a faculty of thinking." We conceive that
the analogy referred to is extremely fallacious. It can not
stand the test of a rigid examination. Whence proceeds
harmony ? Is it produced by the instrument, or by the
musical performer, by means of the instrument ? Most
184 Appendix B.
certainly the latter. It is not the organ, but the per-
former upon it, who conceives and produces the music.
So we believe it is in regard to the phenomena of mind.
It is not the organization which produces the mental mani-
festations, but the mind, which is back of the organiza-
tion, and which manifests itself through this instrumen-
tality. The eye does not see. The ear does not hear. It
is the mind, which sees and hears through these organs.
That is, in all cases, the mind exists back of the organiza-
tion, and acts through it.
In the present state of existence, then, there can be no
mental manifestation but through the medium of matter.
Such has been the ordinance of the Creator; and our duty
is to learn and acquiesce in His appointment. Indeed, the
same may be affirmed of the Infinite Mind. He is manifested
to us only through matter; i. e., through the medium of His
works. This fact should teach us caution in the use of
language derogatory to that whi-ch He has ordained as the
medium through which His attributes are displayed. Mat-
ter— though not improbably inferior in its nature to mind
— is by no means to be spoken of in terms of contempt.
It is the creature of God ; and is doubtless useful and nec-
essary in the place which has been assigned it. To speak
in disparagement of any of God's works is to reproach
Him. To despise the creature is the same in criminality
as to despise the Creator.
Matter! — indeed we know not what it is. It may be at-
tenuated to a degree infinitely beyond our conception.
Light, which travels with the velocity of 195,000 miles in a
second of time — for it is proved by the eclipses of Jupiter's
satellites to cross the orbit of the earth, 190,000,000 of miles,
in sixteen minutes and a quarter — light is affirmed by many
philosophers to be matter. We know not how ethereal
matter is capable of being in many of its forms.
On material organization, then, we are dependent for our
power of mental manifestation ; deriving all the knowledge
we possess of other minds from the same intermediate
Claims of Phrenology. 185
communication, and recognizing the attributes of the
Creator only as displayed through the instrumentality of
the material universe. The material organization is in-
tended also, we believe, for the mind's exercise as well as
manifestation. As the organization is developed from in-
fancy to adult age, the mind's power of manifestation is
increased in the same proportion.
Do any serious persons entertain the fear that mind,
from its intimate connection with a material organization,
may be in danger of becoming extinct when that organiza-
tion shall be dissolved ? Phrenology affirms the connec-
tion to be constant, in this life, but makes no inference
from this that the connection is necessary. Nay — the
Phrenologist may cherish as strong a faith as any other
individual — I speak from the consciousness of my own — in
the spirituality of the thinking principle and its independ-
ence of matter, so far as its existence is concerned. He
may cherish, in perfect consistence, a strong faith that this
wonderful organization has been designed as the tempo-
rary residence of the spiritual principle, not merely for its
external manifestation, but also for its discipline and im-
provement. He may recognize the various means and aids
with which it is supplied to promote its intellectual and
moral progress. He may believe — doubtless he does be-
lieve (it appertains to faith and not to science) — that the
knowledge and virtue the mind acquires here, through a
material instrumentality, it will carry with it. It may be
as difficult for them to be separated from the mind that
possesses them, as for form or extension to be separated
from matter.
The Phrenologist may believe, with as undoubting confi-
dence as any, that the greater the progress the mind makes
here, the more advanced will be the position it will occupy
when it shall awake hereafter a disembodied spirit. The
mind of the infant, then, at death, must go with infant
capacities; but the mind of a Newton must carry with it
its vast intelligence.
186 A^ppendix B. — Claims of Phrenology.
The Phrenologist, therefore, may cherish as strong a faith
as any other individual — there is nothing in his science in-
consistent with it — that the mind of man is a spiritual prin-
ciple, in its own nature distinct from matter and superior to
it, and in this life connected with a material organization,
not only for its manifestation, but also for its discipline
and improvement. As he contemplates the living indi-
vidual, and beholds him full of activity and vigor, display-
ing intelligence, speaking, reasoning, and performing his
part on the busy theater of the world, he refers the va-
rious phenomena to the connection of mind with matter.
Presently the individual dies. There is the same body.
All the parts of the material organization are there. The
anatomist can not discover that anything is missing. Yet
no organ now perform.s its function. No speech, no mo-
tion, no animation is to be perceiv^ed there. The eye no
longer conveys any impression of light. The ear no longer
affords the sensation of sound. What now makes the dif-
ference between the dead and the living man ? Let the
Phrenologist give the answer to the question. He will re-
ply, "The spirit is gone. The mind, or soul, which gave
animation to this otherwise lifeless dust, hath broken its
connection with it and departed to another state." Yes;
the Phrenologist will cherish as strong a faith as any other
Christian, that the spirit, which is in man, being depend-
ent on a material organization for its exercise and mani-
festation only, in this life, not for its existence, is inde-
pendent of the body's dissolution. Though the body dies,
the soul survives, and will
" riourisla ia immortal youth,
Unhurt amidst the war of elements,
The wreck of matter, and the crush of worlds."
APPEISTDIX C.
EXTRACTS FROM A DISCOURSE ON THE SOCIAL RELATION'S OF
MAN, DELIVERED BEFORE THE BOSTON PHRENOLOGICAIi
SOCIETY, BY S. G. HOWE. 1837.
Phrenology teaches that our immaterial and immortal
spirits, though essentially independent of matter, are, in
this state of being, entirely subjected to, and dependent
upon, corporeal organization for the manner and extent of
their manifestations.
That God has given to the human race, collectively, the
capacity of perceiving, and the power of executing those
conditions on which the development and improvement of
the immortal spirit is dependent; that observance or neglect
of these conditions is visited upon the race to the third and
fourth generation.
That individual men have faculties, sentiments, and pro-
pensities, the quality and strength of which are dependent
on the original size, the physical structure, and the educa-
tion or exercise of certain corporeal organs.
That when the original formation of these organs is ac-
cording to the general laws of nature, the individual is a
free moral agent, and responsible for his actions according
to the degree of his intelligence; that when the original or-
ganization is unnatural, or when it becomes diseased, or
when the organs sleep, the individual is not a moral free
agent.
It teaches that the whole corporeal organization is an
unit; that no one part can be diseased without all the
(187)
188 Appendix C.
others being implicated, directly or indirectly, immediately
or rem.otely.
That man can abuse and destroy the powers of his mind,
by neglecting or abasing his corporeal organization, and
that God does and will punish him therefor.
Farther, it teaches that the manifestation of mind is de-
pendent, most immediately, upon the structure and con-
dition of certain parts of the brain; that the structure is
dependent, in a great degree, upon the obedience or neglect
of certain known laws by the human race in general; that
the condition is dependent, in a great measure, upon the
use or abuse, exercise or neglect of his organization, by
each individual.
Lastly, it teaches that the body may be the corrupt and
unhallowed abode, where selfishness holds uncertain sway
over tumultuous propensities and fierce passions ; or may
be swept and garnished, and become a fit temple for the
transient dwelling of a spirit emanating from the Deity
himself.
In considering man, and different animals, we perceive in
all a natural tendency to social union, a sort of mutual at-
traction of aggregation ; and, although it shows itself in
various degrees of energy, to a certain extent, it always ex-
ists : this is the foundation of society
I said, in my last lecture, that the organs of the three
great cavities of the body, the cranium., the thorax, and the
abdomen, should be in harmonious action and reaction, in
order to give firm and continuous health, and great capacity
for endurance of physical or intellectual labor. Now the
tendency of most of our social institutions and regulations
is to destroy the equilibrium between these functions, and
to excite the cerebral organs into undue and unhealthy ac-
tion. There is no country on earth whence the brain and
nervous system of man is kept in such a state of turmoil
and excitement as in ours; no one has ever reaped such an
early, abundant, and bitter harvest of pain and suffering as
ours has ; verily, we have sown the wind, and are already
beginning to reap the whirlwind.
The Social Relations of Man. 189
There is no country where the importance of the phren-
ological principle, of the necessity of harmonious action
between the great functions, is more exemplified than it is
in ours, by the consequences of their violation or neglect.
The great errors seem to me to be, a neglect of the physi-
cal nature of man ; the custom of treating boys too early as
men, and sending them too early into the world to act for
themselves, the existence of too much political excitement,
and too extravagant notions of personal and political liberty;
the fact that we are too zealous, devout, and untiring wor-
shipers of mammon; and, that we mingle passion under
the name of zeal, with our rehgious feeling.
The physical nature of man is sadly neglected and abused
in this country, and many of our institutions tend to in-
crease that neglect and abuse. It is too much in the
fashion to talk and think contemptuously of matter, as
though its nature and its law^s were not fixed by the same
God who created mind. And even when attention to physi-
cal health and strength is enjoined, its claims are urged by
considerations so low, so purely selfish, that the aspiring
contemn them.
I would not have gymnasia for muscular effort — I would
not have exercise for enjoyment, or appetite alone; but I
would that the cultivation of physical health, and the rear-
ing of strong and robust children should be favored by all
our social institutions; I would that stern conscientiousness
should be appealed to; that the abuse of Grod's gift should
be forbidden ; that the body should be considered as the
instrument by which the soul is not only to influence
others, but to operate upon itself, and prepare itself for its
future and eternal condition.
People in this country too often consider and treat their
bodies as avaricious men treat their horses; they try to get
the most possible work out of them in the shortest possible
time ; and, like overworked horses, indeed, they do look
And woman, too, delicate and lovely woman, how has
she changed ; and how little is left of that erect and noble
190 Appendix C.
carriage, that full, rounded figure, that dignity and beauty
which characterized those of the bygone century, and does
still characterize the daughters of fair Albion ; a beauty
which arose from a full and perfect development and
healthy action of every organ of the body. Some may say
that beauty is of small moment, that it is of little conse-
quence in an individual, and much less in a national point
of view is it to be regarded; but I maintain, and will main-
tain, the contrary ; and though I can not, like the chevalier
of old, uphold the claims of beauty by the point of a lance,
I will use, wield at least, a pen in its defence, and maintain
its cause with all the chivalry and zeal which the degener-
acy of the age, and of our unchivalric day and country, will
allow.
Most heartily do I agree with the sage who said, with a
sigh, "Well, philosophers may argue, and plain men may
fret; but beauty will find its way to the human heart."
And it should be so, for so hath the Creator kindly and
wisely ordained it ; He hath vouchsafed to man the faculty
of perceiving beauty ; He hath made the perception a source
of delight to him, and He hath filled the earth, the sea, and
the skies with bright and beautiful objects which he may
contemplate and admire. Else, why is the earth, and
everything upon it, so varied in form, so full of beauty of
outline ? Why are not the hills, the rocks, the trees, all
square ? Why runneth not the river canal-like to the ocean ?
Why is not the grass black? Why cometh the green bud,
the white blossom, the golden fruit, and the yellow leaf ?
"Why is not the firmament of a leaden changeless hue?
Why hang not the clouds like sponges in the sky? Why the
bright tints of morning, the splendor of noon, the gorgeous
hues of sunset? Why, in a word, does the great firmament,
like an ever-turning kaleidoscope, at every revolving hour
present to man a new and beautiful picture in the skies ?
I care not that I shall be answered that these, and all other
beauties, whether of sight and sound, are the results of ar-
rangements for other ends ; I care not, for it is enough for
The Social Relations of Man. 191
me, that a benevolent God hath so constituted us as to en-
able us to derive pleasure and benefit from them, and, by
so doing, he hath made it incumbent upon us to draw from
so abundant a source.
It will be said I am losing sight of my subject — the physi-
cal beauty of my countrywomen ; I am not wont to do so
long, and hasten back to it.
It is a very general opinion with us, that the standard of
female beauty is quite as high here as in most countries ;
but this is by no means the case ; our women fall far, very
far below the standard which is attainable by them ; for I
hold, that with greater advantage of descent, with more of
physical comfort and luxuries, with greater intellectual cul-
tivation, than any women on earth, in beauty and grace of
person they fall far below those of every civilized nation
whom I have ever seen. Exceptions there are, and bright
exceptions — I need not leave this desk to point out some
of them; but, alas! in how sad contrast do they stand with
thousands whose narrow chests, projecting collar-bones,
pallid faces, and decaying teeth, show the defective physical
organization. This is an interesting and a very important
subject; for, as I shall show, the perfection of womanly
beauty is dependent upon her original constitution, and
her physical health, and I beg you to allow me to enlarge
upon it.
I said that it was generally supposed here that our women
are not deficient in beauty, while in reality they are so, and
this I explain from the fact, that in the spring of life, and
for a number of years, there is a brilliancy of complexion
which makes our maidens seem beautiful, and, as it were,
dazzles the spectator into blindness to other faults. I con-
fess I know nothing like it ; and, as the gorgeous pomp of
our summer sunsets are unmatched by richest skies of Italy
or Greece — as the bright hues of our autumnal foliage are
unrivaled by the forest scenery of any country, and in-
imitable by the boldest pencil — so is the clear, glowing com-
plexion of our maidens — the blended Hly and rose of their
192 A^endix C.
faces, unequaled by the brightest and most beautiful of
earth's daughters. This it is that renders them so pretty
■without being beautiful ; and for this it is, that when the
bloom of cheek is gone, you have but a^ very plain woman
left. As at sunset you gaze with rapture upon a golden-
hued cloud, but while you gaze, the sun ceases to shine
upon it, and you have only a leaden-colored, sombre mass
before you ; so, oftentimes, does the lovely American girl
of sixteen sink into the plain American woman of twenty.
Now, there is no reason in nature why this should be so;
there is nothing in the constitution of woman that prevents
her being at thirty still fresh, healthy, and beautiful ; with
well-developed and erect figure, with clear and un wrinkled
brow, with a luxuriant profusion of hair, and with every
tooth in her head, and clear and sound as the pearl; but
there are many and very sufllcient reasons in the present
constitution, and habits of society, and in our social and
domestic arrangements. Depend upon it, the milliner, the
hairdresser, and the dentist, are but funguses growing out
of a rotten state of society, and that if women were what
they should be, one-half the doctors would emigrate, in de-
spair, to a less enlightened and favored land.
But the point in which American women fall most below
the standard of female beauty, is in the figure; and this is
attributed, in a great measure, to the very absurd and un-
natural attempt to set up a standard of beauty, in the out-
line of form, exactly the reverse of nature. To man has
nature given the deep chest, the broad shoulders, the form
tapering from above downwards; to woman, exactly the
reverse; but fashion, tyrant fashion, condemns all this ; the
waist must be drawn in at all hazards, the internal organs
may take care of themselves, and grow if they can; if they
cannot — no matter — the cord must be drawn; and when
the balloon sleeves filled our streets, and monopolized our
side-walks, the figure of a lady in outline looked as un-
natural as would a churn set up on its small end.
Should a female appear in the streets with her dress ar-
The Social Relations of Man, 193
ranged so as to show her figure to be in outline like that of
Eve, she would be pointed at as a fright ; and the Venus de
Medicis would be called a dowdy by our fashionables.
Such is not the case with the famed beauties of the East
— the women of Georgia and Circassia; with them the
growth of the figure is never constrained ; the dress is never
drawn tight, the foot is never cramped up in a shoe ; the
locks are never imprisoned in papers; the dentist, the
coiffeur, the mantua-maker, are never known there, and
yet they grow up erect as the pine, graceful as the gazelle,
beautiful as a flower. But that which most distinguishes
them is the graceful and swan-like carriage of the neck —
the erect and easy posture of the body, which is unstayed
and unsupported by art — £he perfect roundness of the
tapering limbs, and the general fullness and swell of the
flesh, which hides every projection of bone; there is no
elbow — no collar-bone; they seem as if made of elastic
ivory — as if they had no skeleton, of the existence of which
you are so frequently and disagreeably reminded here, by
the angular arms, the sharp elbows, and the projecting
collar-bones of our ladies.
There is, however, a more important and lamentable
effect of the want of attention to the organic laws, a care-
less defiance of the natural tendency to hereditary trans-
m.ission of infirmities. Very few consider that they owe
more to society than to their individual selves ; that if wo
are to love our neighbor as ourself, we must, of course, love
all our neighbors collectively more than the single unit,
which each calls I
But a word more for the actual state of things : We find
that it is not our country alone which is affected ; and it is
in vain to seek for the origin of the present distress in any
partial and particular measures of any government or any
institution ; the causes lie deeper — they are in the very nat-
ure of and spirit of the modern method of business. Gov-
ernments, and institutions, and particular edicts may, and
doubtless have done, much to hasten the crisis ; certainly
9
194 A'ppendix O.
some of them are very like an order that all waters shall
run up hill; but though they had been ever so preposter-
ous and absurd, not to say willful and wicked, they could
not have produced the convulsion that is now rocking our
firmest houses like an earthquake, if men had conducted
business in that spirit which looks only to the natural and
certain reward of prudent industry.
It will be answered that men must act according to the
spirit of the time and place; and that they have a right to
count upon the permanence of any national law or com-
mercial regulation. Aye! but when such laws and regula-
tions run counter to the course of nature, they must, and
will, be frustrated; and he who puts more faith in the laws
and regulations of man than in those of nature, must take
the consequences of his choice.
The fact is, the present generation has been agitated and
swayed by passion as much as the most remarkable ones in
history ; veneration and combativeness once stirred up
Europe to madness, and sent her raving, with the cross in
one hand, and the sword in the other, upon benighted
Asia; love of approbation and combativeness caused France
to raise the storm of war which shook the world — which
made the rivers of the south run red with blood, and
stained the snows of the north with gore ; and now, love of
approbation, riding on acquisitiveness, is making the
world equally mad in the chase for money. America leads
in the van — she mortgages her unexplored lands, and her
unborn generations, to raise funds for the present; Europe
follows hard after — she pawns her regalia, she sells her
titles, she grubs in the battle-fields, and converts the bones
of her heroes into money; Asia starts up to join the chase,
and casts away her turban and her robes, that she may
follow the faster; even dead Africa is roused to life, and
begins to pull down her pyramids to build up factories.*
* A population of five hundred millions would hardly suflSce to fill up
the land which has been laid out on paper, and counted as propertj', in
this country; pawnbrokers are the "keepers of the jewels;" money
The Social Relations of Man. 195
I have said that combined love of approbation and
acquisitiveness is tlie leading characteristic of the age; ib is
certainly and especially so of our own country. Many a
man devotes his hours, his days, and his years to the accu-
mulation of dross, which he would despise if he did not
consider it a means to an end, a stepping-stone to honor
and distinction. We may deny it, we may hide it from
ourselves, but we do bow down to and honor wealth; we do
give it the precedence of talent. I speak not of this city,
nor of a particular class, but of the country generally ; and
I say, that except where genius blazes like a comet, dazzling
the people and forcing admiration, wealth commands more
personal regard than intellectual and moral superiority;
the wise man, or the good man, is stared at; the rich one is
bowed down to ; the one excites wonder, the other envy
Dyspepsia, that canker-worm which gnaws at and slowly
undermines the soundest constitution, prevails in this
country to an extent unknown elsewhere in the world ; of
this there is no manner of question ; nor is there a doubt,
that it prevails much more in the present than in past
generations. The causes are obvious; there must be a com-
munication between the stomach and brain, by means of
the nerves, in order that the digestive process may go on
well; interrupt this communication, and you stop digestion :
restore it, and it goes on again. Now, if the brain is ex-
hausted, if its influence is carried to another part, and not
to the stomach; or, if it be so impaired that it can not
afford nervous stimulus to the stomach, digestion is im-
paired, precisely as the muscles of the body can not con-
tract without the necessary cerebral stimulus is sent to
them, and as the strength of the contraction is mainly de-
pendent upon this stimulus. Now, give to two dogs a full
meal, let one lie down and rest, so that the whole cerebral
obtains patents of nobility anj'wliere ; the bones at Waterloo, Leipsic,
etc., have been articles of commerce ; the Sultan has ordered the turban
and trowsers to be abandoned ; the Viceroj'^ of Egypt issued an edict for
pulling down ancient tnonuments to build factories, arsenals, etc.
196 Appendix C.
influence may be exercised over the stomach ; and set the
other to hunting, let the cerebral influence be expended
upon the muscles, and withdrawn from the stomach, and
in four hours examine the two; the stomach of the first will
be found almost empty, and the food converted into chyle;
the other will contain what the dog had eaten, and but half
digested. But I will spend no words on what is now ad-
mitted as an axiom by all physiologists, phrenological and
anti-phrenological; there is no doubt but the great major-
ity of cases of dyspepsia in this country arise from an abuse
and over-excitement of the cerebral organ ; and those few
which form the exception to this, arise from some violation
of the organic laws ; from eating too much, or too fast, or
too hot, all of which may be claimed as American, and
errors of our social system. And, we may add, that we take
not sleep enough for digestion ; Csesar would have found
few here to answer his purpose, when he said, "Let me
have fat, sleek-headed men about me, such as sleep
o' nights." But he would have said of us as he did of Cas-
sius, " Yon Yankee has a lean and hungry look; he thinks
too much; such men are dangerous."
The extent of insanity in this country has already be-
come alarming; but all nervous diseases are on the increase,
and, with insanity, will doubtless continue to be so. The
entire number of insane is computed to be already fifty
thousand ! In some of the New England States the pro-
portion is as one to every two hundred and fifty inhabit-
ants, while in Old England, where insanity is more preva-
lent than in any country of Europe, the proportion is only
as one to eight hundred and twenty ! This is a serious, an
awful consideration; it Is one of the penalties which out-
raged nature inflicts upon society ; and upon our social in-
stitutions must fall the moral guilt and the moral respon-
sibility for such an amount of suffering, for such an abuse
and destruction of the highest prerogative of man, the
noblest trust reposed in us by God — the human reason ! . . . .
Our country is far advanced in civilization ; but, how far
The Social Relations of Man, 197
is man, here and everywhere, from the bright goal to which
he may one day attain! and how much may he advance
toward it, by due attention to his physical, moral, and in-
tellectual nature, and the laws of animal organization by
which these are modified and influenced. These have
hitherto been unknown and neglected, or imperfectly per-
ceived, and vaguely followed. Phrenology points them out
clearly ; it presents a plain chart of the mind — a simple and
beautiful system of moral philosophy; and though not a
single organ could be pointed out on the head, it would
still be invaluable. Let us follow then its precepts; let the
body, the instrument of the soul, be a fit one for it to oper-
ate with ; let our social institutions be such as to improve,
as far as maybe, its original structure; let every individual
preserve it in healthy tone ; for as well may he hope for the
sweetest sounds from an inferior or discordant instrument
as the finer manifestations of spirit, from an inferior or de-
ranged organization; the harp must be well formed; its
strings must all be in the nicest tune, or the fingers that
play upon it, the wind that sighs through it, will produce
but discord ; the body is a harp of a thousand strings —
the breath of the spirit moves among them — may it be so
attuned that the spirit can give forth those sweet sounds
which proclaim its heavenly origin, and indicate its heav-
enly destiny I
APPENDIX D.
PROG^RESS OF THE NATURAL SCIENCES — THE
CHARACTER OF SPURZHEIM AND .THE IM-
PORTANCE OF PHRENOLOGY.
EXTRACTS FROM DR. BAHTLBTT'S ADDRESS DELIVERED AT
THE ANiaVERSARY CELEBRATION OF THE BIRTH OF SPURZ-
HEIM AiSTD THE ORaAiaZATION OF THE BOSTON PHRENO-
LOaiCAIi SOCIETY, JANUARY 1, 1838.
.... LeavinGt this topic, then, I proceed to say that the
true science of the human mind ought to issue in human
good ; it ought to be productive of beneficent results.
Such has been the case with all the other sciences; such
ought also to be the case with this. Astronomy, mathe-
matics, geology, chemistry, and physiology have all proved
themselves not merely subjects of abstract intellectual in-
terest and curiosity, but matters of great practical useful-
ness. They have acted upon man's daily life. They have
aided in improving his spiritual nature, and they minister
to his commonest wants. They enlarge and elevate his
mind ; they clothe and nourish and protect his body.
They make the elements his servants to do his bidding.
They make his timekeepers, for seconds or for ages, the
stars on the dial-plate of the sky. They carry him over
the land ; they guide him across the sea ; his pillar of cloud
by day and of fire by night. Unfolding to him the mysteries
of the visible world, they bring him nearer to its author —
God. If Phrenology, I repeat, is what it pretends to be, it
(198)
Progress of the Natural Sciences. 199
must also, like its sister sciences, show itself directly in-
strumental in promoting the best interests of the human
race. And if it does so show itself, we have a right to see
herein another evidence of its truth, I shall, therefore,
after these preliminary observations, endeavor to apply
this test of the claims of Phrenology, derived from some
few of its leading tendencies and results, both practical and
philosophical — from the natural and inevitable issues of its
principles and laws.
The first general result of the phrenological doctrines of
which I shall speak is the separation which they make of
our true humanity ivom. those accidental and factitious cir-
cumstances with which it is interwoven and overlaid. By
revealing to us the essential nature of humanity in its com-
plex physical and spiritual constitution, it exposes also the
manifold illusions which this humanity has always and ev-
erywhere worn. In the clear light of Phrenology, man for
the first time stands before ns as man — whatever and how-
ever unlike and diverse may be the accidents of his envi-
ronment. If there is any one moral truth which can claim,
to be a central truth — the truth of truths — it is that of the
entire, essential, absolute oneness and equality of human
nature. All right rests upon this, its only immutable ba-
sis ; all order flows from this, its sole inexhaustible fount-
ain. I do not claim for Phrenology the merit of having
first asserted or promulgated this truth. Always, through-
out all time and in every country, have there been seers
who have read the sublime record written on their own
hearts ; always, too, have there been prophets and TEACH-
ERS who have uttered it. It is a doctrine also of inspira-
tion. It was proclaimed by Moses, and it runs through all
the teachings of Christ. I do not claim for Phrenology, I
say, the merit of having first asserted and promulgated
this truth ; but I do claim for it the next highest merit of
having given to that which was before only matter of ar-
gument or speculation or of dogmatic statement, merely,
the fixed and positive and everlasting attributes of science.
200 Ajpjpendix D.
What was precept became law — unchangeable and eternal,
and universally binding in its obligations.
In spite of all the teachings of sages and philosophers
and prophets — blind to the light of wisdom and deaf to
the oracles of Revelation — men, generally, have never be-
lieved this truth. They do not yet believe it ; at least they
do not feel it, and they never have felt it. The feeling — ■
and in this case the feeling is equivalent to the belief — is
almost universal that the drcumstances by which each
man and woman is accidentally surrounded have wrought
a change in that man's or woman's nature and rendered it
unlike that of an individual surrounded by wholly differ-
ent circumstances. I am sure that I do not state this too
strongly. Phrenology not only asserts what has always
been nominally asserted, that this is not the case, but it
shows the reasons why it is not. Phrenology not only
teaches the great opposite truth, but it makes plainly visi-
ble the foundation on which the truth rests ; it develops its
principles; it unfolds and establishes its laws and sanc-
tions. We see by its light not only that every man is the
equal brother of every other man, but we see also why he
is so, and how he is so, and wherein he is so
The truth which I claim to have been first authorita-
tively asserted and demonstrated by Phrenology as a law
of the mental constitution is this, that every separate
power and capacity of the human mind can be developed
and strengthened only by developing and exciting its own
peculiar individual activity; and that, therefore, the edu-
cation of each and every faculty is dependent wholly upon
those means and influences which increase or diminish or
control this activity and strength. That power of the
mind which takes cognizance of the relations of numbers
can be educated only through its own instrumentality; it
can acquire skill and facility in calculating these relations
only by calculating them; and, just in proportion to the
amount of its original vigor and of its educated activity,
will be its strength and capabilities. This is strictly true
Progress of the Natural Sciences, 201
of every intellectual power, and it is as true of the animal
instincts as it is of the knowing faculties. The love of chil-
dren is made strong and fervent by loving children. Hate
becomes a burning and ferocious passion only by hating.
And, furthermore, as strictly true as this is of the intellect
and the instincts, is it of all the higher sentiments. Hope
can be nourished only by its own ambrosial food — the
bright colors, the ever-blossoming flowers, the fairy en-
chantments of the future. Conscientiousness — that deep-
seated sentiment of right and wrong, that stern monitor
within us — can be crowned with the supremacy which it
was designed to possess only by our being just. Ideality —
that versatile power — constituting as it may be said to do
the wings of the spirit, can acquire strength and freedom
only by soaring aloft into a pure and celestial atmosphere,
and by visiting in the heavens and on the earth those
scenes of beauty and sublimity and order, those manifesta-
tions of the perfect, the excellent, and the fair which have
been created for its gratification. Benevolence can be
quickened into a divine and soothing sentiment only by
our being compassionate and humane.
The bearing of this principle must be perfectly manifest.
It is easy to see that all education hinges upon it, and you
would almost as soon tolerate me in consuming your time
with a formal argument in favor of education itself, as in
any more elaborate effort to show the importance of the
truth which I have stated.
There is another great elementary truth bearing directly
upon the subject of education, which, like the one already
spoken of, was first clearly demonstrated as a natural law
of man's spiritual being by Phrenology. I mean that of the
absolute rule and superiority which the Author of the
mind has conferred on the religious and disinterested sen-
timents over all the other powers. Phrenology has not
merely pointed out the only effective method of educating
these sentiments, but it has vindicated for them their in-
alienable suj)remacy. Far be it from me, I say again as I
9*
202 . Appendix D.
have said in another connection, to arrogate for Phrenol-
ogy the Tnorit of having discovered or of having first pro-
mulgated the truth of which I now speak. No one, I trust,
will suppose me guilty of such ignorance or of such pre-
sumption. Always has it been taught by the wise and the
good everywhere and throughout all time; eloquently in
their precepts and more eloquently still in their happy and
beneficent lives and in their deaths of serenity and tri-
umphant hope. It is the declaration of prophets and
apostles; it is the song of the seraphim; it is the great les-
son of Christ; it is the voice of God. Nevertheless, it is
true that to Phrenology belongs the high distinction of
having placed this doctrine on the firm basis of demon-
stration, of having fixed it immutably in the very organiza-
tion of humanity one of its central and everlasting laws.
This truth, like the' other of which I have spoken, is al-
most universally disregarded. In all systems of education
the intellectual powers are almost exclusively considered;
a very subordinate place is assigned to the higher senti-
ments, and herein consists one of the most melancholy and
disastrous errors of these systems. Almost the whole sur-
face of the civilized world is spread over with school-
houses for the nurture of the infant intellect, and univer-
sities are built and professorships are endowed to aid it in
its maturer training. I do not complain that this has been
done, but that the other has been left undone. One of the
highest ends, even of intellectual culture, is almost entirely
overlooked and neglected — that of promoting the develop-
ment and regulating the action of the moral and religious
feelings, and of ministering, directly or indirectly, to their
good
Free and liberal governments have thought it their
safety as well as their duty to provide for and encourage
general education. The axiom is, that popular intelligence
is the only sure support and safe guardian of popular gov-
ernment. All political institutions, resting to any consid-
erable extent on the popular or democratic principle, rec-
Progress of the Natural Sciences, 203
ognize this relation. They profess to rely upon it for their
stability and efficiency for good. What I wish to say is
this : If the education on which popular government is to
rest be the education of the intellect merely, then it leans
on a broken reed. How is it here at home in this Federal
RepubUc ? Will intellectual culture alone, perfect and
universal as it can be made, secure to us the permanency
and the purity of our institutions ? Will it keep iaviolate
the spirit of rational liberty which pervades and conse-
crates the written charter of our rights ? Will it hold un-
broken the links of that chain which binds these States to-
gether ? Will it prove a sufficient security for national
peace, prosperity, and happiness ? Can we confide to it
the keeping of our hearth-stones and our altars ? Will it
guard us in the business of the day ? Will it be round
about us — a tutelary presence — in the watches of the
night ? No ! never, never, never ! Unless the sense of
right and wrong between man and man be ripened to a
hardier growth amongst us than it has ever yet attained —
unless the true and great relation which every man sus-
tains to all other men be better understood and felt more
warmly than it ever yet has been — unless reverence and
love for whatever is exalted above us in genuine excellence
and glory be more cherished than it now is — unless, in
short, the moral, social, and religious sentiments are made
to receive that regular, systematic, and general culture
which is now bestowed almost entirely upon the intellect
— then, as surely as there is certainty in science or truth in
revelation, shall we come short of our true greatness ; nay,
more — then is there for our institutions no safety in the
present and no security in the future.
What are these institutions ? Have they in themselves
any principle of preservation or of perpetuity ? What is
this written charter which we are taught so much to prize
and venerate ? Is it anything but ink and parchment ?
Nothing. You may raise the naked intellect of this whole
nation to its highest attainable point, and you only pre-
204 Appendix D.
pare and accumulate the elements in whose fiery collision
this charter shall be consumed like tow. You may sur-
round it with a whole cohort of gallant champions, whose^
hearts shall be as large and whose arms shall be as strong
as those of your own great defender of its integrity and
its worth — all in vain.
The elements of individual good and of universal good
are identical. What is best for me is best also for all other
men. If in me evil, confusion, misery, and disaster are the-
fruits of a predominance either of the intellect merely or
of the selfish and animal propensities or of both over the
higher powers, the same is true of a community, of a peo-
ple, of the race. All history is a running commentary on
this truth. I have no time to dwell at length on this great
topic, but I can not forbear a short and passing allusion to
the age of Louis XV. of France, and to the following rev-
olution. Then, on the largest scale since the days of the Ro-
man emperors and their successors (the Alarics and Attilas)
was the experiment tried whether a nation could reach
and keep any considerable height and degree of social and
civil good by the unaided intellect. That age m France
was emphatically the age of intellect — the g and culmi-
nating epoch of cyclopedias and philosophers. But, in that
aggregate of mind then in the ascendant, there was no rev-
erence, there was little ideality, there was no conscien-
tiousness, there was no benevolence, there was no recog-
nition of the disinterested and self-sacrificing in humanity.
The order, which God has ordained as an indispensable
condition of individual and so of general greatness and
good, was reversed; the understanding, which was then
called reason, was placed above the true kingly powers of
the mind, and the issue was what it was, what it always
has been, and ever will be under like circumstances.
Here, too, let it be remembered, that the antagonistic pow-
ers in the mind, of the animal appetites, and the selfish
passions are the higher and essentially disinterested feel-
ings, and not the understanding. And so in Paris, under
Progress of the Natural Sciences. 205
Louis XV. and Louis XVI. , and in Rome, under Augustus,
with the highest cultivation of the mere intellect, there
was linked the foulest corruption. In the broad blaze of
that cold enlightenment stood — unblushing and unre-
proved — nay, worshiped, rather — crowned with garlands
as true gods, every possible form and manifestation of sen-
sualism, selfishness, and crime. And what was the end ?
Let the dying wail of the seven-hilled city — mingled with
the crash of falling temples, the gusty roar of conflagra-
tion, and the fierce clamor of vandal armies — answer. Let
that gay capital of intellectual and philosophic France,
when her gambling-rooms and her houses of infamous
pleasure became the murky gathering-places of conspiracy
and murder, when her halls of science and legislation were
converted into camps and citadels of civil war, when feroc-
ity itself went reeling through her streets satiate and drunk
with carnage, when the guillotine was running day and
night with the blood of the high-born, the learned, and
the beautiful — as the fountain in her Palais Royal now
flows with water — let her also answer
Phrenology, by demonstrating the primary faculties of
the mind and their relations, first rendered intelligible the
infinite variety of thought and action in individuals. Ex-
tending the same principles from the individual to the race
— ^from the one person thinking and acting to-day, to the
many hundreds or millions of like persons thinking and
acting at any time and at all times in the past — it solves
the riddle of history ; it interprets the great events of time.
Beautifully unfolding itself in the process of this interpre-
tation shall we find, everywhere, Law. Chance disappears,
and we see that throughout all that multitudinous thought
and action of humanity constituting its history — in all its
fightings, from the first fratricide down to the battle of
Waterloo ; in all its art, in all its literature, in its religion,
in its laws, in its politics, in its love and in its hate, in its
wisdom and in its perversity, in its migrations, in its con-
quests, in its discoveries, in the mutations of empires as
206 Appendix D.
truly as in the phases of individual life — is there nothing
fortuitous, nothing accidental, nothing anomalous. We
have only to apply to all this the true principles of human
nature, as they are now expounded by Phrenology, and its
obscurity is dissipated, its apparent contradictions are rec-
onciled, the seemingly inextricable confusion in which its
elements are mingled is cleared up. As the sea — aUke in
its vast aggregate and its every atom, alike in its rest and
in its wrath — is still subject to the lav/s of gravity and mo-
tion, so is the great tide (as it has been called) of human
affairs — in its ebb and in its flow, in its agitation and in
its repose — obedient ever to the few and simple laws which
God has impressed upon it.
One result of this method of investigating the past will
be a conviction, clearer and stronger than we can in any
other way attain, that all Form is created and moulded by
Spirit; that all the multiform institutions of men, that all
the complex machinery of life and society, that all the ag-
gregate act of humanity existed first in the mind ; that all
these are but the emanations, in distinct and visible shape,
of the pre-existing and pre-acting human soul. Without
denying the reaction of these institutions and of this ex-
ternal machinery as instruments of that general mind of
which they are the product upon the interests and condi-
tion of our race, we shall be satisfied, 1 think, that their
influence has been exaggerated. We shall thus be led, not
only to a more correct philosophy, but to the adoption ot
more rational and efllcient means of acting on the condi-
tion of our race — of promoting its well-being. Strangely
and widely do we mistake in the estimate which we form
of the greatest personages and the most important influ-
ences, judged merely in their relationship to civil and so-
cial institutions and to the form and administration oi
government. We are accustomed to regard the statesmen
and politicians of a country — its kings, its presidents, its
secretaries and diplomatists, and senators and representa-
tives— as the great guardians and conservators of its Hb-
Progress of the Natural Sciences. 207
erty and its interests. This is too much the case with our-
selves. But neither in these nor yet in that other mis-
named rock of safety, the democracy of numbers — the mere
preponderance, ever changing, of numerical strength — does
any abiding security lie. True hearts are there undoubt-
edly, many of them among the first, warm with a patriot's
love; and eloquent lips, touched with fire from the true al-
tar, to vindicate for our wide commonwealth its best good
and to warn it against threatened ills. But from the high
arena of the capitol at Washington, and from the ten thou-
sand other rostrums scattered through the land, are there
ever issuing discordant as well as angry voices, Lo here!
says one, and lo there ! says another. That democracy of
numbers, too, can pull down as easily — more easily per-
haps than it can build up — and it undoes to-day its most
solemn acts of yesterday. Not in the speculative doctrines
of consolidation or of nullification, of sub-treasury systems
or of banks, nor yet in the pendulum-swinging of counted
majorities — whether federal or democratic, whether whig
or tory — is the genuine good, the enduring and high glory
of this nation bound up. Not Jefferson nor Hamilton, not
Webster nor Hayne — useful, indispensable as their func-
tions may have been and may still be, worthy as their
names may be of that high honor and renown which they
wear — not they are the anointed high-priests of our social
temple ; not on their shoulders does the ark of our safety
rest.
"Who, then," it may be asked, "are the great among us
if not these ? " They are those who are most successful in
giving to human nature that development, relative and ab-
solute, which its Author has so evidently made the indis-
pensable condition of its well-being. They are those who
are doing most for the direction of the intellect to its best
uses, and especially for that subordination of the animal
appetites and selfish desires to the moral and religious
powers which Revelation and Phrenology agree in declar-
ing to be the best and highest good of man. They are the
teachers in our schools and academies and colleges, al-
208 Appendix D.
though the relative importance of these has been over-
rated. They are the ministers at the ahar of reUgion — so
far, and so far only, as these fill the soul with reverence and
humility and good-will and duty — warming the heart with
love and devotion, instead of crowding the head with
theology. They are mothers at the fireside and in the
nursery, guiding the feet of childhood in the right way,
moulding its plastic mind to a correspondence with the
good, the just, the beautiful, and the true. They are that
mighty host of the dead and the living by whom — in their
lives and in their writings, in their works and in their
"words — Truth and Wisdom are ever speaking to all who
are willing to listen. Even now a woman, by the subtle
magic of her pen, seated in her quiet parlor near the banks
of the Honsatonic, may be doing more, although of these
things she may not utter a word, for the preservation and
improvement of our political fabric, for the strengthening
of the bonds of our political union, and for the promotion
of our truest and highest national glory, than all the Sena-
tors and Representatives of the twenty-six States in Con-
gress assembled
The last topic that I had intended to speak upon is the
relationship which has been established, first, between the
powers of the mind and the forms and phenomena of mat-
ter, including the body; and secondly, between these pow-
ers and the various circumstances of life in the midst of
which we are placed. The adaptation of the powers of the
human mind, and also of the organization and functions of
the human body to the physical constitution of things, to
the residence of man on the earth, is no new subject either
of study or of admiration. It constitutes, as you well
know, one of the fairest and richest fields of natural theol-
ogy, and has long furnished manifold and significant evi-
dence of the being and agency of an almighty and benev-
olent God. All these varied and beautiful relationships
and adaptations have been rendered, by the clear and new
light which Phrenology has shed upon the faculties of the
mind, more manifest and more wonderful than they had
Progress of the Natural Seiences. 209
ever before appeared. I pass by this theme with reluc-
tance. Many voices are calling out to us to stop — many
hands beckon to us to pause and to ponder it. Color holds
to our eyes her prism and asks us to look — Tune touches
her harp-strings and invites us to listen. The connection
which the Creator has seen fit to establish, during the pres-
ent state of our existence, between the mental and the
physical constitution of man — imparting, as this connec-
tion does, to bodily labor the dignity of moral action, and
making, as this connection so manifestly does, obedience
to the physiological laws a moral duty — the relation be-
tween the knowing and reasoning powers on the one hand,
and the properties and laws of the entire universe of mat-
ter on the other — accurately adapted, as this relation is,
to excite and develop the perceptive and reflective facul-
ties— demonstrating, as it does, the constantly and inimit-
ably progressive character of science and knowledge — the
delightful correspondence which exists between all our so-
cial faculties on the one hand, and our social relations and
the discipline of life on the other — transforming evil into
good, endowing it with a blessed and beneficent ministry —
between ideality and all forms and expressions, in nature
and in art, in spirit and in matter, of the beautiful — be-
tween marvelousness and all that wonder and mystery of
man's being and environment, which science, instead of
dissipating and clearing up, only deepens and increases —
between veneration and whatever is exalted above us, its
worthiest and truest object being none else than God him-
seK — between that supremafey of the moral and religious
sentiments, which the Father of our spirits has instituted,
and the continual advancement in all happiness and well-
being of humanity, thus rendering this advancement not
probable, but certain — the necessary and inevitable result
of man's constitution : — all these and many other like con-
siderations are crowding upon us. They are all pertinent
to our argument. They have all received new elucidation,
new value, and new interest from Phrenology, and they
thus tend in their turn to estabhsh and confirm its truth.
APPENDIX E.
OBSTACLES TO THE PROGRESS OF PHRENOLOGY.
ITS IMPORTANCE TO ALL CLASSES AND
IN THE SCHOOLS.
EXTRACTS FROM MR. COlVrBE'S ADDRESS, DELIVERED AT THE
AJSriOYERSARY CELEBRATION OF THE BIRTH OF SPURZHEIM,
AND THE ORGANIZATION OP THE BOSTON PHRENOLOGICAIi
SOCIETY, DECEMBER 31, 1839.
We have met together this evening, on the anniversary
of the birthday of Dr. Spurzheim, to cele^orate the institu-
tion of the Phrenological Society of Boston, and the Council
of the Society has done me the honor to request me to ad-
dress you on the occasion. It affords me much gratifica-
tion to comply with their desire. In addressing an Ameri-
can audience the speaker enjoys the inestimable advan-
tage of breathing the air of Liberty ; and only in such an
atmosphere can Phrenology flourish. Napoleon, on his
Imperial throne, sustained by five hundred thousand
armed men, and ruling over^ the prostrate continent of
Europe, feared the philosophers who investigated the laws
of mind and of morals. He hated metaphysicians, moral-
ists, and even jurists; all, in short, who sought to analyze
the nature of man, with a view to discover his rights as
well as his duties. He seems to have had an instinctive con-
sciousness that if the human mind were examined in its
elements, and the dictates of its highest powers given forth,
the conqueror and the tyrant would stand condemned be-
fore them. He disliked Phrenology in particular, and gave
(210)
Obstacles to the Progress of Phrenology. 211
significant hints to Cuvier and other men of science of tho
French capital, that they should lend no countenance to its
doctrines and pretensions. There was good reason for this
conduct. Had the French people been taught the sphere
of activity of every faculty, instructed in the great doctrine
of the supremacy of the moral sentiments, and enabled to
appreciate the unerring certainty of that law of the Crea-
tor which binds misery to all abuses of our faculties and
enjoyment to their legitimate action, the horrible drama of
the Revolution could not have been enacted, and the blood-
stained Empire of Napoleon could never have arisen to
scourge and to terrify the nations of Europe. Even the
milder despots of Austria and Prussia, whose sway is more
paternal than that of the military conqueror, sovereigns
who walk forth unarmed, unguarded, nay, even unat-
tended among their people, and who by their personal vir-
tues and the halo of a long line of ancestors, secure the
willing homage of their subjects, even they tq^q\ the phi-
losophy of mind. They honor the philosophers who inves-
tigate matter; but the laws of the material universe tell no
tale of human rights. When, however, the mental phi-
losopher speaks of man's intellectual powers as instru-
ments bestowed on him with the injunction, "Try all
things, and hold fast by that which is good ;" when he un-
folds sentiments of Benevolence, Veneration, Ideality, and
Justice, under the inspirations of which men feel that they
have rights to enjoy as well as duties to perform; when he
proclaims to the political bondsman that kings, emperors,
and all terrestrial powers, are themselves bound by the
dictates of these heavenly emotions, and that a God of
beneficence and justice knows no distinction in moral
rights and duties between the prince and the peasant,
then the philosopher of mind becomes odious to the des-
pot, whose maxims of government will not snstam the
scrutiny of this searching analysis. The Emperor of Aus-
tria forbade Dr. Gall to lecture, and virtually banished
him from his dominions. To this day the subjects of Aus-
212 Appendix E.
tria and Prussia sigh while they say, " Phrenology is the
philosophy of a free country; here it can not flourish."
Where, then, should this last and best gift of individual
genius to the family of mankind bring forth its blessed
fruits, in richer abundance, than in this land of freedom!
Let us, then, enjoy this liberty, and let us speak of Dr.
GalFs discovery in terms, if they can be found, adequate
to its importance. In addressing a miscellaneous audience
a phrenologist is bound, by the dictates of correct taste,
to moderate his language and veil the pretensions of his
science, to such an extent as not to shock too rudely the
perhaps unfavorable prepossessions of those before whom,
he appears. But on this occasion I regard myself as a
phrenologist (whose opinions are founded on nearly twen-
ty-five years of observation and reflection in various re-
gions of the globe) addressing a Society of phrenologists,
whose convictions of the great truths of the science are as
firmly rooted as my own. While to them I may present
ideas to which the tyro in the study is not prepared to
assent, I assure liim that I cordially allow him to withhold
his approval; but I also very respectfully solicit him to
restrain his condemnation, and not to measure the solidity
of the foundations on v/hich our convictions are built by
the slender soil on which he yet rests his own.
It is seven years since this Society was instituted (Dec.
31, 1832) for the cultivation and diflTusion of a knowledge
of Phrenology ; but after some vigorous exertions, display-
ing zeal and talent in its members, its active existence has
ceased. In its splendid, but brief career, it does not stand
forth a monument of that youthful passion for novelty
and that lack of perseverance amidst obstacles and difll-
culties, which is said to characterize the people of this
young and ardent nation; but it has yielded to the opera-
tion of causes which have equally, and in the same man-
ner, paralyzed several of the phrenological societies of Eu-
rope. It may be interesting to trace the nature of these
adverse influences whose effects we deplore.
Obstacles to the Progress of Phrenology. 213
I observe, then, that many phrenological societies have
perished from having prescribed to themselves objects of
too limited a nature. They have undertaken chiefly the duty
of verifying the observations of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim
and other phrenologists, in regard to the organs of the
mind and their functions; and have too seldom embraced,
in their sphere of action, the application of this knowledge
to the physical, moral, and intellectual improvement of
themselves and their fellow-men ; or, if this aim have found
a place in the constitution and laws, it has not practically
been carried into effect.
A knowledge of the organs and their functions, and of
the effects of their combinations, is indispensable as a
foundation for the useful application of phrenological
science ; and I have long been convinced, by observation,
that the confl^dence of each disciple in the power of his
principles, and also his capacity of applying them to ad-
vantage, bears a relation, ceteris paribus, to his minute
acquaintance with organology. Far from undervaluing,
therefore, the importance of an extensive series of observa-
tions in organology, I emphatically declare my experience
to be, that it is the first step toward the formation of a
true phrenologist; it is the second step; and it is the third
step toward the formation of a true phrenologist. If any
cause has contributed more than another to the distinction
acquired by Edinburgh as a school of this science, it has
been the rule established in our Society from its founda-
tion, that the cerebral development of every member should
be taken by a committee of the Society and recorded; and
that extensive observation of living heads and casts should
be practiced. The Phrenological Society of Aberdeen has
traveled in the same path, and it also has been eminently
successful. Again, therefore, I f^'.ay that I place the highest
value on the practical department of the science.
But experience induces me to add that this department
is comparatively narrow. In a few years, an individual of
ordinary powers of observation may attain to a full knowl-
214 Appendix E.
edge of organology and a thorough conviction of its truth;
and if he stop there, he will resemble a geometrician, who,
after having" mastered all the demonstrations of Euclid,
shrinks from applying them. He would find the constant
repetition of them uninteresting because they had become
familiar, and led to no practical results. The same rule
holds good in Phrenology. To sustain our interest, we
must proceed to apply our principles; and here our diffi-
culties comnience. The most timid mind may employ it-
self, in the secret recesses of its own study, in observing
casts, or in manipulating living heads, and suffer no incon-
venience, except perhaps a passing smile of derision from
some good-natured friend, who esteems his own ignorance
more excellent than our knowledge. But when the phre-
nologist advances openly to the application of the princi-
ples of his science, then the din of conflict arises. He in-
vades other men's prejudices, and sometimes assails what
they conceive to be their privileges ; for there are persons
who claim as a privilege the profits which they may make
by public errors. He is then opposed, misrepresented, and
abused; and as he is conscious that his object is one of
beneficence, he is unwilling to accept a reformer's recom-
pense, discontinues his exertions, and the society becomes
dormant. This fate has overtaken several phrenological
associations in Britain. They have shrunk from the prac-
tical application of their principles, and consequently sleep.
The time is not yet, but will probably soon arrive, for
resuscitating them into active existence as societies for
physiological, moral, and intellectual reform; and I vent-
ure to prophesy, that whenever they shall embody a reason-
able number of members pledged to the application of the
principles of Phrenology in these great fields of usefulness,
their success will be conspicuous and cheering
In this country, many excellent men fear the power
of the demagogue to mislead the people. I should like to
see the most splendid orator who ever bent a people to his
will, address an assemblage of men who had been instructed
Obstacles to the Progress of Phrenology, 215
in Phrenology from their youth, who had been trained to
analyze every thought, word, and action quickly as it was
uttered ; before whose mental vision the boundaries of good
and evil had been made by this science to stand forth as
clear and well-defined as the rocks which first greeted the
eyes of the Pilgrim Fathers when they reached this land
of their hopes and fears. I should rejoice to witness the
attempt of Demosthenes himself, to instigate such an as-
sembly to deeds of outrage and injustice — to persuade
them that individual and national grandeur could be best
achieved by triumphant propensities and virtues prostrate;
in short, that the remedy for all social evils was to plunder
the rich, to degrade the refined and intelligent, and to en-
throne confident ignorance and rude propensity in high
places of authority and power. The orator would be com-
mitted to a lunatic asylum by a unanimous vote of the
people, whose reason he had thus insulted and whose
moral emotions he had outraged, in the full conviction
that he was insane. It is true that no candidate for popu-
lar favor would venture even now to present such naked
propositions of injustice to the people, but many daily
offer injurious schemes to their acceptance thinly clothed
with sophistry and gilded by passion.
In proportion to the power of sifting moral and political
propositions and resolving them into their simple elements,
which you confer upon your people, will be their dexterity
in stripping off the ornamental finery from the sophist's
speech, and in resisting his appeals to their passions.
Your institutions call on your people to act on questions
of great moment, and often of much difficulty. They need
an instrument of moral analysis, at once simple and com-
prehensive, to enable them to do so with intelligence and
success. Such an instrument is Phrenology. If you wish,
therefore, to deprive the demagogue of every possibility of
success, teach your young generation a sound philosophy
of mind ; you will find that it is also the handmaid of a
pure and practical religion
216 Appendix E.
I have spoken as a phrenologist to phrenologists, who no
longer doubt the foundations of the science, but look for-
ward with ardor to its beneficial applications. It is now
within a few days of thirty-eight years since Dr. Gall, the
immortal discoverer of the functions of the brain, stood
alone in the world as the author, the teacher, and the
champion of the new philosophy. It gave displeasure to
the Emperor of Germany and the Church of Austria, and
an edict was issued by the Emperor, the effect of which
was intended to be the suppression .of the doctrine and all
its consequences. On the 9th of January, 1802, Dr. Gall
presented a respectful petition and remonstrance to the
Government of his native country, showing forth the truth
and the beneficial applications of his discovery, and pray-
ing to be permitted to continue to teach it in public lect-
ures. His petition contains these memorable words: "As
my doctrine on the functions of the brain has been taught
to several thousand hearers, and as it has been spread
abroad among a. still greater number of persons by the
sale of Froriep's Treatise, in three editions, and by means
of smaller extracts and notices in almost -all the German,
English, and French journals, it is no longer in the power
either of myself or of any human being to arrest its prog-
ress, or to set bounds to its circulation." The Emperor
was inexorable; the edict was enforced; Dr. Gall, in the
forty-fifth year of his age, and in possession of a high and
lucrative practice as a physician in Vienna, went into vol-
untary banishment rather than remain silent — and who is
now victorious ? The Emperor sleeps in the tomb and so
does Dr. Gall; but every word of these prophetic lines is
already realized. Look at Phrenology in France, in Brit-
ain, and in the United States of America. It already di-
rects lunatic asylums; it presides over education; it miti-
gates the severity of the criminal law; it assuages religious
animosity; it guides the historian; is a beacon light to the
physiologist, and already has it incorporated its nomen-
clature with the language of these countries. Who now
reigns over the minds of the free, of the great in intellect,
Obstacles to the Progress of Phrenology. 217
and of the good ? Is it the Emperor, or the spirit of Dr.
Gall ? Thus it is ever. Francis of Grermany, stripped of
his diadem, is an uninteresting individual of the human
race. His edict suppressed Phrenology in his own domin-
ions; and to this hour they lie buried in the darkness of
ignorance and ghostly superstition; while light and be-
neficence beam, on the nations around from the luminary
which he in vain endeavored to extinguish. Dr. Gall
stands forth the equal of Copernicus, Galileo, Harvey, and
Newton; or, if discoveries are to be estimated by their con-
sequences, he will one day be awarded a place in the tem-
ple of Fame, more elevated than those assigned even to
these illustrious men !
Napoleon frowned on Dr. Gall and his discoveries. But
where are now Napoleon and his Empire ! His body mould-
ers in a solitary tomb, far from the scenes of his energetic
deeds, and his Empire has crumbled into dust. Has lie
tr'umphed over Dr. Gall? No; the cast of his own head
now serves as one of the strongest evidences in support of
Dr. Gall's discovery; and Napoleon, dead^ ministers to
Gall's enduring glory!
There can be but one Dr. Gall, because there is no other
department of nature equally important for man to know,
with that which contains the philosophy of his own mind;
and this once discovered, no equal field remains to be ex-
plored by succeeding philosophers.
Next to Gall, beyond all question, stands Dr. Spurzheim,
on the anniversary of whose birth we are now assembled.
He has not the merit of having discovered the functions of
the brain, but he has extended the knowledge of them by
discoveries of important organs which Dr. Gall did not
reach, and he has taught the applications of the whole.
Animated by a generous devotion to truth, he, in early
youth, cast aside the allurements of ambition and the
prospects of fortune, and dedicated his life to Phrenology,
when it had no defender except ite founder, and counted
among its opponents the greatest minds of the scientific
world. But signal has been his triumph! In Britain we
10
218 Appendix E.
cherish his memory with the deepest reverence and the
fondest affection. He it was who first came, like a mes-
senger from heaven, to make known to us the new phi-
losophy ; and we find his monument in the good, the imper-
ishable good, which he has done to us. We point, as you
do, to improved hospitals for the insane, managed (to the
admiration of our countrymen) by his avowed disciples,
and on the principles which he taught; to our improved
schools, conducted on his maxims; to our more just and
humane administration of criminal law, particularly in
cases of homicidal insanity; to our enlightened, philan-
thropic, and philosophical press (for the journals of largest
circulation and most extensive influence, in my native
country, are conducted by the followers of Dr. Spurzheim) ;
to our general advance in civilization ; and we say we owe
these great benefits to the new philosophy which Dr. Spurz-
heim taught us to understand and apply.
On the 25th of January, 1828, in my native city, and in
presence of this illustrious teacher, I publicly acknowledged
that "I owe everything I possess in this science to him;
his lectures first fixed my wandering conceptions, and di-
rected them to the true study of man; his personal kind-
ness first encouraged me to prosecute the study thus
opened up; and his uninterrupted friendship has been
continued with me since, communicating every new idea
that occurred, and helping me in difficulties which embar-
rassed my progress. " I now stand within a short distance
from his grave, and nearly twelve years have rolled over
my head since these words were spoken. I repeat them
here with redoubled earnestness, and confirm the testi-
mony then given to the value of the gifts, in the following
words: " I speak literally, and in sincerity, when I say that
were I at this moment offered the wealth of India, on con-
dition of Phrenology being blotted from ray mind forever,
1 should scorn the gift; nay, were everything I possessed in
the world placed in one hand and Phrenology in the other,
and orders issued for me to choose one, Phrenology, with-
out a moment's hesitation, would be preferred." ....
APPENDIX F.
GEORGE COMBE'S LETTER TO THE RIGHT HON.
THE LORD PROVOST, MAGISTRATES, AND
TOWN COUNCIL OF EDINBURGH.
23 Chaklotte Square, Ebinburgh, )
1st July, ISZG. )
My Lord Proyost and Geisttdemen :
I beg leave to present to you a few additional testimo-
nials which I have received from the United States of
America, and to avail myself of the occasion to offer some
explanations regarding the grounds of my pretensions to
the Logic chair, which, I am informed, are stiil imperfectly
understood by several members of Council.
It has been remarked that if a chair of Phrenology were
to be disposed of, my certificates might be deserving of at-
tention, but that they have no relation to Logic.
I beg leave very respectfully to solicit the attention of
those who entertain this opinion to the following words of
Mr. Dugald Stewart: "I have always," says he, "been con-
vinced that it was a fundamental error of Aristotle (in
which he has been followed by almost every logical writer
since his time) to confine his views entirely to Reasoning or
the discursive faculty, instead of aiming at the improve-
ment of our nature in all its parts If this remark be
well founded, it obviously follows that, in order to prepare
the way for a just and comprehensive system of logic, a
previous survey of our nature considered as one compre-
hensive whole is indispensably necessary."*
* "Pliilosopliical Essays," by Dugald Stewart, Esq.; 2d edition,
cliap. ii., pp. 61-63.
(219) '
220 Ajpjpendix F.
The late Mr. Greorge Jardine, Professor of Logic in the
University of Glasgow, in his " Outlines of Philosophical
Education illustrated by the Method of Teaching the Logic
Class" in that University, says: "To the elements of the
science of the human mind, therefore, I have recourse on
the present occasion, as the mother science, so to call it,
from which all others derive a^t once their origin and nour-
ishment. Thus logic, metaphysics, ethics, jurisprudence,
law, and eloquence have their common origin in mind;
.... and, consequently, an intimate acquaintance with
the phenomena of mind must form a suitable introduction
to the study of every branch of knowledge."— (p. 45).
The Royal Com.missioners appointed to visit the Univer-
sities of Scotland, in their General Report, observe that
"Logic maybe rendered more elementary and useful by
being confined to a brief and general account of the objects
of human knowledge, the faculties by which it is acquired,
and the rules for the investigation of truth."— (p. 28).
Assuming, then, that the philosophy of mind is indis-
pensable to the formation of a sound and useful system of
logic, I beg leave to observe that Phrenology — whatever
notions of it individuals who have never studied it may
entertain — is the philosophy of the human mind, based on
observation of the mental organs.
The external senses may be adverted to in illustration of
its nature and pretensions. In order to comprehend the
philosophy of vision, it is necessary to study the following
particulars :
1. The structure and functions of the eye and optic
nerve, which are the organs of this sense.
2. The effects of the condition of these organs on the
powers of vision. One constitution of the eye, for instance,
gives distant, another close, vision. When the eye is dis-
eased, we may see green objects as yellow, or we may see
double, or we may be altogether incapable of seeing, ac-
cording to the nature of the malady.
3. The relations of external objects to these organs.
George Comhe^s Letter. 221'
This head, inchides the science of optics, with its various
applications to painting (perspective), astronomy (making
of telescopes), etc., etc.
If the philosophy of vision were studied by merely nam-
ing, recording, and classifying its phenomena without
knowledge of the structure, functions, diseases, and rela-
tions of the eye, it would present precisely the same ap-
pearance which the philosophy of mind now exhibits in
the pages of the metaphysicians.
In studying the works on mental philosophy by Dr.
Keid, Mr. Dugald Stewart, and Dr. Thomas Brown, who
form the boast of Scotland in this department of knowl-
edge, the following observations strike a reflecting reader:
1. These authors differ widely in regard to the number
and nature of the primitive mental faculties.
If the philosophy of the senses had been studied without
knowledge of their organs, we should probably have had,
in like manner, disputes whether hearing and seeing, tast-
ing and smelling were distinct senses, or whether, by some
metaphysical refinement, they could not all be referred, to
one sense.
2 They make no inquiry into the organs of the faculties.
3. They give no account of the obvious fact of different
individuals possessing the. faculties in different degrees of
endowment which fit them, for different pursuits,
4. They give no account of the effects of disease on the
m.anifestations of the faculties.
5. They have given no philosophical account of the relar
tions of external objects to the faculties, and can not do so
while the faculties themselves continue unknown.
In consequence of these imperfections, it is impossible to
apply, with reasonable success, the philosophy of mind as
taught by these distinguished authors to any of the follow-
ing purposes :
1. To the selection of proper pursuits for individuals ac-
cording to their capacities, or to the selection of persons
endowed with the necessary natural ability to fill particu-
222 Appendix F.
lar oflftces. Men of penetration accomplish these ends by
the aid of their natural sagacity, sharpened by experience,
but metaphysical philosophy affords them no aid in doing so.
2. To the elucidation and treatment of insanity.
3. To the exposition of the relations of different sciences
to the human faculties ; an indispensable requisite in an
effective system of education.
4. To the elucidation of the mental causes which produce
the tendency to crime.
5. To the exposition of the effects of the condition of the
bodily organs on the powers of m.ental manifestation.
Phrenology, on the other hand, is recommended by the
following considerations :
1. No faculty of mind is admitted as primitive until the
organ by which it is manifested be ascertained by observa-
tion.
In consequence, the phrenologists no more attempt to
make and unmake faculties or to analyze one into another
than they would attempt such feats in regard to the exter-
nal senses. Every faculty stated as ascertained in Phre-
nology stands forth as a distinct mental capacity, whether
of feehng or of thought, resting on the stable foundation
of an organ, having specific functions and standing related
to determinate objects, very much as the external senses
appear when studied in connection with their organic ap-
paratus.
2. The fact is ascertained by observation that the power
of manifesting each of these faculties bears a relation, code'
ris paribus, to the size of its organ, and that the relative
size of the organs differs in different individuals.
Hence, it is possible to ascertain the strong and feeble
powers in individual minds and to apply this knowledge in
dedicating them to particular pursuits. The same knowlr
edge renders it possible to select persons enjoying particu-
lar mental qualifications to fill particular ofiBlces.
3. The mental faculties being studied in relation to their
organs, their constitution in health is philosophically as-
George Corribe^s Letter. 223
certained, and it becomes easy to understand their appear-
ances under the influence of disease.
4. The fact that, cceteris paHhus, the power of manifest-
ing the faculties is in proportion to the size of the organs,
enables us to comprehend how some individuals, from hav-
ing the organs of the animal feelings in excess and the or-
gans of the moral emotions in a state of deficiency, are
prone to crime ; and the knowledge of it aids us in their
treatment,
5, The mental faculties being specifically ascertained by
means of their organs, it becomes possible to determine
the relations in which they stand to external objects; in
other words, to form a rational system of logic and a really
philosophical plan of education.
It is generally admitted that logic and mental science as
at present taught are inapplicable to any practical purpose,
except serving as a species of gymnastics for exercising the
mental faculties of the young.
Professor Jardine, in speaking of the state of logic when
he entered the University of Glasgow, uses these words:
''During several sessions after my appointment the former
practice was regularly followed; that is, the usual course
of logic and metaphysics was explained by me in the most
intelligible manner I could — subjected, no doubt, to the
same animadversions as my predecessor. Though every
day more and more convinced me that something was
wrong in the system of instruction pursued in this class —
that the subjects on which I lectured were not adapted to
the age, the capacity, and the previous attainments of my
pupils — I did not venture upon any sudden or precipitate
change. Meanwhile, the daily examination of the students
at a separate hour gave me an opportunity of observing
that the greater number of them comprehended very little
of the doctrines explained; that a few only of superior abil-
ities or of more advanced years could give any account of
them at all ; and that the greatest part of the young men
remembered only a few peculiar phrases or technical ex-
224: Ajpjpendix F.
pressions, which they seemed to deliver by rote unaccom-
panied with any distinct notion of their meaning. Im-
pressed with this conviction, which the experience of every
day tended to confirm, I found myself reduced to the al-
ternative of prelecting all my life on subjects which no ef-
fort of mine could render useful to my pupils, or of making
a thorough and radical change in the subject-matter of my
lectures." — -(p. 28).
Professor Jardine informs us that he did make "a thor-
ough and radical change in the subject-matter of his lect-
ures " accordingly, and no doubt he introduced great im;-
provements ; but you may easily ascertain by inquiring of
the students of the latest session whether the foregoing ob-
servations are not in a great degree still applicable even
to the most improved systems of logic taught in the Scot-
tish Universities.
On this subject, indeed, Mr. Stewart speaks emphatic-
ally. Alluding to the long prevalence of Aristotle's logic,
ho remarks that ' ' the empire founded by this philosopher
continued one and undivided for the period of two thou-
sand years ; and even at this day, fallen as it is from its
form^er grandeur, a few faithful and devoted veterans, shut
up in its remaining fortresses, still bid proud defiance in
their master's name to all the arrayed strength of human
reason."*
"As to logic in general," he observes, "according to my
idea of it, it is an art yet in its infancy, and to the future
advancement of which it is no more possible to fix a limit
than to the future progress of human knowledge." — (p.
63). Again he remarks that "to speak in the actual state
of the world of a complete system of logic (if by that word
is meant anything different from the logic of the schools)
betrays an inattention to the object at which it aims and
to the progressive career of the human mind; but, above
all, it betrays an overweening estimate of the little which
* "Philosophical Essays," p. 66.
George Coinbe^s Letter. 225
logicians have hitherto done, when compared with the
magnitude of the task which they have left to their suc-
cessors."— (p. 64).
In accordance with these remarks, you will observe that
in the testimonials presented to you in favor of the cham-
pions of the existing school no allusion is made to the util-
ity of the doctrines either in metaphysics or in logic.
The questions for you to determine, therefore, are —
Whether the teaching of logic in your University shall be
continued on a system which the experience of ages has
demonstrated to be nearly useless, and which has been
condemned as barren by the highest authorities in mental
philosophy ; or whether you will endeavor to introduce a
new system, founded on the improvements in mental sci-
ence which have recently taken place — rational, practical,
and in harmony with the spirit of the age. If the former
be your determination, then you should by all means re-
ject my pretensions; but if you aim at the latter alterna-
tive, I very respectfully solicit your suffrages, because I
appear before you as the representative of a new mental
philosophy capable of affording a basis for a sound system
of logic, and I have endeavored to prove by evidence in my
testimonials that that system is founded in nature and
applicable to practice.
In forming your judgment on these two questions, it
may not be without advantage to bear in mind that the
history of all scientific discoveries establishes the melan-
choly fact that philosophers educated in erroneous systems
have in general pertinaciously adhered to them, in con-
tempt equally of the dictates of observation and of mathe-
matical demonstration. You can not, therefore, reason-
ably expect that the masters of the expiring systems
should in the present instance view with any favorable eye
the pretensions of the new. Experience also shows that it
is equally true in philosophy as in the affairs of ordinary
life, that "coming events cast their shadows before;" in
other words, that the opinions of the young present the
10*
226 Appendix F,
best index of the doctrines which will prevail in the next
generation. There is no instance in the records of science
of the authority of great names, even although sustained
by the energy of civil power, proving successful in perma-
nently supporting error in opposition to truth; and neither
is there an example of any established University, which
had at an early period embraced a great discovery in sci-
ence, having had occasion afterward to repent of having
done so.
In applying these historical facts as principles of judg-
ment to the present case, I would respectfully remind you
that Phrenology is now in the forty-eighth year of its pro-
mulgation, and that during the whole period of its history
it has been opposed, ridiculed, misrepresented, and con-
temned by almost all the men v/hose intellectual reputa-
tions rested on the basis of the philosophy which it is ex-
tinguishing; and that nevertheless it has steadily advanced
in public estimation, until at present — even in weighing
the mere authority of names against names — it stands in
Europe on an equality with the older systems and in
America it has unquestionably the ascendency. Farther,
in looking at the state of opinion in your own city on the
subject, it is certain that while you will hear Phrenology
condemned by the more aged patrons of the ancient school,
you will find the young ardent inquirers into its doctrines.
Your acute and learned member of Council, Bailie Macfar-
lane, will correct me if I am in error in stating that in
1823, when he so ably and eloquently defended Phrenology
in the Royal Medical Society in this city, he had scarcely
any supporters; but that in proportion as he persevered,
season after season, in lifting up his testimony in its favor,
he found himself backed by a constantly increasing minor-
ity. And I am informed that now, so numerous are its ad-
herents in that body, that questions touching its truth and
merits are generally carried by majorities in its favor.
In nominating a professor of logic, you are providing a
teacher for the young; and I very respectfully beg of you
George CoiJibe'^s Letter. 227
to consider whether it is probable that — with the testimo-
nials in favor of Phrenology which have been presented to
you in their hands, with the books and museums on the
science before their eyes, and with the constant advocacy
of its truth by a highly influential portion of the periodical
press — the students of the rising generation will readily
bow to the authority of a philosophy which never satisfied
men of practical understandings, even when it was sup-
ported by public opinion and the highest names, but which
is now generally proclaimed as being useless, and which is
brought into competition with a newer, a better, and a
highly practical system of truth.
I have been told that to rest my claims on the truth and
utility of Phrenology is to deprive myself of the benefit
which I might otherwise have derived from the talents
which I have displayed and the beneficial uses which I
have made of them, however humble these may be. I pro-
fess myself altogether incapable of comprehending this ob-
jection. I found my pretensions on Phrenology because I
entertain the sincere conviction that no rational or useful
system of logic can be reared without its aid. If you have
confidence in the judgment and good faith of the gentle-
men who have honored me with testimonials, you have
grave authority for admitting the reasonableness of this
opinion. To reject my claims, therefore, because they are
based on and bound up with Phrenology, would be simply
to shut your eyes to doctrines which have been certified to
you by men of the highest talents and philosophical repu-
tation as constituting the only basis of a sound system of
logic.
It may appear to savor of egotism in me to observe fur-
ther, that on your decision in the present instance will de-
pend to some considerable extent the prosperity and repu-
tation of your University for the next generation ; but I
venture to do so because I speak not of my own impor-
tance, but of that of a great system of natural science, to
the prosperity of the University of Edinburgh. As an in-
228 Ajpjpendix F.
dividual I am utterly insignificant ; but if in rejecting me
it shall be understood that you refuse to admit Phrenology
as a science within your academic walls, then you may in-
jure the Institution over which you preside.
Phrenology stands in much the same relation to the phi-
losophy of mind and its applications in which the discov-
eries of Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton stood to astron-
omy and physical science. It is calculated to remove mys-
tic speculations and to supplant them by facts and the
sound inductions of reason. Its first and greatest influ-
ence will be felt in leading to an important reformation in
the subjects taught in classes dedicated to moral and intel-
lectual science. Its next effect will extend to the improve-
ment of education, rendering it at once philosophical and
practical. But it will exert a still more extensive influ-
ence. Phrenology is the doctrine of the functions of the
brain, and I feel and aver that if it were once admitted into
your University as science, professors of physiology might
soon find it prudent to instruct their pupils in its princi-
ples, else they would fall behind their age. It is the founda-
tion of the most rational views of insanity, and professors
of medical jurisprudence might find it proper to give effect
to its doctrines in preparing their pupils for judging of this
form of disease. It affords an intelligible clue to the re-
ciprocal influence of mind and body, and teachers of the
theory and practice of medicine might, I trust, be.induced
to avail themselves of its lights in their prelections. But,
while I say these things, permit me to assure you that if
placed in the chair it would be my earnest study as it
would be my duty and interest to avoid giving offence to
any one, and I am persuaded that I could teach logic on
phrenological principles without doing so
In short, were the new philosophy introduced into your
University, a very few years would justify the wisdom of
your decision ; and you would maintain for your Seminary
that pre-eminence as a seat of unfettered and liberal study
George Combers Letter. 229
■which it has already enjoyed, find which contributes so
greatly to the fame and prosperity of the city.
On the other hand, if you shall shut your eyes to the
pretensions of the new science, you will proclaim to the
world that the University of Edinburgh is not disposed to
take the lead in adopting the new lights of the age, and a
short period may suffice to reveal to you a decline in its
prosperity which it may be extremely difficult to arrest.
I am aware of the criticisms to which I expose m.yself in
making these remarks, but criticism has already done its
worst on me and I have nothing farther to fear from its
severity. If I did not state to you truths, and truths of the
utmost importance to the welfare of your University and
city, I should be bound to submit to obloquy, because it
would be merited; but if I merely present to you facts
founded in nature and endeavor to open your understand-
ings to the perception of consequences which a few years
may reahze, I appeal to public opinion, when enhghtened
by experience, to decide on the merits of the course which
I have pursued.
I have the honor to be, my Lord Provost and gentlemen,
Your very obedient servant,
George Combe.
APPEl^DIX G. H. I.
TESTIMOIflALS IN FAVOR OP GEORaE COMBE AS A CANDI-
DATE FOR THE CHAIR OF LOGIC IN THE UNIVERSITY OF
EDINBURGH.
From Dr. William Weir, Lecturer on the Practice of
Medicine at the Portland Street Medical School, Glasgow,
formerly Surgeon to the Royal Infirmary, and one of the
Editors of the Glasgow Medical Journal :
Buchanan Street, Glasgow, 15th April, 1836.
I have much pleasure in bearing testimony to the very
superior talents and high attainments of George Combe,
Esq., of Edinburgh. I have been personally acquainted
with him for some time, have frequently heard him lecture,
and am intimately conversant with his various writings on
the Science of Mind.
Being myself firmly convinced, after many years' study
of the subject, and numerous observations, that Phrenology
is the true Philosophy of the Mind, I have taught it, in my
lectures delivered to medical students, as the correct physi-
ology of the brain; and I consider it impossible to give a
proper view of the functions of the brain on any other but .
phrenological principles. In my lectures on the Practice
of Medicine, also, I have, during the last five years, applied
the principles of this science toward the elucidating the
nature and treatment of insanity.
I have no hesitation in further stating my opinion, that
an acquaintance with Phrenology must be eminently useful
to the successful teaching of any branch of knowledge con-
nected with the human faculties ; and that, therefore, the
(230)
Testimonials. 231
application of its principles to the exposition of the subjects
treated of in a course of logic is absolutely necessary, and
highly conducive to the proper understanding of that
science.
Holding these opinions, I consider Mr. Combe, from his
splendid talents, his vigorous and enlightened understand-
ing, and his very superior attainments in philosophy, to be
eminently qaalifled for the Logic Chair in the University
of Edinburgh. I know that he has devoted a great portion
of his time, for the last twenty years, to the study and the
teaching of mental science, and that he has been very suc-
cessful as a public instructor. As a lecturer his language is
forcible, yet plain and simple; his demonstrations are al-
ways clear and easily understood, and his arguments at
once logical and convincing. He possesses, in a very high
degree, that aptness for teaching — that power of communi-
cating knowledge to others, so very essential to the in-
structor of youth ; and also the capability of fixing the at-
tention of an audience, so necessary to render the subject
interesting, and the lecturer popular with his pupils. I
have heard few lecturers who could equal Mr. Combe in
these particulars.
Of Mr. Combe's publications it is scarcely necessary for
me to speak. They are in the hands of thousands. The
"System of Phrenology," and "The Constitution of Man
considered in relation to External Objects," are his two
great works. In the former the principles of Phrenology
are maintained with evidence and illustrations equally ap-
propriate and conclusive, and with the dignity and strict
accuracy of pure inductive science. It is truly a compre-
hensive system of m^ental philosophy, and contains rules
for facilitating improvement in everything connected with
human happiness — education, prison discipline, legislation,
and morals. It only requires to be read by a mind free
from hypothetical notions and the prejudice of authority,
to bring conviction to the understanding. The "Consti-
tution of Man" is a true exposition of the laws of the
232 Appendix G. H. I.
Creator as applicable to mankind, and contains a mass of
information which can not be obtained in any other work.
The views of human nature laid down in this treatise are
perspicuous and profound, and its tendency has always ap-
peared to me in the highest degree useful and excellent ;
for it inculcates, in the strongest and most impressive lan-
guage, and in a style level to the meanest capacity, the
high importance of cultivating the moral and intellectual
faculties, and keeping in due subjection the impulses from
the lower propensities. These two publications are suffi-
cient to stamp Mr. Combe as a writer of the very highest
class. The subjects are treated with the vigor and eloquence
of a master, and every page exhibits a mind powerful, dis-
criminative, and just. I must be permitted to add, that the
perusal of these and his other writings has been to me the
source of much instruction and very great pleasure ; and it
consists with my knowledge, that they have afforded the
same to very many within my own circle.
Will. Welr.
From Dr. John Elliotson, F.R.S., President of the Royal
Medical and Chirurgical, and of the London Phrenological
Societies; Professor of the Principles and Practice of
Medicine and of Clinical Medicine, and Dean of Faculty, in
the University of London; Senior Physician of the North
London Hospital ; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians
of London; formerly Physician to St. Thomas' Hospital,
and President of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh,
etc., etc., etc.:
Conduit Street, London, April 23, 1836.
Dr. EUiotson takes the opportunity of a distinguished
phrenologist offering himself for the chair of Logic in the
University of Edinburgh, to state, that metaphysics, or
mental philosophy, have formed a favorite study with him
from his youth, and ttiat he has carefully read a large num-
Testimonials. 233
ber of the best writers on the subject — but that he feels con-
vinced of the phrenological being the only sound view of
the mind, and of Phrenology being as true, as founded in
fact, as the science of Astronomy or Chemistry. Twenty
years have elapsed since his attention was first directed to
it, and, during the whole period, a day has not passed with-
out some portion being devoted to its consideration. His
opinions have been published in his notes to a translation
of " Blumenbach's Physiology," which has gone through
many editions, as well as in papers which have appeared in
periodicals. He always taught it in his lectures upon in-
sanity when he had the chair of the Practice of Medicine in
St. Thomas' Hospital ; and notwithstanding this was stated,
he understands, to the University of London when he
offered himself for the chair of the Practice of Medicine in
that institution, he was unanimously elected to that chair,
and has not only discussed the subject of insanity there,
ever since, upon phrenological principles, as the only ones
by which a person can have any knowledge of insanity, but
has premised a statement and defence of Phrenology on
arriving at that department of his course. He must add,
that none but those who are totally ignorant of Phrenology
regard it as a means of merely discovering natural powers
and dispositions by external signs. Those who have studied
it know, indeed, that the natural powers and dispositions
are, coeteris paribus, in conformity with the size of the
various parts of the brain; but they know likewise, that
Phrenology unfolds the only satisfactory account of the
mind, human and brute; that it contributes to establish
the surest foundation for legislation, education, and morals.,
and presents a large department of nature in the noblest,
grandest, and the only satisfactory point of view; and that
those who reject or neglect Phrenology, are lamentably
ignorant of much which they fancy they know, and de-
prive themselves not only of much intellectual delight, but
of much practical utility ; and, compared with phrenologists,
remain as men of some centuries past.
234 Appendix Q, H. I.
If such is Phrenology, he feels justified in expressing his
opinion, that no one could be found more fitted for the
chair of Logic than Mr. Combe, and scarcely any one so fit.
From James Johnson, M.D., Physician Extraordinary
to the King, Editor of the Medico-Chirurgical Review ^
etc., etc.
Suffolk Place, Pall-Mall Easter, )
London, 3d! May, 1836. '
To GrEORGE CoMBE, Esq. :
I have long been acquainted with the writings of Mr.
Gombe, and have considered them as exhibiting the most
rational and enlightened views of the human mind, as re-
vealed through the organ of Mind, in this our sublunary
state of existence. I have long been convinced that the
science of Mind can only be understood and taught, prop-
erly, by those who have deeply studied the structure and
functions of its material instrument — the brain. I am con-
vinced that, in this world. Mind can be manifested only
through the medium of matter, and that the metaphysician
who studies Mind independent of its corporeal organ, works
in the dark, and with only half of his requisite tools.
Without subscribing to all the details of Phrenology, I
believe its fundamental principles to be based on truth ; —
and, as a profound phrenologist, I have no hesitation in
stating my conviction, that Mr. Combe is eminently quali-
fied to teach the manifestations of the immortal spark
through the medium of its perishable instrument on earth.
James Johnson, M. D.
APPENDIX J.
The following is taken from Mr. Capen's "Biography of
Spurzheim " :
The additions which Dr. Spurzheim made to the num-
ber of the fundamental faculties, not before admitted by
Dr. Grail, are eight. But it is not the number, it is the
spirit of these modifications which phrenologists principally
admire.
We present a diagram of the system such as Dr. Gall
made, and another comprising Dr. Spurzheim's latest modi-
fications.
SYSTEM AS LEFT BY DR. GALL.
"No. 1. Zeugunstrieh — the instinct of generation.
No. 2. Jungenliebe, Kinderliehe — the love of offspring.
No. 3. Anhdngliclikeit — friendship, attachment.
No. 4. Muth, Raufsinn — courage, self-defence.
No. 5. Wurgsinn — murder, the wish to destroy.
No. 6. List, Schlauheit, KlugTieit — cunning.
No. 7. Eigenthumsinn — the sentiment of property.
No. 8. Stolz, Hochnhuth, Herschsucht — ^pride, self-esteem,
haughtiness.
No. 9. Eitelkeit, Rhumsucht, Ehrgeitz — vanity, ambition.
No. 10. Behuthsarnkeit, vorsicht, Vorsichtigkeit — cautious-
ness, foresight, prudence.
No. 11. Sachgeddchtniss, Erzichungs-faTiigkest — the mem-
ory of things, educability.
No. 13. Oatsum, Raumsinn — local memory.
(235)
236 • Appendix J.
JSTo. 13. Personensinn — tbe memory of persons.
No. 14. Wortgeddchtniss — verbal memory.
No. 15. SpracTiforscliungssinn — m.em.ory for languages.
No. 16. Farbensinn — colors.
No. 17. Tonsinn — music.
No. 18. Zahlensinn — number.
No. 19. Kunstsinn — aptitude for the mechanical arts.
No. 20. Vergleichender, ScJiarfsinn — comparative sagacity,
aptitude for drawing comparisons.
No. 21. MetaphysisGhei\ T^'e/^m^z— metaphysical depth of
thought, aptitude for drawing conclusions.
No. 22. W^fe— wit.
No. 23. Bichtergeist — poetry.
No. 24. GutmiXthigkeit^ mitleiden — good nature.
No. 25. Barstellungssinn — mimicry.
No. 26. TlieosopTiie — theosophy, religion.
No. 27. Festigkeit — firmness of character.
*' Philosophers," said Spurzheim, in one of his lectures,
"have merely spoken of the general manifestations of the
mind, and have given names to them; but we must be
more particular, we must specify the powers, and hence
we are obliged either to speak in circumlocution, or to give
new names. Some people say they do not hke new names,
but if I have an idea, must I not give it a sign ? If the first
man gives names to all things known to him, and if in future
ages things are discovered not known before, must we not
name them ? I will not, however, dispute about names,
only let us have the powers kept distinct ; I am ready to
change the names, at any time, if any person will suggest
better."
Dr. Spurzheim's arrangement of the faculties is comprised
in orders, genera, species, etc.
Systems of Gall^ Spurzheim^ a/tid Combe. 237
SYSTEM AS MODIFIED BY SPURZHEIM.
Special Faculties of the Mind. Order I. — Feelings, or Affec-
tive Faculties. Geis'US I. — Propensities.
4. Adhesiveness.
Desire to Live.
Alimentiveness.
1. Destructiveness.
2. Amativeness.
3. PMloprogenitiveness.
5. Inhabitiveness.
6. Combativeness.
7. Secretiveness.
8. Acquisitiveness.
9. Constructiveness.
Genus II. — Sentiments.
10. Cautiousness. 16. Conscientiousness.
11. Approbativeness.
12. Self-esteem.
13. Benevoleiice.
14. Reverence.
15. Firmness.
17. Hope.
18. Marvellousness.
19. Ideality.
20. Mirthfulness.
21. Imitation.
Order II. — Intellectual Faculties. Genus I. — External
Senses.
Voluntary motion. Smell.
Feeling. Hearing.
Taste. Sight.
Genus II. — Perceptive Faculties.
23.
Individuality. 38. Order.
23.
Configuration. 29. Calculation.
24.
Size. 30. Eventuality.
25.
Weight, and resistance. 31. Time.
26.
Coloring. 32. Tune.
27.
Locality. 38. Artificial Language,
Genus III. — Reflective Faculties.
84. Comparison. 35. Causality.
238 Ajpjpendix J.
To take a comparative view of these distinguished phi-
losophers, and to say which was the greater of the two, Gall
or Spurzheim, is a task that we leave for abler hands to
perform. Both had their points of strength and originality,
and they both excelled in whatever they attempted to ac-
complish.
SYSTEM AS MODIFIED BY GEORGE COMBE.
CliASSIFICATIONS OF OliaANS.
Order I. — Feelings. Genus I. — Propensities.
1. Amativeness. 6. Destructiveness.
2. Philoprogenitiveness. Alimentiveness.
3. Concentrativeness. Love of Life.
4. Adhesiveness. 7. Secretiveness.
5. Combativeness. 8. Acquisitiveness.
9. Constructiveness.
Genus II. — Sentiments common to Man with the Lower
Animals.
10. Self-esteem. 11. Love of Approbation.
12. Cautiousness.
Genus III. — Superior Sentiments.
13. Benevolence. 17. Hope.
14. Veneration. 18. Wonder.
15. Firmness. 19. Ideality.
16. Conscientiousness. 20. Wit, or Mirthfulness.
21. Imitation.
Order II. — Intellectual Faculties. Genus I. — External
Senses.
Feeling, or Touch. Hearing.
Taste. Smell. Sight.
Systems of Gall, Spurzheiniy and Combe. 239
Genus II. — Intellectual Faculties which perceive Existence
and Physical Quahties.
22. Individuality. 24. Size.
23. Form. 25. Weight.
26. Coloring.
GEifUS III. — Intellectual Faculties which perceive relations
of External Objects.
27. Locality. 29. Order. 31. Time.
28. Number. 30. Eventuahty. 32. Tune.
33. Language.
Genus IV. — Reflecting Faculties.
34. Comparison. 35. Causality.
appe:^dix k.
In connection with the subject of Self-Knowledge, we
would commend, as an important aid, the little volume of
Spurzheim's entitled "Philosophical Catechism of the
Natural Laws of Man.''
It commences with a chapter on Generalities^ giving pre-
liminary definitions, and is divided into sections :
Section 1.— Of the Vegetative Laws of Man.
Sec. II. — Of the Intellectual Laws of Man.
Sec. III.— 0/ the Moral Laws.
Chapter I. — Of Morality.
Chap. II. — Of Religion ; 1, Of Religion in General; 2, Of
Natural Religion ; 3, Of Revealed Religion ; 4, Of Chris-
tianity; 5, Of Church Religion.
The Preface of the author indicates the value of the
book,* and it is inserted here in the hope that it will influ-
ence our readers not only to add it to their libraries, but to
study its lessons :
PREFACE.
Men have long been treated as children ; they have been
taught that ignorance and credulity are virtues, and that
fear is wisdom; and that they may glorify God by flattery
rather than by moral excellency. Arbitrary regulations of
* " Natural Laws of Man. A Philosophical Catechism." Sixth Edi-
tion. Enlarj^ed and improved. One IGrao vol., 171 pp., muslin, 50 cents.
FowLEK & Wells, Publishers, 753 Broadway, New York.
(240)
SjpurzheiwC s " GatechismP 241
*
all sorts have been imposed upon them, and blind and un-
conditional obedience to these required. Words too often
satisfy them; and the less they understand, the more do
they generally deem' it incumbent on them to admire; sen-
sual gratifications have proved sufficient inducements for
them willingly to follow the good pleasure of their masters.
Even religion, in one or another form, has been an engine
to crush the human mind. This was, at all times, more or
less the deplorable condition of mankind. Those who, even
in our days, make exception, are comparatively few in
number.
The following pages are written with a view to ascertain
whether or not the human kind be susceptible of better
treatment; and whether or not the arbitrary legislation of
man, that has hitherto been, and must always be, but
temporary, and of limited application, might not advan-
tageously give place to a code of immutable laws, which,
established by the Creator, and not adapted to a single
family, to a particular nation, to an age, but to all man-
kind, and to all times, are calculated to endure as long as
the species remains.
It is of the highest importance to demonstrate the ex-
istence of such laws, although it may happen that govern-
m^ents and nations themselves will oppose their adoption.
But this opposition will not annihilate the reality of the
NATURAL CODE, and communities will certainly feel dis-
posed to receive, will even demand it, in proportion as they
become enlightened ; they will also be worthy of it in pro-
portion as they become virtuous.
I shall consider my subject under the form of question
and answer, the better to fix the attention of my reader.
My sole intention is to contribute to the amelioration of
man; that is to say, to combat his ignorance and his im-
morality, and to point out the means of making him better
and happier, by insisting particularly on the necessity of
his fulfilling the laws of his Creator.
Some may be of opinion that I might here have avoided
11
242 Appendix K.
the introduction of any question upon religion and mor-
ality. I, however, think it incumbent on a philosopher to
examine all that enters into the nature of man, and to
*' holdfast that which is good.'''' Now, man being positively
endowed with moral and religious feelings, as well as with
vegetative functions and intellectual faculties, it was my
business to speak of the former as well as of the latter. Nay,
true religion is central truth; and all knowledge, in my
opinion, should be gathered round it.
I lament the continual war which philosophers, moralists,
and divines have hitherto waged. They have only mutu-
ally disparaged their inquiries, and retarded the knowledge
and happiness of man. Would they consent to lay aside
vanity, pride, and self-interest, they would perceive, and
might display, the harmony that exists between the will of
God and His gift of intelligence.
APPENDIX L.
The following extracts are taken from a volume entitled
"Life and Education of LAURA Dewey Bridgman, the
Deaf, Dumb, and Blind Girl." By Mary Swift Lamson.
With an Introduction, by Edwards A. Park, Andooer
Theological Seininary. The volume embraces, also, an ac-
count of Oliver Caswell, the deaf, dumb, and blind
boy.
This is a most important and interesting book of above four
hundred pages, and many will be inclined to add it to their
libraries when informed that the profits arising from the
sales will be appropriated for the benefit of Laura D. Bridg-
MAN. It is illustrated with portraits and specimens of writ-
ing. It is for sale at the low price of $1. 50, a,t the Office of
Perkins' Institution for the Blind, No. 37 Avon Street,
Boston :
Laura Dewey Bridgmaist was born Dec. 21, 1829, in
Hanover, N. H. She was the child of Daniel and Harmony
Bridgman.
Mrs. Mary Swift Lamson says: "For the interesting ac-
count which follows, I am indebted to Mrs. L. H. Morton
(Miss Drew), of Halifax, Mass., who assisted Dr. Howe in all
these early lessons, and who continued to be Laura's
teacher for several years. She writes as follows:
" 'Laura was a healthy little girl, with very fair complex-
ion and light-brown hair; and there was nothing in her
appearance to distinguish her from the other little blind
(243)
244 Appendix L.
girls, except that she was more quiet and undemonstrative.
Ttiis was, perhaps, because all were strangers to her . She
first made the acquaintance of the matron, Mrs. Smith, to
whom she seemed to be especially attracted, whose greet-
ings would light up her face with smiles, while she returned
her caresses with interest. She spent her time in knitting,
and would take her work to Mrs. Smith if she dropped a
stitch, and smile quietly as it was returned, with a sign of
approbation.
" ' At this time she uttered only a little pleasant noise ;
but as she became better acquainted, this grew louder and
very disagreeable.
" 'When I had been with her a few days, and she became
accustomed to being led about by me, I took her one morn-
ing to the nursery; and having seated her by a table, Dr.
Howe and myself commenced her first lesson. He had had
printed, in the raised letters used by the blind, the names
of many common objects, such as knife, fork, spoon, key,
bed, chair, stove, door, etc., and had pasted some of the
labels on the corresponding articles. First we gave her the
word "knife" on the slip of paper, and moved her fingers
over it, as the blind do in reading. Then we showed her
the knife, and let her feel the label upon it, and made to
her the sign which she was accustomed to use to signify
likeness, viz, placing side by side the forefingers of each
hand. She readily perceived the similarity of the two
words.
" 'The same process was repeated with other articles.
This exercise lasted three-quarters of an hour. She re-
ceived from it only the idea that some of the labels were
alike, and others were unlike. The lesson was repeated in
the afternoon, and on the next day, and about the third
day she began to comprehend that the words on the slips
of paper represented the object on which they were pasted.
This was shown by her taking the word "chair'' and plac-
ing it first upon one chair and then upon another, while a
smile of intelfigence lighted her hitherto puzzled counte-
Laura Dewey Bridgman. 245
nance, and her evident satisfaction assured us that she had
mastered her first lesson. In succeeding lessons, the label
having been given her, she would search for the article,
and having found it, place it upon it. Then the operation
was reversed, and having the article given, she found the
proper label.
" 'Thus far she had studied the words as a whole, and
it was now desirable to have her form them herself from,
their component letters. Mr. S. P. Ruggles, who had
charge of the printing department, was caUed upon to con-
struct a case of metal types. This contained four sets of
the alphabet, and afforded her much amusement as well as
profit. She seemed never to tire of setting up the types to
correspond with the printed words with which she was
already famiUar. All the letters of one alphabet were kept
arranged in theu* proper order, while she used the others.
In less than three days she had learned this order, as was
found by taking all the types from the case, and making a
sign to her to rearrange them, which she did without as-
sistance.
" 'During the time of her earliest instruction, it was
necessary to use many signs. These were laid aside, how-
ever, as soon as we had something better to supply their
place. As a mark of approval, I stroked her hair or patted
her upon the head; of disapproval, knocked her elbow
lightly.
" ' Whenever she overcame a difficulty, a peculiarly sweet
expression lighted up her face, and we perceived that it
grew daily more intelligent.
" ' It was nearly two months before any use was made of
the manual alphabet. At this time Dr. Howe gave me a
letter of introduction to Mr. Greo. Loring, who was a deaf-
mute and a graduate from the institution at Hartford. In
one afternoon he taught me the alphabet, and the next day
I began to teach it to Laura, showing her the position of
the fingers to represent each of the types which she had
been using.
246 Ajppendix L.
" 'The method of teaching her new words afterward was
as follows: To let her examine an object, and then teach
her its name by spelling it with my fingers. She placed her
right hand over mine, so that she could feel every change
of position, and with the greatest anxiety, watched for each
letter; then she attempted to spell it herself; and as she
mastered the word, her anxiety changed to delight. Next
she took her board, and arranged the types to spell the
same word, and placed them near the object, to show that
she understood it.
" 'She very soon perceived that spelling the words in
this way was much more rapid, and attended with much
less difficulty than the old method with types, and im-
mediately applied it practically. I shall never forget the
first meal taken after she appreciated the use of the finger
alphabet. Every article that she touched must have a
name; and I was obliged to call some one to help me wait
upon the other children, while she kept me busy in spell-
ing the new words. Dr. Howe had been absent for some
time, and on his return was much delighted with the prog-
ress she had made, and at once learned the manual alpha-
bet himself.
" 'After she had learned a hundred or more common
nouns, we began to teach her the use of verbs. The first
were shut, open ; shut door, open door, accompanying the
spelling of the word by the act. In this way she learned
those in constant use, and then we taught her adjectives,
and the names of individuals. In a very short time she
had learned the names of all our large family.
" ' After a year she began to learn to write. A pasteboard
with grooved lines, such as the blind use, was placed be-
tween the folds of the paper ; a letter was pricked in stiff
paper, so that she might feel its shape, and then her right
hand, holding the pencil, was guided to form it, the fore-
finger of the left hand following the point of the pencil,
guiding the writing and keeping the spaces between the
letters. She did not learn to write well as quickly as many
of the blind children.
Laura Dewey Bridgman. 247
'* * She was very social, and always wished to have some
one sit beside her or walk with her, and she taught her lit-
tle blind friends the finger alphabet.
" ' One day I was passing the door of the linen -room, and
saw her standing upon a chair, examining the contents of
an upper drawer. It contained pieces of ribbon and laces be-
longing to the matron. She took them, out, felt of the smooth
satin and the delicate lace, soUloquized with her fingers,
and made a motion as if to appropriate them, then knocked
her elbow (the sign of wrong), and after some hesitation
replaced them. This was repeated several times, and then
I went to her, and took her hand as if wishing to speak to
her, when an expression of conscious guilt overspread her
face. I made her understand by signs that she must not
meddle with what did not belong to her. She said, ' ' Laura
wrong, no ; Laura right," patting her own head, and show-
ing me that she had not taken anything, but I knew that
she had been under great temptation and had triumphed
over it.
" ' I accompanied her on her first visit to her home in
Hanover, in 1839. Her father met us in Lebanon, and as
he took her hand she recognized him, and I taught her the
word "father," She had seen her mother a year before,
and had learned the word "mother" at the time of her visit
at the Institution. Before Laura could be persuaded to
take off her cloak and bonnet, after arriving at home,
she took me over the whole house, showing me everything,
and inquiring the names of things which she had not
learned about in Boston. In an unfinished room were a
loom and spinning wheel. These she had seen (felt) her
mother use, and was very anxious for their names. Then
she led me to the bee-hive to know what that was.
" ' At this time she was very shy of gentlemen, and would
hardly approach any one but Dr. Howe, and I thought she
might repel her father, and her old friend Mr, Tenny, but,
on the contrary, she was much pleased to walk with him,
as she had been in the habit of doing before she left home.
24:8 Appendix L,
*' ' She was anxious to have her mother talk with her, and
began at once to teach her the alphabet.
" ' She seemed so happy to be at home that I feared she
might object to return with me, but at the end of a fort-
night she was quite willing to go, and left her mother very
calmly.' "
OLH^R CASWELL'S FIRST LESSOIST.
''For the benefit of any future case of similar affliction, I
have thought it desirable to describe minutely the first
lessons given to Oliver Caswell, a deaf, dumb, and blind
boy who entered the Institution at South Boston, Septem-
ber 30, 1841, at the age of twelve years, having lost his
senses when three years and four months old by scarlet
fever. Lucy Reed, also deaf, dumb, and blind, had been
received in the previous February, but remained only five
months, having returned to her home two months previous
to Oliver's arrival.
" l^ot having become acquainted with Laura until she had
been two years and a half under instruction, I was much in-
terested in watching Lucy's progress, the course of training
being the same as that which was adopted for Laura, and
which has been described in the preceding pages. Four
months elapsed before Lucy attached any significance to
the process she was required to go through several times a
day, of feeling the letters in raised type composing the va-
rious labels, which were placed upon a few common objects,
and moving her fingers in certain directions to correspond
with them. Her ungoverned will and stolid indifference
were undoubtedly serious obstacles to her progress, but it
had taken more than two months before Laura received
the idea, although she was a most interested scholar. After
a careful study of our work with Lucy, it seemed to me
that the introduction of the raised letters at the beginning
of the training was entirely useless, and resulted only In a
serious complication of the whole matter. No one would
teach a little child to read until it had learned to talk, so
Oliwer Caswell. 249
the deaf and blind child should only be taught to spell the
names of objects on the fingers, and not to read the raised
letters at the same time ; the attention being thus concen-
trated on this one point, I believe the desired result would
be far more speedily attained.
" I had often expressed the wish that one more such child
might be brought to us, that my theory might be tested,
and on this September 30th I was made happy by a sum-
mons from Dr. Howe, and the announcement that such a
child had arrived, and I might begin my experiment at
once, whUe he was absent in the city.
"That there need be nothing to distract attention, I led
the boy into a room where we could be undisturbed, and
seated myself beside him upon a sofa. He first wished to
find what manner of person I was, and I gave him all the
opportunity he desired to examine the arrangement of my
hair, to feel of my face, dress, chain, breastpin, rings, etc.,
until his curiosity was satisfied. Next he examined the
sofa on which we were seated, and then rested quietly.
Now was my time to attract his attention. I led him to a
door, and placed his hand upon the key which was in the
lock. He made the motion of turning it, nodding with a
quizzical look, all which meant plainly, Yes, I know what
a key is for, did you suppose I did not ? Taking the key
from the door, we returned to the sofa. Now he was curi-
ous to know what was to come next. I placed his hand
upon the key, then lifting it, moved the fingers in the po-
sitions for the letters k-e-y, repeating it several times.
Then I placed my hand in his and let him feel that I moved
my fingers in the same way. By tapping his hand he un-
derstood that he was to repeat it himself ; he succeeded in
making k, but needed assistance on the other letters, which
was given by letting him feel me make them again. On
the second trial he spelled the word without assistance.
" The expression on his face now indicated, I wonder what
all this means. Next I took a mug from a table near by,
and placed it in his hand. Again, he nodded and raised
11*
260 Appendix L. ,
it to his lips, tipping it as a sign of drinking. Laying his
hand upon it, as I had done before with the key, I moved
his fingers to make the letters m-u-g, repeating it with my
own fingers, his hand resting on mine, so that he could
feel the motions, and then asked him by a sign to do it
himself. After three efforts he was successful, and showed
pleasure in receiving a pat upon his head as a sign of ap-
probation. Then I returned to the key. He had forgotten
those letters, but after feeling me make them once, suc-
ceeded in spelling it. TurniAg back to the mug, he re-
membered two letters, and after a few trials more, spelled
each correctly without assistance.
"All this time his face wore a puzzled look, mingled with
indifference, which would perhaps have triumphed at this
point, but for his spirit of obedience, which prompted him
to do as he perceived I wished. These two words learned,
he sat back upon the sofa, as if to say, this is enough of
such nonsense. Just then I drew a pin from my dress and
handed it to him. He made the sign of sticking it into
his coat, and listlessly returned it to me. I lifted his hand,
which he had lain quietly on his knee, and spelled with
my fingers p-i-n. With a nervous movement and an ex-
pression of face quite unlike anything he had exhibited
before, he tapped my hand, showing his wish that I should
repeat it, and then, without waiting to make the letters
himself, with a look of intense earnestness, he sprang from
the sofa and drew me to the table, placing his hands upon
it, and then rapping my fingers. As I made the letters
t-a-b-1-e, he perceived that they were unlike those he had
learned for the key, mug, and pin. His countenance be-
came radiant. He led me rapidly about the room, putting
my hands on different objects, and feeling me spell the
names. A half hour had passed since we took the key
from the door, and he had received the idea which it had
taken four months to give to Lucy Reed, and nearly three
months to Laura. The success of the experiment was far
beyond my expectations. Had we saved a month's time,
Olwer Caswell. 251
it would have been a great gain ; bnt the work was done
when I supposed it only commenced. Once having re-
ceived the idea that objects have names, and that by
movements of our fingers we can communicate them, the
remaining work is simply to acquire a knowledge of those
movements. In teaching a deaf, dumb, and blind person,
the Frenchman's maxim is eminently true, ' C'est le pre-
mier pas qui coute. '
" It will be noticed that in selecting the words to be taught,
care was taken that they should be as short as possible,
and that no letter used in the name of one object should
be repeated in that of another. This is very important,
as the first idea which the mind receives is probably the
difference in the words, and by making any part of them
similar, we make this less striking.
' ' Let no one who undertakes a similar work be discour-
aged if, in following the steps above described, it takes
weeks or even months to attain the desired result, but in
no case can the labels be of assistance."
APPEITDIX M.
SOME REMARKS ON CRIME-CAUSE.
PROM AN ABIiE PAPER, 1879, BY HON. RICHARD VAUX.
That physical traits are inherited, is not doubted.
The resemblance between parents and their children is a
fact that is not even questioned. We know that physical
causes have had such influence on females during pregnancy,
that the child born, has proved the effect of these influ-
ences. A lady during pregnancy felt a strange sensation on
one of her limbs ; she struck the part with her hand, and
on examination it was found a mouse had run up the limb,
and the blow given had killed it. When the child was born,
there was oti the limb of the child the exact figure of a
mouse, and the skin covering the spot was mouse-colored.
If there is imparted to the child by the mother during
pregnancy, such consequences from physical causes, is it to
be doubted that both mental and moral impressions are in
like manner impressed on the child ? That most children in-
herit mental traits from their parents is undeniable. Music,
painting, other special mental capacities are found in the
children of parents who possessed them. Is the moral nat-
ure only to be utterly unimpressible ? It is not so easy to
trace up moral defects in the crime class to these parents,
but occasionally special cases are found in which this can
be successfully accomplished, and we have given some
striking examples which deserve serious consideration.
They are authentic, and form the basis for farther investi-
gations by those who will take the trouble to explore this
(253)
Some Remarks on Crim^e-Cause. 253
field open for examination. That mental disease, or the
morbid abnormal mental state as a crime-cause, is a subject
now receiving very serious attention. It is specially referred
to, in order, by comparative reasoning, to establish that
the abnormal moral condition is also replete with the cause
of crime. By a process of deductive reasoning, it may be
asserted that if mental disease induces to crime, moral un-
soundness or inherited moral weaknesses have a similar
effect.
In support of the first of these propositions, we cite the
following extract from a volume, by Henry Maudsley, M.D.,
a very high medical authority in England, entitled "Re-
sponsibility in Mental Disease." International scientific
series. Appleton & Co., N. Y., 1874:
"Notwithstanding that the influence of hereditary ante-
cedents upon the character of the individual has been ad-
mitted by all sorts and conditions of men, its important
bearing upon moral responsibility has not received the
serious consideration which it deserves.
" Laws are made and enforced on the supposition that
all persons who have reached a certain age, arbitrarily fixed
as the age of discretion, and are not deprived of their
reason, have the capacity to know and obey them ; so that
when the laws are broken, the punishment inflicted is in
proportion to the nature of the offence, and not to the act-
ual moral responsibility of the individual. The legislator
can know nothing of individuals; he must necessarily as-
sume a uniform standard of mental capacity, so far as a
knowledge of right and wrong, and of moral power, so far
as resistance to unlawful impulses are concerned; excep-
tions being made of children of tender age, and of persons
of unsound mind.
"There can be no question, however, that this assump-
tion is not in strict accordance with facts, and that there
are in reality many persons who, without being actually
imbecile or insane, are of lower moral responsibility than
the average of mankind ; they have been taught the same
254 A^endix M.
lessons as the rest of mankind, and have a full theoretical
knowledge of them, but they have not really assimilated
them; the principles inculcated never gain that hold of
their minds which they gain in a sound and well-consti-
tuted nature. After all that can be said, an individual
nature will only assimilate, that is, will only make of a same
kind with itself, what is fitted to further its special develop-
ment, and this it will, by a natural affinity, find in the con-
ditions of its life. To the end of the chapter of life the man
will feel, think, and act according to his kind. The wicked
are not wicked by deliberate choice of the advantages by
wickedness which are a delusion, or of the pleasures of wick-
edness, which are a snare, but by an inclination of their
natures, which makes the evil good to them, and the good
evil; that they choose the gratification of a present indul-
gence, in spite of the chance or certainty of future punish-
ment and suffering, is often a proof not only of a natural
affinity for the evil, but of a deficient understanding and a
feeble will.
' ' Not until comparatively lately has much attention been
given to the way criminals are produced. It was with them,
much as it was at one time with lunatics; to say of the
former that they were wicked and of the latter that they
were mad, was thought to render any further explanation
unnecessary and any further inquiry superfluous. It is
certain, however, that lunatics and criminals are as much
manufactured articles as are steam engines and calico print-
ing machines, only the processes of the organic manufactory
are so comple*^ that we are not able to follow them. They
are neither accidents nor anomalies in the universe, but
come by law and testify to casuality ; and it is the business
to find out what the causes are and by what laws they
work. There is nothing accidental, nothing supernatural
in the impulse to do right, or in the impulse to do wrong;
both come by inheritance or by education ; and science can
no more rest content with the explanation which attributes
one to the grace of heaven and the other to the malice of
Some Remarks on Crime-Cause. 256
the devil, than it can rest content with the explanation of
insanity as a possession by the devil. The few and imper-
fect investigations of the persona] and family histories of
criminals which have yet been made, are sufllcient to ex-
cite some serious reflections. One fact which is brought
strongly out by these inquiries is that crime is often hered-
itary; that just as a man may inherit the stamp of the
bodily features and characters of his parents, so he may
also inherit the impress of theh evil passions and propensi-
ties; of the true thief as of the true poet it may be indeed
said that he is born, not made. That is what observation
of the phenomena of hereditary would lead us to expect;
and although certain theologians, who are prone to square
the order of nature to their notions of what it should be,
may repel such doctrine as the heritage of an immoral in
place of a moral sense, they will in the end find it impos-
sible in this matter, as they have done in other matters, to
contend against facts. To add to their misfortunes, many
criminals are not only begotten and conceived, and bred in
crime, but they are instructed in it from their youth up-
wards, so that their original criminal instincts acquire a
power which no subsequent effort to produce reformation
will ever counteract.
"All persons who have made criminals their study, rec-
ognize a distinct criminal class of beings, who herd to-
gether in our large cities in a thieves' quarter, giving them-
selves up to intemperance, rioting in debauchery, without
regard to marriage ties or the bars of consanguinity, and
propagating a criminal population of degenerate beings.
For it is furthermore a matter of observation that this
criminal class constitutes a degenerate or morbid variety
of mankind, marked by peculiar low physical and mental
characteristics. They are, it has been said, as distinctly
marked off from the honest and well-bred operatives, as
''black-faced sheep are from other breeds," so that an ex-
perienced detective officer or prison official could pick theiir-
out from any promiscuous assembly at church or market.
256 Appendix M.
*' Their family likeness betrays them as follows : — * By the
hand of nature marked, quoted, and signed to do a deed
of shame.' They are scrofulous, not seldom deformed, with
badly formed angular heads ; are stupid, sullen, sluggish,
deficient in vital energy, sometimes afflicted with epilepsy.
As a class, they are of mean and defective intellect, though
excessively cunning, and not a few of them are weak-mind-
ed and imbecile. The women are ugly in features, and
without grace of expression or movement. The children,
who become juvenile criminals, do not evince the educa-
tional aptitude of the higher industrial classes; they are
deficient in the power of attention and application, have
bad memories, and make slow progress in learning. Many
of them are weak in mind and body, and some of them act-
ually imbecile.
' ' We may accept then the authority of those who have
studied criminals, that there is a class of them marked by
defective physical and mental organization ; one result of
their natural defect, which really determines their destiny
in life, being an extreme deficiency or complete absence of
moral sense. In addition to the perversion or entire ab-
sence of moral sense, which experience of habitual crimi-
nals brings prominently out, other important facts disclosed
by the investigation of their family histories are, that a
considerable proportion of them are weak-minded or epi-
leptic, or become insane, or that they spring from families
in which insanity, epilepsy, or some other neurosis exist,
and that the diseases from which they suffer, and of which
they die, are chiefly tubercular diseases, and diseases of the
nervous system. Crime is a sort of outlet, by which their
unsound tendencies are discharged ; they would go mad if
they were not criminals, and they do not go mad because
they are criminals.
"Crime is not then, in all cases, a simple affair of yield-
ing to an evil impulse, or a vicious passion, which might be
checked were ordinary control exercised; it is clearly some-
times the result of an actual neurosis, which has close re-
Some Mema/rhs on Crime-Cause. 257
lations of nature and descent to other neuroses, especially
the epileptic and the insane neuroses ; and this neurosis is
the physical result of the physiological laws of production
and evolution. No wonder that the criminal psychosis,
which is the mental side of neurosis, is for the most part an
intractable malady, punishment being of no avail to pro-
duce a permanent reformation. The dog returns to its
vomifc, and the sow to its wallowing in the mire. A true
reformation would be the re-forming of the individual
nature ; and how can that, which has been forming through
generations, be re-formed within the term of a single life ?
Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the Leopard his
spots ?
"Thus, then, when we take the most decided forms of
human wrong-doing, and examine the causes and nature
of the moral degeneracy which they evince, we find that
they are not merely subjects for the moral philosopher and
the preacher, but that they rightly come within the scope
of positive scientific research. The metaphysical nature of
a man, as an abstract being, endowed with a certain fixed
moral potentiality to do the right and eschew the wrong, is
as httle applicable to each human being bom into the
world, as the notion of a certain fixed intellectual power
would be applicable to each being, whether of good mental
capacity, imbecile or idiot. There are, as natural phenom-
ena, manifold gradations of understanding from the high-
est intellect to the lowest idiocy; and there are also, as
natural phenomena, various degrees of morality between the
highest energy of a well-fashioned will and the complete
absence of moral sense. Nor are intellect and moral power
so dependent mutually, as necessarily to vary together, the
one increasing and decreasing, as the other increases and
decreases. Experience proves conclusively that there may
be much intellect with little morality, and much morality
with little intellect."
Taking these views of Dr. Maudsley as authority on this
subject, it is not solely by deduction that the hereditary
258 Appendix M.
nature of crime in the moral constitution is to be main-
tained. In the fifteenth volume of the Journal of Mental
Science, there is a paper by J. B. Thomas, of singular in-
terest, under the caption of "The Hereditary Nature of
Crimes.'' It can hardly be denied that if special, or par-
ticular, or peculiar traits in the physical and mental con-
dition can be inherited by offspring from parents, then by
a parity of reasoning, the moral defects of parents are like-
wise transmitted, and exert as malign influences as other
vicious or unhealthy inherited physical characteristics.
To support these views, the following extracts from a
paper prepared by J. B. Thomas, L.R.C.S., resident Sur-
geon-General, prison for Scotland, at Perth, A.D. 1870, are
here presented:
" On the border-land of lunacy lie the criminal popula-
tions. It is a debatable region, and no more vexed prob-
lem comes before the medical psychologist than this, viz:
"Where badness ends and madness begins in criminals
" The propositions that crime is generally committed by
criminals hereditarily disposed to it, I shall try to prove by
showing —
" 1. That there is a criminal class distinct from other civ-
ilized and criminal men.
" 2. That this criminal class is marked by peculiar physi-
cal and mental characteristics.
' ' 3. That the hereditary nature of crime is shown by the
family histories of criminals.
"4. That the transformation of other nervous diseases
with crime in the criminal class, also proves the alliance
of hereditary crime with other diseases of the miad, such
as epilepsy, dipsomania, insanity, etc.
"5. That the incurable nature of crime in the criminal
class goes to prove its hereditary nature
" Not to heap up proofs which are ample, I shall
only add to this my own testimony as a prison surgeon, as
to the mental condition of prisoners generally. Out of a
population of 5,432, no less than 673 were placed on my
Some Reraarks on Crime-Cause, 259
registers as requiring care and treatment on account of ttieir
mental condition
"One of the most remarkable examples of a criminal
family I know of, is as follows : Tln*ee brothers had families
amounting to fifteen members in all. Of these fourteen
were utterers of base coin ; the fifteenth appeared to be an
exception, but was at length detected in setting fire to his
house, after insuring it for four times its value
" Of 109 prisoners, out of 50 families, were in prison at
one time. Of one family eight were known. The father
had been several times under long sentences. Near rela-
tions I found in prison, were the father, two sons, three
daughters, one daughter-in-law, and a sister-in-law
There were in prison three cousins (two being sisters), two
aunts, and two uncles, of the same family Of two
families, six were in prison about the same time, "^z : — four
brothers and two sisters.
" The following instances are from the reports of a gentle-
man of large experience in Glasgow:
"In one family there were five criminals — one male and
four females ; the last was executed. The girls had lived by
thieving and profligacy. Their evil propensities seem to
have been inherited from the mother; the mother also being
a poor silly creature.
" In another family were two male and two female crim-
ina.ls, all transported for theft they inherited from the
mother.
" In another family four females were all thieves ; often
in prisons ; inherited from the father.
' ' In another family three girls, all wicked ; two of them
were banished; father and mother criminals.
"Again, two males and two females were active thieves
by inheritance.
"Again, one male and two females, incorrigible thieves;
their mother a thief; grandmother also.
"Again, two males and two females; three transported.
'' Again, three girls, all thieves by the mother's heritage.
260 Appendix M.
** Again, a family of four, all thieves by the mother.
"Again, one male and two females, with the mother; all
sentenced to transportation.
" Again, four or five in this, all thieves ; two sentenced to
transportation.
" Let me wind up this dark roll with an example from a
French report. The history of a family in Bayeaux is this :
— One of them had been sentenced to the Travaux forces
for life, having committed assassination. Five remained —
three brothers, one sister, and her husband, who all became
robbers. Their uncles and aunts had been in les bogues;
one nephew also, and others took to criminal courses by
an hereditary proclivity that seemed quite irresistible.
" I offer the following conclusions from the foregoing ex-
amen :
"1st. That crime being hereditary in the criminal class,
measures are called for to break up the caste and commu-
nity of the class.
"2d. That transportation and long sentences of habitual
criminals are called for, in order to lessen the criminal
offenders.
"3d. That old offenders can scarcely be reclaimed, and
that juveniles brought under very early training are the
most hopeful; but even these are apt to lapse into their
hereditary tendency.
"4th. That crime is so nearly allied to insanity, as to be
chiefly a psychological study."
The direct influences exerted to produce crime-cause on
that aggregation of people in more or less dense population,
as contra-distinguished from agricultural life in sparse set-
tlements, or villages and hamlets, are not authoritatively
to be yet determined. There are now no positively ascer-
tained data on which to erect any hypothesis which will
bear careful study or stand analytical criticisms. The
scientist can only obtain here and there some facts, but
what is to be proved by them in their relation to the gen-
oral subject, is far from ascertainable, because though they
Some Remarks on Critne- Cause. 261
are facts, they are not connected with what may be found
to be either explanatory or contradictory, or as essentially
varying the proof, from the theory assumed.
It, however, may be asserted, that the influence of the
social forces which produce crime on those subjected to
them, are positive and controlling. These social forces are
motors which come from the compression in large popula-
tions which evolves necessity, opportunity, affinity, im-
munity, dwarfed moral perceptions, blunted or weakened
comprehension, and a reliance on precarious means for sup-
port rather than honest labor or trade, or regular employ-
ments in a large or smaller class of the population. Temp-
tation to commit crime, a lack of a resisting power to re-
press this temptation, a lack of comprehension which fails
to set up a distinctive understanding of the disobedience
of law which temptation to violate it urges in individuals,
is often the consequence of the action of these social forces,
and as classes of society are by their near association more
liable to the operation of those forces because of the aggre-
gation of those moral defects which are individual to each
member of the class, it may not be too broad an assertion
to declare that crime is often produced by social influences.
The observation of careful investigation shows that in
large populations there exists a class, or it may be classes
of individuals who are criminals by reason of their personal
habits, tastes, associations, moral defects, mental weak-
nesses, and the cultivation of that animal instinct called
cunning, which may be described as a physical sagacity
that does not partake of the faculty of reason beyond the
line which marks the blending of mental with the physical
constituents of human nature. This class or classes are
found in the depressed state of the social structure. They
grow out of the deep shadow which this structure throws,
and are indigenous to it.
The motives for the action, the impulses, the motors, the
impelling or compelling causes are produced by the pres-
ence, on this class or classes, of the social forces which are
constantly in action in large populations.
262 Appendix M.
While it is true that there are more criminals in large
than in small populations, and that the proportion of
criminals to population is the evidence of the fact, yet that
does not wholly explain why the criminal exists, unless it
is admitted that populations create criminals in the ratio
of crime-cause to these communities. Why an individual
should be a criminal in a city and not in a village, is unex-
plained by the proof that in the city he is, and in the vil-
lage he is not, a criminal. If it is to be explained by the as-
sertion that in a city the demand for employment is less
than the supply, and the excess is forced into crime for
support, then the question is at once suggested, why arc
the unemployed persons driven to crime, if in these larger
populations there are no predisposing causes which belong
to them?
Take the facts as they are, it Is plain that in large com-
munities there are social forces, which by their pressure on
parts or classes, evolve criminal conditions, and out of them,
come crimes and criminals, or crime-cause forced into
operation.
One mode to test the influence of society as contributing
to crime, educating in crime, creating crime-causes and
crime classes, let us invite attention to the following statis-
tics : We have given the several counties of this State,* then
the number of crimes of which individuals have been con-
victed, then the character of these crimes. While this is
neither conclusive nor exhaustive of the premises to be
proven, it is something to show what is the proportion of
criminals to populations, and what counties produce the
largest number of criminals, and for what offences they are
charged. A comparison instituted from these facts will
direct closer investigation and suggest into what channels
investigation is to be directed. Such a comparison will be
suggestive. Some light will be thrown on the subject, and
thus enable scientists to adopt an initial point for co-oper-
ative examinations in various localities.
* Pennsylvania.
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