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UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
x
y | Divivien of Fishes,
U. &, Nationa) Museum
er Nelo EOS,
iil oa eal 0) nad
THE COMMISSIONER
BE ao eo
A.—INQUIRY INTO THE DECREASE OF FOOD-FISHES.
B.—THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES IN THE
WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES.
— SSS
Cs
WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE.
1884.
oo ae
bene
\ \ \ C \ é d
LETTER
FROM THE
COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,
TRANSMITTING,
': compliance with law, his report for the year 1881.
JUNE 21, 1882.—Ordered to lie on the table and be printed.
UNITED STATES COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES,
Washington, D. C., March 17, 1882.
GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to transmit herewith my report for
the year 1881, as United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries,
embracing, first, the result of inquiries into the condition of the fisheries
of the sea-coast and lakes of the United States; and, second, the history
of the measures taken for the introduction of useful food-fishes into its
waters.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
SPENCER F. BAIRD,
Commissioner.
Hon. DAvip DAVIS,
President of the United States Senate, and
Hon. J. W. KEIFER,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
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CONTENTS.
I—REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER.
A.—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
Page.
1. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS...---..-- OPS A On hes Sasa ss Seer Gee er oHanseo erick xiii
Scope of present report .-.---.-- --------------- Bee eae ee miencialete Reise Saree deeeten ater xiii
Increase of correspondence. ...------+----- Bee ae See teie ease sie olan Sis eelalate= «apenas xiii
Table of letters written from 1871 to 1881 ..-.-..--. -- ----------- ee eens eee eee eee ee eee xiii
Noteworthy features of the year...---.-.-.------- +++ +2220 sree ee cence eee crete teres xiv
(1) Increase in production and distribution of carp .----.---------+++-+-+-+-++-++-++- xiv
(2) Construction of an additional carp pond....-...------ ----++ +--+ ee eee reece eee ee xiv
(3) Introduction of transportation cars...-...--.------+ +--+ see eee rere reece etree eee xiv
(4) Change in policy of distribution of shad .......----------- + +--+ ++e-22e eet tere eee xiv
(5) Increase in distribution of shad .-......------------+--+--++e reer rere seer eee eee xiv
(6) Decrease in supply of California salmon........-----.-- 0 --+--+++-++e sere eee eee xiv
(7) Experiments in hatching cod and Spanish mackerel. .-----.--- a Sen Beas xiv
(8) Exportation of fish to foreign countries. ...-.-.----------+--- = 0 veer etree xiv
(9) Investigations looking to the retardation of the deve lonmont of shad eggs...-.-.- xiv
(10) Work on the artificial propagation of the oyster. .. ---..----.--+-0-+-+-++----++) xiv
(11) Determination of extent of distribution and value of the tileshishssy <2: 4) 2s54e ey
(12) Distribution of specimens to educational establishments ..-.-----------------+--- xiv
(13) Plans for constructing a sea-going steamer. ..-.-.--- ------ re ee Faery e te he fresh) >. xiv
(14) Acquisition of land at Wood's Holl as a permanent station for hateaee cod and
OLHET SOa-tISNESs sess a. 2 Se ce crcl wipe ic alelera sieicparafel ete = bea win elee'eie Bins Joh hee ecueeiee xiv
(15) Commencement of the bulletin of the Fish Commission -..-. Haeeeigsesl 2 go seas xiv
(16) Lease of a building for the offices of the Wish Gommission: 242s5e2-2. eee eee xv
(17) Importation of turbot and sole ....-..--------------+-- +++ +002 settee erect eee iat Pa:
92. PRINCIPAL BTATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION ......----------+-------+-------- xv
For investigation and research ......-.------ +--+ +--+ 22-22 sees ence ete terete eee ee xv
(1) Gloucester, Mass..-.......-.-.---- 2-2-2 e eee eee ee eee eens teeter eect tenes xv
(2) Wood’s Holl, Mass .-.-..-.--..---+ +--+ 22-2 o ee cee cee cece ees cede enters tec cee eee xv
(3) Saint Jerome, Md,.......--.-----.- 20-22 eee ee eee eee eee eee ee eee etter eee eee xv
For propagation of salmonide ...--...----- ©. - +--+ -+++eee sere ee tecee es cee ce terct cece xvi
(4) Grand Lake Stream, Me. (Land-locked salmon) ..---.-------------------- mac, ph.apl
(5) Bucksport, Me. (Atlantic salmon) ..-..----.-.-------+++-+- +++ 20222 ee eer ee eee eee Xvi
(6) Northville, Mich. (Whitefish and trout).... 0 -----------------+ +++ eee rere eee ee xvi
(7) Baird, Shasta County, Cal. (California salmon) .-.-..----.--------------+++-+++-+-- xvi
(8) Baird, Shasta County, Cal. (California trout) ..----.---.-----------++---+--+-++--- xvi
For propagation of shad ........----- -------- cee eee e nee e ee cree eee e eee See eae xvi
(QerauerdaGrace Mee. se nce ace: 2 Se ne sncceecte sc Se ilasens a= saninm een esses xvi
(10) Northubastenivers Md 2: 2.225 o- - cjccis Seem siciete nmin enon ns ce a iale seein Ree te xvi
(11) Washington, Central Station ......-..----.-.---0-6-- see - eee eee eee tee teenee xvi
(12) Washington, Navy-yard. ...---..-.- 4.22 ---5--5-2202- eS ee xvii
(18) Potomac River barges. .........2- 20-252. e25e- oe ee ee eee este en eens Dee oe ee xvii
(GRA) Ac rOG ae Nit Omer ete oe ata era semion igs are aralcioieieleie we mieinieie mo'e «a's nintajajnaminle'e spree = xvii
Hor propagation Of Garpiecc< jos... sec -- -oeen rice nace Coe en few nln nme os esniee cna ain ee cisnias xvii
(15) Washington, Monument lot .....-......---..--- 2.20 ee eee cece eee ce ee etter eres xvii
(16) Washington, Arsenal Grounds .........--.....------------ 2222s eer ee rete: xvii
3. ASSISTANCE RENDERED TO THE COMMISSION .........--.------ eee eee e ee ene ee cece cent cere seeeee xvii
By the Executive Departments ........-.....-----..--- Behe See tetera ae aie ose las eet xvii
(1) Treasury Department... ..---. 5... 22-122 cen n cece oe ene n es fen ein oe eee eee me ie = xvii
(2) War Department... <: -- 2-22 222 o een geste ets sven chen eee ene sat xviii
iva CONTENTS
Page
3. ASSISTANCE RENDERED TO COMMiSsION—Continued.
(eNavy Department, ..-.. 2.2.2 28:0. cesses eee amnesee see weccees moenmeaaseueaee xix
(4) Post-ofice Department: 6. sci 02 os caeee ame yam iccionine «acer sees nance eaeecre eae xix
(5)einterior Départment a --s2c.co0 «oe emer eeee eee koe lee aaeeee ene xix
(G)mVepartmentiof Justiae cc aemae =a eats setae era ae re tk aera) aa xix
By the Commissioner of Public Buildings and Grounds.............-..-..--..-.--.--+--- xix
By the Commissioners of the District of Columbia ....-.......0..-.--- 220+ ee eee eee ees xix
By railroads throughout the United! States) y2-e ace seme re eee oes <tr poe o8 hs <
By foreion steamship Nes. ane oe ee clon tates ene ee eee aaa aaialoes otc sis orl stetate eee xX
IB yacelegraph! COMP ANOS) aw lcler torneo mote stele leit a feneetetatela alate late aie = oe alelan|at~ eee xx
BS VetOrel CMI COUN UTI CS). atcte ee atte |efeeiee'slente) erat =laitaiare 3b Re DE ARSE GE Re SeeROPE Hoar emer Hoon = XX
(1). Germany (saibling))...2.5-22s2% <2 aise cers ee eer peeiens Jos sacle ces aclacine seo sae sce ee XxX
(2) Eran ce(Souramt) (ence trea clare ce nere tala oes erete Smite favateeeiate cietete wiciclclel ate ot ees XX
(3) Ein sland! (turbotiandssole) eee aae a eree ratteeeete eee acts Seared sees XX
4. COURTESIES EXTENDED BY THE COMMISSION TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES ...--...-...------..- ---- 5K
Shipment of fish and eggs ..........-- Ge Aeterna mere aicis arate eccie ee lelaha tele oieare eee ee XXxi
(GD Ser GaN aerospace cictnsomincos aGsb06, HantcSUanE COSEEeEeneS nce vee eooanossociwds ocee xxi
(2) Bran ces s.ssasnedscecie acess cae scicis «mine pcisia.cie od ame ela eis blames Be a ate seis e eee Xxi
(3) Pn elan djs soc staee Sil occa cereetetnracie cinco atomic ees cieia tects Cae ate eat oar aera Xxi
(4) Scotland cs sscascc.a sara eet ee anc els sea ado oe ene Geen a ee ee eee ee =) OS
(5) Bel giam lq iec cco sioto cicicic Wa eemsetatees acinielaiaclolne clan eRe roe ese Renee See ee ee eee Xxi
(6)> Mewadors 2.82 .oss5 bacewils es eis bias rece Oe oats ara Se aa a Se ete xxii
(9) Costa: Riéa -oscsc8.8 So s5ere Seah s Me eck cals asd ERE SAS Hatiee See eee ert eee xxii
(S)EMGXICO, Hoot dee ce See ere he iee meeeaeiwin d stata? rare kick te eae a ee LeWUeNE ce Xxii
(9) Canada.........- paee coda Sho cicoduouE pemouocUseun pocceboscnGs baucacocose ce xxii
DA ISH RY te MIB TIONS cames sale anor aia sania aia etetasiniai ata male sie ei aloinleaiarate Sedonns sacs Dh SR REE ac xxii
PB OLLIE tears eee ale ee citer ara meh aaalat oot mina a aioe ee cle sae se ernest asee seine Seeeerees Shee: ERR
Norfolk: 22 jac: soscsssce aie icles Site miaie fo ate abe coi e ale treleinte asin Paci a cieys ebro eeieie ae aoa ats xxii
JOGbb Qube NS ea Serige cos Soe boS doo Ecacino ga chap Ur Gc Epe Acasa palin sod. Seneda nAesa Shao hotc xxii
G PHISH COMMISEION) BULLE TING sa atteys a eteieiee ia acres a eretewistels w= tefelarele evete sleletey- ae eta are) eee eee XXii
Jot Tesolution amthorizin Oy sess. einen see eee aletenrea ere eeteate orate ate le Pe ae =, AP asbhl
Contents of volume for 1881 ...--..-...--..--- bbode sche Gooscrosins GuacooooRkoa sa bSc Bebe 2 Oouil
7. cH PROPOSED STEAMER: AT BATROSSI<4: ce toscc see eee aoe ekeeee Sones ae kee sa eee ats Xxili
Its functions compared with those of the Fish Hawk.........................----- <5) SRL
Aotioniof Congress). ssses= ce oseseee sears ose Msiistlattea fro Neu ate) chek Res Me neat Xxiv
Preparation Of plans: ese wactee same atts re apc iere ss laevis ata RE REE cSt cine xxiv
AAMPLOPTIAblON WMS ULE Lembo meee a aan ae ahs aa oe ele lel ioctl eet bie) Sy
B.—INQUIRY INTO THE HISTORY AND STATISTICS OF FOOD-FISHES.
8. PROPOSED INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE OFF-SHORE FISHING-GROUNDS OF THE UNITED STATES... Xxv
Generaliresnlts.to beilooked! for 2pm spo ia fora ayatstcters lala = a= eral eae fol eerie eet teeter XXV
(1) Locating the known fishing-grounds of the United States .-......+.-2...0. Sera ipal REN
(2) Discovery of new grounds ..-.-------- SHE Se een ner Sen sie Sessa as SUR oC SHocbRee XXV
(3) Increase in number of fishing vessels..-..--------- --.---+--+------- Adee stats see's XXV
(4) Example of Norwegian! Government 2c. wei serie ia lenacinle elo ae ei oe Xxvi
(5) Example of likelihood of discovering new and valuable food-fish (the tile-fish) xxvi
(6) New grounds in Southern waters ..-...--.-.-----.--+---.-----+--+--+-----+--+- XXxvii
(i) eNew round tori alibrt ae scr es cteee ete ane tee ate e ale ae sie ere ee xxvii
(8) Release from dependence on Canada for fish: and! haiti sersc,< -.asat 242, ce an eee XXxVili
(9) The supply of the necessary demand for fish.-...--.-...--.----..- 12) Jas ee Xxviii
(10) Extension of the use of the cod gill-net......-....-...-..2+. .2-- ---.---200 apo) EXE
(11) Importance of building a suitable steamer......----.-------.---.+- --+++--++-:- xxix
(12) Possible solution of problem of the migration of mac aren el and menhaden...-.-- XXX
(13) Collecting of specimens of natural history for schools and colleges ...-..-...-- - Xxxi
PDR VMISHERY, CENSUS (OW LSSO 2s pate ea la neta matte te stale tot ke letacer mie feimieli = \/e ilar oa eee eee Xxxi
Progress of the work in 1881... . 2). - 2-2-2202 55 eee sees n ce ste sess ee ccees Sa AP...
Bulletins issued in 1881 relative to the fisheriés..............-.-22 025 s2ncse ee ee see sees: xxxi
(1)) Fisheries\of the Pacific.coast) States: <2... 2. <.<le <= oc newline cies eae eens XXxi
(2)wBisheries;of theiG reat lakes secs. pees atic mci ieee e+ <= e ofieeete CORY ne ae oeeek Xxxii
(3) biisheriesiot Maine rye saya elarae eieroleratere @ <5) Ain'ala Seana A Roose beh Sehecs Xxxii
(2) EB ISHeLLES) OF Wat Unt ae ctae spe rmie le, trots me riat==Y5 = ase form et ee ale =e eect xxxii
(5) The oyster industry....-. pone bo: Se aseane Pec s cose ccd sents See eer caesar Xxxii
90° OGEAN TRMPHRADUREBS <2 240 8 fae cidcrae ein stejetleys cislare ovtieretern wcnleiats Se clei otat oak Peete et teen a foetal Xxxii
Light-house observing stations)? 226 5-2 )sen ce. © <= 50 = mo cewinine cise mint enieiale iets eeleiat <ial=—iei= XXXili
'
CONTENTS. Vil
Page.
ile BIOLOGIC AT PR RSH AR CHE Gsm as turbine tenes Acs eh eee Nar sed) Ae luemceatnw ay aun Mio os. Soke XXxiV
Mirib rol op yiOntOod tk NOs ree cee erate tere alo lataiclaimiae e sinia pretainintaieteicle sanaleialats awe eaewiers © at 2)-)- Xxxiv
MSNA INTRODUCTION LORNCOD) GILU-NE TS sare eins tan aes cee saci nee antes te one een sae e XXxiv
Wise made of.cod gill-netsi by the Norwegians - ~-. 2 -2...-2 0s nte cope asesele sane saciew scenes XXXV
Experiments at Gloucester with nets brought from Norway.......-..--...-.-.---.------ XXXV
Report of Captain Collins on his observations at the Berlin Exhibition.-..............-. XXXV
Trouble;and expense of petting bait) 5.22 ca5 stewie ssfeee Sem ciatio soso ese aoe elon s see XXXVI
Mxperiments| byiCape Geo; ce. Martin): 22.2 ce 210 cece es celts = cn vidio eta wds suiniene seecnr Xxxvi
Early successes of the Northern Eagle with nets .....-....-..---...-2-----2- eee ee eee eee XXxvi
Report of Niels Juel on Loffoden fisheries cited..............-...222.-222.22022.- 2-005: XXXVil
MEL BVA TUT MLL ELAS 100 OD) face lalcneictete alas est ain|o\= sls i0l2;ajale\acal @releisjajoiaie state ivia «isielelebicteisielniet- (oie ena ee eS V LR
a WORKS DONEEAT VVOOD St HOLIn MDASS! SIN TSS). 7. ole cccienic ceo sas sidelc sce ces oes amieeeeen see XXXVili
Advantages as a permanent sea-coast station of the United States Fish Commission. .. .xxxviii
Peculiarities of coast fauna already determined by local and temporary stations. .-.xxxviii
Need of station for off-shore work and as a depot.......-.-. stra tials ietae are te enarere XXXViii
RERsonEOrSelectin MOWiOOdS et Ole ro we sitste atm cietin sles eee = mecllaeee ee ee eee XXXViii
Negotiations for acquisition of land for permanent station.................-.---.--.. Xxxix
Work done during the season of 1881 at Wood’s Holl .....-...-----.2--.--. aeieea hl areectnae Xxxix
Courtesiosiotlarht-Honse Boards ears sae'seccle mcr nae nals alone nisin stele ee ee eee Do o.dbe
Collahoratorsiandassistants)- cess scene ee tet sane eee nh ocr eee eee : xl
TLOSUISS ON ASISCASON Siw OlKsemencssescien a= aie cies a ete iors tes oi acme = an epee ees eee xl
Investigations into the distribution of tile-fish .......-............2.22.2-2.22------- xl
AOE LOA TIONS ON THE GHIBM a EVAW KAIN TOOL 1a = =)m atera\sais bisa sje o.yeiniaeiajn cine stiesiec\s eerie xl
VIERSOIS IPLOVAOUSLYAUSCC seme cme meen Semis] e's aie ae tae cle os cote nde coe Scsecclecebasccesaee xii
WOT kOteGhe:sG2s00) OLfLee0 sas aecasniscte clans crs aiscimio sess sioohee cinisee alas mia tal etbate aa eee xli
WrorkinveAl bemarle Sound imlast sn-.5. sos acs cciciere dicecins seis aoe nel telatninve ale Aarsten Meeeirets xii
Work attavre de Grace MG. im TSS L scion... aicinc sreercls she So cinsin cee Use Hace eat cclas Sass xli
IWorksim Ghesapeakerbayy in 188lor sos bas oct ceeab ctieeSos sees seeeneeeoees eee e anes xii
WiorksativVioodssHollint 188i ee assoc coe ahiee as. noo cat eaten eee eee Aon aS xli
NWViOr ko atewOlrk COWL ier SOlcc tats ce and aioiae tees ae ala cialeia bao ote neni ni slae crate ae xlii
C.—THE PROPAGATION OI FOOD-FISHES.
HG METHOD OR DISTRIBUTING RISH AND) EGGB oo cienocct sec ece seicicne Soe esac nas esieeneee ser xii
Distibution|pyzmessengersum small ots 2-22. <0 secs sence owe neers cone see heres xiii
Maciiiivesurnished iby the wallroads-- «cccuco.cmnccetaece sec eecceetes donne ces asseeeee xlii
Proportional advantage of distributing large quantities ..........-...-..-2.-2.----2---- xhii
Wacohordinary Daerare Gal ser ese aos es ts crises le acl sAwecet ociens seaesad goes esses mere xiii
Preparation of a special Fish Commission car............-2.-0:20ssescscsceeeeceneeeeeee- xliii
PPrigliwiltns had anOrCan pret sce. Conc i. semjems see sot ooo cket osce cea mee aolster sae <eeeoee ners xliv
17. SPECIES OF FISH CULTIVATED AND DISTRIBUTED IN 1881 Maisteine sce a ee eke enone ease ee ian am ee xliv
a. The Whitefish (Coregonus albus).
MPhesNorthvaillesstaiion 2tc.s.2 22st. ses + occec ate a cliocinedaiclates emcees semecitesenoes xliv
b. The Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).
MhiovNorthvilletstavion: shocks oc. ce scenes wee Hoe eos a epee cc me ans Sei e aces ce cee xlv
ec. The Saiblimg (Salvelinus).
MUGME Ly MoOULHIStAOMeasee sees soak omtisee cue < ee bacee ls ea cecince nes soe nee xlv
d. The Lake Trout (Cristivomer namaycush).
iMheyNorth ville stations: ssaceee 45-26 2:5 ses wis wad os.5 e5ale.cs See Sees oe ee eee xlv
e. The Quinnat or California Salmon (Salmo quinnat).
RGU Cc CLOU GURL OPiS LAGLON joes seein (ae) te CS Se nena oak cee cele wee oe xiv
Sf. The Rainbow or California Jiountain Trout (Salmo irideus).
The McCloud River station .... . See aicle see oe caine hea take bese ea
g. The Atlantic or Penobscot Suliman (Rata aan.
PROSE EUPSCOUPRIVOMStatO 2c cury © eos oonence se sate chino snweeks Sodan coos xlvi
h. The Schoodic or Land-locked malnen (Salmo salar var. sebago).
Eire Grandwlunke Stream StatloW ames. asec ot Sac ae tawees lee cos cyte wes xivii
i. The Shad (Alosa sapidissima).
RN SPAY O CAS CAMLOME ease eete cere same Des acs ca ae once Leech Pons seas ace eee xlix
hey Potomac River) pareesaie eeass eee cee waa) coc ce codons toned AS Rasa Snr xlix
The Washington navy-yard station.....................---- Ben NRC on eee xlix
PUNO SD AUCOn YT: LSIANG SATION er ee ma coer. caer Ge Seeds UE es cease l
PUG UNOntH HAS UMRIVOLRUahloneiesre ees ee ot se ao ee ee Bo S eae 1
The Carp (Cyprinus carpic).
he Monument stationees see se ee ek es So eee eb l
Vili CONTENTS.
17. SPECIES OF FISH CULTIVATED AND DISTRIBUTED IN 1881—Continued.
EDR EVATSEN AL SALON: o-cnmimcce ecieiie iste ieee cieieisia eet eee tia. ceca ces mee msiasieeeee ee li
k. The Geouramii (Osphromenus olfax).
l. Whe Cod (Gadus morrhua).
Mhenwrood'sHeallestahlionwececasses eee sitelo se citleelseie -ieisfa.ntee cos aan ame ee oleae ee lii
m. The Spanish Viackerel (Cybium maculatum).
The Chesapeake! Bay station. y-1-\-\atasiale = apara ote otats sls eos ols <1 \cfoic sisi taisia ec eeietele eee eee liii
n. The Turbot (Rhombus maximus) and the Sole (Solea vulgaris)......--------------- liii
One he Ovaeter(Ostreawirouniica)ys- eae eee tae ee ceisia a iniele\< << 1e 2's 1 See ees lvi
p. The Oregon Clam (Glycimeris generosa) ...-..-.------ 22-2 e222 es nen eee eee e eee lvi
D.—ABSTRACT OF THE ARTICLES IN THE APPENDIX.
HS CUASSINIC ATION ORVARTICI ES bso cjn sec ones ial epe sey tu Meroe peer aam jereeartcrai vats re eee ah fe ect lvii
FAS MGONOras he ste! Ta Sis AAS eee ee aL el StS er eats, Ae A a csi ciute mun iavetaieinge mee lvii
HBS PINE FI SMEAR ce ses ce Sie, secs eednte seem apace Wega cat a ate toe Mae a Gt ree ee lvii
€. Natural history and biological research -:---:...5255..2202. 22-2. -c- = Fo Ae ree lvii
PD. ‘Propagation: of food-fishes... <5 joc scascws awe one ae cioebinwic Se steisbistscislesjasisieins setacinerts lvii
E.—SUPPLEMENT TO REPORT PROPER.
19. LECTURE ON THE WORK OF THE FISH COMMISSION, BY PROF. L. A. LEE.......-.---.-.------ lviii
ARAB TMB'S iy. 22 hacia cei Noein Sess. Soe Ele cyee isc & st era sleicsletaye aietete Sis isie reielelatetee ieee ise elel oes eee ena lxiii
Distributionrof fishiandvecrs in 188) 2-7. «nessa ss oscee es eee eee ae ee eee eee eae lxiii
Mo psa Wihiben she csi semeee raps a fae alalanln ole ete ota niet tele aa eae lxiii
JN GHA GG HYAIe MAE Goopeocmoooapsdenor.] soodcaore cacea-oSses saecncearcdsreto- Lxiii
ih — erst Lake Mroute..-sscssec- oes eee sew sete co a etee tiers ieee eae tee re ere lxiv
iVe—HBorosiof Haste: Brook Lroute —- pee. .cesesh enes 9 ee eee see eee eee lxiv
Vi.—oune of Basterm Brook DP rontiecas aeeene aacseee 4 teenie a ee See ee eer lxiv
Wii—Wecs'of California Salmons e2 sesso cise eet: aoe = ele seine aerate rere lxiv
Vii —Moesot California drout-nseececnete ace imeem eset et BASS THOoSesgAS lxv
Wits Becs of PenobscobiSalmon, -ecsece cate cara sete staraie teint es mio ie ote neat lxv
Xe ——Hersvof Schoodie Salmons 2. soos see ae eee ae 2 alae eee ae ates a lxv
EVO bo PoNy ited 1:1) Cee ee Mee eooma seer cM 4584 65a. nossa cose ocosbeadesasscce Ixvi
eV oun pg of Garp? sos feces ase) eta eat eee eee aerate eee xvi
21. List OF RAILROADS GRANTING FACILITIES TO THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION IN 1881. xvii
IL—APPENDIX TO REPORT OF COMMISSIONER.
APPENDIX A.—GENERAL.
I. ZL. Wammer. REPORT ON THE CONSTRUCTION, AND WORK IN 1880, OF THE FISH COMMISSION
STEAMER FisH HAWK. By Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, U.S. N., commanding .....-. ...-..------.- 3
ll. ZL. Tanner. ReEvort ON THE WORK OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION STEAMER
FisH HAWK, FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 3], 1881. By Lieut Z. L. Tanner, U.S. N .-...- 55
Il. Robert G. Dyrenforth. List OF PATENTS ISSUED IN THE UNITED STATES, DURING THE
YEAR 1881, RELATING TO FISH AND THE METHODS, PRODUCTS, AND APPLICATIONS OF THE FISHER-
ies. By Robert G. Dyrenforth, Examiner-in-chief, United States Patent Office....... Lape 87
APPENDIX B.—THE FISHERIES.
IV. G. Brown Goode. Joseph W. Collins, R. E. Earll, and A. HMoward Clark.
MATERIALS FOR A HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. By G. Brown Goode, Joseph W.
Collins, R. E. Earll, and A. Howard Clark......-...... Sinaia] Chie see 25 ote eee eee Sellen see 91
V. Niels Buel. THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. By Lieut. Niels Juel. Translated by Tarle-
tonvH pean yh De 2 cea tsdts cco ees ete ak Setar ee cee bhatt oS 533
VI. Boye Strom. EXTRACTS FROM NORWEGIAN OFPICIAL STATISTICS OF FISHERIES FOR THE
YEAR 1880. By Boye Strom, clerk. Translated by Tarleton H. Bean, M. D......-.-..--- 611
Vil. Marrison Wright. ON THE EARLY SHAD FISHERIES OF THE NORTH BRANCH OF THE
SUSQUEHANNA Rive. (By Harrison Wiaright.---.2-c-2-+-2ccus sae ae eee eee eee eee eee eae 619
VIII. THE FISH SUPPLY OF LONDON. From the London Quarterly Review -..-.-----.---.------- 643
1X. Charles W.Smiley. THE EXTENT OF THE USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. By
Chas. Wi. Smiley: <-.525- 05ers ee sich ok WS slalheey Gahold 5 2 Sr RE Sa eRe es ectatae 663
CONTENTS. IX
APPENDIX C.—NATURAL HISTORY AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
Page.
X. H. E. Webster and James E. Benedict. THE ANNELIDA CH£TOPODA FROM PROv-
INCETOWN AND WELLFLEET, Mass. By Prof. H. E. Webster and James E. Benedict. . --. Sanur titty
XI. Hl. A. Coutamce. BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF THE SALTS CONTAINED IN SEA-WATER FROM THE
POINT OF VIEW OF THE MAINTENANCE OF MARINE ANIMALS. By H. A. Coutance.-........- os 49
XII. Bohn A. Ryder. THE PROTOZOA AND PROTOPHYTA CONSIDERED AS THE PRIMARY OR IN-
DIRECT SOURCE OF THE FOOD OF FISHES. By John A. Ryaer .........---- -. ..-..----. s0e-- 755
XII. 8. A. Forbes. THE FIRST FOOD OF THE COMMON WHITEFISH (Ooreyonie clupeyfornnss,
MorcH.). By ProtsiA. Beeb GS aenoSee SRce SOa0 ABUA OR eee dane oor acdsee ue eocbeb dca = 771
XIV, Frank N. cin REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS FOR DETERMINING THE SMALLEST AMOUNT
OF WATER IN WHICH YOUNG SHAD AND EGGS CAN BE KEPT. By Frank N. Clark...-.-. Se shone 783
XV. Hi. J. Rice. EXPERIMENTS UPON RETARDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGGS OF THE SHAD,
MADE IN 1879 AT THE UNITED STATES SHAD-HATCHING STATION AT HAVRE DE GRACE, Mp. By
RSM ESL COM SGC LOL) py Me tre ctefeinte ratoiar Sas am are elo erereas Au Meisarem cl See acre ecloncia ome Pea PS 9 787
XVI. John A. Ryder. ON THE RETARDATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHAD holiness sapr-
dissima) WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE EGG FUNGUS AND BACTERIA. By John A. Ryder. ..--.-. 795
APPENDIX D. PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES
XVII. Baron de Selys Longchamps. REPOPULATION OF THE WATER-COURSES IN BEL-
cium. (By Baroside'Selys Longchamps).~-. $25.2 )-22< 52-2005 scenes sickny Habeas eee 815
XVII. Charles W. Smailey. A STATISTICAL REVIEW OF THE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION
TO PUBLIC WATERS OF YOUNG FISH BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION FROM ITS ORGANIZA-
TION IN 1871 TO THE CLOSE OF 1880. By Charles W. Smiley, Chief of the Division of Records,
Statistics; and Publications... <= <<< cei ccc <i ce.c sseic cine eniee Nea tas ative mee eon ecerion 825
XIX. Charles W. Smiley. INDEX TO THE DISTRIBUTION, MADE UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE
UNITED STATES FIsH COMMISSION, OF FISH IN NEW WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES, DURING
MHI DECADE ENDING 18805 By.i\Charles\ Wa Smiley: s..-2.\...-</-.c---see2sine ences ecaeenesiee eae 917
XX. Frank N. Clark. REPORT OF WORK AT THE UNITED STATES HATCHERY, NORTH-
VILLE, -MICH., 1881-82. By Krank N. Clark .-....-.-...... Brey Sees cites Behan eee 1037
XXI. Livingston Stome. THE REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE “UnITeD STATES SALMON-
BREEDING STATION ON THE MCCLOUD RIVER, CALIFORNIA, DURING THE SEASON OF 1881. By
MEANS SLONES LONG geen s eters ste eta oa atte ralasalanre es iehe SISe ae Sai ciatrre ee niaft eVects mt ceye aeiets ae eee 1063
XXII. Livingston Stone. REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE UNITED STATES TROUT-PONDS,
McCLoup RIVER, CALIFORNIA, FOR THE SEASON OF 1881. By Livingston Stone.....-.-....-. 1079
XXII. Charles G. Atkins. REPORT ON THE PROPAGATION OF PENOBSCOT SALMON IN 1881,
Teele CHarlesiG (AGKINS Seco. 5. cese ae cee ace ee eee sat cieence Seeioetiaehinacie nie ee eaeere 1085
XXIV. Charlies G. Atkins. REPORT ON THE PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN 188],
HoGe meee NATles Gr AG RING: 2 oie yeinlona.s aint Soins =l tain sia iate deine Sh aattaloeacint Games + cameos oe 1091
XXV. Charles W. Smiley. STATISTICS OF THE SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS CONDUCTED BY
THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION IN 1881. By Charles W. Smiley-..--. Spe aio oe eee 1107
XXVI. Marshall WiceDomald. REPORT OF DISTRIBUTION OF CARP BY THE UNITED STATES
FIsH COMMISSION DURING THE SEASON OF 1881-'82. By Marshall McDonald ..... —....-. 1121
XXVIII. Marshall WeDonald. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION UPON COD-HATCHING AT
Woop's HOLL, MASss., DURING THE WINTER OF 18x0-'81. By Marshal McDonald..........-- - 1127
XXVIII. Marshall WieDonald. SraNisH MACKEKEL INVESTIGATIONS AT CHERRYSTONE, VA.,
DURING THEISUMMER OF 1881. By Marshal McDonald... ...-.. 2.222 00-2 te. cc eens cclenecee
PRS 2
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
DREDGING APPARATUS
Page.
PLATE I.—United States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk............-..--..--.-+---- 50
II.—Port side of main deck, showing portion of hatching machinery .....-....-..-.. 54
Lt ——Hatchin oeylinderssportiside sss .522-<ya1< oreleais 2s acme ce coeminou rece cee oee ee 54
IV.—One hatching cone, 3 hatching cylinders, 1 siphon funnel, 2 spawn pans, 1 spawn
pails spawn dippersk asses cats coc cle, co one wiye swe one acine Geiceee gear jouer 54
V.—Hoisting and reeling engine, from forward, looking aft ......-.......--.... eee 54
VI.—Hoisting and reeling engine from aft, looking forward. .................-...---- 54
WeLIE—-ataty LOOkssShowinP Spring! 2252) taoe ase clan mens says cise melee. cies sae ae eee 54
VILI.—Accumulater, with dredging block hooked, safety hook, brass washer ..-.-...--. 54
EXl—Theibeamitraw lL ready tor lowering: 2 kas. 3 Ati 222 sate smioesealenseeeeee 54
X.—Dredge safety hook, water bottle, dredge-weight, and tangles, Chester rake
OTeCUG Ghee ngre. sete. tae cae Sacre tate Seta, Nh Nard actos ieee ee eines Bae 54
XI.—The table sieve and cradle sieve, hopper and tray exposed =s_—-.._ .--..---..--- D4
XII.—Main deck, starboard side, table sieve, swinging table, and collecting apparatus 54
XUI.—Sounding machine, with Negrettiand Zambra deep-sea thermometer descending - 54
XIV.—Sounding machine, with Negretti and Zambra deep-sea thermometer ascending. 54
XV.—Sounding machine, with Bassnett’s patent atmospheric lead...............----- 54
XVI.—The Negretti and Zambra deep-sea thermometer, with wooden frame and metal
CABO eae ota ee aici awl ete Rela je ie wie Seine aca sie aoe eR ee SS ania lee eet 54
XVII.—The Miller-Casella deep-sea ther romebir i in and@outiof case. .....-.2...uee..ce- 54
XVIII.—Hilgard’s ocean salinometer......-......--.--. ----..---eeeeee cfey eee ee ee 54
HATCHING APPARATUS.
FIGURE 1.—Vertical sectional view of the aerator.........-- --. ---..---. 2 ere eee eee sees ce ceees 55
Eat VAG WeOl UNO MCLALOL tas tae Seeks porto he Apia cic oe See aly, he oe eateries ne ae 56
3.—Nest of three hatching cones and siphon tank seis Sirlu se os acaieelos tua eee meee 57
MACKEREL FISHERY.
PLATK I.—Diagram showing the catch of mackerel by citizens of Massachusetts between the
VORERMSOStanic SST INGlUSlVOsc.0 5-54 obese cne Scekndeasiocs s icbs ote Sees wees Sees coe TO
ANNELIDA CHZTOPODA.
PLATE I.—Eteone cinerea, Podarke cxca, Hesione agilis..........-. --..-.++ +2 212-2 eee ee: 744
II.—Syllides convoluta, Streptosy Misvanens;* Se cx Sco saeic ws Shetc is nace dolee eS-G sie pene 744
IlI.—Streptosyllis arene, Sphzrosyllis brevifrons, Paedophylax hebes, Nereis tenuis.. 744
IV.—Nereis tennis, Staurocephalus cxwecus ..... .. ....-222cee eee nee een ee en ee ene eee Si) SA:
V.—Goniada gracilis, Spio Rathbuni, Streblospio Benedicti Webster .-........-...----- 7
VI.—Spiophanes Verrilli, Nicolea viridis, Pista intermedia ...-...........--.--...----- 744
VII.— Pista palmata (Verrill), Potamilla neglecta Malmgren, Thaumastoma singulare .. 744
VIIL.—Spherosyllis longicirrata, Eulalia dubia ..................-0 0.2.02 ee ene 2e eeeeee
XI
XII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
RETARDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS OF THE SHAD.
MIGURK 1.—Vee-chest for shad Pgs) 5... ese cian eset cine cic Moamieninee os ee eeiieecinwie s aisiaicelelmem oranieis 788
Pal Mig ha de) PUCUER OC) ie Sea SOU SROs eds aanono ce cose Bans “eRe aA GEOOPAson Ea sesond a oonbocce = 788
3.—Apparatus for using the same water over again in hatching shad. --........-....-..- 790
FISH TRANSPORTATION.
FIGURE 1.—Shipping crate .....---. creeoiae teres Shy AS OAH SHEN RBSe cone Oo aaa ne BES AAR BOR EOS ON S406c556 1122
HATCHING APPARATUS.
FIGuRE 1.—Apparatus for hatching buoyant fish-eggs .-....... -...2-----.- 222 - ene e neces ences 1128
«
REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER.
A.—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.
1.—INTRODUCIORY REMARKS.
In the report herewith presented will be found an account of the
operations of the United States Fish Commission during the year end-
ing December 31, 1881.
In entering upon a second decade a few changes in methods of ad-
ministration have been made, some of which were rendered necessary
by the expansion of the work, while others have been suggested by
the experience of the first ten years. Some idea of the extent of the
correspondence may be obtained from the accompanying table prepared
by Mr. C. W. Smiley, in charge of the archives, showing the number
of letters written each month from 1871*to 1881, inclusive. The num-
ber received was much greater. Probably one-half of the latter were
answered by printed circulars or by furnishing publications of the Com-
mission.
The table may be of interest, also, as showing the increase of corre-
spondence with succeeding years and steady expansion of the work.
The decrease of the letters in 1876, the year of the International or
Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, was due to the cessation of
field-work caused by the necessary occupation of the time of the Com-
missioner, for the greater part of the year, in connection with the Gov-
ernment participation on the occasion in question.
Number of letters written monthly in the office of the United States Fish Commission
1871-1881, inclusive.
{ | ! !
Months. 1871. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879. | 1880. | 1881.
| |
ASAI a Mesrcoces soccacc| senane 34 | 109 137 105 92 156 244 223 366 365
GDIUALy 2266 eee alban 65 | 102 82 115 69 151 132 219 492 398
March. <5.- close ae 19 41 94 138} 204/ 106} 121 252 241 631 412
Ato Yl 2-7-2 camo eee 32 271 104 247 182 67 176 401 269 411 471
UN eee ee oe 41 44; 113 173 217 74 278 334 337 41s 440
DMN sees cs SS ccc cchreone. 36 48 | 86 133 | 103 61 187 310 339 515 511
AO ose Sacer ee 31 97 | 65 129 275 | 102 | 307 173 275 486 555
PATI CUBE eee rca. cee 7 46 | 98 180 187 61} 300 218 261) 331 | 676
WODLOM NOL .2s5. 5 sis ceciee 7 45 | 187 138 | 232] 117] 200 334 360 | 283 447
ONT fee eee 16 26 82 167° | 3220!" TE | 107 228 268 305 367
November ............. 41 86) 102 132 281 16 232 221 238 410 44 |
December ..........--. 42 88 116 166 114 58 | 276 268 295 422 | 590
' | = = es fu
Totals sa doses 272 | 647 | 1,208 | 1,822 | 2,235 | 814 | 2,491 | 3,115 | 3,325 | 5,067 | 5, 673
1 ] | }
Up to the present year, or for eleven years, all the office and admin-
istrative work of the Commission was carried on in the private resi-
XI
XIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
dence of the Commissioner, built by him with special reference to the
same, and for the use of which compensation was neither asked nor
received. The accommodation thus furnished proving too contracted,
an appropriation for rent of offices was for the first time made in 1881,
and upon the vacant lot adjacent to the Commissioner’s residence a
suitable building was erected by the owner, Mr. J. O. Wilson, and
occupied by the Commission in the latter part of the year. This, how-
ever, has not in any way obviated the necessity of the continued em-
ployment of the office rooms in the Commissioner’s own residence.
The most noteworthy features of the year have been the following:
1. The production and distribution of German carp on a much larger
scale than heretofore, in spite of the flood of February 12, which threat-
ened to sweep away all the breeding fish.
2. The construction of an additional carp pond.
3. The construction of a car suitable for distributing fish of all kinds,
and an entire change in the methods of fish transportation.
4, An entire change in the policy of distributing fish in public waters,
whereby, instead of depositing a few fish in a great many localities, a
great many fish have this year been introduced in fewer localities.
o. An unprecedentedly large yield of shad and consequent increase
in the distribution of fry.
6. A flood in the McCloud River sweeping away all the works at that
station, and which resulted in a decrease of production and distribution
of California salmon and of California trout.
7. Extended experiments upon the hatching of cod at Wood’s Holl
in winter, and of Spanish mackerel at Cherrystone in summer.
8. The exportation of young carp, the eggs of California and land-
locked salmon, and of the whitefish, to foreign countries.
9. Important investigations into the embryology and food of fishes,
and upon the retardation of the development of the eggs of shad.
10. The inauguration of experiments looking to the artificial propa-
gation of the oyster.
11. The further investigation of the new tile-fish grounds, and the
publication of instructions for the use of the cod gill-net, which had
been previously introduced in the ocean fisheries upon the recommen-
dation of the Fish Commission.
12. The collection, arrangement, and distribution to educational in-
stitutions of a series of marine invertebrates.
15. The preparation of plans and specifications for an ocean steamer,
an appropriation of $103,000 for the construction of a vessel for deep-
sea research having been made by Congress.
14. The securing, with money raised by private subscription, of a
large tract of land on Wood’s Holl Harbor upon which to establish a
station for the artificial propagation of sea-fishes, such as cod, &c., and
also for general biological research.
15. The establishment, by act of Congress, of an annual Bulletin of
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XV
500 pages, to be issued in numbers as well as in a bound volume, and
to contain important information gathered by the Commission.
16. The leasing of a building for the offices of the Fish Commission.
17. The importation from England of living turbot and sole for the
purpose of stocking the waters of the United States.
Full information upon all these topics will be found under the proper
headings.
2.—PRINCIPAL STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.
A brief statement of the principal localities at which the work of the
Commission was conducted during this year is here given as prefatory
to a fuller discussion under each head.
A.—INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH.
1. Gloucester.—Since Gloucester was made the summer station of
1878, quarters have, until the present year, been maintained there under
lease, at Fort Wharf, for the use of the Commission. This was con-
sidered an important point, as being one of the principal fishing. ports
of the Atlantic Coast, where much information in regard to the fisheries
and many valuable specimens could be obtained from fishing vessels.
In June of the present year Messrs. burns & Co., having purchased
the premises, took forcible possession of the Fish Commission quar-
ters, although the lease under which the rooms were held did not ex-
pire until] January, 1882. The Attorney-General, the honorable Wayne
MacVeagh, instructed the district attorney for Massachusetts, Judge G.
P. Sanger, to take any necessary steps for maintaining the rights of the
United States, but to avoid litigation it was thought best to abandon
the station, although it had been intended to make it one of the prin-
cipal points for hatching codfish and mackerel on an extensive scale.
Since that time, however, Capt. 8. J. Martin has made weekly reports
of the arrival of fishing vessels and the general features of the fisheries,
together with daily records of ocean and atmospheric temperatures.
2. Wood’s Holl.—The summer investigations by the Commission have
formed an important feature during nearly every year of its history,
having been conducted in its successive years at the following places:
1871. Wood’s Holl, Mass.; 1872. Eastport, Me.; 1873. Portland, Me.;
1874. Noank, Conn.; 1875. Wood’s Holl, Mass.; 1876. Intermitted on
account of the engagement of the Gonmiasone: at the Centennial
Exhibition in Philadelphia; 1877. Salem, Mass., and Halifax, Nova
Scotia; 1878. Gloucester, Mass.; 1879. Provincetown, Mass.; 1880.
Newport, R. I.; 1881. Wood’s Holl, Mass.
The Commissioner was in attendance at this station from July 8 to
October 4. From this point dredging trips were made by the steamer
Tish Hawk to the Gulf Stream and other regions of the North Atlantic.
3. Saint Jerome.—This station, located near the mouth of the Poto-
mac River, was established during the previous year by Mr. T. B. Fer-
XVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
guson, as Commissioner of Fisheries for the State of Maryland, for the
purpose of conducting experiments in regard to the artificial propa-
gation of oysters, &c. This year the United States Commissioner
joined with the Maryland Commissioner, and the operations were under
their general auspices, but under the special direction of Mr. Ferguson.
B.—PROPAGATION OF SALMONIDZ.
4. Grand Lake Stream on the Schoodic Lakes.—The station at this place,
situated not very far from Calais, Me., was inaugurated in 1875, and
has proved very successful in furnishing a supply of the eggs of the
land-locked salmon.
5. Bucksport, Me.—This station, located near Bucksport, and adjacent
to the mouth of the Penobscot River, has been in operation since 1871
for the taking and hatching of eggs of the Penobscot or Atlantic salmon,
under the direction of Mr. Charles G. Atkins.
6. Northville—A fish-hatching station was established at Northville,
in 1868, by the late Mr. N. W. Clark. Since 1874 the United States
Fish Commission has made use of it, and since 1880 has held it under
lease. At this station whitefish, lake trout, brook trout, California
trout, &c., are hatched.
7. McCloud River Salmon Station.—This station, not far from Mount
Shasta, and on a tributary of Pitt River, one of the principal branches
of the Sacramento, has been in successful operation since 1872, and has
turned out 70,000,000 eggs, largely increasing the local supply of the
Sacramento River, as well as furnishing eggs for shipment to the East,
and to foreign countries.
8. McCloud River Trout Station.—This is located a few miles from the
salmon station, and was established in 1879 for the taking of eggs of
the California mountain trout.
C.—PROPAGATION OF SHAD.
9. Battery Island.—Work at this station, near Havre de Grace, Md.,
was carried on from May 15 to June 13, under the direction of Mr.
Frank N. Clark, for the taking and hatching of eggs of the shad, and
for conducting some important experiments connected with the retarda-
tion of the development of the eggs.
10. North East River, Maryland.—This station, a few miles from
Battery Island, near the mouth of the Susquehanna, was operated from
May 5 to June 5, inclusive, by the steamer Fish Hawk, for taking and
hatching the eggs of shad, this vessel having been transferred from
Avoca upon the completion of the season there.
11. Central Station—The Centennial exhibits, which had been stored
in the Armory building in Washington for several years, were this year
in part removed to the new Museum building, and by authority of Con-
gress the space thus vacated was fitted up as a central hatching and
distributing station. It is abundantly supplied with water, and from
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XVII
its location, adjacent to the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad tracks, is
very convenient as a shipping depot for fish and eggs. During the
year permission has been obtained from the District Commissioners to
extend a side track from the railroad, along the southern side of the
building. It will also be used for investigations upon fish and eggs in
relation to many practical and biological questions.
12. Washington navy-yard.—This station was occupied temporarily,
as in some former years, from May 4 to June 25, inclusive, for the
hatching of shad-eggs, which were collected at the fisheries on the
Potomae and brought thither by a steam launch.
13. Potomac River barges.—Two of the barges, one fitted as quarters
and the other containing facilities for hatching, were transferred from
Havre de Grace and anchored in Gunston Bay, about 20 miles below
Washington. This temporary shad-hatching station was most success-
ful, and was under the immediate direction of Mr. Marshall MeDonald
from April 20 to May 30, inclusive.
14. Avoca, N. C.—This was a temporary station occupied from April
12 to April 30 by the steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, U.S. N.,
commanding, for the taking and hatching of the eggs of shad.
D.—PROPAGATION OF CARP.
15. Oarp ponds at Monument Lot.—These ponds have been maintained
during the present year for the propagation of carp under the superin-
tendence of Mr. Rud. Hessel. The number of carp produced was larger
than in any previous year. A new pond has also been constructed dur-
ing the present year.
16. Carp ponds at the Washington Arsenal.—These ponds were main-
tained as heretofore for the propagation of the scale and mirror carp,
and were under the charge of Mr. Elliott Jones, of the Ordnance De-
partment, United States Army, until the latter part of May, when,
through his transfer to another field of duty, the Commission was de-
prived of his services. The General of the Army, however, kindly in-
structed General Ayres, the commandant of the artillery station in the
Arsenal Grounds, to protect the ponds and their contents from disturb-
ance and depredation.
3.—ASSISTANCE RENDERED TO THE COMMISSION.
The act of Congress establishing the Commission directs the Execu-
tive Departments of the Government to render all necessary and prae-
ticable aid in carrying out its mission; and, as in previous years, it is my
very agreeable duty to report the cordial manner in which this has been
done. The most noteworthy occasions for this service have been as
follows:
TREASURY DEPARTMENT—Secretary’s Office—June 1, Thomas J.
Hobbs was designated to disburse the appropriation for “fish hatching
S. Mis. 110——11
XVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
establishments, 1881-1882, $10,000,” and on the 15th of November he
was instructed to disburse the appropriation for the new steamer.
Bureau of Revenue Marine.—In the latter part of October a consign-
ment of turbot and sole arrived from Europe, and in order to facilitate
their immediate transportation to a place of deposit, the revenue steamer
Grant, under Captain Fengar, was placed at the disposal of the Com-
mission by order of the Secretary of the Treasury.
Light-House Board.—By instruction of the Board in previous years,
many light-house keepers have continued to furnish satisfactory records
of ocean temperature. November 25 the Board directed that these
temperatures should also be taken at three new places in Chesapeake
Bay. May 11 the Board granted the use of a building in the buoy
shed at Wood’s Holl for the summer. June 15 the Board granted a
three months’ leave of absence to Ephraim Edwards in order that he
might act as fog pilot of the steamer Fish Hawk during its stay at
Wood’s Holl. In March General O. E. Babcock rendered important
services to the steamer Fish Hawk in navigating Albemarle Sound.
At the request of the Fish Commission, the Light-House Board, in the
latter part of August, had the entrance to Saint Jerome’s Creek prop-
erly marked with buoys.
Coast Survey.—On many occasions during the year Capt. C. P. Pat-
terson, Superintendent of the Coast Survey, responded to requests for
charts of Wood’s Holl, Chesapeake Bay, Atlantic coast, as well as for
copies of the Coast Pilot.
WAR DEPARTMENT.—June 16 the Adjutant-General of the Army
announced that instructions had been given by General Hancock to
the chief quartermaster of the Washington Arsenal to take charge of
the carp ponds at that point.
Engineer Bureau.—In November Col. W. P. Craighill, United States
engineer, Baltimore, ordered important improvements at Battery Island,
such as providing a landing place for the seine; the preparation of a
breakwater; laying the foundation of the hatching house; the filling of
the island; and the sheathing of the basin with boards. The Ordnance
Department remitted a charge for rifles and ammunition used in 1878
at McCloud River Station, the property having been lost in the flood of
this year, and issued an order for duplicating the same.
Signal Office—On many occasions during the year, the Chief Signal
Officer has furnished thermometers for light-house keepers to use in
taking ocean temperatures. April 27 General Hazen furnished a com-
plete set of recording and self-registering meteorological instruments for
use at Havre de Grace, and on June 27 sent Sergeant Seybooth to
Havre de Grace to inaugurate the observations. During operations at
Wood’s Holl he furnished a series of weather reports, and gave special
notice of apprehended hurricanes and storms on the coast, which were
of great importance to the steamer Fish Hawk in arranging for trips to
the Gulf Stream. He also authorized the stretching of telephone wires
along the signal service poles at Wood’s Holl.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XIX
THE NAvy DEPARTMENT.—From its first organization the United
States Fish Commission has been more closely related to the Navy De-
partment than to any other branch of the Government, and the facili-
ties extended by it, in compliance with the law as well as in accordance
with the kindly feeling of the Secretaries and of the chiefs of bureaus,
have been of the utmost importance. This aid has been shown in the
detail of several steamers, fully manned and equipped, for service; the
loan of launches; the execution of work and of repairs at the navy-
yards, and in many other ways.
The experiences of 1881 have been in the same general direction; the
most important occasion being the loan of two steam Jaunches, one a
Herreshoff, No. 62, and the other a naval launch, No. 55, both render-
ing admirable service in their respective avocations; this, of course, in
addition to furnishing officers and men to the Fish Hawk, the Lookout,
and the launches.
The United States steamer Despatch being under orders for service
in the West Indies was likely to be delayed unseasonably by waiting
for the completion of repairs on her steam launch. In this emergency
it gave me great pleasure to accede to a request from the chief of the
Bureau of Construction and Repair to supply the Despatch with the
Fish Hawk’s launch and take the other in exchange when completed,
as both were of the same character. No inconvenience resulted to either
vessel by the exchange.
Post-OFFICE DEPARTMENT.—At various times during the year Mr.
W. L. Nicholson, the topographer of the Department, furnished post-
route maps.
INTERIOR DEPARTMENT.—The Commissioner of Patents has fur-
nished copies of specifications of patents relating to the fisheries and
fishery apparatus.
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.—The Attorney-General, Hon. Wayne Mac-
Veagh, instructed the district attorney of Massachusetts to advise with
the Commissioner with reference to the interests at Gloucester and also
to the acquisition of land at Wood’s Holl.
COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS.—May 20, Col.
A. F. Rockwell furnished the Commission with a quantity of iron fene-
ing to be used at the carp ponds.
DISTRICT COMMISSIONERS.—The District Commissioners, May 31,
issued a permit for extending a railroad track from the Baltimore and
Potomac line to the Armory. Major Brock, Chief of Police, gave direc-
tions for removing squatters from the river front near the carp ponds.
Dr. Smith Townshend, health officer, has furnished each month reports
of the inspection of fresh fish for the District of Columbia.
RAILROADS.—At the close of this report will be found a list of rail-
roads that have granted the privilege of carrying fish in their baggage
cars during the year, in continuance of a custom which had been estab-
lished for several years. The Fish Commission car having been com-
XX REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
pleted in the spring, some special arrangements with reference to its
rate of transportation were called for. On May 20 Mr. Isaac Hinckley,
president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore road, offered
the rate of 20 cents a mile for car and five messengers. This was
shortly afterwards acceded to by the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Balti-
timore and Ohio, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, the Boston and
Albany, the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, the Flint and Pere Mar-
quette, the Illinois Central, the Louisville and Nashville, the New York,
New Haven and Hartford, the Old Colony, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne
and Chicago, the Terre Haute and Indianapolis, and the Vandalia line.
The Union and Central Pacific railroads offered the rate of $370 for moy-
ing the car from Council Bluffs to San Francisco.
STEAMSHIPS.—The North German Lloyd steamer Donau, sailing in
January, took out 20,000 land-locked salmon for Germany. December
°0 the steamer for Panama took a can of carp for Arthur Morell at San
José. In December the steamship Oder took 350,000 whitefish eggs for
Germany.
WESTERN UNION TELEGRAPH COMPANY.—January 28 the operators
of the Western Union were instructed to receive and transmit at Gov-
ernment rates, without prepayment, the messages on official business
from the messengers of the Fish Commission.
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.—Of courtesies extended to the Commission
by individuals or establishments in foreign countries, the following may
be enumerated:
GERMANY—(Saibling.)—On the 23d of January an invoice of 60,000
saibling eggs (Salmo salvelinus) arrived from Burgomaster Schuster, of
Freiburg, Germany, with a toss of but 5,000 eggs. The particulars of
their treatment on arrival will be found on page XLV.
FRANCE—(Gourami.)—In August an effort was made by Monsieur
L. Carbonnier to send a pair of live gourami to the United States, con-
signed to Mr. E. G. Blackford. Unfortunately, one died on the passage
and the other a short time after reaching this country. Further refer-
ence to this experiment will be found on page LII.
ENGLAND—(Turbot and sole.)—In October Mr. C. L. Jackson, of Bol-
ton, England, started 70 live soles and 35 turbot for the United States,
in charge of A. Wilson Armistead. Of these, 67 soles and 29 turbot
died on the passage, and there arrived, October 26, 5 soles and 6 turbot.
These were taken charge of by Mr. Blackford, Mr. Mather, and Mr. Phil-
lips, who deposited them off Long Island, nearly opposite the Hotel
Brighton, on the day of their arrival. Further particulars of this will
be found on page LIT.
4.—COURTESIES EXTENDED BY THE COMMISSION TO FOREIGN COUN-
TRIES.
During the present year, as in previous ones, considerable numbers
of salmon, whitefish, and trout eggs have been sent abroad in exchange
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXI
for such species as it is considered desirable to import into the United
States. These shipments have been generally successful, though some-
times attended with loss. This year, in addition, carp have been sent
to a considerable number of countries.
GERMANY.—The whitefish eggs which were forwarded December 25,
1880, per steamer Donau, to the Deutsche Fischerei- Verein, of which Herr
von Behr is the president, arrived in good condition on January 10 of
the present year. On the 19th of March, 20,000 land-locked salmon
eggs were forwarded to the Verein by the same steamer, and again, on
the 8th of October, 350,000 eggs of California salmon, also by the Donau.
The California salmon eggs reached Germany in good condition, and
were hatched partly at Freiburg and partly in Hungary, the latter find-
ing their final destination in the Danube.
On the 17th of December 20,000 eggs of lake trout were forwarded
by the steamer Maine to Herr von Behr.
On the 26th of December there were shipped per steamer Oder, from
New York, 300,000 whitefish eggs for the Deutsche Fischerei- Verein, and
12,000 whitefish eggs for G. L. Ebrecht, Geestemunde, near Bremen.
There were also forwarded on the same date and by the same steamer
20,000 lake-trout eggs for I’. Busse, at Geestemunde, and 12,000 brook-
trout eggs for G. L. Ebrecht. Mr. Busse has furnished us on previous
occasions with collections of fishes from Germany from which to make
plaster casts. Mr. Ebrecht has signified his intention of forwarding
blue and golden carp in return for these eggs.
FRANCE.—On the 19th of March there were forwarded per steamer
Donau, via Bremen, 20,000 salmon eggs, consigned to the Société d’ Ac-
climatation. On the 25th of April the Société acknowledged their receipt
in excellent condition, and stated that those sent in the previous year
were doing well.
At the request of the secretary, M. Raveret-Wattel, there was for-
warded, February 21, through the Bureau of International Exchanges
a sample of Frank N. Clark’s self-picking apparatus for the Société d@’ Ac-
climatation.
ENGLAND.—Correspondence was entered into early in the year with
Hon. W. Oldham Chambers, honorary secretary, in reference to his ob-
taining from the Commission a consignment of eggs of the California
salmon, the California trout, and the land-locked salmon. The floods in
the McCloud River and the reduced number of land-locked salmon
eggs, however, prevented any sending during the present year.
ScoTLAND.—On the 9th of November 25 leather carp were delivered
in New York to A. Wilson Armistead, of Douglas Hall, near Dalbeattie,
Scotland. After a very stormy voyage, he was able on the 22d of
December to announce their safe arrival. He also took home with him
30 or 40 large black bass.
BELGIuM.—Correspondence has been maintained during the year
XXII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
with Thomas Wilson, United States consul at Ghent, looking to the in-
troduction of the American catfish into Belgium.
Ecuapor.—In May of the present year thirty carp were forwarded
to E.G. Blackford, New York, who delivered them to Frederick Wesson,
of 75 William street, for shipment to Ecuador. On the 21st of May
they were forwarded per steamer Colon. On the 23d of August Mr.
Wesson was able to announce that six of the carp had safely arrived and
had been deposited in a lake on the estate of Sefor Jijon, near Quito,
although not until numerous difficulties had been overcome.
Costa RicA.—In November Hon. William Hunter, of the State De-
partment, made application in behalf of Arthur Morrell, United States
consul in Costa Rica, for a can of living carp. These were forwarded
to New York December 15, and left on the steamer of December 20
for Aspinwall, consigned to Mr. Morrell, at San José, Costa Rica. Dr.
_ Bransford, of the Navy, was a passenger on the steamer, and kindly un-
dertook to give them the necessary supervision on the voyage.
Mrxico.—Harly in the year Maj. Gen. O. E. C. Ord took with him
a supply of carp to the city of Mexico. News was received from him,
March 10, of their safe arrival.
CANADA.—AS on one or two previous occasions, carp were this year
sent to Samuel Wilmot, superintendent of fisheries, Newcastle, Ontario.
On December 31 he reported that they reached him in good condition.
5.—FISHERY EXHIBITIONS.
Last year a full account was given of the participation of the United
States in the International Fishery Exhibition at Berlin, and of the
safe return of the collections. These were in due time installed in the
National Museum so far as practicable. On February 18, Congress
passed a bill, which had been introduced by the Hon. J. G. Carlisle, to
admit free of duty the vase which was awarded to the United States
Fish Commissioner. On the 28th of February this bill was signed by
the President and became a law. On the 30th of March the Hon.
James G. Blaine, Secretary of State, transmitted the various medals
and diplomas which had been awarded to the American Exhibitors.
These were forwarded to the proper persons. During the year there
was held a fishery exhibition at Norfolk, England, and another was an-
nounced for Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1882, in both of which the United
States Commission was asked to participate, but it was necessary to
decline the invitations.
6.—FISH COMMISSION BULLETIN.
On the 14th of February Congress, by joint resolution (House reso-
lution No. 372), authorized the publication annually of a Bulletin of
500 pages, to contain the announcements of new observations, discov-
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXIII
eries, and applications of fish-culture and fisheries. The following is a
copy of the resolution:
JOINT RESOLUTION authorizing the Public Printer to print reports of the United
States Fish Commissioner upon new discoveries in regard to fish-culture.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That the Public Printer be, and he
hereby is, instructed to print and stereotype, from time to time, any
matter furnished him by the United States Commissioner of Fish and
Fisheries relative to new observations, discoveries, and applications
connected with fish-culture and the fisheries, to be capable of being dis-
tributed in parts, and the whole to form an annual volume or bulletin
not exceeding five hundred pages. The extra edition of said work shall
consist of five thousand copies, of which two thousand five hundred
shall be for the use of the House of Representatives, one thousand for
the use of the Senate, and one thousand five hundred for the use of the
Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.
This Bulletin was introduced by an article of 16 pages, accompanied
by 12 plates, upon the use of gill-nets in the cod-fishery, by Capt. J. W.
Coilins. Of this paper 1,500 extra copies were also published and dis-
tributed in pamphlet form. There were 109 different articles published
in this Bulletin, among the more important of which were the follow-
ing: Observations on the food of young whitefish, by Prof. S. A.
Forbes; Notes on the development of stickleback, Spanish mackerel,
shad, hippocampus, and silver gar, oysters, &c., by John A. Ryder;
Notes on the cod, mackerel, and other fishes of Gloucester, by S. J.
Martin; Notes on the life-history of the eel, by G. Brown Goode;
Carangoid fisheries of the United States, by G. Brown Goode; The
winter haddock fishery, by Goode and Collins; Changes in the fisheries
of the Great Lakes, from 1870~80, by C. W. Smiley; Notes on white-
fish-hatching apparatus, by Frank N. Clark; Description of new species
of fish, by Jordan and Gilbert; and A discussion on the disease among
salmon in English waters, by Professor Huxley and 8. Walpole.
7.—THE PROPOSED STEAMER ALBATROSS.
The steamer Fish Hawk, of the construction and performances of
which a full account has been given in the present and preceding
Reports, was built to serve as a floating station for hatching the eggs
of shad and other fish, experience having shown that many important
stations need to be occupied only for a short time, without the necessity
of a permanent establishment. Thus, by means of a vessel like the
Fish Hawk, work can be begun at the South in the winter or early
spring, and the vessel moved, as the season advances, to more northerly
points, carrying with it, of course, all its outfit and equipment, and
XXIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
able to commence operations immediately on arriving at a suitable
- anchorage.
Provision having thus been made to utilize all possible opportunities
for the propagation of food-fishes, by the establishing of movable as
well as of permanent stations, the United States Fish Commission has
endeavored to extend its sphere of operations in other directions, so as
to render its work more and more useful to the country.
It is well known that the interests of the nation are closely identified
with the prosperity of its fisheries, their extension and development
furnishing a stimulus to all the industries connected with the waters.
While supplying occupation to a large number of persons, the amount
of the fish product is increased and the cost diminished.
In this connection may also be considered the increase in the number
of persons accustomed to the use of boats and vessels, and furnishing
in time of need the material for supplying the vessels of the United
States Navy.
Referring to the next section of the present Report for the details of
desirable research and for a presentation of the importance of construct-
ing a suitable vessel for carrying on the work, I have to announce the
approbation of Congress, as shown in an appropriation of $103,000 for
the construction of a suitable steamer to be built for the use of the Fish
Commission.
No Department having been designated to overlook its construction,
the Secretary of the Treasury was asked to place the work under the
direction of the Light-House Board, which had so ably supervised the
building of the Fish Hawk. This having been granted, Mr. Charles
W. Copeland was selected by the Board to prepare the necessary plans
and specifications, so as to carry out the needs of the Commission. In
this he had the assistance of Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, commander of the
Fish Hawk, who was able to indicate important points to be provided
for in connection with scientific work, as also of Engineer G. W. Baird.
The estimates of the cost of the vessel upon which the appropriation
was based were made in the year 1880, but it was not until October,
1881, that it become possible to issue advertisements for proposals. By
that time the price of iron and of labor had advanced very materially,
and the appropriation was found to be inadequate, the bids for an iron
steamer being severally as follows:
vA, Ramsey & Co., of Baltimore «2 o0. s/o ok Bee $129, 500
Pusey <a Jones, of Wilmington, Del... tf... 2... els ele eer 130, 800
Harlan & Hollingsworth, of Wilmington, Del.............-- 137, 000
These figures being all far beyond the amount of the appropriation,
it became necessary either to prepare plans for a smaller vessel or to
defer further action until an additional appropriation could be made by
Congress. The latter alternative was considered preferable.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXV
B.—INQUIRY INTO THE HISTORY AND STATISTICS OF
FOOD-FISHES.
8.—PROPOSED INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE OFFSHORE FISHERY
GROUNDS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Among the most important objects of a Government fishery commis-
sion is that of investigating the known fishing-grounds of a country, to
determine accurately their extension and character, so as to define the
circumstances and conditions under which the pursuit of the various
species of fish can be prosecuted at the various seasons of the year, and
also to ascertain what natural bait most attractive to the fish can be
secured on the ground, and what can be most advantageously brought
.from a distance. This involves, also, the question of the methods of
‘ fishing most appropriate to the different localities.
A second object of such a commission should be the discovery and
definition of new fishing-grounds, or such as had been previously un-
known to the fishermen. Such undoubtedly exist, and from time to
time are accidentally brought to light, some becoming of national im-
portance. Incidental to this is the inquiry into the hitherto unknown
winter abode of many of our valuable summer fishes, which are absent
from our shores for several months of the year, as is the case with the
mackerel, menhaden, bluefish, and many other species. An important
corollary is to relieve the United States fishermen from their depend-
ence upon the Canadian waters, either for fish or for bait; so that, even
with the utmost probable development of the fishery marine of this
country, it may find ample occupation in the waters directly off from
our own coast, from Maine to Florida.
One general result of such stimulation and development will, of course,
be found in a great increase in the number of sea-going fishing-vessels
and the training of their crews to maritime adventure. Norway is the
only country in Europe in which the Government has come to the aid
of the fishermen in any notable degree, and the result of a moderate
amount of attention by the State is shown by the immense development
of the fishing industry. It is well known that Norway is supported by
her fisheries to a greater extent than any other country, and that her
exports constitute a great source of the fish supply of the world, her
cod and herring being exported in immense quantities, not only over the
whole of Europe, but even to the West Indies, and to Central and South
America. The Loffoden Islands are the great winter spawning-grounds
vf the cod in the North Atlantic of Europe; and here, for four or five
months of each year, the fishing industry is prosecuted to its utmost ex-
tent, the product being greater than that of America, including both
the British provinces and the United States.
The Norwegian Government has for many years sustained a scientific
commission for the purpose of studying carefully all possible methods.
XXVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
of protecting and developing her fisheries, and with distinguished suc-
cess. It has, however, not been satisfied with its labors in the known
grounds, but has for several years had a large steamer engaged in a
thorough search for additional fishing-grounds, and although the Nor-
wegian seas have been traversed by her fishing-vessels for hundreds
of years, each year some new locality is discovered, made known and
occupied, including the previously unknown summer abode of her win-
ter fish.
This problem, so far as the offshores of the United States is con-
cerned, is one that is eminently worthy of the attention of the United
States Fish Commission and the support of Congress in its attempt to
solve it. At present the principal grounds visited by the fishermen of
the United States, excepting for mackerel, are found between latitudes
41° N. and 46° N., a breadth of only about five degrees, but extending
eastward beyond the eastern edge of the Grand Banks. The special
objects of search over these grounds are the cod and halibut; but the
incessant prosecution of the business in one locality tends to diminish
the supply and to lead to the inquiry for other banks not yet ascer-
tained. A systematic investigation of the fishing-grounds will result
in determining the exact depths at which the fish can be taken at dif-
ferent seasons of the year and the regions where this industry can be
most profitably pursued.
Another, even more important, branch of the subject, is that of find-
ing entirely new localities not previously explored. A notable instance
of what may be done in this respect is seen in the case of the tile-fish,
a species already mentioned. A few of these were accidentally taken
by a Gloucester fishing-vessel in 1879,.and like all strange fishes brought
into that port, were delivered to an agent of the Fish Commission, who
transmitted: them to Washington. Here they were carefully investi-
gated and found to constitute a very desirable as well as new genus and
species of food-fish, and one entirely worthy of future attention. In
September, 1880, the Fish Hawk proceeded to the locality where these
fish were taken, about 75 miles south of Newport, and discovered that
this was in the western edge of the Gulf Stream. On putting down
the trawl-net the sea-bottom was found to be rich in animal life, be-
yond any previous experience of the Commission, the mass and variety
being perfectly startling, and a large number of new species being
readily secured in a short time. The quantity of crabs, shell-fish, &c.,
serving as food for fishes, wasincalculable. The fishing-lines were then
brought into requisition and the tile-fish found in abundance propor-
tional to that of its food. The fish were then traced, in three successive
trips of the vessel, along an extent of 60 miles, where they appeared
to be as abundant as codfish on their banks, and were taken with even
greater facility with the hook. The flesh was found to be most palatable,
and to be capable of preservation by salting or drying, in the same way
as the cod. A fish, therefore, which two years ago was entirely un-
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXVII
known, even to the fishermen, now bids fair, when its distribution is
better ascertained, to constitute a most important object of pursuit by
the fishermen, and to have the especial advantage of occurring farther
to the south than the localities in which the cod and halibut are abun-
dant, and yet to be equally accessible from any part of the coast. It
is extremely desirable therefore that this inquiry be prosecuted so as to
ascertain exactly over what degrees of latitude the tile-fish occurs. A
similar research in the waters to the south and southeast of New Eng-
land will, in all probability, show much more accessible localities for
the halibut and cod, especially in the winter season.
There is also a large field for investigation into new fishing-grounds
off the coast of the Southern States; several fishes, such as the sea bass,
the red snappers, &c., occurring there in great abundance, while a few
localities only are known.
In time these investigations should be continued into the Gulf of
Mexico (where there are vast possibilities of fisheries not yet developed),
as well as on the Pacific coast of the United States. Here scarcely
anything has been done, or is known, beyond the general fact that
valuable stores of food-fishes exist in the sea, though the best fishing-
grounds are not yet indicated.
An incidental result of winter explorations off the middle and south-
ern coast of the United States, will be, in all probability, the discovery
of the present winter grounds of certain fishes that are abundant near
the shores only in the summer, but which are absent for from four to
six months in entirely unknown winter quarters. These are especially
the mackerel, the bluefish, the menhaden, the swordfish, the horse-
mackerel, the shad, the salmon, the Spanish mackerel, &c. In all
probability they are found in the same region with the tile-fish, as the
researches of last summer showed that the food of all the fishes men-
tioned occurs in an inexhaustible quantity in the locality just indicated.
Norway has a very small area of ocean in which to prosecute her
fisheries, compared with the United States, and a systematic investiga.
tion on the American side will undoubtedly produce results of greater ©
comparative importance.
In the earlier years of the American fisheries and in the greater
abundance of inshore fishes, with a comparatively slight demand in
consequence of the small population of the country, and the difficul-
ties of transporting the fish, it was quite possible to obtain within easy
reach of our coast fish enough to meet all the requirements. Now,
with a population of fifty millions of people, the great decline of the
inshore fisheries, and the ability not only to transport fresh fish to any
distance inland, without deterioration, but with also the growing de-
mand for salted, dried, and canned fish, it is of the utmost importance
that every facility be furnished to the fishermen in the prosecution of
their business. The diminution of inshore fishing is particularly
noticeable in the case of the halibut. This fish was formerly taken
XXVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
with great ease in small boats all along the New England coast, and at
first was considered of very little value, fish weighing a hundred
pounds and over being caught and thrown back into the water as
refuse, and classed in the same category with sharks, skates, and rays.
Within a comparatively few years, however, the halibut has appreciated
in value, and is now one of the principal objects of pursuit by the New
England fishermen. The yield of this fish to Gloucester alone in 1879
amounted to over eleven millions of pounds.
In later years it has been necessary to follow the halibut into deeper
and deeper waters, so that while twenty years ago it might be taken in
water of 10 to50 fathoms, itis now seldom caught in less than 100 fathoms,
and deeper waters are gradually traversed up to 300 fathoms. The in-
creasing depth renders it constantly more difficult for the fishermen to
prosecute their labors, and makes it more important that new locali-
ties be discovered.
An important result of the research herein proposed will be the re-
lease in a greater or less degree from that dependence upon Canadian
waters for fish and bait, for which the United States is now paying at
the rate-of $800,000 a year for twelve years, extending from 1873 to
1885. It is to be hoped that before the expiration of this period, and
the meeting of a new commission, we will be in a position to decline
any negotiations whatever for privileges much inferior in value to those
possessed on our coast without any question of interference on the part
of others. It is confidently believed that, in the discovery of new
fishing banks and grounds, at a comparatively moderate distance from
the coast, from Cape Cod to Florida, a large increase of the fishing
fleet may be looked for, and that vessels from the ports of Jackson-
ville, Fernandina, Savannah, Charleston, Wilmington, Norfolk, &c.,
will find ample occupation throughout the year. That this will re-
sult in a great increase of the fishery marine is unquestionable; and
in the continued diminution of the number and crews of merchant
vessels of the United States, the question of securing and maintain-
ing an ample sea-faring population, is one of no small moment to the
political economist. The magnitude of the present industry is shown
by the fact that the fishing fleet of Gloucester alone, consists of 385
vessels of above 5 tons, manned by 4,375 individuals, in large part
consisting of men from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. More south-
ern crews will probably be more or less entirely American in their
composition. The catch of these 385 vessels in 1880 is estimated at
129,620 barrels, or 25,924,000 pounds, of mackerel; 9,000,000 pounds of
halibut, and 57,758,000 of salt cod, or other salt fish—an aggregate of
92,682,000 pounds, and this exclusive of a large quantity of other fish
sold fresh. The total number of trips to secure the above-mentioned
quantity of fish consisted of 1,480 to the George’s Banks, 249 to the
Grand and Western Banks for cod, and 261 to the same for halibut, a
total of 1,940 trips. The necessity of new grounds for halibut is shown
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXIX
by the fact that the number of this fish taken in 1879 was 11,336,716
pounds, a decrease of 2,336,716 pounds, or 20 per cent. in a single year.
An important consideration in connection with this problem of the
expected fishing-grounds is the great increase in the demand for fish,
consequent upon the success of the American display at the Interna-
tional Fishery Exposition at Berlin in 1880, as will be seen in another
portion of this report. The American success was everything that
could be desired, the display of this country being placed unhesitatingly
at the very head of all others, although but a short time was allowed
for its preparation. The quality and character of the American pre-
pared fish attracted also deserved attention, and already engagements
and contracts have been entered into between parties in Europe and
the United States involving interests likely before long to amount to
millions of dollars.
It may not be amiss, in this connection, to refer to the fact that the
introduction by the United States Fish Commission to the American
fishermen of the Norwegian system of taking codfish by means of gill-
nets, with glass floats, has already become of the utmost value. Here-
tofore in the capture of codfish the question of bait has been the most
important, ample opportunities frequently occurring for taking cod
which cannot be utilized for the want of suitable bait. This ren-
dered it necessary to resort to the British provinces for the purpose of
obtaining it, and has caused almost entirely the recent difficulties be-
tween the fishermen of the two countries, which have been the subject
of repeated diplomatic correspondence between the United States and
Great Britain. When gill-nets can be used bait is unnecessary, and it
is probable that within a few years three-fourths of the fish taken will
be by gill-nets, and bait used only in localities where the net is not ap-
plicable.
The preliminary research by which the locality and relationships of
the tile-fish were ascertained was prosecuted by the Fish Hawk, the
fish-hatching steamer connected with the service of the United States
Fish Commission. This vessel, in an interval of enforced inaction in her
special work, made three trips to the edge of the Gulf Stream during
the months of September and October, each time being but twelve
hours on the ground. Not intended as a sea-going steamer, of course,
if was not proper to run any risks, and it was simply on the occasion of
a spell of settled weather that the vessel could run out one night to the
grounds, spend a single day there, and return the next night, on each
occasion being absent only thirty-six hours. To do the work properly
requires a steamer that can remain off the coast in any weather, winter
or summer. Such a vessel has been planned by Mr. C. W. Copeland,
the naval constructor of the Light-House Board, in which are embodied
all the requirements for a staunch sea-going vessel, as small as the serv-
ice will permit, and able to do any work of this kind, and at the same
time perfectly fitted for the hydrographic service of either the Coast
xXXX REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Survey or the Navy Department, to either of which branches of the
service it can be transferred when no longer needed for the Fish Com-
mission. The length of keel proposed is about 200 feet. Under the law
of Congress she would be furnished by the Navy Department with offi-
cers and crew, otherwise not employed, so that the expense to the
country will be little beyond that of construction, the vessel, of course,
being available either in an emergency or permanently for the service
of the Government in any Department other than that for which espe-
cially constructed. Provided with sails, such a vessel will be able to
dispense with a large expenditure of coal. There is at present nothing
of the kind belonging to the United States service, either in the Navy
or Coast Survey, and her construction would furnish an important ad-
dition to the naval resources of the United States.
The method of research, in the interest of the fisheries, upon the
proposed steamer, will consist in the use of the most approved ap-
paratus for determinations of temperature, depths, and currents, and
for collecting objects from the sea-bottom, from the surface, and for the
depths midway; also in securing samples of the water at the different
depths, for chemical and microscopical investigation. The tempera-
ture investigations will be of very great importance, as the distribution
and migrations of fish are influenced by the variation of temperature in
the waters inhabited by them.
An important problem for solution on such a vessel is the determin-
ation of the reasons why the menhaden, within the last few years, have
almost entirely abandoned the coast of Maine, and indeed the whole
region to the north of Cape Cod. Upon this fishery in the Gulf of
Maine depends the livelihood of some two thousand men, and the suc-
cess of an investment of between one and two million dollars. If this
change in the habit of the fish is likely to be permanent, the sooner the
fact is ascertained the better, that the industry may be transferred to
some other quarter, since now its prosecution is attended with no other
result than that of serious loss to those who are concerned in it. There
is no question that the cause is a physical one and capable of deter-
mination.
A similar problem is that relating to the disappearance of mackerel
in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It was for the privilege of participat-
ing in this fishery that the United States recently paid the onerous
Halifax award. If we can determine the probability of a continued
absence of fish from the Gulf before the next convention to consider
the value of the Canadian fisheries to the United States, it will greatly
simplify the impending negotiations.
Many other similar questions may be solved by the results of a
thorough scientific inquiry, and it is not impossible that we may hope
to establish general principles by which the fishermen each year may
know at what points to meet the incoming schools of mackerel and
menhaden, and save weeks of fruitless search for them.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXI
As incidental to the economical inquiry, but of very great interest to
the naturalist, will be the collecting of objects of natural history in
large quantity otherwise unattainable. The investigations already
made by the inshore explorations of the United States Fish Commis-
sion have added greatly to our knowledge of the biology of the sea,
and enabled the Smithsonian Institution to distribute to the principal
museums and universities of the country duplicate series of objects of
great educational value to them.
With the larger field of investigation which will be accessible to a
sea-going steamer, this material will be vastly increased, both in
quantity and variety. This is shown by the fact that during the three
days, or thirty-six hours in all, spent by the Fish Hawk on the tile-fish
grounds, no less than 175 different species of shells were collected, of
which more than one-fourth were entirely new to science.
The scientific aspect of deep-sea research is one that has occupied
the attention of the principal nations of Europe, the British Govern-
ment having a few years ago sent out one of her finest frigates on a
three years’ voyage in the seas of all parts of the globe, the results of
which proved to be of very great interest and importance.
9.—THE FISHERY CENSUS OF 1880.
In pursuance of the arrangements made in 1879 with General F. A.
Walker, Superintendent of the Tenth Census, particulars of which have
been given in the two preceding reports, work upon the fishery di-
vision of the census was continued during the year 1881, under the gen-
eral supervision of Mr. G. Brown Goode.
The plan of operations pursued has been published as an appendix to
the Fish Commission Report of 1880, by the close of which year nearly
all of the investigations were completed. The gathering of material
from the eastern side of Buzzard’s Bay, from the north shore of Long
Island Sound, from the Pacific coast, from the shad and alewife rivers,
and from the lobster, crab, and whale fisheries, extended into 1881, but
was mostly finished in the early part of the year. The preparation of
material for the press, which had advanced very satisfactorily in 1880,
was pushed forward with vigor in 1881.
The following publications have been made:
1. On the 24th of May a bulletin (Census No. 176) was issued under the
direction of Mr. Goode. This contained four tables giving statistics of
the fisheries of California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska. It in-
cluded the cod, salmon, whale, seal, fur-seal, and shore fisheries, and
also the marine salt industry. The tables show the number of men,
boats, vessels, and other apparatus employed, and the quantity and
value of the products, for the sections considered. These figures were
compiled from the returns of David S. Jordan, James G. Swan, and T.
H. Bean.
2. The second instalment of results appeared in Census Bulletin 261,
XXXII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
dated September 1, giving the statistics of the fisheries of the Great
Lakes, from the material collected by Mr. Ludwig Kumlien. This series
of sixteen tables relates to the various kinds of food-fishes which are
taken from those lakes, such as whitefish, trout, herring, sturgeon, pike,
&c., as well as the caviar, isinglass, and oil prepared in that region.
3. A larger bulletin (Census No. 278) covering 47 pages quarto was
issued under date of November 22, 1881. It was prepared by Mr. R.
Edward Earll, and contained the statistics of the fisheries of Maine.
He incorporated with his own researches those of Mr. C. G. Atkins, Mr.
W. A. Wilcox, and Capt. J. W. Collins. These figures relate to the
cod, hake, haddock, pollock, cusk, mackerel, herring, lobster, and clam
fisheries, and show the quantity and value of the fresh, dried, pickled,
smoked, and canned products. The production of oil and dried sounds
is also considered.
4. Under date of December 1, the statistics of the fisheries of Vir-
ginia were published in Census Bulletin No. 281. These were prepared
by Col. Marshall McDonald, and include the fisheries for shad, herring,
sturgeon, Spanish mackerel, bluefish, gray and salmon trout, sheepshead,
crabs, clams, terrapin, and oysters, and the manufacture of oil and fer-
tilizers from menhaden.
5. A monograph entitled ‘The Oyster Industry,” by Mr. Ernest In-
gersoll, was issued in the latter part of this year. It covers 250 quarto
pages, and contains 13 plates.
Under the direction of Mr. C. W. Smiley, a series of 1,419 tables were
completed and turned over to the Census Office for publication. These
related to the imports and exports of fish in the United States from 1731
to the present time. This material was drawn from the State papers
and other early records of the colonies and of the nation, and, since its
organization, from the publicatious of the Bureau of Statistics of the
Treasury Department.
A large amount of material ready for press, which could not be printed
and issued during this year by the Census Office, was held over till
another year.
10.—OCEAN TEMPERATURES.
The arrangement made with the Light-House Board in 1878, whereby
the keepers of the light-houses at selected points upon the Atlantic
eoast have observed and recorded temperatures of the sea, has been
continued during the present year, with instruments furnished for the
most part by the United States Signal Office.
The points selected, as will be seen by the accompanying list, are those
most favorably situated for obtaining the mean ocean temperatures
along the coast. The work is done by the keepers without extra com-
pensation, and too much credit cannot be given to them for performing
this duty, in addition to that connected more directly with the Light-
House Service. Their records have been of the utmost possible impor-
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXIII
tance in throwing a flood of light upon many important problems in refer-
ence to the movements and migrations of our food-fishes.
The following is a list of the light-houses (with their keepers) at which
temperatures have been observed during a portion or all of the present
year:
Last of light-houses on the Atlantic coast at which ocean temperatures have
been taken during the year 1881, together with the number of monthly
reports made at each one.
Petit Manan light-house, Petit Manan Island:
Georze Ur aUipton, Mallbrid@e; Mes... 1. So Secech s(od wna cins cesicss oscsecscese 11
Mount Desert light-house, Mount Desert Rock:
AIOSPD we NO WIN AU Lrem OMG MG) cs: cepee ae ctoiclaiaie cysici=iccie sya sec lee cae lecoeee 12
Matinicus Rock light-house, Penobscot Bay:
Wallram.Ge Grant. Matimicus,, Me jlo t= loos cree olicisa sacs meine ceionm ceeteene 12
Seguin light-house, Seguin Island, Kennebec River:
MhomasMay tonne wells Poimt Moyes c+ sce sic toc sonia olociselec ce ones eae 12
Boone Island light-house:
Alfred J. Leavitt, box 808, Portsmouth, N. H ..-.............. waremineaewe cincte 12
Minot’s Ledge light-house, Cohasset Rocks, Boston Bay:
ranks. Marvins Cohasset. Mags was sacs see stone et eise ace cicismates slate enevens Ser 12
Race Point light-house, Cape Cod Bay:
Hemangr.;somibh; Provincetown, Mass) 22c.< 223 osc/222- sj-ecsensccosenccces == 12
Pollock Rip light-station, entrance to Vineyard Sound:
JosephyAlien ar. Soluuhy Varmouth Mass y22-. 20-<(o2 2s e<s eae Se teleee eee 8
Nantucket New South Shoal light-station, Davis New South Shoal:
Andrew Sanasbury, Nantucket, Mass... + .cssc-1ooek caso ecdetcectecst sess 12
Cross Rip light-station, Vineyard Sound:
Jamessbe | Chase;jir..sNantucket, Massj.2 6 o22 -52% dis oc cee wocenislo ee ee cciss 6
Buoy Depot, Government wharf, office inspector second division: ®
Benjamin, J.dwards, Wood's Holl, Mass... 52.2056 sissies soccicciesnaeccsesis 12
Vineyard Sound light-station, Sow and Pigs Rocks:
William H. Doane, 13 Milk street, New Bedford, Mass.-..--..-...-.--.-----. 11
Brenton’s Reef light-station, off Brenton’s Reef and Newport Harbor:
Gharles Db sMarshseNew ports ktcrlas sceccin cam tc Se cants ieee eccieceimtaiom ciekeeceies 12
Block Island light-house, southeast end of Block Island:
Hee lackeeblockslslamd chi isesccgisc orm Jessie ie eeiceaetle coeisieioe cic steers 12
Bartlett’s Reef light-station, Long Island Sound:
DanreliGa linker “Newealbondon, Conn: =. 22.2.2 sce ncecen:cscic es cecc teen cole 12
Stratford Shoals light-house, Middle Ground, Long Island Sound:
amnes Ga SCout we Oru etlersOns Nai \. cls o> ome ence ee aeicisicwicidenciciceecicescine 12
Fire Island light-house, south side of Long Island:
Soup him Dad mbronloland, JN.) Yeo oncj se eneiecceecssiccesce cece senies cece 12
Sandy Hook light-house, entrance to New York Bay:
James Cosgrove, 128 Rutledge street, Brooklyn, N. Y -.---..----..----.----- 12
Absecom light-house, Absecom Inlet:
ACG Olle, A tlanibl CG OlUysON sreli ooe ee ciele epeinin x: vista nelessicine Shideisia se siecievsmesiers 12
Five Fathom Bank light-station, off Delaware Bay:
Capt.John; Reeves; Cape: May, @iby. Ni J) 2-552. 2-51 scewociccce csc cccciecwmce: | Le
Fourteen-Foot Bank light-station, Delaware Bay:
donmntids, Wilmington, Welles tec cc2 = 24 vices wee senjctieeeses'e Sie) eee 10
Winter- Quarter Shoal light-station, Chincoteague Island:
C. Lindermann, Chincoteague Island, Accomack County, Virginia........-. 12
S. Mis. 110. TIl
XXXIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Bodie’s Island light-house, north of Cape Hatteras:
Peter G. Gallop, Manteo, Dare County, North Carolina ...--........-...---- 1]
Cape Lookout light-house, Cape Lookout:
DewaldRumley;, beautort, IN. Cane oss eeeereese nes asses aes care niee merceesce 12
Frying-Pan Shoal light-station, Cape Fear:
David=w, Manson, SmithvillesN. Ceecceaeee eases ccs occcee sacs ne eee eee 12
Rattlesnake Shoal light-station, off Charleston:
John McCormick, Charleston iS Crea saneccmaccises cs sacle ten es oeeieeenieeeeee 12
Martin’s Industry light-station, Port Royal Entrance:
John Masson, Port dRoyal, S.C ra eae soeaiccicsies dete Secs coe om area elasticities 12
Fowey Rocks light-house, Fowey Rocks:
John.J-- Larner; Miami Play i. 5 aoscrcs-oceee cones sce cle Sea ceecicie sees ooeeeeee 12
Carysfort Reef light-house, Florida Reefs:
Edward Bell, Key West, Fla. (succeeded by F. A. Brost in September) ...... 9
Dry Tortugas light-house, Loggerhead Key:
Robertve. Mhompsonw Key Wesuphlaercsa- sec secs ciee ercicecemeceeecntemere 11
11.—BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
The necessity of studying carefully the circumstances under which
the development of the egg of the shad, salmon, &c., takes place, and
the practical bearing of definite facts on this subject, induced the Com-
mission to add, during the year, to its working force, Mr. John A. Ryder,
a prominent member of the Academy of National Sciences of Philadel-
phia. This gentleman having given much attention to the microscopic
work connected with the development of eggs of fishes and other ani-
mals, was able to render very important assistance. His labors during
the year had relation more particularly to the eggs of the whitefish,
the shad, the flounder, the white perch, the California salmon, the Pe-
nobscot salmon, and other species. On many of these subjects he pre-
pared elaborate memoirs, some of which have already been published
by the Commission in its Bulletin for 1881, and others will be published
in the Appendix of the present Report.
Mr. Ryder’s inquiry extended into the phenomena of the development
of shad eggs on trays covered with wet flannel, as suggested by Colonel
McDonald. The results of this research have promised to largely revo-
lutionize the entire method of transporting eggs from the river stations
to the hatching-houses.
12.— THE INTRODUCTION OF COD GILL-NETS.
The introduction of gill-nets in the shore cod-fisheries during the
winter of 1880-81 created a general and widespread interest among
those concerned in fishing. The use of these nets was first sug-
gested by the Commission in the winter of 1878~79, but those first tried
were not sufficiently strong for the capture of the large cod that frequent
our coast in winter. This experiment has been described in an article
by Mr. R. E. Earll, on the cod-fisheries of Cape Ann, published in the
Report of the United States Fish Commission for 1878. He says: “The
method of catching cod with gill-nets, though so successfully used by
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXV
the fishermen of Norway, has never been adopted by the fishermen of
our coast. Knowing the profits derived from the use of these nets by
those foreign fishermen, Professor Baird, who is ever anxious to intro-
duce among the Americans any methods that will result to their ad-
vantage in the prosecution of the fisheries, decided to make experiments
with them at Cape Ann, with a view to their introduction among our
shore cod-fishermen. Accordingly he secured from parties in Norway a
set of these nets and forwarded them to Gloucester to be thoroughly
tested by the employés of the Commission at that place. They reached
the hatchery when the pasture school was on the shore, and were set
on the favorite fishing grounds a number of times. But the strength of
the twine had probably been affected in transit, and the nets proved far
too frail. The strong tide and rough water caused them to catch
among the rocks, where they were badly damaged; while numerous
holes indicated clearly that large fish had torn their way through the
nets, only such being retained as had become completely rolled up in
the twine. The nets were always taken from the water in bad order,
but the capture of 800 pounds on one occasion, even under the cireum-
stances, seemed to indicate that nets of sufficient strength might be
used to good advantage, at least on the smooth fishing grounds along
the coast.”
Having made the preliminary trials with the nets, and demonstrated
that with reasonably fair chances a good catch might be obtained with
them, the offer to lend the nets to any responsible fisherman who would
give them a fair and thorough trial was made. The manner of setting
them was also explained to any persons who applied for information.
But fishermen are somewhat conservative, and do not hurriedly adopt
new ideas about catching fish. They know that they can ill afford to
waste time or money on questionable ventures. Whatever was the
cause it appears that none of the fishermen showed a desire either that
winter or the next to try the gill-nets.
When Captain Collins left for the Berlin International Fishery Exhi-
bition in 1880 he received special instructions to study, from a practical
standpoint, the Norwegian methods of using these nets, so that our
fishermen might be provided with all the information that could be ob-
tained. On his return he embodied the facts in a report on the methods
of catching cod in Norway; giving, also, an account of the methods
that have been tried by our fishermen, as these differ in some respects
from those of the Norwegians. This has been published in the Fish
Commission Bulletin for 1881.
Although the fruits of the work done by the Commission in 1878 did
not immediately appear, the seed that was thus sown was destined in
time to bear its legitimate fruit.
The difficulty of procuring a supply of bait is a source of great trouble
to the shore fishermen, and its cost, even when it is obtainable, is so
great that oftentimes the fishermen hesitate to invest, fearing that it
XXXVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
may result in loss rather than gain. Such was the feeling of Capt.
George H. Martin, master of the Northern Eagle, of Gloucester, during
the fall of 1880. For several years he had been engaged in the shore
cod-fishery during the winter, but the prospect of getting sperling
(small herring that are used for bait) appeared so uncertain that he
hesitated about fitting out. His father, an employé of the Commission,
and also an old fisherman, suggested gill-nets as a means of solving the
problem. Together with several of his crew he visited the station of
the Commission at Gloucester and examined the nets.
Before starting out on his first trip, he conferred with Capt. J. W. Col-
lins, who had studied the Norwegian methods at Berlin. This resulted
in his devising a plan whereby one man is enabled here to accomplish
nearly the same amount of work as six in Norway. This new method is
called “under-running,” and is found to be an improvement. Nets of
10-inch mesh are set the same as herring nets, being suspended by
hollow glass balls or floats at any required depth. They are usually
left out several days at a time, the fishermen under-running them each
morning, and taking out the fish that have been caught in the meshes
during the night. None are caught except at night. The first trials
proved successful, the Northern Eagle taking 4,000, 6,000, and 7,000
pounds, respectively, on her first three trips with nets, in spite of
the weather being unfavorable. The nets first used, part of which
had been lent by the Commission, were found too weak to resist the
struggles of the larger cod, some of which weigh as much as 75 or 80
pounds each. The average weight of those taken in the nets is 23
pounds. Stronger nets were soon obtained, and their number was in-
creased. At present the Northern Eagle carries 8 dories, each with a
single man, who is provided with a gang of three nets, making a total
of twenty-four nets for the crew. The nets are each 50 fathoms long
and three fathoms deep, knit of salmon twine. Unexampled success
has resulted from the use of these new nets. On a trip ending January
11th, 35,000 pounds of cod were taken by the crew of the Northern Eagle,
8,000 pounds of which were obtained in a single morning. Two other
vessels, which were absent the same length of time, fishing at the same
place, but in the old way, got only 4,000 and 5,000 pounds, respectively.
Later, another trip was made by the same vessel, which was even more
successful, when 35,000 pounds of cod were caught in four days’ fishing,
18,000 pounds being taken in one day. The catch was three times as
large as that of the trawlers fishing on the same ground.
At first the nets met with the same opposition from the trawlers that
trawls had from the hand-line fishermen, when they were introduced,
some thirty years ago. Although at first inclined to inveigh against
‘building a fence” to prevent the fish from reaching the trawls, &c.,
the fishermen soon began to realize its advantages. Whenever in port,
the deck of the Northern Eagle would be crowded with fishermen anxious
to learn about this new method of fishing. Letters from all along the
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXVII
coast were received by the Boston net factories inquiring about the cod
gill-nets. Allusion has been made to the difficulty of obtaining bait
for the shore fisheries, its cust, &c. As an instance of this, the average
bait bill of a vessel in the Gloucester shore fleet for the month of De-
cember, 1880, may be stated at $150, and the bait bill of the schooner
Phantom for fifteen days was $380. This, added to the loss of time in
seeking bait (often one-third), was a serious drawback. But the bait
question is a still more important one to the bank fishermen, who have
generally been obliged to seek it in the ports of the British Provinces.
Great stress has been laid by the inhabitants of the provinces on the
importance of this privilege to our fishermen.
Gill-nets have been used in the Norwegian cod fisheries for nearly
two hundred years, and with good success. M. Friele, in an account
of the fisheries of Norway, in 1877, says they are “quite indispensable
when the cod does not bite,” while, according to Mr. Hermann Baars,
Die Fischeret Industrie Norwegens, Bergen, 1873, “the fatter the fish the
less it is attracted by the bait, and during spawning season it scarcely
ever takes the hook at all. For this reason the well-to-do fisherman is
usually provided with nets as well as trawls. These nets are held
upright in the water by means of floats of hollow glass, the invention
of Merchant Christopher Faye, of Bergen. Sometimes, however, wood
or cork is used. The glass floats are almost exclusively in use in all
the Loffoden Islands.” The importance of the use of gill-nets in the
Norwegian cod-fisheries is shown in the following extracts from the
official report of the superintendent, Niels Juel (first lieutenant in the
navy), for 1878, giving the statistics, &e., of the Loffoden Island fish-
eries:
“The percentage of fishermen using different apparatus was as fol-
lows: 58 per cent. used nets; 32 per cent. used lines; 10 per cent. used
deep-bait. There was an increase from last year of 2,542 in the number
of net fishermen. There was an average of 3,725 boats employed, of
which 2,154 boats, carrying 13,168 men, were engaged in fishing with
gill-nets. The total catch for 1878 was 24,660,000 cod in number, of
which upwards of 14,000,000 of the largest were caught with nets.”
The net-fishing has since increased, according to Mr. Hermann Baars,
who says: ‘In 1879 the following enumeration was made: 2,532 boats,
with crews numbering 14,322 men, fitted out for the net-fishery.” He
further says that “usually the boats fishing with nets obtain the great-
est net receipts, since these often sell 10,000 to 12,000 fish, 10 to 12
barrels of oil, and 10 barrels of roe, valued at 2,500 marks ($595.24), and
at least 400 marks ($95.24) to each man. A net yield of 350 marks a
head is considered by the trawl-line fishermen very satisfactory.” These
remarkable results are obtained by fishing in open boats in the dead of |
winter north of the arctic circle. What may we not hope for under
more favorable circumstances? Of this Mr. Baars says: “ But it must
be remembered that the stormy weather, which often lasts for weeks at
i
XXXVIII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
a time in the winter months at this region, often renders it impossible
for the fishermen to go out to sea. As a rule, fishing cannot be carried
on more than two days in a week.”
13.—THE VALUE OF FISH AS FOOD.
In a previous Report reference was made to the results of a series of
elaborate chemical investigations by Prof. W. O. Atwater, of Middle-
town, Conn., into the absolute and comparative value of fish as food.
This work has been continued during the year on an increased scale,
and it is expected that his next report will contain some additional data
of much interest.
14.—WORK DONE AT WOOD’S HOLL, MASS., IN 1881.
Advantages as a permanent sea-coast station of the United States Fish
Commission.—F rom the inception of the work of the Commission in 1871
it has been the custom to select some station on the sea-coast from
which to prosecute the researches required by Congress into the scien-
tific and economical problems connected with the sea and its inhabitants;
the stations, as already indicated, covering the coast from the Bay of
Fundy to Long Island Sound. In this way the peculiarities of the in-
shores have been well determined and the geographical distribution of
the fishes, mollusks, crustacea, radiates, &c., properly marked out. In
addition to the discovery of a great many new species, much light has
been thrown upon the whole subject of marine zoology generally.
It is not to be supposed that everything in this connection has been
learned; but the broad features have been determined, and the minor
details can be safely left to local and special researches.
The acquisition of a sea-going steamer in the Fish Hawk, and the
hope of obtaining a still more serviceable vessel, rendered it expedient
to fix upon some point for permanent occupation where the necessary
facilities for the maritime work of the Commission could be obtained.
The southern side of New England was considered better than the
eastern, aS permitting investigation for a longer period and presenting
a much richer fauna. The best conditions for the propagation of marine
fishes were also found on the southern coast of New England, as fish
are in greater variety, and, so far as the winter hatching is concerned,
the cold is less severe, and other circumstances generally were more fa-
vorable.
By the use of a suitable fishing smack, the fish can be brought in
alive and penned up until they are ready to yield their eggs, and in
this way will be exposed to much less danger from destruction by cold
than proved to be the case at Gloucester.
After a careful consideration of the subject, the choice was found to |
lie between Newport and Wood’s Holl. Newport has a great many ad-
vantages in its accessibility, and in the very great desire manifested
by its citizens to secure the presence of the United States Fish Com-
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XXXIX
mission. A number of gentlemen, of whom Mr. J. M. K. Southwick was
spokesman, offered to furnish the requisite buildings, and also the use
of a suitable wharf, and otherwise to encourage the selection of the
station. The Navy Department also gave the Commission a provisional
invitation to establish itself on the northern end of Coasters’ Harbor
Island, which was not required for the purposes of the training school.
The great difficulty in the way of Newport, however, was found to be
in the comparative impurity of the water, Narragansett Bay receiving
the drainage of a number of large cities, such as Newport, Fall River,
Bristol, Providence, &c., and also having extensive mud bottoms and
flats. The experience of the year 1880 showed that the abounding im-
purities would settle as a sediment upon the eggs of the fishes to be
hatched and materially impair their development, as was found to be
the case at Gloucester.
A totally different condition of things was found at Wood’s Holl,
where the water is exceptionally pure and free from sediment, and
where the sudden tide rushing through the Wood’s Holl passage keeps
the water in a state of healthy oxygenation especially favorable for
biological research. The entire lack of sewage, owing to the remote-
ness of large cities, and the absence of large rivers tending to reduce the
salinity of the water, constitute a strong argument in its favor, and this
station was finally fixed upon for the purpose in question.
The quarters occupied by the Commission at Wood’s Holl, furnished
by the courtesy of the Light-House Board, are too scanty for the ex-
pected work of the Commission in the future, and measures were im-
mediately instituted to obtain foothold on the Great Harbor. Here a
point of land constituting the neck of the upper harbor was fixed upon
as a suitable location, affording the advantage of pure and very deep
water, accessible to vessels of quite unusual draught, and immediately
adjacent to the rapid tide of the passage.
Negotiations were opened with the owners of the ground, Messrs.
Isaiah Spindel & Co., and a provisional agreement made as to the price
and conditions of the purchase, the details of which will be given in
the next Report.
Work of the year 1881 at Wood’s Holl.—Pending the permanent es-
tablishment of the Commission at Wood’s Holl, as explained in the
preceding section, that station was selected for the work of 1881, and,
by the renewed courtesy of the Light-House Board, the old quarters on
the Light-House wharf were secured and fitted for occupation.
As the Government wharf was unable to furnish a berth for the
steamer Fish Hawk, the private wharf of Isaiah Spindel & Co. was
leased for the purpose. The requisite accommodations for board and
lodging for the party were obtained with considerable difficulty, but
finally the necessary arrangements were completed.
I reached the station on the 8th of July, being joined soon after by
the remainder of the party.
XL REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
As in previous years, Professor Verrill, of Yale College, had charge
of the work connected with the marine invertebrates, and Dr. Tarleton
H. Bean of the fishes, in this being assisted by Mr. Peter Parker.
Other assistants were Prof. L. A. Lee, of Bowdoin College, Mr. San-
derson Smith, Mr. James H. Emerton, and others. Capt. H. C. Chester
had general charge of the buildings, assisted by Vinal N. Edwards, of
Wood’s Holl.
During the summer the usual branches of research were prosecuted
under the direction of the several chiefs, and a great deal of valuable
information collected, some of which will be furnished in the form of
monographic papers, and the rest presented in the pages of the Reports
of the Commission or in the Fishery Division of the United States
Census of 1880.
One of the most practical results of the work of the season was the in-
vestigation into the area of distribution and the economical qualities of the
tile fish. This species was first brought to light by the casual capture of
some specimens in 1879 by Captain Kirby, of Gloucester, Mass., who
carried them into that city, where they were secured by the Fish Com-
mission, which had a station there at the time. As explained in the
previous Report, the ground was investigated by the Fish Hawk in 1880,
and a number of specimens captured.
During 1881 special efforts were made to define the limitation and
area of this fish. It was found to occur on the edge of the continental
plateau, and in abundance equal to that of codfish on the fishing banks.
It is confidently believed that a large part of the fish supply of New
York and Boston could readily be furnished from this species. Careful
tests were made of its qualities as a food-fish, not only on board the
vessel and at Wood’s Holl, but by distributing them among the New
York experts, through Mr. E. G. Blackford. The reports were uni-
formly favorable; one gentleman characterizing the fish as having hard
meat and sweet and juicy as any game fish he ever met with; another
ranking it above sheeps-head, as being more juicy and better flavored.
The work accomplished by the Fish Hawk, to which a great deal of
the success of the summer was due, will be referred to under a subse-
quent heading.
The season was closed by my departure on the 4th of October, the
Fish Hawk proceeding to Washington with her collections and appara-
tus, stopping, however, at New Haven to discharge the packages con-
taining specimens for Professor Verrill.
15,— EXPLORATIONS OF THE FISH HAWK.
With the exception of the years 1872 and 1876, when the Commis-
sioner was necessarily otherwise occupied, the Navy Department, in
compliance with law, has, since 1871, furnished the Commission with a
steamer for its sammer work. The first detail of this kind was that of
a small steam-launch in 1871. In 1873, 1874, and 1875, the steamer
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERTES. XLI
Biue Light, under command of Captain Beardsley, was made use of;
in 1877 the Speedwell, under command of Commander Kellogg; the
same vessel again in 1878, under command of Captain Beardsley, and
again in 1879, under command of Lieut. Z. L. Tanner.
The appropriation by Congress for a special steamer—the Fish Hawk—
completed in the spring of 1889, enabled the Commission to dispense
with the naval steamer, but it gladly embraced the privilege of calling
upon the Department for a detail of officers and crew.
The first service of this vessel, under command of Lieut. Z. L. Tan-
ner, was rendered at Newport in 1880, the Report of which year contains
an account of her work on this occasion. The off-shore exploration,
however, was limited to two or three trips, the results of which were so
interesting as to induce great expectations from the renewal of these
labors in 1881,
It will be remembered, as stated in the last Report, that the water
deepens very slowly for a considerable distance off the coast, from Cape
Cod southward; so that a depth of 100 fathoms is, for the most part, only
attainable at a distance, out, of from 75 to 100 miles. This brings us to
the edge of the continental plateau; and beyond that there is usually
an abrupt declivity, showing rapidly deepening water.
On her expeditions in 1880 the Fish Hawk found that the edge of this
slope or declivity was occupied by an extremely rich fauna, both as to
species and individuals; indeed, far exceeding in this respect any of
the regions nearer the land; and the necessary arrangements were
made to renew work in that vicinity during 1881.
On her return to Washington in 1880 she was sent to Point Lookout
to obtain a supply of oysters for the oyster-hatching station at Saint
Jerome; and the ice forming before she could return, obliged her to
winter in the Norfolk navy-yard. Returning, however, from that point
in February, she was fitted out with shad-hatching apparatus, and on
the 23d of March was ordered to Avoca, a shad-fishing station at the
mouth of the Roanoke River in Albemarle Sound. Here she remained
until the 30th of April, carrying on her work, and obtaining many
courtesies from Dr. W. R. Capehart, the owner of the station. The vessel
reached Havre de Grace on the 3d of May, and was occupied until the
Sth of June in hatching shad at the head of Chesapeake Bay.
On the 15th of June she again proceeded to Saint Jerome to make
experiments in connection with the hatching of Spanish mackerel, but
started for Washington on the 20th of June, having left her work at
that place in charge of Col. M. McDonald.
The details of her Jabors in connection with shad and Spanish mackerel
will be found in the second division of this Report.
After a short stay at the navy-yard in Washington undergoing re-
pairs, she took on board the apparatus for the deep-sea research, and left
for Wood’s Holl on the 7th of July, arriving there on the 10th.
From that time until the 4th of October numerous trips were made
XLIT REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
to the localities near the Gulf Stream, referred to as having been visited
in 1880, and many very interesting results were secured. In the sup-
plementary portion of this Report will be found a popular statement of
this work, consisting of the substance of an address by Prof. L. A. Lee,
one of the scientific party. A special list of the fishes collected during
the season, prepared by Dr. Bean, is also appended.
The steamer arrived at Washington on the 12th of October, and the
offer of her services was at once embraced by the Navy Department, in
connection with the naval and military celebration at Yorktown, from
October 7 to October 20. She was placed by the Secretary of the Navy
at the service of the Secretary of War. Having been absent several
days, upon returning to Washington, she went into winter quarters at
the navy-yard, where she was thoroughly repaired and put in readiness
for the work of 1882.
A full description of the vessel and her outfit, together with the de-
tails of her work during 1880 and 1881, furnished by her commander,
Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, will be found in the Appendix of the present Report.
C.—THE PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES.
It has already been shown that, while the original object of establish-
ing the United States Fish Commission was the investigation of the
alleged decrease of the food-fishes of the United States, during the second
year of its existence it was charged by Congress with the added duty
of increasing the supply, and of stocking the waters with suitable ad-
ditional species of economical value. At the present time much the
larger part of the expenditure of time and money on the part of the Com-
mission is in the last-mentioned direction.
16.—THE METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND EGGS.
In the beginning of the work of the Commission, in connection with
the introduction of food-fishes into new waters, it was entirely possible
to cover all the service by placing the fish in cans and employing suit-
ably trained messengers to accompany them to such points of deposit
as might have been selected.
All the railroads of the country with scarcely an exception, when
applied to, gave instructions to allow the transportation, in baggage-
cars, free of extra charge, of the cans containing the young fish, and
granted access to the same on the part of the messengers; instructions
being given, in many cases, to stop the car at stations near rivers
or streams to allow the introduction of the fish therein. This was
specially the case with the shad, and where the annual production —
amounted to but a few millions it became quite possible to accomplish
all that was necessary by thismeans. As, however, the supply of young
fish increased, partly in consequence of the increase in the scale of
operations and partly from the increase in the supply, caused by the
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XLIII
work of the Commission, this was found to be inadequate, especially as
one messenger was unable to carry satisfactorily more than ten or
twelve cans, containing from 100,000 to 150,000 fish. The possibility
of obtaining a larger number of fish than at first, made it practicable
also to test the theory which the Commission has been gradually reach-
ing, that the number of fish likely to survive the attacks of their enemies
when planted in a river is increasingly proportionate to the total num-
ber introduced, or rather that the expectancy of destruction, in a given
locality, is essentially an absolute quantity dependent upon the exist-
ing number of minnows and other predaceous fish. Thus, if the expect-
ancy of destruction be estimated at 100,000 young fish, we will have
none left to grow up from a deposit of 100,000 fish. If, however, we
introduce 200,000 fish, then we may claim a surplus of 100,000. It is
highly probable that the larger the number introduced the greater will
be the percentage of survivals.
Where we ean introduce a car-load of fish instead of a tenth or twen-
tieth of that quantity, our chances of success in stocking waters are
probably increased far beyond the difference in the ratio.
When the available supply of young shad increased to an extent of
perhaps a million a day, for a number of days in succession, the method
of transportation mentioned above proved to be entirely inadequate,
and the experiment was made of filling an entire baggage-car with fish
cans and forwarding it to destination, accompanied by a suitable num-
ber of messengers. This was done was done with the kind assistance of
President Hinckley, of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore
Railroad, and subsequently of the officers of the Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad.
It was in time found that even this plan was insufficient, as it was
not always possible to obtain the cars, and these were not provided
with the necessary facilities for keeping the fish in good condition.
It was at length determined either to build a new ear, or to adapt an
old one of proper character to this express purpose, and an arrangement
was finally made with President Hinckley to refit one of the best bag-
gage-cars belonging to his company, and sell it to the Commission,
when completed, at cost.
This car was fitted up by Mr. J. H. Ridgway, of Philadelphia, as a
refrigerator car, and was provided with living and sleeping rooms at
either end for the accommodation of the messengers. It was also sup-
plied with air-brakes, Miller platform, six-wheeled trucks, &c., by means
of which it could be moved on passenger trains.
As thus arranged, the car is capable of carrying from one to two
millions of fish at a load and five messengers. The details of its con-
struction will be given hereafter.
The car reached Washington from the shops on the 7th of May, and
made a trial trip on the 2d of June to Atlanta, Ga., with shad. Owing,
however, to the difficulty experienced in changing the trucks at Lynch-
XLIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
burg, it returned to Washington after depositing the fish in the James
River.
On the 15th of June a load of 1,150,000 fish was tiansported to
Maine from the hatchery at Havre de Grace, and introduced success-
fully into the Kennebec and Mattawamkeag Rivers.
The experience of these trips suggested some additional changes,
which were made in the course of the summer; and in the middle of
October the car was again used, this time for distributing carp.
In December, it was determined to use the car for transporting a
supply of carp to Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Missouri. There
were 950 applicants to be supplied in Texas alone. There were placed
on board the car forty large cans, each containing one hundred carp,
and seven containing one hundred and fifty carp each. There were also
placed on board eighteen crates, each containing sixteen small tin pails. -
As each pail contained twenty carp, each crate would thus contain three
hundred and twenty carp. In addition, there were three crates con-
taining four hundred carp each. This made a total of twelve thousand
carp. The car was not ready to leave, however, until January 3, 1882,
when it was moved by the Pennsylvania Railroad from Washington to
Saint Louis, in charge of Colonel Marshal McDonald. The first distri-
butions were made from Saint Louis; after which the car proceeded
to Texarkana, from which point applicants in Arkansas were supplied.
Similar stops were made at Shreveport, La., Sherman, Tex., Dallas, Tex.,
Austin, Tex., &c. <A full account of this trip, as also of a previous one
to Kentucky in November, will be found in the report of Mr. McDonald
in the Appendix.
17.—SPECIES OF FISH CULTIVATED AND DISTRIBUTED IN 1881.
a. Whitefish (Coregonus albus).
Northville Station.—The work at this station, under the charge of Mr.
Frank N. Clark, as heretofore, has been prosecuted with increased vigor.
A number of improvements have been made in the arrangements for
supplying water, and an increased hatching capacity has been ob-
tained. Tour new ponds (20 by 83 feet) were constructed during the
summer. The total number of whitefish eggs handled during the season
of 1881-82 was 22,500,000, against 14,780,000 for the previous season.
The spawn-taking operations were carried on from November 10 to De-
cember 5, the points selected being North Bass Island, Middle Bass
Island, and Kelley’s Island, in Lake Erie. Although the last eggs
which reached the hatchery were allowed to remain in the shipping
cases for ten days after their arrival, pending the fitting up of additional
hatching-jars, there was no increased loss noticeable.
The Chase automatic jar was used in place of the hatching-box in
the incubation of the eggs, and experiments were made with a view to
obtaining a still more reliable apparatus. The “Improved Shad
Hatcher” was found to give a better movement to the eggs, and useful
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XLV
modifications of this and of the Chase jar were devised by Mr. Clark’s
assistants. One of these gentlemen, Mr. Seymour Bower, invented a
new form of hatching-box which possesses advantages.
The number of whitefish eggs shipped was 2,032,000. Shipments
were made to Germany and France, and to the States of California, Con-
necticut, Iowa, and New Jersey. Over 17,700,000 young fish were re-
leased in the waters of the Great Lake system, the deposits being made
in Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, and Lake
Ontario.
b. Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).
Northville Station —The ponds for brook trout at Northville, Mich.,
have been greatly enlarged and improved, and four new ones have been
added to the three already existing, so that their total area is now
10,674 square feet. About 140,000 eggs were obtained from the trout
in the ponds during the spawning season, which lasts from the begin-
ning of November to the middle of January. Shipments of eggs were
-made to France and to the Druid Hill hatchery in Baltimore; 20,000
young fish were planted in neighborivg streams, and 30,000 were sbipped
Kast by the Fish Commission car. It isexpected that half a million brook-
trout eggs will be taken next season.
c. Saibling (Salmo salvelinus).
On January 10, Mr. Schuster, Burgomaster of Freiburg, Germany,
announced that he had sent 60,000 saibling eggs by the North German
Lloyds steamer Mosel, of January 8, consigned to the United States
Fish Commission. These reached New York January 22. Mr. Fred.
Mather took charge of them and forwarded them the next day to Mr. A.
H. Powers, Plymouth, N. H., which point they reached on the 24th. The
entire loss while crossing the ocean and being transported to the hatch-
ery was but 5,000 eggs. Mr. Powers was directed to hatch them and
place them in Newfound Lake, located 7 miles from Plymouth. The
eges were all hatched by February 28, with a loss in hatching of 6,515
eggs. Mr. Powers deposited 30,000 fry in Newfound Lake May 18.
Another installment of saibling eggs was announced by Herr Max
von dem Borne February 3. These were lost in transit.
d. Lake Trout (Cristivomer namaycush).
Northville Station.— While waiting for the whitefish to begin spawn-
ing, 57,000 lake-trout eggs were obtained for this station, of which
52,000 were shipped and 1,400 hatched and retained at the hatchery.
Of those shipped, 20,000 were forwarded to Germany.
e. The Quinnat or California Salmon (Salmo quinnat).
The McCloud River Station.—The work at this place has been under
the direction of Mr. Livingston Stone, whose detailed report will be
fourd in the Appendix. The establishment met with a serious disas-
ter on the 3d of February. January had been attended by a rainfall
|
XLVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
wholly unprecedented in that region, the total amount for the season
being placed at 109.7 inches. During the first days of February the
rain continued to fall in torrents, and the McCloud River to rise at the
rate of a foot an hour. During the night of February 2 the water rose
above the danger-mark, and at half-past two in the morning ef Febru-
ary 3 the buildings of the station were swept away. All the improve-
ments which had accumulated since 1872 were thus demolished in a
night. The water reached a maximum height of 26 feet 8 inches above
its summer level.
At the instance of Senator Booth, of California, an appropriation of
$10,000 for rebuilding the station was made by Congress, March 5,
and the work of restoration, beginning in May, was completed in Sep-
tember. At the time of the disaster the work was in charge of Mr.
Myron Green. Mr. Stone reached the fishery May 19 and superintended
the reconstruction, as well as the taking of eggs in the fall, which
amounted to 7,500,000. Several millions of these eggs were sent to the
commissioners of various States to hatch for local waters, as well as to
Canada and New South Wales. Particulars of the distribution are
found in the tables appended to this report.
jf. Rainbow or California Mountain Trout (Salmo irideus).
The McCloud River Station.—This fishery was first operated in July,
1879, and like the salmon station has been continuously under the divec-
tion of Mr. L. Stone. It is located near the mouth of Crook’s Creek, a
tributary of the McCloud River, and about 4 miles distant from Baird
Post-office. The station suffered at the time of the flood from a deluge of
mud which was precipitated into the ponds, and by which many of the
trout were killed.
The region is subject to land slides. The steep hillsides becoming
thoroughly saturated with water, whole acres are washed into the val-
ley below. Sometimes the creek is completely dammed up thereby and
the water is rendered intensely muddy. To shut off this water from
the trout ponds would be as fatal as to admit it, so that the catastrophe
to the trout was unavoidable. Many which were not actually killed
were seriously injured by mud getting into the gills and producing in-
flammation. The occurrence of the flood justas the trout were beginning
to spawn made the matter still more unfortunate. Only about a thou-
sand trout survived. From these, however, 261,000 eggs were obtained,
179,900 of which were sent to the commissioners of various States to be
hatched. During October and November the losses of trout were made
up as far as possible by fishing in the river. A new pond was also con-
structed for the purpose of catching the mud which was brought down
by water in the rainy season. The year closed with brighter prospects
for the future.
g. Atlantic or Penobscot Salmon (Salmo salar.)
Penobscot River Station.—This station, as heretofore, was carried on
by the United States conjointly with the States of Maine, Massachusetts,
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XLVII
and Connecticut, and under the continued superintendence of Mr. Charles
G. Atkins. Between June 1 and July 2 he purchased from the fishermen
514 salmon, averaging 164 pounds each. These were placed in the in-
closure prepared for them, to await the spawning season in October.
An unusual number, 146, died during this interval, most of the deaths
occurring, however, in June and July. The first eggs were taken Octo-
ber 26, and, between this date and the 17th of November, 358 fish were
manipulated, of which 232 were females and 126 were maies. They pro-
duced 515 pounds of spawn. The number of eggs was estimated at
2,693,009, or an average of 11,608 eggs from each female. In August
and September of this year Mr. Atkins made an important improve-
ment by conducting cold water from a brook through an aqueduct 1,600
feet long. The water previously received from springs near the hatch-
ery attained so high a temperature that in former years the eggs were
matured early in December. Under the new arrangement, their devel-
opment was retarded until the middle of January. The first shipments
of eggs were made January 16, 1882, and continued at the convenience
of the consignees until March 13, 1882. The total number of eggs
shipped was 2,611,500, of which 1,006,500 belonged to the United States.
The loss in shipping and hatching out the eggs was very slight, and
2,397,132 were actually planted, as shown by the tables. From the
United States quota eggs were sent to New York, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey, Minnesota, and Virginia. The full report of Mr. Atkins will be
found in the Appendix.
h. Schoodic or Land-locked Salmon (Salmo salar, subs. sebago).
Grand Lake Stream Station.—Conjointly with the States of Maine,
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, this station was this
year again occupied by the United States Fish Commission, under di-
rection of Mr. Atkins, who commenced his work at Grand Lake, Sep-
tember 10, 1881.
Grand Lake is situated upon the western branch of the Saint Croix
River, known as Schoodie River. Its water is exceedingly pure, and
attains a depth of 100 feet. Its outlet, the Grand Lake Stream, is fre-
quented by this species of salmon in October and November, for the
purpose of spawning. As a net can be stretched across this outlet at
that time, itis not necessary to hold the fish in confinement for several
months, as is the case with the Penobscot salmon.
Hatchery No. 3, which was constructed last year, became the princi-
pal scene of operations this year. When originally built it was but 30
feet long. Mr. Atkins has this year added wings, which very largely
increase its capacity. The nets were placed across the stream, as usual,
about the middle of September. The capture of salmon began October
31. The manipulating of spawning fish continued until its completion of
the season, November 19. Six hundred and fifty-three females and three
hundred and seventy males, a total of 1,023, were utilized. <A total of
XLYVIII_ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
947,000 eggs were taken, being an average of 1,525foreachfemale. Be-
tween January 12, 1882, and March 10, 1882, eggs were shipped to the
States which were in partnership, and, in behalf of the United States, to
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Maryland, Michigan,
Lowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, and California; in addition to these 20,000 were
sent to Fred. Mather for shipment to Germany. The United States’
share of eggs was 311,750. About 215,000 eggs were retained at the
hatchery, from which 213,097 young fish were hatched and planted in
Grand Lake. The diary of the station, as well as full particulars of
the work, have been reported by Mr. Atkins, and will be found in the
Appendix. The hatching and distribution of eggs necessarily extends
into the following year. This renders it desirable to anticipate dates, to
some extent, in this report, in order to show the completion of the work
inaugurated in 1881.
i. The Shad (Alosa sapidissima).
As has already been stated on page XVI, six stations were operated
for shad work this season, three of these conjointly with the Maryland
Commission, the entire yield of which was 70,035,000 young shad. Of
this amount 46,518,500 were deposited in the waters near the various
hatcheries and 23,516,500 transferred to 18 different States of the Union.
This yield of seventy millions was unprecedentedly large, that of 1880
falling a little short of thirty millions, and that of 1879 being less than
twenty millions. This increase in production was due, first, te the in-
creased efficiency of the methods and apparatus of the Commission ;
and, second, to the favorable fishing season both on the Potomac and
Susquehanna Rivers.
On the afternoon and evening of May 27, President Garfield made a
trip down the Potomac on board the Lookout to witness the shad opera-
tions.
The completion of a special car for the operations of the Commission
gave facilities, heretofore not enjoyed, for moving a large quantity of
shad to distant waters. On the Ist of June a car was loaded at Havre
de Grace with one million of shad for the waters of Georgia, but, owing
to the break of gauge and the impossibility of obtaining suitable trucks,
the fish were deposited in the James River, at Lynchburg. On the 3d
of June 1,500,000 fry were placed in the car and consigned to General
J. R. Hawley and Dr. W. M. Hudson, for deposit in Connecticut waters.
It reached Hartford on June 4, accompanied by General Hawley and
Mr. Davidson, the local superintendent, and was moved by special train
to Warehouse Point, 13$ miles above Hartford, where the fish were
successfully deposited in the Connecticut River. On the 14th of June
the car was again loaded, partly from the navy-yard and partly from
Havre de Grace, with 1,150,000 shad, consigned to the Maine commis-
sioners, who had secured free freight over the Boston and Maine Rail-
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. XLIX
road. The shad were met at Bangor by Mr. E. M. Stillwell, and a part
were deposited in the Kennebec and part in the Mattawamkeag Rivers.
On the 24th of June there were placed on board the car at the Wash-
ington navy-yard 1,140,000 shad, which were taken to Dubuque, Iowa,
and deposited in the Mississippi River. The distribution to other States
was by the old method of placing the fish in cans to be transferred in
the baggage cars of passenger trains under the care of messengers.
Avoca Station.—Dr. Capehart having offered to furnish eggs from
the spawning shad at his fishery, the Fish Hawk, was ordered, in April,
to proceed, with suitable hatching apparatus on board, to Capehart
Wharf, on Salmon Creek, North Carolina. The first eggs (66,000 in
number) were obtained April 12, but were lost in handling. Eggs were
taken nearly every day from that time to April 30, or 5,727,000 in all.
From these 1,328,000 fry were hatched and released in local waters on
April 29 and 30. Some eggs were also transferred to the North Caro-
lina commissioner, Mr. S. G. Worth, for hatching and deposit in other
parts of the State. The season having advanced sufficiently for work
farther north, the Fish Hawk was ordered on May 2 to proceed to Havre
de Grace.
Potomac River Barges.—Simultaneously with that in North Carolina,
work was begun the middle of April at Gunston’s, on the Potomac River,
Col. M. McDonald in charge. The first eggs (125,000 in number) were
taken on the 20th of April, and continued to be taken in increasing
quantities, the maximum being reached on May 18, at which date
4,870,000 were secured. Over three millions were gathered May 7 and
also May 24. The last were taken May 29. These eggs were hatched
out with some loss, but supplied a deposit of 26,515,000 fish in the
Potomac River, and about six millions sent to other waters. The work
closed May 30, at which time Colonel McDonald was transferred to the
charge of the navy-yard station at Washington.
Washington Navy- Yard Station.—This station was opened May 4 with
Frank L. Donnelly in charge, eggs being brought to it from various
fishing shores on the river. The first fish were hatched May 10, and
85,000 were transferred to Cumberland, Md., for deposit in the upper
waters of the Potomac. From this station instalments of from 100,000
to 200,000 each were sent to Delaware, South Carolina, Maryland, Ohio,
and Kentucky. By June 2d, 3,280,000 fry had been produced, at which
date the station was turned over to Colonel McDonald. Between June
2d and June 25th, 3,840,000 eggs were received from the gill-netters of the
Potomac, which yielded 3,800,000 fry. Colonel McDonald improved the
opportunity to experiment in the transportation of eggs upon trays
covered with moistened flannel, and reached some very satisfactory re-
sults. He succeeded in carrying the eggs forward almost to the point
of hatching, while stratified in layers.
The Potomac shad work was completed July 1, and Launch No. 55,
S. Mis. 110-—1Iv
L REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
which had been kindly lent by the Navy Department, was returned
to the commandant of the yard.
Battery Island Station.—Mr. Frank N. Clark was directed to leave
the Northville Station in charge of Mr. Seymour Bower and to proceed
to Havre de Grace. He arrived at the station about April 15 and im-
mediately commenced preparations for the season’s work. No eggs
were taken, however, until about the 10th of May. Between that time
and June 13 over 15,000,000 eggs were obtained and 13,560,000 hatched, of
which number 8,385,000 were released in local waters and 5,175,000 trans-
ported to other points. Included in the latter were 3,500,000 which the
Pennsylvania commission took charge of and deposited in the head-
waters and tributaries of the Susquehanna River. Mr. Clark conducted
some extended experiments in retarding the development of the eggs
of shad during the season, a report of which will be found in the Ap-
pendix. This retardation is considered very desirable as a possible
solution of oceanic transportation. Mr. John A. Ryder was also present
at the station during several weeks and conducted some important em-
bryological experiments. Several papers from his pen will be found in
the Appendix of this volume. On the 17th of June the season closed
at Havre de Grace, and Mr. Clark returned to Northville.
North East River Station.—The steamer Fish Hawk, upon leaving
Avoca, proceeded to the North East River, where it arrived May 3.
Lieut. Tanner commenced taking eggs on the 5th of May and continued
until the 4th of June with gratifying success. On the 16th of June he
directed the removal of the Fish Hawk from the station then occupied
to a point near the Battery in order to haul the thousand-fathom seine
which had been obtained. On the 29th of May the station was visited
by the Commissioners, accompanied by Major Ferguson. Lieut. Tan-
ner obtained in all 15,444,000 eggs. Of the young fish, over 10,000,000
were released in the Susquehanna and about 2,500,000 transported to
other waters.
j. The Carp (Cyprinus carpio).
The production and distribution of carp has been carried on more ex-
tensively this year than in any previous one, the number of applica-
tions having also very greatly increased. Over 7,000 applications were
filed during the year, 5,758 of which were supplied with from 15 to 20
fish each; the total number of carp thus used was 143,696. There
were 1,244 additional applications filed which it was impossible to sup-
ply in the year 1881.
The Monument Station.—On the 12th of February the ponds in the
Monument Lot were visited by a flood considerably exceeding anything
that was ever before experienced. The water stood 9 feet above the
level of the banks of the ponds, and was 4 feet deep in the guard-house.
On this occasion the city was flooded even to Pennsylvania avenue, and
the street in front of the Smithsonian grounds was filled with water to
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LI
so great a depth as to stop all movement of vehicles. Fortunately the
water was cold enough to drive the carp to the bottom of the ponds close
to the mud, so that not very many of the breeding fish escaped.
March 30 an edition of 1,000 copies of Mr. Rudolph Hessel’s paper on
the cultivation of carp was ordered from the Public Printer for distri-
bution to persons applying for information. This treatise was reprinted
in the London Fishing Gazette.
In April, at the request of the Commissioner, Maj. W. J. Twining, the
Engineer Commissioner of the District advertised for bids for construct-
ing an additional carp pond. B.J. Coyle & Co. proved to be the lowest
bidders, and the contract was awarded to them April 13. This action
wasin pursuance of anappropriation by the Forty-sixth Congress, second
session, of “$12,000 for the construction of an additional carp pond.”
Including the one in question there are now 20 acres of water devoted to
the cultivation of carp. The grading of the pond was completed Decem-
ber 28.
During the summer, many fish born in 1879 spawned abundantly ;
indeed, in some cases, fish of 1880 produced an abundance of fry. Su-
perintendent Hessel succeeded in the artificial impregnation of carp,
having during June many thousands in his hatching-trays. Some of
his young fish, only twelve and fifteen days old, acquired a length of
from 3 to 4 inches.
On the 31st of May Mr. George Eckardt arrived from Germany with
two cases of carp-eggs. These had been sent by his father, Mr. Rk. Eek-
ardt, of Liibbinchen, with a view of testing the feasibility of transporta-
tion across the ocean. Unfortunately, the eggs were found to be dead
and covered with fungus. They were packed in ice, which probably
destroyed them, as they are extremely sensitive to cold. On the other
hand, without ice the eggs would probably have been hatched pre-
maturely.
In September we were confronted with the problem of distributing
an enormous number of carp in small quotas to numerous applicants.
An ordinary 10-gallon milk-can had hitherto been found most suitable
for their transportation in lots of twenty-five or thirty. This method,
however, being expensive and not entirely satisfactory, Colonel MeDon-
ald tried the experiment in November of shipping carp in small tin pails.
As the result, he found that 20 carp could be inclosed in a tin pail of 6
quarts capacity, when half full of water, and be kept alive two or three
days. This led to a radical change in the methods of shipping, and a
great saving of expense. Sixteen pails containing 20 carp each were
put into a crate and sent by express almost as readily as the single 10
gallon can had been sent. In December the new car was brought into
requisition, and being loaded with carp was sent to Missouri and Texas,
as has been explained under that heading.
The Arsenal Ponds.—On the 4th of June Mr. Flliot Jones reported
LIL REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
the stock of carp in the ponds at the Arsenal the previous autumn to
have been as follows:
In the large pond:
15 breeding scale carp, weighing from 2 to 3 pounds each.
1,422 scale carp, of 1879, weighing from 5 to 20 ounces each.
In the small pond:
6 breeding leather carp, weighing from 1 pound 10 ounces to 2
pounds 1 ounce.
242 scale carp, of 1879, weighing 5 ounces each, and
62 mirror carp, of 1879, weighing 5 ounces each.
At this date Mr. Jones was ordered from Washington, and Lieutenant
Smith, of the Quartermaster’s Department, will hereafter, have charge of
these ponds. Richard Lynch, the Arsenal gardener, has the personal
oversight of them.
k, Gourami (Osphromenus olfax).
In my last Report I presented several reasons why the gourami
would be a desirable species to introduce into the United States, and
spoke of the efforts of the Société d Acclimatation, with the aid of a
French resident of Saigon, Cochin China, to supply the United States
Fish Commission with this fish, as also of the arrangement made with
Mr. B. B. Redding to place what might thus be obtained in a lake near
San Gabriel, Cal. No result has so far been obtained from this effort.
Monsieur L. Carbonnier, of Paris, having received some specimens
from Mauritius, forwarded a pair to the United States through Captain
Briand, of the French steamship line, who arrived at New York August
19. Unfortunately one of the fish had died during the passage. The
other was delivered to Mr. E. G. Blackford to care for until suitable
arrangements could be made. It died, however, early in September,
some ten or fifteen days after its arrival.
2, Cod (Gadus morrhua).
Wood's Holl Station.—In November, 1880, Capt. H. C. Chester went
to Wood’s Holl, Mass., with a view of continuing experiments in cod-
hatching. Later in the season, Colonel McDonald was directed to take
charge of the station and to test some apparatus which he had arranged.
He was accompanied by Mr. John A. Ryder, who made some valuable
experiments upon the embryology of the cod. Mr. Ryder’s report, with
numerous illustrations, will be published as an Appendix of the Report
for 1882. The experiments were somewhat limited, as only a single lot
of spawning-fish was obtained in that locality. In one experiment with
40,000 eggs, Colonel McDonald hatched 25,000 fry. These fish were sent
to Annapolis, Md., and deposited in Chesapeake Bay. An account of
his operations and of the apparatus which he used will be found in the
Appendix. On the 8th of March the station was closed and the appara-
tus returned to Washington.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, Lili
m. The Spanish Mackerel (Cybium maculatum).
Chesapeake Bay.—The account of the discovery of spawning-mackerel
and the work of hatching them, conducted by Mr. R. E. Earll, was
given in fullin the last Annual Report. In order to continue the experi-
ments, the Fish Hawk, on the 15th of June, took on board a special outfit
for hatching Spanish mackerel. On the 14th it proceeded down the
river and arrived at Cherrystone Inlet on the 15th, accompanied by
Launch No. 62, which had been ordered from Havre de Grace. The
pound-nets of the fishermen were visited, and on the 17th live eggs
were taken and placed in hatching-cones. Eggs were also taken on
subsequent days, but the hatching was not successful, most of the fish
and eggs dying. The particulars of the work of the Fish Hawk will
be found in Captain Tanner’s report for the year.
On the 29th of June the Fish Hawk left for Washington, turning
over the launch, however, to Col. Marshall McDonald, who had arrived
to prosecute the experiments still further, with instructions to work out
as fully as possible the proper methods without endeavoring to turn
out any considerable number of fish during the present season. He
was accompanied by Mr. John A. Ryder, who studied the embryology
of the fish, and has made a somewhat full report, with four plates,
upon “The development of the Spanish mackerel,” in the Bulletin of
1881, pages 155-172. On the 26th of July it became necessary to return
the borrowed launch to the Navy Department. The work was soon
after closed, and Colone] McDonald returned to Washington. <A short
paper apon his work will appear in the Appendix.
n. Turbot and Sole (Rhombus maximus and Solea vulgaris).
The turbot and sole are generally considered to be the best fish in
Europe, commanding a higher price than any otler, exclusive of the
salmon; and the question is frequently asked as to the intentions of
the Commission in regard to introducing and propagating them on the
shores of the United States.
By those best qualified to judge, these fish are not considered to pos-
sess any marked superiority over corresponding forms of the flat fish
found in the United States, which, when properly cooked, are of very
great excellence. Many persons, thoroughly familiar with the turbot
and sole, who have been present at one of the famous fish dinners given
by Mr. Taft, of Point Shirley, Mass., and who have tasted the Northern
flat-fish (Pleuronectes americanus) and the Southern flounder (Paralich-
thys dentatus), as served by him, stoutly deny any and every claim of
superiority in the first-mentioned fish.
Appreciating, however, the interest of the problem, which if solved
would simply add to the species of desirable food-fishes in the United
States without interfering with the abundance of those belonging to it,
the Commissicn has several times made efforts to introduce both the
turbot and the sole into the United States.
The first experiment of importation was made by the United States
LIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Fish Commission in 1878, when Mr. Fred. Mather was instructed to bring
over from England thirty specimens collected by Mr. C. L. Jackson, of
Bolton, England. During the voyage to Boston most of the fish per-
ished, as it was believed, in consequence of the well-meant but inau-
Sspicious action of the boatswain of the Cunard steamer in introducing
very cold water, the shock destroying the fish. Only two turbot sur-
vived, which were deposited in Massachusetts Bay.
The second experiment, also under Mr. Mather, was made in 1879.
This was entirely a failure; the fish all dying, having been injured, it
was thought, by the land transportation from Southport to Southampton.
In April, 1880, Captain Mortimer, of the ship Hamilton Fish, brought
five sole out of nine sent by Mr. Moore, of the Derby Museum; and
these were deposited by Mr. Blackford outside of Sandy Hook.
On the present occasion the Commission again had the important aid
of Mr. C. L. Jackson, of Bolton, England, who undertook to collect a
number of turbot and sole, and acclimate them in the tanks of the
Southport Aquarium. A large number died, but those that survived
appeared to be in very good condition, and were shipped from Liverpool
on the Cunard steamer Parthia on October 15, in charge of Mr. Armi-
stead. The fish were carried in two oval wooden tanks 5 feet 6 inches
long, 4 feet wide, and 24 feet deep, each tank sub-divided into four
spaces, so as to prevent undue agitation during the passage. A cask
was set on the top of each, and filled every day with sea-water, and a
circulation of the water maintained thereby.
The temperature of the water at Southport on starting was 5359.
During the voyage the range of temperature of the water in the tanks
was from 51° to 58°.
Starting with seventy soles and thirty-five turbot, sixty-seven soles
and twenty-nine turbot died on the way; three of the former and six of
the latter alone surviving.
In response to an application from the Commission, the Secretary of
tbe Treasury directed the collector of customs at New York to have the
revenue-steamer Grant in readiness for the immediate transfer. A
party of gentlemen interested in the experiment, consisting among
others of Mr. E. G. Blackford, Mr. Barnet Phillips, Mr. John Foord, and
others, were on board the Grant; and the nine fish were placed in cans
and transferred to the ocean in Sheepshead Bay, just opposite the Ori-
ental Hotel, in water about 2 fathoms deep.
It is, of course, impossible to tell what may be the fate of these fish,
but the chances are very few that they will ever be heard of again.
After a careful consideration of the whole problem, it is believed that
the only chance of successful experiment is to place such fish on arrival
in an inclosed basin of tidal water of suitable character, where they can
be fed, and guarded against any possible enemies; and where, when
ripe, the eggs can be taken and, after artificial impregnation, be hatched
out in accordance with the methods adopted for the floating eggs of the
sea fish. This is one of the several problems to be solved in connection
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LV
with the proposed sea-fish hatching station at Wood’s Holl. The facil-
ities there will be excellent for the purpose, and it is hoped that the
experiment may be made at the earliest possible moment.
The following report of results, made by Mr. A. Wilson Armistead to
Mr. C. L. Jackson, of Bolton, England, will probably be of interest:
It is with sorrow that I have now to inform you of the sad ending of nearly all the
fish. However, I do not think it is by any means a lost journey for the Americans.
From what I have seen, I feel satisfied the thing can bedone. Inclosed you will find
an account I have kept, showing changes of temperature, losses, &c., which speaks
for itself. You will notice the fish began to die very soon after leaving Liverpool,
and when I examined them the first thing noticeable was their sickly appearance,
and when examined more closely I could trace scars or bruises which were not ob-
served at the Southport Aquarium.
IT am now confident that the fishes must have been injured in their journey down to
the landing stage from Liverpool Station, as the jolting about, owing to the bad road,
was very severe, and in any future attempt that may be made, I am quite sure that
this short part of the journey must be made in some other way. When the largest
tank was filled with sea-water, after the carpenter had fixed the cross-pieces, all
seemed right until the following day, when the sun’s rays falling upon the surface of
the water revealed what appeared to be small splinters, very minute, floating about,
which had to be got rid of, as they might be bad for the fish by getting lodged in their
gills; but I could not discover that any fish had been choked, with but one doubtful
exception. This was a large turbot, and appeared as though it had been choked, but
I could not find anything in the gills or about the throat to satisfy me.
As to the voyage itself, we had both rough and fine weather. The hole in the largest
tank is rather too wide. The water overflowed several times while we had rough
weather, and we could only keep it filled up to the cross-pieces. I do not think the
fish suffered much by the rolling about of the steamer, unless it be the fish have press-
ure put upon them when the steamer is heaving upward. I have thought about this
a great deal, and have come to the conclusion that the fish do experience a slight press-
ure, not so great as to injure them, but which, if long continued, might make them
sickly. The water was changed every morning, except when the temperature of the
sea rose considerably when passing the Gulf Stream currents. You will see that on
Monday morning, October 24, when the water in the tanks stood at 51°, in the sea it
was 61°, and at 2 p. m. same day it had risen as high as 68°, so I considered it wisest
to keep the water I had.
Wood, I fear, is not good for fish to he upon. I would recommend that the tank be
either charred all over inside, or a coating of Portland cement, with about two or three
parts sand, which, when well set, to be thoroughly seasoned by placing it in the sea
for, say, two or three months ; a very thin coating would do. As to procuring the fish,
in the first instance, I believe a good deal hinges upon this for making the thing a
success. If caughtin a trawl-net, I believe that the net should be hauled up at short
intervals; this, I expect, would necessitate a trawl-boat to fish expressly for live soles
or turbot, and would be more costly, but decidedly more satisfactory. Indeed, I
should not like myself to make another venture across the Atlantic uniess I could be
sure that the fishermen intrusted with the catching of the fish could be relied upon.
The best way would be to see them caught one’s self.
I do wish I had been in a position to give you a more satisfactory result. Under
the circumstances, all that could be has been done. Captain McKay, John Atkins,
chief officer, and Mr. Field, the purser, all connected with the steamer, have been
very good to me. I am sure they are sorry for the poor result and would like to have
seen the experiment successful. I liked Captain McKay very much, and so did all
the passengers; and if ever another attempt is made with living fishes, whoever goes
out with them I trust may have the same captain.
STEAMER PaRTHIA, October 26, 1881.
LVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
o. The Oyster (Ostrea virginica).
Within a few years past special attention has beep paid by the Com-
mission to various features connected with the artificial cultivation of
the oyster, Major Ferguson having visited France in 1878 to study the
details of the business as practiced in that country.
Reference has already been made, in the list of stations of the United
States Fish Commission, to Saint Jerome as a station for the artificial
cultivation of the oyster. This is located not far from Point Lookout,
near the mouth of the Potomac River, and was first established by Major
Ferguson while Commissioner of Fisheries of Maryland, and subse-
quently carried on at the joint expense of the Maryland Commission and
the United States Fish Commission. Here it is proposed to establish a
system of parks and other arrangements similar to those adopted in
France; and, in addition, to test practically the possibilities of the arti-
ficial impregnation of the eggs of the oyster and the production of spat
at will, a measure not satisfactorily accomplished in Europe.
Lieut. Francis Winslow, of the Navy Department, having been oc-
cupied in collecting statistics of the oyster industry for the Census of
1880, continued his labors in the service of the United States Fish Com-
mission by authority of the Secretary of the Navy. His researches
will be duly published when they are completed.
By the courtesy of Mr. E.G. Blackford, of New York, a great variety
of living oysters of the different breeds was imported from Europe, and
placed in the hands of Mr. John A. Ryder for investigation. The
special problem was to ascertain how far the European oysters, includ-
ing the German, French, Portuguese, and English natives, and the
green oysters, differed in character. from the American; and thus to
determine whether processes applicable to the former were suitable for
the latter. Some very interesting facts ascertained by Mr. Ryder will
be duly made the subject of a report.
p. The Oregon Clam (Glycimeris generosa),
On the Pacific coast there are several species of bivalve mollusks,
coming under the general head of clams, which are of very great value
in their localities, and which it has been thought might be profitably
introduced to the Atlantic coast.
One of the most important of these is the Glycimeris generosa, known
by the Indians as the Geoduck, a clam found in California, Oregon,
and Washington Territory, and which reaches an enormous size, retain-
ing, however, a great tenderness and delicacy of flesh, much more re-
sembling that of the oyster than of the clam, Correspondence has been
entered into with Mr. Henry Hemphill in regard to obtaining and ship-
ping a quantity of these clams for experiment, but it was finally con-
eluded that it would be better to wait the occasion of a return trip of the
fish-transportation car of the Commission before attempting a sending.
Several other species of western clams are also under consideration
for a similar purpose.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LVI
D.—ABSTRACT OF CONTENTS OF APPENDIX.
18.—ANALYSIS.
In the general Appendix to this report will be found a number of
separate papers treating upon matters related to the work of the Fish
Commission. These are classified under four headings, as follows:
A.—GENERAL.
The first paper is by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, and gives a thorough descrip-
tion of the Fish Hawk, illustrated by eighteen plates. This is followed
by an account of the Fish Hawk’s work during the second year; and,
finally, by a list of patents issued in the United States during the year
relating to fish and fisheries. The latter is by Dr. R. G. Dyrenforth,
chief examiner of the Patent Office.
B.—FISHERIES.
First under this head is a paper upon the mackerel fishery, by Messrs.
Goode, Collins, Earll, and Clark. It embodies all that the Fish Com-
mission has heretofore collected upon the subject, covering some 440
pages, and provided with a special index. An extra edition has been
issued, in pamphlet form, for distribution to persons interested in this
fishery. Two translations by Dr. Bean furnish the statistics of the Nor-
wegian fisheries for the year 1880. There is a review of the early shad
fisheries on the Susquehanna, by Harrison Wright; a reprint from the
London Quarterly Review upon the fish-supply of London; and a re-
port, by Charles W. Smiley, upon the extent to which fish-guano is used
as a fertilizer in the United States.
C.—NATURAL HISTORY AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
Prof. H. E. Webster and Mr. James E. Benedict, of Union College,
furnish a report on the worms collected by them at the Fish Commission
station at Provincetown in 1879, which is accompanied by eight plates
and a special index. Messrs. John A. Ryder, and 8. A. Forbes report
upon the food of fishes; and Messrs. F. N. Clark, H. J. Rice, and John
A. Ryder upon experiments designed to retard the development of shad
eggs, with a view to facilitate their transportation.
D.—PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES.
Under this head will be found detailed and statistical reports upon
the work of the United States Fish Commission in propagating and
distributing food-fishes, such as shad, whitefish, trout, and several kinds
of salmon, by F. N. Clark, Livingston Stone, Charles G. Atkins, and
Charles W. Smiley.
LVITI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
H.—SUPPLEMENT TO REPORT PROPER.
19.—oN THE WORK OF THE FISH HAWK AND OF THE UNITED STATES
FISH COMMISSION DURING THE YEAR 1881, BY PROF. LESLIE A. LEB,
OF BOWDOIN COLLEGE.*
The Fish Hawk is fully equipped with all necessary apparatus for con-
ducting the investigations. The experience of the Commission has been
so great that the apparatus for dredging, trawling, We., is probably
more perfectly adapted for its purposes than any which has been used
elsewhere. Many important improvements have been suggested from
time to time by members of the Commission, and changes are continu-
ally being made. Perhaps the most important addition to the appa-
ratus this season was in the “trawl-wings.” <A large net-trawl is used
more than anything else for obtaining bottom animals, and it has long
been supposed that many of the more active ones escaped capture by
Swimming to one side after being aroused by the on-coming trawl. To
capture these the trawl-wings were contrived. These are light nets
which are attached to rods which run out on each side from the top
of the trawl. The nets are fitted within with a transverse partition,
perforated in the center, which prevents the escape of the animals after
they are once confined. This arrangement was a complete success,
many new species being taken by it.
But not all the energies of the Commission are devoted to the collec-
tion of specimens. Careful soundings are made by which the existing
charts are often corrected. The temperature of the water 1s taken at
all depths, particularly at the surface and bottom; and the specific
gravity of the bottom water is determined. In fact a complete record
is made of everything which can be supposed to have a bearing upon the
subjects before the Commission.
Upon the prospect of pleasant weather the party would go aboard of
the Fish Hawk and proceed directly to the southward, remaining off
shore for from two to four days. Nine such trips were made during the
past season. The Gulf Stream off the coast of Southern New England
is situated about 100 miles from land. Its distinctness as a stream is
well indicated by the soundings. The depth of the water from Gay
Head outward is very uniform for nearly 90 miles, not more than 50
fathoms otten occurring. Then comes the beginning of the slope.
Within 10 or 15 miles 1,000 fathoms and probably greater depths can
be reached. The work of the Commission was done in depths of less
than 800 fathoms.
Upon reaching suitable ground, as indicated by the soundings, the
trawl or dredge would be put over and allowed to drag on the bottom
for perhaps twenty minutes. Or, if fish were desired particularly, the
line-trawl, similar to that used by cod-fiShermen, would be set. Upon
*From a paper read before the Portland Society of Natural History January 16, 1882,
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LIX
making a haul with the net-trawl, the first thing to impress one is the
wonderful abundance of life present, in both species and individuals.
Nowhere in the previous history of the Commission have such results
been obtained, surprising alike to the novice and the experienced. The
bottom in this region is usually soft, and is composed of sand and mud,
with many foraminifera, both calcareous and arenaceous. Much of the
mud is brought up in the trawl, which at times must sink deeply into
it. Within the trawl when it comes to the surface, the conspicuous
features are the echinoderms, fishes, crustaceans, and annelids.
Of the many sorts of fishes taken, perhaps the several species of hake
were the most abundant. The trawl often contained bushels of these,
which, however, were usually of small size. Cod, haddock, and whiting
were not so common, but good sized specimens sometimes occurred.
Many of the species, particularly of the genera Careproctus and Liparis,
were very soft and gelatinous, and could be preserved only by being
dropped at once into strong alcohol. These occurred mostly at the
greater depths, where they would naturally not be exposed to conditions
requiring a more perfect protection. The most important species taken
was the tile-fish. This was first discovered here in 1878 by a passing
fisherman. A few were caught in 1880 by the Commission, and during
the past season particularly attention was paid to this species, to de-
termine whether its quality and abundance are such as to lead it to
become an important food-fish. Trawl-lines were therefore set at differ-
ent depths and localities, and special efforts were made to determine its
limits. It was found to exist everywhere, from Cape Cod to Delaware
(which is probably not its southern limit), in a depth of about 100
fathoms, and is nearly as abundant as all other kinds together. It is
of large size, averaging in weight from 12 to 20 pounds, the largest
taken weighing about 50 pounds. The color above is violaceous, and
below light gray. On the back and sides are scattered bright yellow
spots, each about an inch in diameter. What chiefly distinguishes it
from other genera is the fact that it has a dorsal fleshy lobe just back of
the head. It,has been named Lopholatilus chameleonticeps Goode and
Bean. The flesh is white and firm and free from bones. The quality
is very fine, so that it cannot fail of becoming a good market fish. It
remains now for the fishermen to develop here a new industry.
Crustacea occur in large numbers and furnish an abundant supply of
food for all kinds of fishes. They are mostly northern forms. Many
have previously been known from the Norwegian coast, and others
have close affinities to northern species. Several species which Stimp-
son lony ago described from single or few small or imperfect specimens
were re-discovered in abundance and of large size. Decapods largely
predominate, particularly shrimps and anomurans. Hundreds and thou-
sands of specimens were brought up in nearly every haul. The largest
yet taken is a crab, Geryon quinquedens Smith, first described from
specimens in the collection of this society, which were taken from the
LX REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,
stomachs of the fishes caught on our coast. This species, in life, is of
a brilliant vermilion color. The carapax is often 6 inches in diameter.
To some individuals were attached two species of stalked barnacles,
one being the type of a new genus. An anomuran, Latreillia elegans
Roux, is certainly an elegant species. The carapax is triangular in
shape and rarely more than an inch in length, while the legs extend
4 or 5 inches on each side. The eyes are at the ends of stalks half as
long as the carapax. The legs are banded alternately with bright red
and light pink. One of the most interesting of the crustaceans was a
hermit crab, Parapagurus pilosimanus Smith. This was first described
in 1879 from a single specimen brought in by a fisherman from the
Banks. We found it in great abundance, 500 specimens being taken at
a single haul. This forms the type of a new family as well as of a new
genus. It possesses characters hitherto unknown in its group, having
gills in the form of papille instead of lamellz as in most hermit crabs.
The carcinecium was originally a shell, as is commonly the case, but a
compound polyp with a tough leathery integument soon becomes at-
tached to the shell and extends beyond it, growing as the crab grows,
often in time completely absorbing the shell. This polyp is also new
to science, forming the type of a new genus. It is interesting to note
that this crustacean and the polyp have never been found separated.
While there are many other species of the hermit crabs in the same
region, this polyp is never found upon any of them, and this crab is never
protected by any other of the numerous species of polyps which abound.
Hitherto few species of Cephalopods have been found on our coast,
but many new and interesting forms were taken during the past sum-
mer. The largest was Alloposus mollis Verrill, of which we took two
specimens, each about three feet long and weighing 25 or 30 pounds.
It belongs to the eight-armed group, and the arms are united through-
out nearly their entire length by a muscular web. Its suckers are over
half an inch in diameter. The body is very soft and gelatinous. It
shrinks exceedingly when put into alcohol and is reduced to not more
than one-third of its original weight. Such an animal would hardly
seem to be a formidable enemy. This is also the type of a new genus.
A species described by Sars from the Norwegian coast was taken spar-
ingly. This closely resembles the common squid of our shores, but
the tentacular arms, besides possessing the usual suckers, are supplied
with horny hooks, giving it a fearful advantage in the struggles with its
prey. A species described by Le Seur in 1821, Taonius pavo, also
occurred, not having been seen on our coast since that time. This is
well deserving of the name ‘“goggle-eyed squid,” its eyes being alto-
gether out of proportion to the body. Fragments of the shells of the
paper nautilus were frequently dredged, but the animal itself was not
taken. Two or three living specimens have lately occurred on the New
Jersey coast.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXI
Each haul brought up an abundance of Echinoderms, mainly star-
fishes. The number of new species taken was considerable. Certain
forms were so plenty that they were cast overboard again by the bushel.
Many curious modifications of structure occur among them. An in-
teresting form, Diplopteraster multipes Verrill, is large and thick, with
short arms, a rich purple above, beneath orange streaked with brown,
the feet large and purple and arranged in four rows. Twenty species
of star-fish were taken at one haul. Sea-urchins were not abundant,
only a few species being taken. Some of these, however, were new and
remarkable. Among them is a large species hitherto known only from
off Florida. Several others were northern forms.
Annelids and other worms occurred in great variety. One new species
was perhaps more plenty than any other form of lifein those depths. It
has been named Hyalinecia artifex Verrill. In general appearance this
is something like the common clam-worm, Nereis. But it secretes a
tube 10 or 12 inches in length, of a horny substance, quill-like, amber-
colored, sometimes one-third of an inch in diameter. The tubes con-
taining the animal probably lie loosely on the bottom, but it is likely
that the animal is sometimes able to swim about, dragging its tube
behind. Often the trawl came up filled with their tubes. The large
sea-mouse, Aphrodita, which is often found on our own coast, was also
plentiful.
The forms of life thus far described are mostly those which have
hitherto occurred only in the colder regions of the North Atlantic or
those which show strong affinities to northern forms. We now come
to the shell-bearing mollusca, and another wonderful variety of forms
is discovered. The alliances of some of these are with tropical species,
many being represented by similar species in the West Indies. The
new form of rake-dredge did good Service in the collecting of shells,
nearly every haul bringing up something new. Conspicuous among
the new species is a Trochus-like form, Calliostoma Bairdii V. and 8.,
by far the handsomest shell found on the New England coast. This
presents a decidedly tropical aspect. Two species of Solarium also
occurred, both of small size. Another shell taken sparingly was Dolium
Bairdii V. and §., a representative of a genus one would hardly expect
here. These are all Gasteropods. The Lamellibranchs present, among
many others, three genera new to the coast and remarkable for their
close affinities to fossil forms. These are Diplodonta, Mytilimeria, and
Pholadomya. Of the latter there is only one other living species, which
occurs on the coast of Africa. Mingled with these were a large number
of northern species of shells. In all, more than 200 species of mollusks
were taken, of which more than 100 were additions to the American
fauna, and nearly 75 new to science.
A surprising feature of life at the bottom is the large number of sea-
anemones, some being of great size. They are attached to everything.
LXII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Even the tubes of Hyalinecia give support to a peculiar species. The
larger ones hold firmly enough to the mud bottom since they are sub-
ject to no wave action.
One species of sea-pen, Pennatula aculeata Dan., was taken in great
abundance on several occasions. A very delicate branching coral, Aca-
nella Normani Verrill, often covered the net with its orange-red branches.
A simple, horn-shaped coral, Parasmilia Lymani, was secured in speci-
mens of great perfection, while another coral of exceeding delicacy was
brought up more often broken than perfect. The latter was a species
of Flabellum very similar to one taken by the Challenger expedition.
Thus far I have spoken only of the bottom species. The surface and
intermediate depths all abound in life. The floating weed at the sur-
face conceals among its branches many fishes and crustaceans which
remain there for protection. Jelly-fishes are seen in great variety, to-
gether with a gigantic Salpa which sometimes covered the nets so as to
obscure the other specimens. But little surface collecting was done,
although, without doubt, that would prove exceedingly profitable.
While we consider the life of this region as a whole, some curious
questions arise. That of coloration is one. The crustaceans are nearly
all brilliantly colored, but there is no great variety in their tints. Scarlet
and vermilion predominate, with some orange-red. The star-fishes, too,
are gorgeous in their purple and orange. ‘The sea-anemones are pink
and orange-red. The sea-pens are deep red. Many fishes also possess
the same tints. What is the reason of such gorgeous array? Professor
Verrill explains it by saying that these colors render the animals in-
visible in the great depths. The sunlight in passing through the water
loses most of its red and yellow rays by absorption before reaching the
bottom, and consequently, as none of the remaining rays could be re-
flected from these red and yellow pigments, the animal could not be seen
by others in search of prey. He suggests that these colors have been
produced by a process of natural selection. ’
Phosphorescence, too, is an interesting phenomenon exhibited by
many forms of life. The sea-anemones and sea-pens show this most con-
spicuously, although many others are also highly phosphorescent. The
light given off by these is usually bluish or greenish, rarely yellowish.
There would seem to be aconnection between this fact and the brilliant
coloration of the forms previously mentioned.
The mingling of two apparently distinct faunze on the Gulf Stream
slope seems to be due to two causes: the low, uniform temperature and
the currents. We find here the contact of a cold polar current with the
warm Gulf Stream at a depth which prevents seasonal variations. The
bottom temperatures are low enough for arctic forms, and the Gulf
Stream has slowly brought up from the West Indies species which have
become gradually fitted to their environment. The abundance of life
can be accounted for by the rapidity of circulation which keeps the
bottom water purer and better fitted for supporting life than is usually
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXIII
the case at such depths. With such an abundance of life for food and
with the uniform temperature there seems to be a combination of con-
ditions which may make this the region to which the migratory fishes
resort in winter.
20.—TABLES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF FISH AND EGGS.
In the following tables, numbered I to X, which have been prepared
by Mr. Charles W. Smiley, and in Table XI, prepared by Col. M. Me-
Donald, will be found the condensed record of the distribution for the
year of whitefish, lake trout, brook trout, California salmon, California
trout, Penobscot salmon, Schoodic salmon, shad, and carp. Fuller de-
tails will be found in various papers of the Appendix: In XX, Mr.
Clark’s account of whitefish and trout operations; in X XI, Mr. Stone’s
account of California salmon operations ; in XXII, Mr. Stone’s account
of California trout operations; in XXIII, Mr. Atkins’ account of Pe.
nobscot salmon operations ; in XXIV, Mr. Atkins’ account of Schoodic
salmon operations ; in X XV, the account of shad operations.
TaBLE [.—Distribution of whitefish eggs by the United States Fish Commission during
season of 1881.
|
|
| Sashes Numbe
States. | Destination. | = feses:
| DOMESTIC.
California............ (a! Bi Redding, San Hrancisco 22:0... <0. /cct-ceexeedsedesbeleck ee 750, 000
Connecticut .....--... ERO ee RONICOM yee mises oo aa ore leis seiciaysic ce visleh mccjsy<imveraiayete Hae cecicie saree 10, 000
District of Columbia.) Central Station, Washington . - 110, 000
TOW aieeee ae cee misscic a B. F. Shaw, Anamosa ........- 500, 000
New Jersey ..--.-.-. Mira feels ACl eb LOOMADUL Dans --Eroaae, Secntias ccm ceusseceeeaen 100, 000:
FOREIGN.
INTANCE Laut cece = ces HaMather tor Me-Raveret=Wattel. Paris..o<ssccs= as cmeccececesecar 250, 000
Germany -:---.-----.- K. Mather tor Herr: von Behr: Berlin 2. ..20.0<.-5ccceems ene serie 300, 000
hee Mathervtor'G seh brechtosts. co.cc cone dcessacd conse seems eee 12, 000
EDotal es ee ee STS Ae ee Re 2, 032, 000
TABLE II.—Distribution of young whitefish by the United States Fish Commission during
season of 1881.
| Hodes Number
States. | Destination. of fish.
MICH ania e os oases DetroitiRiver, near Detroit se ese seins sata aroieinniaiarcicinis~ ace wees see 1, 250, 000
hakerMachipany near ludinPton series hoses scicelncsasiga creme aac. c 1, 000, 000
Take; Michivan: near Muskeron. <2. 2 <ccesccc code ccs aes access 1, 500, 000
ake! Huron snes PorteHuroma vos cec ca cycle caciaitaiciost serie ise crwene ss 2, 000, 000
ake Michigan; near Saint Joseph). 22.5 ose cecccoasetecsclcc- cee 1, 500, 000
ING Wey Of Kee cccc sean: INGarAslandn int lakerumeliecchics -cccuc ecco rcss ockcueneotccseats 38, 500, 000
Lake Ontario, near Oswego.... de Mobeeencs seeteceioes| Be D007000
Wisconsin ........... EakerMichivan an enrenacin,. o.ccrsscas dec aeanaciss geckos eecs ence 1, 750, 000
ake Michigan, near SheOvOy aN)... .ajcc- cc Jciscaheascccieccwneies- eee 1, 750, 000
‘LRotale sess ee are eeeemesl waskucwcubvisneenesal cctmmeccdeslnecs 17, 750, 000
LXIV REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
TABLE III.—Distribution of eggs of lake trout by the United States Fish Commission during
season of 1881.
Ce ry Number
States. Destination. of eggs.
DOMESTIC.
MOWaAres ciecesencces B. F. Shaw, Anamosa
New Jersey .--.-..-- WS Ma ther, Newark sce ose ee ciee tee eee emcees cnet sisereiets - meleteoer
‘Germany .----.---..- ¥. Mather, for Herr von Behr, Berlin
DORN Wee masoeosanaGaonn 6S oadosussckddoodtlerosesasoduededuonbats
TABLE I1V.—Distribution of brook trout eggs by the United States Fish Commission during
season of 1881.
States. Destination. teen!
DOMESTIC.
Maryland..........-- Druid Hill hatchery, Baltimore ..........-...-...--.----------.0-- 30, 000
FOREIGN.
POTANCE -2-cmcisecessee ny Mather, for reshipmenter ssetie/esinesiceceaelemeaesnceeeeeeeete sac | 20, 000
1 Rea Las Res isa oars AURr blew ithe ga ema beeen ON 50, 000
TABLE V.—Distribution of young brook trout by the United States Fish Commission during
season of 1881.
ems Number
States. Destination. of fake
Maryland.....--....<; Pondtat; Oakland eM eeecestessiscmeenscesecce ss sriskereeosesseerceer 30, 000
Michigan 20. so -2 652 Tributaries of Rouge River’ <2 2... ee esse ine nimnice solace ce 20, 000
Total ceo se a edt ane eee ea SR oe bas ATE 50, 000
TABLE VI.—Distribution of California salmon eggs by the United States Fish Commission
during season of 1881.
Aint Number
States. Destination. of eggs.
DOMESTIC.
California......-..--. Lenni Fish Propagating Company, Sonoma -...-...--....----------- 500, 000
iB; Bedding, SaniHrancisCOsessessecercn= cere ceseee sme cee ee eineeer 200, 000
Maryland..-......--- TO Bo Herguson, Baltimore ase seeeset actos since anc ante ene = eee 500, 000
Minnesota .......-..- R. O. Sweeny, Saint Paul...) foe eesses <n 2a, te 200, 000
Nebraska ..-....-..---- R. ReLivingston; Omaha 22s see se eeeeeeee soak eee eee 500, 000
INGYadalsscee cco. = H. G. Parker, Carson City. eeiibsecscsmscrsssoscse ces eeteceaiencierce 50, 000
News Hampshire... 2. |-A> HePowors, Plymouth is: 2 lsscecoeseseses sooo case escent emcees 50, 000
New Jersey .----.--- Hred! ‘Mather: Newark (2.22.02. 9252220008 2 ea eee eee 500, 000
Percy CsOblPlainfleld = eos secesaseeees soccer ecseretemansrisac 50, 000
Pennsylvania.....--.. Sothi Weeks’ Corry *:sc2-- soc cos sceeeen ean 5 IE 100, 000
Curtis Johnson, Saint Petersburg ise cccesocee soem ceeeneneeseesanie 50, 000
South Carolina C.J. Huske, Walhalla 300, 000
West Virginia C.S. White, Romney ..-.-....-. 100, 000
Wanaday.-co-ceeesesee S. Wilmot, Newcastle, Ontario 500, 000
New South Wales ... Zoological Society, Sydney 50, 000
MOtAL oo cod Seah ioe cow nice sgee eee ee ee ee 3, 650, 000
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LAV
TABLE VII.—Distribution of California trout eggs by the United States Fish Convmission
during season of 1831.
|
: Number
States. Destination. of eggs..
Califormiasc:<-. 2... IBSbReddin Oy SAaNVTANCIGCO: cosancscccecsnusaceanccccsescnccss cs=: 40, 000
MUHOIR see cone ssa Nee Mainbanks; Chica? O\natesasscceusisccssascncoeriasescese sistas = 85, 000
HOWE. osoccnceeces Sen Baby Shaw, Anamosa... <-.<scisceccseee SRC CESAICOS SS sa np nacbioce Gee 35, 000
Kentucky 3. .2.------ WallitmiGritithowisvillel.ano2ncsece cose csece set cadaceesaecccses 5, 000
Maryland. -.-—.-2--- Pe BaHerenson, Baltimore qscccecasccccapaccesesiecasesinons Sscacccece 86, 400
IMUGHIfan soot eee Da PeOCLINAN VE OKAP ONS cnconc ccisccccectesteciancaacceeciccse se ce ae 6, 000
Minnesota ..........- AAS WOCMYA PANDA ac noc clea hema cccce ciniclae cca nccst ctr ccs 8, 000
New Hampshire ..... Sa Wien berpulymouthiees onsen Ssaccessec ssa secmcesccesmetetccoceer 4, 000
‘New: VOLK occ eceaen Eugene G. Blackford, New York City........-......-.--.---..2---- 500
Pennsylvania .-.-..--.. J. P.Creveling, Marietta ...............- SDB RCOR CSE ASC Heo eRonaoe 5, 000
Wisconsin ........... PhilosDunning Madison [2.22 s-cscceccesececencasssssvcsssccas case 5, 000
MLOUAY ce necsiss cocci cnele ioncea clase eet cansceccecetcasneiacesaene 179, 900
TABLE VIII.—Distribution of Penobscot aalmon eggs by the United States Fish Commission
during season of 1881.
. Number-
States. Destination. of eggs.
Connecticut ..... .--. Ho MMONLON MV ANGSOL ss Jclsccc case coe cctaceccacces sun sceesontconeeee 95, 000:
NRING Sess ceaie= ese Charles G. Atkins, Grand Lake Stream ............---------.--..-- 50, 000:
Minnesota. .-........ ROS SWOOnYy NaInt LE aul ss. > + oc-sesisccesas sass sesso seeeaee saree 200, 000
New Hampshire -..... IASI OW ORS Sb lYIMOUtN o <2 55 satica c ceies vin ca Sob cee s one seceeemeeeccee 95, 000:
New Jersey.-------.. ep AMMersOns BIGOMBNULY soso c-- a eesic ces ecssawnseceesiensicceeeee 95, 000»
INGWeVORKie.--ccccone HG el AOKTOLG NOW YOLK CIty, cons cnc = jae aoe nae ee asecacecee 344, 500:
Pennsylvania........ Seth Weeks, Corry. ......--.00--0---e--- 0 ne eee ee nen e eeee eees 100, 000°
RWarrinigiesccessesece SoH. Baird, Washington, D.C 22.2. ccccccccecse sconce cssencaeensce 27, 000:
Totaleee ose Sse enh Aion NE be PA RC a a 1, 006, 500:
TABLE IX.—Distribution of schoodic salmon eggs by the United States Fish Commission dur-
ing season of 1881.
States. Destination. | Number
of eggs.
DOMESTIC.
California ...... -..-. By beRending: Sal hTARCISC0!. .scscccisseseessce cele neesss neces 10, 000
Connecticat ......... Fed penton eeWindSOr (2c. Saj.j-e secoretio ce enee en des can ete eee 5, 250
LOW aren ae cem cates BPO NAW CAM AINOS Be saa tie on sno a selon ce nileeieelentielacles ae cette ashe 25, 000
Main 6 teen. omereee AMO UATU RE MNO Gisasacicn accesses cpancee aes atemeer ence s—eaee te 5, 000
Maryland "222-2 s=se-> PRP ROLP ROM /DALIMOPG acocasnaseoccos oe secs e econ ates mac cece 11, 000:
Massachusetts. -..--- Hi Ae BrackObe “Win CHESLEL j\sigciecccic cele s oe atisoe cmncese's casee ween. 5, 000:
Michigan) 225: 22.22 NAC ARE NOLENVINO.. 5. dsccnsicesessecewecesoccscccecssscoscesces 56, 750°
DAG OLENA LAM Shee coc cee oe eee ee coos coe csee deeb eone ee 25, 000:
Minnesota ........--. R. O. Sweeny, Saint Paul...-.. Rpeisesten tet aa aeinineicenciclceeceeisiee ssa 25, 000:
MUSSOUTIN=.-2-= s<ss. @.e- Brownell, Saint Joseph: --..< .225-<-250522ssceccsess NaS ab cece! 265, 000
New Hampshire ..... AMHerowerss Plymouthe oscctecaces ccecs sect ceosceneotoe costes 4,750
New Jersey .-------- Mirsdita | SIAC ky BlOGMS DULY coos ccesinciceccrc oss cesecse se encocaces 22, 000.
ING Wa Onices.cs\J<i./-.5 HG blgcktord: NOW)’ Ork Oily, 2.0 cs oscccecccasestncec bes cote ses 10, 000.
SothiGrenn sermon: <2. tose can cc cs ccs cloves oescooen ede vosescene 11, 000;
Pennsylvania.-.-...... Semaweoks Cory scecccccscs cececas wc cccccccotscceceecanccomeoen. 11, 000:
Tennessee ....-..-..- EM ICUBBOM HO ATIN ee cues Ge sence cone cos cece tea ccsascsoteseeecnee 5, 000»
WIOEMONGs s50 52 c23~-- eM AVGN MURULANG occ c cetpeccaiec s coos olecnetccnecesoneccas 10, 000»
NISCONAID ceases cee) Ma BANOY. MACIBOMG san aac cence oes nonce nse nscecenocccsoeamenes 25, 000»
FOREIGN.
Germany... s<:..-. Re Mathersion Tesninmen gins sacea ses sedcnescorcocecmeccesee seen nok 20, 000
ED OLS teeta emese sec tan enoicae dna se sivelae Sameeen se ie aomer 811, 75
S. Mis. 110—__v
LXVI REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
TABLE X.—Distribution of shad from April 27, 1881, to June 22, 1881, by the United States
Fish Commission.
|
States. no a Streams stocked. aeabeg
Connecticut.......... 1 | Connecticut | 1, 000, 000
Delaware’. -2. s<<<..« 1 | Nanticoke 940, 000
District of Columbia. Dsl EROLOMAG) Ra teaictte otal oe Re a SAE ante Shien ee eensee | 205, 000
(CCU at ene ae eee 6 |.Oconee, Ocmulgee, Mint Wittle 2: 2-6 ase - 2b 2 cee oe oon 1, 800, 000
MO Wale eicsic cs eciciceis oa dL. )|), MUSSISSIp pi 5.4crGere tee tome ea Sete eee sah essences ser 1, 106, 000
Kansas at ee 1 MAS SOUT ia descem cee cee eee Eee ee os atiee Seo coue 200, 000
Kentucky. :-.....5<-: 4: Barren, Green, Kentucky: salto. ste sit 2.4 20d b oc en. xeon 767, 000
MING Sse ese cos crea 2 | Kennebec, Mattawamkeagji0.2..22..2--..52.----.---20-%5 | 1,150, 000
Marvilandievicascacece 42 | Choptank, North East, Patapsco, Patuxent, Potomac, Sus- |
Quehannaiag jue lee ceeoe ee oat doo E SRC sE ESSE SHEaOOS 24, 705, 500
North Carolina .....- 3)|. Haw; Salmon Creekis:c sasenateee eet le ele Se eeleeiesnaciee 4, 357, 500
(QUID etc aeeee aces 2 | Maumee, Ohio. -.... RS ae a rerea fe ee Par he oe Nat Naa TeV ose Gietere a eres 1, 020, 000
Pennsylvania ..-..... Si RUMI ata SUSOUCM AND Ay onl e see iiclae ei ebte te oletel=! te oat ieltaraye = 3, 500, 000
Rhode Island ........ Dl) PAAMSLS EL dyer ey tener tetete aera eat te ote tere Soars oat TayetA iota ens 500, 000
South Carolina....... ou CatawibayConearee Od CO cea etiecial semester eetsteicie tapi 620, 000
Tennessee ....--. 4 | Holston, Nolachucky, Tennessee, Wautaga ..........-.-.. 400, 000
MOXass saccccias eaiebis 5 | Brazos, Colorado, Sabine, San Antonio, San Marcus......- 277, 000
pV AES erie. See Lb: ames WROtoma cep seatstets «areri-ininietetae ohate ate et erat h st Neat cirae wre 24, 280, 000
West Virginia ....... Tj, OU ONS cere eres te ateste 5 ciao ha cietelaveieratalaratntatwalare: cleVolei refers OS IU 175, 000
Motalicas acctscies 97 TD otal Serer wrs creas Sicicre cctools ne wists eeiiae siete eatin 67, 003, 000
TaBLE XI.—Distribution of carp during the year 1881, by
the United States Fish Commis-
sion.*
es =| oS Se 2 Se oy 06 =
Bec Weejmilemenbae |i 53 lea alae
§ =| ae . A Sp 2 Oo. Bag on
2 aR Ba | 2a 2 S 2e
22 |wSs8l/as5e | gs a 1 9.2 a
og 522 Onn t= hi=| ga onc Bs
State. pre Al eenatena| lipases BR La} Be
oo San |one| Ae; Ae 5 am AG
: : 3 ay S A
ef (ono |ee8 ee) aa |es2| ae
BS |sse|gce | sae - B8s| 3*
Zina | tee A a A A a
Al aD AMA etc o2 hoes ote sesiaaecinws sceeecas 38 28 60 88 1, 856 70 158
ATIZONG Soinaines onc cmcicncciscecsnscicisie cise Dl esos alaieat | Msarsterele gisele. ale stet ol clotsin i ui
TAT KANSAS HS conn cle ccicicie cosmic cis'sicte slercinte mele ere 17 5 28 33 818 5 38
Waliformiaveeccsscan cocealecaeceee sees DAT Bees cial tem netsn tll eisisete cet eesee 38 38
Colorado 9 1) reverses 1 20 18 19
Connecticut 8 21 71 92 2, 220 14 106
Dakota-..... BES acc sree | tates rere liovere sreseraell lee eroaliete sore 8 18
Delaware 3 16 42 58 2,100 a 59
DistrictioLColumbiais--2 sciec wssececsee eel eeaesens 1 3 4 86 uf lt
OVID Ric oie misiasinnioe sw ceca cdcinreciaicieeceee 11 2 23 25 432 D) 30
Georgia 94 30 380 410 7, 681 133 643
LG hose NOOR CERO COT ere Bee A eaee marae! Dal oreo eave lleteraie eave eillasstovcie ici slareaioiavereiare 2 2
MMM OMS tee ate cicisisis che we.e.ccismneicenetcneee 62 23 139 162 2, 844 24 186
NCA Aes occa io clase paces csc Contacte Once 52 135 10 145 38, 896 27 172
MATA LeGLribOLy:stcis oe saisec ecciecce sets ces TA Mock 16 16 BW falepeederc 16
NOW Boece eiiectcciccciceecwisisineasnieaviels secre 29 1 15 16 292 28 44
NANA H a at nisrocieiee alciaasinbiccisives cea Sao ne 45 5 105 110 2, 366 17 127
Kentucky 70 7 489 496 9, 732 84 580
Louisiana 24 1 51 52 1, 276 6 58
MAING ES sane ee actees 6 Gale visieste cc 6 116 5 Ml
Maryland 28 15 240 255 22, 424 9 264
Massachusetts 10 24 3 27 745 21 48
IMICHI Pa ses ace cecwenecinccess teweas se 20 3 37 40 1, 848 9 49
MINN ESObA se tetemceces ie cece cicle Lethaia 18 4 1 5 100 17 22
IT ROEET 01s Sagar cues sadeacsecceueennec 55 139 389 528 9, 445 97 625
IMAIBBOUDI eet etese cee ssisisnicccciteccsinase cee 50 2 208 210 4, 126 54 264
Montana osc ms ccc ccisccccin cc cosmic sicisise De X etcie iets ltnale's aeiciel| ee aieleeteel | Meee 2 2
Nebraskans csccceecosesse,. a ae ita ll 6 1 7 120 8 15
INevadare ee creces ccc met costa sca gacs DEA Eee Ise res eal Hooccioge ce 2 2
New. Hampshire) 4252 2h.c-scdecce sce scence 6 (Rae 6 140 5 11
INO Wid) OLBOV eet hess e ee at sb eune sane 19 49 21 70 1, 352 11 | 81
*The number of carp actually sent out in 1881 was from six to eight thousand greater than appears
from the subjoined tabie, many having been distributed through agents whose reports were not avail-
able when this table was made. There should also be added the number of carp distributed in the
spring of 1882, thase being of the 1881 crop and amounting to five or six thousand.
aggregated about 160,000.
The crop of 1881
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXVII
TABLE XI.— Distribution of carp during 1881 by United States Fish Commission—Convd.
wire iy! iO Gs Spe oy OD Ge
gs ee |eegla2 | ee | 28.1.
Se | a, | Fee | So sf | Sas] £,
Se |wo8 |wee | ‘as So lee | vas
° on Onn BR g coon aa
State. Ss a =H Rte eG =e) % arey Ba
oo Bez g28 Ae Ap om Bt ALS
Hay Bo lee, i/@gee!| ga |aa2] we
=i G8an| sen) Saag Sm Hea SA
BS poe | Bof| Sam =| pon Sa
Bee 4 A | a ma) =
paame Sass
ING LUIGS-6 0) Span dongccbooSDeDOoe Ty pero | wll 6G) asaosemel Mass sac hrescerd poscesshod | 6 6
Ne Wwa MOLE Sscsaeh claciemeleseaaeasaasm nmr isie 4, 616 | 68 258
INGTON COTOUN Ase eccenanjcencce aces coeine j 3, 104 91 253
OT Ra Sate OE eat, p | 4, 258 89 296
Oregon ceenncicceceeraaneseh ee marle ower «ai seemrnnce| 35 35
FRONTS VIVA Bese ocice a= cle cicceselsns cc's lises 350 | 7, 256 73 423
Rhodeplsland’ -2. an ws. ncecs ccs cccnccesa-- | 20 | 2 1, 140 2 27
Southi@arounayecceccosecsnincissoccccccecces 36 | 11, 884 11 256
PRERTIORBED seen alas aac cee aniccasaccmemas'e'e Bf 4, 200 55 254
OXOSt eer nineciss sivece sine uncesisncicincicesacc 16, 580 9 950
Witahikeecsec cuenta csv clsisecls case owacbe aces 130 5 10
Mermont ©. <2s-ct<e--s 4 4 76 2 6
Virginia.......... a 11, 669 30 | 506
Washington.... sees Semen nee Soelee leas acres 11 | 11
West Virginia. . : 1, 935 6 | 82
IWaASscOnAIN.«s~-.---- sae 296 15 29
IWAVOMIN DP eecscsccoc ents cosnoccccciecececee 1 200 2 4
MOtal a sases.cca= saceet cues cece ccna 143, 696 | 1,244 7, 002
21.—LIST OF RAILROADS GRANTING FACILITIES IN 188].
During the present year a large number of railroads have accorded
the facilities for carrying fish in baggage cars and for stopping trains
at bridges so as to deposit young fish. The list is given herewith, and
the most hearty acknowledgment made of their interest and co-operation.
Alabama Great Southern Railroad Company. Charles P. Ball, general superintend-
ent, Chattanooga, Tenn.
Alabama Central Railroad Company. W. L. Lanier, president, Selma, Ala.
Associated Railways of Virginia and the Carolinas. A. Pope, general passenger
agent, Richmond, Va.
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad. George O. Manchester, assistant general
manager, Topeka, Kans.
Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad Company. N. M. Osborne, secretary, Peters-
burg, Va. ‘
Atlanta and Charlotte Air-Line Railway. C. J. Foreacre, general manager, At-
lanta, Ga.
Atlanta and West Point Railroad. <A. J. Orme, general passenger agent, Atlanta,
Ga.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. G. M. Serpell, master of transportation,
Pittsburgh division; C. H. Hudson, superintendent Trans-Ohio division; W. M.
Clements, master of transportation.
Boston and New York Air-Line Railroad Company. J. H. Franklin, superintend-
ent, New Haven, Conn.
Boston and Albany Railroad. C. O. Russell, superintendent, Springfield, Mass.
Boston and Providence Railroad Company. <A. A. Folsom, superintendent, Bos-
ton, Mass.
Burlington and Missouri River Railroad in Nebraska. A. E. Touzalin, general man-
ager, Omaha.
Carolina Central Railroad. W. Q. Johnson, general superintendent, Willmington
NEC.
“XVII REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Central Railroad of New Jersey. James Moore, general superintendent and engi-
neer, Elizabeth, N. J.; F. 8S. Lathrop, receiver.
Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia. William Rogers, general su-
perintendent, Savannah, Ga.
Central Pacifie Railroad Company. F.H. Goodman, general passenger and ticket
agent, San Francisco, Cal.; A. N. Towne, general superintendent.
Central Vermont Railroad Company. J. W. Hobart, general superintendent, Saint
Albans, Vt.
Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Railroad Company. T. M. R. Talcott, general
manager; A. Pope, general passenger agent, Richmond, Va.
Cheraw and Darlington, and Cheraw and Salisbury Railroads. J. F. Divine,
general superintendent; A. Pope, general passenger agent, Richmond, Va.
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company. William 8. Dunn, engineer and superin-
tendent, Richmond, Va.
Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Company. A. Kimball, general superin-
tendent, Davenport, Iowa.
Chicago and Alton Railroad. J.C. McMaullin, general manager, Chicago, Ill.
Chicago, Saint Louis and New Orleans Railroad Company. W. H. Osborn, president ;
J.C. Clarke, vice-president and general manager, New York.
Chicago and Northwestern Railway. M. Hughitt, general manager ; Chicago, Ill.
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company. T. J. Potter, general man-
ager, Chicago, Ill.
Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railway Company. W.C. Van Horne, general
supernt endent, Milwaukee, Wis.
Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railroad, North Wisconsin Railroad.
E. W. Winter, general superintendent, Saint Paul, Minn.
Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton; Dayton and Michigan; Cincinnati, Hamilton
and Indianapolis; and Cincinnati, Richmond and Chicago Railroads. L. Williams,
general manager, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Cincinnati Southern Railway. S. Woodward, superintendent, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Cincinnati, Sandusky and Cleveland Railroad. D. W.C. Brown, general manager
and superintendent, Springfield, Ohio.
Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railway Company. E. B.
‘Themas, general manager, Cleveland, Ohio.
Cleveland, Mount Vernon and Columbus Railroad Company. G. A. Jones, receiver,
Mount Vernon, Ohio.
Columbia and Greenville Railroad. T. M. R. Talcott, general manager; A. Pope,
general passenger agent, Richmond, Va.
Connecticut River Railroad. J. Mulligan, superintendent, Springfield, Mass.
Delaware and Chesapeake Railway. O.S. Sanford, superintendent, Easton, Md.
Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. Samuel Sloan, president, New
York.
East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad. John F. O’Brien, chief engineer
and superintendent, Knoxville, Tenn.
European and North American Railroad. F. W. Cram, superintendent, Bangor,
Me. .
Fitchburg Railroad Company. John Adams, general superintendent, Boston,
Mass.
Flint and Pere Marquette Railway. Sanford Keeler, superintendent, East Sagi-
naw, Mich.
Florida Central Railroad Company. W. M. Davidson, superintendent, Jackson-
wille, Fla.
Fort Wayne and Jackson Railroad Company. M. D. Woodford, general superin-
tendent, Jackson, Mich.
Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railroad Company. James Converse, gen-
eral superintendent.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXIX
Galveston, Houston and Henderson Railroad. W. H. Harding, general manager,
Galveston, Tex.
Georgia Railroad Company. E. R. Dorsey, general freight and passenger agent,
Augusta, Ga.
Gulf, Western Texas and Pacific Railroad. M. D. Monserrate, general superin-
tendent, Cuero, Tex.
Hannibal and Saint Joseph Railroad Company. W. R. Woodward, superintendent,
Hannibal, Mo.
Hartford and Connecticut Valley Railroad Company. Samuel Babcock, president,
Hartford, Conn.
Houston and Texas Central Railroad. G. Jordan, vice-president, Houston, Tex.
Indianapolis and Saint Louis Railroad Company. E. B. McClure, general superin-
tendent, Indianapolis, Ind.
Illinois Central Railroad Company. Joseph F. Tucker, traffic manager, Chicago,
ll.
International and Great Northern Railroad. H. M. Hoxie, vice-president and man-
ager, Palestine, Tex.
Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad. Edgar Vliet, master of transporta-
tion, Tallahassee, Fla.
Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad; Short Creek and Joplin Railroad; Fort
Scott, Southeastern and Memphis Railroad; Rich Hill Railroad; Memphis, Kansas
and Colorado Railroad; Springfield and Western Missouri Railroad; Kansas City,
Lawrence and Southern Railroad, Southern Kansas and Western Railroad. L. W.
Towne, general superintendent, Kansas City, Mo.
Kansas City, Saint Joseph and Council Bluffs Railroad Company. I. F. Barnard,
general superintendent, Saint Joseph, Mo.
Keokuk and Saint Louis Line. H. B. Blood, general freight and passenger agent,
A. L. Griffin, general superintendent, Keokuk, Iowa.
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad. Charles Paine, general superintend-
ent, Cleveland, Ohio.
Little Rock and Fort Smith Railway. Theodore Hartman, general superintendent,
Little Rock, Ark.
Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington Railway Company. William Mahl, general
superintendent, Louisville, Ky.
Louisville and Nashville Railroad. D. W. C. Rowland, general superintendent,
Louisville, Ky.
Montgomery and Eufaula Railroad. William Rogers, general superintendent, Mont-
gomery, Ala.
Macon and Brunswick Railroad. J. M. Edwards, superintendent and general man-
ager, Macon, Ga.
Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad. J. H. Stewart, superintendent, Cincinnati,
Ohio.
Memphis and Little Rock Railroad. W. E. Smith, general manager, Little Rock,
Ark.
Memphis and Charleston Railroad Company. John A. Grant, general superintend-
ent, Memphis, Tenn.
Missouri Pacific Railway. A. A. Talmage, general superintendent, Saint Louis,
Mo.
Mississippi and Tennessee Railroad. M. Burke, general superintendent, Memphis,
Tenn.
Mobile and Ohio Railroad. A. L. Rives, general manager, Mobile, Ala.
Morgan’s Louisiana and Texas Railroad. Charles A. Whitney and Co., managers,
New Orleans, La.
Nashville, Chattanooga and Saint Louis Railway. J. W. Thomas, general super-
intendent, Nashville, Tenn.
e
LXxX REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad. E. 8. Bowen, general superintendent,
New York.
New York and New England Railroad Company. A.C. Kendall, general passenger
agent; O.M. Shepard, superintendent of transportation, Boston; J. H. Wilson, vice
president.
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Company. E. M. Reed, vice-presi-
dent, New York.
New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad. P. D. Cooper, general superintendent,
Cleveland, Ohio.
Northern Central Railway Company; Baltimore and Potomac Railroad; and Alexan-
dria and Fredericksburgh Railway. L. P. Farmer, general passenger agent, Phila-
delphia, Pa.
Northeastern Railroad of Georgia. Lyman Wells, superintendent, Athens, Ga.
Ohio and Mississippi Railway Company. W. W. Peabody, general superintendent,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Old Colony Railroad Company. J. R. Kendrick, superintendent, Boston, Mass.
Pennsylvania Company. J. D. Layng, general manager, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Pennsylvania Railroad Company. L. P. Farmer, general passenger agent, Phila-
delphia, Pa.
Petersburg Railroad Company; R. G. Pegram, receiver, Petersburg, Va.
Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Saint Louis Railway Company. D. W. Caldwell, gen-
eral manager, Columbus, Ohio.
Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad. H. F. Kenny, superintendent,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Richmond and Danville Railroad. T. M. R. Talcott, general manager; A. Pope,
general passenger agent, Richmond, Va.
Richmond and Petersburg Railroad Company. Theo. D. Kline, general superin-
tendent, Richmond, Va.
Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad Company. E. T. D. Myers, gen-
eral superintendent, Richmond, Va.
Savannah, Griffin and North Alabama Railroad. William Rogers, general super-
intendent, Savannah, Ga.
Savannah and Memphis Railroad Company. W. C. Fowler, cashier, Opelika, Ala.
Savannah and Charleston Railroad Company. C. 8. Gadsden, engineer and super-
intendent, Charleston, 8S. C.
Savannah, Florida and Western Railway Company. H. 8. Haines, general man-
ager, Savannah, Ga.
Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad Company; Raleigh and Gaston Railroad Company ;
Raleigh and Augusta Air Line Railroad Company; Baltimore Steam Packet Com-
pany; Albemarle Steam Navigation Company. John M. Robinson, president, Balti-
more, Md.
Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad. John F. O’Brien, superintendent, Selma, Ala.
Southwestern Railroad of Georgia. William Rogers, superintendent, Macon, Ga.
South Carolina Railroad. John B. Peck, general superintendent, Charleston, S. C.
Saint Louis and San Francisco Railway. C. W. Rogers, general manager, Saint
Louis, Mo. .
Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway. A. W. Soper, general superin-
tendent, Saint Louis, Mo.
Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway. James J. Hill, general manager,
Saint Paul, Minn.
Texas and Pacific Railway Company. George Noble, general superintendent, Mar-
shall, Tex.
Texas and New Orleans Railroad. J. F. Crosby, vice-president and general man-
ager, Houston, Tex.
Union Pacific Railway. Thomas L. Kimball, assistant general manager, Omaha.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. LXXI
Vandalia Line; Terre Haute and Indianapolis Railroad Company. D. W. Caldwell,
general manager, Saint Louis, Mo.
Vicksburg and Meridian Railroad Company. E. F. Raworth, general superintend-
ent, Vicksburg, Miss.
Wabash, Saint Louis and Pacific Railway. John C. Gault, general manager, Saint
Louis, Mo.
Washington City, Virginia Midland and Great Southern Railroad. Peyton Ran-
dolph, general superintendent, Alexandria, Va.; John §. Barbour, receiver.
Western and Atlantic Railroad Company. William MacRae, general manager, At-
Janta, Ga.
Western North Carolina Railroad. James W. Wilson, president, Morganton, N. C.
Western Railroad of Alabama. Cecil Gabbett, general manager, Montgomery, Ala.
West Jersey Railroad Company, passenger department. L. P. Farmer, general
passenger agent, Philadelphia, Pa.
Western Maryland Railroad Company. J. M. Hood, general manager, Baltimore, —
Md.
Wilmington and Weldon, and Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta Railroads. A.
Pope, general passenger agent, Wilmington, N. C.; John F. Divine, general super-
intendent.
Wisconsin Central Railroad Company. F. N. Finney, general manager, Milwau-
kee, Wis.
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1.—REPORT ON THE CONSTRUCTION AND WORK IN 1880 OF THE
FISH COMMISSION STEAMER FISH-HAWK.
By LiruTENANT Z. L. TANNER, U.S. N., Commanding.
The U.S. 8. Speedwell was put out of commission at meridian Octo-
ber 24, 1879, and i received orders on the same day to report to Prof.
S. I’. Baird, United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, for duty
connected with the construction of the steamer Fish Hawk building at the
establishment of the Pusey and Jones Company, Wilmington, Del. The
vessel was designed by Charles W. Copeland, consulting engineer of the
Light House Board, and constructed under the supervision of the board.
Larrivedat Wilmington on the 29th and found the iron hull practically
completed and a portion of the wooden sheathing on. The wood-work
was well advanced above the main deck, and lumber for the joiner’s
work dressed and prepared for putting up.
The engines were approaching completion, the boiler well advanced,
and at high water, December 13, the vessel was successfully launched.
‘The trial trip took place February 19, 1880, with the following results:
Course—Down the Delaware River from mouth of Christiana Creek and return.
MOM aA Om GT alas Pe ere ese elk Sete eed chy Saw ots 6 hours.
PE ualNCUS CANCE elas aisle sis ude Ee whet sn elas ¢ 54. 9 knots.
Awenave speed per NOUN. nse. coe oul snl. cele ee 9.15 knots.
Pipe MOB SOLOW, hp Noay. Bera laparo a (= 10sie aialnjediern oo) oe alae s 12 feet 3 inches.
Average revolutions per minute ................-. 89.77.
Average revolutions per mile. ......... Dias ine afte 574, 2.
ANA te SP WEL ICOM). aio. as acts 2 ns alte sclgeaaye bs 15. 6.
JENS SEEK G: (SUSE UNS gs oo neo a ee Oy ets 28 pounds.
AN WEE FETED SHE) (0 eter aay ae a Eo Sek 21 inches.
SUID yO AL Ge ROMWVAN eects cle ta.<0cis) = «wa. 0%» he ee So ae im 5 feet 9 inches.
Sy DES ACG Hees H ae 1 PR ce PP 7 feet 2 inches.
Me GAL Get taste Ree es roo oS. Sauber tak nen oly 3 6 feet 55 inches.
The engines were not stopped nor the throttle-valve moved during
the trial, everything working satisfactorily, and though the contract
called for a sea trial of twelve hours, it was not considered necessary to
extend it to that time.
Cadet Engineer William B. Boggs was ordered to special duty in con-
nection with the construction of machinery about the middle of Decem-
ber, 1879, and has been on duty since that time.
The builders completed their contract February 235, 1880, and the
{1] 3
4 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
ship was turned over to the commission, but remained at the works
awaiting her outfit. This depended upon a deficiency appropriation
not yet passed, and which did not, in fact, become available until June 2.
I received orders from the Navy Department to assume command of
the vessel on the 12th of March, 1880, and reported to Professor Baird
for that duty on the above date.
The months of June and July were occupied in procuring the vessel’s
outfit and in the construction of her fish-hatching machinery.
Mate James A. Smith was ordered to report as executive officer, and
Assistant Engineer William B. Boggs in charge of engines, on the 4th of
June. Passed Assistant Paymaster George H. Read was ordered to the
ship June 12, and Dr. F. C. Van Vliet joined the vessel on June 14, as
medical officer.
The general description of the vessel is as follows (see Plate ):
Feet. In
Length from rabbet to rabbet on 7 feet water-line............ 146 6
Denethyvowmerially ce oe iD cet Mn) Reena, eee eae ao 156 6
Breadth of, beam Moulded. 2 kee Mo outs cos 2a Noe eee 27 00
Hepehvot holdyamidshipsinc.2 cee, «0! sets « vs x 5 se oe es t0°9
Shear sOrnwardh 40 20'2 tee ie Mc ee eae yaks ans: share eae ere 4 4
“OVS 1 tA i Cee AL ge a EER, UTS 2 Ree ROE ee eRe ae eM eo pee
The vessel’s rig is a fore-and-aft schooner with pole topmasts.
The hull below the main deck is of iron, built on Lloyd’s rules for ves-
sels of her class, and sheathed with yellow pine, from 24 to3 inches in
thickness, calked and coppered. Above the main deck the structure is
of wood. She has a promenade deck extending from stem to stern, and
from side to side, covered with canvas, on which are located the pilot
house, captain’s quarters, and laboratory.
There are five iron bulk-heads: the collision bulk-head about 20 feet
from the stem, No. 2 forward of the boiler, No. 3 between the boiler and
engines, No. 4 abaft the engines, and No. 5 about 9 feet from the stern
rabbet, all water-tight except No. 3.
In the hold forward of the collision bulk-head, on a platform raised
about 5 feet above the keelson, is the boatswain’s store-room. Abaft
the bulk-head, extending att about 10 feet, are the ice-houses, one on
each side of a central passage 3 feet in width. The bulk-heads are
double, with an air space of 4 inches, which is filled with sawdust, the
whole interior lined with sheet tin soldered and well secured, and a
lead drain-pipe in the after outboard corner of each. They have two
entrances, one through a door in the central passage and another
through a scuttle in the main deck.
The chain-lockers are under the ice-houses and extend across the hold,
a bulk-head amidships separating the starboard from the port chain.
They are entered through a scuttle in the central passage above men-
tioned.
[3]. CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 5
Abaft the houses are six store-rooms, three on each side, on an ex-
tension of the floor platform, with a central passage 4 feet 3 inches in
width. The laboratory store-rooms are forward, one on each side, 4 feet
wide fore and aft, with shelves for the reception of specimens. Abaft
this, on the port side, is the navigation and equipment store-room,
9 feet 4 inches fore and aft, and abaft this the sail-room, 4 feet wide.
On the starboard side, abaft the laboratory store-room, is the paymaster’s
store-room, 9 feet 4 inches wide, and abaft this the bread-room, 4 feet in
width, lined with sheet tin.
Next aft is the steerage, extending 15 feet fore and aft. There isa
state-room in the after end, on each side, two bunks in the starboard
and one in the port room; forward of the rooms are two open bunks on
each side, a pantry on the starboard side forward, and a wash-stand on
the port side.
The rooms are carpeted, and are furnished with bureaus, wash-stands,
lamps, &c.; the steerage country has an oil cloth on the floor, a hanging
lamp, extension table, chairs, steam heater, &c. The entrance is at the
forward end, amidships, by a ladder from the main deck.
Fore hold—Under the steerage and store-rooms, extending 32 feet
6 inches abaft the chain-lockers, is the fore hold. The water-tanks,
having a capacity of 800 gallons, are located at the after end, immedi-
ately forward of bulk-head No. 2.
Engine department.—Abaft the bulk-head, extending about 45 feet to
bulk-head No. 4, is the space occupied by the boiler, coal-bunkers, fire-
room, and engines.
Lower cabin.—Abaft the bulk-head, extending 26 feet, is the lower
cabin, having seven open bunks on aside. The dispensary, wash-stand,
and a wardrobe are in the forward end, amidships. The floor is covered
with an oil cloth, and the apartment is furnished with lamps, extension
table, chairs, &e.
Linen-room and pantry.—Abaft the cabin, on the starboard side, is the
linen-room; and on the port side a pantry and store-room, 6 feet 6 inches
in width fore and aft, extending to bulk-head No. 5,
The entrance to the lower cabin is aft, amidships.
Store-room.—Abaft the bulk-head, in the stern of the vessel, is a cabin
store-room about 9 feet fore and aft, entered through a scuttle on the
main deck.
Forecastle.—On the main-deck forward, extending 31 feet from the
stern, is the forecastle, having fourteen bunks arranged in two tiers on
the sides and after end.
The paint-locker is in the forward end; and the forward force-pump,
windlass, compressors, and riding-bitts are located there. In the deck
are the scuttles leading to the boatswain’s store-room, the ice-houses
and chain-lockers. The apartment contains two sliding tables, eamp-
stools, a swinging lamp, steam heater, &c.
There are two entrances, one through a door on the after end to the
~
6 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
main deck, another by a ladder and booby-hatch to the promenade
deck.
Water-closets.—The water-closets are abaft the forecastle on each side
of the fore hatch.
Main or hatching deck.—The main or hatching deck extends 47 feet
aft from the forecastle. The fore hatch is on the forward part of this
deck; the foremast 5 feet abaft the hatch; the steerage companion
way about 2 feet abaft the mast, and the lamp-locker abaft the compan-
ion way. The boiler hatch extends about 17 feet forward from the after
bulk-head, is about 9 inches above the deck, and on itare placed the donkey-
pump, distributing-tanks, and, attached to the beams overhead, are the
cam-shaft and attachments for working the hatching-beams.
There are three coal-scuttles through the main deck on each side of
the boiler hatch. A gangway port on each side abreast of the foremast,
6 feet wide, extending from deck to deck, and four swinging ports on
each side 4 feet by 3 feet 4 inches, which can be opened or closed at
pleasure.
The hatching machinery is located on the main deck each side and
forward of the boiler hatch.
Donkey-boiler room.—There is a sliding door in the starboard side
of the after main deck bulk-head, communicating with the donkey-boiler
room, which extends 13 feet aft from the main deck.
The donkey boiler stands on the starboard side forward; the steam
chimney amidships, and the galley, 8 feet 6 inches by 7 feet 6 inches, on
the port side. The galley door is in the after bulk-head; there is a win-
dow on the side, and another forward, in the main-deck bulk-head. The
floor is of brick laid in cement.
There is a cooking-range, coal-bunker, fresh-water pump connecting
with the tanks, a sink and ample lockers, shelves, &ce.
The distiller stands on the starboard side of the boiler hatch between
the steam chimney and main-deck bulk-head. There is a ventilator,
through which ashes are hoisted, in each after corner of the boiler hatch,
and the deck between them and the engine-room bulk-head is composed
of an iron grating, giving light and air to the fire-room. There is a
vertical iron step-ladder attached to the engine-room bulk-head leading
from the donkey-boiler room to the fire-room.
Engine-room.—The engine-room extends aft 11 feet from the donkey-
boiler room, is 12 feet in width, and occupies the central part of the deck.
There are two doors in the forward end opening into the donkey-boiler
room; a door on the starboard after end into the cabin, and a stairway
on the port after end communicating with the lower engine-room. The
engines are worked from the upper engine-room.
Machinists room.—The machinist’s room is on the starboard side
abreast of the engine-room; has a door opening to the donkey-boiler
room, a large window in the side, andtwo bunks. Abaft this isa room
(opening into the cabin) used for members of the scientific corps; it
has two bunks, also, and a window in the side.
[5] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 7
Passage. ere is a passage 2 feet 6 inches in width on the port side
of the engine-room leading from the donkey-boiler room to the cabin.
Cabin pantry—The cabin pantry is on the port side of the above pas-
sage, 11 feet fore and aft, and about 5 feet wide; there are two large
windows on the side; a door opening into the passage; shelves; lockers;
racks, and other necessary appliances for a pantry on ship board.
Cabin.—The cabin is abaft the engine-room, 30 feet in length, has four
rooms on a side with one bunk in each. Aft on the starboard side is
the Commissioner’s office. The lower cabin companion way is amidships,
and a bath room and closet on the port side. Between the latter and
lower cabin companion way is a passage 2 feet 4 inches in width, lead-
ing from the cabin to the bath-room and after deck.
After deck.—The after deck above mentioned is 14 feet in length and
extends to the stern. The sides are open above the main rail. The
spare tiller and relieving tackles are on this deck. The cabin store-
room scuttle is forward of the rudder ; the entrance to the Commissioner’s
office on the starboard side ; the lower cabin companion way amidships;
the entrance to the cabin Lee on the port side, and just abaft the
rudder the after force-pump.
Promenade deck.—On the promenade deck, forward of the foremast,
are the anchors, forward force-pump, windlass brakes, capstan, fore-
castle booby-hatch, fore hatch, hoisting and reeling engine, and the
dredging boom, its heel attached to the foremast.
Abaft the mast is a booby-hatch covering the entrance to the main
deck, and abaft that the pilot-house and captain’s quarters.
Pilot-house—The pilot-house is 8 feet in length fore and aft, 10 feet in
width, and has an elliptical front. The glass windows and venetian
blinds are hung with weights, and all metal work about it, or used in
its construction, is brass.
There is a liquid steering compass on the port side forward of the
wheel; a sofa, signal-locker, and convenient receptacles for fire-works
and flags on the after end. The floor is covered with lignum and ash
gratings. The necessary bells, speaking and sounding tubes, and whistle-
rope are in their appropriate nines
The pilot-house is raised 26 inches above the captain’s quarters; has
a door on each side, the upper portion set with glass. There are also
windows in the after end, giving an unobstructed view fore and aft,
and a door on the starboard side communicating with the captaiu’s
room.
Captains room.—The captain’s room is in the deck-house, abaft the
pilot-house, 9 feet 10 inches in length, fore and aft, 12 feet in width, 7
feet high, and has a sky-light 2 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 5 inches. There
is a door and window on each side; a door opening into the pilot-house
inthe forward end and one into the bath-room aft. Thereisa folding bed,
a sofa, writing-desk, marble-topped bureau, and book-case of piaele
walnut. There are also drawers for charts, clothing, &e.
8 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
Bath-room.—The captain’s bath-room, 6 feet 10 inches long and 4 feet
10 inches wide, is on the starboard side of the deck-house, abaft the
captain’s room, and communicates with it. A door on the starboard
side opens on the promenade deck. The room has two windows, one on
the starboard side and one in the after end; a bath-tub, wash-stand,
mirror, &e.
There is a state-room on the port side of the deck-house, abaft the
captain’s room, 6 feet 10 inches in length, 7 feet wide; the sky-light
extending over it. A door communicates with the bath-room, and
another, on the port side, with the promenade deck. There is a window
on the port side and one aft; a folding bed, a secretary-bureau, wash-
stand, lamp, mirror, steam heater, &c.,in the room. The funnel is
about 2 feet abaft the deck-house, the engine-room sky-light abaft the
funnel.
The laboratory.—The laboratory, 10 feet 7 inches in length, 9 feet 11
inches wide, and 7 feet 3 inches high, is abaft the engine-room sky-light,
and covers the entrance to the cabin. It has a book-case, work-table,
specimen case, box for microscope, and the necessary shelves and drawers.
There are two windows on each side, two in the forward end, and one
aft. The door is in the after end.
Abaft the laboratory is the mainmast, cabin skylight, standard com-
pass, rudder head, tiller, Se.
Steering gear.—The steering gear consists of an iron tiller, secured to
the rudder head on the promenade deck, with chains extending through
sheaves on each quarter. Iron wire wheel ropes are led over small
rollers on each side of the promenade deck, the after ends secured to
chains and the forward ends to the after block of the sliding purchase,
which consists of two single blocks, the fall leading over the barrel of
the wheel in the pilot-house.
Spars.—The vessel is schooner rigged, the foremast 49 feet in length
above deck and 17 inches in diameter; mainmast 46 feet, and 14 inches
in diameter; the poles 15 feet in length, the masts and poles in one
stick. The fore-gaff 23 feet, and main-gaff 183 feet in length, diam-
eter 5 inches, main-boom 38 feet long and 8 inches in diameter.
Sails—There are three sails, fore stay-sail, foresail, and mainsail,
all of cotton canvas; the stay-sail of No. 2, the foresail and mainsail
of No. 3.
Anchors and chains.—There are three anchors, the largest weighing
1,525 pounds, including the stock; one 846 pounds, and one 307 pounds,
stocks included. Two chain cables, one ninety fathoms 14 inches, the
other 75 fathoms 4% inch in diameter.
Boats.—The vessel has four boats; 1st, a steam cutter built by the
Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, Bristol, R. I., 24 feet in length, 6
feet 9 inches beam and 3 feet 6 inches depth; weight, 2,800 pounds;
capacity of coal bunkers, 560 pounds, sufficient for 28 hours’ steaming at
6 knots per hour; a fresh-water tank holding 40 gallons of water, enough
Esl hi CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 9
for six days’ steaming; she has a keel condenser which receives the dis-
charge from the cylinder and escape valve.
Both hull and machinery are constructed of the best material. Steam
is raised in a few minutes, and when under banked fires requires no at-
tention. She is an excellent sea-boat and has been of great service to
this ship.
2d. A ten-oared cutter 24 feet 6 inches in length.
od, A gig 26 feet 5 inches in length.
4th. A dingy 17 feet 6 inches in length.
She has also several flat-bottomed boats 18 feet in length, used for
spawn taking.
Awnings and stanchions.—The promenade deck is covered with awn-
ings fore and aft, supported by turned wooden stanchions.
ENGINES AND MACHINERY.
General description.—There are two propelling-screws, right and left
handed, one under each counter; each screw driven by one inverted
cylinder surface-condensing engine, 22-inch diameter of cylinder, and
27-inch stroke of piston. The two engines are fitted on one bed-plate;
the surface condenser, common to both, is located between the engines
and forms a part of the framing for them.
The center of the cylinder is about 493 feet forward of the stern-post ;
the distance between the shafts being about 8 feet 8 inches. The engines
are inclined towards the center line of the vessel, the cylinders at the
upper end being about 36 inches from center to center athwartships.
There is one overhead return-flue boiler 84 feet diameter of waist and 214
feet in length, with steam chimney 6 feet 2 inches diameter outside and
104 feet high.
The water of condensation is supplied by an independent steam pump.
The valve-chests are on the forward side of the cylinders, main valves
working by a link motion, the cut-off valve working on a separate face
within the main steam chest and operating by a link, one end of which
is connected to an eccentric and the other to a concentric disk on the
main shaft.
The air-pumps are trunk-plunger pumps, driven by cranks on for-
ward end of main shafts; the feed-pumps are driven from the same mo-
tion. The bilge-pump is independent.
Cylinders are 22 inches diameterand 27 inches stroke of piston; steam
openings 2 inches wide by 14 inches in length; exhaust openings 34 inches
wide by 14 inches in length. All necessary lugs, flanges, nozzles, and
lower cylinder head are cast with the cylinder, and all flanges faced.
The lower ends are fitted with a small bonnet, with stuffing box and
gland, both bushed with composition; also a composition “ water valve”
seven-eighth inch diameter, which works either automatically or by
hand. Cylinders and steam chests are fitted with the necessary pipes
and valves for applying the indicator, and are cased with black walnut
staves, secured by brass bands and screws.
10 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
Framing.—The main frame for carrying the cylinders is the surface
condenser, which is strongly ribbed and bracketed for that purpose,
the outboard sides of the cylinders being supported, each by two
wrought-iron columns, 24 inches diameter, turned and finished. The
ends of these columns are fitted to flanges of lower end of cylinders
and to bed-plate, each end being fastened by two bolts 14 inches diam-
eter.
Steam chests are cast separate, fitted with faced joints and bolted to
cylinders, covers planed, finished and fastened with finished bolts and
case-hardened nuts. Set screws are fitted to break the joints. The cut-
off valve operates in a separate chest, which is bolted to that of the main
valve.
Pass-over valve.—To each cut-off chest is fitted a serew-valve for a
pass-over valve, 24 inches diameter. The valve, seat, and stem are of
composition, and valve is worked by a hand-wheel in front of chest.
Relief valve-—A composition relief valve of seven-eighths inch diam-
eter is attached to steam chests and to exhaust connection to condenser.
Slide valves.—The valves are of cast iron, of a different texture from
that of the seats and scraped to a bearing surface. The main slide valves
are of the ordinary D form; for steam openings 2 by 14 inches and
for exhaust openings 34 by 14 inches, and are worked by a “‘ Stephen-
son” link motion. The link is case-hardened and link block composi-
tion. The link is worked by hand, by means of a pinion, quadrant
and * tumbling” shaft.
Cut-off valves.—Cut-off valves are of cast iron, of the gridiron pat-
tern, with two openings 1} by 13 inches. The valve is operated by a
link, one end of which is worked by an eccentric and the other end
held in position by a concentric disk on crank-shaft. Steam can be
cut off at points from three-fourths to one-fourth the stroke of piston.
Proper hand gear is fitted to alter the point of cut off and to hold the
link in position.
Cylinder-heads.— Upper cy linder-heads are ribbed; turned, and finished.
Inside of heads are recessed for nuts of piston-rods and for heads of
follower-bolts. Wrought-iron eyebolts are fitted for lifting the heads
and set-screws for breaking the joints; also a “traveler” for removing
them.
Bed-plate.—The bed-plate or frame is of cast iron, in one piece, and
extended forward to receive the pumps; is hollow, of the box form of
section, 144 inches in depth, and has all the necessary passage-ways for
water, bosses and nozzles or flanges for pumps, pillow blocks, &c., and
flanges or Ings for bolting in place. All surfaces for flanges, pumps,
hand-hold plates, and pipes are planed.
Surface condenser.—The shell is of cast iron 1 inch thiek, well ribbed,
strongly bracketed, and serves as a frame for the engines. The neces-
sary seating for cylinders and for cross-head slides are cast on. All
joint surfaces are planed, and suitable bonnets are fitted for access to
.
[9] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. ily
interior, to tubes, and to all valves. The condenser is fitted with hori-
zontal yellow metal tubes 3 inch diameter, turned both inside and out-
side; cast-iron tube sheets 1? inches thick, planed, and tubes packed
with “ Allen’s” wood packing. Condensing surface is 900 square feet.
The tubes are arranged in three nests, and the condensing water passes
three times through the tubes. A 34-inch copper pipe is also fitted to
convert this into a jet condenser, if necessary. There is a screw-valve
1§ inches diameter connecting the salt with the fresh water, as an ad-
ditional feed; also a brass cock for introducing soda. A perforated cast-
iron scattering plate is fitted above the tubes, upon which the injection
water impinges.
Hehaust connections.—Exhaust connections from the cylinders to the
condenser are so arranged as to be independent; one engine exhaust-
ing without interfering with the other.
Steam-pipe connections.—The main steain-pipe is a single copper pipe
from the boiler, with slip joint and double poppet throttle-valve oper-
ated by a hand-lever. The pipe branches near the engines, and there
is a throttle-valve for each engine, operated independently.
Air-pumps are horizontal trunk-plunger pumps, one for each engine,
and driven by a crank upon the forward end of main shaft. Pumps are
11 inches diameter and 12 inches stroke; lined with composition; trunk,
piston, valve-seats, stems, and guards of composition; valves of pure
rubber; chests for receiving and delivery valves cast with the pumps
and with convenient openings for access to valves. There is also a guide
cast on for slipper side of trunk.
Hot well.—There is a suitable cast-iron hot well, common to both air-
pumps, with vapor-pipe from top and overflow-pipe to outside of ship,
with proper outboard valve. ‘This pipe is of copper, 7 inches diameter,
No. 10 wire gauge; composition valve 74 inches diameter, with compo-
sition seat and stem. :
Circulating pump is an independent steam-pump, direct acting, of the
* Davidson” pattern, 134 inches diameter and 13 inches stroke; lined
with composition; piston, valve-seats, stems, and guards of same metal;
steam cylinder same diameter as pump; pump-valves of rubber. Out-
board delivery pipe is of copper, No. 12 wire gauge, and fitted with out-
board valve of composition. To suction-pipe there is a branch leading
to engine-room bilge, with a separate screw-valve and “check” valve to
prevent flooding. Secrew-valve has an attachment for locking.
Pistons are of cast iron, double shell, ribbed, with cast-iron follower
fastened by wrought-iron bolts screwed into brass bushings; follower
turned and scraped to rings and piston, and fitted with eye-bolts for
lifting. Packing-rings of cast iron in two thicknesses, accurately turned
and fitted and set out with steel springs.
Piston rods are of mild steel, 22 inehes in diameter, and fastened to
piston with a nut.
Feed-pumps.—Yo each engine there is fitted a feed-pump, worked from
12 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
the air-pump motion, 4 inches in diameter and 12 inches stroke; com-
position plunger, valves, and seats; also a by-pass valve and air-ves-
sel.
Bilge-pump is an independent steam-pump of the Davidson pattern,
valves of rubber, composition seats, guards, and stems, and copper air-
chamber. This pump has connections through a “manifold” to the
various water-tight compartments; also, in the event of breakage of
the auxiliary pump, can be used in lieu of that pump, having the same
connections.
Cross-heads are of wrought iron, finished and fastened to piston-rod
by a nut secured by a “dowel.” Journals are 22 inches diameter and
34 inches long. Cross-heads move upon composition slipper slides work-
ing in a cast-iron guide. The bottom slipper has a bearing surface of
80 square inches. Both top and bottom gibs can be readily removed.
Slide-valve stems are of mild steel; those for main valves are 12 inches
diameter, and cut-off valves 12 inches diameter; stuffing boxes and
glands are bushed with composition.
Eccentrics and rods.—There are two eccentrics for each main valve,
with a ‘¢ Stephenson” link of wrought iron connected by the proper rods.
For each cut-off valve, there is one eccentric to one end of a link, and
the opposite end of the link is held in position by a proper rod in con-
nection with a concentric disk on the crank-shaft. This link is adjusted
by a hand-lever working against an are, which is marked for the differ-
ent points of cut-off. The straps are of composition, ribbed and * bab-
bitted.” Eccentric rods are of wrought iron, and connected to links so
as to be adjusted for wear. Links and pins are case-hardened and
link-blocks are of composition.
Connecting-rods are of wrought iron, forked at the cross-head end and
finished, 5 feet 11 inches long between centers; crank-end neck 23
inches diameter and fork-end 22 inches diameter. Boxes for cross-head
and erank-pin journals are of composition and secured by wrought-iron
straps with gibs and keys; keys secured by steel set-screws.
Main pillow-blocks are cast with the bed-plate, and the lower part of
the box is of phosphor-bronze. After journal 65 inches by 9 inches in
length, forward, 5 inches by 8 inches; pillow-block caps for after journals
are 24 inches thick and 7$ inches in width, and for forward journals 24
inches thick and 64 inches in width; each cap held by two bolts 24
inches diameter; caps made so as to lip over ends of blocks.
Crank-shafts are of wrought iron, forged in one piece; after journals
64 by 9 inches, forward 5 by 18 inches, crank-pin journals 43 inches diam-
eter and 64 inches in length.
Line-shafts are of wrought iron in three lengths, smallest diameter 64
inches; covered with composition-sleeve the length of the stern-bear-
ing. Line-shaft couplings are of cast iron, turned and fitted and fast-
ened by six bolts 14 inches diameter and with a steel feather. Coup-
lings of erank-shaft to line-shaft are a pair of cast-iron wheels, with
[lt] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 13
wrought-iron driving pins fastened by a cross-key in forward wheel and
working free on composition bearing-plates in after wheel. The wheels
are 3 feet 4 inches diameter, with mortises on periphery for turning the
engine with a pinch-bar. Thrust-bearing is on forward length of line
shafting, and is a collar thrust.
Thrust pillow-blocks are of cast iron, with phosphor-bronze boxes and
collar plates; with set-screws to adjust wear. There is also a fore-and-
aft fastening to receive forward thrust.
Line-shaft-pillow blocks are of cast-iron, with cast-iron caps, and fitted
with phosphor-bronze for lower half of journal.
Screw-propellers are of cast iron, four bladed, 6 feet 8 inches diameter,
123 feet mean pitch, and 20 inches in length fore and aft. They are keyed
upon shafts by a feather key and cross-key; ends of shafts fitted with a
water-tight composition cap and fastened with composition tap-bolts to
after. end of hub; also, composition caps over ends of cross-keys.
Shaft brackets supporting the after end of shafts are placed close to
forward side of propellers and are of composition. Section of brackets
14 by 63 inches; forward and after edges rounded off; feet of brackets
1} inches thick, each foot fastened by four composition bolts 12 inches
diameter, with countersunk heads and screwed up on plates on inside of
ship. The eyes of the brackets are boxed to receive a phosphor-bronze
bushing 74 inches diameter by 103 inches in length, and bushing lined
with lignum-vite, fastened to brackets with composition tap-bolts.
Stern bearing is of composition, 2 feet 8 inches in length. The outer
end has a large warped flange, 14 inches thick. to fit the counter of the
vessel, and the inner end a loose flange riveted to hull of ship. The
inner ends of the stem-bearings project inboard about 10 inches and are
fitted with lignum-vite staves. The inboard stuffing-boxes are of com-
position, riveted to hull of vessel, with a packing space of 84 inches, ané@
a loose ring fitting in bottom of packing space; packing held in place
by a gland also of composition.
Sea-valves are screw valves, with composition chambers, valves, stems,
and glands. One valve for injection, 44 inches diameter, one for circu-
lating pumps, 6 inches diameter, and one for steam pump, 4 inches diam-
eter. Chambers bolted to cast-iron forms, which are riveted to bull of
vessel. All sea-valves are fitted with strainers.
Hoisting-engine. (Plates V and VI.)\—There is a hoisting-engine with
double cylinders and cranks at right angles to each other; cylinders, 9
inches diameter and 9 inches stroke of piston, placed forward on hurri-
cane deck for “trawling” purposes. The central drum holds the steel
wire rope and is independent of the engine proper, connection being
made by means of a friction clutch. The load on the drum is held by
a friction brake. With the central drum disconnected, the two smaller
drums can be used for ordinary hoisting purposes. There is also fitted
an automatic guide by means of which the wire rope is neatly coiled
upon the drum. Steam from either the main or auxiliary boiler may be
14 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12]
used, and the engine exhausts into the atmosphere through the eseape
pipe of the main safety-valve. There is a pan of sheet-lead fitted under
the engine to receive all dripping oil or water.
Boiler is an overhead, return-flue boiler, 8 feet front, 8} feet diam-
eter of waist, and 213 feet in length, with water-leg furnaces; two fur-
naces, 6 feet 8 inches long, by 34 feet wide; grate surface, 46.6 square
feet; main flues, three of 11 inches diameter, one of 12 inches, and one of
15 inches for each furnace; return flues in two tiers, seven flues of 105
inches diameter in each tier. The flues are welded and drawn. All ont-
side seams, seams of steam chimney, and water-legs double riveted.
Flat surfaces are braced with seven-eighth inch socket-bolts 74 inches
from center to center. Thickness of circular part of shell is five-six-
teenths inch; water-legs three-eighths inch; steam chimney of mild steel
five-sixteenths inch. Fire-box and crown-sheets are aiso of mild steel,
three-eighths inch thick; heads of shell and flat surfaces three-eighths
inch. There are the necessary man-holes and hand-holes and double
furnace doors. The boiler has been tested by a hydrostatic pressure of
65 pounds per square inch. The legs of the furnace part of the boiler
‘rest upon cast-iron chairs set outside of ash pans, and under the waist
is a cast-iron saddle. The boiler is held in place by turnbuckle bolts.
Under the furnaces are cast-iron pans, made in one width, for each fur-
nace; bottom of pans five-eighths inch and one-half inch thick for all
flanges. Ash pans have a long, beveled front flange, projecting 15 inches
“from front of boiler to catch dropping fire and cinders. Grate-bars are
of cast iron in two lengths, three-fourths inch thick on face and five-six-
teenths inch at lower edge, with five-eighths inch air spaces. Boiler shell
and steam chimney are covered with hair felt, and wool backing 13
inches thick. Main and all other steam pipes are covered with hair felt
1 inch thick, with canvas backing, and painted.
Boiler attachments.—There are attached to the boiler, one steam stop-
valve 7 inches diameter, one safety-valve 6 inches diameter, with connec-
tions to engine-room, and copper escape-pipe, 16 feet long; one bottom
blow-valve 24 inches, one surface blow-valve 2 inches, two check-valves
24 inches, and one screw stop-valve, each for auxiliary and circulating
pumps. All these valves are of composition, with composition glands
and stems; also four brass gauge-cocks, glass water-gauge 15 inches long
and salinometer.
Smoke-pipe and casing. —The smoke-pipe is 42 inches diameter and 24
feet high, in three lengths of 8 feet each; flush jointed, 24-inch angle-
iron at top, and band 24 by 3 inches at bottom. Pipe is made of iron
No. 14 wire gauge, and is fitted with a proper damper. There is a cas-
ing around lower part of pipe and top of steam-drum, extending above
the hurricane deck 24 feet, made of iron No. 12 wire gauge, and fastened
to deck with angle-iron; casing covered by an umbrella. There are six
Stays to. smoke pipe of wire rope nine-sixteenths inch in diameter, and
secured to deck by eve bolts.
[13] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 15
Auxiliary boiler is of the vertical fire tubular type, 48 inches diame-
ter, and 7 feet 8 inches in height, with 106 brass tubes, 24 inches outside
diameter, and 5 feet 2 inches long. Boiler rests on a cast-iron frame 14.
inches in height. Upper end of boiler surrounded by a casing of iron
No. 12 wire gauge, and secured to deck by 14-inch angle-iron, fastened
with wood-screws. Smoke-pipe is 18 inches diameter and 18 feet in
height.
The boiler was tested to 120 pounds hydrostatic pressure, and is fit-
ted with all the necessary grate-bars, bearers, satety-valve, steam-gauge,
gauge-cocks, blow-cocks, and ‘‘check-valves.” This boiler can be sup-
plied with water either by a Hancock “inspirator” or by the auxiliary
pump, and has the same steam connections as the main boiler. It is
situated on the main deck, immediately over the fire-room.
Steam-pump.—There is one fly-wheel steam-pump with water-cylinder,
5 inches diameter and 12 inches stroke, having all the necessary con-
nections to be used as a fire-pump, as a feed to main or auxiliary boiler
from either hot-well or the sea, as a bilge-pump, as a circulating pump
for Baird's distiller, and to supply hatching tanks. There is a double
exhaust connection to either condenser or atmosphere. In ease of fire
the flow of water can be increased by combining this pump with the
independent bilge-pump. By means of the proper gearing, this pump
works the hatching cylinders on outside of ship. The suction-pipe is
connected with the overflow-pipe from hatching apparatus, so that the
same water can be used repeatedly for hatching. There is a connection
on the ‘“‘manifold” for suction-hose of sufficient size to supply both aux-
iliary and bilge-pumps. All water-pipes are of copper; steam and ex-
haust pipes of iron.
Miscellaneous.—There is one ash-chute for discharging ashes over
side of ship; eight cast-iron deck scuttles on main deck with close coy-
ers and gratings; two iron ventilators, 16 inches diameter, to fire-room,
with revolving caps, and also used to hoist ashes. The fire-room is cov-
ered with rough cast-iron floor-plates one-half inch thick, and above fire-
room is an open cast-iron grating for ventilation. There are steam-
heaters in pilot-house, and all habitable portions of the ship are fitted
with the proper steam and drain pipes and valves. All heaters drain
into a ‘‘trap” in fire-room, and a vapor-pipe from top of “trap” leads to
escape-pipe from main safety-valve. There are the proper tanks for oil,
waste, and tallow. There is a steam-whistle 6 inches diameter of bell
with valve where attached to boiler. In the engine-room there are three
gongs, one of 12 inches diameter, and two of Sinches diameter, with
‘‘jingle” bell; all arranged with proper wires and pulls to pilot-house;
‘also shield and tube to return sound to pilot-house, and a speaking tube
from engine-room to pilot-house.
Inthe engine-room there are two 64-inch nickel-plated gauges, one
for steam and the other for vacuum; two counters, one for each engine,
and a marine clock. There are the proper oil-cups to all journals; also
16 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
proper connections for applying water to journals when necessary. A
‘“‘Baird’s” distiller is in use, capable of distilling 1,500 gallons of tepid
and 800 gallons of potable water per diem.
OUTFIT.
The contract for building the vessel covered only hull and machin-
ery, the outfit being provided from a special appropriation.
Anchors, chains, hawsers, &c., were loaned by the Bureau of Equip-
ment and Recruiting, Navy Department.
Boats—gig, cutter, and dingy—by the Bureau of Construction and
Repair.
Compasses, flags, nautical instruments, books, and chronometer by the
Bureau of Navigation.
Small-arms and ammunition by Bureau of Ordnance.
Charts and Atlantic Coast Pilot were furnished by the United States
Coast and Geodetie Survey.
The various articles of outfit were procured by open purchase at reas-
ouable prices and have given general satisfaction.
FISH-HATCHING MACHINERY.
The fish-hatching machinery was constructed by the Pusey & Jones
Company under special contract, and consists of a Woodward steam-
pump with water cylinder, 5 inches diameter and 12 inch stroke, capable
of supplying 10,000 gallons of water per hour.
Two iron distributing tanks with a capacity of 500 gallons each are
placed forward of the pump on the boiler hatch and raised 3 feet 4
inches above the deck. (Plate I.)
There is a water connection and proper valves between the pump and
tanks, with overflow and drain pipes connecting with the general deliv-
ery for hatching machinery. There is also a@n arrangement of valves.
by which the water can be pumped back into the tanks and used as.
often as desired instead of discharging it overboard.
HATCHING CONES.
The number of hatching cones on board at present is thirty-six, cap-
able of hatching 7,200,000 shad at a time, or 200,000 each when charged
to their full capacity.
The number of cones can be increased about one-third in case of ne-
eessity. The material of which they are made is copper, tinned inside,
and the mountings are of brass. Their arrangement on the port side of
deck will be seen by reference to the Plate. They are in sets of 4 and 6-
to each frame and are hung on gimbals which permit a free motion in
every direction, maintaining a vertical position even when the vessel is
in violent motion.
In artificial fish hatching it is necessary to maintain a constant and
[15] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 17
caretully graduated flow of fresh water through the vessels in which the
eggs are placed for development. In the early days of this industry
shad eggs were hatched in floating boxes with gauze bottoms anchored in
a tide way or current which effected the necessary change of water, but
they were subject to various accidents beyond the control of those hav-
ing the operations in charge. A sudden squall might capsize them, a
gale of wind break them from their moorings, or drift-wood carry them
away, the entire charge of eggs being liable to loss or serious damage
in either case.
Various other methods have been used with good results, but for
service on shipboard, under all conditions of wind and weather, the cone
eis thus far the most perfect appliance for hatching non-adhesive eggs,
with greater specific gravity than the water in which they are developed.
To prepare for shad hatching with cones, water is pumped into the
distributing tanks, which have independent connections for each set of
cone frames through which the water flows by gravity into the upper or
feed-pipes, where, at proper intervals, small feed-valves are tapped in
and connected to the base of the cones by a flexible hose. The feed-
valves being opened, a stream of water is admitted at the bottom,
rapidly filling them till near the top, where a fine wire gauze rim is en-
countered. Through this the water finds an outlet to the discharge con-
nections, thence fo the waste pipes at the bottom of the frames, and into
the general delivery; thus establishing a steady and constant upward
current.
From 100,000 to 200,000 impregnated eggs are placed in each cone
and the current regulated by the feed-valves so as to give them a gen-
tle movement, just sufficient to prevent ‘“‘matting,” or settling to the
bottom in a mass, where they would soon become asphyxiated. The
dead eggs being lighter soon accumulate at the surface, and are re-
moved with a skimmer, sediment and other impurities being cleared
from the gauze rims to allow an unobstructed flow of waste water to the
discharge-pipes.
Development takes place rapidly, and the embryo is hatched in from
two and a half to five days, according to the temperature of the water.
HATCHING CYLINDERS.
There are in addition to the cones eighteen hatching cylinders, which
are suspended, nine on each side, from beams outside of the vessel and
operated by a cam motion imparting a vertical movement of about 8
inches. (See Plate III.) They have wire-gauze bottoms, and both solid
and wire-gauze covers, the former used when the cylinders are converted
into transporting cans, the latter in stormy weather. The cylinders
are made of heavy tin and the mountings are brass.
To prepare for shad hatching they are suspended from the beam, as
shown in Plate III, in such a manner that the bottoms will be constantly
submerged ; from 250,000 to 300,000 impregnated eggs are placed in
S. Mis. 110 2
18 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16]
each eylinder and the cam moticn put in operation, which gives them a
very gentle ascent, occupying about three-quarters of the revolution;
the descent, being accomplished during the remaining fourth of the
revolution, is made more rapid, causing the eggs to rise from the bot-
tom and circulate freely through the water at every downward movement.
The cylinders require but little attention during the hatching process,
and, in moderately smooth weather, are undoubtedly equal, if not su-
perior, to all other appliances for shad hatching. They can also be made
available for the development of all non-adhesive eggs, no matter what
their specific gravity, as the requisite motion can be attained by simply
modifying the form of cam. i
Plate IV shows some of the apparatus used by the United States Com-
mission in fish hatching: the spawn pans of marbleized iron in which
the eggs are placed for impregnation; the spawn pail in which the im-
pregnated eggs are placed for transportation to the hatching establish-
ment; the dipper in which all eggs are measured when received on board,
and the hatching cone, with goose-neck unscrewed; the three kinds of
cylinders used, the large one with the solid tin body, a smaller one with
a combination body of copper and wire gauze, and a third with gauze
body.
Between the cylinders stands a funnel, with fine wire-gauze bottom,
used for siphoning water from hatching cones without removing eggs
or young fish.
DREDGING MACHINERY.
The hoisting and reeling engine, the main features of which are given
in the general description of machinery, stands on the promenade deck
immediately forward of the foremast, as shown in the plates V and VI.
The drum, or reel, holding a thousand fathoms of steel-wire dredge
rope, three-eighths inch in diameter, is carried on the main shaft of the
engine and driven by friction gear. An automatic guide lays the rope
fairly on the reel when heaving in. One man attends the engine, hoist-
ing and lowering the trawl and dredge without the necessity of touching
the rope by hand.
The dredging beam is 36 feet in length and 10 inches in diameter,
the heel secured to the foremast by a strong goose-neck 5 feet above
the deck. The forward end, when not in use, rests in a cradle on an
iron frame in which the ship’s bell is suspended.
There is an iron band at the boom end for fore-and-aft guys; the
topping lift band is about 3 feet from the end, and has a strong link
on the under side, to which is hooked the dredging block. The topping
lift is composed of two 14-inch double blocks and a4-inch manila rope.
The upper block is shackled to an iron collar on the foremast 3 feet
below the eyes of the rigging. There is a strong sheave in the boom
inside of the lower topping-lift block, over which is rove the pendant of
a tackle used for hoisting the bag of the trawl on board when the weight
is too great to be managed by hand.
ela CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 19
A composition sheave (Plate VI) is inserted in the heel of the boom,
two revolutions of which are equal to one fathom of dredge rope, and
attached to its shaft is a register which accurately records the amount
of rope out at all times.
SAFETY-HOOKS.
The safety-hooks (Plate VII) are designed for the purpose of detach-
ing the trawl] when from any cause, such as fouling a rock, or wreck,
the tension on the dredge rope reaches the limit of safety. It can be
adjusted to detach at any point between 3,000 and 6,000 pounds by the
nut on the end of the central rod. In practice we have set it to 4,000
pounds, the breaking strain of the dredge rope being 8,700 pounds.
The spring and hooks being placed in the cylinder and the cap screwed
on, it is ready for use.
The end of the dredge rope is spliced into the eye and the trawl
shackled to the hooks, which are held in position by their shoulders
pressing against the inner surface of the cylinder (Plate VIII.)
The spring is compressed as the tension increases till, the limit of
safety being reached, the shoulders are released and the hooks open
freely, allowing the shackle pin to slip through, detaching the trawl and
relieving the rope from undue strain.
The accumulator (Plate VIII) is designed to prevent jerking strains
on the dredge rope due to motion of the vessel in a sea-way, or working
over a rough bottom. It is copied from that used on board the Coast-
Survey steamer Blake, with slight modifications. It answers its pur-
pose admirably and is an almost indispensable adjunct when steel-wire
rope is used.
The side rods and central shaft are of steel, the ends of wrought iron.
Twenty-six rubber buffers, with a brass washer between each, are placed
on the central shaft under considerable pressure and secured by a nut
on the upper end. A swivel link at the lower extremity carries a lead-
ing block.
The hubs of the brass washers are extended on each side, forming a
collar over which the rubber buffers ride free from contact with the
central shaft. This feature, introduced by Lieutenant-Commander
Sigsbee, U.S. N., placed the present form of accumulator far ahead of
all others for our purposes.
DREDGING BLOCKS.
The dredging block at the boom end and that seen hooked to the
accumulator (Plate VITT) ave all that are used. They, also, are copied
from those of the Blake, except that the diameter of sheave is reduced
from 18 inches to 12 inches, making the blocks much lighter.
STEEL-WIRE DREDGE ROPE.
This excellent rope was made by the John A. Roebling’s Sons’ Com-
pany, Trenton, N. J. It is one and one eighth inch in circumference,
20 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18]
composed of six strands laid around a hemp heart, each strand com-
posed of seven galvanized steel wires (No. 19 American gauge) having
no hemp heart.
Sigsbee—“‘ Deep-sea dredging and trawling”— gives the ultimate
strength of the rope as 8,750 pounds, and the breaking strain, in kinks,
4,500 pounds; weight, 1.14 pounds per fathom in air, or about one pound
in sea-water.
PREPARATION FOR DREDGING.
The rope being on the reel the end is passed between the rollers of
the automatic guide (Plate V), carried aloft and rove through the
block on the lower end of the accumulator (Plate IX), brought down
again and rove under the registering sheave in the heal of the boom,
thence through the dredging block at the boom end, and spliced into
the eye of the safety-hooks.
The boom is then topped up and secured over the side port by strong
fore-and-aft guys, the trawl shackled to the safety-hooks and swayed
up clear of the rail, a man at each end to steady it, an engineer at the
hoisting engine, and the officer in charge, as shown in Plate LX, ready
at the order to lower away.
TRAWLS.
The beam trawl, shown in Plate IX, is used by the Commission,
and, for moderate depths, has not been equaled by any other form.
Three sizes are used, the smallest with 9 feet length of beam, the second
with 11 feet, and the third 17 feet, the length of net from 15 feet to 40
feet. The trawl nets are invariably provided with pockets.
The Otter trawl has been used to advantage in shoal water, over
smooth bottom, when the capture of fish was the special object.
It is necessary for the successful operation of the beam trawl] that it
should land right side up. A capsize in moderate depths is rare, but
in deep water it may be considered as among the probabilities.
To avoid the vexatious delays attending accidents of this nature,
Professor Agassiz and the officers of the Blake devised a double trawl
which works equally well either side up and was subsequently used on
board that vessel with excellent results. It has also been used experi-
mentally by the vessels of the Commission, but they have not heretofore
operated in sufficient depths to make it a necessity.
DREDGES.
The common form of deep-sea dredge is used by the Commission, with
excellent results on sandy bottoms. The form designed by the officers
of the Blake, and used successfully on board that vessel, is adapted for
very soft bottoms usually encountered at great depths.
THE CHESTER RAKE DREDGE.
This arrangement of a double rake to be used in connection with a
dredge of any form is shown in Plate X and is very useful in bringing
[19] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 21
to the surface mollusks and various other forms living a few inches
under the mud or sand of the bottom.
The Blake dredge is usually preferred for use with the rake as it skims
over the bottom lightly, picking up what has been turned up by the
rake without overloading itself with mud.
THE TANGLE BAR.
The form of tangle bar used by the Commission was devised by Prof.
A. E. Verrill in 1873, and consists of an iron bar supported at each end
by a fixed wheel, or iron hoop. Six chains are attached to the bar at
intervals of one foot, and they are about 12 feet in length. To these
chains are secured deck-swabs or bundles of rope yarn at intervals of
about 18 inches. The apparatus is shown in Plate X, partially sus-
pended under the main boom. It is very useful on rocky bottoms where
it will capture specimens when no other device could be made available.
THE TABLE SIEVE.
‘Plate X1 shows the table sieve, as used by the Commission. The
hopper, with its coarse wire-gauze bottom, is seen in the foreground,
then the fine wire-gauze tray which rests beneath it, and finally the
table itself with its canvas bottom and hose from which the waste-water
is conducted to the scupper. This device is peculiar to the United
States Fish Commission, and has probably contributed as much towards
its success in deep-sea exploration as any single implement used. To
prepare the table sieve for service, the tray is placed in position, then
the hopper when it will assume the form shown in Plate XII. The con-
tents of the trawl (a mixture of mud and various forms of marine life)
being emptied into the latter, a stream of water is turned upon the mass
and the work of collection and assortment commences. The larger
forms are taken from the hopper, the smaller ones from the tray, while
the more minute and delicate specimens are found on the canvas bottom.
THE CRADLE SIEVE.
The cradle sieve is designed to receive the contents of the dredge, as
the table sieve does that of the trawl. Itis semicircular in form, as
shown in Plate XI; the bottom and sides being composed of a coarse
wire-gauze, lined with the same material, but very fine; the tray or
hopper has also a coarse gauze bottom.
To prepare the cradle sieve for use, the hopper is placed in position
and the sieve hung over the side, abreast of the dredging port. The
contents of the dredge being emptied into it, a stream of water, strong
or light as desired, is turned on as with the table sieve, the collection
and assortment being carried on in a similar manner.
DREDGING ARRANGEMENTS, MAIN DECK.
Plate XII shows a portion of the starboard side of the main deck as
arranged for dredging. The table sieve is seen standing abaft the
22 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20]
dredging port. On the swinging table which has been lowered from
the beams overhead is a nest of hand sieves and various sizes of jars,
bottles, and vials, used for preserving specimens. Deck tubs, buckets,
&ce., are at hand, and a tank of alcohol is secured on the boiler hatch.
The side ports are closed in the view, but if more light or air is required
they can be opened and secured by iron hooks suspended from the deck
beams.
SOUNDINGS AND SERIAL TEMPERATURES.
The vessels of the Commission have heretofore used the ordinary deep-
sea lead and line for soundings and serial temperatures, and in shoal
water it answered their purpose, but in depths exceeding 100 fathoms it
consumed much time and required nearly every man of the small crew
to haul the lead back.
During the season of 1879 a wooden reel was improvised, on which
the lead line was coiled and, by a simple attachment to the fly-wheel of
the hoisting engine was hove up rapidly, requiring the services of but two
men, one at the engine and one to attend the reel. This was a marked in-
provement over the old method, but as the work of the Fish Hawk was
expected to take her into 300 fathoms or more, it was deemed advisable
to substitute piano wire in place of hemp in order still further to facili-
tate the work of taking soundings and serial temperatures.
SOUNDING MACHINE.
The machine adopted is shown on a small seale in Plate X, where it
is mounted at the stern in readiness for casting the lead. The reel is
of cast brass 11.43 inches in diameter, and holds 600 fathoms of wire.
A friction line, led through a groove common to all sounding reels, con-
trols the motion. The cranks are thrown out of gear and hang verti-
cally one on each side. The register is on the left of the reel. A small
ratchet wheel and pawl hold the reel in place when desired.
On the extremity of the frame isa small grooved pulley of brass,
working in guides and suspended by a coiled spring which allows
several inches vertical play. A brass guard is fitted over the upper
portion of the pulley to prevent the wire from flying off if suddenly
slacked. The reel is moved by friction motion; a half turn of the right
erank ahead brings them both into action, the reverse motion throwing
them out, leaving the reel to revolve freely.
To prepare the machine for sounding, wind the wire on the reel, splice
on two or three fathoms of stray line, reeve it over the pulley and bend
on the lead and thermometer, the reel being held in position by the
ratchet and pawl. Pass the friction line over the groove, reverse the
pawl, attend the friction line, lowering the lead carefully to the water’s
edge, then set the register at zero and all will be ready for a cast. The
total weight of the apparatus is 96 pounds. The ordinary leads from
12 to 20 pounds weight are used, and, if specimens of the bottom are
\
{21] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 23
required, they are armed in the usual manner. This, however, is a
matter of little consequence, as the dredge or trawl invariably follows
the lead, from which specimens can be taken.
The machine described was purely experimental as we had no practical
knowledge of sounding machines or the use of piano wire. The results
were eminently satisfactory, and the little machine continued to do its
work well until finally we got into depths exceeding its capacity. We
then decided to have a larger one made embodying such improvements
as our experience suggested; the original being relegated to the stern,
where, with Bassnett’s patent atmospheric lead, it is still doing good
service as a navigational sounding machine by which we can ascertain
the depths to 25 or 30 fathoms while running at full speed.
The improved machine is shown on Plates XIII, XIV, and XV,
and its location on Plates land IX. It is constructed on the same
general plan as the original machine. The standard which ships in the
rail is of wrought iron screwed firmly into the base of the brass frame
that carries the reel. The frame above mentioned is cast in one piece,
is bored to receive the shaft, and has appropriate lugs for the pawl and
register. The reel is of cast brass, and will hold 2,000 fathoms of
sounding-wire, one fathom toa turn on the first layer, increasing as
the score is filled. It has also the usual friction groove, Plate XIV.
The cranks by which the reel is turned have friction surfaces, which
are brought into action by moving the right one-half a revolution ahead,
the left remaining clamped, as shown in Plate XIII; or it may be held
firmly inthe hand. The reverse motion releases the reel, and it revolves
freely without moving the cranks.
On the left of the frame, between it and the crank, is a worm-wheel
which operates the register, as shown in Plate XIII. ‘The ratchet and
pawl] are on the right, between the frame and crank.
The arm supporting the guiding pulley is of flat bar-iron, its lower
end riveted between lugs on the frame. The small metal block project-
ing from the arm is part of a tackle for suspending the reel when mount-
ing and dismounting. The guiding pulley is the same as that used in
the original machine, except that it carries a small arm near the upper
end of its shaft or spindle, which works through a slot in the casting, as
shown in Plate XIV. A small cord is attached to the arm and made
fast to the free end of the friction rope, the standing part being hooked
to a small metal eye in the frame over the reel.
By this arrangement the friction is intended to act automatically in
the following manner: The machine being ready for a cast the small fric-
tion line is hauled taut before the lead is bent, and while the guiding pul-
ley is up inits place. In this condition it requires a strong man to move
the reel, but, the lead being bent and suspended, it compresses the
spring and drags the pulley down sufficiently to slack the friction rope
and allow the reel to move with comparative freedom; the instant the
lead strikes the bottom, however, or the weight is removed from any
24 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22]
cause, the pulley flies up, putting a strain on the friction rope which
stops the reel at once. It acts also as a check in paying out, the fric-
tion being governed by the weight suspended on the guide pulley. The
reel is kept.in a tank of oil when not in use, to preserve the wire. By a
most ingenious arrangement, for which we are indebted to Mr. Tippet,
draughtsman at the ordnance department, Washington navy-yard, the
reel is unshipped by simply unscrewing one nut, shown in Plate XIII,
on the left crank, with a chain attached to prevent its loss by falling
overboard. The nut being unscrewed releases the shaft, which is drawn
out leaving the ratchet, worm-wheel, and left crank in position.
With the use of the tackle one man can easily ship and unship the
reel.
The comparative sizes of the ordinary deep-sea lead-line, hand-line
and sounding-wire are shown in Plate XIII.
Plate XIV shows the machine in position for heaving in.
Plate XV shows the machine in poition for sounding with the Bass-
net atmospheric lead, used for navigational purposes, when the vessel
is steaming abead at her usual speed.
When the machine is in place it turns freely, the guide-pulley taking
the direction of the wire if, from any cause, it trends out of the perpen-
dicular. A set-screw is provided in the rail bearing for clamping the
apparatus to steady it while heaving in. Total weight of the machine,
128 pounds.
PIANO-FORTE WIRE USED FOR SOUNDING.
The steel wire used for sounding and serial temperatures was pur-
chased of the Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Company, Worcester,
Mass. It is called No. 11, music, by the makers; is 0.028 of an inch in
diameter, tensile strength about 200 pounds, weight .0145 of a pound
to the fathom, or 14.5 pounds to the nautical mile.
The method of splicing is simple and effective. The ends of the wire,
for about 2 feet, are thoroughly cleaned, and laid together with about
eight turns ; the ends and two or three intermediate points are wound
with a few turns of very fine wire, and covered with solder, which is
smoothed with a knife or piece of sand-paper. As this form of splice is
smooth, flexible, and reliable, we have tried no other.
Slack-laid cod-line is used for stray-line, and is applied to the wire
in the following manner: The end of the wire is stuck twice against
the lay, about six inches from the end of the line, then passed with the
lay for six inches, the end stuck twice against the lay and served over
with seaming twine. The wire is then passed with the lay to the end
of the line, the strands trimmed down and served over with twine; a
seizing is also put on over the wire first stuck against the lay. This
makes a smooth and secure splice, which passes readily over the guide-
pwley without danger of catching under the guard.
[23] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 25
DEEP-SEA THERMOMETERS.
The Miller-Casella and Negretti & Zambra deep-sea thermometers
have been used by the vessels of the Commission. They are both ex-
cellent instruments, but the latter possessed some notable advantages
for the peculiar service required of them in the prosecution of our
work.
THE NEGRETTI & ZAMBRA DEEP-SEA THERMOMETER.
This thermometer is shown in Plate XVI; the tube removed from its
ease; the rubber guards taken off and laid beside it; the messenger be-
tween them. The metal case used by the Commission and the wooden
frame furnished by the manufacturers are shown. The spring and slip
hooks are removed from the former, and lie beside it.
The bulb containing the mercury is cylindrical; the neck much con-
tracted, and the tube near it bent in a peculiar manner, with a catch
reservoir at the bend. To take the temperature the bulb is held down-
ward, when the column of mercury in the tube will be in contact with
it. To register the temperature the instrumentis capsized; the column
breaking at the bend, falls to the bottom, and the scale is then read in
the usual manner, it being marked from the opposite end toward the
bulb.
The tube is completely inclosed in a glass shield, which protects it
from pressure, eliminating any errors that might arise from that cause ;
and in order to avoid sluggishness, the portion surrounding the bulb is
filled with mereury.
This thermometer, as mentioned above, registers by being capsized,
or turned with the bulb up, at the point where the temperature is to
be taken; and, to accomplish this, some device is necessary by which
the requisite movement will take place with certainty at the proper time.
For this purpose the manufacturers use a wooden frame containing a.
charge of shot, which moves freely from end to end, and is of sufficient
weight to leave the entire apparatus a slight buoyancy in sea water.
In using this instrument the end of the frame carrying the bulb is
made fast to the sounding-line and is pulled down in the descent; the
shot are at the lower end, and the buoyancy of the frame, added to the
friction of the water, keeps it in position.
The ascent is commenced with a quick pull of the line, which, by chang-
ing its center of gravity, causes the thermometer to capsize, the weight
of shot transferred to the lower end and friction of the water keeping
it in position. The ascent should be continuous after it commences, for
if the line is stopped or slacked from any cause the thermometer is lia-
ble to reverse, giving, of course, erroneous readings.
We experienced no trouble from this cause in smooth water, but in a
sea-way, with the vessels moving rapidly, the results were unsatistactory ;
in fact, totally unreliable. The frames soou became water-logged in
26 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [24]
depths of four or five hundred fathoms, which was another fruitful source
of error.
The accuracy of the thermometer itself and its extreme sensitiveness
made it particularly valuable to us where we required several tempera-
tures in rapid succession at moderate depths, provided we could control
its motions.
Several devices were tried, and finally a simple gas-pipe, seven-eighths
of an inch inside diameter, was adopted. Several holes were drilled in
the end inclosing the bulb, a slit cut in the side to expose the scale, and
a pair of slip-hooks held in position by a small spring placed in the
opposite end. The thermometer was then inserted; the rubber guards
used to protect the shield in the wooden frame serving not only to hold
it securely in place but to protect it from sudden jars, and a lanyard of
cod-line, spliced into the end carrying the bulb, completed the arrange-
ment.
THE MESSENGER.
The messenger used for capsizing the thermometer is of cast brass,
eylindrical in form, with rounded ends. It is about two inches in length,
one in diameter, and has a three-eighth-inch hole through its center, well
rounded at the ends to prevent catching on splices. Its weight is from
three to four ounces.
TO TAKE A DEEP-SEA TEMPERATURE.
Plate XIII shows both forms of the Negretti & Zambra thermome-
ter arranged for descent. In the modified form it is held firmly in
position by the slip-hooks through which the stray-line passes.
Having attained the proper depth, and sufficient time elapsed for the
thermometer to indicate the temperature, the messenger, which has
been resting in its cradle under the guide-pulley, is sent down the wire
and capsizes the thermometer by striking the slip-hooks and forcing
them open, when, having lost its support, the instrument promptly
reverses, as Shown in Plate XIV, where both forms are represented as
on the ascent.
All buoyancy being destroyed by substituting a metal case, the ther-
mometer is independent of the motions of the vessel either from rolling,
pitching, or drifting. The line may be stopped on the ascent or lowered
again without affecting the instrument in any way. We have taken
hundreds of temperatures with the apparatus described, under varying
couditions of wind and weather, with the most satisfactory results.
THE MILLER-CASELLA DEEP-SEA THERMOMETER.
Plate X VII shows this thermometer in its copper case used for deep-
sea work; also partially dismounted, to show the form of construction.
The magnet seen between the two instruments is used to adjust the
indices.
[25] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK.. 27
The following description is from Sigsbee’s ‘ Deep-sea Sounding and
Dredging:”
“A glass tube bent in the form of U is fastened to a vulcanite frame,
and to the latter are screwed white glass slabs containing the graduated
scales. Each limb of the tube terminates in a bulb. A column of mer-
eury occupies the bend and a part of the capillary tube of each limb.
‘The large bulb and its corresponding limb, above the mercury, are
wholly filled with a mixture of creosote and water; the opposite limb,
above the mercury, is partially filled with the same mixture, the remain-
ing space therein being occupied by compressed air. In the mixture,
on each side, is a steel index having a horse-hair tied around it near the
upper extremity. The ends of the elastic horse-hair, being held ina
pendent position by the inner walls of the tube, exert enough pressure
to oppose a frictional resistance to a movement of the index in elevation
or depression. As thus described, the instrument is a self-registering
maximum and minimum thermometer for ordinary use. The indications
are given by the expansion and contraction of the creosote and water
mixture in the large, full bulb. The instrument is set by bringing the
lower ends of the indices in contact with the mercury by means ofa
magnet provided for the purpose. Then, when,the instrument is sub-
mitted to a higher temperature, the expansion of the mixture in the
large bulb depresses the column of mercury on that side, and corre-
spondingly elevates it on the other side. A decrease of temperature
contracts the mixture in the large bulb, and by the elastic force of the
compressed air in the smaller bulb a transference of the column of mer-
cury takes place in precisely the reverse manner to that which occurs
on arising temperature. Thus the mercury rises in the left limb for a
lower, and in the right limb for a higher, temperature.
“The greater the change of temperature, the higher the point reached
in the respective limbs; hence, the scale on the left is graduated from
the top downwards, and that on the right from the bottom upwards.
The rising of the mercury in either limb carries with it the index of
that limb, and on the retreat of the mercury the index remains at the
highest point attained. The bottom of the index, being the part which
_has been in contact with the mercury, gives the point at which to take
the reading.”
The large bulb of these instruments is now protected from pressure
by a glass shield, with which it is covered; the space between shield
and bulb is nearly filled with aleohol, which acts as a transmitting me-
dium for temperature, performing the same function as the mereury in
the shield of the Negretti & Zambra thermometer. The shield above
mentioned has added much to the value of the instrument, as it has
practically eliminated errors arising from varying pressures.
This thermometer has been considered the standard for deep-sea work,
and where several are to be sent down on the same line, particularly
to great depths, it is unrivaled. It is not as sensitive as the Negretti
28 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [26]
& Zambra, but, under the above conditions, a delay of a few minutes
is not of great importance. The movable indices are a fruitful source
of annoyance and vexatious delay. An index may, without any appar-
ent cause, absolutely refuse to move in the tube; coaxing with the mag-
net is followed by lightly tapping the frame in the hand or swinging it
rapidly about the head, and, if this fails, more vigorous tapping is apt
to follow, with various active measures, none of which tend to improve
the general condition of the instrument.
The indices are also liable to move if the instrument is subjected to
rough treatment; this, however, is not of frequent occurrence with care-
ful handling.
Most of the minor casualties to which the instrument is liable are ap-
parent to the eye and are readily set right.
WATER DENSITIES.
Hilgard’s ocean salinometer (Plate X VIII) is used by the Commis-
sion for observing the density of sea-water. We found it difficult at
times to use this delicate instrument at sea, until we adopted the plan
of setting it on a nicely adjusted swinging stand, which rendered it to
a great extent independent of the movements of the vessel.
An excellent description of the apparatus is given by Professor J. E.
Hilgard in the Coast Survey Report for 1874, and reproduced in Sigsbee’s
Deep-sea Sounding and Dred ging, as follows:
The density of sea-water in different latitudes and at different depths
is an element of so great importance in the study of ocean physics as
to have caused a great deal of attention to be paid lately to its deter-
mination.
The instruments employed for the purpose have been, almost without
exception, areometers of various forms. The differences of density as
arising from saltness are so small that it is necessary to have a very
sensitive instrument. As the density of ocean water at the tempera-
ture of 60° Fahr. only varies between the limits of 1.024 and 1.029, it is
necessary, in order to determine differences to the hundredth part, that
we should be able to observe accurately the half of a unit in the fourth
decimal place. This gives a great extension to the scale and involves
the use of a series of floats, if the scale starts from fresh-water, or else
the instrument assumes dimensions which make it unfit for use on board
ship.
With a view to the convefient adaptation to practical use, this appa-
ratus has been devised for the Coast Survey by Assistant Hilgard.
The instrument consists of a single float about 9 inches in length.
The scale extends from 1.020 to 1.031, in order to give sufficient range
for the effect of temperature. Each unit in the third place, or thous-
andths of the density of fresh water, is represented by a length of 0.3
of an inch, which is subdivided into five parts, admitting of an accurate
(27] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 29
reading of a unit in the fourth place of decimals by estimation. The
float is accompanied by a copper can, with a thermometer inserted
within the cavity, which is glazed in front. In use the can is nearly
filled with water, so as to overflow when the float is inserted, the read-
ing being then taken with ease at the top of the liquid. For conven.
ience and security two such floats and the can are packed together in a
suitable case, and a supply of floats and thermometers, securely packed
in sawdust, is kept on hand to replace the broken ones.
The following table has been derived from the observations of the
expansibility of sea-water, made by Prof. J. S. Hubbard, U.S. N. Col-
umn II contains a table of reductions for temperature of salinometer
readings to the standard of 60° Fahr. To facilitate the use of this table
the following directions are given:
Reeord the actual observation of hydrometer and thermometer.
From Column II (which is applicable to any degree of saltness within
the given limits) take the number corresponding to the observed tem-
perature, and multiply this number by the number of degrees and frae-
tions of a degree that the observed temperature differs from 60°. Ap--
ply this product as a correction, with proper sign, to the reading of the
salinometer, and the result will be the reading of the salinometer at
the standard temperature of 60° Fahr.
EXAMPLE.—Actual reading of thermometer=80°.5; actual reading of
salinometer= 1.02425,
Opposite 80°.5 in column II is +0.0001585, which, multiplied by 20.5,
gives as a product +0.003249. Add this to the observed reading of
salinometer, and 1.02750 will result as the reading of the salinometer at
the standard temperature.
for
to
for |
|
to |
to
reduction to
60°,
reduction
60°.
reduction
60°.
60°.
Coefficients for
reduction
Temperature.
Temperature.
Coefficients for
Coefficients
Coefficients
Temperature.
| Temperature.
50 | —0. 000108 || 60 | +0.000000 || 70 | +0.000145 | 20 | +0. 000158
51 | —0.000110 |; 61 | +0. 000130 || 71 | +0.000146 | 81) +0. 000159
52 | —0. 000112 |) 62 | +0. 000135 || 72 | +0. 000147 || +0. 000160
53 | —0. 000113 || 63 | +0. 000137 || 73 | +0.000148 | 83 | +0. 600162
54 | —0.000115 || 64 | +0. 000137 || 74 | +0. 000149 |, 84 +0. 000163
55 | —0.000118 || 65 | +0. 000138 || 75 | +0.000151 || 85 | +0. 000164
56 | —0. 000120 |} 66 | +0. 000140 || 76 | +0. 000152 || 86 | +0. 000166
57 | —0. 000120 |} 67 | +4-0.000141 || 77 | +0. 008154 | 87 | +0. 000167
|
oO
bo
| —0. 000120 || 68 | +0.000142 || 78 | +0. 000156 || 88 | +0. 000168
| 59 | —0. 000120 || 69 | +0. 000143 || 79 | +0. 000157 89 | +0. 000170
! | | I |
A method quite different in practice for determining the density of
sea-water has been suggested by Prof. Wolcott Gibbs, of Harvard Uni-
versity. It depends upon the determination of the index of refraction
by means of an angular instrument similar to the sextant. As all navi-
gators are familiar with the use of the sextant, and as the observation
ean be made without hinderance from the motion of the ship, this form
of the instrument may be found to possess certain advantages.
£0 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [28]
NoreE In 1876.—When the table of reductions for temperature above
given was constructed, the investigations relative to the same subject
made by Thorpe and Riicker (Royal Society’s Proceedings, January, 1876)
were not known. The following comparison of the results of the experi-
ments onthe thermal dilation of sea-water,as taken from Professor Hub-
bard’s tables, and as derived from the results of Thorpe and Riicker,
shows the differences within the range of temperature covered by our
table of corrections:
|
|
|
2 Volume.
& Thorpe
= | Hubbard. and
a Ricker.
fe)
| 50 0. 99895 0. 99902
| 55 | 9. 99943 0, 99946
| 60 1. 00000 1. 09000
| 65] 1. 00667 1. 00059
70 | 1. 00142 1. 00127
75 1. 00221 1. 00205
80 1. 00309 1. 00280
| 85 1. 00402 1. 00364
|
|
|
DEPARTURE OF THE VESSEL FROM WILMINGTON.
At4p.m. July 29, 1880, the Fish Hawk left the builder’s yard for
Newport, R. L., the headquarters of the Commission for the season.
The hatching machinery was not entirely complete, but the dredging
apparatus was in place, and it was considered advisable to leave at once,
returning for the remainder of her hatching outfit after completing her
work of deep-sea exploration for the season.
The weather was clear and pleasant, with a gentle breeze from NW.
The vessel attained a speed of 7 to 8 knots during the night, the engines
working smoothly. Passed Cape Henlopen at 11.20 p. m., Absecon at
4.50, and Barnegat at 8.35 a. m. July 30. The position at noon was
latitude 40° 06/ N., longitude 73° 09’ W., 177 miles from Wilmington,
giving an average speed of 8.55 miles per hour.
Ato p.m. passed Fire Island light-house, and between 5 and 6 ob-
served azimuths of the sun on such courses as we would require during
the trip for the purpose of ascertaining the deviation of our compasses,
July 31, at 12.25 a. m., passed Montauk Point, at 3.30 Point Judith, at
4.15 Beaver Tail, and at 4.40 a. m. anchored in Dutch Island Harbor for
the purpose of cleaning and painting ship.
Monday, August 2, got under way and steamed to Newport, the head-
quarters of Commission, and reported for duty in connection with deep-
sea exploration.
The weather was unsettled and rainy during the 3d, 4th, and 5th,
elearing during the night of the latter date, and on Friday, the 6th, we
left the wharf at 8.35 a. m., with the naturalists on board, for our first
lredging expedition of the season. It was an experimental trip for the
[29] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. ol
purpose of testing the mechanical appliances, which were mostly new.
Three hauls of the dredge and three of the trawl were taken in the
channel to the westward of Canonicut Island, in from 8 to 12 fathoms
of water, returning to port at 3.58 p. m.
Slight modifications were found necessary in the arrangement of lead-
ing blocks, accumulator, &c. The sounding apparatus was easily opera-
ted by one man, doing its work satisfactorily. In fact, the experience
of the day satisfied us that with the modifications mentioned above,
the apparatus would answer the purpose for which it was designed.
Six hauls of the dredge and trawl were taken on the 7th, in the
channel between Fort Adams and the Dumplings, in from 17 to 27 fath-
oms of water. Great numbers of specimens were taken, sufficient to
keep the scientific corps fully employed’ in the laboratory for several
days. -
On Friday, the 10th, the weather being favorable, the ship was swung
under steam, and azimuths taken on every point to determine the devi-
ation of compasses.
Thursday, August 12, took six hauls of the dredge and trawl in the
sound, about three miles to the southward of Brenton’s Reef light-ship,
in from 16 to 19 fathoms. The trawl fouled a wreck during the day,
detaining us several hours in vain efforts to clearit. Failing in this, we
hove in all slack line and backed the engines till the dredge rope parted,
josing the trawl and about 15 fathoms of rope.
Five hauls of the trawl and dredge were taken on the 15th, about 5
miles to the southward and eastward of the light-ship, in from 18 to 20
fathoms; and seven hauls on the 14th, in the vicinity of Point Judith,
in from 18 to 19 fathoms. Four hauls were taken in various localities
in Narragansett Bay on Monday, the 16th, and on the 17th, eight hauls
on Brown’s Ledge, from 8 to 12 miles SW. by W. of the Vineyard Sound
light-ship, in from 11 to 22 fathoms.
Wednesday, August 18, took four hauls of dredge and trawl, about
20 miles S.SE. of Block Island, in from 27 to 29 fathoms of water.
Thursday and Friday, the 19th and 20th, the naturalists were occupied
in the examination and preservation of specimens. Saturday, the 21st,
was foggy and rainy, the weather clearing during Sunday, and on
Monday, the 25d, three hauls were taken between Narragansett Pier and
Point Judith. A heavy swell prevailing in that locality, we ran into
Narragansett Bay, where four hauls were taken in from 11 to 15
fathoms.
Thursday, the 24th, five hauls were taken from 1 to 3 miles to the
eastward of Block Island, in from 13 to 22 fathoms, and on the follow-
ing day one haul in the same vicinity, when, being overtaken by a heavy
squall of wind and rain, we were forced to stop work and start for port:
We had heavy rain and a dense fog all the way in, the weather clearing
after we reached the harbor. We were detained in port the following
day by a heavy swell in the sound, and, on the 27th, finding an uncom.
32 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [30]
fortable sea outside, we ran into the Sakonnet River and took ten hauls
of the dredge and trawl between its mouth and Gould Island.
The naturalists were employed in the laboratory on Saturday, and we
were detained by unfavorable weather on Monday, but Tuesday, the
3ist, was more favorable, and ten hauls of the trawl and dredge were
taken in the channel between the Dumplings and Beaver Tail, and
various localities in Narragansett Bay, in from 8 to 27 fathoms. On
the following day, September 1, ten hauls were made between the
Dumplings and Beaver Tail, in from 3 to 20 fathoms. The naturalists
were occupied the following day in the laboratory, and on the 3d six
hauls of the trawl and dredge were taken at the entrance to Vineyard
Sound, from 3 to 4 miles to the southward of Cuttyhunk, in 17 fathoms.
At 3.30 p. m. we started for Wood’s Holl, arriving at 4.30, when pre-
liminary examinations of the harbor, &c¢., were made, with a view of
stationing the ship at this place for codfish hatching during the coming
winter.
At 5.15 p. m. left Wood’s Holl, and started for latitude 40° 04/
N., longitude 70° 23’ W., the locality where the first tile fish (Lopho-
latilus chameleonticeps) were reported to have been taken. We passed
Gay Head at 7,05 p. m., and slowed down to about 3 knots between
that point and No Man’s Land, to allow surface towing by the natural-
ists, Which resulted in the capture of some interesting specimens. The
vessel was then put at a speed of 8 knots per hour for the night, in
order to reach the desired position at daylight. The wind was light
to moderate from SW., but there was quite a heavy cross swell from
SE. to SW., increasing as we left the land, and, during the latter
part of the night the vessel was rolling and pitching in a most lively
manner.
At 4.50 a. m., September 4, stopped, latitude 40° 04’ N., longitude
70° 23’ W., cast the lead in 65 fathoms’ sand, and lowered the
trawl with most satisfactory results. Four miles south we found 192
fathoms; eight hauls were taken during the day between the depths
above mentioned.
The results were remarkable, and the temptation to seek greater depths
almost irresistible, but we had 300 fathoms of dredge rope only on the
reel, and were obliged to confine ourselves within moderate depths.
The bottom and intermediate temperatures were unreliable owing to
the use of the Negretti-Zambra deep-sea thermometer in a sea-way, the
motion-of the vessel being liable to capsize it at any time. It was the
results of this day’s work that led us to devise some plan by which this
admirable thermometer could be used under all conditions of wind and
weather.
The sounding and dredging apparatus which had heretofore been used
in depths of but 30 fathoms or less, worked so well that we concluded
to double their present capacity by adding to the length of rope and
sounding wire.
[31] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 33
At 1.40 p. m. we started for port, about 100 miles distant. The
weather was clear at this time, but about 5 p. m.a heavy bank rose
rapidly ahead, the wind veering to NW. At 7 p. m. the sky was
entirely overcast with a light mist and drizzling rain, and at 10 p. m.
a dense fog closed in. The speed was reduced and the fog-whistle
sounded at short intervals.
At 3.30 a. m., September 5, stopped near Brenton’s Reef light-ship to
wait for daylight or the fog to lift; and, although frequently within a
ship’s length of the vessel, we could not see the lights. In fact, we
saw the vessel herself for an instant only, after daylight, when we
were less than a hundred feet from her. I mention this as an illustra-
tion of the density of coast fogs and the difficulties attending naviga-
tion during their prevalence.
After daylight we ran in by compass, catching an occasional glimpse
of points as we passed up channel, and finally arrived at the wharf at
7.15 a. m.
We were employed Monday and Tuesday, the 6th and 7th, coaling
ship; were detained by unsettled weather till the 12th, when, at 6.40
p. m., we left port for another off-shore trip.
While in port we doubled the length of our dredge rope by splicing
300 fathoms to that already on the reel, increased the length of wire
on the sounding machine to something over 600 fathoms, and adopted
a simple spring catch or detaching arrangement by which the Negretti
& Zambra thermometer could be held firmly in position until the proper
time to register the temperature by reversing it; this being accom-
plished (as explained in the description of the Negrette & Zambra ther-
mometer as used by us at present) by sending a small weight or mes-
senger down on the wire, detaching the spring catch by impact, and
freeing the upper end, when, being inclosed in a metal case without
bouyancy, it promptly reverses, thus registering the temperature.
At 5.35 a. m. on the 13th we cast the lead in 100 fathoms—latitude
40° 02’ N., longitude 70° 57’ W.—and sent the trawl down. Nine
hauls were taken during the day in from 85 to 325 fathoms, within a
radius of 7 or 8 miles, everything working satisfactorily in depths less
than 200 fathoms; but our first attempt in deeper water resulted in
numerous kinks in the rope and several turns around the trawl, which,
of course, came up empty. A little caution in paying out the rope was
all that was necessary, and we had no further trouble from those causes.
We had provided ourselves with a quantity of menhaden for bait,
and, during the morning, set a trawl line in 126 fathoms—latitude 39°
57’ O07” N., longitude 70° 56’ W.—for the purpose of catching tile-fish
(Lopholatilus chamcleonticeps). The line was down 45 minutes, and on
hauling it up three tile-fish were taken. Three more got off the hooks
after coming to the surface and were lost. There were numerous skate
and hake on the line, and the bait was gone from most of the hooks.
The line was set again in the afternoon in 250 fathoms—latitute 39°
S. Mis. 110 3
34 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [32]
48/ 30’ N., longitude 70° 54’ W.—without success, so far as tile-fish were
concerned. There were, however, several hake and skate taken, show-
ing that the line reached the bottom.
One of the tile-fish taken in the morning was boiled for, dinner and
served with egg sauce. The flesh was white and firm, bearing a strong
resemblance to codfish in texture and flavor, though somewhat coarser.
Work was continued till 6 p. m., when the vessel was headed for port.
It was evident, from a rapidly falling barometer and other indications,
that a change of weather was impending. At nine o’clock the sky was
overcast, threatening rain.
At 1 a.m. on the 14th the wind veered to northwest with thick rainy
weather. We made Block Island light at 1.45, and at 2.40 were struck
by a furious squall of wind and rain, with incessant thunder and light-
ning, followed by a dense fog. Between three and four o’clock, while
passing several miles to the eastward of the island, a large pyramid of
light was observed on shore, penetrating the dense fog and illuminating
our surroundings, increasing the range of vision from a few yards to at
least half a mile in every direction, and toward the island toa much
greater extent. We could not detect a distinct flame or discover the
source of light, but learned subsequently that it was caused by the burn-
ing of a hotel. The possibility of penetrating and illuminating a dense
fog by the use of powerful lights was practically demonstrated by the
occurrence above mentioned.
The wind veered to the northward and eastward, increasing rapidly,
till at 7.15, upon our arrival in port, it was blowing a gale, which con-
tinued with greater or less violence till the 16th, detaining the vessel in
port.
Friday, September 17, was clear and pleasant, with light winds.
At 10.17 a. m. we left the wharf with a number of gentlemen on board,
and steamed up the bay, where hauls were made with the beam trawl,
otter trawl, dredge, and rake dredge. Our system of sounding and
taking serial temperatures, the preservation of specimens, &c., were ex-
plained to the guests, and at 4.15 p. m. we returned to port.
The 18th and 19tl were occupied by the naturalists in preserving speci-
mens, and we were detained on the 20th by fog.
At 9.15 a. m. on the 21st we left the wharf and steamed to the south-
ward of Block Island, where we took five hauls of the trawl and dredge
in from 11 to 19 fathoms water. A heavy southwest swell made it ex-
cessively uncomfortable on board, and, at times, almost impossible to
carry on the work. We returned to our wharf at7 p. m., the results of
the day’s work having been very satisfactory.
At 11 a. m. on the 22d we left for Wood’s Holl with the Commissioner
on board, arriving at 4.15 p.m. An inspection was made with the view
of establishing an experimental station for codfish hatching during the
coming winter.
We left Wood’s Holl at 1.15 p. m. on the 23d, arriving in Newport at
[33] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 35
5.30 p. m., when fires were hauled to clean the boiler, and this opportu-
nity was taken to make some needed repairs to machinery, which were
completed on the 25th.
Preparations were made for an off-shore trip on the 26th, but we were
detained by unsettled weather, fogs, or strong winds till October 1, when
at 4.30 p. m. we left the wharf and proceeded to sea.
The local deviation of our compasses was accurately obtained and tab-
ulated upon our arrival at the station, but later in the season it became
evident that it was changing, at least, on the north and south courses,
and, to ascertain the actual error, azimuths were observed on the points
between S. and SW. and N. by EH. to NNW., the result showing a de-
crease of 2° to 3° on those points.
When the above observations were completed we steamed to the south.
ward, and at 5.40 a. m. on the 2d cast the lead and put the trawl over,
in latitude 39° 46’ N., longitude 71° 10’ W., in between 300 and 400 fath-
oms, bringing up a heavy load of soft mud with but few specimens.
The depth was uncertain, as the sounding-wire parted at 310 fathoms
before reaching bottom.
At 8.40 a. m. the trawl was cast again in latitude 59° 46’ N., longitude
71° 05’ W., in 487 fathoms, mud and small stones. A large number and
great variety of specimens were brought up.
At 11.23 a, m. the trawl was cast again in 39° 52/ 20” N., 70° 58’ W.,
372 fathoms, bringing up mud, sand, and a fewesmall stones.
Another haul was taken at 1.10 p. m.—latitude 39° 53’ N., longitude 70°
58/ 30” W.—in 365 fathoms, sand and mud; and another at 3.17 p. m.—
latitude 39° 56’ 30” N., longitude 70° 59/ 45’ W.—in 238 fathoms, sand
and mud. The hauls were all successful, but the last was the largest
of the season, both in numbers and species. The weight in the net was
so great that it required considerable time and great care to land it
safely on deck. This being,accomplished, we started at 5.25 p. m. for
port, arriving at 5 a. m. on the morning of the 5d.
The 4th and 5th were occupied in coaling ship; the 6th in taking on
board specimens of natural history, the result of the season’s work, des-
tined for New Haven and Washington, and making preparations for sea.
At 6.05 a. m., October 7th, we left Newport for New Haven, arriving
at 3.50 p. m., and remained over night.
The articles consigned to Prof. A. E. Verrill were delivered, and, at
7.30 a. m., October 8th, we left for New York, arriving at the navy-yard
at 2.30 p. m., where we took on board a supply of paymaster’s stores,
water, &e.
We left at 4.20 p. m. on the 12th for Wilmington, Del., to complete
the hatching machinery left unfinished on our departure in July.
The weather was clear with a moderate gale blowing from NW. It
was a fair wind, however, and by hugging the coast we had comparatively
smooth water till we opened out Delaware Bay, where we encountered
a heavy sea, which tested the strength and weatherly qualities of the
vessel.
36 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [34]
At 8 a.m. on the 13th we passed inside the capes, and at 4.50 p. m.
arrived at the Pusey & Jones Company’s works, Wilmington, Del.
Work was resumed at once on the hatching machinery. Some slight
repairs were made about the engines, and such modifications as the
season’s experience suggested were adopted.
The work was completed on the 13th of November, and at 8.50 a. m.
on the 14th we left for Washington, D. C.
The weather was unsettled, and finding cautionary signals flying at
the cape we deemed it advisable to wait for a change. We anchored
inside the breakwater at 4.30 p. m., remaining till 7.50 p. m. the follow-
ing day, when, the weather having partially cleared, and the cautionary
signals lowered, we got under way and proceeded to sea.
After clearing Cape Henlopen a course was laid which would carry
the vessel off shore, intending to make a depth of from 100 to 200 fath-
oms water by daylight, when we proposed to try the dredge and trawl.
We encountered a heavy southerly swell during the night, but it
moderated towards morning, and at 9.20 a. m.—latitude 37° 26’ north,
longitude 74° 19’ west—cast the trawl in 56 fathoms, sand and shells.
Six hauls were taken during the day, in from 300 fathoms down to 18,
with most satisfactory results ; several new species were added to the
marine fauna of the coast, and some were found new to science.
The last haul in 18 fathoms was taken after dark for the purpose of
ascertaining whether a ggeater number of fish would be taken than dur-
ing daylight. Wesawno perceptible difference, but a single haul would
hardly be significant either way.
The trawl was up at 7.30 p. m., and the vessel headed for land, pass-
ing inside the capes of the Chesapeake at 12.55 a. m., the 17th. At 10.45
a.m. we anchored off Saint Jerome Creek, and sent a party in with the
steam cutter to bring out a barge belonging to the Commission, which
we were directed to tow to Washington. They found her lying in a
bad position, pretty well filled with water, and the tide ebbing and flow-
ing through the open seams in her sides and bottom.
The water was finally bailed out, the worst leaks temporarily stopped,
and at high tide, about 2 a. m. on the 18th, an attempt was made to
tow her out; but the channel had become filled with sand, making it.
narrow for her to pass.
She was taken back to her old station and anchored again, and, at
low tide, all our available force was put to work with shovels to widen
the channel. It was high tide again between two and three o’clock in
the afternoon, when we succeeded in getting her out, reaching the ship
at 5 p. m., having kedged off against a fresh northeast wind, and quite
a heavy swell. As soon as the barge was fast astern the boats were
hoisted and we got under way for the Potomac.
It was blowing a moderate gale from northeast by this time, with a
drizzling rain, and the night was intensely dark; the seawas quite rough,,
causing the vessel to roll heavily, and soon filling the barge with water.
We had two hawsers fast to her, but one parted when we were off Point
[35] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 37
Lookout; the other held, however, and at 7.25 p. m. we anchored in Corn-
field Harbor for the night. The wind had backed to northwest by this
time, and was blowing a fresh gale, causing quite a swell, but we rode
it out very comfortably. Working parties were kept bailing the water
out of the barge during the night.
We got under way at 6.35 a.m. on the 19th, and, with the barge in
tow, started for Washington.
At 8 a. m. the United States Fish Commission steamer Lookout
steamed out of Saint Mary’s River, and coming within hail informed us
that she had amailforthe ship. It was still blowing fresh, with a heavy
swell in our exposed position, so she was directed to follow us under the
lee of Piney Point, where the mail was transferred, and she was directed
to make the best of her way to Washington. We were obliged to run
at about half speed, owing to the bad condition of the barge, and work-
ing parties were pumping and bailing during the day. At 5.20 p.m. we
anchored off Indian Head for the night.
At 7.20 a.m. on the 20th we were under way again and arrived at
the navy-yard, Washington, D. C., at 1.40 p. m.
The specimens of natural history and other articles consigned to the
Smithsonian Institution were landed on the 22d. We coaled ship on the
26th and 27th.
Arrangements were made with the authorities at the navy-yard to
caulk the main deck, and the crew were actively employed refitting ship
until 9 a. m., December 4, when we left for the Lower Potomac on duty
connected with the artificial propagation of oysters at Saint Jerome
Creek.
At 7.15 p. m. anchored in Saint Mary’s River for the night. At 8p.
m. the Lookout arrived and anchored near this vessel. The weather
was thick and rainy, with a fresh breeze from the eastward.
On Sunday morning, December 5, the Lookout went into Smith’s
Creek, where she could find a more secure harbor, and this vessel fol-
lowed her on the morning of the 6th, the weather still rainy and unset-
tled, with a heavy swell in the bay.
The object of the expedition was to dredge a quantity of oysters and
plant them at the station in Saint Jerome Creek, for the purpose of in-
vestigation and artificial propagation during the folldwing spring and
summer; but unfavorable weather forced us to seek a harbor, and on
the 7th the wind veered to northwest, blowing afresh gale, with very
cold weather, ice forming rapidly. On the 9th, when the gale moder-
ated, the oyster-pond was frozen over, obliging us to abandon the at-
tempt to carry out the object of the expedition at that time.
It was desirable to test the practical working of our dredging appa-
ratus, and for that purpose we put it in operation on the banks be-
tween Smith’s Creek and Point Lookout for about three hours, the result
being 75 bushels of oysters, dead shells, &e., and 25 bushels of market-
able oysters.
38 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [36]
Having satisfied ourselves as to the working of our apparatus we
started at 1 p. m. for Washington, anchoring at 9.20 p.m. off Nanjemoy
Point for the night. The weather was clear and cold, ice making rap-
idly along the shores.
At daylight on the morning of the 10th we got under way and steamed
up the river. At 9.30 spoke the Lookout off Quantico. They reported
the river frozen above that place, and that they were unable to go any
farther. We then steamed up to Stump Neck, but were obliged to re-
turn, the sharp young ice cutting the unprotected planking of the ves-
sel’s sides like a knife.
Having anchored off Quantico, the Lookout, which was short of coal,
was taken alongside and a sufficient quantity transferred to her bunk-
ers. I took the train for Washington to confer with the Commissioner
as to the future movements of the vessels, and, returning at 12.30 p. m.
the following day, both vessels were got under way for Norfolk, Va.
There was considerable floating ice about us at this time, and the
river was frozen over both above and below. The ice was not more
than 2 inches in thickness, and our engines would have forced us through
it without the least difficulty, but, owing to the fact that our metal
sheathing was below the water line, there was every probability that
the vessel would sustain serious damage if we made the attempt.
Fortunately the Lady of the Lake, an iron steamer, was seen approach-
ing, and following in her wake we finally reached clear water and
arrived at our destination, the Norfolk navy-yard, at 7.50 a. m. on the
12th, with the Lookout in company. Both vessels were carefully ex-
amined on the 15th to ascertain the damage by ice. This vessel was
repaired by the naval constructor at an expense of $285. The Lookout
was repaired by our own mechanics without expense to the government.
The weather during the remainder of the month was unusually severe;
navigation became very difficult in the Potomac, and considerable ice
formed even in Norfolk.
We were actively employed, when the weather permitted, in painting
and refitting both vessels, the work being in progress at the close of
this report, December 31, 1880.
REMARKS BY MR. RICHARD RATHBUN ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS
OF THE SEASON’S EXPLORATIONS.
The explorations carried on in Narragansett Bay, and to the eastward
and southward of Block Island, demonstrated the existence of a fauna
similar to that previously discovered by the Fish Commission, in and
about Vineyard Sound (1871 and 1875) and in Block Island Sound and
the neighboring regions (1874), the species differing more or less, how-
ever, according to the depth and character of the bottom on which they
lived. No new species of fish were found in these inshore dredgings, and
most of the invertebrates obtained were identical with already known
[37] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 3g
species. Sufficiently large collections of fish and invertebrates were
made to properly illustrate the fauna of the region.
The three trips of the Fish Hawk to the inner edge of the Gulf
Stream slope, on September 4 and 13 and October 2, resulted in the
discovery of a new and exceedingly rich marine fauna, quite excelling
anything hitherto encountered by the Fish Commission off the New
England coast. In fact, the region opened up by these off-shore dredg-
ings may be fairly regarded as the most interesting and prolific of any
yet explored upon our northern coasts, both as regards the number of
species found and the abundance of specimens. Several hundred spe-
cies of both fish and invertebrates were taken by means of the dredge
and beam trawl, the larger share being new additions to the fauna of
Southern New England, and a considerable proportion entirely new to
science. The bottom appeared to be nearly continuously covered with
life, as the dredge and trawl seldom came to the surface without a load
of interesting forms, demonstrating that the region was eminently well
fitted as a feeding ground for fish, of which several edible species were
taken by the Fish Hawk.
Attention was first called to this region in the winter of 1878-79, by
the discovery there of a new species of food-fish—the so-called tile fish
(Lopholatilus chameleonticeps Goode and Bean)—by a Gloucester fishing
schooner, commanded by Captain Kirby. This fish, which is quite un-
like any other species occurring on the New England coast, ranges in
size very much like the cod, specimens having been taken weighing all
the way from 3 to 60 pounds. Its flesh is white and firm in texture, and
by many who have tried it is considered good eating. It can be salted
and dried like the cod.
The main object of the Fish Hawk, in visiting this section of the Gulf
Stream slope, was to ascertain the distribution and abundance of the
tile fish, and the character of its feeding grounds, which, as stated above,
were found to be very rich. A comparison of the various animals ob-
tained from there with those brought in by the Gloucester fishermen
from the great fishing banks off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland indi-
cates that a close resemblance exists between these two regions, and very
many of the species of animals are identical in both. As the tile fish
cannot be taken in the dredges and beam trawls commonly used in ex-
ploring the sea bottom, an ordinary cod trawl-line, with several hundred
hooks, baited with menhaden, was set for about an hour in 100 fathoms
of water, on one of the trips, and three fine specimens secured, together
with other species of bottom-feeding fish. Otherwise, the natural his-
tory investigations were conducted entirely by means of the dredge
and beam trawl. :
The bottom in the region explored, which, beyond the 75 to 100 fathom
line, forms quite a rapid slope, differs considerably in character in dif-
ferent localities. In some places it has a smooth surface, formed of fine
compact sand, with more or less mud and fragments of shells, and some-
40 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [38]
times with small stones. In others it consists of softer mud and sand,
or is covered with broken shells and great quantities of sponges, hy-
droids, and worm tubes. Both the sand and mud generally contain a
large percentage of calcareous foraminifera, some of which are of un-
usually large size. The mud in some places also yields innumerable
quantities of large sand-covered rhizopods, which vary greatly in form,
some being irregularly branched or rudely stellate, and others simply
rod-like, and measuring at times nearly an inch long.
An especial feature of several of the muddy localities was a large
round worm tube, resembling a goose-quill both in texture and consist-
ency. These tubes, which belong to a new species of the genus Hyali-
nacia, often came up by the thousands, sometimes composing fully half
the contents of the trawl. They frequently measure over a foot in length
and are nearly straight, but somewhat larger at one end than at the
other. They live free upon the bottom, probably, as a rule, lying flat
upon the mud, the worms being able to drag them about. These tubes
afford attachment to many species of invertebrates, belonging to the
groups of hydroids, actinians, and sponges. Another common inhabit-
ant of the muddy bottoms, giving shelter to numerous species of worms,
actinians, and mollusks, was the beautiful gorgonian, or bush coral,
Acanella Normani, previously known from the northern fishing banks.
A large cup coral of rather fragile texture, the Flabellum Goodei, oc-
curred abundantly on some of the muddy bottoms, and was taken in
large quantities, though generally in a fragmentary condition.
The mollusca were the most prolific of all the groups, as regards the
number of forms taken, 175 species having been secured on the three
trips. Of these, 115 species were new to the fauna of Southern New
England, and 48 species entirely undescribed. Among the mollusca
were 8 species of cephalopods, including 3 genera new to the New Eng-
land coast. One of the species was a large and curious form of Octopus
(Alloposus mollis), with the arms joined together by a web. Many frag-
ments and several nearly perfect specimens of the paper nautilus (Ar-
gonauta argo) were obtained from the deeper hauls. Some of the species
of Octopus and squids were quite abundant.
The crustacean fauna of this region was very rich in the number of
species and individuals. The majority of the forms obtained belonged
to the decapoda or higher crustacea, the species of schizopoda, cuma-
cea, and amphipoda being comparatively few in number. The echino-
derms were represented by a large number of species, many of which
were new to the region and to science. Several of the species of star-
fishes and ophiurans, and a species of crinoid (Antedon Sarsit) frequently
occurred in such extreme abundance as to form a very conspicuous feat-
ure of the hauls. One new species of starfish, the Archaster Ameri-
canus, Sometimes appeared by the thousands, and other new species, as
well as several species previously known only from occasional specimens
brought in from the fishing banks off Nova Scotia, were very common.
About 50 species of fish were taken in the beam trawl beyond the 100-
[39] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 41
fathom line, the larger proportion being new additions to the fauna of
Southern New England, and including at least 5 new genera and 18 new
species. One interesting form was the pole flounder, common in the
deeper parts of Massachusetts Bay and the Gulf of Maine, and of which
both young and adult individuals were secured.
At each dredging station, collections were made with the towing net,
which is designed to scoop in the free-swimming forms, living at the sur-
face and at intermediate depths. It was used at the surface, at depths
of 5 and 10 fathoms, and near the bottom, for the latter purpose having
been attached to the dredge line a short distance above the dredge or
trawl. The animals obtained by this means were mostly jelly fishes,
pteropods, heteropods, salpz worms, larval crustaceans of the higher
orders, and copepods, the latter frequently occurring in countless num-
bers. They serve as food for the surface-swimming fish, such as the men-
haden and mackerel.
Many of the species found in this new faunal region are arctic, or be-
long to the colder waters of the Atlantic coast of Europe, or to the Med-
iterranean. Others again are more tropical, being related to southern
or West Indian forms. Some of the commoner forms of crustacea and
echinoderms are identical with species described from off the Florida
coast. Thesurface species belong mainly to the Gulf Stream fauna.
The mass of material taken on these three trips was very great, fill-
ing several hundred jars, and a greater number of small bottles and
homeopathic vials, as well as many large tanks. The proper working
up of this material requires the expenditure of much time and labor, and
while several hundred species have already been recognized and de-
scribed, large quantities of the smaller and more obscure forms still await
elaboration.
The few dredgings made November 16, off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay,
in depths of 18 to 300 fathoms, gave very interesting results, especially
in the greater depths, where nearly all the species secured were identical
with those from the more northern localities, the character of the bottom
being also the same. <A large amount of material was obtained for a
single day’swork. All the species have not yet been worked out, but the
identifications, so far as they have been made, indicate that the several
groups of invertebrates are represented by about the following number
of species: The mollusea by 48 species, including three species of squids
and two of Octopus; the echinoderms by 19 species; the polyps by 6
species; and the hydroids by two species. The singular tube-dwelling
worm of the north, Hyalinecia artifex, was also very abundant in this
region, aS were other associated species of worms.
Synopsis of the steam log of the United States Fish Commission steamer Fish
Hawk, for the year ending December 31, 1880.
SLPOKS Ob PIStON IN deShriaseo i ee OL Sele. 2
Number of condensing cylinders..:.-.222.....--.---.- 2
Diameter of condensing cylinders in inches......-.----- 22
42 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [40]
Mean point of steam cut-off from commencement of stroke
Obpiston In Anehes. 2 264. ow = alate ees ees oe 10.
Mean number of holes of ‘‘ throttle” valve open.. .---. 2.
Mean vacuum in condenser, in inches of mercury. .-...- 23.
Mean steam pressure in boilers, while engines were in oper-
SB RIenIte eee A henna p meraia acacia ie Wins) elseerae deters ober Wee tees 26.
Mean temperature of engine-room.....------.---+++-+-+- 88.
Mean temperature on deck..........---------+-+ +++: 58.
Mean temperature of injection water.......-.--------- 60.
Mean temperature of discharge water......-..-----.- 85.
Mean temperature of feed water........--.---+.--+--- 86.
Total time fires were lighted, in hours and minutes. .--. 2, 333.
Total time engines were in operation, in hours and min-
ENS easter cate teat eb e se poe tate (a iAot ate, Se ect chap es eee eet 437.
Total time engines were in operation, in hours and minutes
iLO CeO 2(6 Cea l |, eae MM yeh PES Parse resins kel 100. 15
Total number of revolutions, port engine....-.......--- 1, 772, 970 ;
Total number of revolutions starboard engine.......-- 1, 394, 190
Mean number of revolutions per minute en route...... 84.15
Mean piston speed, in feed, per minute......-.......- 378. 68
Potal number Of Knots PUM... .,2:.jeieiste age ele eteete = ihe 2, 825
Mean number of knots run per hour.....-.- BNalaigimee Sveucte's 6. 56
Mean number of knots per hour en route......-...-.. 9. 02
Tons of coal consumed for engineer department ...-...- 2393555
Tons of coal consumed while engines were in operation. - 1253990
Tons of coal.consumed for galley =e 2. cee ae ea 83333
Romsof refuses -\:.-2) Jn aceceeg heer eee rete 513336
Mean number of pounds of coal consumed per hour while
engines. were In -Operationy.” aka -\2e eres Bere oes ee 657. 95
Mean number of pounds consumed per square foot of
PAGO: 0 oie hc wrote) See oe le re ee Mite eels oh ee 14,1
Total number of gallons of oil consumed........-. -.-. 149. 75
Total number of pounds of tallow consumed.....-..... 121
Total number of pounds of wiping stuff consumed....-. 117. 75
Mean draught forward, in feet and inches...-.......-. Th Ee
Mean draught aft, in feet and inches......-........... Tan
TMD EI OL ISCIOWS 325s 6. (oe 28 ie, Pu nee itor asa 2
LECT! (Us te a a Grae eye Sch.) Lege ep Sp True.
Mean. patch, in. feet and inches... Hts) cect HD al
Diameter of screws, in feet and inches................ 6! 8”
Length of screws, in feet and inches, parallel to axis... - 20"
INtIMIDeriOd DIAMeS 20S seas te. ok sak aiate cetne ee e 4
Mean indicated: horse-power.-.-...........cce. e-e-aces 186. 7
Maximum indicated horse-power.-. ...........cbe see 222, 92
Mean number of pounds of coal per horse-power....-.-. 3. 32
Maximum number of pounds of coal per horse-power. . 3.9
[41] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 43
Maximum number of pounds of coal consumed per square
LNT 0) 8 Poe ge 2 Se een re eee te Somes 18
Maximum speed attained under steam alone, in knots per
NOUR aici o-oo, 32 Wee eee Sette ites. Says en ear i 10. 52
Nimmben Ob hOUTSiMaAmtaIneG@ +. -22 22722 20. si. =i: 94
Ate LOM SEA. .a. 20 me ae SA ce er han tote efor Smooth.
Maximum slip Of ‘Screws 1M: per Cent. ..2 852. -- aes 17.08
Maximum number of revolutions per minute.......... 105
Mean slipof Screws In’ per cents). 5.825226 622 Se le ee : 12.1
Table of distances made under steam by the United States Fish Commission steamer Fish
Hawk, for the year 1880.
Date. Where bound. Distance.
1880.
July 29 | From ee aington, Del., to Newport, R. I.
SOM ree re OO ee case oan us aoa acet ys cecicicb an aoe mc na seca ce caisiabss\sisiets|e ais 315
lb | eecoadeass me Biemiate ola eta cta arelersisielaistaaleisletaieresiare
Ano ye oi Dutch Island Harbor to Newport; i. dic tececsein. cs ccesecsinvinccesscccurseceua cee 8h
GH PUA SIN SONI Do ctesises eterna wisleie isle stapes oie alclace ers acto sielw sinin(elaieiale fuie's wie weinivinw'n'ee'n= 20
{fl SSC Ooeebor “do Sela rare eal are ieee eine eine aie elalaisie'ata alataiata [cleo esisiaiatcle sic(uinlelwie(n einjcleler «isis'a/olvin sinia 12
10 | Adjusting compasses Sale wine: nlsieluie = sinie(e'v vin vie/a 5 s19,0\n.0 olen dim alsia[njn we nina cin 'niain ain'na/eisjnienwe = 14
12h Pred cin oytrip. eee ese esac stew es ssasessecnsisssics iS dote ute amnca sense aneceseeee 23
ji Sees “do ee cisiceie en ise ale He iawale & ais walelnn mis on winala ala sans ole aa aks wiaineimin sfaiiaiwiaia a larsi pita 30
PAD Bea nisiatayeiers Ome emersce Tec acemace as aalaaeiiee os cicminmicieaiaeienmcteleisies op etes\aesece ccc 27
1G} | Be ddacaaAa QO Ere eae ee occa memnints selene oat efsiianscaciieowieeceeniencaecssecice 33
1 | eopeceneac Ol) G50 draco 45 Son ROCA OnCene onc dodoGd amcueenode Ane scroscuadescaTeapelecic 48
1Siipasee cei (ibe Se a COB ARCO OR ORC ORT DTP CORO EE Ot Ob Bonne Oe acE dae paeseccereonic 80
Wan lomate mers cies (LOPE ctolars stators irae cisistaaicin ete ees matilolaisc caine mec cicais aise eicisine os sieeve 29
Daal wetaiole aise CQO pee ots ce eeaiecnc meena nnbceen eee aan oee re ceeistoi <eistiva ce waeineicna cine 45
QD | eiecte/s=:cia0- QOS Sa sacolesisic cmiclaaisisla'Sjaz ste oni eisleisioia.sisieisiSiaa/aiaicisle vs eles de'ebsieid eleictee ceca 36
aig leees sae ee COs sete aoa coke does cosuemaccaesccmarenenstsece subs cmteesreeeccccimcoemss 48
BLT esse seas2 OO eens eee esa Sate sak cos mic Sle ctw cele salen cs ce wcciceesnicnneineeeene 18
Soptsmelalceccee mee Oe eps eee aaa once mate seis ce eaeien es (cicracioeists ye claacicin.c asic arelelatamarate 14
Bo lee raieejncs als Oe ete tas seen rials Siete s eisscitie ws ccitie malo miecinie clw wie ogi sigaycineisie sae 97
AMS oe ose aise ao Pa Sens a Napa ae ety Ne eins aise alae tesla chee Sale nia cleo baiais cue dase esiociacemes 13¢
De eee eC Oumar. mira cemane co ame eter oataecianc ne sisi ceca oa secasee cememes 17
6 | Going to Chal SWART sweeties coos sos mint pare suclcleajwiciaidin aw ce giv sie oeteia peewee qeeaiees 3
8 Picking up moorings of this vessel ...........-..---2--- 2-0 e eee rene ce nceneeee 2
12 Dredging CEU Po Seiwa Sisjeis a ceteod oats os oat Salesisl daitecaasciecincewsisiesdcwescesienlenacey 57
S| oe ceereice "do Bee ee ioe Sac min a ainie aiiaiore eee omisleaisa wanes Soles oe wcaeeee cele eajsectaicins 105
Baal eeotecsininis CO We rire cee cistern mtn Siar a einic tasks eave inicio s eicieia sieig winlelaelowe'eecine sere seesiteeeices 55
ty (| ee se ae LOE ocr e ee cece eas ccc tos aes soniee bes cies aicistcinelemc wisisele ciclete salciss eam 25
ORL eee Oe ete tye ape ls ara ais Seats cywie lal icieia Seitinjole hee eislajstoinve Sereioiene melee 66
ae NE Wp OLb a lees. LO WWVOOMSEEL ON ac cctins tune a cccic.civn <sicsaic cisciejcievaisineecesiceleisiciiaiant 43
23 | Wood’s Holl to INGWDONG Seger e. ao see estan och aoe aelek tenia seis sasiseeaicstee macs 43
Octive 26 |PDredoinostrips: -cc2sos 6 occcec mote esit Jocimmcsseswlnseicediels = 69
POA | Sia a latex Ci (Slice Ra SE IAA Sal Sacre Uae a Eee bo 122
iil (ee pee ae do se 2se5 47
45 RG OP COCOA WhOTT s oseninse bc Sa Nee acted cca Sesia ewe oe Senne cee oce Sone asemae 4
OM pe Ry AN Cen OLbON AN Oba sta stalctciavcic.s1c wcixversie nsic siciois cis see e eh ltete maiiceste Seeesicmecced 24
Wb | NOW POLO MOPNOWREC AVON s too ciec 2 te cus wel Slae wince Denese seems se peeee ce cincesio ees 82
SING WallavenitOuNG wr MOLK sec nn- temwacuiicnconwescamecnocue Se one Gas asic sieciccniseioes oer 53
LZMNOW pLOLkytOmWalmin etom IDOL ssc 2 2a. wisnaca metcaces ce ausite sede sae oceocesenes os 69.5
Oreos c cca. Ome sae eon Seon urna Soe cnaiede ct eneaenend ae noataisis onaneciee wan sees 143.5
Nov. 14 | Wilmington Del: ito Washington: DD: Cit ses cscs cecsiseinceacccceccctesccseimse 67
15 Dredging trip eae eee BORE SSS de oo bicls Se inscele wae daes cues oe stiace Ss ascicetin neces 38
MOAN ee soci iar CL ONS eens cE Re Nata tees ae ms amis eciainee isco feaiin bepual wiciewaSc be cameos cies 131
17 | On the ae GOPWAShINStON 2D Cec ais omeisee see aes cea eames etise ee aeinws smcececie 80
TS AS eee eho COPS Eee ee coals oe cine itor ee et Coie aorta od obs os cacwiscicieswowisciecers 8
LO eames iarf-o. LO) salam amma enistdciasscee's oss aie waynes oa Bet eca eels Soacine caeeecmnicewcseccse 84
DOM retin s gece Oss Ber pee ete ee seems csc eorl lar Mettiain stele cists Soa ee 52 oeisjaciviciaciwmae'asle aia 6 22
26,\ONavy-yard to Seventh street wharl:- -- 2c wcScc <6 cia fae cieieis ot mncceemcsceencicicoceececs 2
27) Seventh street whartto Naviv-yard 65.0082 622 eset aeee suc e ce ccaneccueuses 2
Dec. 4] Washington, D. C., to Saint Jerome Creek........000.0c00sccccceeccceccscenscee: 100
6 | Saint Mary’ B Rivento MiiuMalreck Meer ee slo se see onc. Ghose acodae nce | 5
9 | Smith’s = COKtOsWiES HIN Stone metre wena ne cece ae pales es Saeiuickidesemnieess | 61
OB emeesttecle = OO)ii.c hac un aiie aise enencine sae e nen ae anit, Cate ccm cicacinisisocioS cies sitemeinios 35
11 | Quantico to Norfolk Vis ocesc re eres ce ee eek are ea Scalia se cllasiisee 97
i eee GOs ca <0 ces aan nein emase ecm emcce aaacisG cuiecaiate cee slwinercivcsis ec eeeems 72
Total distanoe TUNA sos <semmis sae aaa s Has ow nc Seo Saisie ceca esceaciscocnewns 2, 825
AL
Date.
1880.
Aug.
Nwawsyaa a
A es
DAAAH
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
[42]
Dredging and trawliug record of the United States Fish Commis
SEASON
a
42)
=
Is
Thermometer ® ‘
aod: 3 Locality.
oa & :
é g s |s
a a5) H 4
N. Z. 40007 surf.;| 770 | Beaver Tail Light, SE. by S.,%milemag-!10 a.m.) Ebb .--../68
42666 bottom, :
seed eceaecisc ance 771 | Beaver Tail Light, SE. 4 S., mile mag. ../10.30 a. m.|..do -.... 68
Boe Gé555555e55¢ 772 | Beaver Tail Light, S. by E., 14 mile mag./11.35 a.m.|..do ..... 72
ned = aceqnesaee 773 | Beaver Tail Light, S. by H., 14 mile mag .|11.45 a. m.|..do ...-. 72
Se OO iectnatsiee serene 774 | N.end Dutch Island, S., 4 mile mag...... 1 spyms|s2doieencrs 72
775 | N. end Dutch Island, S.,1 mile mag..-...- 1°35 /p. m.|--do0 -.-- 5 79
776 | Fort Dumpling, NW. by W.34 W.,% mile | 9.45 a. m.|..do ..--- 72
mag.
iH eee it ReeNesere Hb eisninette cele taie eet eee 10.20 a, m.|..do ...-. 72
778 | Fort Dumpling, N. ¢ E., 800 yards.......-. 10.40 a.m.}..do ...-. 76
779 | Fort Dumpling, NE., 14 miles ....-...--. TM O5|asm!| do fac. 78
780 | Beaver Tail Light, W., 1 mile mag .----- 11.30 a. m.}..do ..... 79
781 | Beaver Tail Light, N. NW.,1 mile mag../12__ m.../..do ..... 75
782 | Beaver Tail Light, W. $N., 14 mile mag -| 9.30a.m.| Flood ... 68
783 | Brenton’s Reet Light-Ship, N. by E., 1 |10.15a.m.|..do ..... 70
mile mag.
784 | Point Judith, W.35S., 4? miles mag...-.. 10:50/a,m|=<d0!=-ca5 (71.5
785 | Brenton’s Reef Light-Ship, N. 4 W., 24 |11.80a.m.|..do ..-.. 72
miles mag.
786 | Brenton’s Reef Light-Ship, N.W.4 W., 4$| 2.35p.m.| H. W ....74
miles mag. |
“i ors rcononsoc 787 | Brenton’s Reef Light-Ship, N.NW.4W.,| 3 p.m.| Ebb ....:74
4 miles mag.
BavdOeameamsceotin 788 | Brenton’s Reef Light-Ship, N.NW. 2 W., |10.40a.m.| Flood... 70
6 miles mag.
Sadi coooncagasee 789 | Brenton’s Reef Light-Ship, N.NW. { W., |11.05 a. m.|..do -.... 70
54 miles mag.
ee dOtetaance Soa 790 | Point Judith, W. NW. 2 W., 83 miles mag |11.55 a. m.|..do ..-.. 70
BRO inencraaeerce 791 | Point Judith, W. NW., 123 miles mag...-| 1.10p.m.| H.W -..|72
pac Ole semaocmacie 792 | Point Judith, W. NW., 12 miles mag..... 1.50p.m.| Ebb -..../72
ant cont cp recees 793 | Point Judith, W.NW.4 W.,6miles mag| 9 a.m.|.-.--..--- 71
SU cide Sagat 794 | Point Judith, W.NW.4 W.,5 miles mag] 9.45 a.m.|..-.------ 70
Beet Oysnememesacis: 795 | Point Judith, W. NW. 4 W.,4 miles mag |10.25a.m.!.-.-...-.- 71
SOE oda Ae cepa 796 | Point Judith, W. NW.., 3} miles mag..... LLG Os 110s res atarenetatete 70
Sent) cot esocpbeae 797 | Point Judith, NW. by W.2 W., 24 miles {11.40 a. m.|.......... 70
nag.
Pevdoreas Sous ses! 798 | Point Judith, NW. by W. 3 W., 1} miles [12.10 p.m.|.........- 71
mag.
sats O}s sae necees 799 | Point Judith, W. 4 N., 13 miles mag ..--. 2 SOPs Is |aropias eee 70
USdotavaseessae: 800 | Poplar Point Light, N. NW. % W., 24 |11.35a.m.|.......... 63
miles mag.
SEO ES ceenpboe 801 | Poplar Point Light, W. by N., 24 miles |12.20p. m.)......-..- 65
mag.
aesGO:sccujecicccess 802 Half Way Rock, W., 2 mile mag...-..-.- 2.15 ip2m:|seeeaseeee 68
mses OOsses esas aac 803 | Half Way Rock, N. by E. 3 E., 2§ miles | 3.25 p.m.|.....-..-. 67
mag.
Baa Ole seit acecls = 804 | Cuttyhunk Light, NE. by E., 83 miles |11.15 a.m.!.......... 68
mag.
Be Overs secon 805, 122.8: Ose eee aceestice ee cece ea. eee ee 1120 ia. ms |e ecece> 68
APU ES CBA DeOEre 806 | Cuttyhunk Light, E.NE., 73 miles mag ../12 NI aeBone sco 69
sO iene se seoce 807 | Cuttyhunk Light, NE. by E.2E., 73miles [12.50 p.m.|.....-.--- 70
mag.
Bah Wipes sepeecce 808 | Cuttyhunk Light, NE. by E. }E., 8 miles | 1.20 p.m.|.......-.- 70
mag.
er Paes en 809 | Cuttyhunk Light, NE. by E., 12 miles | 1.55p.m.!..........! 70
mag.
C7 eee 810 | Cuttyhunk Light, NE. by E., 124 miles | 2.15 p.m.|......---- 70
mac.
SaglOWelocaiceretsicicre’s 811 Cuttyhunk, NE. by E., 124 miles mag....| 2.20 p.m.|........-- 69
SDA Gy AS Seupeeaee 812 | Block Island Light, N. NW. 4 W., 20 |11.30a.m.\.........- 70
miles mag. |
Rect potecebecree 813 | Block Island Light, N.NW. 4 W., 20 |11.55a.m.|......--.- 70
miles mag.
BSc) US SascqnconSee 814 | Block Island Light, NNW. § W.,18|1 p.m.|......--.- 72
miles mag.
BEd ices accacoaee 815 | Block Island, NW. by N.,17 miles mag..| 2.15 p.m.|.....-.--- 72 |
need ceeeeetennes 816 | Brenton’s Reef Light-Ship, E. 3 S., 23 |10.25a.m.|......---- 71
miles mag.
ne UO lomencectecctae 817 | Brenton's Reef Light-Ship, E. 4 N., 3/11 a.m.|.......... 72
miles mag.
[43]
CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK.
sion steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, commanding.
45
OF 1880.
Temperature of wa-
ter, intermediate. Fe
Ra
o
; ; eS Character of : .
ma eaiala = AtOTHE Wind. Drift. What used.
é | =) iS) g g
2/s|4i2/ 8] é
Ele] Ss |S] = =
Fa WG SEH er of a Ree
(eS a Ieee gee] G20: 83 | Sand and shells .} NE.4...|................ Dredge
GBROu|* sae | Somer Bee G24 Sra oes OOeasceuis eer SNUG SB hcioe || Ristenicicts sm ialalais imate Trawl
G95 Dy |= le 4| sea So) Ces Pe Geol Basasnede se INN 2 |eoeaacinceaeana se Dredge
GT AA ee secek Bee 67 B's [seats O yess ceiern arerets SNES seclesecesces ceseie es Trawl
ND rap tee | sence [sees 69 105) Sandiandmud <<) INei2e oecc| secccs wosces ccc. Dredge
EP ERA ee SSee eras 68 12% | Gravel sand,|\) Calm. j|.ccccmerccics sess Traw
and mud.
re Soee Beers eae 583 274 | Sand and shells -| N.1..-...|.-.-.-.-.------- Dredge
OTe lezec\ente = Sea BSR en | OTe sdG (erection eae Soe (a es (eo Trawl.
(OF |e hea PAD Sae Al, 20%. |seesdOlicas once IN aleeer Pawan css ot oy Do.
ote AS AA aoaae encore QO eas OOfeciae sbasicai= SWE ses leeaestioeccae. 53. Dredge
OO Bee \eed fore AST ae |S endow ecnee ce SW ca See ee ee Trawil.
Go) BABA beseee soa On Gm aSand sec Sees secs SWS Ese lesa econ seeeces Do.
WOmm ease lecense ea 60 16. \|(\Sand‘and'shells/-| Nok. <2|sc-ciscce- sce ence Dredge
TON one os 251.00, Vid) |WSANG ee ae cas camen IN Geen secekOnen eset ce Traw
Te 2s all seeraicte Beelaee. Dredge.
YO WAS eeseae ---| 543 Trawl; trawl caughtin
wreck ; parted rope.
(he see eecoee ---| 534 Dredge.
71 Saas |sisjais| WOOS Trawl.
71 Be loncned ead Ro Dredge.
Ue esses ---| 54 -| Otter trawl.
Man Sree | ier oie a= |, O44 Trawil.
A Gas eee Sees se 100) Dredge.
TH” a8 badade ease po Trawl.
COR ise Seance See O5. Dredge.
GOly aaa |iccn Bee pais awl.
69 satlsesa cel tect Oo Dredge
CRED Ie ae See ltos: Trawl.
(oe cee eeecee =s.|) OD Dredge
GGia|pon.|sences Ae) Do.
CUA lS ecthsescns Seo ise Do.
Om leeee|seccee ---| 693 ew sand ses se onac ica INES scicialfcacas-esccleciosce Trawl
Gis P| Pe caeel eee ks ABN NAR ses ave e2 a 2 8 <i Eee NOP ae eee ae) Sod Do.
TAU lee Beacae steele 5 DE SA 0) ee eee INE: De) tenn cecasoccsiss Do.
GOs tose |eccces| eek 60 PAL P| roheh ch 1 ae ae SHiSWs 2s stekeinn em sean Dredge
C7 BI ncn eds ST eee alae. ea SMeeaicloeas. cote Do.
Gia | Bese Beeaco Hose 59 aap Ones. o ne since SWii2eelneneccesetes aces Do.
af “NEE Ay IBSRSE laooe 56 1 aa. Cs ee eee SWieiWistea |e ciciss ee = cis oe Trawl
CTR tese (tonea-|c- 60 1 oS act). Scan ee eeseee SW. 2...|.-22--.2200----- Dredge
67 Seat nis smc:e| oe a's 60 13 SEE ase aee SWis2s2 | Seetee. cts cows Do.
Gifs “eee leseaccl eee 52 DAs See OO ee esis == SWreaies laces ete ce.ge. Do.
67 Hea Asad dear 52 21 B=CO; soem acisa es SW. 2...) W.NW.4 mile] Trawl; came up torm
67 cel erence 53 pC: Se eC ee ee SW. 2...| SW. 4 mile....| Dredge
66 5Gt| AAeARA bree 46 ISR) 21 dO eects canes SE. 2....| NW. mile -.. Do.
67 Soe saan ore 46 DBb |e tr CO econ ceo SE. 2....| SE.4 mile..... Trawl
72 |71 | 8&7 49 | 46 Pap enocO Ole canis Be kde SE. 2....| SW. 4 mile.... Do.
72 «#\71 | 56 49 | 48 Wie Nase O weseasecees lal eener SW. 4 mile....| Chester rake dredge.
eT See See) ene 66 Sh lo tis Ojmeewecose o D2 ees SE. 4 mile..... Dredge.
oc I bie See ee 63 10 Se QOh eee cscess SZ) tcc. SE. 3 mile..... Do.
46 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [44]
Dredging and trawling record of the United States Fish Commission
SEASON
|
x
~
5
Date. | Thermometer | g Locality.
j S
Hy 7 5
é 3 s |s
7 20) a 4
1880. f 2
Aug. 23 | N. Z. 40007 surf.; | 818 | Brenton’s Reef Light-Ship, E. 4 N., 33 /11.20p.m.!.........- 72
eS bottom. miles mag
28} loood nigassagucascr 819 | South End ehone Isle, SE. by E.4E.,4]1 p.m.j.......... 74
mile mag.
23 | N. Z. 42666 surf.; | 820 | South End Hope Isle, N.NE., 4 mile | 1.40p.m.|.......... 76
N. Z. 40007 deep. mag.
PBT Gand yidocoonsroneoe 821 South End Hope Isle, N. by E., 4 mile | 2.15p.m.|.......... 78
38)" | aaa caseseecctos 822 Sonthe End Hope Isle, NE.$ mile mag...| 3 p.m.|.......... 78
24 | N. Z. 46400 surf.; | 823 | N. -iehe Block Island, W. $S., 14 miles |12.35 p.m.}.......... 74
N. Z. 40007 deep.
FE esctity Gessancenecs 824 Ni Licht Block Island, SW. 4 W., 1 mile /12.50 p. m.|........-- 74
mag.
Dale eC! siecrcicis'ciaie<lce 825 | N. Light Block Island W.SW. 2 W.., 13 | 1.30p.m.|.......... \73
miles ma;
Daal fence O Ovces aitnens 2's 826 | N aa Lig it, Block Island, W. NW. 4 | 2.40 p.m.|.......... 73
, 2a miles mag
PA ead 0), ofpreeeepeac 827 Nout rect Block Island, W. NW. 4 | 3.05 p.m.|.......... val
W., 24 miles ma
| enc Wp ce peapeanoe 828 North abt, Block Tsland, SW. by W. } |12.40 p.m|.......... 70
W., 24 miles mag.
27 | N. Z. 42666 surf.; | 829 | Cormorant Rock, NW. by N., 34 mile /10.45 a.m.
40007 deep. mag.
QA sated OO aeioina siaieiare 830 | West Island, SE. by E.} E., } mile mag..|11.15 a. m..
Byala diy tunics. doce 831 Mortons end Go ‘Tsland, Sw. 4 W., 350 |12. 30 p.m.
yards
it Beer CN Ae sate 832 | North eat Gould Island, W., 150 yards |12.45p.m.|.......... '70
mag.
idlaeee QO leeecins soe = 833 se end Gould Island, W., 100 yards i Up WIESE oouenc 70
P20 Reor Winacaeaaoasee 834 MoCarry? 8 Point, W. SW., } mile mag ..| 1.30 p.m.|...-...... 63
Bl isa Ocermarestciaccine 835 | McCurry’s Point, N.3E. Gar miles mag..| 1.50 p.m.)..-.-...-. 68
Aa ee se Oewee able wanes 836 | Black Point, W. 4 Nae mile mag......-- 2.20) PINs |e osaae< =57| 66
Til sat Ojcemstiowees 2 837 sg Point, INU We by “W.4W., % mile | 2.45 p.m.|.......... 69
PAR IEBBR Utrera Mere 838 Woods Castle, W. by N., 1 mile mag ....| 3.15 p.m./.......... 66
Bgl ae= Ons cemce san a= 839 | Dumplings, NW.3N., 300 yards mag....| 9.50 a.m.].......... 67
SS edad (RG AR ae oe ae 840 Dumplings, N. by W. 4 W., 100 yards mag 10.03 CY Beieescone 67
SIG sac 0) eek e cweaye 841 | Goat Isle Light, NE. by E.3E.,§ milo |10.45a.m.|........-- 68
BIS pe ecOxee Je cascee oe 842 Goat fale Tight t, E. NE. 34 E., 4 mile ee asm. |eoceeeceee 69
BUM ihe AO teee ee eec eae 843 | North end Dyer’s Island, NE. 4 E., 2 L2ims| sess eaeee 69
miles mag.
la |eie 200} coat cece ee 844 | North end Dyer’ 8 Island, SE. 4 E.,4 mile /12.30p.m.|.......... 70
mag.
Blaise UOlescess.ccc ec. 845 | Prudence Light, N.4 W., } mile mag....| 1p.m.|.......-.. 70
ole eee OO reaees cose 846 | Prudence Light, N. by E. } E.,1} miles | 1.35 p. m.los-cau eae 70
mag.
BIG | Sse AO wacsdccsies 2 847 Halfway Rock, N.4 W.,1 mile mag...... 215 P.M) |Wececrcte ns 70
; Sle eat On swee nce asicle = 848 | Bishop's Rock, E., ¢ milo a Se Bhi Peo che ness 69
SOP tel yes -dOre sews c 2255. 849 pile umpling, W.NW. 4 W., 3 mile | 9.20a.m.| Ebb ..../67
Malema OO) stecasicccc cs 850 | Fort ore Darphin E. NE. 4 ppt mag..| 9.40 a.m.|..do. ..-. 67
Ts | eles UO walnics oaenc = 851 peeve Tail Light, SW. 1} miles; 10a.m.!..do..... ie
Th bAcct Ci GEE aaa ames 852 Beaver Tail Light, S. SW. 2 W., 24 miles |10.35 a. m..00 Race 67 |
Me ene OWeecice ses 853 Beaver Tail Light, SW. by S., 2 miles /10.50a.m.!..do...-. 68
1 Gert O).Sacseceeeeiae 854 Beaver Tail Light SW. 3 S., 12 miles |11.10 a.m.) Ebb .-.-/69
1h eset Co eerste 855 anves Tail Light SW. by S., 2 miles 11.40 a.m.| Ebb ..../70
mag.
1 Pacer Ores eaotcdee 856 | Beaver Tail Light SW. 4 W., 13 miles |12.05p.m.!..do ..-.--| 69
mag
LQ Den AO geeeeeeescas 857 Beayor Tail Light, W.SW. 3 W.,1,8, miles 2 35p.m.|..do -...- leo
mag. c
1B Re asilycascietqectios 858 | Beaver Tail Light, W. NW.4 W.,4 mile | 1.05p.m.! Flood. ../69
mag.
3 | N. Z.,46400surf.; | 859 Cuttyhunk Light, N.4 W.,3 miles mag..|11.20 a.m.).........- be
40007 deep.
Be Beers (iecaeemcrrnoe 860 | Cuttyhunk Light, N. 4 W.,3 miles mag../11.55 a.m.!.........- 70
Sik dotctee tee 861 | Cuttyhunk Light, N. } W., 3} miles mag. 12. ZONPAINS ralaacene sen 69
[45 | CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 47
steamer Tish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, commanding—Continued.
OF 1880.
Tem perature of wa-
ter, intermediate. a
~
iy
Oo
; ; Character of : .
a ee eB bOHLOER Wind. Drift. What used.
éif\aiald| és
SOs | srl Sn) ae
ZU 1 Coy | ems Peat as 3
ND Ne) = a| a Fy
SS} esse Beceos eae 2| 200: 93) ‘Sand!....53.2.5.. Soccer SE. $ milo..... Dredge.
CN esd Recee Brel 40 (3) 2 8G Cee eeseee S.SW.3.| W.SW.4mile.| Trawl; cracked ther-
mometer No. 42666.
Gu a \cretarsl sascls beset Dk | ees Otsesascecee S.SW. 4.) W. by S.4 mile} Trawl.
Tom canal(tccees Seca pHa) 5a [ee =c00! ae caessacce S.SW.4.| SW. 4 mile.... Do.
PTI | etal cere = 70 Ady SANG: cccmcccinioss S.SW. 4. Wed Mile! 25-15 Do.
65 (63 | 63 60 GAs lh naadOvainasanis. sian W.3..-.| NW.4 mile ...| Dredge.
G5 63/1/16 ese. C07, Ws eeeedOhseenceesee W.3....| NW.4 mile ...| Trawl.
iO (en Olea lleeats a= srereisi|) G0 TSW heasdOveschasn cies: W.SW. 4) NW.4 mile ...| Otter trawl.
Gig 100) | |en-- 2 Sajan (ROW 27 Inpand's cesses Ssoheteee SoS Wad -sssc- Dredge.
Gh 166. |-~ nie sace|uo" ORY en OOP see sama iB) sfesetlwesccatiasesacen. Blake trawl
Mui) Beet Seoaoe Spae| Git) I pee Giercsog =isisietal he Ney Nt 6) 09) BE) NUBisy Bec, 2 Dredge.
Gio" Bedi aasoae See 460) On Gravel: ts cistare:<it JAP pane Si by 2.2 -<: Do.
SOUR Peels es ...| 65 LOM Sande secccn deus Hig ae NE.}E.3....| Do.
lirial| oiatevall scelelete Boeelires 6 | Black mud...... SE ls cae Sudyssscee cases Do.
Zp tt nel Ae aie ae) yA OF ecsdote. keer ene STE aes (ia: ies Do.
i LN) ie seue|ptl 6$. | Sands. ss2.20-.<0 SHA sliScd = ceescceuo: Chester rake dredge.
(pn see See 71 Ti puleaadOnedc at ace Te Sh nl One See Do.
73 aN eee val Se) ones. -coceas os. SE. 2 Nese sesetec toc Do.
71 Bea pesos 71 Der | pSandtc. css cect S.SE. 2 .|. S.SW.4 .....- Do.
71 fad sesego 71 bP Rael Weashonene ce 8. SE.2 .| S. by E. 4..... Reon
70 Nel eee td 68 Bes|Qoedo:.ce.eercee: S.SE. 2 .| S. by E. 2..... Do.
67 |62 | 65 |-...|, 6L 274 | Gravel.......... N.NE.2| SW.4......-.-] Dredge.
67 |65 | 65 aa ee Ol 20% [2600 s sccccc.cas NONE SZ (SWeded onccccs Do.
Cte 67 165)" | -.5.(460 21 #2000. 222s. < HEN Zilli Sed tsacesic sae Do.
Gye [bees epsecee eee GT SigiSandi. ce sek case Eevee seam cee seater Do.
CE) ar eeecec ee) (OS Da Re SO! sa ceisiesre cate TH 2 os\aee| Ne deaeee seneer Trawl.
GOR sGTag\cens Seine (OS, VAP rece eccnectsrscco|! Hs) Siaaie|(aWais Wisitieeee is Do.
GIie= IGT iSeeccs Leese WiGd 144) Gravel::-...%-<: INE Oya aaee Sterne oe Do.
Sige G7, joseeee seas] 03 Wa Bae CLO ceeisiane x) adiaio dl IN Erovab ters | AGEN Bap tee cet Chester rake dredge.
GSeeal68t'|=scccs eae wGy LOE MM Gss. seccol2 Mis Ojseaa| NaN Ey aieaceae Trawl.
68 68 | 67 |....| 62 USES |Poedoyaesoes ae gee SEY diaca| NGa ees Do.
67 |67 | 66 |....! 63 SOME Sand: Sona ec6 Ware Dosh SiWiedresc sess Chester rake dredge.
Glare 87) 666 (|r )5 63, 14% |iShells: ccs... Bete so-| Sas Waits css. Do.
GTARR OG) tcc 5s a/oa%e| HOO! Des pando oe loans. . Se SEs ZitsseSid- mes oo. 5. Do.
|
Gola ee een ON GBr y Hat weR AMG lsc: Nos cae OAS Seb Sete. Trawl.
foo Ved ee seee Bae. Oe Foal Oe Ce eee nT uesebe frets wt. eee eee Do.
GTijy paescleestc as aes |vOr 6) leSandé <5. - tte s-sh SEL pete mile? 2s... Trawl.
GS ys eel scion S251) 68 EER Pei) Seoaromeeae 103 LaRAR S.% mile ...... Do.
coo liters a aie lk6%- | ,1E Gravel.cs connns Wega S.SE.4 mile ..| Chester rake dredge.
63 66.5 GB. |, 10) ‘Sandown ne a! SE.2....| SE.4 milo..... Do.
63 66.5 |....| 66 14-5, | :SheUseas san nae= SE. 2....] E.$ mile...... Do
CGires vibes ec. 63 474i) Sands shaoaece SW.2...| W.3mile..... Do
Tote GI) eee pie 64 iPM aN BiG bane Sey eetie SW.2...| W.3mile..... Do.
66 65 | 65 | 61 VIG SOME IES cade ses SW. 2...! S.4 mile ...... Trawl.
48
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
[46]
Dredging and trawling record of the United States Fish Commission
SEASON
E |
~—
E
Thermometer 5 ‘
Date. anad 2 Locality.
Ae é
E :
ss E 2 |
Bi tH a |<
1880. : :
Sept. 3 | N. Z., 46400 surf.; | 862 Cuttyhunk Light, N., 4 miles mag .--..- 2555) pst | eeseeseee 68
40007 deep.
SuIBSEO dO sense ce ccea 863 | Cuttyhunk Light, N. 4 E.,3} miles mag..| 1.40 p.m.| Flood.../|70
Bll aly Sasa seenenoe 864 ca, fslce Light, 'S. SW. z W., 5,8 miles | 3.00 p.m.} Flood.../|70
4 | N. Z., 46400 surf.; | 865 Lat. 4 40° (O5/ONi., on 2% 700/231 s Wile emecrecetntate 5.40/asmilaerescese 71
46401 deep.
Ae iene O Olea seria << 866 | Lat. 40° 05/ 18” N., long. 70° 22/ 18” W....| 6.30 a. m.|......-... 73
(Yee AAG) Ro seesoaenee 867 | Lat. 40° 05/ 42” N., long. 70° 22’ 6” W .-...| 7.04 a. m.|.......--- 75
ease) aesanpessorte | §68 | Lat. 40° 01/ 42” N., long. 70° 22/ 30” ae S03 asa | ee eee 75
A eee CO acetenisisios oc 869 | Lat. 40° 02! 18” N.. , long. 109 2B Hi06i Wis 5) Deer geear ts oe sees ate 80
4 BrdO) eco ceeeen'= | 870 | Lat. 40° 02/ 36” N., "Jong. 700.22! 58U OW. 1050) ams) es sens aiel 80
CO ROenG Vigeeepccoroes | 871 | Lat. 40° 02/ 54” N., long. 109° 23/407 We. 3301 40'a Mm: cacc cae 84
AD Pees Oloc se clei - 872 | Lat. 40° 05/39” N., long. 70° 28’ 52 W ...|12.45p.m.|.......... 81
13 | N. Z., 46404 surf. ; 873 | Lat. 40° 02/ N., long. 70° 57’ W....-.----- O-GOfa ING | eeiseinciscee 68
46400 deep. |
116} | |Beect QRS Reappocuece As! Moat a0oUN LON os 1 OSt0 1! NWis eect neeriae. 6:26)a MSE eee 70
10} Sa Sepp Geceoes 875 | Lat. 39° 57’ N., long. 70° 57’ 30” W....--. 7.51 a.m.
163s Be act Uae cese een 876 | Lat. 399 57’ N., long. 70° 56’ W..........- 8.45 a.
116* head! Of Sasecapaeeee 877 | Lat. 39° 56’ N., long. 70° 54’ 18” W......- 9.40 a.
Te BB AaG (aR eoeesertoee 878 | Lat. 39° 55’ N., long. 100/541 SU Wise ers 11.00 a.
TE} apeeu (Nees Sepee cee 879 | Lat. 39° 49/ 30" IN: Tong. TOOG4E Wile ers 1.20 p.
16), Reap eee a eerecree 880 | Lat. 39° 48’ 30” N., long. 70° 54’ W.....-. 3.12 p.
13 ELGO calcces s'o-'a\al- 881 | Lat. 39° 46’ 30” N. ,long. 70° 54’ W....-.- 5.00 p.
Tl GeeeG (RRAE rcaerpomore 882 | Halfway Rock, N. NE. + E., 23 miles mag 10.56 a.
Nf eae esecenoercee 883 | Halfway Rock, NE. by N., 5} miles miBg 11.35 a.
Reo Oe ease an tance 884 | Hope Island, NE. 4 E., 20 yards mag .--.| 2.10p
if] Beet Cn aseapeascee 885 | Gould Island, N. by E. 2 E., 3 mile mag =a 3.15 p.
BiH nate Ovseriee ce sict i 886 | South Light, Block Island, N. 3-E., 5% |12.46 p.
miles mag |
21 BG Cr ee Ae 887 | South Light, Block Island, N. 4 W., 53 | 1.30p. |
miles mag. t
Qe = 200 sccisisic sigeiens 888 Soutnd Light, Block Island, N. by E:, 6°|/'2.00p.m.|2-.- 22-2... 68 |
Be ced Omcsce sods oi 889 | South Light, Block Island, W. 4 S.,5 | 3.50 p.m.'..........|68 i
miles mag. |
DAM eee O Oe aoecinae ce 890 | South Light, Block Island) W. 4'S., 42/9" 4.15 p.m)... .25...22 68
miles mag.
Oct. 2 | N. Z. 46403 surf.; | 891 | Lat. 39° 46’ N., long. 71910’ W..-.---.-.- | 6.00/a:m)5. 5. 22-2 =.-160
46404 deep.
Bi erst O Masnce sts ccs 892 | Lat. 39° 46’ N., long. 719 05’ W .-..-...--. 8:46/a..mi| cesses 64
2 | N. Z. 46403 surf.; | 893 | Lat. 39° 52/ 20” N., long. 70° 58’ W ....-.-. 11223 aom.| eee tee 63
pitetneel: deep
2 peLOmee sosinwaniee 894 | Lat. 39° 53’ N., long. 70° 58’ 30’ W ....... TL0 psec. cee 63
2 es Weouis ees 895 | Lat. 39° 56’ 30!" N:; cane 40959) 45/4 Wi. . BLT Panay seiaaie<tsl afer 62
Nov. 16 40405 surf.; 46403| 896 | Lat. 379 26’ N., long. PEO AGNW reo cases 9.20 a. m.|..-------- 52
eeD. |
DON Gee Orace cca nccmas | 897 |\Tlat: $79 25U0N. longi 740 Bo Wire occ coc Ie ase eSesaagcsc 62
16 dR sAgsosee ee 898 | Lat. 37° 24’ N. long. TAO DTIAW ice sees scien TIS2D 1a. Mieleiieces ene 60
TOM eet OO weave amen: 899 | Lat. 379 22/ N.., ONS Htae CO Witsicle <i e'al=\c bo pam. Seater 58
IG easel Cree seee 900 | Lat, 37° 19 N. }long. CS COT Wissaeecedrae 4.00 p.m.|.....-.--- 55
MOH epeEC Oates cos acca 901 | Lat. 379 10’ N., long. 75° 08 W ..........- 7:15 :p.m-|..-..----- 53
Dec. 9 | N. Z. 46405 surf.; | 902 | Point Lookout, SE by E., 34 miles .....-: 9.59. m eek emeriee 30
46402 deep. ‘
ON lee Oeasiancce asics 903:.|sdccd ome ootmcu eee ee eee omer a ecee MOMs Pern Wieesooenae 30
). | Bocce Oe A asaecee 904) 1s cA One bansete erie western eae LOUSias Ms Fema 30
Dace LO ere neces ane SUS TESSEG We pea dbbecbosa usbobosucecus bdiadacoricr 10.15 a m.|....--.--- 30
Ol eae Ovscter siaicia<c 9067/2 ss sdOe Soe nese cow sa abe Hosea 10:33'a..m-}5-..-<.s5- 32
Oe eee OOnemsascien caine Oy fel eee CEE oe RMB S ees e Oem ooetog coc aticrr 1O}40iacm:| sae esa 23
OF eee LO eeasesicindo = 9081) Soa O aes oSacen lec eae ey tee ere ere 10.55 a. m.|..--..---- 36
OM ene dOreeecuste act: 909" | <2 Os see tecoli a: ie sell Ses ee ae eeeee 111.07.a.am|.-22522222 34
EC O5| eC dO eee cwecse 910t|! Eos esse ee SoS es Sa eee PO asm. | Seen acim 34
9 |.---dO .....-.----- : 44 vay rms |eos deseo 34
9 |..-.do -....-.-...- 19,54 avmi|Meeee ieee 34
Ue Bene eer Seer cer 108 p.meleeeene eee 36
9) | 5---00 scence enncn 12°03 das seen ene ee 38
Ol sa O\ewena ais caine 12:38 pamelesseeeeee 38
9) -- 5-00 s--- 0-0-2 0 12/47) psma| sae ee nee 38
[47] CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK. 49
steamer Fish Hawk, Licut. Z. L. Tanner, commanding—Continued.
OF 1880.
Temperature of wa-
ter, intermediate.
r D a
he MERE
Oo S i) q
=| a 3 | °
Bele | 4 a=
a Ye) =| a io)
6600) 65% || esem elena 64
67 (65 | 65 SeWOD:
a | Fathoms, depth.
TA hg oe BAL 19
645. | 1625 |2-052- \eee-| 62 19
64°] 62 | 42.2: ...| 62 19
OR NC» eae Be is OM en bE
Clee ec. ec tGls bile
(ix) Bere ee eee eee 310
Boa [erat teen coe posses 487
Gliese se ecess nee 40 | 372
CTT | i (eae pede 40 | 365
‘SA on | aa ee 42 | 238
i Teen ee eis 55 56
Co S| ed PR ae 48 | 1574
Tey od Ree eee pe 44 | 300
Tn | cs aan eae 54 57h
io |) 3536 aie ae 56 31
ih 7] Soe eee SI, aes | 18
el as em aOR 40 3
50 4
45 4
45 os
45 3h
45 3
45 3
45 3
cae 3
eh 3
anes 3
mes 3
aR 3
nee 3
Character of : ;
Hotton: Wind. Drift. What used.
Sandee oceans SW. 2...| S.4 mile ...... Trawl.
Maudigesseoasaces SW. 2...| S.4 milo .....- Chester rake dredge.
SW. 2.../ S.4 mile ...... Dredge.
Var. 2...| E. NE. 3 mile..| Trawl.
Var.1...| NE. aby He!) © Do.
mile
Calm ...| E. SE. 3 mile ..| Chester rake dredge.
Calm ...| NW. mile . --| Trawl.
Calm ..-| N. NE. 3 mile . Do. «
Calm ...| W. by N. 1lmile Do.
Calm ...| N. NW. mile Do.
Sie eee NW. by N. $ Do
mile.
SW.3 NW. by N. 4 Do.
mile.
SW. 2 NW. 3 mile Do.
SW. 2 NE. } mile Do
Sw.2 ON aT Oe aay ae Do
SW. 2...| N. NW. #mile Do
SW.2 .-| NW. mile .. Do
SW. 3.-..| N. by W. #mile Do
SW. 3...| W. by N. 3 mile Do.
SW. 3...| W. NW.4 mile Do
SW.2...| SW.4 mile....| Trawl.
SW.2...| SW. 4 milo... Do.
Rae, £22u| SS Wiese: aS Wad mile... Chester rake dredge
ges OOneseaees see SWi23).| S.dumil6.s.-..i- Otter trawl.
Shellss.22-s eae. We2iaase| Nat MiUe.-2.c. Dredge.
eidOlaaewcactens| Wise sao) Wire Mie cs = TrawL
Bag GOV eso cnchegee W.3..-.| W.1} miles ... Do.
ROCKY eee eeeceee W.3.--.| W.SW.4 mile} Dredge.
Batiste ween cies= W.3..-.| W.SW.4 mile Do.
MU esc cceeccss NE. 3 ...| N.4 mile...... Trawl; sounding wire
broke at 310 fathoms.
Mud; small/| NE.3...| N.NE.2miles| Trawl; lost lead and
stones. thermometer at sur-
face of water.
eo eOO!csseeeccas NE. 3's. Nil miles. -; TrawlL
Sand-csccccecne NE. 3 ...| N.2 miles..-... Do.
Mines esse: cine NE. 3 ...| N.14 miles.... Do.
Sand and shells.| NW.2 ..| W. NW. 4 mile Do.
Mud ics cicccce SW.2...| W.1mile..... Do.
ee OO rhaseenss a5 SW ies] Wed miles... Do.
Sande oeasce- a4 SW. 2...| SW.3 mile.. Do.
SR) Be adecrosse SW. 2...) W.4mile..... Do.
BER OO sis cine ccic'mice SIWe2ias|| Wee Mile <1... Do.
Oyster bank ....| NW.2..| NW.4 milo ...| Oyster dredge.
ae OOrsscaesemeec NW.3..| NW.3 mile... Do.
weddOrnee cose cw: NW.3 ING 2 milescec.. | Do.
Seis Genoocesnc NW.3..| N.NW. 4 mile Do
a ia sey ee ae NW.3..| N. NW.4mile Do.
oar dOmecaaceees NW.3..| N. NW.4 mile Do
endo: TOCK? cae NW.2..| NW.4 mile Do.
S250 0Oleecesueeee NW... 2).-| Wd mile.-..- Do.
NW.2..| NW.4mile.. Do.
NW.1 | N.NW.}4 mile Do.
NW.2 | N.4mile..-.-... Do.
.| NW.2 | N. NW. ? mile. Do.
-.| NW.2 | N.NW. 4mile. Do.
NW.2 | N. NW. mile. Do.
NW.2 | N. NW. 4mile. Do.
S. Mis. 110-——4
50
PLATE
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [48]
LIST OF PLATES.
I.—United States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk.
II.—Port side of main deck, showing portion of hatching machinery.
III.—Hatching cylinders, port side.
‘IV.—One hatching cone, 3 hatching cylinders, 1 siphon funnel, 2 spawn
pans, 1 spawn pail, 1 spawn dipper.
V.—Hoisting and reeling engine from forward looking aft.
VI.—Hoisting and reeling engine from aft looking forward.
VII.—Safety hooks, showing spring.
VIII.—Accumulator, with dredging block hooked; safety hook; brass washer.
I1X.—The beam trawl] ready for lowering.
X.— Dredge-safety hook, water bottle, dredge-weight and tangles, Ches-
ter rake dredge.
XJ.—The table sieve and cradle sieve, hopper and tray exposed.
XII.—Main deck, starboard side, table sieve, swinging table and collecting
apparatus.
XIII.—Sounding machine, with Negretti and Zambra deep-sea thermometer
descending.
XIV.—Sounding machine, with Negretti and Zambra deep-sea thermometer
ascending.
XV.—Sounding machine, with Bassnett’s patent atmospheric lead.
XVI.—The Negretti and Zambra deep-sea thermometer, with wooden frame
and metal case.
XVII.—The Miller-Casella deep-sea thermometer in and out of case.
PLATE XVIII.—Hilgard’s ocean salinometer.
Page.
A CanellanOrMan-casssseceecsssassecescssey | OS
ACUNIANG --- oe ceccenccccas Secaseeneecaeee 38
After-deck ....... Hoaane nes SOHSOoS SS OOSIOEAC 5
Agassiz, Professor..... Sesame Sone saacseacese 18
FAUT PUNLPS eeseneeannaceasaac(ocmcine ie mecisies 9
AMO DOSUS MOIS cocesiccicismnwesicstedeiceara a 38
EAM ALOU Apa csismeics conan sao aaa ainen ae aiesate 38
PAMICHOIS see eitscecces seen anineasasiscaine siece sini 5, 6, 14
PANTECH OMSATSe = aacsaecsane soseccos =e Sa860c 38
FAD PLOPTIAGONYDIU = Jtossscacesssscceesee see 2
Archaster americanus........-..2cc0c-s.00- 38
ART ONANtA ALGO cae cacms sslomciemeweninm neice 38
Artificial fish hatching, early methods of... 15
Artificial propagation of oysters........--. 35
PA7IMU Uae cesanianiceesecadacc ances ccm ae 29
Bar psa ueentanceeceasns ee ceeoecesasceoace 1,2
Bassnett’s patent atmospheric lead........- 21
PAU OOM sa cela sacw acon casas vce snmesccencs 6
Beam -trawiie.ccanicecie'scsiccnien same miosis nei 18, 37, 38
BEAN PUATIOUON Ew tacccs-pacucersescensee se 37
Beaver Dail Lights. 22. cccicconsccsoocss 28, 30, 42, 44
SOU PLALO!s cacisiaisa ciate stm asicie ASRISO pron ecbd 8
Bilge-pump...........- pee ecietses sesica ea 10
IBIShOp Ss ROCK ssa csasces-acsce=s weceseneeene 44
IBIACKGE OM tices saeanaieaemnccsicceeass enenaies 44
Blake, Coast-Survey steamer ..............- 17
BIAKOVOLCOLG. ccucasitetcices sviscet cece seme ss 18,19
BlockMsland- 2222 .cessecccewc sso 29, 36, 42, 44, 46
BORtSseen aaa Sa. = Seeds clce Save eessicne be nesecs 6, 7, 14
BOS PS WAMU emaescmnasseseessannsece- 1,2
BOUOn MEER saa es eset st see cesses ars soca 12,13
BOOKS wecnacsecciss casas enecnccecncccoescs 14
Breadth of steamer Fish Hawk ..... RASCH 2
Brenton’s Reef Lightship ................ 29, 42, 44
IBTIStOIS, Tense eaea sotto eases cee ecae. 6
(BLOW ALCOA LO) casienecccomesticlat som ecios cous 29
Bulkheads to. ca.c cccccenieerceeteeecees sets. 2
Cabin aca nas asicciacis comme ses easecue sid 5
CAPStAI as tcc cswa sonata sess eee ere es ses 5
Captains TOOM) 05... sscnceseees eee suse. es 5
Cenphalopodat. =<: scs/scesccacecunecescosee ss 38
Chain-lockers |\s...0.csecee<secees Seerasions 2,3
OAINB rece eit ccm acatceneceve se suenedee 6,14
OCUATtS rete sck atic cones hemeet beiaseesercets 5,14
Chesapeake! Bay. .5....csss-:0sessciecsessocee 39
Chester rake dredge..........---.-.--- 18, 48, 45, 49
@hristiana Creek! .e.s csc cscvesceeeesccanece 1
Chronometety--- saa sac = sects choses ane 14
Circulating pump )icsssccescasecesseeceser es 9
Coast and Geodetio Survey..........-.... 14, 17, 26
Wodaghweset eae neers nia Reneeaey 30, 32
Page.
Commissioner ......--cces+----> evecs eves 5, 32, 36
Compasses..........- oaipecwusvocses)4,0,6,.14535,41
COMPressOlS)2ancesisea cows eosesis eases cams 3
Connecting: Trodsiicssescs. ccmscs'ssecesieeeeas 10
Construction and Repair, Bureau of ...-.... 14
Copeland; Charles W) cnc. scccewinecconcas stn 1s
COpepOGa eae estan encceceatcscce smcemecen. 39
Coral se ess ae acces scescaseecnseeeseoeneee 38
Cormorant! Rock <....-..--.ss00.- wuiomeee 44
Cradle\sieve secs. csceecescssoeesocesiameoe 19
Crank:shatts:-<2¢---s-esescsss San oo aaa ae 10
Crinoideat.-ccneaos.c-esenasee te anaes eae 38
Cross-hea@as as. 2 steko den ceiccecsaceoecasecess 10
CTUStaces 7. coc cmancnciqcee ese ceien ae eMieneceis 38, 39
Cnumaceaas ic teacecase oeoossaesceeeeeeece 38
Cuttyhunk Wight. c- o-cceccessnasmcicesees 42, 44, 46
Cylinder heads: ss se secs ectevcpsceeneene 8
Cylindersyecse-onencocconvess- sae seeeeseeeers 7
DECh POOR cc aecascs ssicc seen occa seoe ae emee 38
Deep-sea exploration..........2.20..----+0- 28, 39
Melawaretenaac sc cu cvcesc sacs en eceueeemenese 1
Density of sea-water, observations upon... 26
Depth of steamer Fish Hawk ...........-.-. 2
Distances made by Fish Hawk............-. 41
Donkey-boiler room ............. SOOO CUDOS 4,5
Draft of the Fish Hawk.....icccssccccse=-¢ 1
MT EUAEO teccuiecee ccs apne cases eee 32, 37, 43, 45, 47
Dredging and trawling record.............- 42, 47
Dredging apparatus..............-- 16-20, 28, 30, 35
Dredging DoOMyes ss. cciscecwnene ease steeees a 5
Dredging trips eames seer. cece seen eee ae 41
WamplM Sierras ee eeeaassseease saew ees 29, 30, 42
Dutch Island.......... chm enbicaisesicmaiatcies 28, 41, 42
Dyer's Teland’s.. ccc ccecosteccie seanecisa celansrs 44
Eccentrics and rods .....-.... AD HeOCoL ep acS 10
Echinoderms: -<.\..:c--s<-cescee Lise gece t eicite 38, 39
Mdibleispeciescs sco secsectececscsacaccooes 37
Engine department...... Bec sens ciea ee neean = 3
HUN CINE-TOOM sa ac acc de ocasenccecmeeacsas es 4,5
Engines and machinery ..........--...----- 7-14
Equipment and Recruiting, Burean of...... 14
Hxhaust connections..... 62 -.-<-...ecese-45 9
Hanns of Gulf stream. sae. csc ccecewses 37, 38, 39
Fauna of Southern New England ....-...-. 37, 38, 39
HOC PUMPS aa. csceecccnal-sccscdecees occaees 9
Wish' Commission: sos ccccsssdsncccencce 18, 19, 34, 35
Fish hatching machinery .......-.-.------- 14, 28
Fish Hawk, F.C. steamer...-...-- 1, 20, 28, 37, 42, 47
Fishing banks ..........ccc0--secseeess- cee 37, 38
Hlabellum goodei.......ccsc.cesnsscenasuccce 38
IMAP Gates case weecscicaaaeeniateese sas eeee 14
52
Page
MIG UNG Oleseee seis et eine sea ciaan acetine sminaiincie 39
JONES) 5 oseesooSsebod SSUSQososcodn SoBSSEOIsone 31, 32
MONA OF aeeee nce seeasiedo nce cisis wine ce an 38
HONGE-PUMPSswccinie ssneciacs cco sicseaivac= eae 3,5
OTE CASUG senna toe ean cs ccne.c cosa sicieisicisiaies 3, 5
BOTGN ahh wee stetee se cicseaasiiniseines sols aia eae 5
HONCHO Cs namcec ccecidceuaesesecalscsseescesce 3
HOTTA CAINS tanicscaciceiscinee aacicsiecsciasioc ice 29
HOVTPO UM PUNO riccisnisiameiscic sene=isie seis ose 42, 44
Gay Head........... ACE RDEE ODE eS OCR eee 30, 46
GaDPSy WiOlCObbsccccccecaconccecwcvcccaseces 27
GUIOTICCS LOIN ASS seca neuccmicicccsacsce aie sisieee 37
Goat Isle Light ....... Beene slecteise ete ote 44
GiodeG sw BrOWllssssccewssccececcacaescioas 37
Cronlamislan dire stocet chiuisscuceciep'saseataccec 44
GEOL MAING: = se sciclsessc ce ccccceeseesaes 39
Gulf stream, trips of Fish Hawk to .....--. 37
Ope eto ccins cists aivceais tic isicindewsciciviet vec 31
HalltsWiaiv ROCK. Wass s--misaclees deuccess =< 42, 44, 46
Harvard University......-.--.+-.edse-2-s-- 27
Hatching apparatus ..........-....-.. 14, 15, 16, 34
ALO NIN PIO OC Keene cewcte aio steowinin o ciacieiatn Zietehais 4
Herreshofi Manufacturing Company....-.-. 6
ET OLCLOPOG aes asset sone c elses soe utcss 39
a order. eesti ca ea eeeesecsincdesitee 26
Hilgard’s ocean salinometer.......-.--....- 26
HVGISHN PION LINO. alats cotes ee ek aece sees oe 5, 11, 16
HOMO PISANC ee aan i cis-tocs -mislet ce mwicisee eens 44
EVO URW Ol ievem tcreteetciccu aie ce uuis Sec ism oe decade 9
HM PPALC a Siccectoc es csck = salwe ccac ceeeens 27, 28
elas nts eiocioseinss vate est sceeeees cores 2
EDV ALINOS C1 oie se saceccd beccabteeccouececes 38
Hyalinocia-artifex....2.....acesccceauseoss 39
EV OTOidai 22s seek ateus cscedtccosos sete 38, 39
MEOTNOUSES | ee scctone- tc <Gcteicp owen coe eee 2
ollyefishie Hal eretee a saoaess caaee coat eae 39
Journal of dredging trips.....-..........-. 28-36
inh yO apiain enc. lntse. seek lotet eee 37
Wa DOTACOLY eee scan oss et sen oeee a seeee 6
Lady of the Lake, steamer .............--. 36
ieadrand line). -222-..22h.scctmes come eee 20, 22
Length of steamer Fish Hawk...........-. 2
harht- house Board, 2u.2ss<'cace ces ee eseeee 1
ITO CANALS ctayais(e/e'sin a's oon ok eee 10
HEIN ENSTOOM S212, < o's cues cs <5 etee ee 3
i Oe eye facet lc ate aie eins tco ois inc Lise a 39
Lookout, Fish Commission steamer ........ 35, 36
Lopholatilus chame@leonticeps .........-. 30, 31, 37
TEOWOTCADIN 62. cash ck wee knee eee 3
McCurry seeoint :22222.5: 222522 set eee 44
IMAGHINGNY res se dae3s tessa. tuk wee eee 5, 7-14
Machinist) 3sP00m \-<..c-0seecede dese cuee 4
MAGI OTOlerm enn cca vwantncte concen ee ee eee 39
Mipin-deckisase2+ 5 2522s. ss eee 4
Massachusetts Bay ..........--.2-2----2--- 39
Menhaden tet toes 25s eo ee 37, 39
IMessenzerre. ..o.tsd.n Ja eee 24
MICROSCOPE - sec toa es nes 6
Miller-Casella deep-sea thermometer. .23, 24, 25, 46
Mollusca (2-0. tce.. Se eee eee 38, 39
Narragansett Bay... <5: see. euhce seen 29, 36
Nautical instruments ...........-------+--- 14
NAT TUS cee ee ee ae ee eR Pec 38
Navigation, Bureau of -.<:-<.--. ce ccecc cee 14
Navy: Department..--.-2. 008 ence eet. 2, 14
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,
[50]
Page.
Navy-yard .....-------20-0-ees-eeeene- 22, 33, 35, 36
Negrettiand Zambra deep-sea thermometer 23, 24,
25, 30, 31, 42, 44, 46
ING WISPOCIOSS once oc on clejeicin ple welelomie we tetera 37, 38
Newioundland 22s. cec ereccewekinewesseeeeee 37
NewsHaven; (Cont... sse-s-esemsneeeeeeee 33, 41
NIG WD OTE: Misti arctaw elaelaeetam eter seater atemtats 28, 32, 33, 41
IN@w; Viork, Nii Wao > occcceweiasecieiseeeme ener 41
No Man's*and scoscs coscce ace snseteeeemeeae 30
INOrfollky Waite oe nls mceeiesin sence slaaelalataeieete 36, 41
Nova Scotia sccsecessscscesnecsncenenee ceeee 37, 38
Octopus: secesesse ease eee seinen ate 38, 39
Off-shore dredgings .......- weitnjectaleecieaes 37
Ophiurans s2ete cee cesa-ieoseecs ee asec 38
Ordnance; Bureawofs.-c-cc~-seesceceseeie 14
Otter!trawl ese rec clovene ciaisivmicisiniecosies 18, 43, 45, 47
Outfit 2a cect ete sete oroer tate stemereeleec eerie 14
Oyster Arediger tec sowececlewewceyees ssescaae 35, 47
Oystersic- A tecetercceeeeek rena ose ncececeer 35
Paint-locker savesetweesetce tems secant ee ene 3
PaDtr ys —seecpoecicmiete seleleetsetielow a(ainleln sietetyacrs 3
Piano-forte wire used for sounding...-...-. 22
Pillow-blocksssea-cesnaeo oseeceeneesee eee 10,11
Pilot-howse .2)--)-tetsaleatecum ele sleemiciineeeionee 5
PiStons io. ae eeccec scecceereee SuCoDEoodSRScd 9
PointiMndithe seco. ces. ceteeisisioe aetna ser 28, 29, 42
Pole flounder eens asec. seccosane eewerenres 39
POLYPS | swretentevael wlan alec) ewe eeeelnlee(elnie meter ee 39
Poplar PointUight. Jc - \-cc. stccweslscetecnn 42
POtOMACARIV. OL si2cioe.ci-rcleiowieelaieaeoctereicnas 34, 35, 36
Preparation for dredging...........-------- 18
Promenadeideck 2-2 o.0--e sadeacidiceeseeie 5
Prudence Migh tse ac ssste alae esate) ee 44
PLOLOpOds eer cer ect es = se tesae lessee ele onaee 39
Pusey and Jones company .......-----.--. 1, 14, 34
Quantico sVia ere its co cee slew aoe se cuetseeee 36, 41
Rathbun, Richards sc.-- ssosce senses eee 36
Read, |\George UWrss en. foo rateicicisisisen eeeiectes 2
Record of dredging and trawling operations. 42-47
Rhizopods\ciaesiesz scene sclswesemecns waleeniee 38
Ridin g-bittss soo scac ssi dasisc een cuiecscee 3
1S he Soop aoa orn BoBODSEeEaoos SpE oa MDEBRSIIco 2,6
Roebling’s (John A.) Sons’ Company....-... 17
RoyaliSocieby ak waciscss saccens -tdeciemenecees 28
Safety Looks ja sas ja Giaicleneie wo stctatw oe meriotatoter 17
BSc heen heme ticsae testers elsietalen ive meters 6
Saint: Jerome Creek ..-...2..0c.cseceescns 34, 35, 41
Saint'"Mary’s River... 2.22-2-545< asec eee 41
SakonnetiRiver = aw eiosoccs os eee senate 30
Salinometer :s.- ss. <0 csccewcces ones sleet eats 26, 27
Schizopodais<-s..50 6 Sect ecia ste teeeiseraeeee 38
Scientific results of season’s explorations... 36
Screw-propellers'.....s-.s. cesses soeee nese 1
Sea-Valves.-ssossccaciscoSsoesen eee ee eee 11
Shad! oo. ses ee ee Sas eemeeeiee eee 14,15
Shaftibrackets {.-..-.sssssassceesee seer ll
Shear of steamer Fish Hawk..--....--..-.-- 2
Side valveistems ._-.c.cobaeanswctee wees somes 10
Sigsbee, Lieutenant-Commander ...... 17, 18, 25, 26
Skate es. 2 ocs ek ok mieeeeee ee ae eee ele 31
Smith; James wArse- ei eeeeceeeeste ane seas 2
Smith's) Creek 2.0 see eee seca eee 385, 41
Smithsonian Institution .........-.---2--2-- 35
Smoke-pipe and casing ee \ss.-c-ct eae serene 12
Sounding apparatus ........-....... 20-23, 29, 30, 31
[51]
Page.
DOUNGIN Se secra sacle aleeciseisicne sl <'cm aca njaa se 20
NOPE) Adate boonbkoatbHsS-bosdeoseuaaroarqoe 6
SOCOM Te So aaepéocooded:: IOSCODEUERSEE 29, 33, 35
Speed of steamer Fish Hawk............--. 1
Speedwell, U.S: steamer.....-........-.---. x
PONV Csr sos seceaanaaceackessicocecsiconecs se 38
Squidswestt ste atecc ecco ee eee: 38, 39
SEATS Dy fers stslsaicicis coe eimsinslecosiccisccmccccice 38
DLO CHS tnasiclece sisnc cameo snssee sence seers ce 8
NPCRIMEDLPOc vee oerwastamicecceniccacssemes asc 9
Steam-log ...-..... ee nee ences sees a cniae 39
MUCATO: DTM Dee saceraceiase a eeiecceee asics ccsc 13
NLCOLA CO uee ranean caensto sana sases cs cnce ass 3
Steering gear ....... acaade She CHOCaEoHeHoS 6
Stern-bearing ..........- Daecereisescianse Asano ll
Store-TooMS:... -..cees<eoee Boaarneabacoces cee, Fete
BaxLiace CONGENSET son. csscee ssescesccecce 8
Synopsis of steam log of Fish Hawk...-... 39-41
PDADIOISIGViOetset. oo sac eee scsescceese 19
Mam SCH areas acne siscrieicmacs oem a0 camesseeiece 19
PRANN Gr Zidus oe ecjaisisc sass vise cos= 1, 87, 43, 45, 47
Temperature observations ...-....----- 20, 43, 45, 47
Thermometers:: 2. 222.022s-0sc—0% 23, 27, 31, 42, 44, 46
Thorpe and Riicker, Messrs..-..-.-.-- Segce 28
?
CONSTRUCTION AND WORK OF FISH-HAWK.
5D
Page.
CT lefish tte eee cache Uc emery tae eae 30, 31, 82, 37
Mippety Marc. soriciczseinos se wicaies cess eee 22
ROWAN PNCL) aso an- eses elev easeteck ese ce 39
raw lessee ee ee 18, 31, 32, 33, 37, 43, 45, 47
MraWIline)cmasccesccswecee saesccnnscss nce 31, 37
RrontonwNeWke-cchissssacccoseascecctweseseee 17
SErips Of Wish Hayy Kyosen cs silacidce aecece ck 41
Wal VOSsi2sctccl ace esresscacisniescseeecoeue. 8,14
WianoVLiet..h'<} Ole as os son ike ween cepmatmascees 2
Werrill PAG heer oses sekeere ace eee 19, 33
iVAneyand SouNdssascscecc cls omcecuoenisceces 30, 86
Washburn and Moen Manufacturing Co... 22
Washington) D: Choco. css cecneecwccacs 33, 34, 85, 41
iWateridensities:.:2 oot css csscececcoesss 26
IWiRbeOr-ClOSCUS2cs<\s-iccceue sincetammechicnine eee 4
Weather observations. ............--------- 42-47
Wrestisland! 2.22 stscsc Ri ecececcccessees 44
Wailminoton:Delesc2fo-scesccsccccwces 1, 28, 34, 41
Wrandlass: so32222ss2-2tuscon sec cee Roe See 3, 5
Wiood's:Castloisaticccescecreccesconscuemacte 44
Wiood:s Holl, Magatiocs.sc-ccs- seme cee ene 20, 32, 41
Worcester, Mass ..-.. seune@seccensaseces ee 22
Young fish ..... since cskucdesdcestteccesser ato
PLATE I.
Fish Hawk.
Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Tanner.
‘YMUT] YS] Loulvo}s VOISsTIUMOD YSIT soye}g pony
ta
ft
|
——
Se.
|
PLATE II
“
PLATE III.
}
WA
| HI
| ———— sanoerenesen icles
| i i
| \| | I t | f |
i i t ill
- M H | i | | |
J a ee | A
Ter 1) TS |
Td
Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Tanner.
PLATE IV.
Tish Hawk.
‘roddrp umeds T ‘ed uweds | ‘suvd uards % ‘faaung uoydds 7 ‘sropurpAo Surqoyey ¢ ‘odod Surqojey aug,
a
PLATE V.
Fish Hawk.
Tanner.
Report U. F. C. 1881.
— | |
; Ne ame
|
=e |
Pat jest \ )
}
) )
~ [ oS
‘qu SULYOoL PAVMAOF MOA, OUTST SUTPIAL PUL STUYSTOT]
Ny
W |
(PE
(\ \ —
) es
ee Kaa\ I PS
amar TUTTI ral il 0 (
| i Sat
| @
SS"
i
PLATE VI.
Report U.S. F.C. 1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk.
“PIE MLOF OULSOOT FPG COd, OULOUD OULLIALT PUG OULPSLO
= ion
Vi
Sue.
SS
SSE we Gi y
ae
Z NESS
?
— | ee. | 5
: : J] 7 a ‘f aa : = : 7 7 > = @ «
7 J i ; 7 L° Fai = i Ee ig 4g
= : > a i 1) a - _— cs \-t 2 a.
: : 7 Viger ah, - uw P i TD
1 7 ; '. 7 Mi 7 Ke (ae is - ay 1 he re Pp. ! - lint
Ze, 7 2a j 7 - : nn iT fe iv ' - : a c + 7 a" af Wy oe ; Fi ¢q
: a - My A : vi of ea ue ake f re 1a 5)
. ; " Pot b Aa’ f ave tae
: - , ‘ bao oe
7 WD} 7 4. > Ha he ei) 4
7 a YY ae ei
‘ in > : vr at _ neo ‘a i :
See ae
— a Dens
oy = - an 7 = io ; - 7
+> ‘ 7 her
’ . : 7 a
7 _ ; - 7 aT |
x
af -
> > t ,
; A i) 7 5S °F ik
— : Jos eh he | a,
i a an * \ : Ny : , =
ees |. r i ot a UA a '
Dias | any "Da * ae oe
: _ 7 . er a
AY tty
Report U.S. F.C.1881—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE VII.
Safety hooks, showing spring.
Report U.S. F.C. 1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE VIII
Accumulator, with dredging block hooked; safety hook; brass washer.
Report U.S. F. C.1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk, PLATE IX
SS ae
The beam trawl] ready for lowering.
Report U.S. F. C.1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE X.
co
Dredge safety hook, water bottle, dredge weight, and tangles, Chester rake dredge.
PLATE XI.
Fish Hawk.
Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Tanner.
‘posodxe v1} pur soddoy ‘QA018 O[PVIO PUB OAGIS TQ} OTT,
Report U.S. F.C. 1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE XII.
4 =»
Main deck, starboard side, table siev
Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE XIII.
Sounding machine, with Negretti and Zambra deep-sea thermometer descending.
Report U. S. F. C.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE XIV.
Sounding machine, with Negretti and Zambra deep-sea thermometer ascending.
Report U. 8. F. C. 1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE XV.
Sounding machine, with Bassnett’s patent atmospheric lead.
1
4,
Report U.S. F. CG. 1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE XVI.
|= CD
: aeons en y—wmeR
Sinsfauaw=/SenEnnneieannasan)
i
/
y
(
U
(
(/
/
woke
The Negretti and Zambra deep-sea thermometer, with wooden frame ana metal case.
Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Tanner. Fish Hawk. PLATE XVII.
L.CASELLA.
INSTMAKER TOTHE ADMIRALTY
LONDON.
TH TUTE
DOT
T
oz)
L.CASELLA. LONDON.
TOT
\S
The Miller-Casella deep-sea thermometer in and out of case.
PLATE XVIII.
Fish Hawk.
Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Tanner.
ANS THVad Zo€
AQdvlISvip
Hilgard’s ocean salinometer.
at
II].—A REPORT OF THE WORK OF THE UNITED STATES FISH
COMMISSION STEAMER FISH HAWK, FOR THE YEAR ENDING
DECEMBER 381, 1881.
By LizuTENANT Z. L. TANNER, U. 8. N., Commanding.
At the close of my last report, December 31, 1880, the vessel was at.
the United States navy-yard, Norfolk, Va., where she remained until
February 26. The work of painting and refitting was completed about
the middle of January, and a series of experiments with the hatching
machinery carried on during the months of January and February.
It was considered desirable to introduce air with the feed-water on
its entrance to the hatching cones for the purpose of economizing water,
and, in order to mix the two sufficiently to prevent violent ebullition by
the rapid ascent and explosion of large air bubbles at the surface, we
experimented with numerous forms of simple aerators, succeeding
finally, as far as practicable, withcut
first reducing the feed-water to a spray.
wo. 1 is a vertical sectional view of VN
the aerator (full size). aais the outer £
case into which b b is screwed; ¢, the Al
feed-pipe connection; d, the nozzle over
which the upper end of the flexible feed-
pipe is attached ; ee, air-holes.
Fig. 2 is an end view, b b is the noz-
zle to which the feed-pipe is attached ;
c, feed-pipe connection ; ¢ ¢ € ¢ € € €é, air-
holes.
The feed-water entering at ¢ and the
air ate e meet and find their way into
the bases of the hatching cones partially
mixed, that is, the feed-water is impreg-
nated with numerous small air-bubbles.
Experiments were instituted also with
a view of adapting the cones to cod-fish
hatching.
Shad eggs, for which the hatching
apparatus on board this vessel was de-
signed, sink rapidly and require a con-
stant upward current to prevent matting or settling at the bottom in @
solid mass. Cod-fish eggs, on the contrary, float upon the surface of
[1] 55
WOR
WES
WS SS
AT
\
56 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
sea-water, continued submersion resulting in the destruction of the
embryos from asphyxia.
It was necessary, therefore, to devise some means by which the requi-
site change of water could be effected without establishing a constant -
current in either direction. Since the
specific gravity of cod eggs is very near
that of sea water, they take the direc-
tion of its sightest movement. Admit-
ting water at the bases of the cones as in
shad hatching would soon result in pack-
ing them around the perforated plates.
Were the order reversed, by introducing
water at the top and discharging at the
base the downward current would soon
send them all to the bottom. To sur-
mount these difficulties, if possible, the
following series of experiments was in-
augurated :
A cylindrical tank was hung on gimbals, occupying the place of one
cone in a set of four. The long leg of a siphon was secured to the
bottom of the tank, the upper end reaching the maximum water level
required in the cones. The lower end of the short leg, which was five
inches long, reached the minimum water Jevel. The goose necks at the
bases of the cones were so modified as to have two feed-pipe connecti@s;
the lower end of the main feed remained attached to the goose neck, as
usual; the upper end, instead of connecting with the distributing pipe,
was attached to the bottom of the siphon tank. The second or auxili-
ary feed-pipe was substituted for the main feed, being attached to the
cone by the second connection above mentioned.
Water being pumped into the distributing tanks filled the pipes and,
by opening the auxiliary feed valves, a current was admitted to the base
of the cones which in due time filled them to the maximum level desired,
when the siphon became submerged and commenced to act. The area
of its discharge being about three times that of the combined auxiliary
feeds, the water level in the cones steadily fell until it reached the
height of the short leg of the siphon, when, its action ceasing, it rose
again to its maximum level, producing a constant rise and fall of five
inches every fifteen minutes.
The short leg of the siphon was at first cut square, but we found its
action uncertain, as it was liable to suck air and water for an indefinite
time, instead of breaking promptly when the water level reached its
minimum. This defect was remedied by cutting the end of the short
leg at an angle of about 60°.
We succeeded in establishing a steady and reliable ebb and flow in
the cones by the use of this very simple and inexpensive device which,
working automatically, required no extra attention. For the purpose
of observation, we kept a set of cones in operation several days, closely
Fig. 2.
[3] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 57
watching the circulation and found that the surface water remained
practically unchanged, the circulation taking place in the lower portion
of the cones. iu
To obviate this defect the auxiliary feed-pipes were removed from the
base of the cones and laid in the space outside of the perforated plates
in such a manner as to give the surface water a slightly circular motion,
and a feed-pipe was attached to the siphon tank, thus giving a feed at
both top and bottom. _
We labored under the disadvantage of having no eggs with which to
experiment, but we knew their specific gravity and utilized such sub-
stitutes as small pieces of beeswax about the size of cod eggs, bread
dust, &c., which served at least to demonstrate what effect the various
movements would exert on minute floating bodies.
The experiment of admitting feed water at both ends of the cones re-
sulted in a complete change of water, but was not otherwise satisfactory,
as the circular motion imparted by the surface feed caused a movement
of the particles representing eggs towards the center, and, the bottom
feed being converted into a discharge while the siphon was in operation,
a miniature whirlpool developed sufiicient strength to draw the eggs to
the bottom and thence through the discharge pipe to the tank where
they were taken up by the siphon and carried to the general discharge.
Numerous experiments were tried with varying success until, finally,
the following arrangement was adopted as most nearly producing the
required movement:
F14. 3.
58 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
Fig. 3 represents the nest of three hatching cones and siphon tank;
a is the distributing tank; 0, the general feed pipe; c, the general dis-
charge pipe; d dd, cones; e, siphon tank; f, siphon; g, feed pipe; hh,
auxiliary feed-pipes; 7, discharge pipe; j, siphon discharge; k, goose
neck; l, auxiliary feed connection ; m m, aerators; n, feed valve.
The feed-pipe g remained attached to the siphon tank e, to be used
in case it was required. The auxiliary feed-pipes h h were again at-
tached to the bases of the cones, and aerators,.m m, attached to their
upper ends. The water being at low level and the feed turned on, a
series of air bubbles followed each other in rapid succession to the sur-
face, causing a general movement of the water, and periodical change
at the surface as well as in the lower part of the cones. There being
no surface feed during the action of the siphon f, and the auxiliary
teed h h taking the direction of the discharge 7, the water then became
placid, the particles representing eggs: spread over the surface, where
they remained until the siphon ceasing to operate; air-impregnated feed-
water again entered the cones, renewing the upward current, causing
a general movement in which the surface of the eggs would be cleansed,
to a certain extent, of fungus growth and other minute foreign sub-
stances liable to adhere during the process of hatching.
While the above experiments were in progress preparations were
made for the reception of a quantity of impregnated eggs to be sent
from Wood’s Holl with which to test our apparatus practically, but,
owing to the unusual severity of the weather, they failed to procure
them at that station.
Arrangements were then made with a fishing schooner to deliver the
entire proceeds of a trip at Hampton Roads, and, to provide for the
live fish, we made two large cars, capable of receiving several bundred,
intending to anchor them in some convenient locality where pure salt-
water could be found.
The water at Norfolk, being impregnated with that from the Dismal
Swamp region, was not suitable for our purposes. We examined nu-
merous localities, finally selecting a sheltered spot inside the bar of
Hampton Creek, near the boat-houses belonging to Fortress Monroe.
The commanding officer of that post placed one of the above-men-
tioned boat-houses at our disposal, and expressed a desire to render us
any assistance in his power.
Captain Gillis, quartermaster, to whom the Commission is indebted
for many favors, assisted us materially in our search, giving us the
benefit of his local knowledge, also tendering his services whenever we
could make them available.
Our arrangements being complete, we awaited the arrival of the fish-
erman, but inclement weather prevented the fulfillment of his contract
until the season was too far advanced for our purposes.
The Fish Hawk left Norfolk on February 26 for Washington, arriv-
ing ou the 28th, when preparations were made for the hatching season.
[5] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 59
As many of the crew as could be spared were set to work on the
barges overhauling machinery, painting, &e.
Everything being in readiness, we left Washington on the 23d of
March and arrived at Norfolk the folowing day, bound for Avoca, Al-
bemarle Sound, where we were to commence the season’s work of shad-
hatching. A few tons of coal and other stores were taken in during
the day. On the afternoon of the 25th we left the navy-yard, and
steaming to the lock gates made fast for the night. The following
morning the wind was strong from the northeast, giving more than an
average depth of water in the canal. We passed the locks soon after
daylight, and worked our way along about three miles, and finally
grounded on a shoal spot and remained till high-tide, then made an-
other mile. Starting again at high-tide in the morning, we reached
North Landing and moored to the wharf for the night.
At daylight on the morning of the 28th we left the wharf and reached
North West River, when the vessel grounded again. The light-house
steamer Tulip came to our assistance, taking a tow-line ahead, and in
this manner we finally reached the vicinity of Bell Island, where the
vessel stuck fast and remained during the night. Her draught was 7
feet, and there being but 6 feet 6 inches in the channel, we found it
necessary to lighten her. Work was commenced at daylight on the
29th, and everything movable placed in lighters, sent for the purpose
by General O. E. Babcock, of the Light-House Department, and at 2.30
p. m., with the assistance of the Tulip, we passed the shoals and an-
chored in North River, where the stores, &c., were taken on board from
the lighters, which were towed to that place by the light-house tender
Bramble. We took on board a ton and a balf of coal also, which was
kindly furnished by General Babcock.
At 5.30 a.m., March 30, got under way and steamed to Salmon Creek,
Avoca, Bertie County, North Carolina, and anchored near the steam-
boat landing.
I called at once upon Dr. Capehart, who informed me that no ripe
shad had been taken yet, owing to cold weather and low temperature of
the water.
Preparations for hatching were soon completed, and spawn-takers
attended every haul of the seine at the two fisheries owned by Dr.
Capehart, Sutton Beach, and Scotch Hall. The schooner E. G. Pickup
arrived on the morning of April 8 with 40 tons of coal which we had
contracted for in Norfolk.
Westerly winds prevailed from the 1st to the 8th, causing very low
water in the sound, which prevented our getting up the creek to Cape-
hart’s wharf, where the vessel was to be stationed. Fresh easterly
winds sprung up on the morning of the latter date, however, and we
crossed the bar without much trouble, mooring in a snug berth about
40 yards below the wharf.
60 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
As soon as the vessel was moored, the schooner was taken alongside
and the coal transferred during the 9th.
The first shad eggs were taken on the 12th, 66,000 being procured
from both fisheries. They were not in good condition, many being un-
ripe and the milt hard; but they were put into the cones, more to test
the apparatus than from any expectation of satisfactory results.
Kegs were taken on the 13th, 14th, and 15th; total number, including
those of the 12th, 283,000. No ripe fish were found during the 16th,
17th, and 18th. <A fair proportion of the eggs taken were impregnated,
and the development, although slow, was apparently normal, except the
eyes, which were very small, barely visible to the naked eye.
The embryos from eggs taken on the 12th died on the 19th, either
before or immediately after leaving the shell. The temperature of the
water ranged between 50° and 58°, much too low for successful hateh-
ing. Eggs were taken again on the 19th and every day after that until
the 30th. Those taken from the 13th to the 15th died on the 22d and
23d under similar conditions to those of the 12th. The range of tem-
perature was from 50° to 64°.
From the 23d to the 30th, the water varied from 57° to 71° in the
hatching cones; and although the frequent changes operated against us,
a fair proportion of eggs were hatched. Five hundred thousand her-
ring eggs were taken on the 25th, of which about 200,000 hatched on
the 30th and were deposited in the sound. Great quantities of the lat-
ter fish were taken at the fisheries, but no ripe females were found ex-
cept those mentioned above.
Our work ceased at Avoca on the 30th of April, and preparations
were made for immediate departure. The eggs on board were trans-
ferred to the North Carolina Commission, the young fish deposited in
the sound, boats taken on board, and ship unmoored ready for an early
start.
The results of the season’s work at Avoca are briefly as follows:
piadveros taken a ..ds)nwOerien some ewe ne ess anaes 5, 727, 000
Rlerming eres taken: ct aslo) Wee oa oe tome ee eee 500, 000
Potal -eegs taken .c.0 2 2 sasete kee ce oe ee eee 6, 227, 000
puad hatched... 02.502) Jol scree ee Oe mee ce aes ee 1,328, 000
Frerring hatched’. : osces's4 fo Seen ee ee ann ee 200, 000
Mota cs cis toa heal eral iscndiee a eee Sele Weaieve ae eee 1, 528, 000
Shad eggs transferred to North Carolina Commission, 3,029,500.
The shad eggs were procured from 196 females, 189 males being used
for impregnation. The average number of eggs from each female was
30,300.
The arrangement of pipes and valves is such that water can be pumped
back into the distributing tanks from the waste-pipe using it over and
over as often as desired. In order to ascertain the practicability of
[7] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 61
transporting eggs and young fish under the above conditions, we re-
tained half a million eggs and commenced the experiment at 6 p. m.,
April 30. The temperature rose to 68° during the night and to 71° at
10 a. m., May 1, the water smelling badly and a large portion of the
eggs dying. The cones were thoroughly cleaned, dead eggs removed,
and the experiment continued.
At 5 p.m. but few survived, and 330,000 dead ones were thrown over-
board. The remainder were found dead and thrown overboard at day-
light the following morning.
At 5 a.m. on May 1 we got under way and steamed down Albemarle
Sound, through Croatan Sound, Roanoke Marshes, and down Pamlico
Sound, to Hatteras Inlet, ener at 7.20 p. m., we anchored for the night.
At 4.45 a.m. on May 2 got under way, with a pilot on board, and pro-
ceeded to sea by way of Hatteras Inlet. The swell on the bar was so
heavy that the pilot refused to take the vessel out, whereupon he was
discharged and the ship proceeded to sea without one. At 8 a.m.
passed Hatteras Light, Bodie’s Island Light at meridian, and at 3.50 p.
m. Currituck. At 8.10 p.m. passed Cape Henry, and at 11.35 Wolf
Trap. At midnight a thick fog and mist prevailed. At 10.10 p. m. on
May 3 we anchored in Annapolis Roads. At 4.45 a.m. on May 4 got un-
der way, and at 10.10 a. m. arrived at Havre de Grace. At 11.40 made
fast to the coal wharf, and the crew were employed during the remain-
der of the day in coaling ship. At 10 a.m. on the 5th instant, having
finished coaling, we proceeded to our station off Bull Mountain, mouth
of North East River, where we anchored in 15 feet of water.
The fisheries along the shore were visited, and preparations made for
hatching work. During the evening 182,000 shad eggs were taken. On
May 6 the wind was light and Paniable, and the weather rainy during
the night, clearing afterdaylight. Four hundred and sixty-two thousand
shad eggs were taken during the day. On May 7 every haul of the seines
at the various fishing shores was attended and gill boats visited during
the evening, but no eggs were taken. No ripe fish were found in the
seines, and those taken by gillers were penetrated and stripped by eels.
On the 8th 506,000 eggs were taken, and on the 9th 1,660,000.
No payment had been made thus far for the privilege of taking eggs.
On the 9th instant a fisherman called on behalf of the gillers, and stated
that, at an informal meeting, they had decided to furnish the Commis-
sion with eggs, whether paid for it or not, but, as they were put to
some inconvenience and extra labor thereby, they requested him to see
if I could not procure them the usual compensation of twenty-five cents
for each spawning fish.
Tickets having been received from the Commission, they were issued
from the 10th instant.
On the 10th the breeze was moderate to brisk from the southward
and westward, making quite a heavy swell in the channel; 341,000 eggs
were procured during the day. On the 11th 913,000 were taken, and
62 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
on the 12th 979,000; 664,000 young fish were deposited in the river near
the ship on the latter date. On the 13th 265,000 eggs were taken and
1,660,000 young fish deposited in the North East River and at the mouth
of the Susquehanna.
On the 14th 348,000 eggs were taken and 830,000 young fish de-
posited in the river near the ship. During the evening of the 15th there
was a fresh breeze from the southward and westward. <A large num-
ber of eggs were procured, but owing to the heavy swell many were
spilled out of the pans and pails in the boats, leaving 357,000 as the
result of the evening’s work ; 598,000 young fish were deposited near
the ship. On the 16th 357,000 eggs were received and 979,000 young
fish deposited near the vessel. On the 17th 424,000 eggs were taken,
and on the 18th, 257,000. On the latter date 498,000 young fish were
deposited. The weather was overcast and cloudy, raining during the
afternoon and evening, the wind blowing fresh from northeast, chang-
ing to west during the evening. The water was rough, making it diffi-
eult to attend the gill-boats. At 3.30 p. m. the Herreshoft steam
launch, No. 62, borrowed from the Navy, arrived from Brooklyn in
charge of Mr. Robert West.
On the 19th the weather was overcast and rainy ; moderate breeze
from southeast; 423,000 eggs were received, and 1,660,000 young shad
deposited near the ship. On the 20th the weather was overcast and
rainy, partially clearing during the day; moderate breeze from east-
southeast to northeast. Large numbers of fish were taken at the
beaches, but most of them were unripe and were recognized as “ the
May run”; 781,000 eggs were taken during the day. On the 21st the
weather was cloudy, latter part rainy, with thunder and lightning,
light variable breezes ; 1,792,000 eggs were taken during the day. The
seines in this vicinity have all cut out except two.
The following seine fisheries are located in North East River, and
have been visited by our spawn-takers during the season, viz:
Carpenter’s Point, west side, P. K. Barnes.
Carrot Cove, east side, Russell & Sempers.
Bull Mountain, east side, J. C. Caruthers.
Gridiron Beach, east side, W. J. Wilson.
Gilder’s Hole, east side, J. Fletcher Wilson.
Beaver Dam, James Roney.
The two last were not regularly visited.
On the 22d of May 291,000 eggs were taken. Large numbers of
people visited the ship, many of whom had traveled long distances for the
purpose. On the 23d 650,000 eggs were taken and 325,000 young fish
deposited in the river near the ship. A considerable number of young
fry, hatched on the 11th from eggs taken on the 7th, were retained in a
cone for the purpose of ascertaining how long they could be kept alive
after absorption of the yolk bag, which disappeared from the naked
eye on the 15th instant. On the 16th the fish which had hitherto re-~
[9] WORK OF THE -STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 63
mained on the surface went down from four to six inches or more,
where they appeared to be feeding upon the minute particles collected
on the surface of the cone. On the 23d they were still thriving, but
few dead ones having been seen. It was an undoubted fact that they
were feeding and developing normally. On the 24th 463,000 eggs were
received and 313,000 young fish deposited in the river near the ship.
On the 25th 781,000 eggs were taken and 275,000 young fish deposited.
The young shad before mentioned, fourteen days old, were doing well,
no dead fish being noticed. The last seine in this region cut out on this
date. On the 26th 1,062,000 eggs were taken and 406,000 young fish
deposited. One of the young shad, fifteen days old, was examined
under a microscope to-day. Minute crustacea were found in its stomach.
On the 27th 625,000 eggs were taken and 1,250,000 young fish de-
posited near the ship. A ripe rock, the first of the season, was taken
to-day, but no milt could be procured to impregnate the eggs. On the
28th 675,000 shad eggs were taken and 500,000 young shad deposited.
Mr. Capehart and his son, Dr. R. W. Capebart, owners of two great
fisheries in Albemarle Sound, visited the ship and inspected the hateh-
ing operations.
On the 29th 369,000 shad eggs were received. The small number of
eges taken may be attributed to the lateness of the tide. Shad are
taken in gill-nets at or near slack-water in this locality, and when this
occurs at sundown or an hour or two later many fish are taken in the
act of spawning. It should not beinferred from this that all spawning
takes place at that time, but it is an undoubted fact that we take a
large proportion of our eggs between the hours mentioned.
On the 30th 50,000 eggs were taken and 375,000 young fish deposited
near the ship, and at 3 p. m., May 31, we got under way and delivered
a shipment of 1,250,000 young fry at Havre de Grace. We then steamed
down the channel and anchored near Locust Point, Spesutie Island. A
furious squall of wind and rain with thunder and lightning swept down
the river from 7 to 11 p. m., two inches of rain falling in the mean time.
The gill-boats along the west shore were visited and 106,000 eggs
procured; 625,000 young fry were deposited in North East River. There
was a Slight freshet in the river on June Ist, which made the water very
muddy; 187,000 eggs were taken and 500,000 young fish transferred to
Battery Station for shipment; 38,000 eggs were taken on the 2d, 312,500
young fish transferred to Battery Station, and 625,500 deposited near
the ship.
The young fish of May 11, twenty-two days old, remaining in the cone,
were sent to Washington. They were well developed and in fine con-
dition.
On the 3d of June 50,000 eggs were taken and 125,000 fry transferred
to Battery Station.
The estimate of eggs taken during the season has been on the basis
of 25,000 tothe dipper of 74gills. By actual count, four fluid ounces (one
64 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
gill) of impregnated shad eggs were found to contain 3,600, that is, 900
per fluid ounce or 26,100 per dipper. A deduction of 1,100 was made for
water, &c. Theabove measurements were made with an ordinary apothe-
cary’s graduate, used in the medical department.
All necessary preparations having been made for leaving the Susque-
hanna, we transferred 300,000 shad eggs to Battery Station, and directed
the Herreshoff launch, No. 62, to report to the officer in command for
temporary duty.
At 9.25 a. m., June 5, we left the river for Baltimore, arriving at 2.55
p.m. On the following morning the vessel was hauled out on W. Skin-
ner & Son’s marine railway, her bottom examined, copper cleaned
and repaired, propellers painted, and outboard connections examined.
The work was completed during the day, and on the following morning
the vessel was put into the water, and at 10.35 a.m. left for Washing-
ton, where we arrived at 1.40 p.m. on the 8th.
On the 10th coaled ship, and on the 13th received a special outfit
designed for hatching Spanish mackerel. As this work was to be car-
ried on in salt water, all metallic surfaces were nickel plated in order to
reduce galvanic action tothe minimum. At 4.15 a. m., June 14, we
left the navy-yard and steamed down the Potomae, arriving off Saint
Jerome’s Creek at 3.30 p. m., where we were directed to examine the
channelimprovements and report what progress had been made. Having
made the required examination, we steamed off-shore two or three miles
and swung ship, with port helm, under steam, observing azimuths on
each point for compass error. When the circle was completed with the
port helm, we ran into Cornfield Harbor and anchored for the night.
Launch No. 62 arrived from Havre de Grace at 6 a. m. on the 15th
and reported for duty. At 6.15 a.m. we got under way, swung ship
with starboard helm and, as soon as the observations for compass error
were finished, started for Cherrystone Inlet, the launch in company,
arriving at 2.30 p. m.
The pound nets were visited the following morning, but no ripe fish
were found, and the fishermen reported that they had seen none during
the season.
We met with better success, however, on the 17th, when 700,000
Spanish mackerel eggs were taken and placed in hatching cones with
siphon attachment. A small number were placed in a marbleized pan,
the water being changed every three hours. About 30 per cent. of the
eggs hatched in from thirty to forty hours after impregnation, the tem-
perature of the water ranging from 76° to 80° F. The fry were not in
good condition and were all dead within a few hours.
No eggs were procured on the 18th and 19th. On the 20th, however,
we succeeded in getting 240,000, a portion of which were placed in an
ordinary hatching cone and treated as shad eggs, the remainder being
distributed among the various forms of cylinders. They commenced
hatching twenty-four hours after impregnation, but the fry were not
strong and many of them died.
pt | WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 65
We deposited 120,000 fry in Cherrystone Inlet on the 22d and on the
23d procured 300,000 eggs, which were placed in the various hatching
apparatus on board. The temperature fell suddenly nearly ten degrees,
which retarded the development, the first young fry appearing thirty-
nine hours afterimpregnation. About 60 per cent. of the eggs hatched
and the fry were in much better condition than any of the previous lots.
Three hundred thousand eggs were procured on the 25th and placed
in cones and cylinders. About 75 per cent. hatched, but those in the
cones soon died.
We were unable to account for the loss of fry hatched in cones and
the survival of those in the cylinders, unless we attributed it to galvanic
action. The cones above mentioned were copper, nickel plated, and
after a few hours’ service in salt water the entire submerged surface
was covered with a dark deposit which we thought was sulphate of
nickel, to which was attributed the great mortality among the fry hatched
in the cones.
Among the cylinders used was one of block-tin, in which the largest
proportion of eggs were hatched, and the fry seemed to be in better con-
dition. In this vessel we had a light whitish deposit which we called
sulphate of antimony, but it did not seem to have an injurious effect on
the eggs or fry.
One hundred thousand young fish were deposited on the 26th, 50,000
on the 27th, and 100,000 transferred to the Lookout on the 28th for ex-
perimental purposes.
Mr. Marshall McDonald, of the United States Fish Commission,
arrived on the latter date to continue the experimental work, the Fish
Hawk being required for other service. Such articles as he required
were landed, launch No. 62 turned over to him, and at meridian on the
29th we left for Washington. We had at this time about 5,000 young
fish which I had placedin a glass aquarium soon after they were hatched,
where they had remained ninety-six hours without change of water. Very
few died in the meanwhile, and those that were alive were strong and
vigorous. There were about ten thousand in a hatching cylinder, and
they were placed in a glass jar for transportation. They were in good
condition until about 3p. m., when we encountered a furious squall in
Chesapeake Bay, with very heavy thunder and incessant lightning.
From that time they showed signs of distress, and before morning were
nearly all dead.
We anchored for the night at Lower Cedar Point, and arrived at the
Washington navy-yard at 9.50 a. m., June 30. Active preparations were
made for the summer’s cruise ; hatching apparatus was landed and the
dredging outfit taken on board.
The last of the young fish in the aquarium died on the Ist of July,
having been one hundred and forty-four hours without change of water.
At 2.10 p. m., July 7, we left the navy-yard for Wood’s Holl, Mass.,
passing Cape Henry at 8.40 a. m. on the following day. A fresh north-
S. Mis. 110-5
66 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [121
erly wind was encountered, and on the 9th a moderate northeast gale
with mist, rain, and thick fog at times, the weather clearing during the
latter part. We passed Montauk at 1.15 a. m. and arrived at Wood’s
Holl at 8.10 p. m. on the 10th. On the morning of the 11th we went to
Bristol, where we left the steam cutter for repairs, returning on the fol-
lowing day.
At 7.28 p. m., July 15, we left Wood’s Holl, with the naturalists on
board, for an off-shore trip. Speed was reduced between Gay Head
and No Man’s Land to allow surface towing.
At 4.10 a. m. on the 16th we cast the trawl in 44 fathoms, latitude 40°
22’ north, longitude 70° 42/ west. Ten casts were made during the day
between the above position and latitude 39° 55’ north, longitude 70° 47/
west, in from 44 to 229 fathoms. There was some delay in preparing
for the first cast, but with that exception everything worked smoothly
and the results of the day’s work were very satisfactory. We started
for port at 6.50 p. mn., arriving at 6.15 the following morning.
Thenaturalists were employed in the laboratory during the 18th and
and 19th preserving specimens, and on the 20th we made eight hauls of
the dredge and trawl in the sound between Gay Head and Vineyard
Haven.
The naturalists were engaged in the laboratory until the 23d and un-
favorable weather detained us in port till the 29th, when we went to
New Bedford for coal, returning the following day. We were again
detained by unfavorable weather till 5.40 p.m. on the 3d of August,
when we left for another off-shore trip. There was a thick fog during
the night, but it cleared towards morning, and at 8.14 we cast the trawl
in 782 fathoms, latitude 39° 45’ north, longitude 69° 44’ 45” west. The
trawl came up foul and several] fathoms of the dredge-rope were badly
kinked. Seven hauls were made during the day in from 782 to 95
fathoms, between the above position and latitude 40° 01’ north, longi-
tude 69° 56’ west. We started for port at 8.30 p. m., and arrived at
8.30 a.m. the following morning.
The naturalists were employed in the laboratory on the 6th and 7th.
At 9 p.m. on the 8th we left for an off-shore trip. A dense fog pre- -
vailed during the night, with moderate breezes from northwest to
southwest, the weather clearing towards morning.
At 6.15 a. m. we set the trawl-line for tile-fish in 138 fathoms, Jatitude
40° OL’ north, longitude 71° 12’ 30” west.
A ship’s boat was reported adrift about 9.30 a. m., which proved to
be the wreck of a mackerel seine boat having on one quarter the name
G. M. Hopkins, and on the other, Hingham, Mass.
At 11.30 a. m. picked up our boat and found that they had taken 157
pounds of tile-fish, the largest specimen weighing 29 pounds; several
whiting, and large numbers of hake, skate, &e., were taken. Six hauls
of the trawl and dredge were made during the day in from 138 to 319
fathoms between the position given above and latitude 39° 53/30” north,
fis WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 67
and longitude 71° 13/ 30’ west. We started for port at 5.30 p. m., ar-
riving at 6.10 a. m. the following morning. There was a fresh breeze
during the night, with a moderate beam sea, which caused the vessel to
roll heavily at times.
The naturalists were employed in the laboratory during the 11th and
12th. One cast of the trawl was taken in Buzzard’s Bay on the 13th.
We were detained in port by unfavorable weather until 4 p. m. on the
22d, when we left for an off-shore trip. At 4.15 a. m. the following
morning, we set a trawl-line with 900 hooks in 100 fathoms, latitude
40° 03/ north, longitude 70° 31’ west, and took 540 pounds of tile-fish,
the largest weighing 32 pounds. Large numbers of skate, hake, and
whiting were taken also. Many interesting specimens were taken
during the day by fine towing nets, so attached to each end of the
trawl-beam as to act from the time it was lowered from the ship’s side
till it left the water. So far as I know, this ingenious contrivance was
never used before and the results were most satisfactory
Six casts of the trawl and dredge were made in from 71 to 724 fathoms
between the position given above and latitude 39° 52/ 50” north, longi-
tude 70° 17/30” west. It is doubtful whether the trawl reached the
bottom in the latter depth, but several interesting specimens were found
in the net, probably caught on the way down orup. We started for
port at 6.50 p. m. and arrived at 7.25 the following morning.
The naturalists were engaged in the laboratory on the 25th, and on
the 26th we made a re-examination of various localities in Buzzard’s
Bay.
We were detained in port by unfavorable weather until the 29th,
when, the weather clearing, we left for the fishing banks off Chatham.
Finding a thick fog hanging over the shoals, we anchored at Hyannis
for the night. The weather clearing, we got under way at 4.25 a. m.,
and at 7.50 cast the trawl in 10 fathoms, Chatham Lights bearing
northwest 4 west, distant 5 miles. Twenty-one casts of the trawl and
dredge were made during the day, and at 4.30 p.m. we started for port,
arriving at 10.55 p. m.
On the following day, August 31, we went to New Bedford for coal,
returning September 2. We were detained by gales and fog until the
7th. A peculiar atmospheric condition worthy of note was observed
on the 6th instant. The weather was overcast, with a brisk breeze from
southwest, moderating during the morning, when a thick fog set in, last-
ing until afternoon when it rose, and, combined with smoke, darkened
the atmosphere to almost a twilight. The light was peculiarly yellow,
and gave to the foliage an intensified color; ordinary oil lamps had
the color and general appearance of electric lights. The sky remained
overcast after dark, but became clearer and objects resumed their
natural colors.
At 8.45 a. m., September 7, we left port, and at 12.50 p.m. cast the
trawl in 26 fathoms, latitude 41° north, longitude 70° 49’ west. Nine
68 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
easts of the trawl and rake dredge were taken in from 26 to 39 fathoms
between the above position and latitude 40° 28’ north, longitude 70°
44’ west. The last haul was made at 8.20 p. m., completing a line frora
No Man’s Land to our off-shore working ground.
At 4.50 a. m. the following morning we cast the trawl] in 368 fathoms,
latitude 39° 40’ north, longitude 71° 30’ west. Eight hauls of the
rake dredge and trawl were made between the above position and
latitude 39° 50/ 30” north, longitude 71° 23/ west, in from 368 to 182
fathoms. We started for port at 3.30 p. m. and arrived at 3.30 a. m. on
the 9th, where we were detained till the 13th by the report of a storm
moving along the coast from the southward.
At 4.30 p. m., on the latter date, we left for an off-shore trip. At
7.32 the following morning the trawl was cast in 93 fathoms, latitude
40° 00/ north, longitude 69° 19’ west. Ten hauls were made between
the above position and latitude 39° 58/ north, longitude 69° 30’ west,
in from 93 to 458 fathoms.
We started for the port at 8.30 p. m., and at 7.20 a. m. the following
day cast the trawl in 16 fathoms between No Man’s Land and Gay
Head. It fouled on a rock, the sudden strain unshipping the heel of
the dredging boom; it was soon replaced, however, and the trawl re-
covered without further damage. At 10 a.m. we anchored in Wood’s
Holl harbor.
We were detained in port by unfavorable weather till 4 p. m. on the
20th, when we left for an off-shore trip. Passed No Man’s Land at 6.45.
Between 8 and 9 o’clock passed through large schools of fish, probably
menhaden.
At 6a. m., the following day, we set a trawl line in 113 fathoms, lati-
tude 39° 58’ north, longitude 70° 06’ west. No tile-fish were taken,
and but few of the baits were disturbed. This was the first time we
had failed to take more or less of this fish when we made the attempt.
Three casts of the dredge and trawl were taken, when the increasing
wind and sea made it impracticable to carry on work, and at 11.30 a. m.
we started for port, arriving at 11.50 p. m.
Two casts of the trawl were made in Vineyard Sound on the 22d.
The colors were set at half mast on the 26th, and the day observed
in memory of the late President James A. Garfield. We were detained
in port by unfavorable weather till 4.10 p. m.on the 30th, when we went
to New Bedford for coal, returning at 5.50 p. m. on the 2d of October.
The specimens taken during the season, and material belonging to
the United States Fish Commission, were taken on board during the 3d
and preparations completed for leaving the station, the work of deep-
sea exploration at this station being finished for the season.
At 2.05 p. m., October 4, we left Wood’s Holl and steamed to New
Bedford to take on board a whale-boat and equipments, which had
been presented to the National Museum by J. H. Bartlett & Sons. The
boat was received on the evening of the 5th, and at 5.50 the following
morning we left for Bristol, R. I., arriving at 11.20, when the steam cutter
{15] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 69
was sent on shore for slight repairs. At 5.30 a. m. the following day
we left for New Haven, arriving at 5.10 p. m. The specimens con-
signed to Prof. A. E. Verrill were landed at daylight the following
morning, and at 9.15 a. m. we left for Washington. At 3.45 p. m.
made fast to Bayles’ wharf, at Throgg’s Neck, for the night, as the
weather was somewhat threatening.
At 2 p. m., October 9, we-cast off and proceeded to sea. At 7.17 the
folowing morning we cast the trawl in 150 fathoms, latitude 38° 39/
north, longitude 73° 11’ West. Seven hauls were made during the day
between the above position and latitude 38° 28’ north, longitude 73°
22/ west, in from 130 to 435 fathoms. At 5.30 p.m. started for the capes
of the Chesapeake. The weather was pleasant during the day, with
moderate winds, but at 8 p. m. a northerly gale rose suddenly, making
it necessary to heave the vessel to until 5 o’clock the following morn-
ing, when wind and sea moderating we resumed our course, passing
Cape Henry at 6 p. m., and arriving at the navy-yard, Washington, at
11.20 a. m., October 12. The specimens were landed and sent to the
National Museum the following day.
The vessel having been placed at the disposal of the Hon. Robert T.
Lincoln, Secretary of War, during the celebration at Yorktown, pre-
parations were made for departure, and at 12.25 p. m. on the 17th we
left for the latter place with the Secretary and party on board, arriv-
ing at 10.15 a. m. on the 18th.
The ceremonies attending the laying of the corner-stone of the monu-
ment ended on the afternoon of the 20th, and at 5.30 p. m. we left for
Washington, arriving at 1 p. m. the following day, having visited Mount
Vernon on the way.
We coaled ship during the 24th and 25th, returning to the navy-yard
on the latter date, where we remained until the close of the year. The
erew were employed during this time in giving the vessel a thorough
overhauling preparatory to next season’s work.
On the 29th of November we transferred our Herreshoff steam cutter
and First-class Fireman William H. Lynch to the United States steam-
ship Despatch for surveying duty in the West Indies, receiving from that
vessel a cutter of the same description which was at the time unservice-
able. The transfer was made at the request of the Navy Department.
Reports received from officers of the Despatch show that it performe¢
excellent service, being at times the only steam cutter in working ordev.
The boat received from that vessel was refitted by our crew, and at the
elose of this report was in good condition.
List of officers attached to the vessel during the year.—Lieut. Z. L. Tarner,
U.S. N., commanding; mate, J. A. Smith, U.S. N.; mate, Samuel Gee,
U.S. N., June 1 to December 30, inclusive; mate, C. H. Cleaveland, U.
S. N., from December 31; passed-assistant paymaster, G. H. Read, U.
§.N.; assistant engineer, W. B. Boggs, U.S. N.; apothecary, first-class,
J. A. Kite, from March 21; paymaster’s yeoman, first-class, H. EK, Mink-
ler; machinist, F. J. Barry; machinist, John Maxwell.
0
=
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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73
WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWE.
[19]
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74
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
[20]
Dredging and trawling record of the United States Fish
3 | Temperature of air
Sy | i
iB baie | Hohe Weta liao villares
Pate ae ena erS Locality. Hour. | Tide. | [eS eee
used. Pe Sl Sulse lt emiaaal
BE | |slelsiela|
| 3 Oe id ~ ~
5 E/E )se (4/4/84
a) 4)/m | 0 | Sou Seles
|
1881. o}o}o}o}o}.0
July 16 | N. Z. 46402, sur- | 917) Lat. 40° 22’ N., long. | 4.10a.m.|.....-.. 66 | 63 |.--.| 49 |..-.] 45
face ; Z. 70° 42/ W. | |
46403, deep. |
1 |Soeet Wsaancpprae 918] Lat. 40° 22’ 24” N., Seas 1104 Beoreess 167 | Goi Ne a AOS eeaS
long. 70° 12’ W. |
16 RAO sac ee oe a 919} Lat. 40° 16’ 18” N., T00sana one. 2s = - | 70 | 66 |..-.|--..] 48
long. 70° 41’ W. |
GH a COs se nectoren | 920) Lat. 40° 13’ N., long. |. 8.20 a. m.|.....-.- 72) | 66) |. cos] 25 sao
70° 41! 54” W. | | eet
16 | N. Z. 46402, sur- | 921) Lat. 40° 07’ 48” N., | 9.40 a.m |....-.--. 12 (70) 102 2.9) 66h te
face; N. Z. long. 70° 43/ 54” W.. | | |
42663, deep. hase |
UGH BAS.0 bh ioe cemeseac 922) Lat. 40° 03/ 48’ N., | 10.57 a. m.!........ | 76 | 72 59 |.---| 58%
long. 70° 45! 54” W. | ieee eee
NGS ea Ore acre 923! Lat. 40° 01 24” ING, oop Sams ee ee oe 743, 72 55 | 54
long. 70° 46’ W. | | '
1GR eae cOO, ees. saa. 924) Lat. "39° 57! 30” N.; P52 pM a|e tem ak | 744) 71 | 70 | 61 60
long. 70° 46’ W. | | |
MNGi ee OO - ts wsosec 925| Lat. 39° 55’ N., long. SBOb)) Neale desoar 74.) TL) 20} 58a 34 Se
70° 47! W. | | | |
PGgleme dO to eke ee | 926) Lat. 39° 56’ N., long. | 5.24p.m.|....-.-- 74 | 71 68 |....| 59
} 70° 46’ W. | | |
Pl) eebe0 ty Sao sSemeee 927; Gay Headlight,W.by | 10.47 a. m.; Ebb 681/62") (6Liiealeene
S.2S., 23 miles.
D0 yee doer ese: 928) Gay “Head light, W.3 | 11.30a.m.| Low | 69 | 624| 59 |....|. :
S., 2h miles. | water. | |
20) GO! a2 =.tn\s's 929) Gay Head light, S. by | 12.35 p.m-.| Low | 66 | 63 |.- Ale a
W., 44 miles. | | water |
PAU) ||Soratt (VIR BeRe ree 930| Gay Head light,S.by | 1.10p.m-} Low | 65 63 | 63 |....} :
W.,42 miles mag. | water. | |
PAWS SEG CON Sam OBE e 931) Gay Head light., SW. | 1.42\p.m-' FPlood.|'€5 68.).-..)...5).. 12.
by S. 4 8., 53 miles |
mag. |
20! | 220 seats ose 932} Nobska light, NE. by | 2.43 p.m-.| Flood.| 67 66 | 63 | 65 }....|....
E. 2 E.,24 miles mag. | |
OU Rome Casares seresene 938| West Chop light, S.2 | 3.30p.m.| Flood.| 68 65) 64 |... 23
E., 2 miles mag. | |
ZOU pees One ceer tear 934] Nobska light, W.3S., | 4.10 p.m.| Flood.) 68 67 | 67 |... Pe
1¢ miles 1 mag. ;
Paar es 4 |=: 2°00) oe. = 5 oe 935| Lat. 39° 45! N., long. | 8.14a.m.| Flood.| 72 70 | 69 | 66 48
69° 44/45" W. by ehr. | |
CS BEPC (Was Baaerase 936) Lat. 39° 46’ 30” N., | 10.43 a.m_.) Flood.| 78 71 69 | 66 |... | 48
long. 69° 47’ W. |
AB |meido, Yee eens 937| Lat. 39° 49’ 25 N., | 12.45 p.m | Flood.| 75 72 | 67 | 62 |....| 42
long. 69° 49 W. | | | ‘
Al Seta ONerstere's sicicres 938} Lat. 39° 51’ N., long, |. 2.44 p.m-.} Flood.| 80 | 723) 69 | 57 |..-..| 50
69° 49/ 15" W. | |
Cw Rese Ce emee are 939| Lat. 39° 53” N., long. 4.25 p.m.| Flood-.| 78 » 73 | 70 | 67 |.. 57 |
69° 50! 30” W. | eee
Ca Be Oia ee 940) Lat. 39° 54’ N., long. | 5.50 p.m | Flood-.| 76 | 72 | 70 | 62 49 |
69° 51’ 30” W. eat ee |
Carl aac Coie eaters 941! Lat. 40° 01’ N., long. | 7.45 p.m-]..--.-- TE STI Om 5s
69° 56/ W. [thd
SAE (i Ameer 942) Lat. 400° 1’ N., long. | 6.15 a.m.|.---.... 72 | 69 | 69.| 65 | 52) 53
71° 12! 30" W. | Hee
9 |-..-do eesce-|) 943) Tuati40° Nis long. 0719) |) 7. 10'a5 m:|2-- = 252 3 76 | 70 | 69 | 65 | 52 | 53
14/ 30” W. |
On eee GO ie = 52s = sic 944) Lat. 40° 01’ N., long. S27, Rai oscecsae 78 | 70 | 68 | 66 ; 50 | 53
71° 14’ 30” W. |
Uo ESP Vo es oe apg eae 945) Lat. 39° 58’ N., long. | 12.05 p. m.}..-..-.- 75.| 71 | 70 | 67 | 58 | 53
71° 13’ W. | |
Bien edO fcac0-24- 946) Lat. 89° 55’ 30” N., | 2.100) Pe UW: | se coe 75% 71 | 61 | 55 | 51 | 52
long. 71° 14’/W. | |
OY Redo enc aicsee | 947] Lat. 39° 53°30” N., | 4.00p.m |.....-.. 75 | 70 | 60 | 55 | 50 / 50
long. 719°13/ 30” W. }
164 bee ct Oe saeeanees 948) Penikese Island E., | 5.20p.m.|*.....-- 76 | 67 |... rele |
2 miles.
23) (sees GQOnsaee | 949 Lat. 40° 03’ N., long. 4) 20)a. Ma |ekine se 78 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 48 | 50
| | 70°31 W. |
23) | ais OO iano actaae 950, Lat. 40° 07’ N., long. 93/50/28. 103]: seeaes 69 | 65 | 64) 63 47 |
70° 32! W. |
23 sie ce AO) waeeeecce | 951, Lat. 39° 57’ N., long. 9: 40\a. moe cceees 78 | 673) 65 | 64 | 49 | 52
! | Y 702"31" 30 Wi. {
[21] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 15
Commission steamer Fish Hawk, season of 1881.
and water a Specific gravity.
iS)
Sheela’ | cnadeter of Dred ater
a a aracter 0 F ; redge or el Perel m
E eI & -| 8 | bottom. Wind. } Drift. trawl. © il mets) re ;
Ala \a| 8) | | vei eet ba ee
$/4/8|2| 2! e 2°) 26 | ess
Silico Sj @ © ee Aw | Sao
S/S} lja}a A |e mn ime)
Sale Miles. Miles |
acces 42) | 445 Gram dijsscac| Pokus ess. ses) ND ete eel Cray ee ere | Seon (Mee ee oi ieee eae
See acie 42 (46 (Gm sece | Ss direc 2- LN Need (i Kn) CAA enemies Peis (eraeery |p Re,
|
---|..-!..-/424! 58 | Gn. mud.....- | Siudlhs serene NE ilveyaee os CO He eee |e clase a lta nee ates s |e eee
ase Perel sae 49 | 63 Gn. mud...--.| Biel eee By Sides le. Not aah ASP wee he tee eee
See ee 162 OTe Gna mind s) - SS Wed". cl Wode os ase sidowseee? eaemenaed Beart begets bameer
| i] |
teelees se|Das| (fda Sand’ead gn. Si a eee 72) 52 el Tes Fs bem RIO Werte berets OFS
mud.
sare: 52 |.78 | Sand.......-.. SWedeue W.NW.4 7 CSR De ACA | GeO ORL Ree ret
| |
Pah NOH .-(443 164 | Sand..........| SW.2 NAW 2 cate ds) ced OWneamel es eet e ehal atone
...|58 |.../42 |229 | Sand andmud.| S. SW. 3-..-..| NW.by W.13|.-.do ......|.... PsA Sesh oe Ba eren
58 |...|-../44 |199 | Sand and mud@.| 8.SW.3...-. INGW ok INU 28s eee dOsess. cence 7-1 acae | aot al Peer
| | |
aoaleee Seb alette and: 2 seo SS Wee xen Ws NO Wiedts2|e uO coast ee ante /ateslactee mel See aes
Bl es IOs 60 | 10 | Sand..........] S.SW.3.....] W. by N.4 CUSIP ae ee Peamiel aac Fes Se
seclice|sos G2 ALOUSan dies accases alo Ses WSs c-cul Sil Dy sos ce | SDred re ms-llca7 ct cl seo Aeaes eee
|
weelene Soe elo" Sandandshells|"Si Wes sesso el iae Madar seca. O coos cal acim aa lect acne laae emis
| - |
---|...|---|62 | 16 | Sandandshells} SW. 2....... Siat Wiad sce ete Osc clsmcllocecestas |isca deo'll aracesere' baeetomrees
{ | |
oe a --(65 14 | Rock ........ SW. Qetyece.) NWo by Weds 00 clecadl a. easel] aes liaecsaaeee es
See ose es |O47 hdd | Stones. s-5/-1-162 SIWeaseenc-. 1? OO? See ee Cea [eects rsd. Vadis] oso at 2a eee
eas|ee ---|67 | 9 | Sandandshells| SW.2.......| N. NW.1..-| Trawl od oe at ie chicas
aoe 44/5 2318941782))|) Wel.mud and: | N.NE. 4). 204] NW. No2k.| 2200. 22. -2,)25-.-0sl-5-. | Pee nar Waren
sand. |
---|44 |.../393,716 | Gnymud?-222- ING NU oy- Se INIWS 29s 2c] ec Omnes ee pone 7031. 0242011. 02573
5fms..| 70 |1. 024201. 02565
---(55 |.../403 516 | Gn. oe ST IN Nes seal) Ni 2 eis) ence site Oy eeens Surface, 75 L 02370 1. 02596
sand. |5fms~..| 72 |1. 023801. 02556
-.-|53 |...142 1815 | Gn. see and | Calm, 0..... NON W.2 2 ccle. Ostsaese eee 731, 02380 1. 02572
| sand. 5 fms .-| 714 1. 02400 1. 02568
---|56 |.../47 |264 | Gn. mad and | SW: by W.1) IN. NW.14 ..|--.do<2..-- Surface) 724 1. 023801. 02564
| sand. 5fms..| 71 1. 02400 1. 02:
---|493 52 |134 | Sande se cee cies SW. by W.L | NIN W..3 Wi.2)20d0 .2.- =. Surface 714 1. 02400 1. 02
| | 5 fms ..| 70 \1. 02420 1. 02
sas|---l--.192 | 79 | Sand and mud:! NW.3 -.-.-..- W.NW.13 .' Trawl ....!| Surface! 71 '1. 02400 1. 025
5 fms-.| 703 1. 02425 1. 02
=te|Sse) sae 50 188 | Sand andmud.| SW. 2.......| SW. by W.2) Dredge . -.| Surface} 69 |1. 02400 1. 0252
| 5 fms..| 68 |1. 02420 1. 02533
Sybase. 49 157 ee and) SW.1.......) NW-byN. 23)...do ..... | Surface] 70 1. 02380 1. 05
shells. | 5 fms.-.} 69 |1. 02385 1, 0251¢
en ore eae 51 |128 ne one and SW.1.......| NW. by N. 14) Trawl ....| Surface} 70 |1. 02380 1. 0252
shells. 5 fms..| 70-1. 02385 1. 025°
weal emis ose 441207, || Gn: og ands|SWs4-e..- 5; NSW DyANe2)| 3000) .2 2-22 Surface] 70 |1. 02385 1. 0!
sand. | 5 fms..| 704 1. 02890 1. 0:
stc|BAdlleae 47 247 | Gn. anid and | SW.4.......| NW.by W.14)...do ......| Surface} 714.1. 02385 1. 0255:
sand. 5 fms..} 68 1. 024201. 02533
Bes ee eae 44 319 | Gn. mud and | SW.4 ......| W.NW.3...|...do ....-.| Surface) 70 |1. 02385 1. 02530
sand. | 5 fms.-.| 65 |1. 02460 1. 02529
Sag poe! ood cel) aye Be und and | 'SW.4 .....- Wiesel =22| 55 G0) ~o.jce|c coe aes Be es |
shells. | Ee ae Pees eee
esa|e=|e2-|02)|1L00'| MeL mud...--- Win eee N.NW.2 ...| Rake dr’ge| Surface) 65 1.025201. 02589
| 5 fms..| 65 1. 02520/1. 02589
eaclone|ossjoon 0) sands! shells, |) W.42s2.-ce- N.NW.13 ..| Trawl .--.) Surface, 603 1. 02500 1. 02500
and mud. | 5fms..| 65 |1. 02485 1. 02554
ceed ese 41 j225 | Mud..........| W. NW.3...| N.14........]..-do ...-.-|Surface) 674/1. 02485)1. 02591
u 5fms..! 67 '1. 0250 '1. 02598
-
16 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22]
Dredging and trawling record of the United States Fish
[.
ese Temperature of air
a
2
|9 a} carl
je 2 : ° 4
Date. | Thermometer [¢ 2| Locality. Hour. Tide a FE q 4
used. HE) | ar (SAalSa tote
BF gislaiala
ia | . o ~ oI 3 oi
7; | 4 |; 0 | 0 SEdprs
|
1881. | © |) 207) Gl On ole
Aug. 23 | N. Z.-46402, sur-; 952) Lat. 39° 55’ N., long. | 11.28 a. m_.|........ 82 | 68 | 66 | 63 | 49 | 53
; face; N. Z. 70° 28 W.
| 42663, deep. |
23 PO jemi saeai- = 953] Lat. 39° 52! 30” N., BOMP Is |S s=o> m1 77 | 68 | 64 | 62 | 53 | 54
| long. 70° 17/ 30”.
Boy eenOO asesene ase 954) Lat. 39° 53/ N., long. | 4.50p.m_|........ 744 68 | 65 | 63 | 50 | 53
| 70° 18’ 30” W.
26 | N. Z. 46402, sur- | 955} Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 10.50 a.m.| Ebb ..| 67 | 674|....|.-..|.--.|----
face; N. Z.| Neck, E. by S., 3
46405, deep. | ; tile.
26n Pee dOescnace ns | 956} Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 11.26 a. m.|} Ebb .-! 71 | 69 |....|....|....|----
Neck, 8S. SE. 3 E., 4
| mile. |
BOllosescQOvceceso sia: | 957; Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 11.45a.m.| Ebb -.| 73 | 694]..--.|.---|....|----
| Neck, 8. SE. 3 E., 4
| | _ mile.
26 doweccsceee 958] Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 12.20 p. m-.| Ebb -.| 75 | 70 |.--.|.--.|....|--.-
| Neck, S. by E.}E.,
4 mile.
CON eet Opeclaoe sta | 959; Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 12.40 p. m.} Ebb --| 72 | 69 |.-..|..-.|..-.]----
| | Neck, S., 4 mile.
73 SAG (ges oe Resta | 960} Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 1.10p.m.} Ebb ..| 723} 694)---.|.--.|.--.]----
| | Neck, S. 3 E., 4 mile.
DOA let, -00 ioc. sie | 961} Buzzard’s Bay, Nye’s | 1.52 p.m.) Low .-| 714) 69 |..../.--.| --.|----
| Neck, NE. 3 E., 23
| | miles.
PAS NESE (lis Bener sein | 962, Buzzard’s Bay, Woe- | 3.10p.m-| Flood.| 71 | 68 |..-.|.--.|.---|----
| | fukeandisland, NE.
2 E., 14 miles.
PS Sa (ORS Ae 963; Buzzard’s Bay; Woe- | 3.40p m-; Flood.) 70 | 68 |....)..-.|---.|----
fuke and island, SE.
| 4S., 1 mile.
SOE SOO: ose an aciee | 964, Chatham light, NW. | 7.50 a.m-.| Ebb EHEC) Baltes ey
| 4 W., 5 miles.
B05. <0 cceeass 965) Chatham light, NW. | 8.15a.m-) Ebb 65: [461 59) 225] eee oee
4W., 6 miles.
30". 106) fssscu. ee: 966) Chatham light, NW. | 8 40a.m-| Ebb ..| 65 | 61 |....| 54 |..../.-..
by W. 3 W., 64 miles.
BO GO enesseece| 967 Chatham light, NW. | 8.50 a.m.| Ebb G65) GL) | G1) ps2) -e.c2| cree
by W. iW. 6 miles.
UL A (SSAC ee 968 Chatham light, NW. | 9.00a.m.|} Ebb .-| 66 | 61}; 61 |.--.|.--.]----
y W. 2W., 74 miles.
BONS GOs. acacen: 969 Chetan light, NW. | 9.10 a. m.| Ebb ..| 66 GIF BAA seseeseqscce
by W. 2W., 7 miles.
SOF ee eOO ka setetes: 970' W.NW. 2W.., 6 miles. 9.43 a. m.| Ebb 6761), |-2ae| see alucec|seae
304 doNvoseweses 971} Chatham light, W. } | 10.05a. m-.| Ebb Cy AG) Fees Ieee sco sec
N., 44 miles.
D050) <2 Sstestnes 972/ Chatham light, NW. | 10.48 a. m.} Ebb -..| 67 | 62 |.---|.-..|.--.]----
by W. ZW., 74 miles.
SO ree AOvesacectes 973 Ghaamlight WNiW).| 11.10'a. m=; Ebb || 67620025. |scce| ens pamne
6% miles.
SOUS sesOO\en ce cacewe 974| Chatham light, W.NW.| 11.30 a. m.|} Low ..| 67 | 62 |....|.--.|----|----
4 W.., 64 miles.
Ue nar | Cc eee eee 975) Chatbam light, W.NW.| 11.45 a. m.| Low ..| 68 | 63 |....|..-.|----|---
4 W., 64 miles.
CU ea COiens eee a 976; Chatham light, W.NW.) 12.00 m | Low 69" | 163% \o06|Sesclsserl actos
% W., 6 miles.
BON Ie<dO! see caects 977 Chatham light, W.NW. 12.:20'p::m-| Low 3-1/70)| 64,|-ses|eeecleces|sner
64m |
BU ee dole bees <5 978, Chatham light, W.NW. 12.30 p.m.| Low ..| 70 | 64 |....}.---|.--.|----
| 6miles
30 |aensGOn 5-2-5." 979 Chatham light, W.NW.| 12.40 p.m.| Low ..| 70 | 64 |.---|.-.-|----[----
| 3W. 6 miles. j
DOF Hoe O eo acieees 980, Chatham light, NW. 1.00 p.m: ow =<|70le620|2a5|tesaleces| soos
ct by W.1W., 5 miles.
S00 oe tdolceceq sce a: 981, Chatham light, Ww. NW. 2.10 p.m.| Flood.| 65 | 634) 63 | 56 |....].---
16 miles
30 |..-.do....- 982) Lat. 41° 36 N., long. | 2.45p.m_-.| Flood-| 65 | 634) 60 | 67 | 434)...
| 69° 35/ W.
30%) .ssudoescuecs-s 983} Lat. 41° 33’ N., sal 8.98 p. mi. 2 644| 64 | 62 | 54 |.--.|----
= | . 69° 32’ W. 4
SOF Sec Oren aceeeer | 984, Lat. 41° 31’ N., lon 4.07 p.m-.| Flood.) 64 63 )\(52) |e aeee
| 69° 28/ W. a 7 Oe
[23]
WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK.
Commission steamer Fish Hawk, season of 1881—Continned.
17
. | ais
and water. a | Specific gravity.
° |
Seed é eee Drrheen eg
gio = | Character of ; : Dredge or ed BAe lyst y
BOVE liahl "bottom Wind. pi eee S| Sh [Se .
pedi vects ees et ie | | Votes) See Moupen luc mies
aielzis| 2 | | S |g] os | gas
wl (a yaad t= ad S jo | at | bas
| | | <a) i=) | H | A ice] ] nM i@)
i = |" | > a
° | Miles. Miles. |
Pol Boe ---40 396 | Yel. mud and | W.NW.2...| NE.by N.14| Trawl ..-. Surface! 674 1. 02525)1. 02631
| | sand. 5 fms..| 67 1. 02505)1. 02603:
a6] Bes . - 394 724 | Mud..........| W. NW.2...| N.NW.13 --do ..-.-.| Surface) 69 1. 0250 |1. 02628
oN 5 fms...) 674 1. (2505/1. 02611
22s} asjsl|'¢ . (3893 651 | Sandandmud.| W. NW. 2...) N. NW. 2 ...|...do ....-.| Surface] 68 1. 02485/1. 02598
| \ 5 fms...) 674 1. 0248511. 02591
Sal ese -.-/68 | 7 | Sand..........| SW.3.......| W. byS. 45S. 4}...do ....../ Surface} 684 1. 02320/1. 02441
| | 5 fms..| 693 1. 023851. 02521
pe eo --/68 | 53 Sand...../....| SW.3.......) W. by S.}.../Trawl, with] Surface) 69 1. 02280/1. 02408
wings. 5 fms..| 71 1. 02270/1. 02430
eee, 168 | 6 | Sandand stone) SW. 4.......| W.2 N.4 j-. do ....--|Surface 693 1..02270|1. 02406
| (5 fms... 70 1. 02280)1. 02425
pall 68| 5| Sand, stone, | SW.5.......) W.SW.4...|.-.do ......| Surface, 70 1. 02270/1. 02415
| and shells. | 5 fms... 6943. 02285 1, 02421
pee |cea laa COs mb) (sands Stone; || ISIW.Dsceses =|) Wises soa8 SOO\scs-05 Surface|....!...-..- cee
{ and shells. | if mse sl accafeseses |eeseeee
< 68 | 44/ Sand, stone, | SW. 5....... | SW. by W.4|-..do:.-.-..| Surface)... /|-2-22- -|h.-----
and shells. TARA VT 1 hee eae ie ete i eaeaee
a=feel|2s 108.) ¢S'| na mud!-2..- SWisOre-sac: | W. by'S. 2.-.}---do......- Surface) 684 1. 022401. 02411
| Sef sales ee eee ame os
-|--- 66 | 8 | Bn. mud and | SW.6.....-. | W.NW.4 S200! 2hs53 Surface 68 1. 02320)1. 02433
lea sand. 5 fms 684 1. 02360/1. 02421
ea-loen|- => 661 84| Bn. mud... -- SWE(6: 222265 | W.SW.2 ...| Dredge -..| Surface) 684 1. 02320/1. 02441
| 5 fms..| 68 |1. 02321)1. 02433
a ed eo 35|/10|Sand and|S.4.... ....| SSE.g.....]...do ......| Surface} 61 |1. 0240 [1.02413
| gravel /5fms..| 58 1. 024651. 02462
eiatailaiare ---53|/15; Sand and/|&.4.......-.| SE. by E.}..|..-do .....-| Surface] 61 |1. 0240 |1. 02413
gravel. | 5 fms..| 59 |1. 02460)1. 02448
aaa baalls -- 52 | 16 | S.and sm.st..| SW.4.......| SE.3........] Dredge .--|Surface] 61 |1. 02420/1. 02413
5 fms ..| 60 |1. 02440)1. 02446
eee ae 52|16| S.andg.....:.| SW.4.......| SE.3........|...do......| Surface] 61 |1. 024401. 02453
| 5 fms ..| 6141. 02400)1. 02419
Serine ---/503) 18 | G.............| SW.4.......) NW. by W 4|.--do ......|Surface] 614 1. 02420)1. 02439
| | 5 fms...) 62 |1. 02370)1. 02397
ale --- 51 | 18 | S.p.st........] SW.4.......] SE.2.-......]--.do ......| Surface] 61411. 02420/1. 02439
| | '5 fms ..| 60 /1. 02440/1. 02440
2s E04 | Si eee Ul saccre =a- Si Weise. 2-4) WioN Woste-|s2-d0leaaaes Surface) 6141. 02400/1. 02419
| | 5 fms 5941. 02420/1. 02414
est LSD Sb ecescse st SW4-5255-- | S.SE.3 ..-... 2QO\Seceee Surface; 62 |1. 02395)1. 02422
i 5fms..| 61 1. 024001. 02413
-- 52 | 16 | Gr.,s.,and st .| SW.5.......| IN: Py Se soe 2 Ok. Sceice | Surface} 624/1. 02400)1. 02434
| | | 5 fms 62 |1. 02420)1. 02447
as eeDl) 17) Gr. a: andist..| 'SW0.-s >... \ WeSWid 2 -]25-do)ss-o2. hea Bee TaAe SS Cane
as -'s1 | 16 | Gr.,s., and st .| SW.5..----- PUSS Wego donset Wey | aed eee ee
| | i
Peabo 6. Gr, a. andiate| SW dest. Sg cece ee bassdow Meee. [ie to east Sis here [Sseeeed
| i
aol Fee {_..152'| 16 | Gr.,a., and st .|) SW.5.---...| S.SW.% .-- |---@O -..-.2].222.22 [ee fees ee |e eee ee
| | ] |
eels 152 1-17 | Sip. st:...ce-.:| SW.5-2.---.| W. by Ned. le ......| Surface) 63 |1. 024201. 02458
5 fms...) 62 1. 02440)1. 02467
sealboaiose 52 | 17 | S.p.st ....-.-.| SW.5..-....) W. by N.4..|-- ie eee Ceo oes ree.
1 |
ia ae ee 70.7 BCs) ts ee A PRA fA SEES," v0 cE ets RY ae a Ma Pai
| | |
aaefeeta (sto) L40| se pi8be.5--.25. | SWiideececae SWiatecenssslace dove ..2:- Surface) 62 1. 02420/1. 02447
| 15 fms ..| 614/1. 02450 1. 02461
Scat ---/49 | 43 | S.and grv SW.5....-..| S.4.W.13...) Trawl :.../ Surface} 6384/1. 0243 |1. 02477
15 fms..| 65 |1. 02420 1. 02489
e-.|---|-.-/414| 42 | S. and grv SWaviieeeos- SESW ole. eate- GON =. 525. | Surface) 63 1. 024201. 02458
15 fms ..| 634.1. 02420 1. 02467
Bee poe mee 42 | 36/S.............| SW.7.......| S. by E.3....|...do ......| Surface! 634/1. 02400 1. 02447
15 fms ..| 634 1. 02410 1. 02457
oe) eas 41}| 33 | Mands......| SW.6.......| S.4.W.4..../-..do ......| Surface! 63 |1. 02390'1. 02431
er at | !5 fms ..| 63 1. 02500)1. 02542
78
Date. |
P|
~1
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Thermometer
used.
N. Z. 46402, sur-
face; N. Z.
46405, deep.
=O
N. Z. 46405, sur-
face; N. Z.
46402, deep.
MGO Rincnceetoct:
IdOwWaeriaees ae
se QO.miseaien aerate
EO vscaeee tae
Number of obser-
vations.
| 985
987
986,
R=)
©
wo
3} Lat. 40° 28/
[24]
Dredging and trawling record of the United States Fish
Locality.
|
Lat. 41° 09’ N., long.
70° 49’ W.
Lat. 40° 55’ N., long.
70° 48’ W.
Lat. 40° 54’ N., long.
70° 48 30” W.
Lat. 40° 49’ 30”
long. 70° 47/ W.
Ni,
Lat. 40° 49’ N., long.
70° 47’ W.
Lat. 40° 44’ N., long.
70° 47’ W.
Lat. 40° 39/
70° 46’ W.
N., long.
Lat. 40° 33’ N., long.
70° 45’ W.
N., long.
| 70° 44’ W.
| Lat. 39° 40’ N., long.
71° 30’ W.
Lat. 39° 40’ 30” N.,
long. 71° 31’ W.
Lat. 39° 41’ 00” N.,
long. 71° 31/37” W.
Lat. 39° 42’ N., long.
71° 32! W.
Lat. 39° 43’ N., long.
71° 32! W.
Lat. °39°° 46’ 13" N.;
long. 71° 30/ W.
Lat. 39° 49’ N., long.
71° 25! W.
Lat. 39° 50’ 30” N.,
long. 71° 23’ W.
Lat. 40° 00’ 00” N.,
long. 69° 19’ W.
Lat. 39° 57’ N., long.
69° 17’ W.
Lat. 39° 57’ 06” N.,
69° 16 W.
Lat. 39° 58°
69° 15’ W.
30”
Lat. 39° 57° 00”
long. 69° 19 W.
Lat. 39° 56’ 00”
long. 69° 22! W.
Lat. 39° 56’ 00”
long. 69° 24’ W.
Lat. 39° 56’ 00” N.,
long. 69° 267 W.
Lat. 39° 57’ 00” N.,
long. 69° 28’ W.
Lat. 39° 58’ 00” N.
long. 69° 30/ W.
Gay Head, NE. 3 N.4
miles.
How.
12.
1a F;
Stee
i)
wo
on
a
- Mm.
. Mm.
-m.
Tide.
100
714
Temperature of air
Sahel eS N fe s
,|a/2/818
SA oui iecie peelial eg
SS) Saas
BU | aap Seales
aM ee oval etelede|| ss
° ° ON |EO ro)
66 | 64 | 573 Gog!..-.
67 | 65 | 50 |...
67 | 65 | 593 50 |.--
67 | 64 | 58% 50 |...
|
67 | 64 | 584| 50 |...
66 | 64 | 594) 503!.-.
|
66 | 64 56} 494)...
65 | 63 | 52 | 50 |..-.
65 | 63 | 54 | 52 |...
68 | 69 | 654] 49 | 464
68 | 69 | 654] 47 | 463
674, 65 | 563| 45 | 44
|
674, 65 | 564) 45 | 44
68 | 63 | 51 | 44 | 43x
68 | 63 | 51 | 45 | 43
69 | 68 | 693) 544! 48
69 68 | 68 | 56 | 48
65 | 66 | 56 | 47 | 44
|
66 | 66 | 61 | 48! 45
68 | 66 | 63 | 48 | 45
|
|
66 | 66 | 65 | 48] 45
65 | 633) 58 | 47 | 45
65 | 63} 58 47 | 45
63 | 63 | 57 | 47 | 47
62 | 60 | 57 | 47 | 47
62 | 60 | 57 | 47 | 47
Ola ieacleee lec eae
[25]
WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK.
19
Conumission steamer Fish Hawk, svason of 1881—Continued.
et |
and water. | Z |
ABE:
vation | ape
Se at Pe |
1312) 2) 4 |
reli et ed ae =|
Bi ia|e| =
o/s io! V2
pet ios) |
° SClolo;
ner ee |...150 | 26
Jie 49 | 28
ea
ei
- 49 | 28
ies
- 493! 30 |
ae
| i
apd Ee 493, 30
|
eae ~47 | 84
sig [eae 474 34
- 48 | 36
463, 39
48h .--..-- 40} 368
|
484 484 .. 403358
AS ors sats se 40 346
eae |
48... 413/40 '335
46 49 ...40 302
46 ...42 40 266,
le
= poe 45 216
| | |
51 |.--|.. -|474/182 |
| | | { |
46 | eel Be 484 93
|
49346 ....41 410 |
49346 ... 40 458
a ea |
49 46'...\41 337 |
ZY (oe, ae 46 255 |
| | |
46 MTA te 46 208
| |
Pleeal cele ctl 8S
|
49)\02 -|.. 464 146
ay
40 | a 47 |120 |
| |
ae Be 51 | 94 |
|
Deilie | - i 16|S
|
Character of
bottom.
G.m.and s....!
Gaim s\o eso ec.
Wind.
We. SIWsiBioe::
W.SW.3 ...
BNE <3.
i NEA one
NE. by E. 4 -
EBSNE,5,-- --
E. NE. 3 ....-
| NE.3
| NE.3
Drift.
Specific gravity.
|
Corrected to
Dredge or
trawl. |
|
|
Specific
gravity.
standard
of 60°.
Depth.
|
Trawl .... Surface
5 fms .-
10 fms.
d0ize-s-- Surface
/5 fms ..
10 {mms -
Surface
5 fms...
110 fms -
Surface
|5.fms..
10 fms
-| Surface
5 fms ..
10 fms .
Surface
5fms..!
| 10 fms |
--| Surface
15 fms ..|
69
66
65
67
66
64
67
1. 02340)1.
1. 023601.
1. 02380) 1.
1. 02340)1.
1. 02350 1.
1. 023701.
1. 02340 1.
66 1. 02350)1,
64 (1, 023701.
674 1. 023701.
674 1. 02380)1.
644 1. 024201,
674)1 02370)1.
674 1. 02380)1.
643 1. 024201.
661, 02400)1.
65 1. 02420)1,
65 |1. 02420)1.
66 |1. 024001.
| 65 \1, 02420)1.
)}1l0fms. 63 1 Paget
02468
02441
02449
02438
02434
02424
02438
02434
02424
02476
02486
02481
02476
02486
02481
02484
68 1. 0245011.
674 1. 02440
--| Trawl ... -
673)1. 02440
Rake dr’ge
ee ee ee ees
| Surface) 68
|5 fins -.|
10 fms
Surface
5fms -.
10 fms .
Surface
5 fms -.
Surface,
5fms ..
Surface
5 fms ..|
10fms |
Surface
5fms .
10fms |
ee MO yess ¢ | Surface
\5fms..
10 fins |
1. 02450
1. 02430
1. 02500
1. 02440
1. 02450
1. 02460
1. 02480
1, 02440
1. 024601.
4/1. 02460 1.
1. 02480 1.
5/1. 02500 1. 02576
64 \1. 02520 1.
66 |1. 02490 1.
6631, 02490 1.
654) 1. 02420 1.
66 1.0249 1. 022
66 1. 02490 1. 02581
654 1. 02480 1.
Rake dr’ge|
Trawl 25:
N. by W. 13.
NW. by N.14
NW. 3
N.NW.}.-
or ee
N. NW. 14 .
66 1.024901.
663 1. 02490 1.
654.1. 0248 (1.
65 1.024701.
634 1. 02480 1.
take dr’ge Surface.
5fms --
10 fms .
Trawl ...- Surface
5fms -.
02581
02556
02539
02522
10fms | 63 |1. 02480 1. 02521
a2 d0 cess Surface 65 1, 02470 1. 02539
H 5fms.. 63/1. 02480 1. 02522
| 10 fms. 63 1, 02480 1. 02521
.do Bap eae pee
S00 ee see Ween a a2|ocns| eceonelameeees
Se an eee pean
lphakedr've. soc... | spaaferesee=|ee eee
80 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [26]
_ Dredging and trawling record of the United States Fish
8 Temperature of air
2
© ci A
* -|/ ola] oa
Date..|| s osemometer ||o8 Locality. Hour. | Tide. |3/elate
ee s¢ glslslisia
aa eifjma/vwilieis
5 a lee S aia} sé
4 | 4/alola|a]s
—_—- 2 SgS pee 7 os | _————
1881. tie | | OF ees Cale
Sept. 21 | N. Z. 46405, sur- /1038) Lat. 39° 58’ 00% ING; | 6.55 a.m.)-------- 67 | 67 | 68 | 68 | 49
face; N. Z. long. 70° 06’ W. * |
46402, deep.
A Ce ese Cs ee ese 11089) Tuat; 39° 59") (00! SINiay i ONsb!as mesons. al. 663) 67 ||| 68) 5252} een see
long. 70° 06’ W. |
Mi peseG@Ors cos woe 1040} Lat. 40> 00’ 00” N., | 10.43 a.m_|..-..-.-.. G2 ON 830 Bee nsaclicosaiinons
| _ long. 70° 06/ 00" W. |
DOM teste QO. e)scci<=/="=i=\= « 1041| West Chop light, E. 4 | 12.35 p.m-.|..-.-.-- 684| 65, | (65) 52. sib eeee
| N.,13 miles.
228 Fas @O sansa == 2.) 1042} West Chop light, E.4 > 1.17 p.m.|-.----.. 63$1'65) |52-2| see] | terete
N., 14 miles. |
Ook AOWess doe. -c.2:.: 11043] Lat. 38° 39 00” N., | 7.17a.m.|..-..--. 633| 653} 654] 65 | 62 |..--
| | long. 73° 11/ 00” W.
10 }....do ........../1044} Lat. 38° 37’ 00” N., SUVS BoM) eee = 65 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 62 | 53 |
| _ long. 73° 12/ 00” W. | |
NOP ae OOias.ce sc 1045| Lat. 38° 35/ 00’ -N.,.| 9.32 a.m-)..-2.-.% 67 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 633, 53
long. 73° 13/ 00" W.. |
10 | N. Z. 47996, sur- |1046) Lat. 38° 33’ 00” N., | 11.14a.m.}...-.... 66 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 61 | 53
face; N. Z. | long. 73° 18’ 00’ W.
46402, deep. | ;
10) Ae Ena 11047] Lat. 38° 31’ 00” N., | 12.15 p.m.)........ 69 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 61 | 50
| _ long. 73° 21! 00” W. |
BOs es eOOrsccscccase {1048} Lat. 38° 29’ 00” N., | 1.55 p.m.|........ 71 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 55 | 49
long. 73° 21/ 00’ W.
| if | '
10s) ond Opsce cee aes2 1049 Lat. 38° 28’ 00” ING; S300) DrMs| |. ase 68 | 66 | 66 | 65 | 55 49 |
H long. 73° 22’ 00/ W. | |
| \
Record of speed of soundings of United States Fish Commission
{Lead, 18
5 :
4 Going down.
= Oo: f | | ’ |
A +a Sa Sigs Slee ane tee al acone Sa Ss S is
= |e3_| 84 | 22 | Se | 2 | 84 | 24 | Be | Se |e, | Fe
o So | eve oo os es | os .| os a) es —=¢8 ao
BpueSe | ca) ce | se | anes) Sey ee Sees
s Bro} Ss S38 2s se | Se Se Sa. Ses Sie oR
) a ec hatia ics heeil Wiersma gale nls cpl ax
ae 5 ieee | Sere an |
m. 8. | ms. | ms. | ms WWene'ea m. 8 | m8. | | | m. 8.
949...... BOO LOM eke carat Pee tien fect ia apse) Alpe eye 600 | 100
O50 shoe SLOOP sericea leans Nese aon) Meme ee ener ares eee ee a 3 00 71
951.....- DOD BOOM Ge lsc soe celina CaN inl ROU NS RRNA IRE 500 | 225 |
9O2F S25 -\3 2 00 2 15 2 40 105) |ssc esses [sees eee Neve wer [eccrscrsesye 8 00 396 |
La eae 110 0 50 1 20 110 5 Ra aye ies a Kt) MeO ceeesee {eee rearets 8 00 724 |
954.255 55 0 50 0 50 0 50 O32 1 4S Seder Si al) C26 ee oe eee 7 04 651 |
995...... ROS | 103i) eal) 02 «1'5°0) S528 see | ategt ya Se eee Se eee a ee 3 45 345 |
962225 1 20 105) 1.15 0.20 eee Rar) |e an Ve rei FRE a Ge 4 10 322
O97 ies 220 1 20 115 115 O-20" oe Sse ae ee Sie ses allseise mare ail eerste 410 322
OOS cs 115 115 0 55 | 3 30 289 {
999. 5.8 115 1 20 1 30 4 05 256
1026.52... 2 05 OV5S TT esecias. 3 00 175
NOZ8Ee soe 1 05 1 30 1 1 5 25 395
R03 ee oe 1 00 1 05 0 35 2 40 240
1034 22-0 1 20 0 45 & aes 2 05 140
{
[27]
WORK OF THE SrEAMER FISH-HAWK.
Commission steamer Fish Hawk, season of 1881—Continued.
81
and water. Z Specific gravity.
So
4. Z | Z 3 Character of Dredge or a | Sr l=
Eig ME P A | bottom. Wind. Drift. trawl. 1S gle 32,
lolo|/S] o © ° me | Bao
2/2/2\8| 4 é le |a- |é
soi iie | eee
ofolojo| | Miles Miles.
Bests 47 |146 | S.sh...-......| N. NE.4 No by Hi e--| Draw! ...8|s2snes.-| sce s|ssesseul eee
ae SFU MEG) RSE ase emer INE 6 2 <ces5= iON. DY Ha 2veia|-2> QO sss) scence melases]s-25s.0| 5oeneee
Series (GBs O8 iS B is cemn ces =c- | N. NE.6 ....| N. by E.2...) Ex. dredgel.....---|.... | seblcdell seeemee
| |
Se Alea) sae ay Peed tsar ae seerenete | S.SW.4 W.ASW,.%2--| Trawl ...-|------s-|---- | Seow afaleeoeae :
ea Pe eMerA I OulaSe gf c2202-2808 SESW Bicose| Wa by Nod-clos dossesces|-cannae: cee seeeeds | ee
| | |
* EAguT30N| i Sand ..-t.0c5e: | N.NE.4....| NW. by N.13|...do...... Surface) 65 |1. 0256 |1. 02629
| | 5 fms ..| 644 1.0254 1.02601
to | | 10 fms.) 64 1.0252 1.02574
52 |...|---|42 |224 | Gray mud.....| INDW idles e=2- We NWad- (2:00.05 oe Surface) 65 1.0252 1.02589
lee | | | 5fms .-.| 65 |1. 0252 |1. 02589
SAG! -40 312 | Gray mud..... IN: NW 8) oo Wies IND $056 l22-dOes2- 0s wetkeul os oe
| |
Doalsee| soto 104 | Sandcocsssc.c- ING 42s cowsine WNW. 2:-4|:5-d0 4-32- |Surface 65 |1.0252 1.02589
re | 5fms-..| 65 | 0254 |1. 02609
10fms .| 64 | 0255 (1. 02604
ih -|49 |156 | Sand......-..- IN: 4e eo wee Ne Wiad oe.\2..do)sstas. leone eel ses|seeeee Vtaomnae
fea | |
Bins 4be 40430 IMO cece. 5] Ned. cocseane Wisdtieccsssss|ec-OOte=ss—= | Surface! 65 1.0250 1. 02569
5 fms...) 653 1.0248 (1. 02556
fete] | 10 fms .| 65 1.0248 (1.02549
51 [51 |45 |40 435 | Mud ..........] N.4-....---- IN. INW32.23-) 02.00) Sone ost sccins ciel os = eee ere
| |
BA
steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding.
pounds. }
Coming up.
| | Dm.
Sa | Sa | 3a |8e | 8a] Sa Sa Sa ES I a
og eZ or Do | ae oA =| ae es Se a4
eo | gs 29 Son soo 26 es oo ee ag a
os | Ba | ade — | ohm | | ~~ a poe } | bade ée&s a S
Sia ies ) sea | Sea | Se || Ss Ss =o or. aes
chee eae ae | el ae Di | ao. mat il oon Se Seu St | &
| | |
| m, 8. m™. 8&8. m. 8. m. 8. m. 8.
dae etciee 4 00 4 00 8 00 Ustn Ascebes
Lea Aero Bao om aoe 5 00 5 00 Deatt ame te
See es 3 10 1 50 5 00 obese eee
2 40 3 20 2 00 9:30") ees eess oes
1 40 1 40 1 20 TODS 2-2 Sees
1 27 1 28 1 25 9 53 7 46
1 50 1 25 1 20 4 35 8 55
2 00 1 40 1 05 5 05 2 50
2 00 1 40 1 05 5 05 2 50
1 25 1 55 2 05 5 25 8 40
1 30 1 40 1 45 455 | 500
Sods peeees 0 45 115 200 | 500
ee ciel s sc |Swcin'o 15s) nncesiee |--2--+-- 1 50 1 40 1 20 1 45 635 ! 425
eee eeana| secace cele easn aio Bo ene eee sca 0 25 1 50 155 4 10 1 45
SEE EA GAA eee saad (punta ace pice aa 0 28 1 32 2 00 2 25
|
S. Mis. 110-——6
\
82 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [28]
Record of speed of trawling United States Fish Commission
Going down.
|
nm .
: Z
o n n nD a a oO ao o
gi = z a a | dees og |) ge E 2
® & 5 cS ° S 3 ° cS) ° } A
< SS As| a aq 4a q a a q a ro
A Ss os 8 RB i 3 & = 3 = +
= Bs & SS a - A ae S & & & =)
3 £ = 3 | 8s Sl Suiveci| 2 |S E E F|
= 2 a ra) x Ye) 3S = ro) a ee) a eI
Seer se | es |S ea eeu eee) ha ae
= | o = So ro) > = ron) ro) 5 © SS
.) D = & 3 7 3 Ss & % a A sal
m. & |m. s | m & | m & | mM 8 ae a m.s.|m. 8 | m. 8
949 3 00 BU) Se eneeee Mecescod Goce sce seeaon lbossod|sckans Sucecses 6 00 100 200
950 2 30 DM Oleic teresa o's oie Srerajecetll| > siete eter oeislatelellaeimietstel Meera | ee eater 5 40 71 200
951 3 00 3 00 5 00 4 30 2 BoM asa comeleee set leeaetecilia settee 17 00 225 420
952 2715 220 2 05 2 30 VOD id50 ec alee comico e sess 24 10 396 600
953 3 50 3 40 3 10 2 45 2 35 |-2 88 | 3) 67 | 5035 5 20 33 30 724 885
954 2 32 B52 2 11 LOD) Be50N) AL 24a av 20 onas esse. 2 23100) 651 800
OAT eee tia S ce crease veieiete Sie. s | he-ote wrayn oc craves ere lene eere Loe mereral ete eiotel lore ets mtanv es lereaiats oe 368 615
995 3 05 2 35 2 104) 2515 2HOD G2) AG ONOS a eae 2 eal ree 14 28 858 615
$96 4 00 4 00 4 00 Ghia) 3625))|"47'05) | M0 e2oaieoeeceleeeee cee 23 30 346 625
997 Byatt) 3 05 2 45 2 40 3:30 513:1055 39055 e soe alae ae 21 25 335 700
998 2 45 3 00 2 30 83 45 400% 5): 2501) 0880 eeee cleave ose 21 55 302 610
999 8 05 Suna) v4 450 245 454035 | 20) ae Sasa bacalowets sere 25 00 266 550
1025 2 50 3 00 3 00 315 ON25 [Fees |seocks eessetal acaeeise 21 30 216 500
1026 3 30 2 45 3 15 DBO We remrareteel |e ea ici te wersis|| creator lame ceiiee 12 00 182 400
1028 3 40 8 50 a as) 4 05 Da Dn O 8 4225 y| See he eee sees 22 10 410 694
1029 3 50 BS bD Ls) 224385 2 10 SON 25502 180) |e O ese ece a 22 15 458 750
1030 Byer 325); 3 40 6 45 DON 20 Me eos ohne poe seer 24 25 337 530
1031 8 45 1 45 2 10 BueD 24 OT OG25 | aetenin'| cess tlaaesee ee 14 20 255 520
1032 6 30 415 By 4s) B05) | aaatesse seen tcl desicaisliieeaiscitesasseies 18 15 208 400
Odean te ae erste eh ciate ecarel reso: isjs.vel|ernne cial aeemesleclomee selbecericloaaaes |casaceas 21 45 183 404
1034 6 15 S20 2. BD: |saas eel ee asmed|seeoelbecuce| see cenleseaee as 12 15 146 300
OB Selec Ie e\ere ve ahecre)| a. Sereveiece cillerecjoiwreimtel] Oe Stee eetell retaliate ieiersisiecilism ae mel Memiicioes 13 45 120 340
LOS GS | eens ata. |'smis oe ete | Gre mievaccavel exerend pets iall napeterere tl eteer om isso mere cameo al |lomcicece = 16 45 94 300
MOBS | Sms. cers occck.ee| feces oed| Uses scimelnse ewe teucal scenes Messen |eceeeee 15 00 146 325
MOSOR eat cisn|| cc occles| sods a'ean| cones et eececes o[beco eee enes ol seb ceeleaaecsa 17 00 136 295
NOLO ee ere Wee |e katie ccs | sacle Sale cll ete srajall vis s aclalee'| seemiaellweceisis | semeceiliow ste cere 21 00 93 340
10438 4 00 3 50 450 scans sd] Seeos etek | abcess |easiateni| Mesa te livseedose 12 40 130 360
1044 4 05 410 4 00 ANSON Ses Se Shel Soeteerei| Sapte ee law.etaleomeetete 16 45 224 409
1045 3 55 4 10 4.1b SRO 2000 9259) 94 20 cece ee loose cise 33 30 312 650
1046 3 10 6 00 P2s05 pect axial Soe eee Seacee reese cee eee lcomecsisic 21 15 104 230
1047 a0 5 40 DAS 4NOSM PoShiscisaleces allenic sllosete a sescciies 18 10 156 355
1048 3 20 4 45 4 25 4 00 SLD. Po OEle2 4b7 see salon ceeae 25 40 435 700
1049 6 10 3H5 4 25 3 20 3 20 | 230] 210/]200/; 1030] 37 40 435 877
[29] WORK OF THE STEAMER FISH-HAWK. 83
steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding.
Coming up.
e
D a a nD a] a] a Q €
B
eae a ae oe
: we) we v=) ~ % <o) ~
Fl) Seeger Ll a: a =a dB Remarks,
° i=) = S i=) S (> i=) — 3} S|
Bec e dyerts lis: Pigs (| (eee Se | ee Wise
Eeeem fonloee ie Sl Se ce el og
S i) —) > —) i) —) —) Ss = °
H S = 4 S B s &B a a AH
m. 8. |m.8.|m. 8. | m. & | m.s. | mM. & |h. m8. | mM. 8 | mM. 8. | m8. |h. mM. 8
EW bccadsl toa | lkseeao Rasere inseaa FBaecsea| jscscce 4 00 | 4 00 8 00 | Rake dredge.
DARN Resees |cosese|Csecitelciscce- ese sce emecinc cs <eec nc 3 30 | 3 45 715 | Trawl.
GOON eceee | Seacee | see esc soeane 2 00 200 | 3 15] 3 20 | 3 55 8 00 Do.
AShOO) |Reeeer| eoneulseceos 5 40 | 6 35 3 55 | 3 02| 2581310] 25 20 Do.
23 00 | 4 10] 3 54 | 3 56 | 3 54 | 3 31 8 20 | 317] 3 04 | 3 29 32 35 Do
PAL (UR teesesse Sig2ia 47 |pavet |.2 2& 8 125) 3.0L 2: 57 1322 26 34 Do.
QN5 4100340! [ST hese cece Trawl and wings.
3 48 | 2 50 | 3 35 | 3 25| 23 30 | Trawl.
815 | 3 00} 245/610 23 10 | Rake dredge.
3 50|615 | 340/350] 29 30 | Trawl.
615) 425 | 3 55/310] 25 35 Do.
3 25 | 315 | 2 50| 255] 18 30 | Rake dredge.
345 |345/}405/410]| 2010 | Trawl.
4 30 | 4 05 | 4 25 4 00 17 00 Do.
02 35 | 7 10 | 6 30 | 6 05 |1 43 50 | D. trawl—Heavy load.
3 30 | 3 20 | 3 20 | 8 25 27 15 | Trawl.
8 20!310)3 10.) 315 18 00 | Rake dredge,
3.30} 4 10: 3 55 |5 15' | 22.00 | Trawl.
ee ae lescce | nese camel scence occ eslte steel tseoeees Do.
Seacealled see cilsctoseecalaceses| seseac|seesiy|sieence ce Do.
sucace|cooeee|-ceeeceel OOD) |/3,.05 | 345) || 12°45 Do.
lSaecen cabana) isitesicetl|seee nal mame eiclloce tee 12 15 Do.
leesdwe| sconce scse tose lsccccelboecoMecocas 9 55 | Rake dredge.
PP ASE Beer Os Josten |eceee-|--eeee|-eee--] 17 00 Trawl.
Beetle | sec oaiallsiasclslotsee leea am cls ostes \ecearets! 11 00 Do.
Sececalstoccuil oc cmesaslincwlsae [Somes fas cet 11 00 | Excelsior dredge.
desstes|aacoen [ace smaes 215] 300) 310 8 25 | Trawl.
25|215/]3 50|240/ 12 10 Do
3 55 | 3 45|3 50/305] 24 35 Do
acemidellsewcce|secisnicas 1 20 | 3 30 | 3 00 750 Do.
2 40) 3 20.) 330) 242) 12 15 Do
3 45} 3 25} 310 | 3 10 29 25 Do
8 45 | 6 15 |13 30 | 5 30 | 4 00 | 3 45 330 | 445|430|400| 49 45 Do
84 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Synopsis of the steam log for the year ending December 31, 1881.
SRO RG OF ORO, Tid 1h 6 SoBe Se eecp GeoeoeRdoccs Soachn daqse> aabeoe 24
Number of condensing cylinders ..5- 2.022. seco seme cisinesom= seem em 2
Diameter of condensing cylinders; intin chest aseee eee see ae ames
Mean point of steam cut-off from commencement of stroke of piston,
ND TMCS poooss Ho saessase Bea Oe pS esesas sche Gods ceusseceunes cade 7
Mean number of holes of the throttle valve, open...-...-----.----- 3.39
Mean vacuum in condenser, in inches of mercury ...--.---..------- 24.02
Mean steam pressure in boilers while engines were in operation ..-. 26
[30]
Mean temperature of engine room ..---...---..----- ee eames bees 92.4
Mean temperature on Gecko. hess k oe eee Ee 60,1
Mean temperature of injection water ~.--.2- 22-22. s-0. .<5.- ose 64.9
Mean temperature of discharge water ........----. ---..------e-- es Done
Meanitemperature of feed water): . 2. $5.2 2-52. eessejsneeeale ote = sacle 83.9
Total time fires were lighted, in hours and minutes.........------- 4,685 25
Total time fires were lighted’ for hatchings, in hours and minutes.. 1,433 00
Total time engines were in operation in hours and minutes .....--- 778 50
Total time engines were in operation for dredging, in hours and min-
WIGS See eGdeee Scape pASEaGE SeAAC ESE en AcH sete edu ase cOBBtSoneE 121 09
Total number of revolutions of starboard engine ...--.. ..---.------ 3,126,099
Total number of revolutions of port. engine_-.. 3.0.2. ..25 sce e505 3,272,441
Mean number of revolutions per minute en route ...--..----.------- 81.7
Mean piston speed, in feet per minute. 2.252 25 ves cles ese tisl am oe 387. 65
Movalenumiberoteknots TUN F2! 243 pase cece eee cee te eeeseieee eerie 5, 029.5
Meanmumber of knots: per hours:..- cz 2. ceccer eos ose bocce ceeteries 6. 46
Mean number of knots per hour en route. ....-....--- -----. ---+ ee : 8.4
Total weight of coal consnmed for engineer department... .....----- 4733439
Total weight of coal consumed while « engines were in operation.... 237129;
Total amount of coal consumed for galley tie ee RE ey ae Se eee eee 243 os
Moralewerohinofreluse 2255-5 .skn 5 Meee cece Seema eee ce oe 833358
Mean number of pounds of coal consumed per hour while engines
WiELOnM OPeLAtlOMl(. <)46's cleats ee Siam ae eee ee ceie cis ees eee 692
Motalinumberof- gallons. of oil consumed <-). 52-22 s22s22 o--ese ances 364. 75
Total number pounds of tallow consumed. .--..-.-...------------- 138
Total number of pounds of wiping stuff consumed ...-.....---. ---- 139
Mean draught forward, in feet and inches ....e...........-.--.---- 7 feet 32 inches.
Mean draught aft, in feat dud dinchoa ea ear ene se icenee aud ie n 7 feet 7 inches.
Numibermotiscrewsc2 2 Us seca ce eet Oe ae seen esisionee oe cmeiereses 2
GI ORSCLENTS) os. a2 sc kone Saeene eee aceeee ene wise as mace eee ne true.
Mean pitch of screws, inifeet and inches) =scc--0+- seas eee eee 12 feet 3 inches.
Diameter ofscrexys; in feetiand Incheses--a.4--o-scccies eee eee eee 6 feet 8 inches.
ene th of screws, in inches; parallel:toiaxis-. 2242-223. -22 3. 225- 20 inches.
Nimaber of blades: 27. os 5. eee ets ne eae ci cpa ts eee ercuaee ere 4
Maximum indicated horse, power. -.s5--..0-- fasieesee ses eeee cea 222. 92
Meanan dicated: horsepower 22-2 oscecoe eerie eeiceele seinen seen LenOD
Mean number of pounds of coal per horse power......----.-------- 3.9
Maximum number of pounds of coal per square foot of grate. ...--. 15
Mean number of pounds of coal per square toot of gr aoe 1
Maximum speed attained, under steam alone, in knots per hourzss., W0L33
NeIMberOfhoursmaintaimed...5 soya oasee eee ane a eee eee 5
Slip of screws at maximum speed, in per cent......----...--..----- 9. 4
UAC ROMMULOORANCISED = 2s oud Siac cei aee Cen er ere a ese ents favorable and smooth.
Me AMES lIpKOl SCE WS-1l. Per Cont.cosc2- nee ee eee eee ae 14.9
Table of distances made under steam by the United States Fish Commission Steamer Fish
Hawk, for the year 1881,
Date. Where bound. Distance.
1881. Miles.
Hep cOn | PErOMeEN OLfolk*toiWiashin oton.<.- coc akessonccese ace ceeeenculec creo eens 109
QUA sacs WD Oe toee ce we sisiclee eat wate Aske shesclone noe eee ee oe nee eee ne ee 60
283 |(See ee NO retails orca cine m coi nib es era wise e nicer ears soe ee eee ee ee ee es 31
200
Mars 2s a MM romawiashineton to INOLLOlK: «=~ -ciac tise cccwcicece socee eae ace neeeee eee 120
7 a ee ee Oietareictareletoie ia sitetntoteicvowinyoie a isiare oc oie cisials srsie’ci wie einiele Gee eee eee 80
200
25) | MTOMeNOrtolic TOPAVOCA NOs ioe. ces cnt ad cee cc aen aes an eee eee 8
263 lt acaee FIDO ate eleva aioe arco yn se wiclele wale ereie cae apes ajnio ws owe rcie seb Store Se eo a 4
Qia| eee DON Pec peecie ae tivtoc sini oe oe ne aeelablcat wa dces Sec wo et eee eee 3
28 DOP a tae cte aanee i cnt ownisae nee eaasio cis sfc a Ge omer Oe Ree eae 19
29) \etacne DD Oye sioicic catatonia a See laad Soin and Slothiaejaisinisre See oe oeise Bee EE Eee ene 9
SUN Bae cee DO) sea ceitate de, smis, verdsicisioccate scents cio sins oon ciswisecn'on seawemieaennlene ceoe ee 47
90
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
i HromUNew bedford’ to Wi00d sHOll . oa.cccccecivcecctcccaceescsaccsceccesasossnce
WORK OF ZYHE STEAMER FISH-HAWKE.
Table of distances made under steam, §-e.—Continued,
Where bound.
rom: Havre.de: Grace to Northeast River... -<siccs-o<<- concn seccececcascesccese
From Northeast River to Havre de Grace
From Havre de Grace to Baltimore .--...--.--
wD neee to Washington....-......-
ee De ee eam ee ee LO Sai. Joeeinund polssied ocities is cciswacale wwels eecice
ecenee Dowet coe
From Wood’ s Holl to New Bedford
EromyNe wn bedtord toy Wi00dsS HOO ccc cise cecieem.cccciwe snisic'c Scien veeccinnceseccneee
tredeing Ui Garon cnGcen anaes BO AGAapocEo Habe neeC ods apSeESoco: GaesTodiaseer
eae PRR PU RON Se Rt RPE PS Bonen ic ee Ao es nae wins Sieisteals Bui stwere eee cles
From Wood's Holl to New Bedford -
From New Bedford to Wood's Holl .---.----
From wharf at Wood’s Holl to anchorage
From anchorage to wharf at Wood’s Holl
Dredging OUUP cena cece cases acie ssa esis otaccnaicwetnn sce sinsiscnamaeseciceccinmpones
es ©) 0 ee
From anchorage to wharf .-.-...---.--------+---++---+-2--220-e eee eee e ee eee e eee
Dret erie GED Sates eee wee wee Bea Sees iceeiese se cnpies eee sieneeisemeaseiaeee secant a=
From iwiood's Holl to: New Bedford .....-----co--c-esesestcecocs-cdecesoseeseiee
Krom WioodistHollito: New? Bedford <<. iccccceccocesancceccosnncsacccwcccccecces
MTOmMEN GC Wie bed LOLOsto Ee TIStOly kaso cccecciesceseaneasasece atic cece se seis aweaes
From Bristol, R.1., to New Haven...-....--...--.--.--
From New Haven to New York..-..-...-...-...-.---
From New York to Washington, D.C......--.---....-
From New York to Washington (dredging trip) isis
EromenNow “OL tONW ASIN LOM ccsssess asocsaseee sce ecrscsccecesiss=seececuce ss
Beaten anhineton to Voriown- oie eee ic, 8 cas
ees 101) CREAR SOC TE CSn 06 DOSCC EOS UCO OCI CHEE So EHEC COL TOU DOU Sasea=
IKTOMyVOLEtOWD LO WASHINOLON tance cscs cece cesetsievee ccssecec ama cnctese
ee ae eee boise eae eae ie letne nistne oe cinnisena cae otick woctticoebalewece aieaic
From Navy-yard, Washington, to Sixth street coal wharf ......-.-.-----+-+----
From Sixth street coal wharf to Navy-yard, Washington ..-....-..------------+
Total distance run ......-.-..-.-.. Rcakivccswaneecee Eceeabecese ec csccdbumsans
85
Distance.
a A A OT A A ELE I .
III.—LIST OF PATENTS ISSUED BY THE UNITED STATES, DUR-
ING THE YEAR 1881, RELATING TO FISH AND THE METHODS,
PRODUCTS, AND APPLICATIONS OF THE FISHERIES,
By ROBERT G. DYRENFORTH,
Assistant Commissioner of Patents, United States Patent Office.
FISHWAYS.
Ges Oa Ns ES TNT in aie cve omni sj wie win c/2ix ds eia eS aie July 5, 1881.
FLOATS. .
Pa OO, ASMW. «,AWOSS on:5e:2 (irs we creas eS EE eee ae sisieles March 22, 1881.
CAV GIL, PS; Redieldysdscceiais, Snwce vice devcb. ccc. April 26,138
PLO ie NOLWOOU 2, cidisic aisratanche Silane wise Sow-eis Er seins May 10, 1881.
POUO4Gn Cy cNLs SLOT: ays tidy ce we hese Se ge what nw dene eee Dec. 138, 1881.
HOOKS AND ATTACHMENTS.
S107 Loy leas ORM 7a 110) Cee ee eee Jan. 4, 1881.
237,566. E. Marion ...... Eee as eee seh coca aan Feb. 8, 1881.
PeOUO MD GAC sade eccm sen aeeed ouip'scc wes abe June 14, 1881.
“ag Hy SIS (gael pte U2) 00 LO e a k ee am July 5, 1881.
OYSTER CULTURE.
Pel oie Wap V\) COWS: a 2 ainco-s sn as,0\e'ie'nke wc seen eoeee Feb. = 1, 1881.
PO on DOs VV COMISS ae cine Siecle on eas ein eee bemioee March 29, 1881.
Beet Viele, APU NOS) finns ose vicinal oe ecmeeentinceee Nov. 22, 1881.
OYSTER DREDGES AND TONGS
Be COON WMO sO LOW IM = c5 20.00.05 4 die Sade sdb einte voce a Feb. — 1, 1881.
PAO OO.s Web OOMMen.cielacic. sists oo s eet cle tates Sept. 6, 1881.
PISCICULTURE.
Pet ONE. CRASCi ous bh nnc te tactaslas ease ee ae Aug. 16, 1881.
REELS
Wado Ula Cr, FLANCOCK:. 25/366 Ug Le ROR es aR le Ta a June 28, 1881.
PetsO 2s Mise bus PMN 2 oie inercc.onicin coats a eis, = oibnss eine eth > July 26, 1881.
AS AME gMAND WA IOLON 2 9, n(0 sie oi a\ hata s eexidl so) nce iwinie eo. = Aug. 23, 1881.
ZOU One aINGD ss Aoce sam eeeiasacitcis x sscelghe cc sewee. Nov. 29, 1881.
Dio te Haas LOOMIS (TOISSUG)) fos a6 snide oa cas soe a'eo- July 5, 1881.
[1] 87
88 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
RODS AND SINKERS.
Oa EAA TDD 2055.5 Ste 5 wre tennetotatavel= ale tsenini ats Nov. 29, 1881.
ZOU Sto. VN. EL. Rippard ~~ 2. ..'= ccm Lo Se eee Dec. 13, 1881.
PR OGs Gb richard 32. 1 ..2)6 )cals aici ene leicne «icine uae Dec. 13, 1881.
ae (OOL VV. FL. SATOUTOW sho0 002 Siete a impel ee as wale ico tae Jan. 18, 1881.
FISH-TRAPS, NETS, AND LANCES.
Bevin teen. se ATKINSON «2 cin crt(eectelae ease ea class rela oye Feb. 1, 188%.
BAO oO ti. Mie Willard... / 2.2 tse mamitemietclsceene sec April 26, 1881.
POOL sie PICT: << 4/6 2's Lo ld Nee eile ete cm acon e ee May 3, 1881.
pao.o22, G.hentz and HF: El. Herzog. 3 2.4 J2os.cc 5.22 June 28, 1881.
Pa OO eS OLMPSOM so eicleas cme eio ee eins cisseioe July 12, 1881.
People To. Willams. . 20.4952 -o-% Sy ae NC LINES Aug. 2, 1881.
Baio. A. Duvall....2. 02.25% Mid SOE Se ae Sees ane Sept. 20, 1881.
ISINGLASS, GELATINE, ETC
Dabo. Ie Stanwood (TeISSUC).ie skeen). 2 shes eee May 17, 1881.
243,685. R. Brooks....._-..- clonsiata b kbeiehs Aaa Aan eeeM aS July 95, 1881.
Baio: WeN. Le Page .... «nei: RE SPR OSE LA EE July 5, 1881.
pacrouee eG. Vogellus. icc neces et ao sacs nue ws 8 Se s:eduly 19; 283i.
FERTILIZERS
ONCGZS sie: oy OA OSs oaks Pei Bo tic oar aite cat eI nals Dec. 27, 1881.
PRESERVING FISH FOR FOOD
Pero Lon pus bl. HPATIOD «(5 sig mies =. iveeia ciageisccleaiash eremiare March 1, 1881
20543. O Ps JOHNSON: 2, 2eje cls ainsi oa ee 6s SR MARR RSE SIU hs April 12, 1881.
240,281. Aj and (Ee B.uSQuiresi 2 oc lee eco ees ee See April 19, 1881.
Ped (ends LICK. 10/8 so CURR ae ee ene a Re ons ats cie May 10, 1881.
BEE Os Nes VV CUSLOR (icenaycre areca tot ah tan aete ie oly ae Aug. 16, 1881.
PA OU Ws EMUMGD ..0-s05-idd5 2d ea dee soe sca tise cent. s Sept. 27, 1881.
Pon OUr SS. Ae OOM AIC (2155.2...) aaaaaa ele ae ieee ee oe Oct. 25, 1881.
250,382. F. B. Nichols and C. Thomson .......-...-... Dec 6, 1881.
MOO PAs CrOtOlG .'). .\)aclantecimie ee aa vse vcem eect Dec. 13, 1881.
9,957. G. W., G. H., and F. B. Dunbar (reissue) .... - Dec. 6, 1881.
FISH DRESSING AND SCALING MACHINES.
242,056. J. H. Schaal and 8. V. Harbaugh ............ May 24, 1881.
Ee OOO Me oe AISOM iis wie els bo wanes alee ee cits ot eee eee Nov. 15, 1881.
MISCELLANEOUS APPLIANCES.
243,780. R. S. Jennings, submarine illumination ....... July 5, 1881.
CE ALO ALG: OV SlErOPENer *\.'.'. 5 3.2.1. tee Sept. 20, 1881.
247,689-90. J. C. Rodman, minnow bucket ............ Sept. 27, 1881.
Jen) woell Sees a) ae 1D 2 I ER
ELE eS Ene Ss:
sy
y y ]
IV.—MATERIALS FOR A HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
Re e~ ne sak ean os | eee ae
By G. BROWN Goopz, JoOsEPH W. COLLINS, R. E. EARLL, AND A. HOWARD CLARK.
ANALYSIS.
I. NATURAL HISTORY, BY G. BROWN GOODE...........-- Ss snscackoeees
‘Aline HISTORY, OF THE MACKEREI «clos ccsscacceciccce socces oscces coos
aN wwe
QQ
. Geographical distribution. ... 22. 02.2.0 cence cnceee ce cene cence ceceee
PUMICLSUONS Ja eoUccscusmesse cen sso esse sw aca c= sone scene esse = seen
WADUNGANCO Accs cesccee cece d esse ce chbtas cesssmococlcoss casceceacsce
. Reproduction.........-.- Mon Saclcle bocyicemeciccoe sea nee eee me names °
Pate Of PTOWEN ANC SIZOic.cc olsosccasesseseshe sc vces eeeues seecicenn
SPENEMICH= ASace;e2 1-22 cee Haye aia LU velslsiscoleee sce taccesisee seeticoses
B.—STUDIES OF THE MOVEMENTS OF THE MACKEREL SCHOOLS. ..-...-----
8.
9.
10.
Hind on the causes of irregular movements -...-..-.-.----------+----
Hind on the causes of the alleged annual variations in the number
ofemackerel\ ih. o2-2)< cn Se ececoesscewaslore Sccclecoe Ghat osuececes
Observations of American fishermen on the movements of the mack-
CLOUSCHOGIS? sane ec sobs cases eek bese he sone Soeceueusece Gotsleceeee
II, THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE UNITED STATES, BY G. BROWN
GOODEYAND CAPT. J. W. COLTANG once ccwccsecs cee seeucs
C—— THE-PURSE-SEINE) FISHERY jc sce ccicjosic cece bess cece eossosioseeieceees
11.
12.
13.
14,
16.
17.
18.
19,
20.
21.
Phe wtshin oy PTOUNdS) Sot eccessiscoclale nic eiclo se Hepno Sonos DU aanonesase
PENG NMSHERMECN fac cic accc a cciceciceveccss sceececcesleccsceccsavass
INO MVESSOSieeioonle ee ekisenises “seo cotcelosceocimes acces —aseee sane
Apparatvas and methods of fishing ’........s..s0cSecessec cee naceses
abInoscaTe Ol uhe, Sli soe ct. cccstbomas sesso sos eceseesecein asses
RUNNING HOT CHOMALKCb.-scccecccos eseciscencs sewcesianciosestceecte
Handing: The CarPC OOss <2 22 si seesncoclececiceaeissedccescececaceisecces
Rinancial profits Of Semin .5..6.053.. ce otcwosslincascomeceiassoeuse
History of the use of purse-seines.. .--. 2-22. c-.0 ence oo ee ence cone
The attempted use of the purse-seine in Norwegian waters.-......
Di — Tani MACK ERE HOOK MISHERY ..:..<.'sasetccssrwteeoomcoces cose secs cose
$2,
23.
24,
25,
Pishinevervoundsccccjcs cess oacs occa. dea sacs scssssscseleseceeasewee
AheMisherMentesseses chi oe wo cules scecine ce Stlecoe ees che ses cceweess
IPHOWVeOSSClSy coset oes ewas So Stic Soctesiee Doce oes oSciclels Seiclecee ee Baan
Apparatus and methods of fishing...........----....-- Slowclejse een
POMC aATerOLsbhne ish scbeeee cee os cen Seb cme cisclaealose ossteece
ie
Homeward passage and disposition of the fish .......-....-.-.----
28. Financial profits.of the hook fishery:......--..-...0.-------<-=s
29. Itinerary of a mackerel voyage to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, by
Ss Ds, Wie OWajose eee paste scstos oc soc else Gmaslcineectivescies oc aces
i:—THE) MACKEREL GILI-NET FISHERY «2.2. - 2.2000 cces cocccecces oncnss
30. Implements, methods, and results of ‘mackerel dragging”.-.-..--
F..—THE SPRING SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY ....... 22-2 eeee0e ---- ----
Sie Re sishin y STOUNAS seca aac scisels ccs esl cose ceciesitene sec seccee
Page.
SENSRRG aw wm
aessssgce 8 &
75
92 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
II. THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE UNITED STATES—Continued. bli.
F.—THE SPRING SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY—Continued.
32. Early catches of mackerel, 1878-1881. .......-...--.-------------- 112
SB Uae Sa Ke ooes soaceo Bases ooaenoncoces GunbEOGoDnCoEScddaEcesec 113
34. Apparatus and methods of fishing.... .....----.-------- ---- ------ 113
G.—EARLY METHODS OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY, 1620 to 1820 -...-.---. 115
35. Seining mackerel with drag-seines -...-.....--------------------- 115
36. Drailing for mackerel . 2-2... 22-6. occa ctiven ese n'enae cowsiessmiaswisins 117
III. LEGISLATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF MACKEREL ..........-. 119
H.—LAWS, PETITIONS, AND PROTESTS... -02 -----2 2 ----+ er enne eoneee eee eee 119
37. Legislation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries ...--..-.. 119
38. Protests against jigging and seining in the present century --.----. 121
IV. STATISTICS OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY IN 1880, BY R. EDWARD
1 OVARY W) eee pa cees Eke MnO e coca cabted obeond HAC abaLHOOeROBODeS 124
i-—DABLES SHOWING STATISTICS. .-<- ce cece ccmee sssciee mec sare se rom 124
39. Table I. Vessels and men in the mackerel fishery (by ports)-...---. 124
40. Table II. Mackerel fleet, by States, according to fishing grounds... 126
41. Table III. Mackerel fleet, by States, according to apparatus. ...--. 126
42. The products of the North American mackerel fishery for 1880-.-.- 127
V. TUE MACKEREL CANNING INDUSTRY, BY R. EDWARD EARLL... 181
J.—THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MACKEREL CANNING INDUSTRY....---.---- 131
43. The methods and statistics of canning....--......---..----------- 131
VI. METHODS OF PACKING, AND INSPECTION LAWS, BY A. HOWARD
COD OO Ge ee uEcHac BOUboe SEU Snorer cadosodan SSonuBode 137
K.—METHODS OF PACKING, AND INSPECTION LAWS...--------+ eee eee --- 2 es 137
44, Methods of packing mackerel ...... 2... 2-200 seoees -- 20 coos eee 137
AD IMSPOChlOW La WSe ace ceinla amelie Serie ele else elas el=fe nem pele iene sini ie 147
VII. STATISTICS OF INSPECTION OF MACKEREL FROM 1804 TO 1880,
13h U.Nay BRON MPN EHO) (Of) DUR (Cae BRR S be poo pees Saeons dbascodac 162
L.—STATISTICS OF MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND NEW HAMPSHIRE, WITH
TOTAL STATISTICS 4osene sess oo eletcein ae ewe ele wee = elena a ine alae 162
46. Statistics of Massachusetts ...... 222 -----2 ence eon ne 22 -- 2200 - =e 162
Aje Stavistics OF Maine cscse ssc ccclescines(ncseccceca has —= eee cle ne gue a BLS
AS: Statistics of New Hampshire... -- 2-5. osc encocs coceicecese iss mne 202
49. Statistics of the United States (totals) ....-....--.---------------- 213
VIII. CHRONOLOGICAL NOTES, BY CAPT. J. W. COLLINS .......-..---- 217
M:—-PISHERMMEN’S RECORDS. - secu cscesstaisesioasscewews + cece nicl secielostn ert 217
50 Seventeenth century... coceaseeeeceeeelesee ecm cceses cence l= sienleeas 217
HlewNineteenthicenbuty ca. s2seseseecesee eet cis == ne Heme eile eeeeteeee 218
Ix. APPENDIX—INSPECTION LAWS, COMPILED BY A. HOWARD
CLARK: Soe en ccna eee eee ook 2 ie hace a ee
52, XIStiNg IA WS. o<.cccmsia oe mene aisee orem Samei eos See eee ee
Hos wRepealedulaws eae se ates sa) senate anina lacie sree a as eee ieee 372
54. Inspection laws of the British Provinces ........----------------- 395
X. APPENDIX—THE MACKEREL FLEET ......--.....-.-..----------- +--+ 418
55. Vessels in the mackerel fishery in 1880..-.......-.---------------- 418
XI. APPENDIX—MACKEREL FISHERY IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAW-
PENG Bae see ee oe eke Wee ae ase ceteae a ceteemieete Sainte emia sei 430
56. Catch of mackerel by Americans in Canadian waters ..---.------- 430
/
IL—NATURAL HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL.
A.—LIFE HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL.
1.—GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.
The common mackerel, Scomber scombrus, is an inhabitant of the North
Atlantic Ocean. On our coast its southern limit is in the neighborhood
of Cape Hatteras in early spring. The fishing schooners of New En-
gland find schools of them in this region at some distance from theshore,
but there is no record of their having been taken in any numbers in shoal
water south of Long Island. A. W. Simpson states that the species has
been observed in the sounds about Cape Hatteras in August, September,
and October. R.E. Earll finds evidence that stragglers occasionally enter
the Chesapeake. Along the coasts of the Middle States and of New En-
gland mackerel abound throughout the summer months, and are also
found in great numbers in the Gulf ef Saint Lawrence, where, in past
years, fishermen of the United States congregated in great numbers to
participate in their capture. They are also found on the coast of
Labrador, though there is no evidence that they ordinarily frequent
the waters north of the Straits of Belle Isle.
Captain Atwood* has expressed the opinion that they visit Northern
Labrador only in seasons remarkable for the prevalence of westerly
winds, and that in colder seasons they do not go so far north.
Professor Hind was told by the residents of Aillik and Kypokok,
Labrador, 150 miles northwest of Hamilton Inlet, that mackerel were
abundant there in 1871, and that a few were caught in cod-seines.
While at Double Island harbor, some fifteen miles north of Hopedale, a
French Canadian resident informed him that there is ‘a scattering of
mackerel” on that part of the coast.
They appear also at times to have been abundant on the northeast-
ern coast of Newfoundland, though their appearance there is quite
irregular. Mackerel do not occur in Hudson’s Bay nor on the coast of
Greenland. It seems probable that the natural northern limit of the
species in the Western Atlantic is not far from the Straits of Belle Isle.
Professor Packard, who visited this region in 1866, recorded that a few
mackerel are taken in August in Salmon Bay and Red Bay, but that the
Straits of Belle Isle were evidently the northern limits of the genus, while
Fortin, one of the best Canadian authorities on fisheries, in his annual
report for 1864, stated that in summer they appear in some places, such
* Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, vol. 10, p. 66.
[3] 9%
94 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
as Little Mecattina on the adjoining coast, latitude 505° north, and even
sometimes enter the Straits of Belle Isle.*
Perley says that they are rarely known to visit the coast of Labrador.
H. BR. Storer, after carefully studying the fauna of Southern Labrador,
in 1849, came to the conclusion that they were sometimes found at Little
Mecattina.
In the various reports of the Canadian inspectors of fisheries on the
Labrador coast from 1864 to 1870 may be found evidence that mack-
erel are rarely taken even on the Labrador coast of the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence.
Professor Verrill, who visited Anticosti and Mingan in 1861, was un-
able to find any mackerel in the waters of that region, although the
best methods of catching them were often used.
Some years ago mackerel were abundant in the Bay of Fundy, as
many as twelve vessels from Eastport, besides others, being engaged in
their capture, chiefly about Digby and Saint Mary’s Bay. They have
now so completely disappeared as not to form an item in the commercial
record of the catch.
The species is found throughout the entire length of the Norwegian
coast from the Christiana Fjord to the North Cape and Varenger Fjord,
latitude 719°.
Jt occurs on the south coast of Sweden, and, entering the Baltic, is
found along the shores of Eastern Denmark and Eastern Prussia, and
also abundantly in the German Ocean and the English Channel, as well
aS everywhere in all parts of the British Isles, and southward to the
Mediterranean, where it abounds, especially in the Adriatic. There is
no record of its capture in Africa, South America, in the West Indies,
Gulf of Mexico, or even about the Bermudas.
The mackerel, then, would appear to be a shore-loving fish, not ad-
dicted to wide wanderings in the ocean, and with range limited in the
Western Atlantic between latitudes 35° and 56°; in the Eastern Atlantic
between 36° and 719,
*In 1860 Capt. Peter Avery, of the schooner Alabama, of Provincetown, took 100 bar-
rels of fat mackerel at Port au Port, Newfoundland. Captain Atwood, however, has
seen them at the Bay of Islands. He has also seen large schools at Mecattina.
Capt. J. W. Collins writes :
‘‘As early as 1836, Capt. Stephen Rich, in the schooner ‘‘Good Hope”, of Glou-
cester, spent almost the entire mackerel-fishing season on the coast of Labrador in
pursuit of mackerel. He was induced by the reports brought him by the Labrador
cod-fishermen to make this attempt. They had reported seeing mackerel abundant
in the vicinity of the Straits of Belle Isle, and Captain Rich being of an adventurous
turn decided to devote one summer to the investigation of the subject, feeling in hopes
of obtaining a large catch. My father was one of the crew, and I have often heard
him tell that the trip was entirely unsuccessful, notwithstanding the fact that they
cruised all the way from Mecattina Islands through the Straits of Belle Isle, and on
the northwest coast of Newfoundland as far down as the Bay of Islands. Few or no
mackerel were taken until the vessel returned in the fall to the southern part of the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence, where a small fare was obtained in a few weeks’ fishing.”
[5] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 95
2.—MIGRATIONS.
The migrations of the mackerel, the causes of their appearance and
disappearance at certain seasons at different points along the coast, the
causes of their relative abundance and scarcity in different years, have
already been discussed by numerous writers. The subject has received
special attention on account of the disputes between our own and the
Canadian Government concerning the value to our fishermen of the right
to participate in the mackerel fisheries in the Provincial waters.
Notwithstanding the great amount of paper which has been covered
with theories to explain the various mooted questions, it cannot be said
that the habits of the mackerel are understood at all better than those
of other fishes which have not attracted so much attention. The most
voluminous writer upon this subject has been Prof. Henry Youle Hind,
who devotes many pages of his book, “The Effect of the Fishery Clauses
of. the Treaty of Washington on the Fisheries and Fishermen of British
North America,” to the attempt to prove that the mackerel which have
been at certain seasons in the past so abundant in the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence and on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, remain there through-
out the year, hibernating in deep waters not very remote from the
shore.* I have attempted to show the weakness of his argument in an
*Mr. Barnet Phillips, in the New York Times, December 31, 1880, thus criticises the
theory of Mr. Hind, while referring to Mr. William H. Rideing’s essay entitled ‘‘ First
Families of the Atlantic”:
‘In an article entitled ‘ First Families of the Atlantic,’ to be found in the January
number of Harper’s Magazine, certain assertions are advanced in regard to the habits
of the mackerel which are entirely of an ex parte character and might unintentionally
act injuriously to our interests in case future disputes arose between the Provinces
and the United States on the fishery question. The writer states that, ‘seeking a soft
muddy or sandy bed at the approach of winter, it [the mackerel] buries itself therein,
first drawing a scale or film over each eye.’ In a prior paragraph of this same article
the possibility of the hibernation of the mackerel is advanced. Now, exactly these
two arguments were presented by Professor Hind, who wished to prove that the
mackerel was a local fish, in favor of the Provinces, which assertions were entirely
refuted by Prof. Spencer F. Baird, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and
by Prof. G. Brown Goode. The great argument used by the Provincial fish experts
was to show that the mackerel belonged to their waters,and the ideas of hibernation
were therefore represented. If this had been granted, our case would have had,
as far as mackerel go, little to rest upon. As to hibernation of the mackerel there
are innumerable reasons to suppose that nothing of the kind exists. In fact, hi-
bernation is one of those ichthyological questions which require very long research
to know anything about. It does seem that sturgeon in Russian waters, and
carp in cold temperatures, take to the mud, and may, perhaps, do something like
hibernation, but this habit has no precedent in sea-fish. It may happen that a few
individuals of the scomber family have been inclosed in the winter season in the waters
of the Newfoundland coast. Such cases have undoubtedly happened, for on page 62
of the late report of the United States Commission, the statement is made that in a
river of Nova Scotia where a school of mackerel had been detained, the fish were
speared out of the mud. Returning to the numbing effects of cold weather on sea-fish,
in order to show how unusual it must be, the American turbot is taken with hooks in
96 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
essay published in the Fifth Annual Report of the United States Com-
missioner of Fisheries for the year 1877, pp. 50-70. It is by no means
demonstrated that certain schools of mackerel do not remain throughout
the year in waters adjacent to the coast of Canada, but the weight of
evidence at present seems to rest with those who believe that the mack-
erel are given to extensive migrations north and south along our coasts.
These migrations are believed to be carried on in connection with another
kind of migration which I have called “bathic migration,” and which
consists ina movement, at the approach of cold weather, into the deeper
waters of the ocean. The menhaden and many other fishes have these
two kinds of migrations, littoral and bathic. The sea-herring, on the
other hand, has extensive littoral migrations and probably very slight
movements of a bathic nature. In some the latter is most extended, in
others theformer. Anadromous fishes, like the shad and the alewife, very
probably strike directly out to sea without ranging to any great degree
northward or southward, while others, of which the mackerel is a fair
type, undoubtedly make great coastwise migrations, though their bathic
migrations may, without any great inconsistency, be as great as those
which range less.
Upon this point I cannot do better than to quote from a manuscript
letter from Professor Baird to the Hon. Hamilton Fish, Secretary of
State, dated July 21,1873. Having expressed certain views concerning
the well known phenomenon of the migration of the herring and shad,
he continues:
“The fish of the mackerel family form a marked exception to this
rule. While the alewife and shad generally swim low in the water, their
presence not being indicated at the surface, the mackerel swim near
the surface, sometimes far out to sea, and their movements can be read-
ily followed. The North American species consist of fish which as cer-
tainly, for the most part at least, have a migration along our coast north-
the dead of winter under the floe ice of North Greenland at a depth of 300 fathoms.
If sea-fish were mummified in the ocean depths by the cold, because at the deeper
strata of the ocean temperatures are fairly uniform, once a fish had hibernated, his
sleep might continne on forever. There can be no better proof of the migratory char-
acter of the mackerel than to cite a paragraph from the Cape Ann Advertiser, pub-
lished this week, where the fact is announced that the mackerel fleet have gone off
Hatteras in hopes of securing mackerel, and that some time ago ‘ vessels reported
having sailed through immense schools for forty miles.’ The film over the eye of
mackerel Professor Hind placed great stress on, as he supposed it was a preparatory
step to the hibernating process. Now, this film over the eye, as Mr. Goode shows, is
not peculiar to the Scombers, for many fish, such as the shad, the alewife, the men-
haden, the blue-fish, the mullet, the lake white-fish, and various cyprinoid fishes, have
this membrane, though it never does cover the whole eye. The fact remains also to
be proved that a skin forms over the eye in winter only. The writer of this article
has apparently culled his facts in regard to mackerel from one side, and has read most
superficially the whole of the testimony. ‘Public documents’ are rarely of an amusing
character, but when they happen to be of interest,as were those published as ‘The
Award of the Fisheries Commission,’ it is most unfortunate when false deductions are
derived from them.”
[7] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 97
ward in spring and southward in antumn, as that of the ordinary pleas-
ure seekers, and their habit of schooling on the surface of the water en-
ables us to determine this fact with great precision. Whatever may be
the theories of others on the subject, the American mackerel fisher knows
perfectly well that in the spring he may find the schools of mackerel off
Cape Henry, and that he can follow them northward day by day as they
move in countless myriads on to the coasts of Maine and Nova Scotia.”
The movements of the mackerel schools, like those of the menhaden,
appear to be regulated solely by the temperature of the ocean.
In my essay upon menhaden, which has just been referred to, I have
attempted to show, in a preliminary way, the relations of the movements
of the menhaden schools to the temperature of the water at different
stations along the coast in accordance with certain crude observations,
which at present constitute the only material available as a basis for
such generalizations. I have there claimed that menhaden make their
appearance near the shore in the spring as soon as the temperature of
the water in the harbors has reached a weekly average of 50°, and that
they disappear in the fall soon after the waters have again cooled down
to the same average temperature,
The mackerel is partial to much colder waters. They range ten to
fifteen degrees farther to the north, and their southern limit is propor-
tionally high. They appear earlier in the spring and disappear later in
the fall, and their presence is nearly synchronous with the time when
the water temperatures of the harbor have reached a weekly average
of 45°. It has been remarked that the presence of the menhaden
depends upon a weekly average of the harbor temperature of 50° or
more. These harbor temperatures are several degrees—it is not known
exactly how many—higher than those of the open ocean at the same
latitude, and there can be no question that the menhaden thrives in
water as cold as 45°. Mackerel will remain active and contented in a
temperature of 40°, or even less. The normal time of the departure of
mackerel from the coast is, therefore, a month or two later than that of
the menhaden.
There are well recorded instances of the capture of menhaden in Mas-
sachusetts Bay as late as December, and there are also many instances
where mackerel have been taken not only on the New England coast,
but also in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in mid-winter.*
*Twenty mackerel were caught in a gill-net at Provincetown January 17, 1878,
Others were taken late in December. Captain Harding tells me that they sometimes
come ashore frozen in cold weather, and are found in the ice on the beach.
Early in February, 1881, small mackerel 5 or 6 inches in length were found in con-
siderable numbers in the stomachs of hake and cod, taken on the eastern part of
George’s Bank in 50 fathoms, and on the southeastern part of Le Have in 60 and 80
fathoms of water; sometimes ten, twelve, or fifteen in the stomach of a single fish.
On the 8th and 9th of February, Captain Olsen observed them schooling at the surface
on George’s. Gloucester fishermen had before seen them in winter on George’s, but never
so abundant.
8. Mis. 110-———7
98 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
Mr. John Fletcher Wonson tells me that at one time he left Glouces-
ter on a halibut trip January 1, and January 3 or 4 on George’s Bank
caught a hogshead of herring and 7 or 8 mackerel in a gill-net.
The Schooner Shooting Star took a number of mackerel on George’s
Bank in March, 1856.*
The fishermen on George’s took tinkers from the stomachs of cod-fish
in February, 1878, using them for bait. Sometimes five or six were
taken from one fish.
In January, 1868 or 1869, Capt. Warren Brown, of the schooner
Charles Frederick, of Gloucester, caught 30 mackerel on a trawl-line
set on the middle bank.
The Yarmouth Herald (Yarmouth, Nova Scotia), January 2, 1879,
states that “two fine fat fresh mackerel were found among the kelp at
Green Cove on Friday, December 28, 1878.”
Basing their arguments upon such occurrences as these, Canadian
writers have attempted to prove that large bodies of mackerel hibernate
along their shores throughout the winter. It is still believed by many
fishermen that the mackerel, at the approach of cold weather, go down
into the mud, and there remain in a state of torpidity until the ap-
proach of warm weather in the spring. All that can be said regarding
this claim is that, although we do not know enough about the subject to
pronounce this impossible, American ichthyologists think they know
enough to be of the opinion that it is very decidedly improbable. t
“Cape Ann Advertiser, April, 1856.
tIt seems only fair to quote in this connection a letter printed in Forest and Stream,
a leading New York journal devoted to field sports and the fisheries, in criticism of
views published at the time in that paper and also in the report of the Fish Commis-
sion, part v. I feel the utmost confidence in Dr. Gilpin’s statements as to facts ob-
served, though my interpretation might perhaps be different.
“ Harirax, June 19, 1878.
‘¢ Mr, Editor: In some papers published some time since in the Forest and Stream
upon the habits of the mackerel, it is asserted by Prof. Brown Goode that there is no
reliable evidence of mackerel being seen upon the coast of Nova Scotia after the 25th
of October, quoting me as his authority. Had he quoted me as giving the 1st of No-
vember, 1868, when the fish market at Halifax was full, I should have felt more com-
plimented, as I should have known he had read my paper with more attention. In
summing up my remarks I stated that mackerel remain usually all November on the
surface in Nova Scotia, and during mild winters linger to December. This, Professor
Goode says, is not reliable as scientific evidence, because no specific dates are given.
To admit this would be to destroy almost the whole mass of information compiled in
the report of both the Royal and American Commissioners of English and American
Fisheries. But as I am certain that Professor Goode’s desire is to have the truth simply,
will you allow me a place in your columns to add to my previous assertions such spe-
cific dates as I may be able now to obtain, though not admitting his principle.
“On May 23, 1875, going into the Halifax fish market, I asked generally how long
are mackerel in market? I was answered, generally all through November. On ask-
ing how long in December they had known them in market, Mr. Greywire said: ‘T
recollect them as late as the 10th of December. We keep our nets out to the 30th of
November. Men hire to that time. Mackerel are seen after that date, but the seas
}
[9] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 99
The appearance of the mackerel schools at the approach of summer
in ordinary years has been noticed somewhere in the neighborhood of the
following dates: At sea, off Cape Hatteras, March 20 to April 25; off
Norfolk, Va., March 20 to April 30; off the Capes of Delaware, April 15
to May 1; off Barnegat and Sandy Hook, May 5 to May 25, and at the
same date along the whole southern coast of New England, and as far
east as Southern Nova Scotia, while in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence they
appear late in May, and in abundance early in June.*
There appears to be a marked difference between the movements of
mackerel and the menhaden, for while the menhaden are much more
gradual in their approach to the shore, and much more dependent upon
a small rise of temperature, the mackerel make their appearance almost
simultaneously,in all the waters from New Jersey to Nova Scotia at
about the same time. Stragglers, of course, appear much earlier than
the dates just mentioned; a few mackerel were observed at Waquoit,
Mass., as early as April 19, 1871.
In the fall the mackerel disappear as suddenly as they came in the
spring, but they have only in one instance been observed off the Caro-
lina coast, except during the spring run. This is very probably because
no fishing vessels ever visit this region later than June.
The instance referred to is the experience of Mr. Peter Sinclair, a well-
known fisherman of Gloucester, who states that he has frequently taken
them in great abundance off Cape Hatteras in December, where they
are not known at all in the summer season. He has found them in the
are so boisterous that our nets are destroyed. Some few parties will keep them out
in December in spite of cold and storms.’ Mr. White corroborated this. Mr. 'Thomas
Brackett said he had taken them often in December, and often in weather so cold that
the fish were frozen in removing them from the meshes of the nets, but could remem-
ber no dates. Mr. William Duffy stated he saw one once on the 24th of December. He
recollected it because it was Christmas eve, and on account of its rarity; but he had
frequently taken them during December, though having no dates. The nets used are
about two fathoms deep, set near the shore in about five to ten fathoms of water. My
own recollections, but without dates, are seeing stops made in very cold weather and
frozen ground, which must have been late in November. I think I have now made
good my assertion that they linger to December, and that in any future history of
*The following letter from the skipper of the schooner Edward E. Webster is
important, in that it gives the exact positions as well asthe dates of some of the
earliest captures in 1878, ’79, ’80, and ’81:
“New YorK, April 22, 1881.
“Captain COLLINS:
“‘DraR Sir: I have just received your letter of March 14, in which you wanted to
know whereabouts I caught my first mackerel. (The first catch) in 1878, April 16,
lat. 36° 10’ N., long. 74° 45’ W.; in 1879, April 12, lat. 36° 35’ N., long. 74° 50’ W.; in
1880, April 1, lat. 35° 30’ N., long. 74° 15’ W.; in 1881, March 20, lat. 37° 10’ N., long.
74° 05’ W.; and this trip we got them April 18 in lat. 38° 38’ N., and long. 74° 00’ W
This is our second trip this season. I have seen mackerel in lat. 35° 15’ N., and long.
73° 46’ W., which is the fartherest south I have ever seen any. I have been off Cape
Lookout many times, but have never seen mackerel there. * * *
“Yours, truly,
‘‘SOLOMON JACOBS.”
100 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
spring as far south as Charleston, and followed them from Cape Henry
to the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
The very vagueness of the statements just made is evidence to show
how little is actually known about the movements of these fish. The
subject must be studied long and carefully before it can be understood,
and the interests of the American fishermen demand that it should be
thus studied.
“There is,” writes Professor Baird, ‘no very satisfactory evidence
of the occurrence of mackerel in the winter or any other season south
of Cape Hatteras, and it is not given by Poey and other writers as
occurring in the West Indies. A few mackerel are said to be occasion-
ally brought into the Charleston market, and Mr. Moses Tarr, of
Gloucester, thinks that some years ago he saw in the early part of March,
a short distance to the southeast of Key West, a large school of mack-
erel. He, however, did not capture any, and it is more likely that the
fish observed belonged to some other small species of the mackerel
family which occasionally school like the mackerel itself, and might
easily be mistaken for it. The skip-jack or leather-back may possibly
have been the species referred to.
““T have been quite surprised to find the extent of belief among Massa-
their habits it must be assumed as truth that they remain in numbers during Novem-
ber, but are found sparingly later on our coasts. Where they are during those dates
in any intermediate point from Maine to Virginia, must be left to American observers.
When these blanks are filled and a generalization made their history will be more
complete, a task we may well leave in the hands of the American Commissioners of
Fisheries.
“In my paper (1865) I speak of their asserted torpidity and the story of their blind-
ness as needing more proof before they are asserted as facts. I have had nothing to
alter my opinion since. In examining the eyes of many mackerel on May 23 and 27
and October 27, in different years, I have found that, as in most fish, the bony orbit is
much larger than the base of the eye, and that the space is filled by gelatinous sub-
stance, which may be called cellular membrane and adipose deposit to this transpar-
ent membrane arising from the outer angle of this orbit spreads half way over the
pupil of the eye. It may easily be raised and defined by passing a pen-knife between
it and the eye. At the inner angle there is also a similar, but much smaller, mem-
brane, not reaching to the eye. As the mackerel appear on our coasts about the 15th
of May, and these observations were made the 23d, I do not think it can be asserted
the eye is closed entirely in spring; and as the same appearance is found in Septem-
ber, we must admit it to be a permanent structure. An analogous membrane is found
in the clupide, and doubtless other fish. On asking Thomas Loyd, our roughest and
oldest fisherman: ‘I don’t know anything about the scales of the eyes, but I do know
that, curse them, they see too sharp for us, steering clear of our spring nets,’ and
doubtless old Tom was right.
“On dissecting a mackerel, May 23, I found the heart first presenting the tricornered
ventrical with its white aorta and deep red auricle resting upon the fringe of ceca
that covered the intestines, sweeping down to the vent. The liver and stomach were
both covered by the ceca. The latter was about three inches long, its upper lobe
thick and round, but ending in a narrow tailor point. The cardiac end of the stomach
was prolonged two and a half inches, ending in a point. The cece were attached to
the gut about an inch below the pylorus. There was but little difference in appear
{11] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 101
chusetts fishermen that the mackerel goes into the mud in the winter
time. I have, indeed, been assured by trustworthy parties that they
have known mackerel caught on eel spears when fishing for eels in the
mud of Provincetown harbor.
‘‘A similar belief is referred to by Dr. Gilpin in his paper on the
mackerel in the transactions of the Nova Scotia Scientific Association,
and it is difficult to refuse assent to the testimony of otherwise credible
observers. ‘There is nothing apparently in the economy of the mackerel
to prevent its following the example of the sand lance, the eel, and
other fish. We know that the melanora, the tench, and many other
fresh-water fish have the burrowing habit, some of them being imbedded
very deep in the mud at the bottom of a dried-up pond, to emerge again
when the water is restored.
‘The entire disappearance of mackerel during the winter season is a
noteworthy fact, as we can hardly suppose that if it schooled on the
surface in the Gulf Stream during that season it would not be noticed
by the experienced eyes of sea captains, and we can hardly imagine
that the fish would remain in the depths without an occasional rise.
ance and size between stomach and gut. This we may roughly sum up: Stomach and
gut very simple; coca usually large and complicated; liver small, all noteworthy
facts in the study of comparative life. The fish being a male one, lobe on either side
of ivory-white ; milt reached from gills to vent, slightly adhering to the sides by
thin membrane, and covered by a similar one. They were divided in lobes by shallow
lines, the upper lobes slightly fimbriated. On removing both entrails and milt a dark-
purple space about an inch wide extended from gills to vent beneath the back bone.
This, when opened, seemed filled with coagulated blood. It had in some respects the
appearance of the air bladder in the salmonide, though wanting in the direct com-
munication they have with the esophagus. But this communication is also wanting
in the gadidx, where, especially in the hake, the air bladder assumes its highest form
of organization. I have often found coagulation and reticulated plexi in air bladders
of other fish.
‘It has been asserted the European mackerel have no air bladders, and a new genus
proposed, but with more probability they have the same organization as our own, and
the difference lies in the opinion whether or not it is an air bladder.
‘‘The mackerel appear on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, and almost simulta-
neously on the Bay of Fundy, about the 15th of May. Nearly all spawners, male and
female, perform a somewhat easterly and northerly route, disappear from the surface
in a few weeks and reappear again in September without spawn, and fat, remain in
numbers during November, and very sparingly during December, coming from the
eastward and then disappear. It may be asserted generalizing from observation ex-
tending over a series of 8 or 10 years, that they are irregular in their movements as
regards localities, though probably not as regards ocean surfaces.
“The very great difficulty of accounting how these enormous masses of surface
feeders find food after disappearing from the surface has caused many ingenious theo-
ries, as to the question in what state and where they pass that time. These are all
pleasant reading, but valuable more or less as regards the ingenuity and scientific
standing of the writers. In this paper and the one I inclose (1865) I have stated what
I think are facts, and which must be accepted in the future history of American mack-
erel, which I hope soon to see written by that commission which has already done 60
much in Atlantic waters.
“BERNARD GILPIN.”
102 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12]
“Tt appears to be a well-established fact that mackerel are not un-
frequently found in the stomachs of cod, and possibly of halibut, taken
on the George’s Banks in the winter season. Perhaps the number
noted would be still larger if fishermen had the time and inclination to
examine more frequently than they do the stomachs of the fish captured
by them.
“Another curious fact in relation to the mackerel is in respect to the
membrane, the vertical edge of which is observed during the summer
season on the corner of the eye. This, it is claimed, during the winter
extends over the whole eye, and imparts the appearance of blindness.
This the mackerel is said to possess on making its first appearance
near the coast in the spring, when it extends over the greater part
of the eye, thus preventing the fish from seeing the bait, and it is a
matter of common remark that mackerel in the spring cannot be taken
with the hook, but must be captured with the net. The membrane
appears to recede with the advancing season, and during a considerable
portion of the time of its abode in the north it is scarcely appreciable.”
Mr. Perley, cf Saint John, N. B., in his work upon the fishes of the
Provinces, remarks that mackerel have been taken on cod-hooks in
deep water, near Grand Manan, in the winter season, and there is evi-
dence to show that a few remain on the coast. It is, however, believed
that these cases are exceptional and confined to stragglers, as such
instances frequently occur with all the migratory fish.
The mackerel belongs to what may technically be termed pelagic or
wandering fish, as their movements, something like those of the herring,
are apparently more or less capricious, though probably governed by
some definite law, which has not yet been worked out. It moves in large
schools or bands, more or less isolated from each other, which some-
times swim near the surface and give distinct evidence of their pres-
ence, and at others sink down into the depths of the ocean and are
entirely withdrawn from observation. The army of fish, however, in its
northern migration, moves along with a very broad front, a portion com-
ing so close to the shore as to be taken in the weirs and traps along the
coast of Southern New England, especially in Vineyard Sound and on
Cape Cod; while at the same time other schools are met with from 20 to
_ 50 miles, or even more, out to sea. It is, however, still a question
whether the fish that skirt the coast of the United States enter the Bay
of Saint Lawrence, or whether the latter belong to another series, com-
ing directly from the deep seas off the Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
coast. Until lately the former has been the generally accepted theory,
in view of the alleged fact that. the fishermen of the Nova Scotia coast
always take the fish coming from the west in the spring and from the
east in the fall.
Captain Hanson B. Joyce, of Swan’s Island, Maine, one of the most
expert and observing mackerel fishermen of New England, thinks that
the movements of the spring schools of mackerel are very much in-
[13] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 103
fluenced by the direction and force of the prevailing winds while the
fish are performing their northerly migration. He has generally found,
he says, that when there has been a continuance of strong northerly
winds about the last of May and early in June, the season at which the
mackerel are passing the shoals of Nantucket and George’s Bank, that
the schools have taken a southerly track, passing to the southward of
George’s Shoals and continuing on in an easterly direction to the coast
of Nova Scotia, and thence to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
When southerly winds or calms prevail at that season the mackerel
are carried into the waters of the Gulf of Maine, and in consequence
are much plentier off the New England coast than in the Saint Law-
rence Gulf.
On this theory Captain Joyce bases his actions in cruising for mack-
erel, always fishing off the New England shores when southerly winds
have predominated in the spring, and going to the Saint Lawrence if
northerly winds have been exceptionally strong and continuous about
the last of May.
The movements of the fish, as already stated, season by season, are
quite uncerbsain, sometimes being very abundant in one direction and
sometimes in another, and occasionally, indeed, they may disappear
almost entirely for several years, and then reappearing after a consider-
able absence. In some years mackerel are very abundant on the coast of
the United States and at others rare; the same condition applying to the
fish of the Bay of Saint Lawrence. It is not certain, of course, that this
indicates an entire absence of the fish from the localities referred to,
but they may, possibly for some reason, remain in the depth of the sea,
or some change in the character of the animal life in it, which consti-
tutes the food of the fish, may produce the changes referred to. A
notable instance of a somewhat permanent change in the migration of
the mackerel is found in the entire failure since 1876 of the mackerel
fishery in the Bay of Fundy, which, a few years ago, enabled a merchant
of Eastport to employ successfully as many as a dozen vessels, especially
in Digby and Saint Mary’s Bay, but which is now given up. There are
indeed faint suggestions, in the early history of the country, of their
total absence from the whole coast for several years, as was also the case
with the bluefish.
3.—ABUNDANCE.
The wonderful abundance of mackerel in our waters has always been
a subject of remark. Francis Higginson, in his “Journal of his voyage
to New England, 1629,” speaks of seeing “many schools of mackerel,
infinite multitudes on every side of our ship,” off Cape Ann on the 26th
of June; and Richard Mather, in his “journal” 1635, states that the
seamen took abundance of mackerel off Menhiggin (Monhegan). In
Governor Winthrop’s journal, speaking of the year 1639, he remarks:
“There was such store of exceeding large and fat mackerel upon our
104 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
coast this season as was a great benefit to all our Plantations, since one
Boat with three men would take in a week ten hogsheads, which were
sold at Connecticut for £3 12s. 0d. per hogshead.”
Their abundance has varied greatly from year to year, and at times
their numbers have been so few that grave apprehensions have been
felt lest they should soon depart altogether.
As early as 1670, laws were passed by the colony of Massachusetts
forbidding the use of certain instruments of capture, and similar ordi-
nances have been passed from time to time ever since. The first re-
source of our State governments has always been, in seasons of scarcity,
to attempt to restore fish to their former abundance by protective legis-
lation. It seems to us at the present day absurd that the Massachusetts
people should have supposed that the use of shore-seines was extermi-
nating the mackerel on the coast of Massachusetts, but it is a fair ques-
tion whether their apprehensions were not as well grounded as those of
legislators of the present century who have endeavored to apply a sim-
ilar remedy for a similar evil. In connection with the chapter on the
mackerel fishery will be shown a diagram, which, by means of curves,
exhibits the catch of mackerel in New England for a period of seventy-
five years.
From a study of this it seems quite evident that the periods of their
abundance and scarcity have alternated with each other without refer-
ence to overfishing or any other causes which we are prepared to un-
derstand. Inthe year 1831, 383,5483 barrels of mackerel were inspected
in Massachusetts. In 1881 the number of barrels inspected was 269,495;
to this, however, should be added 125,000 barrels caught and marketed
fresh by the Massachusetts fleet, making an aggregate of 394,495 barrels.
The fluctuations in the catch year by year from 1804 to 1881 are shown
most instructively in a plate accompanying this report.
The total catch of mackerel by the New England fishermen in 1880
amounted to 131,939,255 pounds; while the Canadian catch (according
to official returns, barrels being estimated to contain 300 pounds, cans,
one and one-half pounds of fresh round fish) was 70,271,260 pounds,
making an aggregate of 202,210,515 pounds. The yield of New England
in 1881 is estimated to have exceeded that of 1880 by 10,000,000 pounds.
We have no means at present for estimating the decrease of the Cana-
dian catch, but it is perhaps safe to put it at 11,000,000. This brings
the catch of 1831 to about 201,000,000 pounds. In addition to this, at
least 100,000 barrels or 20,000,000 pounds, according to estimates from
competent authority, were thrown away by the New England fleet. This
brings the total weight of mackerel caught up to 221,000,000, represent-
ing 294,667,000 fish, if the weight be estimated at three-quarters of a
pound each. The catch of mackerel in the waters of Europe does not
probably exceed ten per cent. of this quantity.
The stories which are told by experienced fishermen of the immense
numbers of mackerel sometimes seen are almost incredible. Capt. King
[15] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 105
Harding, of Swampscott, Mass., described to me a school which he saw
in the South Channel in 1848: “It was a wind-row of fish,” said he;
‘“‘it was about halfa mile wide, and at least twenty miles long, for vessels
not in sight of each other saw it at about thesame time. All the vessels
out saw this school the same day.” He saw a school off Block Island,
1877, wliich he estimated to contain one million barrels. He could see
only one edge of it at a time.
Upon the abundance of mackerel depends the welfare of many thou-
sands of the citizens of Massachusetts and Maine. The success of the
mackerel fishery is much more uncertain than that of the cod fishery,
for instance, for the supply of cod is quite uniform from year to year.
The prospects of each season are eagerly discussed from week to week
in thousands of little circles along the coast, and are chronicled by the
local press. The story of each successful trip is passed from mouth to
mouth, and is a matter of general congratulation in each fishing com-
munity. -A review of the results of the American mackerel fishery, and
of the movements of the fish in each part of the season year by year,
would be an important contribution to the literature of the American
fisheries. Materials for such a review are before me, but space will not
allow that it should be presented here.
4.—F oop.
The food of the mackerel consists, for the most part, of small species
of crustaceans, which abound everywhere in the sea, and which they
appear to follow in their migrations. They also feed upon the spawn
of other fishes and upon the spawn of lobsters, and prey greedily upon
young fish of all kinds.* In the stomach of a‘tinker” mackerel, taken
in Fisher’s Island Sound, November 7, 1877, Dr. Bean found the remains
of six kinds of fishes—of the anchovy, the sand-lance, the smelt, the
hake, the barracuda, and the silver-sides, besides numerous shrimps and
other crustaceans. Captain Atwood states that when large enough they
devour greedily large numbers of young herring several months old.
Specimens taken July 18, 1871, 20 miles south of Noman’s Land, con-
tained numerous specimens of the big-eyed shrimps, Thysanopoda,
larval crabs in the zoea and megalops stages, the young of hermit
erabs, the young lady crabs, Platyonichus ocellatus, the young of two
undetermined Macrura, numerous Copepoda, and numerous specimens
of Sptrialis Gouldii, a species of Pteropod. They also feed upon the
centers of floating jelly-fishes (Discophores). In Gaspé the fishermen
call jelly-fishes ‘“‘mackerel bait.”
The greed with which mackerel feed upon the chum, or ground men-
*Near the New London light-house is a small brook which empties into the harbor
and abounds with a small species of fish of which the mackerel appear to be fond.
A few days since the keeper of the light-house, while the mackerel were indulging
in a meal, caught five hundred at one haul with a scoop-net.—(Gloucester Telegraph,
December 3, 1870.) ~
106 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16]
haden bait, which is thrown out to them by the fishing-vessels, shows
that they are not at all dainty in their diet, and will swallow without
hesitation any kind of floating organic matter.
Large mackerel often eat smaller ones. Captain Collins has frequently
found young mackerel three or four inches long in the stomachs of those
full grown. This is generally noticeable only in the fall, and the young
fish are probably those which have been hatched in the spring.
In the fall of 1874 the writer made a trip upon a gill-net schooner to
the grounds off Portland, Me., some distance to sea, for the purpose of
studying the food of the mackerel, and found their stomachs full of a
species of Thysanopoda and of a large copepod crustacean. The greater
part of the food of mackerel consists, however, of minute crustaceans.
Owing to the infinite abundance of these in the sea, mackerel probably
have very little difficulty in finding food at almost any portion of the
ocean visited by them, whether on the edge of the Gulf Stream or near
the shore.
In an interview with Capt. King Harding, of Swampscott, one of the
most experienced mackerel catchers on our coasts, I obtained the follow-
ing amusing observations: He described one kind which looked like
spiders, which were red, and crawled over his hand when he took them up. |
They look like little spiders; the mackerel are especially fond of them.
At Boone Island, Maine, in July, 1850, the water all around the island
was red for 100 yards from the shore; they crawled up the rock-weed
on the shore until it was red. He took the sprays of rock-weed in his
hand and pulled them slowly to him, and the mackerel, one and a half
pound fish, would follow in quite to the rocks. He killed three with his
oar, and tried to catch some in a basket by tolling them over it, but
they were too quick for him. He asked his old skipper, Capt. Gorham
Babson, what they were, and was told that they were ‘Boone Island
Bed Bugs.” And, said he, “ Young man, when you see this kind of
bait, no matter if you don’t see any fish, never leave; the fish will be
there in a few days.”
Then there is another kind, called “Snappers.” These are white, and
dart rapidly about in the water; they are doubtless small crustaceans.
He says that sometimes they swim at the surface, where the mackerel
follow them. A few days before he had been standing on the stern of
his vessel, and though he could see nothing under the water he knew
the snappers were there about two feet below the surface, for he could
see a school of mackerel swimming along, opening their mouths and
taking in their food, and then letting the water out through their gills.
When the mackerel are tolled up from 12 or 15 fathoms below the
surface their stomachs are often full of bait; so it is certain that these
little animals swim at all depths.
Another kind of food is red, and is hot to the hands. This is called
“Cayenne”; it spoils the fish.
[17] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 107
Years ago, according to Captain Harding, mackerel did not school as
they do now.
When you see pollock jumping near the shore, it is a pretty good sign
that there is plenty of mackerel food.
The presence of abundance of mackerel food is indicated by the great
schools of sea-birds, particularly by the flocks of phalaropes, or sea-
geese (Phalaropus borealis), as the fishermen call them, which congregate
together, floating upon the water, and when seen in summer gives a sure
sign of the presence of mackerel also.
The various invertebrate animals preyed upon by mackerel are known
to the fishermen by such names as “Shrimp,” ‘ Red-seed,” and “Cay-
enne.”
“The wide-spread distribution from shore seaward of the Thysan-
opoda and other minute crustacea, which constitute to so great an ex-
tent the food of the mackerel and herring on our shores, was proved,”
writes Professor Baird, “during a trip of the ‘Speedwell’ from Salem to
Halifax in 1877.” At numerous points and at regular intervals on the
way across, including the middle of the route, immense numbers of these
shrimp were met with and collected by the towing net. They were
found in especial abundance at Le Have Bank. These prove to be specifi-
cally identical with those found in immense quantities in Eastport Har-
bor at the surface.
“That these same animals occur at least as far east as the Gulf
Stream is shown by thelist of the collections made by Professor S.I. Smith
off the Georges near the edge of the Gulf Stream, and published in the
Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol.
iii, July, 1874.”
Capt. Chester Marr, of Gloucester, confirms the statements of Captain
Harding regarding the effects of “‘red-seed” upon mackerel; he states
that when mackerel are feeding on ‘“‘red-seed” the fishermen have great
trouble in keeping them sufficiently long to dress them properly. Their
bellies soften at once. When the weather is good and dogfish are not
troublesome, the common practice is to allow the fish to lie in the net
until they have disposed of the food in their stomachs. Capt. Henry
Willard, of the schooner “ Henry Willard,” of Portland, Me., carries a
large net of coarse twine, which is suspended over the side of the vessel
from two long booms. Into this he turns the fish and leaves them until
the seed works out.*
Captain Marr states that the “red-seed” is very troublesome to the
men engaged in dressing the fish; it makes their hands very sore, often
causing the blood to run. A man can clean twice as many fish in a
given time if he is not annoyed by the “‘red-seed” in their stomachs.
Captain Marr describes another kind of mackerel food, which he calls
“small brit,” which, he says, resembles young herring, which also rots
*This “large net of coarse twine” is the mackerel pocket described in the chapter
on the purse-seine mackerel fishery.
108 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18]
the fish. This is probably, as he supposes it to be, ‘* white-bait” or the
young of the sea herring, Clupea harengus. It is known as “eye-bait”
to the Canadian fishermen.
Captain Merchant tells me that when mackerel are found with “red-
seed” in their stomachs fishermen are sure that they are on the right
fishing grounds.
I am told by Captain Collins that it is common for many of the Amer-
ican fishermen to consider it a good sign of mackerel when they see
floating seaweed, more especially eel grass, ‘‘chopped up,” 7%. e., cut
into short pieces, which they think is done by these fish. Perhaps
there may be a good reason for this supposition, since the mackerel, while
feeding on the diminutive shells with which the weeds are covered, may
also bite the latter in two. The presence of gannets is also considered
a good sign of mackerel.
In England the food of the mackerel is called .the “mackerel mint,”
and this is said to consist at certain seasons of the year of the sand-
lants and five other fish, especially the herring and the sprat, while
they have also been observed to devour, in the summer months, minute
crustaceans, the swimming larve of tape-worms, and the embryos of the
small spiral shell of the genus Rissoa, which, in its adult state, is found
in great abundance upon seaweed. It was probably some animal of this
kind which was referred to by Captain Harding in the statement above
quoted, concerning the abundance of red-seed about Boone Island. Mr.
J. F. Whiteaves has recorded a similar habit for the mackerel of the Gulf
of Saint Lawrence.*
Professor Hind has pointed out certain relations which exist in the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence between the mackerel and the lant, or sand-eel,
which appears to be one of its most important articles of diet in these
waters. I quote here in full his observations upon this subject, and also
his views upon the relations of currents and tides to the presence of
mackerel food, and the constant movements of the schools of fish:
“The movements of the mackerel, like those of the cod, and indeed
of most species of fish, are determined at different seasons of the year
by the geographical position of its food; and the first important kind
of food which appears to lure the mackerel inshore, after spawning in
the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, is the launce or sand-eel.
“The relation of the launce or sand-eel (Ammodytes americanus) to
the mackerel is very much greater than appears at the first blush, and
resembles the relation of the herring to the cod in general, and in par-
ticular the relation of the so-called Norwegian ‘Sull cod,’ or launce
cod, to this widespread and important bait-fish. The approach of the
launce to the coast in spring is most probably the cause why the so-
called spring cod fishing suddenly ceases on many banks and shoals,
commencing again at different localities two and three weeks later.
* Report on the second deep-sea dredging expedition of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence,
1872.
(toi HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 109
“The cod leaves the banks and shoals to meet and to follow the
launce as they approach the coast. In the same manner they meet
and follow the caplin, guided no doubt by the peculiar odor developed
by each species at the approach of the spawning season.
“But it is the habit of the sand eel of burying itself in the sand be-
tween the tides, or in submerged sand beaches, that leads the mackerel
so close inshore.
“There can be little doubt that a similar indraught and outdraught
of mackerel and other fish occur in our waters when the launce leave
the deep sea to approach the land, or when they return to the deep sea
again. Unlike many of the shrimps and larval forms on which the
mackerel feed, which are drifted to and fro by winds and currents, the
launce is independent of the wind; but it is only in certain favorable
localities frequented by this fish that the burying process between tide-
marks, from which it derives its name, can be easily effected; hence,
these resorts are not only valuable as bait grounds, but generally noted
mackerel grounds, such as Seven Islands, and some parts of Bay Cha-
leurs, and part of the gulf coast of New Brunswick.
“This bait-fish approaches the sandy beaches fringing the shores of
the gulf in the early summer months to spawn; and here the mackerel
are found pursuing them while engaged in depositing their compara-
tively large reddish-colored ova on the sands between high and low
water. Hence, during flood tide, and in the launce season, mackerel
are commonly taken close inshore on these coasts, in pursuit of the
launce; and the best catches are said to be made during the period of
high tide, for the following reason: In dull, cloudy weather the launce
buries itself in the sand left bare by the ebbing tides; but in bright,
hot weather it rarely seeks the shelter of the sands except near low-
water mark, probably because the heat of the sun would be oppressive.
The breadth of sandy ground in which the launce buries itself for the
brief period between high and low water marks is thus dependent upon
the clearness of the sky.
“A continuance of cloudy weather is conducive to this kind of close
inshore fishery; whereas a bright sky, and a day with a drying wind,
leads the launce to select the narrow bands of sandy beach near the
margin of ebb-tide, which always remain moist. In cloudy weather
with a moist wind, the area in which the launce bury themselves and
emerge during the incoming tide is thus very much greater than in
bright, hot weather; and it is not unfrequently found by experience
that the mackerel catch in such localities is much greater in cloudy
weather than in bright weather, because the bait ground is then far
more extensive close inshore.
‘¢ As the summer advances and the launce retire to deep water the
mackerel feed upon the free-swimming and floating embryonic forms of
crustaceans; among the latter the zoea of different forms of crabs are
the mostcommon. Adultshrimps of many species form also a large por-
110 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20]
tion of their food, and the infinite numbers of these forms of life which
exist in the sea, from the coast line to a thousand miles from land, may
be inferred from the fact that, together with fish, they form the great
staple of food of seals in northern seas.
“ Dr. Robert Brown states that during the sealing season in Spitz-
bergen seas he has taken out of the stomachs of seals various species of
Gammarus (G. Sabini; G@. loricatus; G. pinguis: G. dentatus; G. muta-
tus, &c.), collectively known to whalers under the name ‘mountebank
shrimps,’ deriving the designation from their peculiar agility in water.*
‘These small crustaceans are found in countless numbers on the great
outlying banks off the North American coast, and in the Labrador seas
they are also in great profusion.
‘Tt is of special importance to notice that very many if not all of
these free-swimming creatures in the sea, from invisible microscopic forms
to the largest shrimp, sink to different zones of water or rise to the sur-
face with the variations in temperature and changes in the direction
and force of the wind. In fine weather when the food is at the surface,
the mackerel, the herring, and other surface feeders swim open-mouthed
against the wind. Dr. Brown states that the right-whale and most
of the whale species feed in a similar manner. The right-whale feed-
ing, swims leisurely at the rate of about four miles an hour. Mackerel
when feeding come often by millions, like a swiftly-moving ripple on
the water, with eager staring eyes and mouths distended to entrap the
floating prey. Many of the free-swimming Pteropeda are active only
during the night time, sinking during the day to a certain zone of
depth. '
“The effect of currents and tides, assisted by winds, is to drive these
free-swimming forms towards the different shores and into land-locked
or sheltered bays. On the shores of the open sea a coutinued land
breeze drives them far out to sea, and the fish following them will be
lost to view. Off the coast of the United States the mackerel ground
is not unfrequently found near the summer limit of the Gulf Stream
where wide-spreading eddies prevail, caused by the meeting of the
great Labrador current flowing in an opposite direction, or the surging
up of the Arctic underflow. In these vast eddies the temperature is
greatly reduced by the mixing of almost ice-cold water from beneath
with a warm overlying stratum.
“Tt is here too that the free-swimming mackerel food will congregate,
sometimes at the surface, at other times at different depths, dependent
upon the temperature of the mixed waters. In the vicinity of the south
edge of the Grand Bank of Newfoundland the line of contact between
the Arctic and the Gulf streams is sometimes very marked by the local
currents which ‘boil and form strong eddies.’ The line of contact of
the two great cold and warm currents is continually changing for hun-
dreds of miles with the varying seasons and under the influence of winds;
* “On the seals of Greenland.”—Dr. R. Brown.
[21] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. be
hence also the changes in geographical position and in the depth or zone
of the open-sea mackerel grounds.*
‘“‘Inshore the floating and free-swimming food is drifted to and fro by
winds and tides, and great accumulations are sometimes thrown up
upon the beaches in windrows after storms. This floating and swim-
ming food gathers in eddies, either near the coast line or at the junce-
tion of opposing tidal waves or currents. Hence, along sheltered and
embayed coasts, confronting the open sea in the vicinity of banks where
great tidal currents and eddies are formed, or in the gulf and estuary of
the Saint Lawrence, where two opposite and wholly different tides drag-
ging along the coast-line approach to meet, there will be the mackerel
ground of the fishermen, but not necessarily at the surface.”
The winged Pteropods very properly form an important part of mack-
erel food, as they sink and rise with changes of the temperature of the
zone or sheet of water in which they are feeding.
5.—REPRODUCTION.
Although little is actually known concerning the spawning habits of
the mackerel compared with those of fish which, like the shad and the
salmon, have been artificially propagated, it is perhaps safe to say that
the subject is understood in a general way. The testimony of reliable
observers among the fishermen of our coast and the coast of the British
Provinces indicates that the spawning takes place in rather deep water
ali along the shore from the eastern end of Long Island to Eastport, Me.,
along the coast of Nova Scotia, and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The
spawning season occurs in May in southern New England, in May and
June in Massachusetts Bay, and in June in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence,
and on the Bradley Banks and about the Magdalenes early in the month,
and, according to Hind, on the northeast coast of Newfoundland toward
the end of the month.t
*There are no mackerel-fishing grounds within 250 miles or more of the Grand
Bank, and certainly none nearer than 400 miles of its southern edge. It is possible
that mackerel have occasionally been seen, or stray specimens captured, nearer the
Grand Bank than this, but no mackerel fishermen would think of trying for these fisb
east of the west coast of Newfoundland. There are but three instances on record where
mackerel fishermen have gone so far east as that. Whatever influence may be ex-
erted upon other forms of ocean life by the meeting of the Gulf Stream and the
Arctic current, it can be quite safely asserted that the mackerel is never found in
summer near the junction of these currents, excepting, perhaps, on the southern edge
of George’s Bank and off the south shoal of Nantucket. These localities are the near-
est mackerel-fishing grounds to the Gulf Stream of any on the United States coast.
And even here mackerel are rarely or never taken nearer than 40 or 50 miles from the
northern edge of the stream.—J. W. CoLirys.
tDuring the entire month of June mackerel are taken in the Bay of Saint Law-
rence with roes well developed. Having been engaged in the mackerel fishery in the
Gulf for twenty-two consecutive seasons, ten of which I went to the Bay early in
June, I have therefore had abundant opportunity to learn the spawning season of the
mackerel in that region. It is my opinion that mackerel spawn in the Gulf of Saint
112 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22}
Capt. Benjamin Ashby, of Noank, Conn., states that in the spring of
1877 mackerel spawned in great numbers in Vineyard Sound and Buz-
zard’s Bay. Many mackerel were taken in the pounds, and the eggs
were so ripe that when the fish were thrown from the net to the boat
the eggs escaped to such an extent that in cleaning out the boat after-
wards he found at least half a bushel at the bottom. This was as early
as the second of May, and continued through the month.
Capt. R. H. Hurlbert, of Gloucester, found the spawn running out of
mackerel taken off Kettle Island, south of Cape Ann, in May and June.
Capt. Henry Webb, who owns a weir on Milk Island, under the
shadow of the Thatcher’s Island lights, obtains many mackerel every
year in his nets. He informs me that when they first make their ap-
pearance, about the first of June, the spawn is running out of them and
many of them are half through the process of spawning. The eggs will
spurt from a female fish in a stream six feet long, and there is a large
percentage of females in the catch, probably two-thirds of the whole.
Lawrence some time between the 1st and the 15th of July. Have caught them in
abundance and full of roe as late as the 4th and 5th of July, and it is exceedingly
rare to find spent mackerel previous to the 20th of June. In the period when hook-
and-line fishing was most prosperous, the fishermen usually planned to leave the Guif
about the first week in July if they had succeeded in getting neafly a fare of mack-
erel previous to that time, since while the fish were spawning, or between the 1st and
15th of the month, but little could be done, as the mackerel sunk at that time, and
would not readily take the hook. The fishermen, therefore, knowing that they could
catch few fish during this period, between “hay and grass,” as they termed it, usually
improved the opportunity thus afforded of making their passage home and refitting
for another trip with comparatively little loss of time. Apparently one of the most
favorite breeding grounds for mackerel in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence is the area along
the shores of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island (on the north side of the lat-
ter) lying inside of a line drawn from North Cape to Point Miscou. Bank Bradley is
also a breeding-ground for mackerel of considerable importance. Thé fish seem to
assemble on the grounds mentioned above during June, in a depth varying from 3 to:
40 fathoms. The greater part, however, are found in a depth varying from 10 to 20:
fathoms. The spawning season being over, they usually stay on the same grounds,
though later in the summer and during autumn the mackerel were formerly abundant
around the Magdalenes and the bend of Prince Edward Island; when the fall migra-
tion takes place they move farther south. It is probable that large numbers of mack-
erel may deposit their spawn around the Magdalene Islands, though it is worthy of
note that but few or no fish have been taken in that locality on hook and line during.
the month of June. Considerable quantities are, however, caught by the gill-not fish-
ermen early in June, though the catch has always been small compared with, that
formerly obtained by hook-and-line fishing in the western part of the Bay.—J. W..
COLLINS.
As corroborative of the views of Captain Collins, I give the statements. of Capts:.
Andrew Leighton and Joseph Rowe, two of the most keenly observant, and in con-
sequence the most successful, of the old school Cape Ann ‘mackerel killers.” The
former writes to Captain Collins: ‘‘My observations are in harmony with yours.” The
latter remarks: “I have always thought that the mackerel in the Bay of Saint Law-
rence sunk about the last of Juneto spawn. From the first to the middle of July was
always a very dull time to catch mackerel on hooks. When the mackerel sunk they
were full of spawn. When we got them again, about the middle of July, they would.
have the most of the spawn out of them and be some fat.”
[23] _ HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 113
The spawn begins to dry up after the first of August, and young fish
begin to appear about the 4th of August. He thinks that it takes mack-
erel four or five weeks to spawn; after that they begin to grow fat, and
when they are fat there is no sign of spawn to be seen, the male and
female not being distinguishable.
The growth is rapid, and in about seven weeks the young fish are about
four or five inches long.
Mackerel spawn abundantly in Grover’s Beach at a depth of one and
a half to two fathoms. The eggs are very minute and the old mackerel
feed upon them greedily.
Captain Fisher, of Portland, Me., told me, in 1874, that when the
mackerel come in they are almost empty and have a muddy taste.
They first engage in spawning, but toward the last of June they have
finished and begin to grow fat.
Captain Hurlbert caught a dozen fish off Camden July 1, 1870, which
were half spawned and had spawn running out of them.
According to Mr. Wilkins, of Two Isles, Grand Manan, the mack-
erel spawns there on the rocks and sand in water from 1 foot to 10 feet
or more in depth. This is in the first half of June. The spawn is in
bunches and does not float on the water.
During the spawning season mackerel are taken in seines, as they will
not bite and are then very poor. They come again in September and
October, and are then taken with the hook.
Mr. Hall, of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, says that mack-
erel spawn only once in seven years in large numbers, this period rep-
resenting the interval between the successive large catches. The mack-
erel strike in there about the 10th of June. They spawn about the 2d
or 3d of July on the Bradley Bank to the north of Prince Edward Is-
land. At that time they have been taken with spawn running out of
them. They cease to bite for several weeks while spawning. One of
the principal spawning-grounds on our coast appears to be on the Nan-
tucket Shoals, where for a period of three or four weeks after their first
appearance the mackerel hug the bottom and rarely take the hook, <At
this time there is a lull in the prosecution of the mackerel fishery, al-
though before its beginning great quantities are taken in the purse-
seines far south along the coast. After the close of the spawning sea-
son the old fish are said to be very poor, but take the hook greedily
along the entire coast, as also before the beginning of the spawning sea-
son; although the fish first brought to market are sold at a high price
on account of their previous scarcity, it is not until after the close of
the spawning season and the subsequent fattening up of the fish that
they attain their highest excellence as an article of food. Fall mack-
erel are well understood to be by far the best fish. Storer, in his his-
tory of the fishes of Massachusetts, remarks: ‘From the 10th of May
to the 15th of June they appear at the entrance to Massachusetts Bay,
having been a few days previous at Nantucket and the Vineyard Sound.
S. Mis. 110-8
114 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [24]
Nine-tenths of those first seen are males, and they are all large but poor,
“weighing from one pound to one pound anda half. At their first ap-
pearance they will not take the hook, and are therefore captured in
-seines.”
The contrast between the statements of Storer and Captain Webb
‘should be carefully noted. The former states that the early fish taken
near the end of Cape Cod are mostly males. This would naturally be
the case, as the females at this time are either engaged in spawning or
are perhaps so weak that they would not be likely to come to the sur-
face. At Milk Island, however, which seems to be in the middle of the
spawning region, the majority of the fish are females.
We are indebted to Capt. N. E. Atwood for the most complete series
of observations upon the spawning of the mackerel which has ever
been made, and what he has seen he shall be allowed to tell ia his own
words:
‘“T have many seasons been engaged in fishing for mackerel in our
‘bay with gill-nets. I watched the mackerel more particularly in regard
to their time for spawning. In 1856, owing to the fact that a measure
had passed the Massachusetts legislature authorizing the appointment
of three commissioners to make investigations with regard to the arti-
ficial propagation of the fish, and that I expected to be named one of
the commissioners, I went to the upper part of Massachusetts Bay,
where it is about twenty miles broad, and I found these spawning
mackerel there near the bottom. This year the mackerel came in about
the middle of May; few at first. On the 20th I went out for the first
time with my drifting-nets all night in the bay; I caught 2,250 mack-
erel; on the following night I caught 3,520. When I first began to
catch them I observed that the spawn had come to its full size, though
it was not free to run from them, not being yet fully matured. On or
about the Ist of June we found that some of them were depositing
spawn, and as I took them from the nets the spawn ran freely. On the
5th of June I took the mature eggs as they came from the fish and put
them in alcohol, marking the date, as I considered this time the middle
of the spawning season. (By the 10th of June the fish had all depos-
ited their spawn, and they then proceeded to the grounds where they
expected to meet with better food in order to fatten and recruit. The
spawning takes place at a depth of from five to fifteen fathoms.) Thirty
days after I went out in the bay and found any quantity of schools of
little mackerel which were, I should think, about two inches long,
though their length might have been a little less. I took a number of
specimens and put them in alcohol, marking the date. Twenty-five
days later I procured another lot of them which had grown to double
that size. I don’t mean to imply that they were twice as long, but
twice as heavy. I put them also in alcohol, marking the date. The
first time I subsequently went to Boston I called on Professor Agassiz
and gave him the specimens. He said that he had never before been
[25] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 115
able to ascertain these facts so clearly and so well, and that he was
very much pleased with them. I watched the growth of these young
mackerel all along, and I saw them grow considerably from month to
month, so much so that the same fall, in the latter part of October, I
caught some of them with a very small mesh net and found they had
grown to a length of 64 or 7 inches. I kept a small quantity of them,
split, salted, and packed them, in accordance with the Massachusetts
inspection law, as No. 4’s, and, since mackerel were then scarce and
very high in price, I sold them for as much as $6 a barrel.”
“Much yet remains to be learned in regard to the spawning season
of the American mackerel” (writes Professor Baird), ‘‘and little more
is known of this except in regard to the European variety. It is, how-
ever, well established by the researches of Sars that this fish, like the
cod, and many of the flat fish, &c., spawns in the open sea, sometimes
at a great distance from the land, at others closer in shore. Sars found
them on the outer banks of the coast of Norway; and Mr. Matthew
Dunn, of Mevagissey, England, communicates to Land and Water of his
observations of mackerel found, with ripe spawn, 6 miles from the
- coast.*
‘¢The fish taken in the wiers and pounds on Vineyard Sound and about
Cape Cod, in the early spring, are filled with ripe spawn; and that the
operation of spawning on the American coast is shown by the immense
schools of small fish that are taken throughout the summer, of various
sizes, from a few inches up, and from Buzzard’s Bay to Portland and
Penobscot Bay. No species of young fish is, at times, more abundant
throughout the summer season than the mackerel.
“The egg of the mackerel is exceedingly minute, not larger than that
of the alewife or gaspereau. It appears to be free from an adhesive en-
velope, such as pertains to the egg of the herring, and in consequence
of which it agglutinates together, and adheres to gravel, the rocks, or
the sea-weed at the bottom. As with the egg of the cod, that of the
*SPAWNING OF MACKEREL.
Sir: I have been again fortunate in taking a mackerel alive in the act of spawning,
on the night of May 10, about 6 miles from land. <A better specimen could not possi-
bly be had, and the roe ran freely without assistance. I got a bucket of sea-water,
and allowed the fish to spawn in it; for some time I had a difficulty in finding what
became of it, as the globules would not reflect the light of the candle like the pilchard
spawn; but by running the water into a clean bottle, and holding it to the light, I
found them floating on the surface, but not so buoyant as the pilchard roe. In this
state they continued for about half an hour, and then gradually sank to the bottom;
but, unlike the pilchard spawn, they retained their vitality there for more than
twelve hours. With the daylight the globules could scarcely be discerned by looking
directly down into the water; but on holding it towards the light in a bottle they
could be seen, with that healthy, bright, silvery hue so peculiar to living ones, each
marked with a dark spot in the center. Believing the pilchard spawn would have
reached you, I did not send you any of these. As I sent that spawn by post, I sup-
pose the bottle must have been broken in the post-bag.—Matthias Dunn (Mevagissey,
Cornwall, May 15, 1871.) (Land and Water, May 20, 353.)
116 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [26]
mackerel is provided with an oil globule, which makes it float nearly
at the level of the surface.”
I am indebted to Mr. Frederick W. True for a count of the eggs
in two mackerel taken at Woods Holl, Mass., in May, 1873. One of
these (No. 10512, U. S. Nat. Mus.), contained 363,107, the other (No.
15205), 393,887.
The only enumeration of mackerel eggs previously recorded is that
made by Thomas Harmer, in 1764, and published in the Philosophical
Transactions of London, vol. 57, p. 285. He found in one large mack-
erel, weighing 14 pounds, 454,961 eggs; in a second, of much the same
weight, 430,846; and in a third, weighing about 1 pound 2 ounces,
546,681. His estimate is probably too large.
6.—RATE OF GROWTH AND SIZE.
The rate of growth of the mackerel during the first summer has been
quite carefully studied by Captain Atwood; and the same authority
has, perhaps, more satisfactorily than any other interpreted the facts
from which may be deduced the conclusions as to their growth year by
year.
Referring to the small fish, 63 or 7 inches in length, which he believed
to be the young of the year, caught by him in October, 1856, he says:
“Fish of this size are sometimes called ‘spikes,’ but I do not know their
proper name. The next year I think they are the ‘blinks,’ being one
year old; the following year they are the ‘tinkers, two years old, and
the year after they return to us as the second-size, three years old.
It is probable that the fish reaches its full maturity in four years.” He
continues: ‘The first mackerel that come in are very large and spawn-
ers, but these do not bite at the hook; and you don’t catch them with
the seine, because they don’t show themselves. You would not know of
their presence if you did not set nets for them. When they are taken
in nets set anywhere along the coast, at Provincetown, &c., a good
many people imagine that they are the remnant of the mackerel which
were there the year before, and which have been imbedded in the mud;
and when they taste these fish they fancy that they taste mud. When
the next school arrives there appear mackerel of different sizes, which
take the hook. They are carried to Boston market and are soid fresh
in their season. They are not sold by weight, but are culled, and are
denominated as follows: Large ones, second-size, tinkers, and blinks.
When the large ones are worth 12 cents, the others may sell: second
size, 8 cents; tinkers, 4 cents, and blinks, 14 cents. These prices may
fluctuate before a large proportion of one or more of the above-named
kinds at the same time. Any man who is well acquainted with them
will make the same culling, as there seems to be a line of demarkation
between the different kinds which stands out prominently.
‘‘ Admitting this to be the fact, those that come as blinks are from
[27] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. ali bi |
the spawn of the year before, while those which are called tinkers are
from the blinks of the year previous, being the two-year-old fish; and
those that are called second-size are from the tinkers of the year before,
when they grow up and mix with the bigger ones, I don’t know how
they live, or much about them. This is my opinion about these matters.
You will find fishermen tell you they think that honors are Six or
seven years in getting their growth.”
Mackerel, when full-grown, are from 17 to 18 inches in length; some-
times they attain a larger size. Captain Collins has caught individuals
measuring twenty-two inches. In August, 1880, a school of mackerel
was taken in the vicinity of Plymouth; they weighed from three to
three and a half pounds each, and were from 19 to 194 inches long.
They were regarded as extraordinarily large, and a barrel of them were
sent to the Fishery Exhibition at Berlin as an illustration of the perfec-
tion to which the mackerel attains in this country. Although the size
just mentioned is unusual at present, in past years many thousands of
barrels have been taken nearly, if not quite, as large. The size varies
from year to year, sometimes very few barrels which can be rated as
No. ’s being found in our waters. A No. 1 mackerel, according to the
Massachusetts inspection laws, measures 135 inches from the tip of the
snout to the crotch or fork of the caudal fin. The average length from
year to year for the whole coast is probably not far from 12 inches in
length, and a weight of twelve to sixteen ounces. The following quo-
tations from writers of two centuries ago are interesting, since they
show that large mackerel were known to the early colonists of New
England:
“The mackerel, of which there is choicefull plenty all summer long;
in the spring they are ordinarily 18 inches long; afterwards there is
none taken but what are smaller.”—Joselyn, 1675.
“The Makarels are the baite for the Basse, & these have been chased
into the shallow waters, where so many thousands have shott them-
selves a shore with the surfe of the Sea that whole hogges-heads have
been taken up on the Sands; & for length they excell any of other parts:
they have bin measured 18. & 19. inches in length & seaven breadth:
& are taken with a drayee, (as boats use to pass to & froe at Sea on
business,) in very greate quantities all along the Coaste.
‘““The Fish is good, salted; for store against the winter, as well as
fresh, & to be accounted a good commodity.”*
7.—ENEMIES.
Captain Collins writes: “‘The gannet is one of the most destructive
enemies of the mackerel. I have often seen these birds so heavily
weighted with these fish that they were unable to rise on the approach.
of the vessel until they had disgorged from two to four good sized mack-
*New England’s Fish, John Smith, 1622. U.S. F.C. Rep., 153.
118 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [28]
erel. This is so common an occurrence that there are but few fishermen
who have not witnessed it.”
‘¢Porpoises and whales may also be included in the list of enemies of
the mackerel. Itis by no means an unusual sight on the fishing grounds
to see hundreds of the former rushing and leaping among schools of
mackerel scattering them in every direction.”
‘The shark, known to fishermen as the ‘mackerel shark,’ is one of
the principal enemies of the mackerel. I have often seen them chasing
mackerel, and, when jigging was practiced, it was a common occurrence
for sharks to drive off a school from alongside of a vessel.”
Dogfish often hover around the outside of large schools of mackerel,
and doubtless feed on them. Great difficulty is sometimes experienced
in saving fish that have been inclosed in a purse-seine, owing to the im-
mense numbers of dogfish that gather around, and in their efforts to
eat the mackerel, which they see through the meshes, they bite off the
twine, making large holes in the seine through which the inclosed fish
escape.”
The dogfish is doubtless a dangerous foe to the mackerel weakened
by the act of spawning, and remaining near the bottom. An old fisher-
man has described to me with great animation how greedily the dog-
fish devour the mackerel which have become gilled in the nets, how
they follow them to the surface and linger about the vessel while the
process of cleaning is going on, drinking the blood of the fish as it
flows from the scuppers.
Among the other principal enemies of the mackerel are the bluefish,
tunny,andcod. The appearance of aschool of bluefish in waters crowded
with mackerel is an almost sure signal for their disappearance.
The young mackerel are eaten also by squids. Professor Verrill has
recorded the following description of the maneuvers of the squid known
to zoologists by the name Ommastrephes illecebrosa :
“Messrs. S. I. Smith and Oscar Harger observed it at Provincetown,
Mass., among the wharves, in Jarge numbers, July 28, engaged in cap-
turing and devouring the young mackerel, which were swimming about
in ‘schools,’ and at that time were about four or five inches long. In
attacking the mackerel they would suddenly dart backward among the
fish with the velocity of an arrow, and as suddenly turn obliquely to the
right or left and seize a fish, which was almost instantly killed by a
bite in the back of the neck with the sharp beaks. The bite was always
made in the sanie place, cutting out a triangular piece of flesh, and was
deep enough to penetrate to the spinal cord. The attacks were not
always successful, and were sometimes repeated a dozen times before
one of these active and wary fishes could be caught. Sometimes after
making several unsuccessful attempts one of the squids would sud-
denly drop to the bottom, and, resting upon the sand, would change its
color to that of the sand so perfectly as to be almost invisible. In this
[29] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 119
way it would wait until the fishes came back, and when they were swim-
ming close to or over the ambuscade, the squid, by a sudden dart, would
be pretty sure to secure a fish. Ordinarily when swimming they were
thickly spotted with red and brown, but when darting among the mack-
erel they appeared translucent and pale. The mackerel, however,
seemed to have learned that the shallow water is the safest for them
and would hug the shore as closely as possible, so that in pursuing
them many of the squids became stranded and perished by hundreds,
for when they once touch the shore they begin to pump water from
their siphons with great energy, and this usually forces them farther
and farther up the beach. At such times they often discharge their
ink in large quantities. The attacks on the young mackerel were ob-
served mostly at or near high-water, for at other times the mackerel
were seldom seen, though the squids were seen swimming about at all
5
hours; and these attacks were observed both in the day and evening.”
B.—_STUDIES OF THE MOVEMENTS OF THE MACKEREL
SCHOOLS.
8.—HIND ON THE CAUSES OF IRREGULAR MOVEMENTS.
In closing this chapter upon the natural history of the mackerel, it
seems appropriate to quote from the writings of Professor Hind some
very important paragraphs in which he has attempted to interpret the
irregular movements of the mackerel schools in our waters, and to ex-
plain the causes of the alleged annual variation of their numbers:
‘¢What is the proper interpretation of the movements of the mackerel
from its first appearance in the spring to its disappearance in the fall?
These movements vary with the geographical position of local schools
of this fish. On the coasts of the United States and Nova Scotia, its
annual movements resemble in all particulars those of the same species
in European seas where the schools have a free and unobstracted ocean
in which to seek their prey.
‘‘In the spring, at the end of April and May, the Atlantic schools of
this fish which have wintered off the coasts approach the land in sepa-
rate bodies, full of spawn and poor, coming direct from winter homes
where they have remained in a torpid condition, partially buried in
sand ormud. After spawning, the different schools feed for a short
time on the fry of fish, and as the temperature rises they go out to sea
in search of free-swimming crustaceans and larval forms of food accord-
ing as they are distributed by wind and tide.
‘¢ They pursue this food against the current or tide. They often feed
during the night, because at that period great numbers of free-swim-
ming larvalforms approach the surface. This is one reason why mackere}
schools are frequently missed by fishermen, and areas supposed to be
deserted may really abound with this fish, which would be discovered
120 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [30]
by sink-net fishing. The currents are constantly changing with the
seasons under the influence of temperature and prevailing winds, hence
the course of direction and depth of the food is constantly changing
also.
‘‘Sometimes it is carried far off from the land, at other times towards
it, and the mackerel schools following the food move first in one direc-
tion, then in another, and range from close inshore to fifty miles and
more seawards, and often, doubtless, at a considerable depth below the
surface.
‘The general direction of these movements, when plotted on paper,
would be a series of irregular circles or elongated ellipses, the range of
each school or group of schools being opposite, and often adjacent to
that part of the coast where they spawn.
‘As the fall approaches, owing to the diminution in the supply of
their floating food out at sea, they come more inland.
“ All the free-swimming larval forms of most species of shrimps,
crabs, lobsters, sea-urchins, starfish, sea-worms, &c., have disappeared
in the open sea, after passing through their final transformation. But
near the shore there are great numbers of other forms of life, which are
developed later in the year. Coming inshore to feed on these on the
Atlantic coast, the mackerel are found by American fishermen later
and later on their return voyage to the southwest, which gives rise to
the impression that they are following the schools, when they are only
meeting with fresh schools approaching the shore from their feeding
grounds. Similar movements occur on the Atlantic coast of Nova
Scotia and Cape Breton. As winter approaches, beginning at Cape
Breton in November, the different schools retire to their winter homes
off the coast in deep water later and later from north to south.
‘In the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, where land is, as it were, on all sides,
the local schools come from their winter haunts to the banks and beaches
of the Magdalens. of Prince Edward Island, in the Bay Chaleur, &c.,
to spawn about the first week in June. They retire after spawning to
deep water, and meet the incoming sand-launce. ‘They follow the sand-
Jaunce inshore or on to banks, and for some weeks feed on these fish.
When the sand-launce again retires to deep water, the season of the
small crustaceans has arrived, and these by tidal action, already de-
seribed, and winds, are concentrated near the coast lines of Prince Ed-
ward Island, New Brunswick, the north and south shore of the Estuary
and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and the shores of Cape Breton. On all
these coasts the effect of the single and confluent tides, dragging along
the coast line and retarded by it, is to produce eddies, where the free-
Swimming food concentrates. The course of direction of the different
schools during the summer is thus dependent upon winds and tides,
and their movements would, if correctly plotted, resemble long narrow
ellipses adjacent to the coast, which are doubtless many times repeated.
“At the approach of winter the different schools seek their winter
quarters opposite and near to the places where they spawned in the
[31] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 121
preceding spring, as is the case of the schools on the Atlantic coasts.
In these particulars their movements resemble those of different species
of fish which feed and move in great schools in directions outlined by
circles or ellipses throughout the period during which they are at the
surface.*
*Itis a fact well known to all experienced mackerel fishermen that during the
month of May and the early part of June large bodies of mackerel pass along the
shores of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton from west to east, and while many of these fish
move through the waters of Chedabucto Bay and the Straits of Canso to the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence, other schools pass in around the east end of Cape Breton Island, their
destination being the same as those fish taking the shorter route. No better evidence
of this migratory habit can be given than the fact that at this season of the year the
fishermen along the Nova Scotian coast and about the Strait of Canso are busily em-
ployed in catching mackerel both in gill-nets and in drag-seines. On some occasions
when the season has been exceptionally favorable the amount of mackerel so taken
has often been very great. This movement of the mackerel is so regular and so well-
defined that the fishermen rarely fail to tell within a few days, or, perhaps, even a
few hours of the time when they will appear on certain portions of the coast. The
fall migrations are quite as regular. As the season advances and the temperature
of the water decreases, the mackerel, instead of simply changing their position into
deeper water near their summer habitat, as has been stated by Professor Hind, move
in vast bodies towards the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, frequently
striking in a succession of waves. as it were, on the northern shores of Cape Breton
Island, where, deflected from their southern course, they divide into two streams or
branches, one passing through the Strait of Canso, and the other out round the north
cape of the island, by its eastern and southern sides, and so on up along the south
coast of Nova Scotia. The mackerel which are found about the Magdalene Islands
’ during the summer and early autumn apparently move in a nearly direct line towards
the northeast end of Cape Breton Island when they begin their fall migration. I have
often had occasion to notice, in a practical way, these movements, the knowledge of
which is of vital importance to the fishermen and of considerable interest to the nat-
uralist. On one occasion in the fall of 1867 an immense body of mackerel was found
along the north shore of Cape Breton, and on the last day that the fish were seen the
schools came near the surface of the water, and I feel safe in saying, from actual ob-
servation, that they moved at a rate of no less than three or four miies per hour in the
direction of the north cape of the island. On another occasion, a body of mackerel that
was found near Amherst Island (one of the Magdalenes) one day, were met with the
following morning about 30 miles distant from the first locality, in the direction of the
north cape of Cape Breton Island, towards which they were moving at the rate of
one or two miles an hour. I have myself seen schools of mackerel off the Nova
Scotian coast, in the fall, moving rapidly in a westerly direction, but all efforts to
catch them with a hook failed, since they seemed to pay no regard whatever to toll
bait. All of my own observations and those of the Nova Scotian fishermen with whom
I have been brought in contact, lead me to believe that mackerel will not bite the
hook to any extent during their fall migrations along the southern coasts of Nova
Scotia. This is all the more remarkable since they seem to take the hook very eagerly
up to the last moment of their stay on their feeding-grounds in the gulf. The spring
and fall migrations of the mackerel on our own coast are carried on with equal regu-
larity and precision. On more than one occasion, in autumn, I have followed these
fish day after day in their progress to the south and west along the shores of Maine
and Massachusetts. An instanceof this kind occurred in the fall of 1862, when I caught
mackerel nearly down to the Fishing Rip on the Nantucket shoals. These fish were
moving rapidly southward, and the schools could be kept alongside of the vessel only
a short time, and each trial had to be made two or three miles farther south than the
drevious one. At another time, in the fall of 1870, the mackerel moved in large schools
122 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [32]
‘Sars has shown that this form of movement is taken by the herring
on the Norwegian coast.*
‘¢The mackerel are pursued by cod and hake, and these fish gather
where offalis thrown over from vesseis on which the mackerel are cleaned.
As a natural consequence the mackerel avoid the sea areas where their
enemies are congregated, and fishermen attribute the desertion of the
mackerel-ground directly to the throwing of offal overboard. Cod, and
probably hake, follow up the scent of offal or food of any description car-
ried by currents with remarkable facility, as may be witnessed during
the process of jigging for cod in calm and clear waters. On looking
over the side of the boat, with a man engaged in jigging at the bow
or stern, as soon as a fish is wounded merely by the jigger and blood
flows from the wound, the creature may be seen to dart here and there
in pain. The neighboring fish of the cod tribe are attracted by the scent
and follow the blood ‘ tracks’ against the current, hunting their wounded
comrade to the death. A fish coming across the stream of scent, imme-
diately follows it up, and it is thus that fish offal or bait thrown over-
board in the open sea, or some distance from shore, gathers the fish on
the course of the current. In harbors and confined or landlocked bays,
where there is no constant strong current to carry off the results of
decomposition, and where the sea-scavengers are not sufficiently numer-
ous to consume it, the effect cannot fail to be extremely prejudicial to
young fry and to fish-spawn.t
very rapidly from Ipswich Bay across in the direction of Cape Cod. The schools were .
at the surface of the water, and it is not an exaggeration to say that their speed was
not less than three or four miles an hour. The schools of mackerel spread over many
square miles, each body of fish was separated from the others, perhaps many hundred
fathoms, but all seemed to be impelled by the same motive and were moving steadily
in the same direction. These fish would bite eagerly at the hook for a few minutes at
a time, but so strong was their instinct of migration that it was impossible to detain
them longer than a few minutes at a time in their onward movement.
J. W. COLLINS.
* See chart by Dr. G. O. Sars, in his report for 1874.
t Fisheries of British North America, pp. 20, 21. It is difficult to see how the offal
of mackerel could injure the spawn of the young fry of this fish since the eggs are
known to swim at the surface of the sea, and it is presumable that the mackerel,
when first hatched out, also keeps near the surface. Therefore in a depth of ten or
twenty fathoms it seems extremely problematical that the welfare of either the eggs
or young fish could be interfered with by the viscera thrown over from the fishing-
vessels. Another thing: It is well known that the waters of the Bay of Saint
Lawrence swarm with small and extremely voracious crustacea—“‘sea-fleas” —which
rapidly devour anything of this kind which is thrown into the sea. Indeed, so active
are these small scavengers that codfish caught on a trawl are often completely de-
voured by them in three or four hours. Again, there can be no doubt but what throw-
ing over the offal from the vessels is really beneficial to the mackerel, which feed upon
it. The recent diminution in the abundance of mackerel in the Bay of Saint Lawrence,
and the remarkable increase of this fish on our own shores, since the New England
fleet has ceased to visit the waters of the Gulf in such numbers as formerly, seems to
prove conclusively that the decrease or increase in the abundance of the mackerel is
due to other causes than that of throwing over the offal which is taken from those
which are caught.—J. W. Collins.
[33] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 123
“The effect of temperature on the local movements of the mackere!
may be recognized in the process employed by fishermen to ‘ raise’? mack-
erel by toll-bait, and luring them seawards. The mackerel follow the
bait for some distance from shore, where suddenly they cease to bite and
disappear. They probably find long exposure to the warm temperature
of the surface waters unsuited to their habits, and sink to a cooler zone.
‘¢ Hence the reason why a‘ mackerel breeze,’ mixing the heated surface
water with the cooler understratum, is favorable to prolonged mackerel
fishing with bait. The mixing produced by agitation cools the surface
and permits the fish to feed for a lengthened period.”*
‘The mackerel, like the herring and the cod, seeks cold water for its
spawning grounds wherever the Labrador current exercises its influence.
Between Block Island and Noman’s Land, where the spawning grounds
on the United States coast south of Cape Cod are alleged to exist, a
thin wedge of the Labrador current stretches far into Long Island
Sound.”+
‘““In Massachusetts Bay, where a mackerel spawning ground also
exists, as also in the vicinity of Stellwagen Banks, the temperature when
observed by Dr. Packard in September ranged from 414 to 45 degrees,
and the fauna resembled the cold-water svecies on each side of Jeffrey’s
Ledge. On George’s Shoals the marine life is said by Verrill to be the
same as that found in the deeper muddy parts of the Gulf of Saint Law-
rence, and indicates a temperature not above 40 degrees, and probably
considerably lower. Bradelle Bank, according to Mr. Whiteaves, pre-
sents the phenomenon of a small stony patch, tenanted by an assemblage
of marine animals which usually inhabit very cold water, and are almost
entirely surrounded by another series, which are for the most part prev-
alent where the bottom is warmer and more affected by surface condi-
tions of temperature.t
‘¢ Wherever the areas are situated where young mackerel are found
in the summer, we find near at hand a cold-water zone, either existing
as a part of the Labrador current at the surface, or brought up from
greater depths by banks and shoals. On the coast of Prince Edward
Island, and in the gulf generally, the cold water lies frequently near the
shore, because the diurnal tides mix the strata warmed during the day-
time with the cold underlying strata. In the estuary of the Saint Law-
rence Dr. Kelly found the surface temperature 57 degrees Fah. on the
*It is often the case that a school of mackerel may be kept alongside of the vessel
for many hours at a time, even during the hottest days of summer, though generally
at such times they will not bite very much. For this reason, therefore, the fishermen
do not usually endeavor to keep the fish alongside of their vessels, but prefer instead
to change their position and try to secure a new school of mackerel... This action on
the part of the fishermen, just referred to, may have led to the belief that their move-
ments were caused by the disappearance of the fish from the vessels’ side instead of
on account of the disinclination of the mackerel to take the hook.—J. W. Collins.
tHind, Fisheries of British North America.
t Professor Verrill, page 485, Report of the United States Commissioner of Fish and
Fisheries, 1871-72.
124 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [34]
9th July, but three feet below the surface it was 44 degrees, having in
that short vertical space sunk 13 degrees ; at 24 feet it was 40 degrees,
or 17 degrees beiow the surface temperature.
‘““The coastal waters of Massachusetts rapidly acquire an elevated
temperature in June, when the waters of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence
are often still ice-cold. In April, May,and June the cod and haddock
resort in large numbers to the banks and reefs off Stonington, Watch
Hill, No Man’s Land, and other similar places, but are quite unknown
there later in the summer.
“ Local winds and tidal currents bring the waters of the Gulf Stream
on to this coast and displace the cold waters, even at the distance of
twenty or thirty miles from the shore in summer.*
“In the Gulf of Saint Lawrence the temperature of the surface in
summer rarely reaches, as far as observed, the temperature of the bot-
tom of the sea off No Man’s Land, or 594 to 614 degrees in 11 and 18
fathoms respectively.t
‘“Dr. Kelley records the following surface temperature in various parts
of the gulf, and generally within view of the land:
sis Temperature
Date. Position. efsuchicd
°
dune 91832) O Pointide: Monts: 52... niscsnee noone seh some anion ene otewieniceerinesestinsecee 43
uly, 09/1831 |-2552 7 Ee EI MILER E Tar Me TNL lary ae ai ate SAC iee 3 57
Aug 1lOMS3ts (POs Am ticostiges 2. cocac cosas senmeimen bese bee lore eh ceee eee neienaate 54
Soptg2;1832) | Min gan Harbor)... ss cone ate cee eee er eee ine eictaicl= Stele siciee ereteiel sistas 53
June 28, 1832 Estuary of Saint Lawrence 48
Ang 1451832! (Of Kegashka: <2 5 sin cates cle Soc ace on cot eels einai de te esuidesisele tontes 53
Aug. 15,1832 | In Kegashka Harbor 48
Aug. 18, 1832 |.....-. Ge sahaeoewe sleet 38
Aug. 28, 1832 }.---..- Go ee se eee 55
Aug. 30, 1832 |...--- GOnseeascsse 52
Aug. 311882 (sO Min pana s cc. sje cis so ciee ceiseieieceem sane See cis ces eens = cle'-iniemeienia= siecle 51
Sept. 1,1832 | Mingan Harbor 39
Mots 10; 1832 sNear!CapeiGasp6icaces sacs neces ae ae eee eee eles Mala cisise sleereciemins 41
Oct: °10;18824 sO CapeiGaspes oi sccsses ence ccee ene cen eee eee eee aia ns orden soescemere 43
Oct: 11,1831 || Wear/Mount Louis icc cock cocecceepecene ees seen neta ce eissic se necieemetsenweie 41
Oct. 1 183¥ || Fiamilessoffes sa5 cee oc 0 Succ oats Beteioee Mak chen aetnee Se ceee cere ueesee ee 47
Oct: 12/1831) |)-Bayof Seven Islands ico cee acee saeco cinee soccsee senses seisisaiten ean 46
Oct ws) 1831s bees Ore Sie dais Se Sa Rae eae See ECE ere nar eee oes eee Meee mee 42
Oct. 14,1831 }...5:- 06 (0 see ees tere er Fai es CABG Ur Mee CEOS M Urine oo 39
“Tn the harbors of the gulf coast, and even at a considerable distance
off the land, the temperature of the surface is greatly affected by winds.
A warm dry wind off the land diminishes the temperature of the sur-
face by evaporation.
‘Tidal currents have a powerful effect on the temperature of the sur-
face over shoals near the shore, by bringing the cold water to the sur-
face. On the 27th June, 1832, Dr. Kelley observed the temperature of
the surface water over a shoal ledge which runs out a considerable dis-
tance from Mingan Harbor to be only 33 degrees; on the previous day
the water in the estuary of the Saint Lawrence being 47 or 48 degrees.
*Professor Verrill, page 485, Report of the United States Commissioner of Fish and
Fisheries, 1871-72.
tVerrill, op. cit., page 484.
[35] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 125
“Tn these differences of surface temperatures, and the causes which
give rise to them, we discover the reason why the mackerel retire, as
the summer advances, from the warm coastal waters of the United
States out to sea, where they find a stratum of water of the requisite
temperature for their free-swimming food.* In the Gulf of Saint Law-
rence this requisite temperature is best attained where cold substratum
waters are mixed with warmer coastal waters by the tidal waves, the
food being atthe same time brought inshore by these currents as already
described. Here it lingers, partly on account of a suitable temperature
being attained, and partly because the efflux and reflux of the tides oe-
casion a constant circular or elliptical movement of the water. Hence,
while the off-shore waters on the coast of the United States alone pos-
sess the requisite degree of coolness in summer for the mackerel food,
the inshore waters of the gulf acquire the degree of warmth best suited
to the habits of these free-swimming creatures, which continues until
late in the fall. The question of inshore and off-shore mackerel fishing
grounds thus becomes, in a great measure, reduced to the different con-
ditions of marine climate which prevail where the Labrador current is
the controlling agent, or where the Gulf Stream asserts its power and
influence during the summer season.” t
9.—HIND ON THE CAUSES OF THE ALLEGED ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN
THE NUMBER OF MACKEREL OBSERVED.
‘It is well known that the spawn of the herring is deposited at the
bottom; and owing to the giutinous secretion binding the eggs, one to
the other, it adheres firmly to everything which may happen to touch
it; and masses of eggs are found to be tightly glued together. But it
has been conclusively established by Professor Sars that the mackerel
spawn, like that of the cod, floats; and the spawn is developed at the
surface of the sea, being drifted to and fro by currents and winds, and,
wholly unlike the spawn of the herring, sculpin, smelt, caplin, &ce., is
at the mercy of the ever-varying currents of the ocean.
‘““The taking of mackerel on banks and shoals, dropping their spawn,
must be accepted that the fish are ready to spawn at the place where
they are then caught. The transparent floating spawn being very diffi-
cult to recognize and indeed rarely to be seen, except looked for and
caught in tow-nets at the surface of the water.
* Mackerel are frequently abundant close in to the shores of New England in mid-
summer. Asa matter of fact large catches of mackerel have been occasionally made
in Penobscot Bay, fifteen miles or more inside of the outer headlands and islands.
Bluehill Bay, also in Maine, is a famous resort for small and medium-sized mackerel
insummer. It is also well known that the immediate vicinity of Monhegan Island
is one of the best mackerel grounds on the New England coast during the months of
July and August.—J. W. Collins.
t Fisheries of British North America, pp. 42, 43.
126 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [36]
‘But mackerel fry are found near the land, in detached sea areas, all
the way from the shores of Massachusetts to the shores of northeast
Newfoundland.
‘‘While the cod spawn on the North American coast during every
month of the year wherever the temperature of the water is sufficiently
low and ice does not interfere, and the herring spawn in like manner
during spring and fall, when the bottom waters have acquired a certain
temperature, the mackerel spawns, as a general rule, in the spring of
the year, and large schools appear to be established where the Arctic
current exercises its influence either as a distinct surface current, or
where it is brought to the surface by banks or shoals, and thus secures
the requisite coldness in the waters for the floating spawn.
‘The floating spawn may be drifted by winds or tides many miles
from the place where it is shed; and the birthplace of the fish will be
that portion of the sea area where the young fry first issue from the
egg, but not the spawning ground of the mother fish. In ordinary
seasons the swing of the tides, apart from local currents, brings back
twice every day the drifting surface matter, whatever it may be, near
to the place from which it set out; but winds may greatly alter the
course and distance to which floating ova would be drifted. Hence,
except in the case of secluded bays like the Bay of Chaleurs, Pleasant
Bay or Massachusetts Bay, the geographical position of mackerel fry
is in a great measure dependent upon the winds which may have pre-
vailed. A storm near the end of May or early in June on the coasts of
the United States may drive floating spawn far out to sea, even into
the heated waters of the Gulf Stream; and it has yet to be shown that
mackerel spawn could survive the sudden and extreme change of tem-
perature this would involve; or a continuance of southerly winds may
drive the spawn on to the shore and destroy it. This occurs frequently
with the spawn of those fish which are deposited near the shore, as in
the case of the capelin and herring. The small size of the mackerel
spawn would cause it to be unobserved, and it would be more dis-
tributed than the spawn of the herring and the capelin. The United
States Signal Service charts show the course of storms and winds dur-
ing the spawning season, which would produce these results.
“The relation of cod spawn to rain has been referred to elsewhere
(Part I, page xii). Reasoning from analogy, which in so many in-
stances must be for the present our only guide, the effect of rain or of a
rainy month on mackerel spawn would be equally.prejudicial, by caus-
ing it to sink below the surface and be removed from those conditions
of light and oxygen which are essential to the development of the em-
bryo.
‘‘On the other hand, the spawn might be driven in an easterly direc-
tion, or in a westerly direction, and be hatched some miles off the coast
in great abundance. These new schools might attain great magnitude
in three or four years, being unobserved, and might so remain for sev-
[37] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 127
eral years, pursuing their circular feeding movements until noticed by
the fishermen. The same contingencies occur in the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence, and similar distribution arising from winds or tides drifting
the spawn far from the spot where it was shed, often lead to the estab-
lishment of new schools of fish in different localities.
“This feature in the natural history of the mackerel has already been
noticed with regard to the Bay of Fundy schools.
“The occurrence of mackerel in great abundance on the northeast
coast of Newfoundland, and their subsequent disappearance, may be ex-
plained in a similar manner, and may be attributed to unfavorable
meteorological conditions, which would drive the floating spawn on
shore, or far out to sea. There are, however, other probable reasons
for the observed annual variations in the schools, which will now be
noticed.
‘In the foregoing paragraphs it is assumed that the fluctuations in
the numbers of mackerel observed by fishermen correctly interpret a
phenomenon which appears to be generally recognized.
“But while it is right to receive the statement that very large fluct-
uations in the numbers seen usually occur, it is wrong to infer that, be-
cause the schools are not visible, proof is afforded that they do not
exist. There are strong reasons for believing that during many seasons
the schools escape the notice of fishermen on account of their finding
their food in a lower and colder stratum of water, and more rarely com-
ing to the surface than during other seasons. It will now be shown
how a cold stratum is produced, and that, as a necessary result of the
mode of its formation, it varies each year and during every month of
the year in vertical position and thickness, and that it is constantly
brought to or near the surface on banks and shoals within certain geo-
graphical limits. These variations in depth of suitable feeding zones
throw light upon the alleged inconsistency of the appearance of the
mackerel, and its selection of coastal waters in some sea-areas and
off-shore waters in other areas, and variations in both during different
seasons.” *
10.—OBSERVATIONS OF AMERICAN FISHERMEN ON THE MOVEMENTS
OF THE MACKEREL SCHOOLS.
Since it is not practicable in this place to present a full account of the
movements of the mackerel schools along the coast, it may be interest-
ing to present the observations of a few reliable observers at different
localities.
Captain King Harding, of Swampscott, gave me a very full account
of the movements of the mackerel in Massachusetts Bay.
About the 20th of May the schools begin to draw around Cape Cod
into the bay; the earliest date, in the memory of Captain Harding, is
*Hind, Fisheries of British North America, pp. 22, 23.
128 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [38]
the 11th of May. The schools continue swimming at the surface until
about the middle of June, when they sink down into deep water. Now
none can be taken in the seines. When they disappear they are full of
spawn; when they again appear, in twelve or fifteen days, they are
spawned. When any are accidentally hooked up or tolled up during
the slack season they are sometimes seen to have partially spawned.
When they come to the surface they form in schools and move to the
eastward. These remarks apply to the large fish. Small fish may be
schooling at the surface all the time. A pound mackerel in the spring
is apt to have spawn in it.
*¢ When jigging was the ordinary method of catching mackerel,” writes
Captain Collins, “many thousands of barrels were taken each year dur-
ing or just previous to the spawning season, when the ova was well de-
veloped. It was not an uncommon occurrence for vessels to secure fares
in the Bay of Saint Lawrence before the spawning season was over.”
Capt. N. E. Atwood, of Provincetown, Mass., gives the following ac-
count of the migrations and movements of mackerel:
“The mackerel comes to us from the south. As they are with spawn
nearly mature when they arrive in our bay they probably come into the
South Channel, passing east of Nantucket, then along the eastern shore
of Cape Cod, then around the cape and on until they reach their spawn-
ing ground in from 15 to 5 fathoms of water, in the southern part of
Massachusetts Bay, where they deposit, as I have answered in another
reply.”
“‘ Mackerel leave the coast in the same manner as they came in in the
spring. The mackerel is a migratory species, coming on our coast in
the spring, and when the water becomes cold leaving the inshore
ground and going to their winter quarters. We have no way of know-
ing where they are when away, but can only say they are at their winter
home. The first that arrive are the largest; others come in later, but
are smaller or rather a mixture of large and small fish. There are no
equal intervals between the arrival of the different schools. When the
fish leave our shores they go gradually, and they are several weeks
passing away from our coast. The mackerel never fails to come, but
often varies in abundance in different years. This may be due to the
fact that the bait has taken a different course. The first run of mack-
erel is made up almost entirely of male fish, but the spawn of the few
females that accompany them is always very nearly matured when they
reach our coast. “TI have to-day (July 1, 1877) examined a quantity of
mackerel brought in by a vessel, caught in another locality, and find
they are about three-quarters males. Neither sex will take the hook
when they first come in; they seem to have no inclination to bite until
they have deposited their spawn; they then commence to feed, and in
time become fat. The large spawning mackerel, after they have de-
posited, pass on to the north. We do not see much of them until they
return late in the autumn. When they pass by here going off the coast
139] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 129
they do not take the hook, so we catch them in gill-nets. The second
run of mackerel that comes in the early part of the season, which Dr.
Mitchell, in his ‘Fishes of New York,’ calls Scomber grex, is the kind
that takes the hook; they are, no doubt, the younger class of fish. This
fish (mackerel) or its arrival swims low in the day-time; in the night it
comes near the top of the water and is caught in gill-nets. We would
not know they had arrived if no nets were set. The ebb and flow of
the tide does not affect them. I have never seen spawn run from this
fish when taken with the hook; when spawning they do not bite in this
locality. In fishing with gill-nets we see no spawn floating in the
water. There are no pounds here. The mackerel does not run up from
the sea into fresh water. We find no small young fish with the larger
mackerel when they are spawning. Mackerel are liable to go anywhere
when they are following the bait.”
In his testimony before the Halifax Commission the same eminent
authority stated:
“The mackerel, like some other species of fish I could name, come in
poor and destitute of fat. being only number threes according to the
Massachusetts inspection law; and when they reach Provincetown,
those that have come in from the south have, I think, spawned at places
at which they have found about the right depth of water for the pur-
pose. I have never fished south of Cape Cod, and hence could not
vouch for that; but the fish that come in east of Nantucket and South
Channel do not fall in with land or a shoal channel until they strike
back of Cape Cod, and, winding round, come into the southern part of
Massachusetts Bay. In that locality I have fished with gill-nets for a
great many seasons, at the time of their arrival, and they only last till
the bluefish make their appearance. We have six or seven weeks of
mackerel fishing, and generally do something considerable at it; but
after the bluefish come in the mackerel leave, as that drives them all off
and ruins our fishery.
‘‘Question. When are mackerel in the finest condition off the coast
of the United States, say trom Cape Cod down?—Answer. I should say,
taking one year with another—years differ a little—say from the middle
of September to the middle of October, I could get as nice mackerel as
could be procured at any time during the year, and then good mackerel,
some years, can be obtained as early as the middle of August.
“Q. Is it your opinion that some.of the schools of mackerel found on
the coast of the United States remain there during the entire season,
or do they all go north of the coast of Maine?—A. I think that the
mackerel which come south of us, and then strike into Cape Cod and
Massachusetts Bay, and north of that, and some of them farther east-
ward, come in from the deep water, where they have wintered, and
strike on and back of George’s Bank. This is my opinion. I consider
that they come from their winter quarters all along the coast, from away
down as far as Chincoteague Shoals to Newfoundland. I have no idea
S. Mis. 110 9
130 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [40]
that the mackerel which are on our coast in the region of Cape Cod and
south of that, or anywhere near that, ever come down the coast here
and pass Halifax. I have never thought that they did so; but then I
ceannot bring evidence to prove that they did. I never saw mackerel
between Cape Sable and Cape Canso, though [ have seen some at Louis-
burg, on the south shore of Cape Breton Island, when I was there once.
I never saw these mackerel, but I fully believe that mackerel do come
in the spring northward by Halifax, and again pass this way in the fall.
But then I think that after the mackerel which pass Halifax get to Cape
Sable they pass off the coast.
“Q. I wish you to state how late in the season you have successfully
fished at the Magdalen Islands?—A. I could not remember the date ex-
actly; but I should think that we never staid at these islands later than
about the first of October, though it may have been the 10th of that
month; but that is about the latest period.
“Q. Have you found mackerel good in quantity at the Magdalens as
late as the first of October?—A. I think that is the case. I believe
that it was October before we left these islands the first year 1 was there;
and we caught mackerel just before we left them.”
Mr. A. B. Rich, of Provincetown, Mass., makes the following remarks
concerning the migrations and movements of mackerel:
‘‘Mackerel come along the coast from the south. When the water be-
comes cold they strike off into the depths. It is quite likely that they
spend the winter at the south, at points where the water is about as
cold as along the Massachusetts coast in the summer time. They are
first seen in June, and steadily increase until September, when the main
body makes its appearance. The first run is the smallest. Their ap-
pearance is regular and certain. In November these fish begin to leave,
and withdraw by degrees. Both sexes come together and the spawn of
the female seems to be mature when they first appear. Very few mack-
ere] will take the hook at first, but do so after the spawning season is
over. Their arrival is known by their capture only, for they swim low.
Very little spawn runs out of the mackerel caught with a hook, but
large quantities out of those captured in nets. Mackerel are not anad-
romous. No small fish are seen on the breeding grounds. Mackerel
seem to like deep water where the tempernture is about 48° or 50°.
About 20 fathoms is their usual depth.”
Mr. Noah Mayo, of Boston, Mass., nakes the following statements
coneerning the movements of mackerel:
“Mackerel come on this coast from the south, making their first ap-
pearance off Cape Hatteras and along the coast to Long Island. So
along the Massachusetts and Maine coasts as it grows later, going into
the Bay of Fundy and into the Bay of Chaleur and Gulf of Saint Law-
renee, All mackerel found in the Bay of Chaleur come from the Amer-
ican waters. Most of them pass between George’s Bank and Cape Cod
on their journey from the south to their summer resort. They leave by
[41] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 131
the same route they came. Mackerel spend their winters either in the
Gulf Stream or south of it, none being seen or caught after they leave
the coast of Massachusetts. Mackerel are first seen off Cape Hatteras
and along by Cape May usually about the last of April. As a rule the
head of the shoals are large and the smaller come right after. From
April to July they continue to come at different times. They commence
leaving about the lst of November, and continue going in the same man-
ner they had come, some earlicr, some later, until into December, then
they disappear. When they return in the spring they are very poor.
Mackerel appear on the coast regular and certain; they never fail. In
some years they are more abundant than in others. Ifthe bait upon which
they feed comes on the coast then they follow, and in proportion as the
live bait.is found so is the abundance of the mackerel. The sexes come
together, and they spawn in about two to four weeks after they arrive.
Mackerel take the hook at first as well as at any time, and both sexes
are alike in this respect. Mackerel sometimes swim at the top of the
water, but sometimes they cannot be seen. Birds are often attracted
by them. The spawn often runs from these fish when taken by hooks,
and it is frequently seen floating in the seines. Mackerel are not anad-
romous. I‘ish of all ages are found together on the breeding grounds.
Mackerel are found in all sorts of water, deep and shallow, but they seem
to prefer shallow water around the shore and on the off-shore shoals.
They like warm water better than cold.”
Mr. Josiah Snow, of Boston, Mass., makes the following report on the
movements and migrations of mackerel:
‘Mackerel come on this coast from the south, first appearing off Cape
Hatteras and then off Long Island Sound, so continuing along the coast.
After passing Cape Cod they become fatter as the season advances.
They pass along the coast of Maine into the Bay of Fundy, to the Bay
of Chaleur and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. I do not think all the
mackerel found in the Bay of Chaleur follow the American coast; part
of them appear to come direct from the south, striking into Chaleur
through the Gut of Canso. Mackerel leave the coast in about the same
manner as they come, some passing off southeasterly, some following
the coast closely and going around Cape Cod. At this time, the season
being so far advanced, with bad weather, vessels do not follow them.
Though there are many conjectures on this point, if is my opinion that
they (mackerel) spend their winter in the Gulf Stream, or at the south
of it. It is certain that when they leave this coast in the fall they are
fat, and are very poor when they return in the spring. They generally
spawn on our coast. Mackerel are first seen in quantity about May
1, and during May and June appear to be constantly coming. Per-
haps a few arrived in April. As a rule the first to come are the larger
ones, and the smaller soon after. They commence leaving the shore
about November 1, and continue going through part of December.
They always appear on this coast in summer. I think more come some
132 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [42]
years than others, because more live bait upon which they feed is found
on the coast some seasons. Runs differ, some being nearly all large,
and some nearly all small. I know of no difference in the coming of
sexes; they usually spawn in about two to four weeks after they arrive.
I know of no difference in the sex in taking hook; as a general thing
they take the hook freely when thev first come. Mackerel swim both
high andlow. They are seen in large ‘shoals,’ or ‘schools,’ as sometimes
ealled, and at other times they remain under water so they cannot be
seen without throwing bait to attract them. The fishermen on this
coast now need to see the fish on the surface because they use semes
altogether. Spawn does not run out of mackerel caught by ‘hook,
nor is it seen in quantity floating in the nets. These fish never go into
fresh water. Young and old come on the coast together. Mackerel
prefer shallow water and shoals. The water must be quite warm to suit
them.”
Capt. David N. Mehlman, of Gloucester, Mass., gives the following
account of the movements of mackerel :
‘Mackerel come from the southern coast and pass through the
Southern Channel between George’s Bank and Cape Cod. They travel
eastward, and return by the same route toward the south. It is prob-
able that mackérel spend the winter on the coast of Florida and in the
Gulf of Mexico. They are seen about Gloucester first in spring in May,
and their numbers continue to increase until the Ist of July. Those
fish that come first are the largest of all in size. There is no regular
interval between the appearance of different schools. About November
they begin to leave this coast, and their departure is very gradual.
The appearance cf mackerel is rather uncertain. Some years they are
very abundant, while in others they are quite scarce. This may be in
part due to the course they take in coming in, making their scarcity a
matter of appearance and not a reality, and partly also to the change
of the feeding-ground. Some runs are composed of all large fish, and
some of all small ones. Both sexes come together, and it is quite cer-
tain that the spawn of the female is already matured when they first
arrive on these shores. When the mackerel first come they are quite
uncertain about taking the hook. However, after a short time both
sexes take it readily. The mackerel schools swim high, and make their
arrival known by their appearance at the surface. They always make
a ripple, and not unfrequently attract birds. The spawn never runs out
of these fish, whether caught by hook or in nets. Fish of all ages are
found on the breeding-ground. Mackerel remain in places where the
water may be very shallow or as much as 100 fathoms deep. They
seem to prefer rather warm water.”
Mr. Moses Pettingell, of Newburyport, Mass., presents the following
report on the movements of the mackerel:
‘In coming in to the shore the mackerel take a northwesterly course
from the Gulf Stream off Cape Hatteras. The first are taken on the
[13] HISTORY OF TILE MACKEREL FISHERY. 133
edge of the Gulf Stream in April. They usually depart by the same
route. The fish of the first school are seen in April, and are larger than
those of the main body which arrives in June. The schools, which are
many, are separated by intervals of nearly a hundred le The ap-
pearance of mackerel is uncertain in point of time, but they never en-
tirely fail. Mackerel will not take the hook at all times. They will
scarcely take it at all for ten days or more after they first arrive. They
nsually swim near the surface, and attract birds, and make a ripple.
In the spring months the spawn runs out of the fish caught with the
hook, but the eggs are never seen floating in the nets. The mackerel
is not an anadromous fish; they seem to prefer shallow water and a
sandy bottom ”
Mr. E. J. Nealley, of Bath, Me., states that ‘mackerel appear to fol-
jow the coast northerly in ae spring, and. to return by the same route.
Mackerel are found on the coast of Maine, for the first time in the sea-
son at any date from the 15th tothe 20th of May, and seem to increase
gradually in number until midsummer. The first school is of large size.
Different schools leave at different times, but the main body appears to
depart early in October. Their appearance is regular and certain.
They all take the hook most readily after the spawning season is over.
They swim low at their first arrival, but afterward very frequently
swim at the surface. The spawn is often seen floating in the nets in
considerable quantity. Mackerel are not anadromous. ‘These fish
seem to prefer a sandy or gravelly bottom in from 6 to 12 fathoms of
water.”
Mr. Benjamin F. Hinckley, of Georgetown, Me., states that sc rniaigks
erel come along the coast from the south and go toward the east; they
return by the same route. They spend the winter at the edge of the
Galf Stream. The first fish are seen about the middle of May, and the
main body arrives about the middle of July. The first schools are lar-
gest in size. The fish continue to come in at intervals, and also leave at
different times. Their appearance is certain. The female fish come first
and appear to be readytospawn. Neither sex will take the hook on first
arriving, and this state of things continues for about a month after their
arrival. The first schools swim low, but the later ones swim high and
attract rhuch attention. The tide has nothing to do with their move-
ments. The spawn is often seen floating in the nets in large quantity.
Mackerel are vot anadromous. Young fish are not found among the
spawning ones. After the spawning season 2 over the fish seem to
have no preference in regard to depth of water,’
Mr. George B. Kenniston, of Boothbay, fe. makes the following
statements in regard to the movements of the mackerel:
“They come along the coast from the west, part remaining while
others continue toward the east. They depart toward the west. About
June 10 the first are seen, and after this some are always to be found
until their departure altogether. There are no regular intervals of
134. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [44]
scarcity and abundance. They leave the shores about October Ist to
the 10th, quite gradually. Their appearance is regular and certain.
The small ones appear first, but they continue to improve during their
stay. Their arrival is known by their capture and the ripple on the water.
Mackerel are not anadromous. Their favorite resorts are about rocks
in shallow water.”
Mr. U.S. Treat, of Eastport, Me., makes the following report in re-
gard to the movements of mackerel:
‘‘ Mackerel come in from the west. Their presence is known by the
ripple they make at or near the surface. They pass out toward the
west, touching at the bays and harbors. They are last seen ‘in the Gulf
of Mexico late in the season. They first appear in April or May, and
the main body arrives in August and September. The largest and fat
test are taken in September and October. Several schools or ‘runs?
come in at short intervals. They leave in October and November im
a body. Their appearance is regular, although they sometimes fail
to go as far north as at other times. Want of food is supposed to be
the cause of this thing. The first runs are of the average size, and
are poor; the later runs are of good size, and are fat. Both sexes come
at the same time, and the spawn in the female is well matured. Neither
will take the hook readily on first arriving. They swim high, but rarely
attract birds. They leave the shores at ebb tide and return at flood
tide. The spawn often runs out of the female when taken with the hook
or caught ina net. The spawn is often seen floating in seines and weirs.
The mackerel is not anadromous. Fish of all ages are found on the
breeding grounds. These fish are found in both deep and shoal water,
and on very different bottoms. The general average temperature of
bays and the ocean seems to suit this fish quite well.”
Prof. H. Y. Hind thus discusses their movements in the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence:
“The mackerel regularly appear at the Magdalen Islands in the Guk
of Saint Lawrence about one month after the first arrival of the herring.
The time as far as observed during 1861 to 1866 inclusive, 1871 and
1873 to 1876 inclusive, varied from the 30th May to the 12th June.
“The following table shows the dates of the first appearance of the
herring and the mackerel at Pleasant Bay during the years named.
The authorities are to be found in the official reports of officers engaged
in the protection of the fisheries, in Captain Fortin’s reports, and in
other published documents relating to the Canadian feheries in the
annual sessional papers.
“In Captain Fortin’s report for 1853, herring are stated to have arrived
about the Ist of May of that year, and the mackerel fishing to have been
nearly finished on the 7th of June.
[45] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 135
Ladle showing the period and the yearly differences in number of days between the first ap.
pearance of the herring and the mackerel at the Magdalen Islands, fron 1857 to 1876.
LD
| Orn
ag
First appearance of |' First appearance of a
Year. he, herring. the mackerel. Pie
Ss
ian
TERT s ceisis NEN eae oosanneeceos DUNO eee ese ws eels 23 |
TS eee A rill20 ise ane ee nee [OREN ert aie Se vay cere ae ie S |
ASCOSsses. Ap YAll28: sce cste sales sm sie Wein Celt one osta. tie cits 32
TE lee Geen Ayal e eee ee seleeal aan ese aes soe faeries dee seine
US62 350 -~5-)- Mavi 2ieeme sae ecsniaceas UMNO 4 32 ascetics ce 32
VRGB Ios. -a May U7irisceaaciaeeaciaineis MUTCD oo etee haloes tae ve 25
TRGAN ee eel Mya Nee oe oe eres ciscicicie JUN OIG ee ose asteswieiors 35
W865 cootees PAS YU Teese eenisce ee May 30 BRoner 32 |
TSBG see Ap nila 5 eee ee ee Mia, 20s eae as ee 33
1k YBa se May iec\schinesaecesices SUNG 2 pee aa cn aes 26
Stef Aner lame Be a iota ie See il iceland Saimiotei a alere at are wraraia'llolclemtats
NOD re tere ae ae ee ba tata onsite ae arate ejoyelll a wie wala, pamper sso 'slell arama
ISTO pes vee PACD Mi Omeonts scm sect aeten emer seeees Eaeee esac
TOT ee se Many Sie tacietaam sialayacie May Si etememaereiaces 23
LS icon rei MCA Vad is iscaee se SeSOee DUNG 20 2 oho 2 sea a lotainial| eee ae Mackerel three weeks later than
usnal—much ice.
ISTO oe PAPE hom see sess oe PUNGDe eee tse e ee 38
STA een ioe Maid a ctepics oettae bees MUNON Sarees awe wear 35
TOO see tes Nay OS telat at Sass cir PUNGSES sso eeokee oes 32
ETO May 5.. OUNGIGHE Sees senses 31 |
“On the 31st May I went inside Amherst Harbor and boarded twelve
vessels engaged in mackerel fishing.”——(Report of Capt. L. H. LaChance,
commanding the marine police schooner Stella Maria. December, 1871.
Sessional papers 1872, page 158.)
The mackerel must have been in the vicinity of the Magdalens during
the last week in May, in 1871, and fishermen were then taking mackerel
simultaneously far south and far north, or in Martha’s Vineyard, south
of Cape Cod, in latitude 41° 20’,and Amherst Harbor, Magdalen Islands,
in latitude 47° 20’, or six degrees of latitude apart.
“Tt will be seen from the table that generally when the herring were
early the mackerel were also early, and when the herring appeared late
the mackerel also were late.
“Tn 1872 the herring came in on the 3d of May, but owing to the
prevalence of ice the mackerel were three weeks later than usual in-
shore. With this exception the greatest difference between the re-
corded times of the appearance of these fish inshore was thirty-one days,
or about one month.
“Tn all instances the large mackerel are generally full of spawn when
they are first seen in the spring, and the young fry are observed a few
weeks later in many parts of the gulf.
“Tt will be observed that in the year 1871 the mackerel were first
taken at the Magdalen Islands on the 51st of May, and in 1872 they
were three weeks behind their usual time. <A similar difference in point
of time in the first appearance of this fish on the coast of Massachusetts
occurred during those years. On that coast the following differences
* are recorded:
136 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [46]
WAQUOIT, MASSACHUSETTS.*
TUSSI Lig e c RS Se ae ee aR oP eer iO pat Seana hane e PPE PRR EAP ARS Si of April 25
PS Ce en Seas a Se a ott eggs Caer Ma 2 eee 2 Ose Uy ae eee May 10
Difference in time—15 days.
MAGDALEN ISLANDS.
Me Ml neyee ah notte nee es ass acdc sa PU sts.'c selene rere May 31
SSD Oy Sy AR eo to cs bak Sule) irate ee en June 20
MOREE Ce in time—21 days.
“At the Waquoit weir the earliest mackerel would probably be taken
in 1871. At Amherst Harbor the mackerel vessels were actually engaged
in fishing (see L. H. LaChance—Report of the marine police schooner
Stella Maria, 1871), so that the fish must have been present in small
numbers perhaps some days before the fishing began, and we may con-
clude that the difference in time between the arrival of the schools at
the two places in 1871 and 1872 was very nearly the same, and due
solely to local variation in marine climate.
“ According to resident Newfoundland fishermen, young mackerel
have been seen in great numbers in the Bay of Notre Dame during the
months of September and October, about three inches in length.
“They appear on the coasts there generally about the 20th July, and
during the period when mackerel were common on the northeast coast,
Green Bay, at the extremity of the Bay of Notre Dame, was a noted
place for swarms of mackerel fry.”
To this may be added the following statement from the report for 1871
of the captain of the Canadian police schooner Water Lily:
“These fish, as a general rule, are to be found close inshore during
the month of June and part of July; they then go off into deep water,
their favorite resorts being on the Orphan and Bradley Banks, and from
Point Miscou to North Cape, Prince Edward Island. There are some
always to be found inshore, but the best fish are in deep water. From
the middle of August till the end of September they are to be found
more off the Prince Edward Island; that is to say, from North Cape to
East Point, and in the bay formed Ly Cape George and Cape Jack, on
the Nova Scotia shore. In October, at which time the mackerel are at
their prime, they again strike inshore and are to be found in great num-
bers on the Cape Breton coast from Chetican to the Judique Shoals, but
their position depends a great deal on the weather in the fall of the
year, as heavy gales of wind drive them off into deep waters.”
In this connection I cannot refrain from quoting also an extract from
a Statement made to the United States House of Representatives by
Hon. Caleb Cushing, in 1836, which teaches us that the habits of the
mackerel were very well understood nearly half a century ago, and were »
much the same as at the Bot day:
i Ronen of U. 8. Commissioner of Fish oa enenen 1871-7 72.
[47] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 137
‘‘The season for the first appearance of mackerel on those parts of
our coasts where they are usually taken is from the 20th April to the 1st
of May, according as the season is more or less forward ; at which time
they strike on the shore soundings off the capes of the Chesapeake and
Delaware. Between the latter place and Egg Harbors they are usually
plentiful for 15 or 20 days within a few leagues of the land, and mack-
erel vessels, which are on the ground seasonably, meet in general with
good success, if the weather prove to be favorable; after which the
mackerel move to the northeast, scattering over a large space of ground,
from near the shore to the soundings inside the Gulf Stream, and ex-
tending down the coast off Long Island and Block Island to Nantucket,
which they reach early in June. Sometimes they collect more in bodies
off Long or Block Islands, and are plentiful for a few days, after which
they proceed north through the South Channel and between the Vine-
yard Islands into Massachusetts Bay. They reach that bay from the 20th
of June io the 1st of July and continue there until late in November.
* * * * * * A
“Tt occasionally happens that late in the year fishermen will reap a
rich harvest, when the whole previous season had been comparatively
unproductive. Thus it was in the autumn of 1851, in October of that
year, the mackerel struck in very near to Cape Ann. Large fleets of
vessels collected in such close order as to be continually coming in con-
tact. The sea being smooth, and great quantities of the bait thrown
out, the fish gathered in vast numbers, and some vessels took nearly one
hundred barrels in a single day. At the same time they were very
abundant off Cape Cod and on Jeffrie’s Ledge; and it was computed
more than 70,000 barrels were taken in a single week.”
TABLE SHOWING COASTWISE MOVEMENTS OF THE MACKEREL.
The following table, compiled in 1877, chiefly from the records of the
United States Fish Commission, may be of interest, since it shows in a
general way the dates of appearance, greatest abundance, disappear-
ance, and spawning at several points along the coast.
MACKEREL.
Dates of appearance, greatest abundance, departure, and spawning, principally from records
of the United States Fish Commission.
~
: Greates =
Locality. Appearance, atin an se Departure. Spawning.
Cape Hatteras ..-...- We Gut ns 21 Seals seeneccoron see. SAcncasoen peo
Capes of Delaware ..| Mayl1.-....... May 8-12) 5. | Sea ecee a= sete: |
Barnegat and.Sandy |....--..-.------ TA vsI5=30 fees een canescens 8
Hook.
Easthampton, N. Y..) April ......--. July, Novem- | Autumn...... In bays in spring.
er.
Providence, R.I ..... | May to Sep- | June.......... | September 15, | June, on soundings.
| tember. | November.
Naushon........ Ree May: one eco s\ee serepeeeeeen spe n Se heat he Spawn runsabundantly, May 2.
Wood's Holl, Mass...| May 9......... aes Seer eearan October. ....-- | Spawnrunsabundantly, May 10,
Waquoit, 1871........ | April 19......- j Mayel9) 22.5 Peete cs side
138 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [48]
MACKEREL.—Dates of appearance, greatest abundance, departure, §¢c.—Continued.
* Locality. Appearance. peteateny o Departure. Spawning.
Nantucket.........-. Malye l= 25 oe elearelliete sien atone eielerate October 20, No-| May and June, on shores.
vember 20.
Chatham ...........-. May 1-30...-.-- Maye 201) eas | sate seo May.
Barwi@hyes jaccsesen a UN Oe eeres cae September and} November .-..| June, spawn seen in nets.
ctober.
MEennisiee eb ese as asi PUN yscaccce =. |e seen eames November ...- Do.
Provincetown ..-.-.-. May 15-20 ....| October, No- | November and Do.
vember. December.
Wellfleet .........-.. MUM ec sere sie September and} November -.-.-.-
| _ October.
BOSONS oeeenaisceesies May* .........| July, Septem- | November and| May and June, spawn seen in
| _ ber. December. nets.
Newburyport .......- API ee se ss | June, Septem- | October and Do.
| ber 20 to Oc- November.
| _ tober 10.
Georgetown, Me..... IVE RV tePra a ~rarciats | July 15, Sep- September -- - Do.
; _ tember.
Boothbay, Me........ June 10... .-.: | July 1, Sep- | October 1-10..
tember.
Seguin Island, Me ...|} May ........-- July, Septem- | October and | Before July 1.
ber. November.
Eastport, Me ........ Apriland May} August and | October, No- | Spawn seen in weirs.
September. vember.
Sonutherm#@NovaiScotia| May ti. .cta-|.- 22st cece | eeecieee eee
* At Gloucester, May 13, 1881. + Barrington, N.S. My 14, 1881.
TI—THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE UNITED
5 EATS.
C.—THE PURSE-SEINE FISHERY
The purse-seine has come into general use since 1850, and with its in-
troduction the methods of the mackerel fishery have been totally revo-
lutionized. The most extensive changes, however, have taken place
since 1870, for it is only during the last ten years th: it the use of the
purse-seine has been at all universal. As late as 1873 and 1874 a few
vessels have fished with the old apparatus in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence,
and also a few on the coast of New England. Such changes in the
manner of fishing for mackerel have brought about also a change in the
fishing grounds. Vessels fishing in the old style were most successful
in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, but the purse-seine can be used to very
mhuch better advantage along our own shores between Cape Hatteras
and the Bay of Fundy.
The mackerel fleet in 1879 and 1880 is owned almost iene by Mas-
sachusetts and Maine, a very few vessels from New Hampshire and
Connecticut also participating. The distribution of the vessels in the
mackerel fleet, their tonnage, and the number of men employed, is shown
in the tables, prepared by Mr. R. Edward Earll and printed below in
sections 40-43.
11.—THE FISHING GROUNDS.
In the spring, from March to the 1st of June, the mackerel seiners
cruise between the capes of the Chesapeake and the South Shoal of Nan-
[49] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 139
tucket. The mackerel are first encountered off Chesapeake and Dela-
ware Bays, from 20 to 50 miles from the land, and gradually move north-
ward, followed by the fleet. When off the coasts of New Jersey, Long
Island, and Block Island, the fish usually draw closer in to the land,
frequently approaching within one or two miles of the shore. During
the summer and fall months the principal seining ground for mackerel is
in the Gulf of Maine, from the Bay of Fundy to Cape Cod; the imme-
diate vicinity of Mount Desert Rock, Matinicus Rock, Monhegan Island,
Cape Elizabeth, Boon Island, and Massachusetts Bay being favorite
localities. Good catches of mackerel are frequently made in summer on
George’s Bank and, within the 1 ast few years, near Block Island.
Though mackerel have, at times, been taken in seines in the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence, so little, comparatively, has been done in this locality that it
can scarcely be classed among the grounds generally resorted to by the
mackerel seiners. In a large majority of cases the mackerel schooners
which have gone to the gulf within the last four or five years have met
with decided failures, and in 1880 several returned home from there
without a single barrel of fish.
12.—THE FISHERMEN.
The mackerel fleet contains a larger percentage of American-born
fishermen than any other. The 113 mackerel vessels from Gloucester
are manned by 1,438 men, of whom 821 are Americans; 322 Provincials;
24 British, most of whom are Irish; 39 Scandinavians; 6 French; and
13 Portuguese. The mackerelmen belonging to other ports in Massa-
chusetts and on the coast of Maine have a still larger percentage of
Americans in their crews, most of the vessels being manned entirely by
natives of New England. Many of the Gloucester fishermen, engaged
in the mackerel fishery, are, in winter, employed in the haddock fishery,
in the Georges cod fishery, or in the fresh halibut fishery. Many others,
like those from Provincetown and Maine, do not go to sea in winter.
The winter herring trade is carried on almost entirely by the mackerel
schooners and their crews from Gloucester and Maine, and the winter
oyster business is, in the same manner, monopolized by the Cape Cod
and Portland mackerel vessels, while some of thei enter into the busi-
ness of bringing fruit from the West Indies to the United States.
13.—THE VESSELS.
The mackerel fleet is made up of 468 vessels, which pursue this fish-
ery to a greater or less extent. Of these, 235 vessels are employed ex-
clusively in catching mackerel between March and November, though
some of the fleet do not start before June or July. <A large number of
these, the best fishing vessels of New England, in winter are engaged in
the haddock fishery, in the Georges fishery, in the herring trade, in the
oyster trade, and in the West India fruit trade, as well as in the shore
cod fishery.
{40 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [50]
There is a Small fleet of vessels which, though, like their companions,
designed for rapid sailing, are seldom employed in the winter, except in
the herring trade to New Brunswick, on account of the shallowness and
sharpness of their hulls, which renders them unfit to encounter the
heavy winter gales in the open ocean.
The mackerel vessels are, as a class, swift sailers; they carry, while
engaged in this fishery, all the canvas which their rig will allow. The
manner in which their sails are managed, and the amount of canvas
which they carry, are fully described in the chapter on the fishing
vessels. The mackerel schooners, as a rule, spread more sail, in com- -
parison with their size, than any other vessels in the world, except, per-
haps, the extreme type of schooner rigged yacht, which is essentially
a development of the fishing schooner.
Vessels designed especially for the work of seinmg mackerel usually
have a wide deck, much deck-room being necessary for the proper
handling of the fish. Many of the schooners of 60 to 80 tons have a
beam of 214 feet to 224 feet. But, although plenty of deck-room is
considered of great importance to a mackerel vessel, even deck-room
is held to be less necessary than speed. In consequence every effort
has been made by the builders to construct swift sailing schooners, and
the result is that many of the vessels composing the mackerel fleet are
quite abie to cope successfully with first-élass yachts of the same size.
The mackerel vessel is fitted for seining; (1) by placing upon her a
summer outfit of repairs and sails;* (2) by removing the heavy cables
used in winter fishing, and substituting chain cables. This change is
not necessary in the case of many of the Cape Cod and Portland vessels
which are employed in the oyster trade, or in the case of most of the Glou-
cester vessels engaged in the herring trade, since these use only chain
cables at any season; (5) by the removal of gurry-pens, and all other in-
cumbrances from the deck; (4) by the rigging of a seine-roller upon the
port-quarter rail. This is a wooden roller of oak or other hard wood, 6
to 7 inches in diameter, and 6 to 8 feet long, which revolves on pivots
in its ends, received into iron sockets in cleats, which are fastened to the
rail. The forward end of the roller is about 5 feet aft of the main rigging.
* Whatever repairs are needed are first attended to, while, in the meantime, the
jibboom is rigged out, the foretopmast (if the vessel carries one) is sent up, the spars
cleaned and painted, and the rigging tarred. This having been done, the vessel is
taken on the railway and thoroughly cleaned and painted. The work of cleaning
and painting spars, tarring rigging, &c., was formerly done ly the vessel’s crew, but
at the present time it is done by gangs of shoresmen organized for the purpose, the
expense for the labor performed being paid for by the fishermen. The custom of
hiring others to do this work began about 1863 or 1864. The fisheries were at that
time vefy prosperous, and many of the fishermen preferred to pay some one for tarring
and such work rather than to do it themselves. At first two or three men of the crew
usually did the work, being paid for it by their shipmates, but in a short time it
passed into the hands of the longshoresmen to the general satisfaction of both owners
and crews. The work of cleaning the vessel’s bottom, preparatory to painting it, is
now often done by shoresmen, who are paid by the crew.
[oi] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 141
The use of this roller is to lessen the friction between the rail of the vessel
and the seine, as the latter is being hauled on deck or overhauled into the
boat;* (5) by the head-box being fastened to the forward end of the house.
The head-lhox is a bin 10 or 12 feet long, and wide enough to receive the
head of a fish barrel. In this box are stowed the heads of the barrels
that happen to be on deck; (6) by placing the bait-mill on deck, and
fastening the bait-box (when one is used) to the main rigging on the
starboard side; (7) by nailing boards to the top timbers underneath
the main rail, between the fore and main rigging. These are about 6
inches in width, and are provided with single ropes, or stoppers, 2 or 3
feet apart; the object of these stoppers is to hold the cork rope of the
seine when brought over the rail, preparatory to bailing the fish from the
seine upon the deck; (8) by taking on board an ice-grinder, these
being used only on vessels which carry their fish fresh to market; (9)
by clearing the hold of all bulkheads, ice-houses, or other appliances
which may have been used in the course of the winter’s fishery ; (10) by
properly adjusting the quantity of ballast; if the vessel has been in the
haddock or Georges fishery, ballast must be removed; if in the herring
trade, ballast must be added ; a mackerel schooner of 60 tons will carry
from 15 to 20 tons of ballast, and in exceptional cases somewhat more ;
(11) by an arrangement of ice-house on those vessels which intend to
take their fish fresh to market, somewhat similar to that on board the
‘halibut fishermen ;t (12) and by taking on board the necessary supply
* Capt. George Merchant, jr., of Gloucester, Mass., states that purse-seines were used
by tbe fishermen of that port for six or seven years before ‘‘seine-rollers” were put on
the vessel’s rails. This useful implement was first invented and used by Capt. Simeon
Tarr, of Gloucester, about the year 1857, while he was in command of the pinkie ‘‘Andes.”
tThe mackerel schooner’s ice-house, as a rule, occupies the middle portion of the
hold, extending from side to side of the vessel one way, and from the grub beam to
the forward side of the main hatch the other way. It is separated from the other sec-
tions of the hold by bulkheads, and is divided into a number of pens similar to those
in the ice-house of a halibut schooner. Each of these pens is subdivided into three
parts by shelves, which are constructed, when occasion requires, by laying some
boards crosswise, the ends resting on cleats which are nailed to the sides of the pens.
The first shelf is putin about fifteen inches above the floor of the ice-house, and a
second shelf fifteen inches above the first. The front of the pens are closed by boards
which slide in grooves on the stanchions, or bulkheads. The mackerel are iced fifteen
inches deep on the floor of the pen, after which the first shelf is laid and another tier
of the same depth is put on that. After the second shelf is put in the fish are iced on
it nearly to the deck, a covering of ice being put over all. In this way the fish can
be kept in a better condition than if they were packed in a large bulk. If stowed in
bulk the fish are jammed and soon become worthless. An average sized ice-house
has a capacity of about 200 barrels of fresh mackerel; some ice-houses will hold 300
barrels.
Capt. Joseph Smith, of Gloucester, tells us that at present few of the mackerel ves-
sels carry ice-grinders, since the fishermen prefer to use the ice-pick instead. Each
vessel employed in market fishing is provided with from 2 to 4 ice-picks, and three
men can pick up ice fast enough to supply a whole crew, even if they should ice 100
barrels or more an hour, whichis about the average speed with which mackerel are
taken care of. Captain Smith thinks his crew, on one occasion, iced 300 barrels in an
hour and a half. About 4 tons of ice are put on 100 barrels of fresh mackerel,
142 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [52]
of barrels.* Vessels which take their fish fresh to market carry from 175
to 250 barrels; those intending to salt their fish carry from 175 to 500
barrels, about one-third of this number being filled with salt, which is
used in curing the fish, and serves in the meantime as ballast.
Wellfleet has a three-masted ‘schooner, the “Carrie D. Allen,” em-
ployed in the mackerel fishery ; her burthen is 175 tons, and she carries
25 men.t
14.—APPARATUS AND METHOD OF FISHING.
(a) The seine-boat and its fittings.—The boats used by the Gloucester
fleet in the purse-seine fishery are built after a peculiar model and solely
for this purpose. The present form of the seine-boat was devised about
the year 1857 by Messrs. Higgins & Gifford, boat-builders, Gloucester,
Mass.t The seines had previously been set from square-sterned, lap-
streak boats, about 28 feet in length, and resembling in shape an ordi-
nary ship’s yawl.
The seine-boat, as now in use, resembles the well-known whale-boat,
differing from it, however, in some important particulars.
The seine-boat, according to Mr. Gifford, must have three qualities :
(1) It should tow well; consequently it is made sharpest forward. A
whale-boat, on the other hand, is sharpest aft, to facilitate backing
after the whale has been struck. (2) It should row well, and this qual-
* Vessels which carry a mackerel pocket or ‘‘spiller” are provided with outriggers
on the starboard side and other necessary arrangements for its proper management.
All of the seiners also have an outrigger on the port side, by the fore rigging, to fasten
the seine-bdoat to.
+The three-masted schooner “‘ Carrie D. Allen,” of Wellfleet, Capt. Darius Newcomb,
arrived at Gloucester, June 18, 1874, with 900 barrels of mackerel]. Ouly vessel of her
class in the coast fisheries; 175 tons, carries 25 men.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 26,
1874.)
tCapt. George Merchant, jr., of Gloucester, Mass., claims to have been the first to
design and introduce the form of seine-boat now universally employed in the mackerel
fishery, and which has been used to some extent in the menhaden fishery since 1857.
In 1856, while engaged in fishing for menhaden, he carried two boats, one of which
was a whale-boat of the ordinary type. Thelatter, which he used for a ‘‘second boat,"
proved very serviceable—rowing and towing easily, and turning quickly—and was
much better adapted for seining than the old-fashioned square-sterned seine-boats
which were in general use at that time. Captain Merchant therefore couceived the
idea that a decided improvement could be made in seine-boats by building them on
the same general plan as the whale-boat, through making them somewhat wider than
the latter, especially towards the stern, so that they would be better able to bear up
the seine. Having decided on the dimensions required, Captain Merchant wrote to
Mr. Higgins (now the senior partner of the celebrated boat-building firm of Higgins
& Gifford, Gloucester, Mass.), who was then at Provincetown, desiring the latter to
build a boat 21 feet long and according to the plan submitted, and which should be
ready for the season of 1857.
Many of the old fishermen laughed at the idea of attempting to use a sharp-sterned
boat for purse-seining, declaring that it would upset while the seine was being ‘‘ pursed
up,” that it would tow under, and making other unfavorable predictions. Notwith-
standing their croakings, they soon became convinced of the good qualities of the new
boat, and in the following years hastened to adopt the same kind themselves.
[53] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 143
ity also is obtained by the sharp bow; the whale-boat also should row
well, but in this case it has been found desirable to sacrifice speed in
part to the additional safety attained by having the stern sharper than
the bow. (3) It should be stiff or steady in the water, since the oper-
ation of shooting the seine necessitates much moving about in the boat.
The Gloucester seine-boat of the present day is a modification of the
old-fashioned whale-boat, combining the qualities meutioned above.
The average length of such a boat is about 34 feet, its width 7 feet 5
inches, its depth amidship 33 inches. At the stern is a platform, meas-
uring about 4 feet, fore and aft, on which the captain stands to steer ;
this is 6 to 8 inches below the gunwale. Another platform extends the
whole length of the boat’s bottom, from the afterpart of which the seine
is set. In the bow is still another platform, on which stands the man
who hauls the cork-line. There are four thwarts or seats, a large space
being left clear behind the middle of the boat for the storage of the
seines. Upon the starboard side of the boat, near the middle, is ar-
ranged an upright iron support, about 18 inches in height, to which are —
attached two iron snatch-blocks used in working the purse-ropes.*
Upon the cpposite side of the boat, generally near the bow and stern,
but with position varied according to the fancies of the fishermen, are
fixed in the gunwale two staples, to which are attached other snatch-
blocks used to secure additional purchase upon the purse-ropes. In
the center of the platform at the stern of the boat is placed a large
wooden pump, used to draw out the water which accumulates in large
quantities during the hauling of the seine. The steering rowlocks,
with the peculiar attachment for the tow-rope and the metallic fixtures
described above, are manufactured especially for seine-boats by Messrs.
Wilcox & Crittenden, Middletown, Conn.
Until 1872 the seine-boats were always built in the lap-streak style;
since that time an improved form of smooth-bottomed boats, built with
battened seam, set-work, sheathed inside with pine, and with oak frame
and pine platform, has been growing in popularity. The advantages
claimed tor this boat by the builders are: (1) increased speed ; (2)
greater durability, on account of the more solid character of the wood-
work and tighter seams; and, (3) less liability to catch the twine of the
nets by reason of the smooth sides. It is not so stiff as a lap-streaked
boat of same width, but in other respects superior.
Since the general adoption of the purse-seine, in the menhaden and
mackerel fisheries, an account of which is given elsewheré, there has
*The first iron purse-davit (with wooden snatch-blocks), according to Captain
Merchant, was invented and used by Capt. Henry Blatchford, in 1858. With the
exception of the blocks, it was essentially thé same as the purse-davit in use at the
present time. Previous to this a wooden davit (usually an old one), such as were in
use on the fishing-vessels, was employed for the purpose of pursing up the seine,
These davits were rigged out over the side of the boat, a place being cut in them
three or four inches deep, so that they might iit over the gunwale of the boat in such
@ manner as to steady the outer end while the inner end was secured to the midship
thwart by a grommet strap.
c
144 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [54]
been a grad 1al increase from year to year in the size of the seine-boats,
keeping pace with a corresponding increase in the size of the seines.
In 1857 all boats were 28 feet in length. In 1872 the length had in-
creased to 30 feet, and in the summer and fall of the same year un
additional foot was added to the length. In 1873 almost all boats
which were built had a length of 31 feet, a few of 32 and 33. In 1874
almost all were 33 feet, as they were during 1875 and 1876, although
some were made 35 and 36 feet. In 1877 54 feet is the most popular
length, though one or two 38-foot boats have been built. Seven, eight,
or nine oars, usually 13 or 14 feet in length, are used in these boats,
besides a steering-oar of 16 or 17.
These boats last, with ordinary usage, six or seven years. At the
close of the fishing season they are always taken ashore and latd up for
the winter in a shed or under trees, and are completely retitted at the
beginning of another season.
The seine boats carried by the ‘“*menhaden catchers” south of Cape
Cod and by all the steamers are shaped like ships’ yawls, square-sterned,
smooth-bottomed, and batten-seamed, 22 to 26 feet long and 6§ feet
beam. They are built at New Bedford, New London, Greenport, and
at Mystic River, and cost about $125 each, the finest $185. The New
Bedford boats are preferred by many fishermen.
The Cape Ann fishermen stow their seines in one boat, and in shoot-
ing the seine one end of it is carried in a dory.*
The arrangement of the thwarts are especially adapted for the mack-
erel fishery. There is some variation, however, as to the number of
these in the different sizes of boats. In the size most commonly in use
at the present time (1881) there are six thwarts, five of these being for-
ward of midships, and one 7? feet farther aft. The following are the
general dimensions of the nee 36 feet long over all; 7 feet 7 inches
wide; 2 feet 8 inches deep. The bow thwart is placed 4 feet from the
stem, and there is a space of 25 feet between each of the five forward
thwarts. The boat is ceiled to the gunwales and platformed inside.
In the bow she has a raised platform which comes up to the level, or
nearly so, of the forward thwart. to which it extends, and is bulk-
headed on the after end. The stern is covered over on the top of the
gunwales, forming the stern sheets, this being 3 feet long forward of
the stern-post, with a bulkhead on the forward side. Forward of this
again, and a little below the level of the thwarts, is another platform, 3
feet in length, also bulkheaded on the forward side; on this the seine-
master stands while steering the boat, and in it is placed the pump by
which the boat is freed from water. The after portion of the boat be-
tween the two after thwarts is used for stowing the seine, this being a
section 73 feet long by 74 feet wide. There are five rowlocks on either
side, corresponding to each of the five thwarts. The purse-davit is
placed on the starboard side and usually stepped in the midship thwart
* Goode, History of the American Menhaden, p. 122.
[55] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 145
near the gunwale. At present, however, an improvement has been
made in placing the purse-davit by stepping it in the thwart nearer
to the center of the boat, it being placed at a distance of 18 inches
to 2 feet from the gunwale. It is said that by this improvement the
seine can be more easily pursed up and the pursings taken over the
gunwale of the boat without the use of a pry or lever, and also that
there is less probability of the boat being capsized. The boats of the
most recent construction have their purse-blocks on the port side,
nearer the bow and stern than formerly, the forward being 2 feet aft of
the stem, and the after one close to the upper stern sheet, about 34 feet
from the stern-post. Galvanized iron plates, each provided with a pro-
jecting eye, are neatly fastened to the gunwale, and the snatch-blocks
are hooked into these eyes.
Until recently it has been customary to build these ee with a raised
garboard, in imitation of the whale-boat (whale-boats are constructed in
this way by some builders), but within the present year, during 1881,
Messrs. Higgins & Gifford, before mentioned, and the principal if not the
only constructors of this style of boat in the United States, have built
them with smooth garboards, which have given better satisfaction than
the old style. They are remarkably well adapted for swift rowing and for
towing. Both of these qualities are very desirable, especially the latter,
since they are frequently towed at a rate of 10 or 12 knots. The thwarts
are double-kneed but not dunnaged. The boat is steered with an oar
similar to the whale-boat. On the port side are two oar rests in which
the oars are placed after the seine has been shot. The after one of
these is just forward of amidships, and the two are separated 8 feet.
The seine-boat is usually towed astern by a warp, a 24 or 3-inch rgpe,
20 to 50 fathoms in length. When the vessel is making a long passage
the seine-boat is hoisted upon the deck. Some of the larger vessels
carry two seine-boats and two seines. In the largest schooners these
bouts are both of a large size; in other vessels, one of them is usually a
small one. In addition to the seine-boats, each vessel carries two dories,
One of these is usually towed astern when the vessel is on the fishing
grounds; sometimes both. They are taken on deck in rough weather,
when making a passage, or when not required for use in fishing.* When
* The following is the price-list of Messrs. Higgins & Gifford, of Gloucester, Mass.,
for 1880:
Seine-boats, including pump, iron breast hook, outside tow iron, and iron stem cap.
Smooth bottom, battened seam, 31 feet... 2... 22. 2 e ne cena cece ee eens cone $186 00
Smoothypottom, battened'seam: 32ifeet: tcc scesecisce oe scaSoce cece ceces se 192 00
Smooth bottom, battened ‘seam 33 feet. 5-25 ..-ncocccs ce ccec cous ccccccce cece 200 00
Smsoth bottom, battened seam, 34 feet. 2.2.2. oon ccncce cecccc cess sccces 210 00
Smooth bottom, battened seam, 36 feet |. 65 204.05 conc ouecco decease ones cece 225 00
Galvanized rowlocks, with brass sockets, per set (8)........-22. sece cues nee 6 50
PSBESU DS OAc cme sete cicies soe ten ana atectee efeameieivce ws siveetiacces heme ceces cos 8 50
Patentisieerine-rowlock withis0ckebies-cisesccencec sc can accesses cacceccacces 1 2
iBursinoyblocks sper pail) cee ceeeceeeee cnccsectcneces Seacacieseeicce = 6 00
MOnIE PeILO MAGGI once 22-0 <alomcineanistcanic’sciccle oe neicne's et ceedelaas ecece 2 00
S. Mis. 110-———10
146 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [56]
a large catch is obtained at the last set of a seine for the trip, and more
mackerel are secured than the barrels on board will hold, the dories are
taken on deck and filled with fish. During the mackerel season it is a
common occurrence to see, in any of the large fishing ports, vessels ar-
vive with both dories piled full of mackerel.
(b) The seine—Two kinds of seines are used. The large seine, only
used in connection with the largest kind of seine-boat, is 190 to 225
fathoms in length, and 20 to 25 fathoms in depth when it is hung, being
deeper in the center of the bunt than at the extreme wings, one of which,
the “boat end,” is from one to ten fathoms deep, and the other, the
«¢dory end,” varies from about seven to fifteen fathoms in depth.* It is
made of three kinds of twine. The ‘ bailing-piece,” which is a section
of the net occupying about 10 to 12 fathoms along the center of the
cork-line, and having about the same depth as length, is made of the
stoutest twine. Beneath this, and composing the remainder of the bunt
and extending to the bottom of the seine, is a section knit of twine a
size smaller. There is also a band of large twine, 15 meshes in depth,
extending along the cork-line of the seine on either side of the bailing-
piece to the extremity of each wing. The remainder of the net is made
of smaller twine.
A seine 200 fathoms in length is usually about 1,000 meshes deep,
both in the bunt and in the wings. The strongest twine is placed at
those places where the seine is subjected to the greatest strain. On the
cork-line are two or three sizes of corks, the largest being placed over
the bailing-piece, the smallest generally at the ends of the wings. The
cork in the middle of the seine is much larger than the rest, and is painted
or cevered with canvas in order that it may be easy to find the center of
the net either night or day. Toone end of the cork-line at the upper cor-
ner of the wing, which is first thrown out when the seine is set, is a buoy.
‘The seine is hung to lines which are called the hanging-lines. The lead-
dine is placed as in an ordinary seine, and is weighted with sinkers
about two ounces in weight, which are attached to it at intervals varying
from a few inches to several feet. The arrangement of the pursing rings
and bridle isdescribed elsewhere. Ina mackerel seine of 175 fathoms the
bridles are about 15 to 18 feet in length, and the rings, which weigh 13
pounds and are 3 inches in diameter, are fastened to the middle of each
bridle. The middle ring is on the bottom of the seine, opposite the mid-
dle cork already referred to.t The purse-line extends through the rings;
*Capt. Joseph Smith tells us that the depth of the seine-ends varies a great deal
according to the fancy of the fishermen. Some of the skippers prefer to have the ends
of their seines ‘‘taken up” enough to make them very shallow, while others think a
net with deep ends will fish the best.
tThe middle ring is usually made of different metal from the others, or is larger, so
that the center of the bottom of the seine can be easily found.
[57] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 147
its center is marked by a line tied around it or tucked through its strands,
but more frequently now by a brass swivel, into which the purse-rope is
spliced, and which serves the double purpose of marking the center of
the line and preventing it from kinking.*
When the vessel is not searching for fish the seine is stowed on a
grating forward of the house, between that and the after hatch. This
grating js a frame-work, about 8 to 10 feet square, made of boards from
4 to 6 inches in width, crossing each other at right angles. The board-
ing is supported on a frame-work of joists. The top of the grating is
4 to Ginches above the surface of the deck. When two seines are car-
ried, the grating must be wider. When the seine is stowed in the boat
or upon the deck, it is always ‘‘salted down” to prevent it from rotting
or burning. From a bushel of salt to a barrel or more is used, accord-
ing to the necessity of the case. When the seine is thus stowed, it is
often protected by a canvas cover.
* The following dimensions of an average-sized deep-water mackerel purse-seine have
been supplied by Capt. George Merchant, jr., of Gloucester, Mass. :
Total length of seine when hung, 203 fathoms.
Depth, 1,000 meshes, or about 21 fathoms.
Size of mesh in all its parts, 2 inches.
Length of ‘‘bailing-piece” or “ bunt,” 500 meshes; size of twine, 12-9.
Depth of ‘“‘bunt” or “ bailing-piece,” 500 meshes.
Length of “sides,” each, 300 meshes; size of twine, 20-9.
Depth of ‘‘ sides,” each 500 meshes.
Length of ‘‘ under,” 1,100 meshes; size of twine, 20-9.
Depth of ‘‘ under,” 500 meshes.
The central section of the mackerel purse-seine, that portion composed of the bail-
ing-piece, sides, and under, is generally spoken of as the “ bunt,” though the bunt
proper constitutes only a small portion of it. Capt. Joseph Smith, of Gloucester, says
that at present the whole center of the seine (including the bunt, sides, and under) is
made of one size of twine, 20-12, this portion being 1,000 meshes square.
There is sometimes considerable difference in the length of the wing and arm of one
end of the seine from that of the other, though some are constructed with both ends of
equal length. Many of the seiners prefer to have the bunt of their seines a little to
one side of the middle of the net. In such cases the ends are, of course, of unequal
lengths. It may also be mentioned that a border of stout twine (size 20-9), 15 meshes
deep, extends along both the top and bottom of the wings and arms of each end of
the net.
Size of first wing, 125 yards long in the web, 1,000 meshes deep; size of twine, with
the exception of that for the border, 16-6, hawser-laid; size of first arm on the same
end of the net as the wing just described, 125 yards long in the web, 1,000 meshes
deep; size of twine, exclusive of that in the border, 20-6, hawser-laid. Size of wing
No. 2, on the other end of the net, 150 yards long in the web; depth, 1,000 meshes;
twine, 16-6, hawser-iaid. Size of arm No. 2, 150 yards long in the web; depth, 1,000
meshes; size of twine, 20-6, hawser-laid, exclusive of the border.
Captain Merchant writes: ‘‘We always use for hangings 6-thread manila right and
left rope. In Boston factories they sometimes use 9-thread manila for bridle-rope, or
‘loops,’ as they are occasionally called.” These loops, to which the purse-rings are
attached at the bottom of the seine, are one part of the hanging-rope, and are made
three fathoms long, the spaces between them being the same distance. Thus it will
be seen that the purse-rings are about 6 fathoms distant from each other. Captain
148 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [58]
When looking out for mackerel the seines are generally stowed in the
seine-boats upon the platform arranged for that purpose between the two
after thwarts. The cork-lines are stowed aft and the lead-lines forward,
the seine always being set from the starboard side of the boat.
As has been stated, the small seine differs from the large seine only in
its size, being from 150 to 175 fathoms in length and 10 to 12 fathoms in
depth. These seines are used in shallow water, and those vessels which
have gone to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence for the purpose of catching
mackerel by this method have generally carried them.
Many of the large schooners carry two seines whether they have two
seine-boats or not, since the deep seine cannot be used on rocky bottom
in shallow water.
The seine is always.passed from the boat to the vessel and vice versa
over the roller upon the port side, which has already been described.
To transfer the seine from the vessel to the boat requires five or more
men. The operation can be performed in from fifteen to thirty minutes.
To haul the wet seine from the boat to the vessel is a somewhat labori-
ous task, but as less care is required than in stowing it in the boat, less
time is usually needed to perform this operation.
(c) Bait—Mackerel seiners usually carry a small supply of bait for
the purpose of tolling the fish to the surface and, incidentally, of catch-
ing fish with the jigs when they are not schooling. Sometimes they toll
the school along side and spread the seine around the vessel, and as
she drifts over the cork-rope and away to leeward the net is pursed up
Merchant adds: ‘‘ We use the left-laid rope for loops and the right for the sinkers.
The loops are formed by separating the ropes at what are called the ‘ bridle hitches.’
Only one ring is attached toa loop.” The net has attached to it, when completed,
800 No. 1 corks, 1,200 No. 2 corks. The No. 1 corks, which are the largest, are placed
in pairs in the center of the bunt of the seine, at a distance of 10 inches between the
pairs. The “middle cork,” however, is made of three, joined together and covered
with canvas. Thisis for the purpose of determining the center of the seine when it
is being overhauled. The No. 2 corks are secured to the upper part of the seine upon
the wings and arms, being placed 15 inches apart. From 65 to 75 pounds of lead sink-
ers, Which weigh from 24 to 4 ounces each, are placed at the bottom of the seine.
None of these are put in the bunt, but are scattered along the foot of the wings and
arms, being nearest together close to the ends of the net. The rings used at present
are made of galvanized 1-inch iron, and weigh about 24 pounds each ; with the sinker-
leads they make about 160 pounds weight attached to the bottom of the seine. One
and three-fourth inch hemp rope is used for the purse-line, the length of this being
generally about 25 fathoms more than that of the seine. In hanging the seine it is
“taken up” at the ends, so that one end is 7 fathoms deep while the other is only 1
fathom deep, though the middle of the net will go down 125 feet. The first or deep-
est end is called the ‘‘ dory end” or ‘‘ outer end,” and the other is known as the ‘“‘ boat
end” or ‘‘inner end.” As will readily be understood by reference to the preceding
dimensions of the purse-seine, the difference in the depth of the several sections of
the net, when hung, is due solely to the “taking up” in the process of hanging it,
since the webbing is of the same depth throughout. The purse-seines, like many
other things, are being improved. Those we are making now [for the mackerel fish-
ery] are much lighter than we have been making them in former years, and can be
handled with greater ease and rapidity.
[59] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 149
and the fish captured. It is often the case, too, when mackerel are
moving rapidly for the men in the dory to throw bait ahead of the
school, and while the fish are thus induced to stop, the seine-boat circles
around them, the net is thrown out, and while yet engaged in feeding
the fish are inclosed in the big purse. Many good catches are obtained
in this way. The favorite bait is slivered and salted menhaden, of
which each vessel usually carries five to ten barrels. Many if not all of
the vessels, however, at the present time, depend entirely upon small
mackerel, which they catch and salt. The bait-mill, bait-boxes, and
bait-throwers are similar to those used in the mackerel hook fishery, and
are used in the Same manner.
(d) Methods of seining by day.—The following description of the method
of seining mackerel is mainly from the pen of Mr. J. P. Gordy: When
a vessel is on the fishing grounds and there are no signs of fish, if the
weather is favorable, a man is stationed at the mast-head on the look-
out, while the rest of the crew, excepting, of course, the man at the
wheel, lounge lazily around, amusing themselves as they feel inclined.
If a whale is seen blowing or a vessel is “putting out her boat,” the
man at the wheel steers toward them. ‘The skipper is usually on deck
directing the evolutions of the vessel, and is consulted before any change
is made in the course of the vessel. When signs of fish begin to be numer-
ous and sea geese and gannets are plenty, and whales and porpoises
show themselves frequently, the ‘fishy men” of the crew stop lounging
and begin to survey the surface of the water intently. At such times
one can count half a dozen here and there in the rigging, carefully observ-
ing the movements of other vessels, if any of the fleet are in sight.
“There’s crooked actions, men,” the skipper exclaims, meaning that some
vessel in sight suddenly alters her course, and that she is either on fish
herself or sees another vessel that is. When one school appears, another
is likely to be seen, and when a vessel has “crooked actions,” those who
observe them bend their course in the direction in which she is sailing.
When a man sees fish, he shouts, “‘ I see a school.” ‘‘ Where?” asks
the captain. The direction is indicated. “How does it look; is ita
good one?” He wants to know whether they are tinkers or whether
the fish seem large. If they are abundant, he will wait until he gets a
“sight” at a good school. Much attention is paid by the lookouts to
the manner in which the school of fish is moving. The seiners prefer
those schools which are “cart wheeling,”* or going round and round in
circles in a compact body, in the act of feeding. Fish which are “ cart-
wheeling” can be surrounded with a seine much more readily than those
going straight ahead in one direction.
If the man who has found the school is not experienced, the captain
examines it for himself, and if satisfied that it is a good one he shouts,
“Get in the seine boat; look alive, boys.” As a pack of school-boys
*This habit of circling, which the mackerel performs, is also called ‘‘ milling” by the
fishermen.
150 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [60]
jump from an apple tree when the indignant owner appears, so eleven
men leap into the seine-boat one over another, as if they had meant to
jump overboard but by accident had reached the seine-boat instead.
The captain takes his place at the steering-oar. Two men sit on the
forward part of the seine and one at the cork-line, ready to “ throw out
the twine” when the captain gives the word of command. The remaining
seven row swiftly and silently until the fish disappear or the captain
orders them to “stop rowing.” All the while the captain is eagerly
watching the fish, noticing which way they move and how fast. He
wants, before beginning to put out his twine, to get near enough to en-
able him to make the wings of the seine meet around the school. He
must, therefore, keep far enough away to prevent the head of the school
from striking the seine until it is nearly pursed up. He calculates the
speed of the fish, and sets the seine in such a manner that by the time
the school gets thoroughly within the circle of the net he will be able to
come round to the starting point and completely encircle them. If he
fails in this, the wings of the seine must be towed together before it can
be pursed up, and in the time thus occupied there is a chance of losing
the fish. A skillful skipper rarely fails in making the ends of the seine
meet. In seining on George’s, or any other place where there is a strong
tide, it requires much skill and judgment to set the seine in such a manner
that it shall not be tripped and thrown out upon the surface of the wa-
ter. Under these circumstances, to prevent “ tripping,” the seine should
be so set that the bunt of it will be in the direction from which the tide
runs; the force of the tide then aiding the act of pursing the net.
When the skipper is near enough to satisfy the conditions of the
above problems he orders the men at the seine to ‘Put out the twine.”
They begin their work, the oarsmen in the mean time rowing as fast as
possible. The skipper steers the boat around the school in such a man-
ner that when the seine is fully out the cork-line approximates more or
less closely to the form of a circle. Two of the men who did not get in
the seine-boat now appear on the scene of action in the dory in which
they have closely followed in the wake of the seine-boat until the act of
setting begins. As soon as the first end of the seine has been thrown
overboard they row up to it and seize the buoy at the end of the cork-
line, which they hold until the seine-boat has made a circle, merely rowing
fast enough to keep the end of the seine in its place and to prevent it
from swagging. When the seine-boat has completed its circle, it ap-
proaches the dory, which is holding fast to the buoy. When the two
ends of the seine meet, the men in the dory get into the seine-boat to
assist in pursing; sometimes, however, the ends do not meet, and in this
case they are brought together by means of a line, about 20 fathoms in
length, which is always taken in the dory and is fastened by the men
in the dory to the buoy and carried to the seine-boat.*
*Capt. Nelson A. Kenney, of Gloucester, states that two men usually go in a dory,
one of whom pulls a little while the other holds to the end of the seine. If the one
[61] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 151
The work of “pursing up” is now to be performed with all possible
speed. Until this is begun the seine is in the form of a hollow eylinder,
and the fish, in order to escape, have only to dive down and swim away
under the lead-line. In pursing, the bottom of the seine is to be closed
up, and in this operation the saying of the men, ‘A man who won’t pulk
every pound he can and an ounce more, is not fit to be a fisherman,” is
fully exemplified.
The men stand six in one end of the seine-boat and seven in the other
end, holding the two ends of the purse-line, which, having passed through
the rings in the bridles on the lead-line of the seine, pass round the two
blocks of the purse-davit and through the snatch-blocks on the opposite
side of the seine-boat, one of which is forward and the other aft. One
of the uses of the bridles now appears. As soon as the men in the
seine-boat commence pursing up the seine the rings, which before this
have been hanging downward below the lead-line, now extend the same
distance laterally from this line. We have only to remember that they
all extend toward each other to see that they considerably diminish
the open area at the bottom of the seine. To besure, the spaces between
the bridles are open, but the fish are not likely to escape through these,
for in such an attempt many of them would strike the bridles and find-
ing such obstacles would turn, hoping to find an outlet in some other
direction.
The men stand, as has been said, when pursing up the seine, six in one
end of the boat and seven in the other. They are divided into three rows
of three and one of four men. On the side of the boat next to the seine
are two rows of men facing each other and pulling; one row on the end
of the first line that passes over the blocks in the purse-davit nearest
them, the other on the other end of the purse-line passing over the other
block of the davit. Each end of the purse-line passes around another
block, which changes the direction of the line, and two rows of men on
the side of the boat away from the seine stand back to back, pulling on
the purse-line, its direction having been changed by the pulleys.
As previously remarked, the seine before being pursed up is in the
shape of a hollow cylinder. <A strong tide may make it take the form of
a hollow frustrum with a slit in the side. Its longer area is at the bottom.
In such a case the slit is wider at the bottom and grows narrower toward
the top, until it vanishes at a point where the two ends of the purse-line
bring the seine together at the pursé-davit. Then the purse-weight
comes into play. This is ‘‘reeved out” to the two end lines, and its
weight brings the two ends of the seine together, closing up the slit and
having the oars is an expert (and as a rule only old hands do the rowing), he wil!
quickly and dexterously turn the dory as the seine-boat approaches “close to,” so
that the latter may shoot alongside of the former in such a manner that the purse-line
held by the man in the stern of the-dory may be easily transferred to the larger boat.
As soon as this is done both of the dorymen jump aboard the seine-boat and assist in.
“‘pursing up” the seine.
152 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [62]
destroying the frustrum shape of the seine. If this were not done the
fish might escape at the side as well as at the bottom.*
When the seine is pursed up it is in the form of a bag, the bottom of
which does not hang freely, for it is bent upward, having been drawn up
by the purse-line near the side of the boat and during the operation of
pursing up the boat is pulled nearly into the center of the circle made
by the corks on the upper edge of the seine. Occasionally, when there
is a current, the boat is brought up against the corks in the bunt of the
seine. The object is now to get the fish, if they have any, into such close
quarters that they may be taken on deck. To this end the larger part
of the seine must be pulled into the seine-boat, and this operation, called
“drying up,” now begins. The seine is taken up entirely if there be
no fish, partly if the school has not escaped, and the net is so drawn
up that the “bailing-piece” will inclose the fish at last. The position of
this part of the seine being marked by the central cork, already spoken
of in the description of the seine, it is of course not difficult to bring it
around the fish. The experienced fishermen can also quickly tell, either
night or day, when the bunt of the seine is reached in the process of dry-
ing up, since the difference in the size of the twine of which the bailing-
piece is made and that of the other parts of the net is readily detected.
If any fish have been caught, especially if the school is large, the
dory, with the skipper and three or four men, go to the vessel to help
the cook, who is the only man on board, to bring her alongside of the
seine-boat. If the school is very large the dory is rowed to the vessel
*It should be stated that the large purse-weight is at present seldom used. The
tide is rarely so strong as to make it useful, and even then the process of ‘‘reeving” is
likely to be so tedious as to make the loss of time more than balance the gain through
its use. According to Capt. Joseph Smith the majority of the mackerel seiners now
use two purse-weights, each of 75 or 100 pounds weight, instead of the old-fashioned
‘¢ Long Tom,” which usually exceeded 300 pounds. The two weights above mentioned,
being so much lighter than those formerly employed, can be handled by one man, and
rove on the purse-line very much quicker than if the heavier, or ‘‘double weight,” as
it is called, was used. These small purse-weights are provided with one block, and
each weight has a line attached of sufficient length to reach the bottom of the seine.
The time occupied in reeving them on the purse-line rarely exceeds fifteen or twenty
seconds. One of the purse-weights is most commonly used on the ‘ boat end,” or the
end of the seine last thrown out, for the reason that this part of the net has not usu-
ally time to sink down to its full extent before the pursing begins. A weight is more
rarely used on the end of the seine which is first thrown out, and, consequently, has
had time to sink to its extreme depth; though sometimes, on account of the current,
or for some other reason, it may be found necessary to put the purse-weight upon this
end, as well as upon the other. In using one large weight, as formerly, it would be
mecessary, of course, to always put it on both ends of the purse-line of the seine, but
in having two weights one can be attached and run down on either end of the purse-
line as required. That sinksit and keeps the net deep, and if both ends ‘‘ purse high”
a weight should be put on each end. The ends of the purse-line, when the weights
have been run down, in the manner above stated, will stand out from each other,
something in the form of the letter A, both parts coming nearly together at the purse-
davit and being separated several fathoms at the lower part of the net, as the first
purse-rings are attached about 15 fathoms from the ends of the seine.
[63] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 158
as rapidly as possible, and the second dory is rowed back to the seine
for the purpose of holding up the bunt, since a school of 500 barrels may
sink both seine and seine-boat if left without assistance. This, however,
rarely occurs, and it genetally happens that the school either is small
enough to be dipped into the dory and to be taken to the vessel, or that
the seine-boat without any assistance is capable of managing ‘iver until
the vessel is brought alongside.
While the fish are being caught the cook has charge of the vessel; if
it happens to be about meal time he attends to the cooking as best he
can, but whether the cakes burn or not the vessel must be cared for,
and he generally divides his time between the forecastle and the wheel.
If he is preparing dinner, and is able to, he continues his cooking, taking
charge of the vessel at the same time.
The vessel usually lays to, with the jib to windward, not far from the
seine boat; and, perhaps, as the cook sits at the wheel he has a basin
of potatoes before him, which he peels while he is eagerly watching
every movement of the seine-boat, trying to ascertain whether his mates
are successful, and, if so, to what degree.
When the dory has been rowed aboard, the men at once take meas-
ures to bring the vessel alongside of the seine-boat. The evolution of
shooting alongside of a seine-boat calls into play all the skill of the
steersman. ‘The vessel must approach so near that a rope may be
thrown to the men in the seine-boat, and in such a manner that she will
move slowly enough not to tear the seine as it is pulled along, before
the schooner is ‘“‘*bowsed to the windward” and her motion ceases.
The cork-line is then taken over the side of the vessel and made fast
by “stoppers” along the rail. This having been done the process of dry-
ing up is resumed and the fish are gathered together in a compact body
so that they can be dipped out upon the deck. When the fish are to
be taken on deck the men are distributed as follows: three or four are
employed in hoisting the fish by means of,a large dip-net attached to the
main and fore staysail halliards, the captain directs the movements of
the net, holding its long handle, and, shouting “‘hoist” when it is about
half full of fish, two men standing by the rail empty the dip-het on the
deck.
When all the fish have been bailed out the seine is overhauled and
salted. In the mean time most of the crew are making preparations to
dress the fish. If the school is large, the crew, cook and all, unless it is
just at meal time, begin the work as soon as the fish are ready; if the
catch of fishis small, and there is a prospect of getting another set that
day, a part of the crew take the seine out of the seine-boat to mend it, if
necessary, and lay it back in an orderly form so that it may be thrown
out without difficulty.
The operation of setting a seine around the school and pursing it up
usually occupies from ten to twelve minutes, though it is claimed by
some expert fishermen that they have done it in seven minutes. Under
154 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [64]
unfavorable circumstances it may be nearly an hour from the time the
first end is thrown out until the “pursings” are on the boat. This de-
lay is usually caused by a strong tide, such as is generally found on
Georges. The catch of a purse-seine may vary from one barrel to five
or six hundred barrels. The seine may be set eight or ten times in the
course of a day without getting any considerable quantity, or, perhaps,
no fish, the mackerel escaping by diving under the ‘“lead-line”; and then
a more fortunate set will secure more fish than can by any possibility be
taken care of by the crew of the vessel. Under such circumstances it is
customary to set a flag from the main-topmast head or main peak. This
is to indicate to vessels which may be in sight that more fish have
been caught than can be taken care of, and that the skipper is willing
to dispose of some of them. This is called “giving the seine away.”
Sometimes the fish are given away to be dressed on shares, and at other
times they are given away without expectation of return.* An ordi-
nary crew can dress and salt at one time about 100 barrels of small
mackerel or 200 barrels of large ones.t
Almost incredible quantities of fish can be taken care of in a short
time. Vessels have been known to leave New York on one day and
return the next day with 200 to 300 barrels of fresh mackerel, while
some Gloucester vessels in the course of a week have caught and salted
500 or 600 barrels, landing two or three cargoes during that time.
It sometimes happens that when a large school of mackerel have been
taken in a seine, that the fish press down so hard on the bottom of the
net that the fishermen find it difficult, if not impossible, to gather in
on the twine sufficiently to “dry the fish up” enough to bring them to
the surface. It has been found, however, that by throwing coal ashes
into the water along s‘de of the seine the fish are caused to rise to the
surface, being frightened by the whitish appearance which the ashes
give to the sea. When the mackerel rise the twine can be readily
drawn in. The same result is secured in another way by the menhaden
*The schooner Oliver Cromwell, while on a mackerel cruise recently, had a curious
incident befall her. Her seine being out, a school of mackerel suddenly turned, and,
making for the seine, took it down. A vessel in the neighborhood immediately
answered a call for assistance, and swept her seine under that of the Oliver Cromwell.
Twenty-three hundred dollars’ worth of mackerel were secured, the two vessels divid-
ing the catch, the fish selling on an average at nine cents each. The bunt of the
seine belonging to the Oliver Cromwell was badly rent by the sudden rush of the fish,
or more would have been secured. This is the second time the seine of the Oliver
Cromwell has experienced similar treatment, losing all the fish at the first, on account
of the seine giving way and there being no help near.—(New Bedford Mercury, 1875 (?).)
tA much larger quantity could be taken care of were it not for the fact that mack-
erel, after being kept a certain length of time, grow “soft,” and rapidly become unfit
for food. This change takes place much sooner when the weather is warm than at
other times. The fishermen, however, are generally able to tell pretty accurately how
many fish can be dressed and salted before they spoil. When good catches are made
for several days in succession the fishermen get no sleep, being constantly employed
night and day in taking and curing the fish.
[65] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 155
fishermen when they have a large school of menhaden in their seine
alongside of the steamer. If the fish hang heavy on the twine one or
two quick turns is given with the propeller and the frightened menha-
den rise quickly to the surface. This method is called “whirling ’em
up.”
(e.) Methods of seining by night.—The practice of fishing for mackerel,
purse-seining in the nighttime, which has recently come into quite
general use, was first attempted, so far as we can learn, in 1874. The
honor of introducing this method of fishing is assigned to a number of
the more enterprising captains of the mackerel schooners, and, in con-
sequence, it is difficult to say here who should receive the credit for the
innovation. As is well known to all who are familiar with the sea, the
water, on dark nights, frequently exhibits a remarkably brilliant phos-
phorescent display. At such times objects moving in the sea can be
distinctly traced’ by the illumination which they leave behind, and
schools of fish rising near the surface can be readily seen. Indeed on
some occasions so remarkable is the phosphorescence thrown out from
a large school of fish that it frequently seems to light up the surrounding
darkness. rom this reason, and the fact that the fisherman, by long
experience and close observation, can accurately determine the kind of
fish which he may see sporting at night, he is thus often enabled to
learn the whereabouts of certain species, such for instance, as the mack-
erel, and their abundance, even when they do not come to the surface
during the day. ‘The mackerel is a remarkably capricious fish, and per-
haps for many days in succession its presence can not be detected in its
favorite haunts while daylight lasts, and the fisherman therefore seeks
for it in vain, but as soon as the sun sets and darkness appears over the
sea the schools rise to the surface and the fish continue to disport them-
selves in this manner until near daylight when they again sink out of
sight.
For many years after the introduction of purse-seines it was con-
sidered impracticable by the fishermen to catch mackerel in the night,
but at last some of the more adventurous skippers, having a favorable
opportunity for night fishing, and deeming it possible to catch the
mackerel, made an attempt and met with even better success than they
dared to anticipate. Thereafter they followed up this method of fishing
whenever a good chance occurred, but as it usually resulted greatly to
their personal success, as well as increased their reputation among their
fellow fishermen, on account of the additional amount of fish caught,
they were by no means anxious to tell that part of their catch was made
in the night, since if they did so, all the other mackerel fishermen would
at once come directly into competition with them. As a matter of
course, however, the fact of mackerel being seined at night could not
long be kept a secret, and the result was that one after another began
to adopt this practice until in the fall of 1881 it reached its climax,
156 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [66]
nearly every vessel in the fleet engaging to a greater or less extent in
night fishing.*
Previous to this time the public at large were not, it seems, aware that
such large quantities of mackerel were taken in the night, though it was
on record that night fishing had been previously attempted, and with
good results.t
The method of seining mackerel in the night is as follows: The vessel
being on the fishing-ground, if the night is favorable, she is allowed to
sail slowly ahead while a man goes aloft to the foremast-head and keeps
a lookout for the fish. If the signs are peculiarly favorable, perhaps
two or more men may be aloft for this purpose. These lookouts are
the men who have the watch on deck, and, not infrequently, the skipper
may be one of them, his ambition to succeed often impelling him to re-
main up during the entire night, constantly keeping on the alert for fish
and watching the movements of surrounding vessels. * The remainder of
the crew—those having a watch below—are thoroughly prepared and
dressed in their oil-clothes ready to jump into the seine-boat at a mo-
ment’s warning. If the fish are not seen in the first of the night, the
men off duty lie down on the cabin or forecastle floors or stretch them-
selves on the lockers, and endeavor in this way to get what sleep they
can, unless, indeed, they may be busy on deck in caring for the fish taken
the night or day previous. When a school of fish is seen by the look-
out, he at once shouts ‘I see a school!” If it is the skipper who first
descries them, he gives directions to the man at the wheel how to steer
in order to approach them. If not, the man who first reports the school
*Mr. A. Howard Clark, writing under date of October 28, 1881, says: ‘‘ During the
past few weeks the mackerel fleet have taken some good hauls during the night, as
the fish have been difficult to catch by daylight but have rarely failed to show them-
selves on dark nights. When the moon shines it is impossible to see them, but when
the night is dark or starlight they can be plainly seen from the mast-head, and some-
times from the vessel’s deck. Heretofore, in night fishing, the methods have been the
same as by day, but recently, owing to the difficulty of seeing the fish from the deck
or the boat, the lookout at the foremast-head has given directions to the men while
setting the seine. In this method the seine-boat is towed astern of the vessel, and
when ready to ‘give ’em twine,’ the dory is allowed to drift astern with one end of
the seine while it is being thrown out from the seine-boat. When ready to go around
the school, the order is given from the mast-head, to ‘go ahead’; the seine-boat is
cast loose from the vessel and the seine brought together in the usual manner. Still
another improvement in the methods is likely soon to be adopted in this night seining,
and that is in the use of large lanterns to show their position to the men while setting
for them. The schooner ‘Northern Eagle’ tried this new method last Tuesday night
and found it to work splendidly. It was probably the first attempt to use lanterns
for such a purpose. Two schools of mackerel were secured, one at ten o’clock and
the other at midnight, both together yielding 160 barrels. The lantern was the ordi-
nary large signal light used by fishing vessels.”
t We hear of cne vessel with a catch of 100 barrels in one week, and of several with
catches ranging from 30 to 60 barrels. Another vessel made a good haul in a seine,
one moonlight night recently, a new feature in this fishery.—(Cape Ann Advertiser,
October 19, 1877.)
[67] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 157
is asked in which direction it bears from the vessel. He also directs
how the course shall be laid in order to approach close to the body of
fish. In the mean time the men below, having been hurriedly awakened,
rush on deck and quickly take their places in the seine-boat and dory
which are towed alongside or astern. If the mackerel “show up” well
and can be plainly seen by the men in the boat, the latter is cast off as
soon as the vessel approaches close to the school, and the seine is set
and pursed up in the same manner as has before been described;
though it frequently happens that owing to the darkness of the night,
it is sometimes difficult to bring the ends of the net together with such
a degree of certainty and success as it is generally done in the daytime.
Of late, however, the custom of carrying a light in the dory has been
adopted in order that the skipper, who steers the boat, can determine
the position of the end of the seine first put out and therefore be ena-
bled to make a circle with a great deal more accuracy than he otherwise
could. It often happens that fish can only be seen by the man at the
mast-head, and in such cases, the vessel is usually hove to near the
mackerel, and the lookout directs the men in the boat how to row in
order to surround the school. Another method, we are told, has been
occasionally adopted when the chance for its success is promising. If
the wind is sufficiently moderate the lookout at the foremast-head may
direct the course of the vessel in such a manner that nearly a complete cir-
cle may be made round the school of fish. In this case the seine-boat
remains fastened to the stern and is towed along by the vessel while
the men in her throw out the seine in obedience to the order given by
the man at the mast-head. At the proper time she is cast off and pro-
ceeds to close up the circle by bringing together the ends of the seine.
The dory is cast off and allowed to remain at the end of the seine as
usual until the other end is brought around to her. An evolution of
this kind, of course, requires the most skillful seamanship for its success,
and also remarkable qualities of adaptability in the vessel.*
*Night fishing, says Capt. Joseph Smith, can only be carried on in reasonably mod-
erate weather. The boat is usually towed alongside of the vessel, the painter being
fastened to the out-rigger. When a school is seen, the men jump into the boat, each
taking his station, and at the proper time the boat is cast off and proceeds to set the seine
if the fish ‘‘show up” in a promising manner. Sometimes, however, the school of
mackerel may sink suddenly after the boat leaves the vessel’s side, and, in consequence,
the fishermen are not able to set their seine. Asarule the man on the lookout aloft
reports the school of fish and indicates the direction in which it is and tells about how
far it is distant. After the boat leaves the vessel’s side, however, the captain, or seine-
master, who steers, takes charge of her, and when the boat approaches near the fish,
which may be seen by the phosphoresence in the water, he gives the order to put out
the seine as his judgment may direct. On special occasions this method may be some-
what varied, but the usual practice of setting a seinein the night is the one described
above. Sometimesa portion of the net is set from the boat while towing astern of the
vessel; or, again, even while the boat is towing alongside. In the latter case the tow-
ing rope is fastened to the boat some distance aft from the stem, so that she will keep
from the schooner’s side some ten or fifteen feet. The oarsmen have out their oars
158 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [68]
When a school of mackerel has been taken in the seine and the net is
pursed up, a Signal is made by the crew of the seine-boat, who have a
lantern, so as to attract the attention of the men on board of the vessel
who immediately bring the latter near the seine-boat. The skipper and
three or four of the crew then go on board the vessel in the dory and.
bring the schooner along side the seine-boat, performing this evolation
in the same manner as it is done in the daytime. The lantern, which is
always carried in the seine-boat, enables the skipper to find her without
any trouble. Much vexatious delay and difficulty, however, sometimes
occurs in consequence of the light carried by the seine-boat’s crew being
extinguished. In such ease it is not only hard, but sometimes impossi-
ble for the men on the vessel to find the seine-boat, since on a dark,
windy night she cannot be seen more than a few rods distant.
The practice of using a large lantern to attract the fish nearer to the
surface of the water than they usually come, so that they can be more
plainly seen, has met with decided success, and there seems strong reason
for anticipating considerable improvements in this respect hereafter.
In alluding to this matter a writer in the Cape Ann Advertiser, No-
vember 4, 1881, says:
Pod fr Foula tos greatly surprise us if the mackerel fleet, next year,
were supplied with powerful calcium lights, to be carried at the mast-
head, and that the fishery will be extensively prosecuted in the night-
time. Surely the signs of progression are manifested in almost every
branch of the fisheries, and brains are rapidly coming to the front and
making themselves manifest. A year ago who would have dreamed of
catching mackerel in the night time? Now it is fast becoming a reality.”
As may be readily inferred this practice of night fishing is one which
calls for the greatest possible amount of endurance and hardihood on
the part of the fishermen who engage in it. It frequently happens,
when good catches are made for days and nights in succession, that the
men get no rest whatever until they are thoroughly worn out by their
constant labors and vigils and are scarcely able to refrain from falling
asleep even when engaged at their work. Nor is the work on the fish-
ing-ground all they have to do. When a fare is obtained, all sail is
made upon the vessel and she is driven as swiftly as possible for the
ready to pull whenever the men aloft gives the order for them to cast off. These
methods of setting the seine, however, are only adopted when the fish do not show
plainly, so that they can be seen by the men on the vessel’s deck, or in the boat; it
therefore becomes necessary for the man on the masthead to give the requisite orders
for throwing out the seine as well as to direct the wheelsman how to steer the vessel
until the boat leaves the side.
Captain Smith has never known a vessel to make a complete circle around a school
of mackerel while towing the seine-boat from which the net was being thrown out,
but thinks it probable that it may have been done.
A lantern is carried both in the seine boat and dory, the one in the former always
being kept darkened or out of sight until the seine is set, since a light would so blind
the men in the boat that it would be difficult for them to perform successfully the work
of setting the net.
[69] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 159
home port, where the fish are landed, new supplies taken on board, and
again the men go to sea witbout, in the mean time, having an oppor-
tunity of visiting their homes. or of securing the rest they so much
stand in need of. So sharp is the competition in this fishery, and so
eager are the fishermen to ‘‘make hay while the sun shines,” that is, to
improve every opportunity during the short season while the mackerel
can be taken, that the only limit to their labors is when nature is no
longer able to sustain the extraordinary drafts that are made upon it.
The following notes written by Capt. S. J. Martin will serve to give an
idea of the continued labor and consequent fatigue which the fishermen
endure:
“ur mackerel fishermen have drove business this year. I know a
number of cases where vessels came in in the morning with 300 bar-
rels of mackerel [which were landed] and went out [again] the same
night. The schooner “ Fleetwing” caught 210 barrels of mackerel; came
into Gloucester with them all on deck; hired 20 men who had them [the
fish] all dressed and salted at two o’clock the following morning. The
vessel’s crew went home to sleep; went out again the same morning at
eight o’clock.
“Schooner ‘‘ William M. Gaffney” came in here with 450 barrels of
mackerel, of which 150 barrels were fresh on deck. The men had not
been to sleep for two days and nights, and were nodding while putting
the mackerel in the barrels. They got the mackerel all salted at four
o’clock in the afternoon. Captain Smith then told the men to go home
and rest till morning, but to be down the first thing after breakfast, as
he wanted to get the mackerel ont and go to sea in the evening. This
they did.”
The success of the night fishing was quite marked in the fall of 1881,
as has been indicated above, and as the following paragraphs will show:
‘‘Several of the [mackerel] fleet have made night hauls recently, some
of them securing as high as 200 to 300 barrels at one setting of the
seine. The operations. are conducted by a lookout stationed at the
foremast-head of the vessel, who gives the orders to the boat’s crew in
charge of the seine, as in the night-time the motions of a school of
mackerel cannot be seen from the boat in pursuit of the fish, nor from
the deck of the schooner.”—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 21, 1881.)
“Schooner “Henry Friend” took 140 wash barrels [of mackerel] at
one haul Sunday night [October 16].”
Schooner “ Phantom” went out Sunday morning, and about 11 o’clock
p. m. discovered a school of mackerel on Middle Bank, and getting her
seine out secured ninety wash barrels. The night was very dark, and
lanterns were found necessary to conduct the seining operations and find
the way back to the vessel—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 28, 1881.)
In regard to the night fishing for mackerel in the fall of 1881, Cap-
tain Martin writes as follows:
‘“‘Seven-eighths of the mackerel since the 10th of September have
160 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [70]
been caught in the night. Catching mackerel in the night is done with
great difficulty. Sometimes the vessel goes away from the boat. There
were two such cases this fall. Schooner ‘“ Everett Pierce’s” boat went
out and set around a school of mackerel, and the seine was full of fish.
At this time a squall of wind came and blew the lantern out, and the
two men on board of the vessel lost sight of the boat. The men were
in the boat from 11 o’clock at night until 5 o’clock the next morning.
They were obliged to cut holes in the seine in order to let the mackerel
go out so as to save the net, for if the mackerel died the seine would
have been lost. The crew of the “Minnehaha,” of Swampscott, had a
similar experience the same night. The darker the night the better it
is for seining, since the water will ‘fire’ more. When watching for
mackerel one man is on the mast-head. He can see a school from
the mast-head when he could not see it from the deck of the vessel.
Sometimes the fish may be seen from the deck, but when the men get
in the seine-boat they are not able to see them. A man on the mast-
head can see them all the time. He gives orders to the men in the
boat which way it is best for them to go. Captain Martin, of the
schooner ‘ Northern Eagle,” saw a school of mackerel one night. They
could not see them plainly, so the lantern was held up, when the mack-
erel could be seen from the boat. They then set their seine and got 150
barrels of mackerel. When the fish saw the light they came nearer the
surface. Sometimes when the mackerel are close to the surface it is not
necessary to have a man on the mast-head since they may be seen from
the deck and seine-boat. It is not very often that the mackerel come
to the surface during the fall of the year. Sometimes on a calm night
in summer you can hear them rushing, but not often. Catching mack-
erel in the night is hard work. Say, for instance, you get 200 barrels
a night, and perhaps it is the latter part of the night, it will take all
day to dress and salt them, head them up, and get them below. Thus
if another dark night follows, all of the men are on the lookout for
another school. After looking for, perhaps, two hours, some one (most
likely the man on the mast-head) gives the alarm, telling those on deck
where the fish are. The vessel is then kept in the direction of the
school, and as soon as they can be seen from the deck the men jump
into the boat, shoving off from the vessel, while the captain stands up
with the steering-oar in his hand, looking for the school. Soon he
espies the fish, or the man on the mast-head sees them, and tells the
men in the boat which way to go. When the captain sees them he sings
out: ‘I see them, boys! Pull away! Pull hard, the mackerel are going
fast.’ When the boat is in the right position the captain shouts, ‘Give
’em twine,’ and away goes the seine, three men heaving it out as fast as
they can. When they are nearly around the school they sing out: ‘Give
them twine.” Sometimes they make a good circle so that the seine-boat
and dory will meet, but it is difficult to do this in the night. When the
seine comes together they haul in on the purse-line, and when the net
[71] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 161
is pursed up and they see the mackerel, signs are made for the vessel,
which comes alongside. The lines are hove from the boat and the
mackerel are bailed in on deck and dressed.”
(f.) The mackerel pocket, or spiller.—In 1877 the schooner “Alice,” ot
Swan’s Island, had a bag-net made of haddock ganging-line, into which
the fish were transferred when there were too many to be cared for at
once. This vessel began the season in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, but
caught only 200 barrels of mackerel there, and later fished on the coast
of Maine, where, up to October, she had caught 1,400 barrels.
A development of this idea is the mackerel pocket or spiller, patented
in April, 1880, by H. E. Willard, of Portland, Me., an article long
needed in the mackerel seine fishery, and which has received from the
fishermen the name of ‘mackerel pocket,” or “spiller.” It was first
used by the patentee in 1878, and Capt. Geo. Merchant, jr., of Glouces-
ter, Mass., invented and put into practical operation an improved
“spiller” last year (1880), though it was not until the present summer
that the advantage of its use was known to the majority of the mack-
erel fishermen, who have hastened to adopt it, and now more than thirty
of the vessels sailing from this port are each provided with one of the
pockets.
The apparatus is a large net-bag, 36 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 50
feet deep; it is made of stout, coarse twine and is attached to the side
of the vessel, where it is kept in position, when in use, by wooden poles
or “outriggers,” which extend out a distance of 15 feet from the
schooner’s rail.
When distended in this manner a “spiller” will hold over 200 barrels
of mackerel, which can thus be kept alive, as in the well of a smack,
until the crew, who have captured them in the great purse-seines, have
time to cnre their catch. As is well known, it frequently happens that
several hundred barrels of mackerel are taken at a single haul. Here-
tofore, when such a large quantity of fish were caught, but a compara-
tively small portion of them could be cured by the crew of the vessel
to which the seine belonged. The result was that when a large catch
was made, a considerable percentage of the fish were generally “ given
away” to some other vessel, since if only a part of them were removed
from the seine to-the vessel’s deck, the remainder being left in the net
until the first lot were cured, the chances were nine to one that the fine
twine of which the purse-seines are made would be bitten in many
places by the swarming dogfish (Squalus Americanus), that bete noir of
the mackerel fisher. In addition to the injury to the net, the inclosed
body of fish were thus allowed to escape and went streaming out through
the numerous holes made by the keen teeth of these voracious blood-
hounds of the sea, which, in their tierce and ravenous pursuit of the
imprisoned mackerel, usually succeeded in robbing the fisherman of a
large portion of the fruits of his labors.*
*Captain 8. J. Martin writes that in the summer of 1881 the crew of one of the
mackerel schooners endeavored to save their seine from the depredations of the dog-
S. Mis. 110 il
162 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [72]
The “spiller” is only made of coarse twine, and though not entirely
exempt from the ravages of the dogfish and sharks, is rarely injured by
them; and now when a large school of mackerel are caught in a seine
the fish are turned into the bag, from which they are “bailed out” on
to the schooner’s deck only as fast as they can be dressed, and in this
way it frequently happens that a full fare may be secured from a single
set of the net. * * *
The introduction of this simple net-bag will undoubtedly save to our
fishing fleet many thousands of dollars, even in this the first season of
its adoption.
The *spiller” invented by Mr. Willard was simply a sheet of netting
540 meshes square, bound around with rope; it is made of five sheets
of twine, each 180 meshes deep and 540 meshes long. These sheets are
Zaced together. This net, when in use, is suspended from its four cor-
ners to the side of the vessel and the outriggers, mentioned above, and
hangs something like a hammock. From its shallowness, however, it
was not so well adapted for the purpose for which it was designed as
was the deeper bag-shaped net subsequently devised by Captain Mer-
chant, and whick has been described above.*
The mackerel pocket is hung to 14-inch rope, and on the portion of
this which comes next to the vessel are strung egg-shaped wooden
floats. These are only for the purpose of securing the edge of the net-
bag firmly to the rail of the vessel. The border of the pocket being
drawn over the rail, a board is laid on top of it and held in position by
wooden pins passing through both board and rail, the net being thus
fastened between the two.
To the outer edge of the mackerel pocket, either Williard’s or Mer-
chant’s, is attached a rope bridle, the ends of which are fastened ata .
distance of about 9 feet from each outrigger; a thimble is seized into
the upper part of this bridle, and when the mackerel have been turned
into the pocket the fore and after staysail halliards are bent into this
thimble, and the outer edge of the pocket is supported thereby so as to
take as much strain as possible off the outriggers, which are only 4
inches in diameter. The outer and upper corners of the “spiller” are
supported by ropes which run through single blocks attached to the
farther ends of the outriggers. By means of these ropes the outside
edge of the pocket may be raised or lowered. When a school of mack-
erel has been caught in the seine, the pocket is slacked down to the
surface of the water, and its outer edge having been fastened to the
fish by hauling the staysail underneath it, thinking that if they could thus prevent
the dogfish from seeing the mackerel inclosed in the net the latter would not be
harmed. But this did not succeed fully, since the sail was badly bitten and much in-
jured by the dogfish, making this experiment a rather costly one.
*The “mackerel pockets” constructed by Capt. George Merchant, of Gloucester,
are 36 feet long, 30 feet deep, from 15 to 18 feet wide across the mouth; two-inch
mesh, and knit of 12-21 half-patent twine.
[73] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 1638
eork-rope of the seine, the fishermen gather in on the twine of the latter,
and, by dexterous management, turn the whole body of fish into the
bag provided for their reception, and where they can be kept alive, as
previously mentioned, until such time as they can be properly cared
for. The mackerel having been transferred to the pocket, its outer edge
is usually raised slightly above the water. When the vessel is rolling
and there are many fish in the pocket there is often considerable strain
brought to bear on the outriggers, which, however, being supported
by guys or tackles to the standing rigging, rarely break. It may be
assumed, perhaps, that the enormous catches of some of the mackerel
schooners in the summer of 1881 are due very largely to the use of this
implement. Never within the history of the fishing business of New
England have so many fish been caught or so much money made by a
single vessel in the mackerel season as has been the case in the year of
1881. The schooner “ Alice,” of Swan’s Island, Maine, is reported by
the secretary of the Boston Fish Bureau to have taken 4,900 barrels
of mackerel, the value of which exceeded $28,000. The schooner “ Ed-
ward E. Webster,” of Gloucester, caught 4,500 barrels of mackerel, stock-
ing more than $26,000. A long list of other large catches might be
added in proof of the efficacy of the mackerel pocket, but for obvious
reasons they are omitted here.
16.—TAKING CARE OF THE FISH.
The manner of caring for the fish is very similar to that upon the
mackerel schooners fishing in the old way with jigs, excepting that a
larger quantity is likely to be taken at once, necessitating much more
haste in salting or dressing them. When haste is necessary, the process
of “plowing” is usually deferred until after the fish have been salted.
Mr. Gordy thus describes the method of dressing on a seining
schooner: ‘The men engaged in dressing are divided into gangs gener-
ally of three men each. Each gang has two wooden trays about 3 feet
square and 6 or 8 inches deep; these are placed on the tops of barrels;
one is called a ‘gib-tub’ the other a ‘splitting-tub.’” *
Except on the seiners, the mackerel when caught are put into bar-
rels, and the splitting is done upon a board laid across the top of the
barrel, rather than in a “splitting-tub.” One man of each gang splits,
the other two gib, or eviscerate, the fish. The tub of the man who
splits, of course, contains the fish to be split. With a scoop-net the
splitter, or one of the “gibbers,” from time to time, fills the split-
ting-tub from the pile of mackerel lying upon the deck. On the side
of the splitting-tray next to the “gibbers” is a board about 6 to 10
inches wide, called a “splitting-board,” on which the splitter places the
fish as he cuts them open. He takes them in his left hand (on which he
has a mitten) round the center of the body, head from him, and with the
splitting-knife splits them down the center of the back. As fast as he
*Also called, especially in Gloucester, ‘ gib-keelers” and ‘‘splitting-keelers.”
164 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [74]
splits the fish he tosses them into the tray of the “gibbers.” The
“sibbers” protect their hands with gloves or mittens. As fast as
the “gibbers” remove the viscera, with a peculiar double motion of
the thumb and fingers of the right hand, they throw the fish into bar-
rels, which are partially filled with water; these are called “ wash-bar-
rels.” If the men have time they “plow” the fish before salting them,
making a gash in the abdominal cavity nearly to the skin with the
peculiar knife, ‘the plow,” provided for the purpose.
Before the fish are salted the dirty water is poured out and clean
water is added. About one barrel of salt is used for every four barrels
of mackerel. This is the first salting. When the fish have been salted
they are placed in unheaded barrels until the weather is unfit for fish-
ing, or the deck is filled with them, when they are carefully headed up
and stowed away below.
The speed with which a large deck-load of mackerel can be disposed
of by the crew is something marvelous. A good splitter will handle
from forty-five to sixty mackerel a minute. In one well-authenticated
case a man split sixty-seven mackerel a minute for three consecutive
minutes.* A good “gibber” can handle a barrel of large mackerel in
from five to seven minutes. A smart crew of fourteen men can dispose
of a deck-load of large mackerel in from fifteen to eighteen hours, salt-
ing them away properly in the barrels. The smaller the mackerel the
longer it takes to dress a barrel of them, the time required to handle a
small or a large mackerel being precisely the same.
When the fish are to be iced and carried fresh to market they can be
disposed of much more rapidly, it being simply necessary to stow them
away in the hold without splitting. They are usually washed before
being placed in ice, and occasionally gibbed without splitting, the vis-
cera being drawn through the gill openings.t The most rapid way of
caring for the fish is to place them in barrels of ice-water. This is done
for the most part in the spring or fall.
*An expert can split mackerel nearly as fast in the darkest night as at any other
time. The sense of touch becomes so acute from long practice that the fisherman
can tell (without seeing it) when he grasps a mackerel whether its head is in the
right direction or not, and also which side should be laid to the board in order to
bring the fish’s back in proper position for the knife. The splitter holds the knife
with his fingers, letting the thumb slide down along the upper side of the fish, thus
guiding unerringly the keen and swiftly moving blade. Whether the fish be large or
small it is almost invariably split with the utmost precision, the edge of the knife
glancing along on the lett side of the vertebra, and scarcely a hair’s breadth from it,
while the point goes just deep enough and no farther. But one must witness the
operation of splitting mackerel in order to fully appreciate the skillfulness of the
performance.
i Fresh mackerel are never gibbed for the New York market in spring, but a law of
Massachusetts compels the fishermen to eviscerate all mackerel taken to Boston. In
the first named port the cargoes of fresh fish are sold by commission merchants, while
in Boston the captain sells directly to the dealers.
¢
[75] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 165
17.—RUNNING FOR THE MARKET.
Those mackerel schooners engaged in market fishing find it desirable
to make their passages with the utmost speed, but rapid passages in
summer are, of course, much less dangerous than those made in winter
by the haddock and halibut vessels. Great expedition is used by all
mackerel vessels, since the season is short, and they feel obliged to take
advantage of every opportunity. In the case of salted fish, however,
there is no such anxiety to sell, and the chief desire of the skipper is to
land his fish and to return to the fishing ground with no unnecessary
loss of time.
It often happens that mackerel-catchers who are not engaged in the
fresh-fish trade take a big haul, 200 barrels or so, when they have but
few barrels to put them in and scarcely any salt. In such eases it is of
the highest importance to reach home if possible, or at least some large
fishing port where barrels and salt can be obtained, and all the sail that
can be spread or that the vessel will carry is set.
18.—LANDING THE CARGOES.
The mackerel are hoisted out on the wharf by a horse, the duty of
the crew being to hook on the barrels and to roll them to the proper
places on the wharf, after they are landed, where the barrels are gen-
erally stowed on their heads ready to be opened. In seasons of abun-
dance, and when the men have become exceedingly fatigued from their
labors in catching and dressing a fare of mackerel, it is often the case
that the skipper will hire a number of longshoremen to take the fish
out of the vessel. At such times, too, the shoremen are employed to
plow the fish, and also to assist in packing them, since the fishermen
find it more profitable to hire men to do this than to remain ashore and
do it themselves. For,in the mean time, they may be fortunate enough
to catch a fare of two or three hundred barrels of mackerel.
In the days of hook and line fishing, the landing and packing of
mackerel was carried on much more leisurely than at the present time.
At first it was customary for the men composing a crew to hoist the
mackerel out on the wharf by tackles; but within the last fifteen or
twenty years it has been found more profitable to employ a horse for
this purpose, since the work of discharging can be carried on much
more rapidly than before, and with less tax upon the energies of the
men. The several processes of unheading the barrels, culling, weigh-
ing, and packing the mackerel have been fully described in another
chapter and need not be repeated here.
19.—FINANCIAL PROFITS OF SEINING.
The following tables, copied from the annual reports of the Boston
¥ish Bureau, show the large catches and “stocks” by the mackerel
fleet in New England waters for the seasons of 1880 and 1881.
166 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [76]
1881. Barrels Amount of
cured. stock.
Schooner Alice, Capt. H. B. Joyce, Swan’s Island, Me....... 3---- 3,700 $19,548°75
Schooner Edward E. Webster, Capt. 8. Jacobs, Gloucester, Mass.. 3, 969 19, 465 00
Schooner Alice C. Fox, Captain Rowe, Portland, Me.......--.....---.- 13, 482 00
Nohooner 001s And ROSA - <2 (25 scec oc sec eel manana enna alanine 2, 769 12, 492 00
SCHOONEI ETANKs DULLED soca ccc cccininmisee cele et leinicinieleleleiniael cela atari 2, 036 11, 600 00
Bangoner Mary Greenwood ...-.-sonacsoseeniassesee eceneisaemertas 1,700 11,035 00
SCHOOnCEr Kale FH lOTENCO oe 2 wn ca coe cen = ocleseerecrlinssicee mele scenes 2,500 11, 000 00
MONOONEL A CdICNE 1 COlGr = onic cm ess ecleelenieincel see ioamaine = atari 1, 900 10,500 00
Schooner Cora Lee) = s<< siciccaie cicies slasisclol svi Haleiscisosieeisivinissceee lect 1, 875 10, 250 00
Schooner Cora Smith ---> ..\s-05 scccseieneinecioe BARS OO EOn aeons 2, 150 10, 000 00
Schoonem Ma Os Curbissa. scasescaesseeee ecmiceeecice cette esiee a 2, 000 10, 000 00
SChOOneL Mary ONOWe sca cccen Secreto soe eeieee er ceeeisieieeiee 1, 352 9,281 00
Schooner: Heeb eNICKErsON\: 2.00 asec ee eeiescee team eineacseiee 2, 350 9,730 00
CHOON ICUALON thes oi ce\sinine eos os al meee miate aie tat sineta lars rs eee iorner 1, 652 9,213 00
Schooner: Morning Stars. .: cst. aces soc seie aleecinee see cclaeets 1, 527 9, 087 00
1881.
“‘Schooner/Alice, Swan’s Island, Mesco.8c20 32232 so-1sesueeb ances 4,905 28, 055 23
tSchooner Edward E. Webster, Gloucester, Mass ..-... ....-.--. 4,500 26,570 00
Schooner Isaac Rich, Swan’s Island, Me ..........----.....------ 3, 276 15, 500 00
schooner Hrank Butler, Boston, Mass :c-<'2-.-.cnees sess se eeee 2, 600 15, 000 00
Schooner Mertie and Delmar, 8. Chatham, Mass .......-........- 3, 005 14,138 00
¢Schooner A. E. Herrick, Swan’s Island, Me.-...-..---.. ioe jensen 2,280 13,674 00
Schooner Robert Pettis, Wellfleet, Mass.............--..--.----- 2, 580 12, 419 18
Schooner Roger Williams, North Haven, Me ......---...--.-..---- 2, 450 12,000 00
Schooner R. J. Evans, Harwichport, Mass ........-----.-..------ 3, 000 12, 000 00
Schooner Louis and Rosa, Boothbay, Me ..........---.-.-..----- 3, 028 11,557 46
When it is taken into consideration that these vessels are employed
in fishing barely eight months at the longest, and some of them only
four to six months, it will be seen that the business is an exceedingly
profitable one for many of the fleet, while the greater portion make fair
returns.§
* 3,665 barrels pickled, and 1,240 fresh; total, 4,905 barrels.
t1,600 barrels pickled, and 2,900 barrels fresh; total, 4,500 barrels.
}The Herrick did not sail until July 22.
§Among the ‘fishing items” in the Cape Ann Advertiser of October 21, 1881, we
find the following mention of catches of mackerel made by some of the seiners, which
may serve to show the energy and activity with which this fishery is prosecuted:
“*Schooner ‘ Moro Castle’ sailed from this port on Thursday morning of last week, and
returned in the evening of the same day with 140 wash barrels of handsome mackerel.
Schooner ‘Dreadnaught’ sailed from Portland after mackerel the other night, was
gone twenty-one hours, and returned with 205 barrels. Schooner ‘David A. Osier’
sailed from Hull Friday evening, and was at this port next morning with 105 wash
barrels of mackerel. Schooner ‘ Wildfire,’ Captain McLain, has landed and sold $3,200
worth of mackerel in the past fortnight, and has enough fish on board to add another
thousand dollars to her stock. Schooner ‘Fleetwing’ took 210 barrels sea-packed
mackerel at one haul of the seine off Plymouth on Saturday. Schooner ‘Wm. M. Gafi-
ney’ took 140 wash barrels at one haul Sunday, and schooner ‘ Henry Friend’ 140 wash
barrels at one haul Sunday night. Schooner ‘ Madawaska Maid’ left Gloucester Sun-
day, turning Eastern Point at 11 o’clock a, m., and arrived at Boston at five o’clock
Monday morning, with 225 barrels sea-packed mackerel; in five weeks the ‘Mada-
waska Maid’ has landed 1,000 barrels of mackerel. The schooner ‘Wm. M. Gaffney’
landed 900 barrels of meieecel in twenty-one days.”
[77] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 167
20.—HISTORY OF THE USE OF PURSE-SEINES.
The earliest: record of the use of the purse-seine is the following, ob-
tained from Capt. E. T. Deblois, of Portsmouth, R. L:
“The first purse-seine that was made, so far as I know, was made by
John Tallman the first, and Jonathan Brownell and Christopher Bar-
ker, in the year 1826. It was 284 meshes deep and 65 fathoms long.
The purse-weight was a 56-pound weight, and the blocks were the com-
mon single blocks, and they had to reeve the end of the purse-line
through the blocks before they put the purse-weight overboard. The
first time the seine was set there were fourteen men to help; they set
around what they called a 500 barrel school of menhaden, and while
they were pursing the fish rushed against the twine so hard that they
twisted and snarled the net around the purse-line and weight to that
extent that the men could not gather the seine up or get her into the
boat again as they were, and after they had worked six hours, and quar-
reled over the matter, they decided to tow or warp the seine ashore at
high water, and when the tide left the seine they would be able to wnsnart
it, which they did the next day. It was a number of days before they
could muster courage to set her again, and when they did they set
around a small school with better success.”
There is a general impression among the fishermen of Northern New
England that the purse-seine was a development of the “ spring-seine,”
elsewhere referred to, but this would seem to be a mistake, since the
spring-seine, which really appears to have been nothing but a large
sheet-net with special appliances adapting it for use on board of a ves-
sel, was not used in New England until 1853 or 1854. There is also
another tradition to the effect that the purse-seine was invented about
the year 1837 by a native of Maine who had for some years been em-
ployed as a hand on a Gloucester schooner, and who conceived the idea
of capturing mackerel in large numbers, and invented a seine substan-
tially like the one now in use, which, finding the Gloucester fishermen
unwilling to enter into experiments, he carried to Rhode Island, where
it was used in the vicinity of Seaconnet for seining menhaden. This
would appear to be a conglomeration of errors, partly imaginary, partly
based upon the circumstances already narrated by Captain Deblois.
Reference has already been made to the claim that the purse-seine
was invented in Rhode Island as early as 1814. Another early allusion
to this new instrument of capture was given in the following paragraph,
taken from the Gloucester Telegraph of Wednesday, July 21, 1839:
“New Fishing Tackle-—We noticed, a week or two since, the fact that
Capt. Isaiah Baker, of Harwich, had recently commenced fishing with
a seine of entirely new construction and with remarkable success. It
was stated in the Yarmouth Register that he had cleared about $3,000
in one week, by taking shad. A correspondent writes us from West
Harwich that the fortunate captain still continues to make equally
168 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [78]
‘clorious hauls.” He is now in Provincetown with his seine catching
mackerel, and recently took 60 barrels at one ‘shoot.’ This new mode of
fishing bids fair to create an entire revolution in the mackerel and shad
fisheries. Our correspondent says that the Vineyard Sound will soon
become a great fishing ground. It is well known that all the shad,
bass, mackerel, ete., which are found in Block Island Channel early in
the spring pass through the sound, and it is now ascertained that with
proper seines they may be caught in great abundance. With a purse-
seine, when mackerel are schooling or shoaling, the fishermen may run
around them and inclose one hundred barrels. They will not bite at
bobs as in years past, but Cape Cod ingenuity has devised something
to out-general them.”
The purse-seine was undoubtedly a development and extension of the
idea of the drag-seine supplemented by that of the gill-net used at sea
in sweeping around schools of fish.
The first seine used north of Cape Cod was that carried by Capt.
Nathaniel Adams, of Gloucester, in the schooner “Splendid,” in the
year 1850. Capt. Nathaniel Watson, of the “Raphael,” began using
one the same year. According to Mr. Luther Maddox, the earliest ex-
periments were at Chelsea Beach. It is claimed by some that Gorham
Babson, of Gloucester, had one in use as early as 1847.
The early seines were about 200 yards in length, 22 fathoms in depth,
and of 23-inch mesh, the bunts being about 250 meshes square. The
twine was much heavier than that used in the present seine; the whole
net weighed 600 or 700 pounds. The seine in its present form did not
come into general use until about 1860.
The rapidity with which this expensive form of apparatus has come
to be generally employed in our fisheries seems almost marvelous. At
the present time the total number of these nets used in the mackerel
fishery is not far from 400, valued at 160,000 dollars; in the menhaden
fishery 366, valued at 138,400 dollars. The total value of the purse-
seines with the value added of the seine-boats, which really are parts of
the same apparatus, cannot be less than 440,000 dollars.
Capt. W. H. Oakes states that in early days a certain kind of net
was used in catching menhaden which reached to the bottom in shallow
water and which was pursed by means of ropes. Capt. George Blatch-
ford used to go for menhaden in an old pinkie, and used one of these
nets.
Captain Oakes is of the opinion that Capt. William Ratcliff, of Rocky
Neck, Gloucester, was the first man who caught mackerel in deep water
off-shore. He used some kind of a purse-seine, and with it in two hauls
caught about 90 barrels of mackerel off Monhegan in 90 fathoms of
water. Capt. George Merchant, jr., of Gloucester, writes as follows re-
garding the early attempts to seine mackerel in deep water. He says:
‘Previous to 1862 the only mackerel caught in deep water, in seines,
were taken with the schools of pogies. From one to ten or twelve
[79] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 169
hundred in number were often caught in this way, the seiners :upposing
that their being with the pogies prevented them from trying to escape,
since pogies seldom leave the seine after it is around them, but we never
set the seine for them (mackerel) when in deeper water than ten fathoms,
our seines not being deeper than that at that time. One day in July,
1862, I lay at anchor near Boon Island, it being calm at the time.
While lying there a school of mackerel came up and began to play
around at the surface, not far from us. Knowing that the water was
twenty-five fathoms deep where the fish were, I did not go after them
right away, but after they had been schooling some time I concluded to
go out and look at them. I found the water to be as I had expected—
twenty-five fathoms deep. I thought, however, that I would try just to
see what would come of it, although the men said it would be no use, as
the fish would soon disappear, but we threw out our seine and went
around them, with as little noise as possible, and commenced to purse
up, the men saying that the mackerel would soon go, but they did not
go, but continued to school in the seine until the latter was pursed up,
and the rings on the boat. Then we thought we had done something
never before heard of. We took fifty barrels of large mackerel that
time.
‘After securing the fish I weighed anchor and ran to Richmond’s Isl-
and. When I arrived there I found fifteen fishing vessels at anchor.
I told them (the skippers and crews) that I had taken fifty barrels of
mackerel in deep water, but they would not believe it, saying that if I
had it would never be done again. But it set them to thinking, and
they soon found that mackerel could be caught in deep water. The
fleet of seiners began to increase from that time, and has kept growing
until the present, when it amounts to about two hundred sail.* I date
the catching of mackerel in deep water from the time and occurrence I
have mentioned above. I was in one of the first seven vessels that
sailed on seining voyages from Gloucester, Capt. Samuel Blatchford
and Capt. Nathaniel Watson being the two first to try the business,
and they both gave up seining, as it did not pay them.”
Wellfleet, Mass., had 52 mackerel seiners in 1877. Seines were first
carried by the Wellfleet vessels about 1857, but their use was soon
abandoned. In 1863 to 1865 the “‘ Mary B. Dyer” had a seine, and since
that time more or less seines have been in use. In 1873 all the vessels
went into this business.
The first purse-seine brought into Central Maine, writes Mr. Earll,
was bought by Mr. Amherst Spofford, and taken to Damariscove in
1859, and used with rather indifferent success until 1861; it was 130
fathoms long and 12 fathoms deep; the parties kept it on the island
and took it out in small boats whenever fish were seen schooling in the
vicinity. It seems that Mr. Spofford did not thoroughly understand
setting it and caught but few fish.
* Sailing from Gloucester.
170 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [80}
In 1861 he sold it to Messrs. William Gray and Miles Pierce, and it
was taken to Cape Newagen, where it was successfully used by carrying
it out in a small boat and landing the fish on a dressing stage on shore
in the same way. The next year it was put aboard a small schooner,
the “Leon,” and the fish landed as before in small boats to be dressed,
the vessel being only large enough to carry the seine.
In 1863 the seine was put aboard the schooner “‘ Dawning Day,” 73 tons
O. M., and the fish were dressed aboard. This was really the commence-
ment of deep-water seining in this section, and the vessel did so well as
to induce others to go into the business the following year.
The schooner “ Niagara” was the first to provide herself with a seine in
1864, and another was bought and owned by two small vessels, the “‘ Wild
Rose” and the *‘ Neptune,” one carrying the seine and the other salt and
barrels for curing the fish. This plan did not work well and was soon
abandoned. The schooner “Niagara” did well from the start and has
always been high line of the seiners for this section.
Georgetown sent one seiner, the ‘‘ Coquimbo,” in 1865, and a little later
the schooner “Sunbeam,” Captain McMann, but they met with poor suc-
cess, and no seiners have been sent since from that port.
Westport has made two attempts at introducing seining; the first in
1872 by schooner “Jennie Armstrong,” Capt. B. I’. Jewett, and the sec-
ond a three-masted schooner of 350 tons, the ‘Geo. W. Jewett,” Capt.
A. M. Jewett, carrying two seines and crews in 1875. Both vessels did
very poorly and gave up the business after the first season.
21.—THE ATTEMPTED USE OF THE PURSE-SEINE IN NORWEGIAN
WATERS.
In 1878 a Gloucester vessel essayed fishing for mackerel with a purse-
seine on the coast of Norway. In April the schooner “Notice,” Capt.
Knud Markurson, departed on this mission, taking a crew of twelve
men and the most approved seining apparatus. It was remarked by a
writer in the Deutsche Fischerei Zeitung, of July:
“The mackerel fishermen, who have till now been in the habit of ply-
ing their trade in open but suitable boats, are, however, greatly agi-
tated at the present moment in consequence of the arrival at Risor, some
three weeks ago, of an American fishing smack, direct from Gloucester,
in North America, understood to be followed by a whole fishing fleet
from New England, to take part in the mackerel fishery outside the
Norwegian fishing territorium. As all these American smacks are re-
ported as provided with bag or purse nets, by means of which they are
enabled to catch more fish upon one single haul than ten Norwegian
boats during a whole day, it is obvious that the Norwegian fishermen
will have to discard their old mode of fishing, and to have recourse to
the American fishing method, if they do not want to lose all the advan-
tages enjoyed till now. The mackerel fishery has always been of great
importance to Norway, some 7,000,000 of these fish being on the aver-,
300,000
150,000
100.000
60,000
~| 350.000
| 300.000
250,000
| 150,000
100,000
50,000
The unby sin a fresh condition or salted.
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f
[81] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. ie
age caught annually, of which number about 70,000 centners, at a
value of from 600,000 to 700,000 crowns, are exported. The government
is well aware of the danger threatening the public weal, and has con-
sequently taken every possible measure in order to prevent such dis-
astrous results as the loss by the Norwegian fishermen of the mack-
erel fishery. A most accurate description of the nets used by the Amer-
icans has been printed, and, with a great number of nets of this kind,
made to order by the net manufactory at Bergen, distributed among the
fishing population. Models of the different sorts of the fast-sailing
American boats have also been obtained through the Norwegian con-
sul at Gloucester, Massachusetts, direct from the manufacturers of such
boats. The well-known industry and activity of the Norwegian fisher-
men, combined with the efforts of the government, will, no doubt, en-
able them not only successfully to hold, but to improve, their own pros-
pects as regards the mackerel fishery by the timely adoption of the
American methods and arrangements for fishing.” *
The venture was, however, not a successful one. On his return home
Captain Markurson stated that he had been unable to use the seine
advantageously owing to the fact that the mackerel did not in those
waters school together in large bodies as they do along the New Eng-
land shores.
D.—THE MACKEREL HOOK FISHERY.
The mackerel fishery at the time of its highest development, from
1820 to 1870, was carried on almost exclusively by the use of little
hooks with heavily weighted shanks, known as “mackerel jigs.” For
many years there were from 600 to 900 vessels, chiefly from Cape Cod
and northward, engaged in this fishery; and in the year 1831 the total
amount of mackerel salted in Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts
was 450,000 barrels.
As will be seen by an examination of the diagram, showing the yield
in the mackerel fishery from 1804 to 1881, elsewhere published in this
report, the quantity of fish taken from year to year has been extremely
variable, but has at no other time approached the enormous quantity
on record for the years 1835 and 1881.
The jig has now been almost entirely superseded by the purse-seine,
and this radical change in the method of catching mackerel has caused
the desertion, by the mackerel fleet, of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and
the practical futility—to benefit our fishermen—of the fishery clauses of
the Treaty of Washington. Allattempts, with a very few exceptions, to
use the purse-seine in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence have been failures.
In 1880 the schooner “Alice,” of Swan’s Island, caught 700 barrels by
use of the purse-seine in the gulf, but not 10 per cent. of the other
vessels which visited this region, then or within the four or five previous
years, paid their expenses.
*Cape Ann Advertiser, August 9, 1878.
172 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [82]
The mackerel hook fishery is of the past; and this chapter must be
regarded, in large part, as historical. It is by no means impossible,
however, in years to come that the old method of fishing, which had
many undoubted advantages over that at present employed, will be
revived.
22.—F ISHING-GROUNDS.
The grounds frequented by the mackerel-hookers, as the fishermen
call them, were as follows: .
(a.) The Gulf of Saint Lawrence.*—In the early part of the season
the favorite fishing-grounds were in the southwestern part of the Gulf
of Saint Lawrence, from Cape Gaspé to the North Cape of Prince Ed-
ward Island; especially off Point Escuminac, Pigeon-hill ground, or
the west shore lying along the coast from Miramichi to Point Miscou,
Bank Bradley, Bank Orphan, and Bay of Chaleur. Later in the season,
in July, August, and September, the principal fisheries were carried on
upon the grounds just mentioned, also around the Magdalen Islands
and along the north side of Prince Edward Island. Occasionally, too,
in August and September, vessels fished on the south side of Prince
Edward Island from Georgetown to East Point. In September and
October fishing was carried on at the Magdalens, Prince Edward
Island, in the Bay of Saint George, between Cape Saint George and
Port Hood, and on the northwest shore of Cape Breton from Port Hood
to Cape North. Favorite localities were about Margaree Islands and
Cheticamp; also, on the east side of Cape Breton, in Aspee Bay, and
about Sydney. About 1858 and 1859 several successful fares were made
in the estuary of the Saint Lawrence from Cape Gaspé to Cape Chatte;
and about the Seven Islands and Mingan Islands on the coast of Labra-
dor. In the year 1877 a Gloucester schooner obtained 200 barrels of
mackerel at Port-au-Port, on the west coast of Newfoundland.t Bird
*Note upon the origin of mackerel fishing in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
Mr. Daniel Cameron, of Southport, Me., thinks the first American vessels went to
the Bay in 1832. This year 4 went, among others the schooner ‘‘ Galen,” Captain Pate,
of Freeport. These schooners averaged 60 to 70 tons, carried about 250 barrels, and
filled up in four or five days. The first vessel going to the bay from this section of
which we learn was the schooner “‘ Olinda,” Capt. Jos. Maddocks, of Southport, in 1837.
Captain Atwood states that, in 1834, the New England fleet in the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence consisted of six vessels, three of them from Provincetwn. The Cape Ann
Advertiser of May 13, 1859, refers to ‘‘the custom which has grown up within a few
years of going to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence for mackerel, where already the supply
is lessening.”
tA LUCKY STREAK.—The schooner ‘‘ William T. Smith,” Capt. Henry O. Smith, the
last of the baymen, arrived home on Monday, bringing a good fare of mackerel, of
which about 200 barrels were caught off Newfoundland, as already mentioned in our
columns. These fish are of good size and prime quality, and will command a ready
sale. Captain Smith struck a streak of luck when he ventured into untried waters
in pursuit of mackerel, and his voyage will prove a profitable one, which is an
anomaly in this branch of the fishing industry the present season.—(Cape Ann Adver-
tiser, November 23, 1877.)
[83] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 173
Rock, situated east of the Magdalen Islands, has occasionally been a fav-
orite ground, since the mackerel taken there were almost always very
large.
(b.) Gulf of Maine.—From June to November excellent fishing was
to be had in various parts of the Gulf of Maine. Early in the season
mackerel were taken all the way from Cash’s Ledge to the Bay of
Fundy; from the middle of June to September the favorite localities
were in the vicinity of Monhegan Island, Matinicus Rock, and Mount
Desert Rock. From about 1830 to about 1845 some fishing was done
in the Bay of Fundy, north of the island of Grand Manan. When the
autumnal migration of the mackerel begins the vessels follow them as
they proceed southward. Favorite fishing grounds are then off Port-
land; later, about Boone Island, off Cape Ann, and the waters of Mas-
sachusetts Bay, and along the outside of Cape Cod, the latest catches
being generally obtained off Chatham and the eastern part of Nantucket
Shoals. Fishing here continues sometimes until the latter part of No-
vember.*
(c.) George’s Bank.—Mackerel were in some years very abundant on
George’s Bank, especially on the southern portion from June to Sep-
tember. Later in the season the weather was generally unfavorable for
fishing in this region. The mackerel caught here were recognized, as
now, .to be of very fine quality.
(d.) South coast of New England.—Of late years a small quantity of
extraordinarily fine mackerel have been caught with jigs in the vicinity
of Block Island in summer and fall. In previous years the mackerel
fishery in this vicinity was chiefly carried on in the spring.
(e.) The coast of the Middle States from Montauk Point to Delaware.—
This fishery was chiefly carried on in May, and in many respects cor-
responded to the spring mackerel fishery described in another section
of this chapter; this is now prosecuted with seines on the same grounds,
and the fish are mostly taken to New York for sale, principally in a fresh
condition, though formerly they were generally salted.
(f.) The eastern coast of Nova Scotia.—In this region, although great
quantities of mackerel are sometimes taken in pounds, nets, and seines,
in the early summer and fall, they are very rarely taken on the hook.
About 1854 and 1855 several fares of extremely large mackerel were
caught at Sable Island by Cape Cod vessels.
23.—THE FISHERMEN.
The men engaged in the mackerel hook fishery, especially in the pe-
riod of its culmination, were almost exclusively natives of New Eng-
land. From 1850 to 1870 the provincial element in the fleet gradually
increased. When this fishery was most prosperous not less than 10,000
*Tn the fall of 1849 one of the writers had the opportunity of seeing a fleet of mack-
erel schooners fishing off Chatham. The number of vessels in the fleet was variously
estimated from 500 to 700 sail—a beautiful and interesting sight.
174 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [84]
were employed on board the vessels belonging to the American fleet.
The vessels engaged in this fishery carried very large crews; in fact,
larger than have ever been carried by other vessels. Not unfrequently
a schooner of 80 to 100 tons would carry twenty men, and, in some in-
stances, twenty-four. Among the crew were generally three or four boys,
sometimes five, from ten to seventeen years of age. These boys fished
from the extreme ends of the vessel; they were frequently very success-
ful, and by the training in this fishery fitted themselves to take respon-
sibilities in the fishing fleet at a much earlier age than otherwise would
have been possible. At sixteen or seventeen years of age many of the
boys ranked among the first of the crew to which they belonged, and it
sometimes happened that the command of a schooner was given to the
most enterprising before they were out of their teens.
24.—THE VESSELS.
Prior to 1848 the mackerel fleet was made up exclusively of the old-
fashioned square-stern schooners registering from 25 tons to 80 or 90
tons, old measurement, and of pinkies registering from 20 to 60 tons.
Newburyport had a large fleet of pinkies, registering, old measurement,
from 40 to 60 tons. Most of them carried a flying jib.
From 1848 to 1850 the necessity for swifter vessels was felt, and vari-
ous experiments, which are described in the chapter on the schooner,
were made. J'rom this time on all the vessels added to the fleet were
of improved model, approximating, more or less closely, to the modern
type of the fishing schooner. These vessels were in those days known
as “‘sharp-shooters.” As early as 1855 the character of the fleet had
become very much modified, there being a large percentage of modern-
built vessels, and the pinkies and square-stern schooners were retained
only by conservatives and by the smaller ports, especially those on the
coast of Maine. Many of these old vessels had by this time been with-
drawn from the mackerel fishery and employed in other branches of the
fisheries. As early as 1870 the old square-stern vessels and pinkies had
entirely disappeared from the fleet, most of them long before that date.
The mackerel-hookers, when fitted out for fishing, had the decks
clear. Upon the starboard side of the vessel were arranged line-cleats.
These were in early times small narrow cleats of pine nailed to the in-
side of the waist, but after the introduction of finer vessels the fisher-
men became more careful, and substituted a complicated, ladder-like
arrangement, consisting of two long horizontal strips, which were crossed
by from eight to twelve shorter vertical strips or cleats, with projecting
ends, an arrangement of this kind being secured between each pair of the
top timbers. On the top of the rail was nailed the bait-board, in which
were cut grooves arranged for the reception of a supply of jig bait,
which was cut into bits ready for use; these grooves cannot be easily
described. Upon the bait-board, or upon the edge of the rail, were
fastened so-called “snapper cleats,” ingenious contrivances, of elastie
[85] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. Vis
wood or of metal, by which the lines were kept in ther places while
the men were fishing.
The bait-boxes were fastened on the starboard side; these were
wooden troughs holding from one to seven or eight buckets of bait apiece.
There were three of these bait-boxes, the largest placed outside of the
rail at the foot of the main rigging, one on the quarter near the davit;
the third was placed at the fore rigging. The forward and after bait-
boxes were usually less than half as large as the one amidship. The
bait-mill was placed on deck, on the port side of the vessel, near the main
rigging. During the later years of this fishery many of the vessels
carried on the deck at the foot of the main rigging on the starboard side
a bait-chest divided into two compartments, the smaller one for the
clam bait and the larger one for the ground menhaden bait. On such
schooners as were not provided with a bait-chest, the ground bait, or
chum, was kept in barrels. Two of these barrels were generally kept
near the starboard main rigging, so that those who threw out the toll-
bait could refill the boxes with as little loss of time as possible.
The hold was left unobstructed by bulkheads; the ballast was usually
gravel or pebbles and was not covered by a platform. Some vessels
earried part of their ballast in barrels, throwing it overboard when the
barrels were needed for fish. The number of barrels carried by a vessel
would vary, according to her size, from one hundred to six or seven
hundred, part of these being filled with salt and bait. The mackerel-
hookers usually carried a single boat (of the yawl pattern) at the stern.
Occasionally vessels going to fish on the coast of Labrador, or at the
mouth of the Saint Lawrence, or even on the coast of New England,
carried a number of dories or other boats, which were used by the men
when they fished in the harbors.*
25.—APPARATUS AND METHODS OF FISHING.
(a.) The mackerel jig.—The mackerel jig is said to have been invented
about the year 1815, by Abraham Lurvey, of Pigeon Cove; according
to other authority by one Thurlow, of Newburyport.t It is simply a
* In certain localities the mackerel could only be taken to good advantage among
the rocks close to the shore; and the men fished from small boats rather than from
the side of the vessel. ‘
+ According to Captain Merchant, the ‘‘ mackerel jig” was introduced at Cape Ann
about 1815. Mr. Abraham Lurvey, of Pigeon Cove, was one of the first to use them,
and was supposed to have invented them. The advantages of this new invention im-
mediately brought it into general use. Before “jigs” were devised, the ‘‘gangings”
of the mackerel lines would frequently break when the fish was jerked or “slatted”
off the hook; when the ‘‘ jig” is used this rarely occurs. Before the time of the “‘jig”
it was customary to bait the hooks, when mackerel were plenty, with pieces of pork
“as big as a four-pence-ha’penny.”
According to Captains Daniel Cameron and John Grey, of Southport, Me., Edward
Caiss, a fisherman of Hingham, Mass., invented the mackerel jig between the years
18lu and 1814, and by 1829 it had come into general use on the coast of Maine. It
was introduced into Maine some time before 1829, but by whom no one knows.—
[Ear Lt. ]
176 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [86]
hook, round the shank of which has been cast a plummet of lead, pew-
ter, or tin, Somewhat globular at its upper end and tapering down toward
the bend of the hook. At the upper end is a hole through which a fishing
line is bent. The weight of a mackerel jig has varied from a quarter of
an ounce to three or four ounces at different times during the history of
the fishery. At first they were made much heavier than they have been
in later years. At present many fishermen, when using jigs, prefer them
very small. It has been stated that each fisherman has from seven to
twelve fishing cleats in his berth at the rail. On these cleats are fastened
an assortment of lines with jigs of various sizes, the heaviest being used
when the mackerel are biting fast, or when the wind is blowing fresh;
the lightest, when the water is very smooth, or when the mackerel are
“picking,” or nibbling daintily.
The fishermen always made their jigs in molds of metal or soapstone,
this operation being similar to the old-fashioned method of making
bullets. In former days these molds were made of iron, but many of
the fishermen being dissatisfied with the shape constructed them for
their own use of lead. At present the soapstone jig-molds and the lead
and pewter constitute a part of the outfit of a vessel.
When jigs were first introduced, however, it was customary for fisher-
men to cast them for themselves in molds improvised in buckets of sand
or ashes, afterwards beating into shape the rough castings, and boring
the hole for the line. This custom was prevalent on some vessels as late
as 1850. In the later years of this fishery the fishermen became very
critical in the matter of jigs, and were not satisfied unless they were
elegantly shaped and brilliantly polished. ‘The lines were six or eight
fathoms in length, of cotton, being either hawser or shroud laid. Of
later years these have always been of cotton. In early days, when the
heavier jigs were in vogue, much larger lines were used than at a later
period; since 1860 it has been customary to use a kind of snood, called
‘‘snapper-line,” made of strong linen thread and usually colored blue.
The ‘‘snapper-lines” are from 15 to 18 inches long, one end being bent
to the jig, and the other fastened to the fishing-line with what is
called a ‘“‘water-knot.” During the voyage the lines are generally coiled
up and bung upon the fishing-cleats on the waist when not in use. As
has been stated, each man has from eight to twelve lines, with jigs of
different sizes, fastened to the cleats at his berth. A quantity of extra
lines and hooks are carried by the vessel.
(b.) The mackerel fly-hook.—The mackerel fly-hook, formerly very pop-
ular and introduced before 1850, has been discontinued since 1860. This
is an extra hook on a ganging from 12 to 15 inches long, fastened to the
jig-line 8 or 10 inches above the jig. Not being weighted, this hook
floats at an angle when the jig is sinking, and by using it two mackerel
are sometimes caught at once, one biting at the jig and one on the fly-
hook. The fly-hook went out of favor because it was liable to become
entangled with the other fishing-gear.
[87] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. gyi
(c.) The mackerel gaff.—The mackerel gaff is an iron rod a quarter of
an inch in diameter, 34 feet long, having at one end two recurved sharp
points about 2 inches long and separated at the extremities by an inter-
val of one-half to three-quarters of an inch, returning in a line parallel
with the direction of the rod. The mackerel gaff is fastened to a wooden
handle about 10 or 12 feet long, and was used when the mackerel were
schooling thickly alongside of the vessel and were not inclined to take
the hook. The gaff was thrust among the fish and rapidly drawn back,
often impaling one and sometimes two mackerel at atime. This im-
plement has not been used since the introduction of seines, and but
rarely during the last twenty years.
(d.) The mackerel “bob” or “ bobber.”—This is an instrument resembling
the mackerel gaff in the manner of its use. In its rude form the bob
was a stick of wood, around the end of which three or four cod-hooks,
with their barbs filed off, were fastened. The same idea has since been
developed in various ways, the most elaborate form being that illus-
trated in our plate. The bob is fastened to a string and drawn through
a school of fish, impaling them in the same manner as the gaff. This
instrument was discontinued long before the gaff, and, in fact, has never
been so popular. These bobs were used only when the mackerel were
schooling in great numbers alongside of the vessel and refusing to bite.
(e.) Bait and apparatus for its preparation.—Bait used in the mackerel
fishery is of two kinds, (1) that put upon the hooks, and (2) that thrown
into the water to attract the fish.
The method of baiting the jigs which has been adopted by mackerel
fishermen is Somewhat peculiar, and a description of the process may
be of interest in this place.
As a rule, when a mackerel schooner first arrives on the fishing ground
and is about to begin fishing with hook and line, the jigs which are to
be immediately used are baited with small circular pieces of pork rind,
two or three of these being put on each hook. Sometimes, however,
no one but the skipper uses pork-rind bait, the other members of the
crew preferring to wait until some mackerel are caught from which they
can procure a supply of bait for their hooks. The favorite way of bait-
ing mackerel hooks is as follows, namely: Several thin strips about a
half inch wide and three to five inches long, are cut either from the
belly of the mackerel or from the lower portion of the body on either
side of the anal fin.* When a sufficient number of these slices have
been obtained they are cut into sections, each of which is, approximately,
a half inch square. A large number of these pieces are put on the hook,
completely filling the bend, after which the baits are scraped with the
back of a knife in such a manner as to remove everything but the tough
white skin, which, when distended in the water, forms a soft pulpy mass
*Strips for bait cut from near the anal fin are usually preferred, since they cannot
80 easily be torn from the hook as can the fatter and tenderer strips taken from the
abdomen.
S. Mis. 110 12
178 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [88]
about the size of the end of one’s forefinger; but this can be contracted
into a very small space, and thus afford the eager fish ample opportunity
to secure a good hold of the hook while seeking the tempting but yielding
morsel upon it. A bait of this kind will last more than an hour without.
being renewed, even when mackerel are biting sharply. When the fish
are “picking” or less inclined to take the hook, a fisherman is often not
obliged to bait his jigs more than once in a whole day. Sometimes the
fishermen cut out a small circular piece from the throat of the mackerel,
which they place on their hook above the scraped bait. This throat
piece is quite firm and for awhile prevents the soft skins composing the
bait below it from being entangled on the point of the hook and thus
preventing the latter from easily catching the biting fish.
In the early days of the mackerel hook fishery the toll bait chiefly
used was made of small mackerel, and sometimes of large ones too when
small fish could not be obtained. The viscera of the mackerel were also
frequently used in the absence of better. From 1835 to 1840 menhaden
came into general use, andswere subsequently always in high favor. They
had, however, been in common use by Gloucester fishermen at the very
eommencement of the century. They were caught in gill-nets. It was
the custom of the Gloucester people to leave home a little after tea, set
their nets off Kettle Island, and lie there till about midnight. They
would then haul their nets, pick out the fish, and start off to the mack-
erel grounds.*
There can be no question that the custom of chopping up small
mackerel for bait was detrimental to the mackerel fishery in succeeding
years, and that the introduction of menhaden was a benefit to the fishery
in more ways than one. Asa “toll” bait for the mackerel, menhaden
is believed to be better than any other fish; the mackerel seem to prefer
it; and the presence in its flesh of a quantity of oil renders it especially
convenient for the use of fishermen, since in the process of “ chumming-
up,” presently to be described, a small quantity of ground menhaden
bait will spread over a large area of water. In the Report of the Com-
missioner of Fisheries, Part V, pp. 143 to 147, may be found a discussion
of the comparative merits of herring and menhaden as a bait for
mackerel.
The quantity of menhaden bait carried by a mackerel schooner on a
trip of two and a half to three months to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence
varies, according to the size of the vessel, from 25 to 40 barrels. In
addition to this they were accustomed to carry 5 to 10 barrels of clams.
Capt. Sylvanus Smith, of Gloucester, stated to the Halifax Commis-
sion that a vessel fitting out for a four months’ trip to the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence would need to be supplied with 40 barrels of pogie bait, worth
*Mr. Earll writes: ‘‘ Daniel Cameron, of Southport, states that pogies were first
used in Maine about 1844, and by 1846 had come into general use. People of this sec-
tion claim to have introduced the pogy, Brevoortia tyrannus, as mackerel bait, but with
whom the practice originated I was unable to learn.”
[89] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 179
$6 a barrel, making $240, and 10 barrels of clam bait, worth $8 a barrel,
making $80.*
Major Low’s statement, copied from the trip-book of the schooner
Oliver Eldredge, which sailed to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence August 5,
1875, arrived at Gloucester November 2, 1875, having been absent two
months and twenty-eight days, obtaining 224 barrels of mess mackerel,
worth $1,771.83, shows that she fitted out with 55 barrels of slivered
pogies, at $6.50 per barrel, making $337.50, and 7 barrels of clams, at
$6, making $42.
In 1867, when almost the entire mackerel fleet fished with hooks, the
amount of menhaden bait consumed by Gloucester alone amounted, by
the estimate of Mr. Joseph O. Proctor, to 6,500 barrels, and the total
consumption by the United States of mackerel bait must have exceeded
25,000 barrels. In addition to this more than 1,000 barrels of clams
were used. In 1877 another estimate was made of the quantity con-
sumed by Gloucester. The purse-seiners were then in a large majority.
The whole amount consumed by a seining vesSel does not exceed 5 or 6
_ barrels in a season. Gloucester had, in 1877, about 50 “‘ mackerel-hook-
ers,” using about 2,400 barrels of slivers, while the seining fleet used
about 600 barrels more. The entire amount of menhaden bait consumed
by the mackerel fleet of the United States in 1877 did not probably ex-
ceed 8,000 to 9,000 barrels of slivers, or 24,000 to 27,000 barrels of round
fish.
The menhaden used for bait in the mackerel fisheries was formerly,
when a larger quantity was in demand than at present, obtained to a
considerable extent from Gloucester vessels fishing expressly for men-
haden in the vicinity of Cape Ann and in the Gulf of Maine.
Capt. F. J. Babson, of Gloucester, whose account of the bait fishery of
Cape Ann is quoted elsewhere, states that in 1873 there were over 60,000.
barrels of round menhaden taken in his district, while in the same year
vessels belonging to the Maine Oil and Guano Association sold of bait
2,977 barrels; in 1874, 10,400; in 1877, 10,795. From the bait fisheries
about Marblehead and in the vicinity of Provincetown, according to Mr.
Lowry, from 1,000 to 2,000 barrels of bait were taken in 1873. At
Chatham, from 1872 to 1877, the average catch was about 5,000 barrels.
A large portion of all of these fish, however, was sold to the vessels en-
gaged in the George’s Bank cod-fishery. Considerable quantities also
were obtained about Salem and in the Merrimac River, a portion of
which went to the mackerel fishery.
It was the custom of many of the vessels belonging to the spring
mackerel fleet to devote a considerable time to obtaining a supply of
bait for their own use during the summer fishery. In addition to this
quite a number of vessels were fitted out each spring to go to Seacon-
net and other places in that vicinity for the purpose of securing cargoes
of menhaden slivers to sell to the early fleet going to the Bay of Saint
*Proceedings of the Halitax Commission, 1877, Appendix L, p. 334.
180 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [90]
Lawrence. Cape Cod vessels were accustomed to dress their bait in a
peculiar manner. They did not sliver them in the ordinary way, but
salted them down “round,” simply eviscerating them, cutting off the
heads and the thin parts of the belly, and making slits in the sides.
These vessels obtained their bait from the pound fishermen at various
points on the coast of southern New England, especially in the vicinity
of Seaconnet and Rhode Island, and also from the various fishing gangs
connected with the oil and guano factories.
In addition to the vessels which thus obtained supplies of bait for
their own use, there was a fleet of bait vessels which annually proceeded
to the same localities in the spring to obtain bait for sale to the vessels
of the mackerel fleet not otherwise supplied. The number of baiters
was five or Six.
The price of menhaden for bait varied with their abundance. In
Gloucester, in 1873, according to Captain Babson, 60,000 barrels of
round fish made 20,000 barrels of slivers, worth $4 a barrel to the
producer. At Marblehedd the price in 1876 averaged $1 for fresh and
$6 for salt bait; at Chatham, $1.50 fresh; at Nantucket, 50 to 75 cents;
and at Martha’s Vineyard, 50 cents. In Narragansett Bay bait sold in
1871 for $1 to $1.50 per barrel, fresh. The regular price from 1867 to
1877 at the mouth of the Merrimac River was $1 per barrel; probably
1,000 barrels of slivered fish were prepared in 1876, which sold for $5 a
barrel. Boston and Gloucester vessels were accustomed to anchor at
the mouth of the river and wait there for supplies of bait. At one time
in 1877 there were probably 25 schooners waiting.
The process of slivering and salting menhaden was described in the
report on the menhaden fisheries in Part V.
The manner of preparing the slivered menhaden or other fish for toll
bait is very simple, and is essentially the same as that employed in early
days, when it was the custom to grind up small mackerel for bait. Cap-
tain Atwood remarked in his testimony before the fishery commission
at Halifax: “We now use menhaden for bait, but when I first went
fishing we did not do so; our practice then was to grind up small mack-
erel for the purpose. Any quantity of these mackerel were at that
time to be had for the cost, and plenty are to be met there now. These
fish were of no account then, and so we ground them up for bait. And
when we could not obtain them we ground up what you call gurry, the
inwards of fish with the gills attached. American fishermen, when they
fish with hooks, use menhaden bait almost exclusively. The superiority
of this over any other is proved by the fact that when they can’t get
menhaden they won’t take any other. At first mackerel fishermen were
afraid of this bait; it was a very bony fish, and they even thought that
if it was cut up for bait the mackerel would get sick of it owing to the
number of bones. There is a species of fish belonging to this family
found on our coast which is exceedingly fat; we call them blue-backed
[91] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 181
herrings;* and some prefer this fish for bait, as it is not so bony as
menhaden, but when the mackerel got to be worth having, about every-
body adopted menhaden for bait; it is the cheapest bait.” +
To prepare menhaden for use in the mackerel fishery, the slivers are
ground up into a mush which is called “ground bait.” The slivers are
passed through a bait-mill, which is a machine somewhat resembling a
farmer’s feed-cutter. The fish are thrown into the hopper, and, by the
agency of a roller operated by a crank at the side of the mill, are passed
through a complicated array of sharp knives arranged upon the sides
of the mill, and in spiral rows upon the roller. The bait is usually
ground at night by the watch on deck. As arule the bait is run through
the mill twice in order to make it fine enough. When the vessel has no
bait-mill, which at present is rarely the case, the fish are cut up with
a hatchet or scalded with boiling water in a tub. Bait-mills were first
introduced about the year 1822, Prior to the introduction of the bait-
mill all the bait was cut up at night with the hatchet, by the watch, upon
a chopping-block, which was a large flat-topped piece of wood resembling
a butcher’s meat-block. The veterans of this fishery relate with great
glee how they used to be kept awake all night by the pounding of the
bait-cutter over their heads, and contrast the present usages with those
of former days. When there was leisure in the day-time, three or four
men would work at the block together, each chopping with his own
hatchet. In this way a constant supply was kept. Bait which had
been ground was packed in barrels full of pickle, and covered up.
The earlier bait-mills were very rude affairs, the teeth being common
nails driven into the barrel and into the sides of the mill and broken
off, leaving jagged ends which tore the bait into pieces. Later these
were filed down to a point, while at the present time the teeth are arrow-
shaped, made of steel, and are attached to the wood by means of shanks
made especially for the purpose. Bait-mills are now manufactured by
various mechanics at the different ports, those made by Adolph Voss,
of Gloucester, being considered among the best. The cost of a good
bait-mill is from $8 to $15.
According to Maj. D. W. Low, the first bait-mill was made in 1820, of
nails driven in lines across two wooden cylinders and then sharpened.
The first one made for grinding or cutting with knives was made in
1822 by Gorham Burnham, and they were driven into cylinders in the
same manner. In 1823 he commenced putting in the knives in spiral
form, which form has continued in use ever since. He has made and
sold in one year $1,600 worth at $10 each, besides making anchors and
other work.
The first bait-mill taken to southern Maine was bought in Gloucester
*The Clupea estivalis.
tN. E. Atwood, Proceedings of the Halifax Commission, Appendix L, p. 42, Septem-
ber 19, 1877.
182 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [92]
in 1827 by Mr. John Cameron, of Southport, for use on the schooner
Eicho.*
The manner in which the labor of grinding bait was distributed
among the different members of the crew after bait-mills came into
general use varied upon different vessels. Sometimes each man had
his “bait day,” upon which, in addition to his regular labor of fishing,
he was expected to grind bait for the use of the vessel.
When fish were abundant the quantity used might be as great as five
or six barrels a day. The bait-cutter was expected to have a supply of
bait ready, and when there was promise of good fishing the next day
would grind what he thought would be needed for the next day’s fishing
during his watch at night. When he was not forehanded and the fish
were abundant he suffered considerable loss, since he was obliged to
work at grinding the bait while the others were fishing, and thus failed
to obtain his share of the fish.
On some vessels, in order to obviate this difficulty, it was customary
for each man to grind a barrel in his turn, the boys doing their share of
the work by cutting the clam bait. The order of their succession was
determined by their position at the vessel’s rail, the man farthest for-
ward taking the first turn. On other vessels, if a man was not on deck
in the morning to help hoist the sails, the penalty for his absence was
the grinding of a barrel of bait, a task which required about an hour
and a half for its performance.
When the bait has been ground’ it is placed in barrels or in the bait
chests. The ground bait is an oily mass of yellowish color, resembling
in consistency sausage meat. Before it is used water is added to it,
and it is then reduced to the consistency of porridge. It now becomes
a yellowish slushy liquid with an oily smell, and in this condition oceu-
pies about twice to three times the space that it did before water was
added. In this condition it is sometimes called ‘‘ chum” or “ stosh.”
(J:) Mode of fishing.—The present method employed by mackerel
schooners of fishing with hook and line while the schooner lies adrift
was first practiced in Massachusetts at the very beginning of the pres-
ent century, and the use of toll bait began about the same time. Ac-
cording to Capt. Epes W. Merchant, the first man to introduce this
method of fishing in Massachusetts Bay was John Story, of Rockport,
about the year 1804.
The method of “ tolling” or “‘chumming up” the fish by the use of
this ground bait resembles the process of calling up a flock of fowls by
scattering corn over a large piece of ground. The oily bait is thrown
over the side of the vessel, and as the latter drifts along and the bait
spreads the fish are attracted by the floating particles most remote from
the vessel, and swim up toward the source of supply.
The use of toll bait originated with the shore fishermen, who crushed
* Statement of Daniel Cameron and Capt. John Gray, of Southport, Me., obtained
by R. E. Earll.
[93] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 183
the, oily menhaden under foot with their heavy fishing boots, washing
the pulpy mass of flesh and the oil with buckets of water out through
the scuppers of the vessel. Another statement, and perhaps the most
correct one, is that at first the fishermen made toll bait by boiling a cod-
fish or haddock until it was nearly cooked, when it was taken by the
tail and beaten over the sides of the boat or vessel, causing the fibers
of the fish to separate in small pieces, which, considering their white-
ness, made a very attractive bait. This practice was still in vogue
among the boat fishermen of Maine as late as 1849 and 1850.
The process of throwing toll bait, of late in practice, may now be de-
scribed. Several buckets of the ground bait are put into the boxes,
the positions of which have already been described, and to it several
buckets of water are added, the mass being thus reduced to a proper
consistency by stirring it up with the bait-heavers, which are scoop-
shaped contrivances made of tin on the ends of wooden handles 2 or
3 feet in length. The vessel is “hove to” under mainsail and foresail,
or sometimes under mainsail, making a square drift to leeward. One
aman—generally the skipper—stands forward of the main rigging with
the bait-heaver and throws out the bait, something in the manner of a
man sowing seed broadcast, by a sweeping motion of his right arm,
scattering it over a space of 15 or 20 feet along the side of the vessel.
The oily particles slowly sink and spread out under the influence of the
whirling eddies caused by the receding vessel. As the vessel drifts
away and one scattering of bait is on the point of disappearing from
sight, another lot is thrown, and so a succession of waves of bait is left
in the wake of the vessel. In the mean time the man who is throwing
the bait puts out two lines and thus ascertains whether the mackerel
have been attracted to the sides. As soon as the fish begin to bite, the
man sings out, ‘‘ Here they are!” or “Here they gnaw!” and the crew
rush to their places and begin fishing.
When the fish appear, they are sometimes in small numbers and bite
daintily, but often they come in immense schools and bite as fast as the
hooks touch the water.*
* Ngging mackerel.”—‘‘ Jigging mackerel” is a method peculiar to mackerel-catch-
ers that superseded the old way called ‘‘ trailing,” or taking them while the vessel was
under headway. The manner of jigging is peculiarly interesting to new beholders.
The vessel is kept comparatively motionless; a large quantity of poor mackerel chopped
into mince-meat is thrown upon the water, which brings them to the surface. So
much of this has been done that it has, in a great measure, destroyed their appetites,
and sharp-pointed hooks of a sufficient length to reach the fish have been resorted to.
A line of the color of the water, called the jig line, attached to a lead of a finger’s
length, say one-half inch in diameter, diminished at the end towards the hook which
is solid in the lead called a ‘‘jig lead.” Bait of such as is thrown overboard is put on
the hook and thrown also among the “ floating bait,” or more properly the floating fish.
Thus prepared, the fisherman has little else to do but to draw in the line and snap off
the fish in a tub prepared for that purpose a little faster than can be easily imagined
by the land fisherman. From 50 to 80 barrels have often been taken on a good “ fish-
ing day” in this way by a crew of 6 or 8 hands; oftentimes several boys comprise a
portion of the company.—(Barnstable Patriot, Nov. 15, 1836.)
184 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [94]
On these occasions the deck of the vessel presents a scene of great
activity and excitement.
Let us try to depict a scene in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. We are
on the deck of a clipper schooner from Gloucester, standing along with
the four lower sails and the main gaff-topsail set, a fresh breeze blowing
from the southwest; the sky is overcast, and the sea comparatively
smooth; within the plane of vision are the white sails of some 250
schooners, most of which are hove to, a few tearing along under press
of sail seeking new positions; here and there among the fleet is a vessel
with a flag set at her main peak or at her main topmast head; this is
to indicate that she has completed her fare and is homeward bound.
Some of these are lying to, and are still fishing, while others have alk
sail set, and are heading for the Strait of Canso on their homeward
way. A few miles to the northeast looms up the rugged shore of the
Magdalen Islands, its high outline here and there broken by long
stretches of sandy beach; a train of great white gannets crosses our
bow, five or six of them rapidly flying close to the water; suddenly the
leader disappears beneath the water, and his companions rise up for a
moment and then “plug down” head foremost after the fish which they
see. The movement is perceived by other gannets, and they flock in
from all directions and share the feast. As we speed along two or three
of these birds, which have filled themselves to repletion, are swimming in
our course, unable to rise, and, in order to escape, they disgorge their
stomach-loads of fish and flap away just before the vessel reaches
them. We now approach the fleet, and pass by the leeward vessels
which are hove to, the starboard rails of which are lined with men ex-
citedly plying their lines. Our skipper stands on the quarter with his
glass to his eye, trying to determine which portion of the fleet is meet-
ing with the best success. He selects a berth near the middle of the fleet,
and thither he directs the course of the vessel by word to the steers-
man. We thread our way in a zigzag course among the drifting ves-
sels, Sometimes escaping by a few inches only the thrust of a jib-boom,
and again almost snapping off the main-boom of some other vessel. At
length we approach the selected position and heave to, coming up
sharply to the wind with the mainsail hard aback. The skipper takes
his position at the main rigging and begins throwing bait, at the same
time putting out his lines for trial. After the vessel is hove to, the
men are lounging about the deck, yet in expectant attitudes. Ata
little distance from the rail stands a row of barrels, one opposite the
berth of each man. These are called “strike” barrels. The lines, with
the jigs attached, are coiled upon the cleats or lie upon the rails, each
man having examined his own and prepared it for immediate use. At
last the skipper is seen to rapidly haul in his line, pulling a glittering
mackerel over the rail, and, by the peculiar motion known to the fisher-
men as “slatting off,” the fish is jerked over his right shoulder into
the barrel, while the drumming of the mackerel against the bottom of
[95] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL. FISHERY. 185
the barrel announces to the men that the fish have struck. The men
rush to their positions, and a scene of great activity and excitement
begins. The fish are now within four or five fathoms of the side of the
vessel, but they soon come much nearer; looking over the rail we see
their mottled backs as they swim to and fro alongside the vessel.
The lines are shortened up as the mackerel rise, and now the time re-
quired for throwing over the jig and jerking it back with a mackerel
fast to it is only a few seconds. The men throw out their lines, pull
them in, and, without glancing at the fish, dexterously “slat” them into
the barrels, the jigs being torn out of their mouths by the same motion
which casts the line back into the water; two twists of the wrist are
sufficient to accomplish this feat. The mackerel are large—“ No. V’s”—
and in fifteen or twenty minutes the best fishermen have their barrels
full. When a man’s barrel is filled he springs from the rail, rolls it back
towards the center of the deck, and puts an empty barrel in its place.
The fish may continue actively biting for ten minutes or for several
hours, but usually the sharp biting is over very soon, and the mackerel
begin to “pick.” Now the work is less exciting, though much more ex-
acting upon the skill of the fishermen. When the fish are “picking,”
a high-line fisherman will catch quantities, and the greenhorn will catch
none, and even among the most skillful fishermen there is a great dif-
ference in their success at this time.
Tt should be stated that all the time mackerel have been biting, four
men have been actively employed in throwing bait over the side, at the
same time attending to their lines like the remainder of the crew. The
cook heaves bait in the position farthest forward, and one of the boys.
in the position farthest aft, while amidships the skipper and one of the
most experienced of the crew are similarly engaged.*
When the fish begin to “pick,” the skipper reconnoiters for a better
position, and finding that other vessels are having good fishing, orders
the crew to coil in their lines and to make sail; away we goin search of
another ‘‘spurt of mackerel.”
The excitement among the crew, when the mackerel are biting fast,
can hardly be described. When the fishing begins, the drumming of
the mackerel in the empty barrels is inexpressibly cheering to the fish:
ermen, especially if they have been unsuccessfully hunting for fish on
previous days, and adds to their excitement. This sound ceases as the
barrels begin to fill up, the resonance of the wood being deadened by
the accumulation of fish; it is, however, from time to time repeated, as
empty barrels are substituted for those which have been filled. Every
man is striving to the top of his bent to catch as many mackerel as pos-
sible while the “spurt” continues, and, if possible, to catch a larger
*On the mackerel ‘‘ hookers” the cook stood to fish just aft of the forerigging. The
large schooners sometimes had a boy forward of the forerigging, but this was not the
Tule by any means. Each man or boy had a certain number of inches measured on
the rail and assigned him as his berth. The length of a berth at the rail varied from
24 to 3 feet.
186 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [96]
share than any of his comrades. The emulation to be “high-line” for the
day and for the season is extreme. The number of barrels caught by
each man is carefully noted, for upon his relative success depends his
proportion of the proceeds of the voyage and his reputation as a fish-
erman. Ina single day a high-line fisherman has caught from 10 to 15
barrels, and since each barrel contains from 150 to 200 mackerel, the
rapidity of the men’s movements throughout the day may be estimated.
In seven or eight hours’ fishing he has probably lifted over the side 2,000
to 3,000 fish, to say nothing of throwing over his jig and bringing it back
empty almost as many times more. Such cases as this are exceptional,
since mackerel rarely continue biting long enough to allow such a num-
ber to be taken. At the same time, when a much smaller number is
caught, the activity of the fishermen is something to be wondered at.*
The confusion and excitement is increased by the frequent snarling
of the lines and the attempts to straighten them out again. As has
been stated, each expert fisherman has ten or twelve lines in his berth,
and changes from one to the other according to the rapidity with which
the fish are biting, or the strength of the wind. Much experience and
skill are necessary to enable the fishermen to make these changes un-
derstandingly. Little is said while the fishing is going on; the men
jean far over the rail in strange attitudes of expectancy with one or two
lines in each hand, the hands moving up and down and constantly haul-
ing in and throwing out one of the lines at a time. When it is neces-
sary to haul in one of the lines, the others are allowed to drop upon the
rail.
We have described one phase of the life of a mackerel fisherman, but
experiences like this may occur only a few times during a season.
Mackerel vessels are constantly under sail, cruising hither and thither
over great areas of water on the lookout for fish, heaving to and trying
more frequently without than with success, except in extraordinary
seasons. At night they are hove to, or, when mackerel are scarce, are
making long passages from one ground to another. Information as to
the location of the schools of mackerel is passed from vessel to vessel.
As they meet, the vessels almost invariably speak each other and com-
pare notes upon the position and abundance of fish.
When a vessel is seeking fish and heaves to for the purpose of toll-
ing them up, she will continue in this position, as a rule, for about an
hour, sometimes longer, when there is any prospect of success. Some-
times the mackerel, however abundant, will not rise to bait; they are
very capricious; at other times in the same day they will be exceed-
ingly voracious. One of the common tactics of the mackerel fishermen
was that of running round a school; when the fish could be seen, the
vessel would make a complete circle, surrounding them at the same.
* LARGE CATCH OF MACKEREL.—Schooner “ Bloomer,” of Hingham, with a crew of 10
men, caught on Thursday last, between 10 a.m. and 2 p. m., 5,700 mackerel with the
hook and line.—(Barnstable Patriot, May 28, 1861.)
[97] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 187
i)
time with the line of toll bait. The effect of this maneuver was to keep
the fish from moving away by placing the bait in such a manner that
whichever course they took the fish must invariably meet with and be
attracted by it to the vessel’s side. It frequently happened, however,
that the schooling fish took no notice whatever of the toll-bait, either
because they were not hungry, or were engaged in feeding upon some
form of crustacea, of which they are exceedingly fond.
The practice of ‘lee-bowing,” the method of which, so far as the
management of the vessel is concerned, has been described in another
place, was simply to “heave to” to the leeward of another vessel which was
lying to and had a school of fish alongside, and, while so doing, to throw
a quantity of bait overboard; this bait passing under the bottom of the
first vessel would attract the fish, which would then follow the course of
the new bait, passing to leeward under the first vessel and appearing
alongside and close to the vessel which was executing the maneuver
of Jee-bowing. The success of this maneuver is sometimes thwarted
by the crew of the first vessel throwing over such a quantity of bait
that the bait thrown by the second vessel is not noticed by the fish. In
this act it is frequently the custom to use a considerable quantity of
chopped clams, these being considered better to “hold” the fish along-
side than the menhaden bait. The clam bait is also used on other
occasions to “‘hold” the fish, or induce them to bite more rapidly when
they are supposed to be tired of the ordinary bait.
A maneuver sometimes executed by the mackerel schooner is called
“springing up.” This is done when the mackerel are so close to the
shore that the vessel cannot lie to and drift for them. It is accom-
plished by bringing the vessel to anchor and then putting a “spring”
on the cable, the latter, which is a stout rope, being taken to the port-
quarter, and the cable veered out so that the vessel lies with her port
side to the wind. The fishing is then carried on on the starboard side,
in the same manner as with vessels lying to.
In former years, when an extensive mackerel fishery was prosecuted
in the vicinity of the Seven Islands and at the mouth of the Saint Law-
rence River, much jig fishing was carried on by small boats sent out
_ from the vessels. Each of the boats carried a small quantity of ground
bait, which was used in the same manner as on the vessels. This
method of fishing has also been practiced to some extent on the coast
of Maine even as late as 1879.
Vessels occasionally returned home from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence
to land their catch, leaving a portion of their crew to fish from small
boats until their return.*
The above description of jigging mackerel has been written with
*Schooner ‘‘B. D. Haskins” lately arrived from Bay Saint Lawrence with mackerel ;
left five of her crew to continue the fishery in dories until her return on her second
trip.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 17, 1860.) Instances of this kind were rare.—
Authors.
188 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [98]
special reference to the fishery in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, since it
was here that the jig fishing was most extensively prosecuted; the
methods are the same, however, as those practiced on the New England
coast.
296.—CARE OF THE FISH.
(a.) Cleaning and salting.—The manner of caring for the fish is essen-
tially the same as that described in the preceding chapter, except that
(the quantity of fish taken being much smaller, there was, of course,
much more time for handling them) greater care was taken, and the
fish were uniformly of better quality. Many of the Gloucester mack-
erel-hookers were accustomed to divide their crew into dressing gangs
of two each instead of three, as at the present time on the seining ves-
sels, one of these men splitting and the other gibbing. It was the duty
of the splitter to get the barrels, fill them with water, and, when he
had split more fish than the gibber could take care of, to aid the latter
in his work.*
On the seining vessel, as we have seen, the mackerel are, in most
cases, heaped on the deck; on the mackerel-hookers, the tish were
already in barrels, and the order of proceeding was slightly different.
The splitting-board was placed on the head of one of the “strike” bar-
rels; the fish were taken out of the barrels, split, and thrown into the
gib-tub, where they were handled in the ordinary manner. The pro-
cess of gibbing having been completed, the fish were “plowed” and
put into the second barrel, which was filled with clean water. From
this barrel they were changed into the barrel in which they were salted.
The process of salting is as follows: A barrel of mackerel is emptied
out on deck; a “gib-keeler” is filled with salt; one of the men now
throws the mackerel into the “ gib-keeler,” while the other man “rubs”
them in the salt by taking one in each hand; the back of one is then
placed to the flesh of the other, and they are thrown into the barrel
with the flesh side down. They are thus salted and packed away into
barrels in successive layers, each (with the exception of the bottom
tier) with the flesh side down.t A barrel of large mackerel can be
salted in from five to ten minutes.
In order to cure mackerel successfully very fine salt must be used,
and every part of the fish must be touched or it will spoil.t Careless
*The most general custom, perhaps, on the Gloucester vessels was to have two men
ina gang, though this was varied a good deal on different schooners. Some crews
preferred dress gangs of three men each, while others sometimes had four men work-
ing together, one of them “passing up” the mackerel to the splitter.
+ The early method of packing them flesh up has been abandoned.
¢This is the case when the mackerel are ‘‘rubbed,” Liverpool salt being almost
wholly used, since Cadiz salt, owing to its coarseness, has a tendency to tear or
“ruck up” the flesh of the fish and give them a ragged appearance. Many of the
Cape Cod fishermen, however, preferred to use Cadiz salt, believing it to be better for
curing the fish than Liverpool. Their manner of applying it was quite different from
that which has been described. Each man salted his own catch. Placing a wash-
&
9) HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 189
salters sometimes leave ‘‘thumb-marks” where their thumbs touch the
fish during the process of salting, preventing the access of the salt.
These do not keep well.
It was customary on the “hookers” to let the mackerel remain on
deck for several days after being salted, the length of time varying to
a considerable extent, as it depended very much on the amount of fish
taken. When the mackerel were well struck, or after they had been
salted from two to five or six days, the barrels were “topped up” with
fish, to make up for the shrinkage from the first salting, after which
they were carefully headed up and stowed in the hold. If the men kept
their catch separate, each one cut a private mark on the head of the
barrel containing his fish. As a rule, the mackerel were ‘stowed down”
whenever 40 or 50 barrels had accumulated on deck, but when fish were
abundant and took the hook freely for several days in succession it
often happened that more than a hundred barrels of fish would be
caught before any were put below.
Capt. Epes W. Merchant, of Gloucester, informs us that the practice
of salting mackerel was inaugurated at Gloucester in 1818. Scituate
fishermen had begun this practice somewhat earlier. The methods of
salting have not materially changed since that time. Previous to 1850
the vessels engaged in mackerel fishing were generally accustomed to
earry butts, in which the fish were salted.
Capt. Chester Marr tells us that in the early days the mackerel fisher-
men made a practice of salting the mackerel in hogsheads, which were
placed in the hold, standing on end, with stone ballast stowed in the
“spaces” between them. When a vessel was loaded she would hold
about 10 butts, or about 50 “ wash-barrels.” These butts were used until
about 1850.
barrel of mackerel at his left hand, an empty barrel in front of him, and with a bucket
or basket of salt at his right, the fisherman rapidly transferred the fresh fish into the
proper barrel, placing each flesh up, and scattering over it with the right hand a
sufficient quantity of salt. An expert can thus take care of many more fish than
any one unacquainted with the method would believe possible, though, it is safe to
say, mackerel can be handled more expeditiously by the process of rubbing, and for
this reason the Cape Cod style of salting has never come into favor at Cape Ann and
on the coast of Maine.
*The largest of the mackerel schooners had sufficient capacity for stowing 20 or 25
butts, besides a number of barrels alongside of them in the wings on each side of the
hold.
When salting mackerel in these casks, the salters worked in the hold. A gib tub was
filled with salt and set on top of the butts near the hatchway, and one man threw
down the mackerel from the deck into the salt box (or gib tub) while two others
standing alongside of the butts did the salting—one ‘‘rubbing” the fish and the other
packing them away in the proper place. When the cask was full a large stone was
placed on top of the fish to keep them beneath the brine so that they would not get
rusty. Each man usually had a hogshead of his own for the reception of his fish; that
is, if each of the crew kept his catch separate. At that time, however, it was quite
generally the custom to ‘‘go on shares.” This term, as then understood, differed radi-
cally from what is now meant by the same expression, and may be described as fol-
2
190 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [100]
(b.) Mackerel plows.—The mackerel plows, to which frequent allusion
has been made, are also known to the fishermen by several other names,
such as rimmers, reamers, fatters, and fatting-knives, in the same and
in different localities. The original object of using these instruments
may be said to have been “a trick in the trade,” although the fact of
their being employed at the present time is so well known that no one
- gonsiders it any longer a secret, neither has it been for many years.
The quality of mackerel is determined not only by their size, but also
by the richness or fatness which they acquire as the season advances,
and the opportunities for obtaining food are better than during the
spring. In the spring when they approach the coasts of the Middle
States and Southern New England they are in a poor and lean con-
dition and remain in such a state until after they have deposited their
spawn. After the spawning-season is over the schools then seek their
favorite feeding-grounds and the fish soon begin to exhibit much im-
provement in their condition. During the month of June this improve-
ment is first noticeable, and by the last of August, and sometimes even
at an earlier date, the mackerel have arrived at their finest condition and
remain so until they leave the coast in the fall. As the fish fatten, the
belly, or that portion which covers the abdominal cavity, increases in
thickness, and the quality of the mackerel can be more easily and cer-
_ tainly determined by noticing this particular portion of it than in any
other manner. The mackerel are invariably split along the back from
the snout to the tail in such a manner that they will lay open and
flat after the viscera has been removed. It is a fact well known to per-
sons familiar with this fish that when they are in a fat condition the
sides of the abdominal cavity will crack open along the entire length
when the fish are opened for the purpose of removing the viscera. The
depth of these cracks or ‘‘breaks” show the relative fatness of the fish.
As these cracks occur about half way from the backbone to the center
of the abdominal cavity, it will be readily seen that by using an imple-
ment for making the crack a little above or nearer to the backbone than
where it would naturally be and where the belly is considerably thicker,
ows: The crew were shipped as much upon their merits of good seamanship and
steady habits as for their skill as fishermen. Each man was provided with a “strike
tub” —a half hogshead—and for the first few days’ fishing the skipper would note the
eatch of each of the men, and from this comparison would decide what share every
one should receive. Thus some half dozen, perhaps, in a crew of 12 or 14 men would
be assigned a full share. Though there might be some difterence in the relative catch
of these men it was thought fair to consider a capable and reliable man a full shares-
man, though he caught somewhat less fish than another who might not be so well
experienced in other matters. The remainder of the men were allowed three-fourths
or one-half of a share, as the case might be, their expertness in catching fish and
other qualifications always being taken into account in settling their relative standing,
Thus, if a vessel had a crew of twelve men, six of whom were full sharesmen, four
three-quarter sharesmen, and two half sharesmen, there would be ten full shares, and
@ sharesman would receive one-tenth of the crew’s half of the proceeds of the voyage,
while those having a smaller “lay” would be paid accordingly.
[101] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 191
it will give the fish the appearance of being much fatter than it really
is. As previously stated, the depth of the “break” is the test of the
fatness of the fish, and is the guide by which the inspectors cull them
into the different grades for market, provided always that they are of
suitable size. Stringent laws have in past years been enacted in most
of the New England States to regulate the method of inspecting mack-
erel, and the use of any artificial means to fatten them was for many
years strictly prohibited. The introduction of the mackerel plow, like
that of many other inventions, was the direct result of a need long felt
by fishermen. Previous to its adoption it was the custom for the fisher-
men to attempt to improve the looks of their fish by increasing the nat-
ural break with their thumb-nails drawn along its entire length. This
method was called ‘‘ rubbing the mackerel.” Later a few began to use
the back of the point of their bait-knives or splitting-knives for this pur-
pose, by degrees venturing to place the cut a little higher than where it
naturally belonged. The use of knives led to the introduction of plows,
which soon came into general use, though the fishermen at first felt some
hesitation about revealing the fact that their fish had been plowed.*
A comparatively poor mackerel would not open sufficiently in a
natural way to pass for a No. 2, but the fishermen give them an invit-
ing appearance to the buyer by the use of the plow, which they handle
with remarkable dexterity, running the blade longitudinally along each
side of the abdominal cavity with great rapidity, laying the sides of
the fish open in such a manner that it may pass for a No. 2, and, per-
haps, if it is of large size, a fairly fat fish may be culled as a No.1 mack-
erel. It is but fair to say here that, since the general adoption of the
mackerel piow as a means of “fattening” the fish, the subject is so
well understood by the dealers that they demand a finer looking fish
than formerly, and the consumer, therefore, actually gets as good an
article as before, and one that is much more attractive. This is espe-
cially the case when the size of the mackerel is not sufficient to pass for
the best quality, or No.1. <A fish whose length is 13 inches and “of
* From a circular addressed to the masters and crews of mackerel vessels by Hon.
James Barry, inspector-general of pickled fish for Massachusetts, dated May 2, 1832,
we quote the following in relation to the use of tha mackerel plow: ‘‘It is a mis-
chievous error that fishermen have fallen into by salting their fish too slack, as has
been often the case; and another by using the plow, which has given to the fish a false
appearance, and has been a source of mortification to the fishermen, and they have in
a great many instances found fault with the inspectors when the fault belonged to
themselves in not taking care of the fish which it was their duty to do, and which in.
many cases has been a ruinous business to purchasers. By a law of the common-
wealth the inspector is required to throw into an inferior quality all mackerel which
have been plowed, cut, or mutilated for the purpose of deception. It can be of no
advantage to the fishermen, and I trust will never again be done.”
Capt. N. E. Atwood says that some of the fishermen made mackerel plows with
‘the ends tipped with pewter and fine teeth on the edges so as to make the crease
look rough, as though it was broken naturally; others had a knife in the end which
cut them [the mackerel] smoothly.”
192 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [102]
suitable fatness” is required for a No. 1, but it is easy to see that a fish
of fine quality, though not exceeding 12 or 124 inches, is just as good
for food, notwithstanding the fact that it must pass for a lower grade
and be sold for a much less price. For the past few years a very large
portion of the mackerel caught on our coast have been “undersized,”
that is, not long enough to pass for the best quality, according to the
inspection laws of New England; nevertheless they are in all respects
quite as good as the larger and rarer grades.
As previously stated, the fishermen no longer make a secret of using
the plow, and during the summer season, when the wharves on the
eastern coast are filled with mackerel, the operators may be seen in the
open air busily rimming the fish almost as fast as they can pick them
up and throw them into another barrel. There are many styles of
this type of knife, their patterns and designs being as varied as the
fancies of those who make them. They are, with but few exceptions,
made by the fishermen; some of them are exceedingly plain and rough,
while others are artistically and elaborately decorated, often with
imaginary uncouth figures or with fancifully carved leaves, wreaths, &c.
There are several knives of this character deposited in the fisheries
collection of the United States National Museum, and among them is
one factory-made rimmer, with a polished walnut handle and a curved
iron shank about one-quarter inch in diameter; into the forward end of
the shank is fitted a small cutting blade about 14 inches in length,
tapering to a point at the heel, and with a square-cut forward end.
There are also other styles made by the fishermen, some having steel
and others having copper blades, and one specimen made of wood, in
the form of a human leg, the extreme end terminating in a thick-set
flat foot, in the bottom of which is inserted or driven a silver three-cent
piece, ground to a sharp edge, to be used as the knife or plow.
27.—HOMEWARD PASSAGE AND DISPOSITION OF THE FISH.
When one of the vessels in the fleet has obtained a fare of fish, or
the skipper decides to go home, sometimes with a partial fare, the flag
is usually set at the maintop-mast or on the main peak. This custom
was not so common on our*coast as in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The
fish being salted, the homeward passage was usually performed in a
leisurely manner, unless indeed the return was made during the fishing
season, and the skipper expected to make another trip, in which case the
utmost expedition was used, and rapid passages were made. Jor sev-
eral years it has been a common practice for vessels fishing in the Gulf
of Saint Lawrence to land their fish at the Strait of Canso, or some-
times at Prince Edward Island, sending the fish home by steamer or
freight vessels. This was only done when the vessel had obtained a
large fare, and there was a prospect of another successful trip for fish
that season. By this means vessels sometimes filled up three or four
{103] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 193
times in the course of the summer, obtaining, in some instances, as
many as 1,100 to 1,200 barrels.*
28.—FINANCIAL PROFITS OF THE MACKEREL HOOK FISHERY.
Old-fashioned vessels were employed as seiners for a number of years
from Gloucester, it then being thought by many of the fishermen that
swift sailers were not so necessary for this branch of the fisheries as for
some others. In this respect, as in many other things, there has been
a radical change.
The expense of fitting out with seine, boat, &c., deterred many of the
owners from sending their vessels seining, and the more conservative
clung to the old method of jigging until the failure of mackerel in the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence compelled them to adopt the seine or abandon
the business.
Asa matter of course such large stocks and enormous profits were not
obtained by the seiners years ago as they have made for the past two
years, 1880 and ’81. Neverthless many of them did well. But a vessel’s
“fit out” for jigging cost comparatively little, and with a much smaller
stock more clear money would be left than if she went seining. ‘This,
together with the fact that more or less risk is attached to seining, such,
for instance, as losing the apparatus altogether, having the net torn, the
*The influence exerted upon the settlements in the Strait of Canso in the period
between 1850 and 1870, by the trade thus derived from the mackerel fleet, was very
remarkable. In many of the coves, on either side of the strait, smal] villages sprang up,
and large store-houses and wharves were built where the American vessels could secure
storage for their fish until they could be shipped, and also at the same time obtain
supplies of salt, bait, provisions, &c., which they required for the prosecution of their
voyages. This, of course, brought a great deal of money to the people of Canso, and
many of the merchants who were not slow to take advantage of the circumstances
became quite wealthy. Those were lively times in the strait, and it was not an unu-
sual thing to see ten or twenty sail of mackerel schooners lying at Port Hawkesbury
or at McNair’s or some of the other coves discharging their cargoes and taking on
board outfits for another trip. This afforded much employment to local residents
and remunerative returns. Most of the people who owned wood lands devoted their
time in winter to cutting and preparing for use a lot of fuel which they could readily
dispose of the following summer to the American fishermen at good prices ; and who-
ever was fortunate enough to have a small stream or brook running through his land
near the coves, usually derived quite a revenue from the American fishermen by charg-
ing five or ten cents per barrel for the water which they were obliged to fill there.
Of late years, however, since the general introduction of the purse-seine in the mack-
erel fisheries, and the consequent failure of our fishing fleets to resort to the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence during the mackerel season, a great change has taken place in the pros-
perity of the settlements at Canso. So much so, indeed, that many of the wharves
and store-houses have been allowed to fall into decay and become nearly worthless
from disuse. Most of the coves which were formerly the scene of busy life and activity
during the mackerel season, now have a comparatively deserted and forlorn appear-
ance. Many of the merchants have moved away to Halifax and other business centers
‘of the provinces, while those who remain find their business much less remunerative
than it was at the time when the Strait of Canso was frequented by a large fleet of
American mackerel schooners, which were engaged in fishing in the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence.
S. Mis. 110 13
194 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [104]
boat stove, &c., served to deter the timid ones from engaging in it until
compelled to. !
Rapid advances in the knowledge of using the purse-seine have been
made within the past few years, which no doubt has had a strong influ-
ence in changing the hook fishery into seining. For a number of years
it was believed that mackerel could not be taken except in shoal water
where the seine would reach bottom, and as a result of this but compar-
atively little could be done. More recently the practice of seining in
the night; tolling the fish alongside of the vessel and then surrounding
them, &c., have added much to the profits of the fishermen.
The large net profits which were sometimes made by the mackerel
hook fishermen previous to 1870 bore no mean comparison to the money
cleared by the seiners of the present day, though, of course, the latter
frequently get higher stocks. This, as mentioned above, is due to the
difference of the cost of fitting out of a-vessel for hooking and for
seining, the expense for the latter often being twice or three times as
much as it would be for line fishing. The following account of some of
the large mackerel stocks made by vessels engaged in fishing with hook
and line we copy from the “ Fishermen’s Memorial”:
“The largest stock made in the Bay of Saint Lawrence mackerel fish-
ery was that of schooner “Colonel Ellsworth,” Capt. George Robinson,
in 1865. She was absent about five months, her net stock amounting to
$13,728.* The high-liner’s share was $558; cook’s, $582.
“Schooner “Gen. Grant,” Captain Coas, in 1864, stocked, in two trips
to the Bay of Saint Lawrence, $11,254.94, clear of all expenses.t The
high line made $502.24; cook’s share, $638.17.
“¢Schooner ‘Nor’ Wester” the same year stocked $9,721.74, net, in one
Bay trip; the high liner making $308.60, and the cook $486.61.
“Schooner “Gen. Sherman,” in a three months’ trip to the bay in 1864
packed 612 barrels of mackerel, her net stock amounting to $9,696.
High-liner’s share, $575.06.
“Schooner “Kit Carson,” in 1865, brought in 591 barrels of mackerel,
having been absent about ten weeks. Her net stock amounted to
$6,542. High-liner’s share, $260.
‘Schooner “James G. Tarr,” in 1866, stocked $5,824 in a nine weeks’
trip to the bay. Cook’s share, $331.76.
“Schooner ‘Seddie C. Pyle,” in 1871, packed 1,070 barrels of mackerel
caught off this shore,{ in addition to 18,000 southern mackerel sold fresh
in New York, in the spring. Her net stock for the year was $10,561.66.
High-liner’s share, $491.38; cook’s share, $708.52.
“Schooner ‘ Kureka,” in six months’ mackereling off this shore in 1868,
packed 935 barrels, her stock amounting to $10,748.33. High-liner’s
share, $440.52; cook’s share, $473.70."§
* Her gross stock—the amount her fish sold for—was doubtless about $16,000.
t Her gross stock would be between $13,000 and $14,000.
{New England coast.
§ Fishermen’s Memorial and Record Book, pp. 86 and 87.
mf 105] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 195
29.—ITINERARY OF A MACKEREL VOYAGE TO THE GULF OF SAINT
LAWRENCE.
(By Maj. D. W. Low.)
We go to Essex, a neighboring town on Cape Ann, six miles from
Gloucester, or to the ship-yards of Gloucester, where we see on the
stocks, ready for launching, a schooner of 60 or 70 tous, built in that
thorough and staunch manner which makes the American fishing
schooner celebrated for her sailing and seaworthy qualities required in
the hazardous business she was built for.
We next find the schooner alongside of the wharf in Gloucester, where
she is got ready, or “fitted,” for a voyage to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence,
called a “bay trip.” Fifty-five barrels of porgies and seven barrels of
clams, with fifty hogsheads of salt in 115 barrels, and sixteen barrels of
water are stowed by her crew in her hold, on top of which are stowed 335
barrels more with their heads taken out and put inside, both head and
barrel being numbered. After the provisions, lines, hooks, &ce., are on
board the flag is hoisted and she is ready for sea, having cost to that time
$7,700 for the vessel and $2,075 for her outfits. Had she been fitted
for seining her outfits would have cost $750 more, making her total cost
with outfits $10,525.
Leaving Gloucester August 5, 1875, we proceed to the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence with seventeen hands, shipped “by the berth,” according to
their experience as fishermen, the best fishermen getting the best berths,
which are nearest to and on each side of the master. The master’s
berth is forward of the main rigging on the starboard side, nearly in
the center of the vessel. Formerly the berths to fish, with exception of
the master’s and cook’s, were sold at auction on board the vessel after
she had started, as high as $50 or even more being paid for first choice;
the amount of the bids, called “berth money,” was equally divided
among the sharesmen, they paying the amount of the excess of their
bid over the average share. The cook fishes forward so as to be handy
to his cooking. After each man’s berth is decided upon, each one pre
pares the cleats for his lines on the bulwarks under the rail at his berth.
“Jigs” are run in the “jig molds,” and the lines, eight to twelve to each
man, are neatly put upon the cleats ready for service. After passing
through the Gut of Canso (stopping there for a little wood), the vessel is
ready for fishing. Lashed on the “ port” side of the schooner, opposite
the skipper, stands the “ bait-mill,” at which each of the crew, excepting
the master and cook, take turns, commencing with the youngest, in
grinding bait. The slivers of porgies are ground up fine, and clams
are chopped with a long handled chopper, which are mixed with the
porgie bait and some of it put into a box called the “bait-box” which
is hung outside of the bulwarks, to the right of the master’s berth, and
water is added to it. After the vessel is “hove to” and she commences
196 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [106]
to drift to leeward, the master, with a “‘bait-heaver,” throws the bait
from the bait-box into the water fore and aft the vessel to attract and
draw the mackerel alongside. Some of the crew are below and others
looking on, or perhaps put out a line with the skipper’s to try for
them. Soon the peculiar tapping of a mackerel’s tail is heard on the
bottom of a barrel, which, with the cry of “here they ere,” from the
skipper, brings every man to his berth, and for a time the “strike bar-
rels” standing a little in the rear and at the right of the fisherman, in
which the mackerel are slat from the hooks, resound with the lively
occupants. . The best fishermen fishing with four and sometimes six
lineseach. The ‘“‘spurt,” however, is soon over, and after “ picking” one
once in a while the master orders “take in your lines,” after which we
haul in our mainsail, hoist the jib, and go on. The mackerel are then
_ dressed, generally by gangs of three, comprising a “splitter,” one to
pass up the mackerel to him, and the “‘ gibber”; the mackerel, after being
split, are thrown into a “keeler,” which is a shoal square box, about two
by three feet square, which are put on board in nests of three; the
‘“‘cibber,” with mittens on to prevent getting his hands sore from the
bones, opens the mackerel, takes out the gills and entrails (which are
thrown overboard after dressing the catch), and throws the mackerel
into a barrel partly filled with water to soak the blood from them, which
is called a “wash barrel”; after soaking, they are thrown into a keeler
of salt, a few at a time, rubbed all over in the salt, and packed in a
“sea barrel,” one barrel of salt (34 bushels) being used in packing four sea
barrels; after the barrel is filled and the fish allowed to shrink it is
filled up (sometimes there is not time enough to allow it to shrink before
heading up). The head of the barrel is put in reversed, on which the
private mark of the catcher is cut in to identify it when landed, after
which the barrels of mackerel are stowed in the hold. Frequently,
when mackerel are scarce and time hangs heavy, industrious ones will
‘‘mess” their mackerel by scraping the blood from the backbone and
cutting off the heads and tails, losing by the operation thirteen pounds
on a hundred, but making the mackerel bring more in the market for the
labor.
During our voyage we sometimes tried for mackerel with others of
the fleet one or two miles from shore, and being “hove to” together, and
occasionally picking a mackerel which, as it glistened in the sun com-
ing over the rail, no doubt led those on shore to suppose we were get-
ting a good catch of fish, when fifteen wash barrels would cover the whole
catch for the tleet in several hours’ fishing. The latter part of October
finds us on the way home, at Georgetown, Prince Edward Island,
where we put in for a harbor, paying one dollar for harbor dues, and on
2d of November arrived at Gloucester, having been absent two months
and twenty-eight days, and caught 250 sea barrels of mackerel.
The mackerel are hoisted out with a horse, the crew paying for it in
preference to hoisting them out by hand, as formerly. After being
landed each man’s lot is stood upon the head together, with the marked
[107] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 197
head up. One of the crew unheads them, another pitches the mack-
erel as wanted into a ‘culling-crib,” which is made about three feet wide
and four feet long, with slat bottom, at each end of which stands an ex-
perienced and careful ‘‘culler,” who tosses the mackerel according to
their grade into “culling tubs,” which hold a half barrel each; two of
the crew then place the tubs when full on the platform of a beam scale
where the “weigher” weighs them off, crying out “barrel of one’s,”
or whatever the weight or grade requires; two of the crew empty them
into the ‘‘packing cribs,” while the master places the account of it
under the name of the catcher, and the packer with a piece of red chalk
marks the head.of the barrel or whatever package is used with the
grade of the mackerel. Half a bushel of salt to the barrel is used in
packing, after which the cooper takes them, and after putting in the
head it is rolled out on the wharf by a laborer and there bored and
pickled off by the “pickler.” After being pickled off and bunged,
they are stood upon their head and branded with the deputy inspec-
tor’s name and grade of the fish; the trip is sold by the owner with the
master, he acting for himself and crew; the voyage is then made up
in the ordinary manner. When the mackerel are delivered to the
packer the vessel and crew are done with them as producers.
EK.—THE MACKEREL GILL-NET FISHERY.
30.—IMPLEMENTS, METHODS, AND RESULTS OF MACKEREL DRAGGING.
Considerable quantities of mackerel are sometimes caught in gill-
-nets at various points along the New England coast from Vineyard
Sound to Eastport. For the most part, however, they are taken west
of Mount Desert. This fishery is carried on in two ways: The gill-nets
may be anchored and left out over night, as is the custom about Prov-
incetown, or they may be set from a boat or vessel. The latter method
is called “dragging”; the vessels are called “draggers,” or “ drag-boats,”
and the fishermen ‘‘mackerel draggers.”
The mackerel gill-nets are 20 to 30 fathoms long, 2$ fathoms deep,
with a mesh varying from 24 to 3 inches. In Provincetown harbor they
are set in the following manner:
About the middle of November the fishermen of Provincetown Bay
begin to put out nets for the large mackerel on its return. On one oc-
casion Captain Atwood had twelve nets out, five miles from land. On
the last night of November he had taken nothing, bat on visiting the
nets the next day, he found they had sunk to the bottom filled with
mackerel. He, however, succeeded in getting up eight, and the nets
as they came to the surface looked like a sheet of silver. Three thou-
sand three hundred and sixty mackerel were taken from these eight nets
by nightfall. The next day the remaining nets were dragged in and
1,700 more taken, making 5,000 fish netted at a single catch. On an-
198 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [108]
other occasion a catch lasted three nights, when he alone caught mack-
erel enough of the best quality to make sixteen barrels when packed.*
In Gloucester harbor and at other points on the coast of Massachu-
setts and Maine they are set in shallow water, one or both ends being
anchored and their position marked by buoys on each end of the gang.
When set thus in protected harbors they are ordinarily placed across
the direction of the tide, usually in-a cove or bight of the harbor where
the mackerel are known to occur, and where they are out of the track
of vessels.
The most extensive “ drag-net fishery” is carried on by the vessels of
Portland and Friendship, Me. The method employed by these fisher-
men six years ago was somewhat as follows: The vessels are small
schooners of 15 to 25 tons. They usually run out from the harbor near
the close of the day, timing their departure so that they will be upon
the fishing grounds about sunset, except when it is necessary to go a
long distance out to sea, in which case, of course, the time of starting
is earlier. Reaching a locality where mackerel are supposed to be
abundant the vessel is hove to, and a gang of 10 to 20 nets is paid out.
The nets are fastened together at top and bottom, and the outer end is
marked by a buoy, other buoys being distributed along the gang at in-
tervals, the junction between each pair of nets being generally marked
by a keg orspar. To the last net is fastened a rope called a “ net swing,”
corresponding to the “ fleeth-rope” used by the herring fishermen of
Europe. This is a rope of three inches in circumference and 60 to 70
fathoms long. It is paid out to its full length and made fast at the bow
of the vessel. The foresail is then lowered down and furled, and the
vessel lies head to the wind, drifting to leeward and dragging the nets -
as she goes. If the wind is moderate the whole mainsail is kept up,
but if the breeze is fresh, or what is called a mackerel breeze, it is
reefed. Under favorable circumstances the nets are allowed to remain
out all night, but the fishermen in the two dories row constantly along
the nets back and forth noticing the movements of the fish, and espe-
cially looking out for the approach of dogfish. When a school of dog-
fish approaches the nets after any number of mackerel have been gilled
it is at once necessary to take them in less the dogtish should devour
the mackerel, chew innumerable holes in the twine, and roll themselves
up in it until it is so twisted and tangled that it takes the labor of days
to get it in proper condition for setting again. » If the fishermen are not
annoyed by dogfish the nets are allowed to remain down, as has been
stated, all night long, and the men in the dories constantly pick out
the fish, frequently carrying their catch back to the vessel. When the
dogfish attack the nets they haul them in with the utmost expedition
and bundle them as hurriedly as possible into the bottom of the dory,
and after they have lifted them to the deck of the vessel take out the
fish from among the meshes.
*Captain Atwood, Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat., x, 1865-’66.
{109] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. fog
Itis part of the duty of the men in the dories to keep a vigilant lookout
for approaching vessels. The gang of nets may be more than half a mile
in length, and the keel of a large vessel passing over it would be almost
certain to cut it in two. When it is still weather they row toward any
vessel which they may see coming and ask the men on watch to steer
clear of the nets; otherwise they are obliged to stand by the nets and
repair the damages as best they may. Sometimes the approaching ves-
sels are induced to stear clear of the nets by the dorymen, who hold
up a lantern for that purpose. The mackerel caught in this manner
are always carried fresh to the shore, and are intended chiefly for the
supply of the markets of the large cities. They are packed in bar-
rels, and may or may not be gibbed through the gills before reaching
shore. <A vessel setting a long string of nets may catch as much as
fifty barrels of mackerel in a night, but ordinarily not more than five
or ten barrels, frequently less. The barrels are carried on deck, and
the fish are put in them as soon as they are removed from the nets.
When the weather is warm the barrels are filled with ice-water. Be-
sides the mackerel caught, considerable quantities of shad and ale-
wives are taken in these nets. On an excursion made by one of the
writers from Portland in 1873, besides six barrels of mackerel, there
were caught with a small string of nets about forty fine shad, averaging
two pounds each, and three or four hundred of that species of alewives
known to the Portland fishermen by the names of. “ kyack,” ‘cat-
thresher,” “ saw-belly,” or ‘‘ blue-back,” probably identical with the glut-
herring, Clupea aestivalis, of the Chesapeake basin, the summer ale-
wive occasionally taken in New England rivers. On this occasion the
mackerel were feeding extensively on various entomostraca, with which
the water was filled, and which imparted to it a vivid phosphorescence
all night long. The presence of these animals, and of others more
minute, causes the water and the nets to “fire” in such a manner as
often to render them so visible to the fish that they successfully avoid
contact with the twine.
The mackerel caught at Provincetown in gill-nets are brought in by
the boats, and shipped by the fishermen to Boston in vessels devoted
specially to this business, the owners of which receive a percentage
upon the amount of their sales.
The crew of a Maine mackerel-dragger consists generally of two to
four men, the vessels being usually owned by the fishermen.
The custom of dragging for mackerel, though practiced for centuries
in Europe,* appears to have been first used in this country at Province-
*For convenience of comparison the following description of drift-net fishing for
mackerel on the coast of England is quoted from Yarrell’s British Fishes:
‘““The most common mode of fishing for mackerel, and the way in which the greatest
numbers are taken, is by drift-nets. The drift-net is 20 feet deep by 120 feet long;
well corked at the top, but without lead at the bottom. They are made of small fine
twine, which is tanned of a reddish-brown color to preserye it from the action of the
salt water, and it is thereby rendered much more durable.
“The size of the mesh is about 23 inches, or rather larger. Twelve, fifteen, and
200 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [110]
town about the year 1841, where it is still prosecuted to a considerable
extent in addition to the stationary gill-net fishery which has been men-
tioned.* At first small open boats were used, such as the one described
and figured in the fishery census report under the name of “ Province-
town drag-boat.” About 1845 Provincetown fishermen with their boats
and nets essayed dragging for mackerel in the vicinity of Monhegan,
Me., and by their example this practice was introduced into Maine,
and since that time it has been carried on at various points on the coast.
sometimes eighteen of these nets are attached lengthways by tying along a thick
rope, called the drift-rope, and the ends of each net to each other. When arranged
for depositing in the sea, a large buoy attached to the end of the drift-rope is thrown
overboard, the vessel is put before the wind, and, as she sails along, the rope with
the nets thus attached is passed over the stern into the water till the whole of the
nets are thus thrown out. The nets thus deposited hang suspended in the water per-
pendicularly, 20 feet deep from the drift-rope and extending from three-quarters of a
mile to a mile, or even a mile and a half, depending on the number of nets belonging
to the party or company engaged in fishing together. When the whole of the nets
are thus handed out, the drift-rope is shifted from the stern to the bow of the vessel, and
she rides by it as at anchor. The benefit gained by the boats hanging at the end of
the drift-rope is that the net is kept strained in a straight line, which, without this
pull upon it, would not be the case. The nets are ‘shot’ in the evening, and some-
times hauled once during the night; at others, allowed to remain in the water all
night. The fish roving in the dark through the water hang in the meshes of the nets,
which are large enough to admit them beyond the gill-covers and pectoral-fins, but
not large enough to allow the thickest part of the body to pass through. In the
morning early preparations are made for hauling the nets. A capstan on the deck is
manned, about which two turns of drift-rope are taken; one man stands forward to
untie the upper edge of each net from the drift-rope, which is called casting off the
lashings; others haul the net in with the fish caught, to which one side of the vessel
is devoted; the other side is occupied with the drift-rope, which is wound in by the
men at the capstan.”—(The History of British Fishes, first edition, 1836, vol. 1, pp.
126, 127.)
*Capt. N. E. Atwood, at Provincetown, writes as follows in regard to the introduc_
tion of the method of dragging for mackerel at Cape Cod: ‘‘As early as I can recollect
most of the mackerel taken along our coast were caught with hook and line. A few
gill-nets were set at moorings in our harbor and along the Truro shore during the first
part of the mackerel season or as soon as the fish came in. The mackerel which were
then taken in nets were sent to Boston market and sold fresh, sometimes bringing
good prices. As the mackerel would not bite at the hook when they first struck in we*
would often get two weeks fishing before a sufficient quantity of mackerel were caught
on the hook to glut the market. Boston market being at that time small and no ice
used in packing, only a few fresh fish could be sold there at any one time.
‘Tn 1841 I went to Monomoy Bay (Chatham) to fish for shad; we went out in the
bay and put out our gill-nets and drifted with them all night, if the weather would
permit that mode of fishing, which we then and have always since called ‘dragging.’
On my return home to engage in the mackerel net fishery, very few had been caught
in nets in our harbor, but large schools of mackerel had been passing in by Race Point
and Wood End, and were going up the bay. I took my mackerel nets in the boat and
and went out in the bay towards Plymouth, some two or three miles, and put them
out and drifted all night; next morning I found I had got a good catch. This occur-
rence took plack about the 15th of June, 1841.
“Tt did not take the other fishermen long to get into this new way of fishing, and
since that time this method of drag-fishing has been adopted along the coast of Maine
and elsewhere.”
[111] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY 201
In 1873, 12 or 15 vessels from 15 to 25 tons were employed at Portland;
at present the number at this port is 18, and quite a fleet of the mack-
erel-draggers also belongs to the vicinity of Friendship, Me.*
Along the southern coast of Nova Scotia, and about the vicinity of
the Straits of Canso, there is an extensive gill-net fishery for mackerel
carried on with stationary nets, and, in a smaller degree, a similar fish-
ery is prosecuted in some parts of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.t This
fishery on the Nova Scotia coast is prosecuted when the mackerel are
traversing the coast line in the spring and fall.
“ During the mackerel fishing season,” remarks Mr. J. Matthew Jones,
“the people along shore appear to live in a state of much excitement,
expecting every hour the ‘runs’ to come into their bays. The traveler
who may desire a horse and wagon to get on from place to place will
find hard work to prevail upon the people to hire one out to him with a
driver. Lookouts are kept on some elevated spot so that the schools
may be seen some distance off in order to give time for the fishermen to
get off in their boats with the net.” As at Provincetown, these nets
are anchored only at one end, the other end being left free to swing with
the current. They are sometimes set as far as ten or twelve miles from
the shore, in water 20 to 50 fathoms in depth, care being taken to put
them as nearly as possible in those localities which are known to lie in
the “track” of the mackerel.
The mackerel gill-nets are usually set with their upper lines close to
the surface; sometimes, however, as much as 2 or 3 fathoms below.
The position of the net in the water is regulated by the length of the
buoy-ropes and the weight of the sinkers. As a rule, especially on the
coast of Nova Scotia, they are, however, set close to the surface.
In this region also there has been for many years an extensive seine
fishery for mackerel corresponding to that which is elsewhere referred
to as having been formerly carried on, two hundred and fifty years ago,
on the shores of Cape Cod Bay. The principal points for the seine fish-
ery are at Margaret’s Bay, west of Halifax, and at Chedabucto Bay, at
the eastern part of Nova Scotia.
Perley, writing in 1852, remarked: “In those harbors of Nova Scotia
which are within the Straits of Canso mackerel have of late years been
taken in seines capable of inclosing and securing 800 barrels, and in
these seines 400 and even 600 barrels have been taken in a single sweep.” ¢
In the same locality Perley refers to the use of the drift-nets, un-
doubtedly meaning the set gill-net just described, remarking, however,
*Friendship has 12 vessels, Cushing 5, Waldoboro’ 2, and Booth Bay and Bremen 1
each; the total from Maine, including those from Portland, being 39; the tonnage is
559.47; number of men, 133.
t Schooner ‘‘ Yankee Lass,” of Boston, arrived home last week from a season’s mack-
ereling trip around the Seven Islands of Saint Lawrence River, with 300 barrels, all
large No. 1 mackerel, taken in [gill] nets.x—(Cape Ann Advertiser, September 30,
1881.)
tFicheries of New Brunswick, 1852, pp. 13-16.
202 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [112]
that this mode of fishing is probably not so well understood on the coast
of Nova Scotia as in England. He however quotes from Yarrell an
account of drift-net fishing in England, which is altogether different
from that used in Nova Scotia and corresponds precisely with the drag-
net fishing also described in the beginning of this chapter.
It is worthy of mention that mackerel as well as herring, on the coast
of Europe at the present time, are almost exclusively caught by the use
of the drag-net,; the only other method in use being the equally old-
fashioned one of “drailing,” which was abandoned by our fishermen
sixty-five years ago.* The antiquated method of drailing was, however,
kept up by the fishermen of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence until 1860, or
perhaps even to the present time, for the purpose of obtaining mackerel
for bait to be used in the cod fisheries.
F.—THE SPRING SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY.
The spring mackerel fishery is in reality a branch of the mackerel
seine fishery, and the methods employed in it are identical with those
described in the previous section of this chapter. In this place it is
necessary only to add a history of this fishery, a description of the
grounds frequented by the southern fleet, and a few statistical notes.
31.—FISHING-GROUNDS.
The fishing grounds frequented by the southern mackerel fleet lie
between Cape Hatteras and the South Shoals of Nantucket. The fish-
ing season is in the months of April and May. The first vessels go
south about the middle of March or soon after; but until 1878 no mack-
erel were ever taken before the 1st of April.t
32.—HARLY CATCHES OF MACKEREL, 1878 To 1881.
The earliest catches of the three past years are shown in the following
notes:
EARLY CATCHES OF MACKEREL IN 1878.
March 30.—Schooner “Lilian,” of Noank, Conn., Captain Latham, off Chincoteague.
April 16.—Schooner ‘‘Sarah M. Jacobs,” of Gloucester, Capt. Solomon Jacobs,
caught her first mackerel in latitude 36° 10’ N., longitude 74° 45’ W.
April 18.—Schooner “‘ Alice,” of Swan’s Island, Me., Capt. Hanson B. Joyce, master,
caught her first mackerel 25 miles southeast from Cape May.
April 25.—Schooner ‘‘ John Somes,” of Swan’s Island, Me., Capt. J. S. Staples, mas-
ter, caught her first mackerel 50 miles southeast from Cape May.
* Though drailing was abandoned so long ago by the professional mackerel fisher-
men of New England, we are, nevertheless, told by Capt. Joseph Smith, of Gloucester,
that this method of fishing is still practiced by the Block Island boat fishermen.
tSchooners ‘‘Edward E. Webster,” ‘“‘ Nellie N. Rowe,” and “Ivanhoe” sailed for the
south on Saturday (March 11) in pursuit of mackerel, the ‘‘ Webster” getting the start
by sailing at 4 o’clock a. m., and the others following at 4 o’clock p.m. This is the
earliest start ever made in the mackerel fishery. Last year the ‘‘ Edward E. Webster”
sailed March 15, which was unusually early, and obtained a fare within a week there-
after.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, March 17, 1882.)
{113 ] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 203
EARLY CATCHES OF MACKEREL IN 1879.
April 12.—Schooner ‘‘Sarah M. Jacobs,” of Gloucester, caught first mackerel in
latitude 36° 35’ N., longitude 74° 50 W.
April 13.—Schooner ‘“ Augusta E. Herrick,” of Swan’s Island, Me., Capt. William
Herrick, caught first mackerel (130 barrels) in latitude 37° 37’ N., longitude 74° 23/
is
April 13.—A few fish taken by schooner “8. G. Wonson,” of Gloucester, 75 miles
south-southeast from Cape Henlopen.
April 14.—Schooner “ Charles Haskell,” of Gloucester, caught first mackerel in lati-
tude 38° 08’ N., longitude 73° 57’ W.
April 19.—Schooner “Alice,” of Swan’s Island, Me., caught first mackerel (140 bar-
rels) in latitude 37° 50’ N., longitude 74° 03’ W.
EARLY CATCHES OF MACKEREL IN 1880.
April 1.—Schooner ‘‘ Edward E. Webster,” of Gloucester, Capt. Solomon Jacobs,
caught the first mackerel of the season in latitude 35° 30’ N., longitude 74° 15’ W.
EARLY CATCHES OF MACKEREL IN 1881.
March 20.—Schooner ‘‘ Edward E. Webster,” of Gloucester, caught the first fish of
the season, and the earliest on record, in latitude 37° 10’ N., longitude 74° 05’/W. A
second trip was caught by the same vessel on April 18 in latitude 38° 38’ N., longi-
tude 74° 00’ W.
May 16.—The schooner ‘‘Alice,” of Swan’s Island, caught 30,000 mackerel off Block
Island.
33.—THE VESSELS.
The southern mackerel fishery is participated in by 30 or 40 of the
Gloucester mackerel schooners and a number of vessels from Cape
Cod and Maine. The total number of vessels engaged in this fishery
in 1879~80 was 64, of which 23 were from Maine ports and the remain-
der from Massachusetts. These are among the swiftest and best of
the fleet, and are provided with the fullest amount of canvas for making
a quick passage to and from the fishing-grounds. Nearly all of them
have ice-houses arranged in the manner already described.
34.—APPARATUS AND METHODS OF FISHING.
The apparatus is in every respect identical with. that used in the
summer fishery; the vessels, however, carry, as has been stated, a much
smaller number of barrels than when engaged exclusively in salting the
fish. The manner of fishing is the same as that already described, except
that the fish being much scarcer and their movements less regular
than in summer on the more northern fishing grounds, a greater amount
of vigilance and perseverance is required on the part of the fishermen.
This is the season of the migration of the mackerel, and it is necessary
that the fishermen should understand how to follow the schools of fish
as they make their way northward, even if they are out of sight for
days at a time. They cruise sometimes for weeks off the capes of the
Delaware and Chesapeake, sometimes venturing farther south to the
latitude of Cape Lookout, though they rarely find mackerel south of the
204 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISUERIUS. [114]
mouth of the Chesapeake. Sometimes weeks elapse before they find
the fish. After the schools have made their appearance they follow
them, and when they are not visible, usually allow five to fifteen miles
a day for their northern progress, trying to keep among them as they
make their way northward. When among the fish it is a common
practice of the vesseis to heave to and “jog” all night long in a north-
erly direction, to keep pace with the movements of the fish.
As soon as the first fare of fish is obtained, even if only a small one, the
vessels make their way to New York with all possible speed; the ear-
liest fish command much higher prices than those brought in later in
the season. After mackerel become more plenty the vessels seldom go
to market with less than 75 or 100 barrels, and it is not unusual for 250
to 300 barrels, the results of one day’s catch, to be taken in. The suc-
cessful vessels often run into New York two or three times a week,
especially when the fish are most abundant off Sandy Hook.* ‘This
method of fishing and marketing the fish is kept up until the schools
have reached the shoals of Nantucket, and the spawning season in that
locality begins. At the close of the spawning season, when the fish
again rise to the surface, or when the other schools are found on George’s
Banks and in the Gulf of Maine, the vessels resort to the ordinary
method of salting their fish, only a few continuing the practice through
the summer of carrying their fish fresh into the markets of New York
and Boston. Occasionally cargoes of fresh mackerel are taken in the
spring and summer into Philadelphia, and also, later in the season, to
Portland.
The spring mackerel fishery, as just described, is of comparatively
recent origin, not dating back much before 1870. Twenty to thirty
years ago New York was supplied with fresh mackerel chiefly by Con-
necticut smacks, which eaught the fish with hook and line and carried
them to New York alive in wells. A peculiarity of this smack fishery
was that the men fished with lines fastened to poles, as anglers fish for
trout. The object of having poles was to enable the fishermen to drop
the captured fish alive, and without injury, into the smack’s well.
Vessels belonging north of Cape Cod at that time rarely if ever sold
their fish fresh, although they often went as far south as the capes of
Delaware. Their fares were salted and carried to Boston or other ports
in the ordinary manner.
The southern mackerel fishery was undoubtedly first prosecuted by
vessels from Cape Ann; at least we have been unable to obtain relia-
* Dispatches received here yesterday announce the arrival of schooner ‘‘ J. J. Clark”
at New York on Monday, with 150 barrels fresh mackerel, which sold at from 6 to 18
cents apiece according to size, and later of the arrival at the same port of the schooners
“Seth Stockbridge,” “A. M. Terry,” ‘‘Smuggler,” and ‘‘T. M. Cromwell,” each with
200 barrels; ‘‘ Moses Adams,” 300; ‘‘Mand and Effie,” 250; ‘‘ Golden Hind,” 75; ‘ Fleet-
wing,” 65; ‘*H. A. Duncan,” 20; and ‘‘ James A. Stetson,” 50 barrels, which were sold
at from 8 to 12 cents apiece.—(Cape Ann Bulletin, April 17, 1878.)
etsy HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 205
ble accounts of any fishermen from other ports engaging in this fishery
at an earlier date.
“Capt. John Parsons, of Rockport,” writes Mr. A. Howard Clark,
says “that he was one of the first to go south after mackerel from that
port. He went in 1817 in the schooner ‘ Defiance’ of 35 tons. They
went as far south as Cape May, and caught 60 barrels of mackerel, all
of which were taken by drailing. They had outriggers for towing their
lines, and the lead sinkers weighed from 4 to 6 pounds.”
An item in the Cape Ann Advertiser of May 20, 1859, remarks:
‘““The practice of going south for mackerel has almost died out of late
years, and this year there are but three or four vessels in the business.
Some of the vessels which go in quest of bait take mackereling appara-
tus with them.”
“The practice of going south for mackerel in spring,” writes Mr. Earll,
“was first begun in Maine by a Georgetown vessel, the ‘Queen of the
West,’ Capt. Francis Lowe, in May, 1851. She was gone but a short
time (four to six weeks), and returned with a full fare, after which she
proceeded to the bay. The next year the schooner ‘Arcola,’ Capt.
Warren Low, of Georgetown, joined the ‘Queen of the West’ on her
southern spring trip, and in 1853 three went. Booth Bay sent none
south until 1867, when the ‘Cynosure’ went, and Southport sent her
first vessel south in 1868. In 1879 five or six went from this section.
Vessels from Massachusetts, as stated above, had engaged in this fish-
ery at even an earlier date.”
G—THE EARLY METHODS OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY
(1620 to 1820).
35.—CATCHING MACKEREL WITH DRAG-SEINES.
The method chiefly practiced by the colonists of New England for the
capture of mackerel was that of drag-seining, and we find as early as 1626
a record of the establishment, by Isaac Allerton, of a fishing station at
Hull, where mackerel were seined by moonlight. There can be little doubt
that the practice of fishing with baited hooks was also early intreduced,
and that in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries groups of boats
might have been seen, as at the present day, clustered together in the
harbors, or near the outer shores, their crews busily engaged in hauling
in the tinkers, and, occasionally, larger mackerel, which during the
summer season found their way into these protected waters. It is not
known when the custom of drailing for mackerel was first introduced,
Hut it was, beyond question, the common method at the close of the
last and the beginning of the present century.
In July, 1677, the records of the Plymouth colony show that the Cape
Cod fishery was let seven years, at £30 per annum, to seine mackerel
and bass, to certain individuals who are named. They were restricted
206 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [116}
to take in the Plymouth colonists with them; and if none offer, to admit
strangers.
The profits of the hire which accrued to the colony were sometimes
distributed to the schools. (Mass. Hist. Collections, iii, 220.)
A writer in: the Historical Society’s collections gives the following de-
scription of these fisheries (vol. iv, 2d series, p. 232): “The aborginal
name of this fish (the mackerel) is Wawunnebeseag, a plural term sig-
nifying fatness—a very descriptive and appropriate name. The mode
of taking these fish is while the vessel is under quick way and the helm
secured, when all are engaged at the long veered lines, of which it is
said that one man will attend three, and it may be more. The first
manner of taking mackerel was by seining by moonlight. This perhaps
was first practiced by Mr. Isaac Allerton and his fishing company at
Hull as early as 1626. After half a century the mode of fishing was
changed to that of drailing with long lines while the vessel was under
easy way; and this mode has been changed within these last twenty
years (1811-1831). The mode of fishing generally practiced now 1s to
invite the fish around the vessel while lying to by throwing out great
quantities of fish cut in small pieces, and to take them with short lines
held in the hand and drawn in with a single motion of the arm. By
this method it is thought that thrice as many fish may be taken in a
given time as by any other method. They are a capricious and sportive
fish. In cloudy and even wet weather they take the hook with most
avidity. They are very partial to the color of red; hence a rag of that
hue is sometimes a bait. A small strip of their own flesh taken from
near the tail is used with most success.”
Seining mackerel with drag seines is still practiced extensively in
the British provinces. That the practice was in vogue in Massachusetts
less than fifty years ago is shown by the following item:
‘‘Last week twenty barrels of mackerel were seined at one haul at
Sandy Point by Captain Baker. His seine is 500 yards long. A few
weeks ago he inclosed a multitude of fishes, principally menhaden shad.
It is estimated that their number was 200,000.”—(Gloucester Telegraph,
June 30, 1838.)
In his history of Scituate, pp. 25-27, Samuel Deane writes: ‘In
early times the shores of our bays were skirted with forest trees quite
near to the water’s edge. In the month of June, when all nature is in
bloom, the volatile farina of the forest trees then floats in the air, and
occasionally settles on the smooth surface of the seas. Then it is that
this playful fish, attracted by this phenomenon, leaps and bounds above
the surface of the water. So again, at a later season, in July and
August, winged insects, carried away by the southwest winds, settle
and rest on the bosom of the ocean, a welcome herald, it is said, to the
mackerel-catcher. Such are the habits of many fishes; and hence the
use of the fly as a bait by the angler of the trout streams.”
Douglas, in 1747, says: ‘*Mackerel, split, salted, and barreled for the:
ee | HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 207
negroes in the Sugar Islands, are caught either by hook, seines, or
meshes. Those by hook are the best, those by seines are worst, because
in bulk they are bruised. Mackerel will not take the hook unless it
have a motion of two or three knots; if quicker they will take the hook,
but their jaw being tender gives way, and the mackerel is lost. There
are two seasons of mackerel, spring and autumn; the autumn mackerel
are the best; those of the spring appear about the middle of May, very
lean, and vanish in two or three weeks.”
36.—DRAILING FOR MACKEREL.
Captain Atwood writes: “In my boyhood, when I caught my first
mackerel, nobody thought of jigging them. We then took them in the
same way as bluefish are caught. My first experience in mackerel fish-
ing took place when I was a little boy, about 1815. I went out with
two old men. One of them fished in the stern of the boat, and when it
did not sail fast enough the other and myself—I was eight years old at
the time—had to row, in order, by the more rapid motion of the boat, to
induce the fish to bite. They would not bite unless the line was towed.
Two great long poles were run out, one just forward, in such a manner
that our vessel had the appearance of a long-armed spider. The poles
were straight, and one line was fastened at one part, and another line
on the end of the pole, in order to have them separated. This style of
fishing continued until about the time when I began to go to sea, about
1820. Jigging for mackerel then commenced, bait being thrown over-
board, and the fish being thus attracted alongside of the vessel, and
this soon came into general use.”
Capt. James Turner, of Isle au Haut, Me., who assures us that as
late as 1815 the fishermen drailed for mackerel, gives the following ac-
count of this method of fishing:
“While drailing, the sails were trimmed in such a manner that, when
the helm was partly down, the vessel would ‘jog’ along slowly, making a
little leeward drift, so that the lines would trend off at a slight angle
from the weather side. Each man had one line, the end of which was
attached to the end of a pole that was fastened to the vessel’s rail, pro-
jecting out about 8 feet at right angles with the side of the vessel. The
fisherman held in his hand a hauling-line which was attached to the
middle of the one fastened to the pole, so that he might know when a
fish took the hook and be able to haul it in.”
“ About a pound of sheet lead was wound around the line a foot above
the hook. When the vessel was engaged in fishing, the man standing
forward threw over a small amount of fine bait (which had previously
been chopped with hatchets) occasionally, scattering it along in order
to attract the fish, and keep them near the vessel.”
The following paragraphs are quoted from an essay in the Fishermen’s
Memorial and Record Book:
“Trailing was one of the means used to catch mackerel in the olden
208 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [118]
_time, and one of our old fishermen informs us that when a lad he dis
tinctly remembers of being out in Boston Bay, one day, in a boat with his
father, when he saw a vessel which looked very strangely to his young
eyes, and, boy-like, he asked his father what sort of craft it was.
‘“¢That’s a trailer, my boy, and we'll speak with him,’” was the reply.
“They sailed quite near, and they observed that the vessel had out-
riggers of long poles on each side, commencing forward at about seven-
teen feet, and tapering off to five feet aft. At the ends lines were
fastened, about twenty fathoms long, with a sinker of four pounds, and
hook below. To each of these lines was attached a bridle, reaching
to the side of the vessel, where the fishermen stood to feel the bites.
This particular vessel was from Hingham, and had been out four weeks
without receiving even a bite, and the skipper said he was going to
give it up and go home.”
“The present mode of catching mackerel by drifting and tolling with
bait did not come into general use until after 1812. The gear for catch-
ing, previous to that, was a white hempen bob-line, as it was called,
and the style of fishing was termed ‘bobbing’ mackerel. These lines
were some seven fathoms in length, with a leaden sinker two inches long,
and shaped like a thin pea-pod. At one end was a ganging about a foot
long, for the hook. Every few minutes off would go the hook, and extra
hooks were always in readiness to replace those lost. This mode con-
tinued until the year 1816, when Abraham Lurvey, of Pigeon Cove,
discovered a method of running lead around the hooks, and which were
afterward called jigs. This he kept secret for many months. The hooks
then in use were nearly as large as the haddock hooks of to-day. The
small lines and fly-lines did not come into use until about 1823. About
this time the gaff was introduced, and was abandoned after being used
some ten years.”*
It seems scarcely necessary to discuss more in detail the methods used
during the first two centuries of the mackerel fishery of North America.
In a following chapter an effort will be made to present a chrono-
logical history of the fishery from its inception to the present time.
—
*The mackerel gaff was used to some extent, by the hook and line fishermen, as
late as 1865, and possibly even since that time.
[119] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 209
it—LEGISLATION FOR. THE PROTECTION OF
MACKEREL.
-H.— LAWS, PETITIONS, AND PROTESTS.
37.—LEGISLATION IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENT-
URIES.
At an early day in the history of the United States a failure of the
mackerel fishery was apprehended. The following notices of legisla-
tion, copies of laws, and newspaper extracts will serve to give an idea
of the state of public opinion at different periods from 1660 to the pres-
ent time:
1660.— Early regulation of the mackerel fishery.—The commissioners of
the United Colonies recommended to the several general courts to regu-
late the mackerel fishery; conceiving that fish to be the most staple
commodity of the country. Few, who have not investigated the subject,
have at the present day an adequate conception of the importance of
this branch of productive industry.—(IFreeman’s Hist. of Cape Cod,
Boston, 1862, vol. i, p. 239.)
1670.—Prohibition of early mackerel fishing by laws of Plymouth Col-
ony.—W heras wee haue formerly seen Great Inconvenience of taking
mackerell att vnseasonable times wherby there encrease is greatly demin-
ished and that it hath bine proposed to the Court of the Massachusetts
that some course might be taken for preventing the same and that
they have Jately drawne vp an order about the same this Court doth
enacte and order that henceforth noe makerell shalbe caught except for
spending while fresh before the first of July Annually on penaltie of
the losse of the same the one halfe to the Informer and the other halte
to the vse of the Collonie; and this order to take place from the 20th of
this Instant June.—(Plymouth Colony Records,vol. xi, 1623-1682. Laws,
p. 228.)
1484.— Prohibition of mackerel seining—In 1680, Cornet Robert Stet-
son, of Scituate, and Nathaniel Thomas, of Marshfield, hired the Cape
fishery for bass and mackerel. In 1654, the court enacted a law “ pro-
hibiting the seining of mackerel in any part of the colony”; and the
same year leased the Cape fishery for bass and mackerel to Mr. Wiiliam
Clark for seven years, at £30 per annum.
Subsequently to 1700, it is certain that the mackerel were very abun-
dant in Massachusetts Bay. It was not uncommon for a vessel to take
a thousand barrels in a season. The packing, as it is called, was chiefly
done at Boston and Plymouth.—(Deane’s History of Scituate, Mass.)
1692.—Repeal of prohibitory laws in Massachusetts —And be it further
S. Mis. 110-——14
210 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [120]
enacted and declared, That the clause in the act, entituled “An Act —
for the Regulating and Encouragement of Fishery”, that henceforth no
mackeril shall be caught (except for spending whilst fresh), before the
first of July annually, be and hereby is fully repealed and made void,
anything therein to the contrary notwithstanding. [Passed February
8, 1692-3.|—(Acts and Resolves of the Province of Massachusetts Bay,
vol. 1, 1692-1714, p. 102.)
1692.
AN ACT for the regulating and encouragement of fishery.
Upon consideration of great damage and scandal, that hath happened
upon the account of pickled fish, although afterwards dried and hardly
discoverable, to the great loss of many, and also an ill reputation on
this province, and the fishery of it,—
Be it therefore enacted by the Governor, Council and Representatives,
convened in General Court or Assembly, and it is enacted by the authority
of the same,
[SectT. 1.] That no person or persons whatsoever, after the publica-
tion hereof, shall save or salt any sort of fish (that is intended to be
dried) in cask or fattes, or any other way than what hath formeriy and
honestly been practised for the making of dry fish, on penalty of forfeit-
ing all such fish so salted and pickled, whether it be green or drye; the
one moiety thereof to the use of the poor of the town where the offence
is committed, and the other moiety to the person that shall sue for the
same.
And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid,
[Srcr. 2.] That henceforth no mackrel shall be caught (except for
spending whilst fresh) before the first of July annually; and no person
or persons whatsoever, after the publication hereof, shall at any time
or place within this province take, kill, or hale ashore any mackrel,
with any sort[s] of nets or sa’ens whatsoever, on penalty of forfeiting
all such mackrel so taken or haled ashore, and also all such nets or sa’ens
which were so imployed; the one-half thereof to their majesties towards
the support of this their government, and the other half to him or them
that shall inform and sue for the same. And all justices are hereby im-
powered, and required to grant their warrants for the seizing of the
same and the aforesaid forfeitures, or the receiving of the like value in
currant money of this province. [Passed November 26, 1692.]
[Acts and Resolves of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. Vol. 1, 1692-1714, p. 71.
Province Laws, 1692-3. Chap. XXXII. ]
1702.— Re-enactment of prohibitory laws.
AN ACT for the reviving and re-enacting aclause in the act intituled “‘ An act for the
regulating and encouragement of fishery” that hath been for some time repealed by
the General Assembly.
Whereas, in the second paragraph of the said act it is enacted “that
henceforth no mackerel shall be caught (except for spending whilst fresh)
[121] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 211
before the first of July annually”; and whereas the said clause, by an
act afterwards made and passed by the general assembly [1692-3 Feb.
8.], was repealed and made void, which said repeal and the unseasona-
ble catching of mack[a]rel thereupon hath been experienced to be very
prejudicial to this province,—Be it therefore enacted by His Excellency
the Governour, Council and Representatives [convened] in General Court
or Assembly, and it is enacted by the authority of the same, That the
said clause above-recited shall be and is hereby revived and re-enacted,
and that henceforth no person or persons whatsoever shall presume to
catch or cause to be caught any mack|a]rel, (except for spending whilst
fresh,) before the first of July annually, on penalty of forfeiting all the
mack{a]rel so caught contrary to the true intent and meaning of this
act, and twenty shillings per barrel over and above for each barrel of
the same; the one-half of the said forfeiture to be to her majesty for and
towards the support of this her government, and the other half to him
or them that shall inform and sue for the same in any of her majesty’s
courts of record within this province. [Passed November 11, 1702;
signed by the Governor and published November 21, 1702.|—(Acts and
Resolves of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, vol. i, 1692-1714, p. 507.)
88.—PROTESTS AGAINST GIGGING AND SEINING IN THE PRESENT
CENTURY.
1838-9.— Protests against gigging—The Boston Journal protests
strongly against the barbarous method of taking mackerel called “ gig-
ging,” * and urges that it is not only liable to censure on the score of hu-
manity, but it is also impolitic, and that if this destructive method of
fishing is generally continued a few years longer it will break up the
fishery. We have for a year or two past entertained a similar opinion,
and probably the complaints now so frequently made by the fishermen
that, though mackerel are plenty, they “will not bite,” is owing to the
custom of “gigging.” There is hardly anything which possesses life
that has so little instinct as not to become very shy under such barbar-
ous inflictions. It is obvious that all which are hooked in this manner
are not taken on board; the gig frequently tears out, and thousands,
millions of these fish are lacerated by these large hooks and afterwards
die in tlte water.—(Newburyport Herald, Gloucester Telegraph, Sept.
23, 1838.)
The following protest appeared in the Gloucester Telegraph, Wed-
nesday, August 7, 1839, it being a quotation from the Salem Register :
“All the mackerel men who arrive report the scarcity of this fish, and
at the same time I notice an improvement in taking them with nets at
Cape Cod and other places. If this speculation is allowed to go on with-
out being checked or regulated by the government, will not these fish
be as szarce on the coast as penguins are, which were so plenty before
*The method of capture called ‘‘ gigging” here is undoubtedly gaffing, since a fish-
gaff is even yet called a ‘‘ gig” by some of our fishermen.
212 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [122]
the Revolutionary war that our fishermen could take them with their
gatfs? But during the war some mercenary and cruel individuals used
to visit the islands on the eastern shore where were the haunts of these
birds for breeding, and take them for the sake of the fat, which they
procured, and then let the birds go. This proceeding finally destroyed
the whole race. It is many years since I have seen or heard one except
on the coast of Cape Horn. In 1692 the General Court passed an act
prohibiting the taking of mackerel before the first day of July annually,
under penalty of torfeiting the fish so taken. In 1702 this act was re-
vived with additional penalties—besides forfeiting the fish and apparatus
for taking, 20 shillings per barrel, and none to be taken with seines or
nets.
“A FISHERMAN.
‘‘ MARBLEHEAD, August 3, 1839.”
1859.—Protests against the use of seines.—A petition is now before the
Committee on Fisheries, in the House, to abolish the catching of mack-
erel in seines on our coast. As mackerel can now be caught only in this
way, and many of our people are interested in this business, it becomes
highly important that any such stupid petition should be prostrated at
once. Mr. Gifford has asked for a delay in the petition, and Mr. Atwood
has written to show the nature of the business upon our coast. One
thing is certain, if we do not take the mackerel in seines or nets we shall
get none at all.—(Provincetown Banner, February, 1859.)
1870-1882.—Protest against the purse-seine.—Since the general adop-
tion of the purse-seine no year has passed without a considerable amount
of friction between fishermen using this engine of wholesale destrue-
tion in the capture of mackerel and menhaden and those engaged in
fishing with other forms of apparatus. Petitions to Congress and State
legislatures have been made from both sides, and in some instances laws
have been passed by State legislatures prohibiting the use of menhaden
seines within certain specified tracts of water, such as the Chesapeake
Bay. These laws, while especially antagonistic to menhaden fishing,
were aimed chiefly at the purse-seine as a means of capture, and would
doubtless have been equally prohibitory of mackerel fishing with purse-
seines had this been attempted within the limits. In 1878 a delegation
of fishermen from Portland, Me., and Gloucester, Mass., visited Wash-
ington for the purpose of securing the passage of a law prohibiting the
use of purse-seines in the mackerel fishery. In 1882 the clamors of
shore fishermen, especially on the coast of New Jersey, led to the ap-
pointment of a committee of the United States Senate, which at the
time of printing this report is engaged in taking testimony regarding
the effect of the purse-seine upon the menhaden fishery, and incident-
ally upon other fisheries of the coast. The labors of this committee
will probably result in the recommendation of some form of legislation
which will apply, in part at least, to the mackerel fishery.
In the summer of 1882 a serious commotion was caused among the
[123] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERIES. 213
mackerel fishermen by the announcement of the intention of a number
of menhaden fishermen to employ their steamers and nets in the mack-
erel fishery. It was the impression among these men that the mackerel
were to be used for the manufacture of oil and guano, but this has been
denied by Capt. David T. Church and other representative men, who,
reasonably enough, state that they could not afford to use so valuable
a fish for this purpose, and who claim that they have an undoubted
right to use their steamers in the capture of mackerel for sale fresh in
the markets and for pickling.
As a matter of record we reproduce the following paragraphs from
an editorial in the Cape Ann Advertiser, July 14, 1882:
“Tt is not a difficult matter to anticipate the result if this class of
steamers engage in this branch of the fisheries. There is no reason to
doubt their ability to catch almost or quite as many mackerel as they
have formerly caught menhaden. Several of them are large, capable
of carrying 2,800 barrels of fish in bulk. These carry a double gang of
men, and apparatus to correspond. During moderate weather, when
mackerel generally school the best, and sailing vessels find it difficult to
move, these steamers can play around the fleet of schooners, catch al-
most every fish that shows itself, and carry them away to be used, not
for food fish as they were intended, but for oil and guano, to enrich a
few men at the expense of many.”
“Tf the steamers were to engage in the mackerel fishery, selling their
catch for food, and were obliged to spend the requisite time for dress-
ing them, which would debar them from an overcatch and carrying
them to market, thus placing them on somewhat equal footing with the
other fishermen, there could be no reasonable objection to their employ-
ment; but it certainly seems, in view of this startling innovation, that
some decided action should be taken by ‘the powers that be’ to pre-
vent the catch of mackerel for the purpose of manufacturing oil and
guano. They are altogether too valuable for such a purpose, and the
risk of breaking up the schools and driving them almost entirely from
our waters, as has been the case with menhaden, is altogether too great.
“Unless some action is taken, and taken at once, and stringent laws
enacted, we may confidently look forward to the destruction in a few
years of one of the important industries of New England and the per-
manent and serious injury of large communities which now derive a
considerable part of their support from the mackerel fishery.”
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [124]
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HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 215
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[126]
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216
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[127] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 2h
42.—THE PRODUCTS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MACKEREL FISHERY
FOR 1880. (With tables.)
From the earliest settlement of the country the mackerel fisheries
have been extensively prosecuted by a large number of people living
along the New England coast as well as by many of the inhabitants of
the British Provinces. The catch has varied greatly from time to time,
and seasons of extreme plenty have often been followed by those of
remarkable scarcity. Various theories have been advanced to account
for this fluctuation. Many have been inclined to attribute it to over-
fishing or to the apparatus employed in the fishery, while others claim
that the movements of the fish are affected by natural causes, such as
temperature, currents, the presence or absence of food, and the like,
over which man has little or no control. Whatever the causes that
influence the movements of the fish, the fact of great variation in the
abundance of the species from time to time remains.
In 1804, according to the returns of the various fish inspectors, 8,079
barrels of mackerel were packed in Massachusetts, while in 1814, only
1,349 barrels were putup. In 1831 the quantity was increased to 383,658,
this being the largest amount ever inspected in the State. A period of
scarcity followed, and between 1859 and 1845 the inspection returns
show an average of only 67,674 barrels annually. About 1860 the fish
were again abundant, and for eight years the quantity packed averaged
246,877 barrels. This period of plenty was in turn followed by one of
scarcity, which culminated in 1877, at which time only 105,017 barrels
were inspected, and the fishery was practically a failure, resulting in
great loss both to fishermen and capitalists. Fortunately this condition
of affairs is at an end, and the fishery is again in a prosperous condi-
tion; the catch of the New England fishermen at present, if we include
the fish sold fresh, being larger than at any time since the origin of the
fishery.
In 1880 the New England mackerel fishermen met with narked success,
though those of the British Provinces were not so fortunate. By the mid-
dle of March a number of the Maine and Massachusetts vessels sailed
for the South to engage in the spring fishery, and by the 20th of the
following month the last of the fleet, which consisted of 64 sail, averag-
ing 65.66 tons each, were under way. The season opened with a haul
of 25,000 mackerel taken off the Virginia capes on the 2d of April.
These were carried to New York where they met with a ready sale at
good figures. From that time mackerel were taken frequently, the fleet
working northward with the fish as the season advanced, reaching Long
Island about the last of April, and Cape Cod a few weeks later. The
season was not a very satisfactory one for the Southern fleet, as the catch
was small, and the fish were of poor quality, a majority of the vessels en-
gaged making comparatively light stocks, while many of them scarcely
paidexpenses. As the summer approached, the fishing improved greatly,
the fish increasing both in number and quality, and the Southern fleet
218 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [128]
was joined by a large number of vessels from the various fishing ports.
Later, as the vessels arrived from their trips to the codfish banks, many
were fitted out to engage in the mackerel fishery, and by the 1st of August
the fishing was at its height, the fleet numbering 468 sail, averaging a
trifle over 50 tons apiece. Of this number 343 were provided with purse-
seines for engaging in the off-shore fisheries, while 125 fished with hook
or net chiefly on the in-shore grounds. The value of this fleet, including
the fishing gear and the outfits, reached $2,122,360, and 5,043 men were
employed. A little later in the season about 25 of the vessels pro-
ceeded to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the hope of meeting with better
success; but few fish were seen, and the venture resulted disastrously to
a large majority of them, many failing to pay expenses, while a few re-
turned without having caught a fish. ‘These vessels on their return at
once joined the home fleet, and meeting with good success, most of them
were enabled tomake good the loss which they had previously sustained.
About the 1st of July an unprecedentedly large body of mackerel
entered the Gulf of Maine, many of them visiting the shore-waters, en-
tering the various harbors and coves, where they remained for some weeks.
During their stay in these in-shore waters thousands of men and boys
engaged in their capture from small boats, and in many localities a ma-
jority of the male population participated in the fishery to a greater or
less extent. The pound-nets along the southern coast of New England
were peculiarly successful, while large quantities were taken in the traps
and weirs between Cape Cod and Penobscot Bay. Probably not less
than 10,000 people along various portions of the coast of Maine were en-
gaged in mackerel hooking during some portion of the season, though
many of them fished chiefly for pleasure, while others caught only limited
quantities for home supply. About 3,500 followed the business regularly
for some time, many of them realizing considerable profit from the work.
In Massachusetts a similar condition of affairs existed, and thousands of
persons engaged in the fishery from small boats to a greater or less ex-
tent, fully 2,000 fishing extensively for profit.
Most of the fish taken by both the vessel and boat fishermen were of
uniform size and of excellent quality. Few extremely large ones were
secured, while there was also a notable absence of “tinkers.” Over
two-thirds of the catch were branded as “twos,” many of them going as
“extras.” During the season, which lasted till the Ist of December,
nearly 132,000,000 pounds of mackerel were taken. Of this quantity the
Massachusetts fishermen caught 95,000,000 pounds, and those of Maine
secured 31,000,000 pounds, the bulk of the remainder being taken by the
citizens of New Hampshire and Connecticut. Over 75 per cent. of the
entire catch was salted, about 22,000,000 pounds were sold fresh for food,
nearly 5,000,000 pounds were used for canning, and the rest were sold
for bait or for fertilizing purposes. The value of the catch, as placed
upon the market, was $2,606,534. The following table shows in detail
the extent and value of the fishery for the United States during the year:
{129] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 219
Table showing, by States, the quantity of mackerel taken by the New England fishermen in
1880, and the value of the same in the condition in which they were placed upon the market.
Total. Disposition of catch.
3a Saat 3
BS a é & oe oe | 38
= 3 rate * n ns n
Beate: RS aS % bh B sb Be 8 i
32 eile =p 28 o & me an.
ao Os a Ad n 3 oH w+ 3.48
—e) om ue) Ses Aa As & = Q
a ER 56 lS 32 aie Bes
2s 35 = =] og 32 BoA
Ss ~ o ° eel Bet ORe
Ay va = Ay a = i]
Total .esisociececee 131, 939, 255 $2, 606, 534 |103, 142, 400 |4, 957, 455 | 22, 239, 400 |1, 100, 000 | 500, 000
Main Gees cee se esesns 31, 694, 455 659, 804 | 27, 342, 000 li, 252, 455 3, 000, 000 100;.0005|ea5-—=
New Hampshire. Se eoeee | 2, 573, 000 48,181 | (2:379;,600%)22 0... 193400 3.5 ect o5 |e eee
Massachusetts -......... 95, 528, 900 | 3, 858, 342*| 72,153, 900 3, 705, 006*; 18, 170, 000 |1, 000, 000 509, 000
Rhode Island............ 89, 000 LU GG9s 2 ese trae le BAe slicers 89) 000)!|\ 22222 Sole eet
Connecticut ......6025 =: 1, 303, 900 24976"), 1:266;900. = =. nse en 37; 000 | seo - 5 osa|eogaaete
ING WoIViOrK eee cnosectes « 750, 000 UE OG 25 herterqes tes ae (2) 750}.000. Hiss 5c life ame
* Including both the fresh and salt mackerel used for canning.
As already intimated, there was a great falling off in the Provincial
mackerel fisheries during the year, the bulk of the catch, which amounted
to over 70,000,000 pounds, according to the Canadian Fishery Report, t
being taken by the shore fishermen of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward
Island. Of the entire quantity 233,669 barrels were pickled. In the
Canadian report the average price of the salt mackerel is given as $9.25
per barrel, but as the fish were much inferior in quality to the American
catch, fede figures are evidently incorrect. Statistics show that 105,730
fe ois of the above, equal to nearly one-half of the catch, were mar-
keted in the United States (and it is fair to presume that these were of
average quality), where they were ordinarily sold at lower figures than
the fish taken by the New England fleet. If we suppose the Canadian
fish to be equal to those taken on our own shores (a supposition which is
hardly warranted), the value of the catch, as given by the Canadian au-
thorities, must still be reduced by $818,662, as the average price of the
New England fish during the season was only $5.75 per barrel.
The following table shows in detail the extent of the catch for the
several Provinces :
tSupplement No. 2 | to the Eleventh Annual Report of the | Minister of Marine and
Fisheries | for the year 1880. Fisheries Statements | for the year | 1880.
Ottawa: | Printed by MacLean, Roger & Co., Wellington street. | 1881.
[130]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
220
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[131] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 221
In the tables from which the above summary has been compiled, no
allowance seems to have been made for local consumption. A rough
estimate of the amount used in this way would be 18,000,000 pounds,
making a total catch for the Provinces of about 88,000,000 pounds,
worth, at prices current in the United States, not far from $1,620,000.
Mackerel are not abundant in the waters of the Newfoundland coast,
and few are taken by the fishermen. The returns for the year ending
July 31, 1881, show that only 181 barrels were exported. This quantity,
which equals 54,300 pounds of fresh fish, doubtless represents the bulk
of the mackerel taken, as few are consumed locally. Allowing an equal
quantity for local consumption, we have only about 110,000 pounds,
valued at $1,650, taken by the islanders.
By combining the catch of the New England, Canadian, and New-
foundland fishermen, we have the total product of the mackerel fishery
for the western Atlantic in 1880. This is found to be about 220,000,000
pounds of round mackerel, valued at $4,228,000. This value represents
the fish as they are first placed upon the market. If the value to the
consumer is desired, the figures must be nearly doubled, to include the
transportation charges and the profits of the various middlemen who
handle them.
V.—THE MACKEREL-CANNING INDUSTRY.
By R. EDWARD EARLL.
J.—THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MACKEREL-
CANNING INDUSTRY.
43.—THE METHODS AND STATISTICS OF CANNING.
The first experiments in the canning of fish on the American conti-
nent were conducted at Halifax, Nova Scotia, by Mr. Charles Mitchell,
a native of Aberdeen, Scotland, who came to America in 1840 to engage
in this work. During his stay in Halifax he was engaged in the ean-
ning of salmon and meats of various kinds. Later he removed to the
United States and continued the work, putting up lobsters, salmon, and
such other fish as were thought desirable. It was in this way that the
value of the mackerel as a canned fish came to be known to our people.
Prior to 1850 a few were canned in Boston and small quantities were
put up at the lobster canneries in the State of Maine. From that date
the business has been continued on the Maine coast, though for many
years it was very limited, as the qualities of the mackerel when prepared
in this way were not at first fully appreciated. The trade, however,
has increased slowly from year to year, until canned mackerel are now
handled by the principal dealers of all of the larger cities throughout
the entire country.
Prior to 1872 the only canned mackerel seen in our markets were fresh
fish prepared in hermetically sealed cans by means of the ordinary pro-
222 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [132}
cess. At this time it was found that there was a growing prejudice
against salt mackerel, owing to the size and quality of the packages in
which they were placed upon the market. The smallest packages known
to the trade were kits holding from 15 to 25 pounds each. These con-
tained more fish than the average family cared to purchase at a time;
and after a package was once opened, unless it was properly cared for,
the brine was apt to leak out, leaving the fish exposed to the air, thus
causing them to rust and Beak deteriorate.
In the fall of 1872 Mr. Edward Pharo, of Philadelphia, epteinee a
patent covering the packing of salt mackerel in small hermetically sealed
paces” For some time the business was Becy limited, but later
“We are indebted to Mr. A. Howard C1 are for the followi ing letter of specifications
regarding Mr. Pharo’s patent:
IMPROVEMENT IN PUTTING UP SALT MACKEREL AND SIMILAR FISH.—(Letters Patent —
No. 132,316, October 15, 1872.)
Heretofore salt mackerel have been put up in wooden barrels, kegs, and
kits. The form or kind of vessel was made necessary by the fact that it was difficult
or practically out of the question to make a square water-tight box. Hence, also, the
size of the package was limited; that is, no package smaller than the kit—which
holds, say, about 25 pounds of fish—could be conveniently employed. The result was
that many families were deprived of purchasing from first hands, as even the smallest-
sized package—a kit—is much too large for many persons to buy. Another objection
was on the part of dealers who, not selling in bulk, were obliged to open the packages
and handle the mackerel, a necessity particularly disagreeable to coyntry dealers,
who keep stocks of silk and dry goods which are soiled by a contact with brine. The
odor, too, arising from an open barrel of salt mackerel is held in extreme repugnance
by many people. To obviate these several objections I have devised a method whereby
salt mackerel can be put up in any sized packages, so as to come within the reach of
persons of limited incomes, which will enable the dealer to keep on hand a stock
whence no offensive odor arises, and which can be disposed of without breaking pack-
ages. My invention, then, consists in putting up salt mackerel in hermetically
sealed packages, preferably in metallic boxes. The boxes are made of any size and
shape, though I prefer to make them cubical in form, and of dimensions to hold, say,
five, ten, or fifteen pounds of mackerel. When metal is employed in the construction
of the boxes, I design using a wash or varnish to protect the same from the action of
the pickle. When metal is not used, but instead some material which may not be
acted upon by the brine, this wash may be dispensed with. Although metal is deemed
the most suitable material for the boxes, India rubber or some other substance may
be advantageously employed.
Besides those already enumerated, another advantage of this method of putting up
salt mackerel is that the purchaser paysonly for what he gets. Thus a quarter barrel
of mackerel is supposed to run fifty pounds, and a purchaser, in buying a package of
that size, imagines that he gets that quantity. Frequently, however, the packages
run short; a quarter barrel, for instance, of ‘‘repacked” containing generally only
about thirty-five pounds. When, however, he buys by the pound, as he must do
in this case, he pays, as already remarked, only for what he gets. Still another ad-
vantage of this method is that, as I design using only the best quality of fish, the inter-
est of the purchaser is consulted, which is not always the case now, as the packer, not
having a due regard for reputation, puts up an inferior quality of goods, and does not
give full weight.
What I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by letters patent, is the hereins
described method of putting up salt mackerel, namely, in a hermetically sealed box
EDW. A. PHARO.
* * *
[133] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 223
the fish dealers of the principal cities began to realize the importance
of this method for increasing the demand for salt mackerel, though, as
far as we can learn, the fact that a patent had been issued bas from the
first been entirely ignored. In the spring of 1879 Henry Mayo & Co., of
Boston, engaged extensively in mackerel canning, utilizing the ordinary
salt fish, which were put up in tin cans holding from five to ten pounds
each. A little later a number of the principal fish dealers of Boston
and Gloucester turned their attention to the business, which soon came
to be very extensive. The quantity put up in 1880 was double that for
1879, and the products for 188L were considerably in excess of those of
1880. The present season, according to Mr. W. A. Wilcox, there is a
notable falling off in the business, and the quantity canned will be
quite small; the decrease being largely due to the loss occasioned by the
rusting of the cans. If this difficulty can be overcome the trade seems
destined to develop enormously, as the size of the package, and the
convenience of handling and keeping the fish have brought them into
favor among the consumers.
In the spring of 1880 parties interested in the preparation of sardines
at Eastport secured a limited quantity of smali mackerel, which they
canned and placed upon the market as “broiled mackerel.” The cans
used were like those employed for the large herring which are known
by the trade names of ‘“ brook-trout” and ‘“sea-trout,” and the methods
of preparation were very similar. The mackerel were found in every
way superior to the herring, and the demand for them has been con-
stantly increasing to the present time.
The advantages of mackerel canning are many. Perhaps the great-
est point in favor of the industry is the fact that it gives an outlet for
the small mackerel, which, for canning purposes, are found superior to
the larger ones. The small fish known as * tinkers” are very abundant
along the New England shores, great quantities of them being taken
by the fishermen, who, on account of their small size, which renders
them undesirable for salting, have heretofore experienced great diffi-
culty in finding a market for them, and have frequently been obliged to
throw them away. Limited quantities are sold fresh in the larger mar-
kets, but boat fishermen living at a distance are unable to avail them-
selves of the opportunities offered, owing to a lack of suitable means of
transportation; while the vessel fishermen find it difficult to dispose of
small fish when larger ones chance to be abundant, and the price paid
for tinkers is always exceedingly low. The canning of mackerel, then,
is peculiarly important, in that it renders valuable for purposes of food
immense quantities of otherwise worthless products. The boat fisher-
men are greatly benefited by the development of the industry, as with a
demand for the small fish they find remunerative employment in fishing
at a time when there is little else to occupy their attention.
COOKED MACKEREL.—Prior to 1879, when salt mackerel were first put
up in tin packages, nearly all of the canned mackerel were packed by
224 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [134]
parties engaged in lobster-canning, the same apparatus being used for
the work. The factories are open for the canning of lobsters about the
1st of April, from which date to the Ist of July a large force is kept con-
stantly busy. About this time the lobsters begin “shedding” in such
numbers as to seriously interfere with the business, and the factories are
often obliged to discontinue the work till late in the fall. Fortunately,
however, the mackerel usually make their appearance on the coast at this
season, and many of the factory-men turn their attention to packing them,
thus furnishing employment to their hands during the summer months.
The canneries for this work are located on the coast of Maine, and, with
the exception of the recently developed canning interest in Boston, Maine
has practically a monopoly of the business for the United States, though
limited quantities are put up by the lobster canners of the British Prov-
inces. As has been said, the fish usually arrive early in July, gradually
nearing the shore, until, in a few weeks, they are abundant in many
of the coves and harbors of the New England coast. For several weeks .
during the height of the season the majority of the male population of
the smaller fishing ports are engaged in hooking mackerel, a considerable
revenue being derived from this work. This is especially the case in the
vicinity of the canneries, where a good market is usually found for the
catch. The fishing continues till early in October, when the mackerel
leave for warmer waters.
In the canning of lobsters it is necessary that each factory should be
provided with smacks or small vessels for gathering its supply. These
usually visit the different fishing stations within a radius of 20 to 30
miles of their respective factories, gathering the lobsters from the fish-
ermen, who would find it difficult to run them to market in their small
boats. These vessels are often used in the same way for securing a sup-
ply of mackerel for the canneries. As a rule, they are ordinary sloops
or schooners, but the factory at Castine is provided with a small steamer,
by means of which it is enabled to cover a much larger territory, bring-
ing the fish to the factories in excellent condition.
The catch varies greatly with the season; some years large quanti-
ties of mackerel are taken, while again the fish are scarce, and but few
are secured. The price paid along the different portions of the coast is
quite uniform, the fishermen usually receiving 1 to 14 cents per pound
for the fish as they come from the water, though in some localities the
fish are dressed by the fishermen, and in this condition bring about
two cents per pound.
To obtain the best results it is necessary that the mackerel should be
canned as soon as possible after they are caught. On reaching the
factory the heads, tails, and entrails are removed, after which the fish
are thoroughly washed and placed in strong brine, in which they are
allowed to remain long enough to give them a salty flavor. They are
then packed in cans which are at once carefully sealed. These are im-
mersed in boiling water, where they remain till their contents are thor-
[135] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 225
oughly cooked. They are next “ vented,” and after cooling are sent to
the paint-room, where they are dipped in thin paint or varnish, which
serves to protect them from rust. When dry they are covered with at-
tractive paper labels and packed in cases for shipment. The cans used
are similar to those employed for packing fruit, being made of tin and
having a cylindrical form. Two sizes are used by most of the canners.
The smaller, for which there is a large demand, is 44 inches in height
by 3 inches in diameter, and holds about 1 pound of fish; the other is
44 inches high by 34 inches in diameter, and contains about 14 pounds,
though it is ordinarily known as a 2-pound can. A larger size, holding
3 pounds, is sometimes employed. The loss in dressing varies from 25
to 35 per cent., according to the size and condition of the fish, while the
labor of cleaning and canning costs from 18 to 22 cents per dozen cans.
Fifteen to twenty-five persons constitute an average working force for
acannery. One-half of these are women and children, who receive from
50 to 75 cents per day for their services; the remainder are tinsmiths
and laborers, whose compensation ranges from $1 to $3 per day, ac-
cording to agreement.
The price of canned mackerel is largely dependent upon the quantity
packed during a given season. In 1880 the price at the factory was
$1.25 per dozen for the 1-pound cans, while-the 2-pounds sold for $1.85.
In 1881 it is said to have been reduced to $1 for 1-pounds, and $1.50 for
twos.
Until 1880, as already stated, the canning of fresh mackerel was con-
fined almost exclusively to the lobster canneries on the coast of Maine.
At this time, however, a number of Boston dealers engaged extensively
in the work, and, according to Mr. Wilcox, 750,000 pounds of fresh mack-
erel were used for canning, the product of the canneries amounting te
480,000 1-pound and 24,000 2-pound cans, valued at $53,700. During the
same season the Maine canners purchased 1,252,455 pounds of mackerel,
from which 814,668 cans of the various brands were put up, their value
at wholesale prices being $96,749. In other portions of the country a
limited quantity of mackerel, estimated at 60,000 cans, valued at $6,500,
were packed. In 1881 the Boston business had, as we are informed by
Mr. Wilcox, increased enormously, and during the summer 1,764,000 cans
were put up. The quantity for Maine was increased to about 1,000,000
cans, and that for other places doubtless reached 100,000, making a total
of 2,864,000 cans. In 1879 the quantity for the entire country did not
exceed 900,000 1-pound cans.
SALT MACKEREL.—The canned salt mackerel, as has been remarked,
are put up from the ordinary pickled fish. Different brands are used for
this purpose. Some packers select large fish of the best quality, though
a majority use standard No. 2’s. In preparing them for the cans, they
are carefully washed and scraped so as to give them a neat and attrac-
tive appearance. Frequently the heads and tails are removed, and, if
of large size, the mackerel are cut in halves to facilitate packing. When
S. Mis. 110 15
226 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [136]
the can contains the proper weight of fish it is filled with strong brine
and carefully sealed; after which it is labeled and packed for shipment.
No uniform standard of shape or size has been adopted in the manu-
facture of cans for this trade, those used being either square, oblong, or
cylindrical, as the packer may think most desirable. Those oftenest
seen in the markets are cylinders, 4 to 5 inches high, and 6 to 8 inches
in diameter, holding from 5 to 6 pounds. Other and larger sizes, hold-
ing from 10 to 15 pounds, are frequently seen.
During the season of 1880 the wholesale price averaged $5.50 per dozen
for 5-pound cans. The cans usually bear the brand of the deputy in-
spector under whose supervision they are packed, this being in accord-
ance with the Massachusetts inspection law.
The business has from the first been confined largely to Boston and
Gloucester. Mr. A. Howard Clark informs us that 100,000 5-pound cans
were put up in the latter city in 1879, and Mr. Wilcox gives 72,000 cans
as the quantity packed by the dealers of the former place. In 1880,
according to the same authorities, Boston parties packed 144,000 cans,
and the Gloucester firms put up about 135,000. The quantity for the
entire county, including those packed in New York and other places, is
estimated at 360,000 cans, valued at over $150,000.
BROILED MACKEREL.—At the sardine canneries two methods have
been adopted for the preparation of mackerel. The first originated
with Mr. Julius Wolff, of the Eagle Preserved Fish Company. By it
the fish are treated in a manner exactly similar to that employed for
certain brands of sardines. They are carefully cleaned and dried, after
which they are fried in oil and packed in cans with vinegar and spices.
The second method, which is now extensively adopted, originated with
Mr. Henry Sellmann of the Americann Sardine Company. In June of
1880 Mr. Selimann, fearing that the increased number of canneries at
Eastport, Me., would result in a scarcity of herring, decided to erect
one at Camden near the mouth of the Penobscot River, where small
herring were reported to be abundant. Failing to secure a sufficient
quantity of herring, he turned his attention to the canning of mackerel,
buying all that were offered by the local fishermen and sending daily
to Boston for an additional supply.
In preparing the fish, the heads, tails, and viscera are removed, after
which the bodies are thoroughly cleansed and immersed in strong brine
for a few minutes. When they have absorbed a sufficient quantity of
salt they are again washed, spread upon wire trays, and placed in a
tight box, where they are steamed for several minutes. The trays
containing the fish are next placed in a large oven, to be thoroughly
baked or broiled. On removal they are packed in oval tin boxes, holding
about three pounds each, and covered with mustard, or with a dressing
consisting of tomato-sauce seasoned with spices. The cans are then
sealed and placed in a hot-water bath. When sufficiently cooked they
are taken out and “ vented.” They are then allowed to cool, after which
[137] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 22%
they are neatly labeled as “ fresh-broiled mackerel,” and packed in
wooden cases for shipment. Mackerel prepared in this way are, on ac-
count of their delicate flavor, far superior to any of the brands of her-
ring, and from the first the demand has been greater than the supply.
Owing to the favor with which the goods were received Mr. Sellmann
soon found it desirable to locate a factory at some point where a large
and constant supply of fish could be depended upon. Accordingly, in
the spring of 1881 he associated with himself other capitalists, and built
a cannery at Gloucester, Mass., where considerable quantities of mack-
erel have been packed. Up to the close of the season no other factories
were built for the preparation of broiled mackerel, but it is thought that
in 1882 a good many persons will devote their attention to this industry.
In 1880 Mr. Sellmann packed 50,784 cans, valued at $16,400, and in 1881
the combined product of the Camden and Gloucester establishments was
about 200,000 cans.
VI—METHODS OF PACKING, AND INSPECTION
LAWS.
By A. HOWARD CLARK.
K.—METHODS OF PACKING AND INSPECTION LAWS.
44, METHODS OF PACKING MACKEREL.
The bulk of the catch of mackerel by the American fleet is cured in
pickle, being split, and salted in barrels. Some of the salt mackerel are
afterwards smoked, but this method of curing is practiced only in two or
three places, and here only to a very limited extent, though in ‘parts of
Europe a large business is done in the smoked product. The European
way of preparing mackerel for salting is much inferior to the American
method. The fish are cut open with a knife along the belly, instead of
being split down the back. The gills and entrails are taken out, and the
fish are then packed, belly up, in barrels. This is a very poor way of
handling mackerel, for they are not soaked, and the blood remaining in
them makes them dark-colored and liable to spoil in a short time.
In previous sections of this report the manner of handling mackerel
on board of the fishing-vessels has been fully described. Until about
the beginning of the present century the labor of splitting and salting
could be done on shore, since the fish were sufficiently abundant near
the land so that boats or vessels made but short trips, disposing of their
fares each day in a fresh condition. With the growth of the industry it
has been found necessary to follow the fish further from land, and with the
larger class of vessels employed it has for some years been more conven-
ient and profitable to make longer trips than formerly. It has, therefore,
become customary to perform much of the work of preserving the fish
on board the vessels instead of on shore. After being captured, the
228 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [138]
mackerel are immediately split, salted in barrels, with sufficient pickle to
insure their preservation at least until the vessel shall arrive home, and
the barrels are stowed in the hold. When a fare is secured the vessel
returns to port to “ pack out.” The barrels of fish are at once landed
on the wharf, when they are culled into grades as defined by law, and,
after being properly weighed, are put up in various sized packages and
distributed over the country. In most of the New England States there
are laws that require each package to be branded by an authorized inspec-
tor, who must thus certify that it contains the designated kind, grade, and
weight of fish, and that they are properly preserved. The same fish are
sometimes repacked in the Western and Southern States and resold
under brands different from those required by the laws of New England.
The manner of handling mackerel, though differing in some of the
minor details, is essentially the same for all of the New England ports.
The method described in this chapter is that .pursued at Gloucester
where great quantities of mackerel are annually packed.
The barrels of fish are hoisted by horse-power from the vessel’s hold
to the wharf, and are set on end until all are ready for packing. They
are next unheaded and the mackerel emptied, one or more barrels
at a time, into the culling-crib,* around which stand three or more
‘‘cullers,” who separate the fish into several grades, throwing them into
weighing-tubs holding about 100 pounds each. After being weighed
the fish are thrown into the packing-crib, and are ready to be put into
barrels or smaller packages. The first two tiers in the bottom of a bar-
rel are placed flesh up, and the successive layers back up. Over each
layer is sprinkled a few handfuls of salt, using about a half bushel, or 35
pounds, to each barrel. The law requires that a barrel shall contain
200 pounds of mackerel exclusive of the weight of the pickle, and that
half, quarter, and eighth barrels shall contain proportionate quantities.
Smaller packages of any size may be put up, provided the weight is
properly branded thereon. The cooper now heads up the barrel and
rolls it along the wharf in the proper row for each grade. It is next
taken by the pickler, who bores a hole in the side and pours in some
brine. For this purpose he places in the hole the pickle-tub, which is an
ordinary water-bucket, with a copper nozzle in the bottom, thus making
a very good funnel. The pickle is usually the same as taken from the
barrel of mackerel as it comes from the vessel, being poured from the
barrel into a pickle tub or butt and then dipped by the pickler. It may
be strengthened by the addition of fresh salt, and is considered of the
proper strength when it will float a mackerel of ordinary fatness. The
barrel having been filled with pickle, the hole is plugged up, and it is
then turned on end ready for branding. It is often allowed to remain
for several days on its side or on end, in order to allow the fish to settle,
and is then refilled with pickle. A lack of sufficient pickle is determined
*A culling-crib may be of any size, but is usually a wooden box 5 feet long, 3 feet
wide, and 8 inches deep, with slat bottom, and is set on legs 23 or 3 feet high.
{139] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 229
by the sound produced by striking the barrel with a stick or cooper’s
hammer.
The labor of packing or putting the fish in barrels is generally done
by boys from ten to eighteen years of age, who receive about 5 cents
per barrel for this work, and often make good days wages as they be-
come very expert. Captain Collins mentions one instance of a Gluces-
ter boy, twelve years old, who packed 494 barrels in one day, and on
another occasion 143 barrels in less than four days.
The entire work of culling, weighing, packing, and pickling must be
under the personal supervision of an inspector, who puts his official
brand on the head of each package. This brand must state the kind
and grade of fish in the package, the name of the inspector, the name
of the town and State where packed, and the date of packing. In
Massachusetts the year when they are put up is considered sufficient,
but in Maine and New Hampshire the month must also be given. After
being kept all winter, or even fora less time, the mackerel may become
rusty or the pickle may leak out, so that they may require repacking
and reinspection. legal branding by an inspector is punished by fine
and removal from office.
There is very little difference in the inspection laws of the several
States defining the grades of mackerel. In Massachusetts there are
five qualities, called numbers one, two, three large, three, and four.
New Hampshire has the same grades. Maine laws define a grade
called number three small; that is, the same as number four of the other
States. The first grade, or number one, must be mackerel of the best
quality, not mutilated, free from rust, taint, or damage, and measuring
not less than 13 inches from the extremity of the head to the crotch or
fork of the tail. Number two are those of the next best quality, free
from rust, taint, or damage, and measuring not less than 11 inches in
length. Those that remain after the above selections, if free from taint
or damage, and measuring not less than 15 inches in length, are num-
ber three large. The next inferior quality, free from taint or damage,
and not less than 10 inches in length, are number three. All other
mackerel free from taint or damage are called number four. Rhode
Island laws declare that “every cask of pickled codfish and mackerel
offered for sale, or for exportation from the State, shall also be branded
No.1, No. 2, or No. 3, to denote the quality of such fish”
Besides the regular grades required by law, dealers are accustomed
to make other qualities, designated extra ones, extra twos, and mess
mackerel. The first named are superior both in size and fatness, and
are sold at a great advance over ordinary number one fish. Extra two
mackerel are better than ordinary two, and are in all respects equal to
ordinary number one fish, except in the length; these also bring an ad-
vanced price. Mess mackerel are made from any grade, but principally
from numbers two and one fish, free from the heads and tails, and with
the blood seraped off.
230 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [140]
The size and material of packages for pickled mackerel are regulated
by law. The Massachusetts statutes require that pickled fish be put up
in tierces containing each 300 pounds; in barrels, 200 pounds; half-bar-
rels, 100 pounds, or in packages containing a less quantity, upon which
the weight of the fish therein is legibly branded. Large quantities of
mackerel are put up in a sort of firkin, called a kid or kit, which holds
about 25 pounds, or an eighth of a barrel. Quarter-barrels are also used
to a considerable extent, and for the last two or three years packers have
used tin cans containing about 5 pounds of fish each.
All packages, except those containing less than 25 pounds weight,
must be made of sound, well-seasoned wood, and be well hooped. ‘The
staves may be of either white or red oak, spruce, pine, or chestnut, and
must be 28 inches long. The heads may be of either above kinds
of wood, planed, and when of pine must be free from sap or knots.
They must measure seventeen inches between the chimes. Each tierce,
barrel, and half-barrel must be well hooped with at least twelve hoops,
three on each chime and the same number on each bilge. The barrels
must contain not less than 28 nor more than 29 gallons; the half-barrels
not less than 15 gallons, and the tierces not less than 45 nor more than 46
gallons each. Each cask must be made in a workmanlike manner, and
be branded on its side, near the bung, with the name of the maker. All
casks not properly made may be rejected by the inspector. New Hamp-
shire laws require rift timber for staves. In Maine poplar staves are
also allowed.
Barrels for packing fish are manufactured in various parts of New
England, but most of them are made in Maine, Bangor being the head-
quarters for this industry. They are sent to the fishing ports either put
together ready for use or in sbooks that are made into barrels at the
cooper-shops in Gloucester and other places. The demand for barrels
at the fishing ports sometimes exceeds the supply, so that their value is
greatly enhanced. In 1881, during the height of the season, they fre-
quently sold at over a dollar apiece, but the usual price for some years past
has been from forty to sixty cents. Old barrels that have served one or
more trips on the vessels for holding salt or fish are often repaired and
sold at cheaper rates.
While Trapani, Cadiz, and Liverpool salt are used in salting mack-
erel, Liverpool salt is more generally preferred, as it keeps the fish in
better condition. The salt is taken from home by the mackerel vessels.
It is carried in barrels that are stowed in the hold until occasion comes
to use it, when it is emptied and the barrels are used for mackerel.
The quantity of salt required to prepare a barrel of mackerel ready
for branding is about 108 pounds. On the vessel it is customary to use
one and one-sixth bushels of salt for stowing down each barrel of fish, or
34 bushels for three barrels. On shore one-half bushel is used for each
packed barrel, and as there is a shrinkage of one-tenth in packing, we
find the total quantity of salt required to produce a barrel of packed
[141] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 231
mackerel is 108 pounds, or three pounds over a bushel and a half of salt.
The entire shrinkage on mackerel from the fresh to the packed state is.
33 per cent.
The cost of packing mackerel varies with the price of barrels, salt,
and labor. During the war it was very high, and it continued so until
about 1876, when it was reduced to about $1.75 per barrel. In 1880 it
“varied from $1,30 to $1.50, and in 1881, owing to a large demand for
barrels for the increased catch of fish, packing advanced to $2 during
the height of the season, and averaged about $1.75. This cost of pack-
ing includes all the expense incurred in preparing the fish for market
after they have been received from the vessel in sea-packed barrels.
The packer is generally a deputy inspector, who is also part owner of
the fish to be packed and inspected. He therefore realizes a profit both
in the packing and in the sale of the mackerel. In some cases, however,
the packer is not at all interested as an owner. but is hired as au deputy
inspector to prepare the fish for market. With a gang of men he goes
to the wharf where the mackerel have been landed from the vessel, and
being provided by the owners of the fish with barrels, salt, pickle, and
culling and weighing apparatus, he performs the work, and charges from
50 centsto $1 forassorting, weighing, packing, coopering, and branding.
He may also make a profit on the labor in addition to his lawful inspec-
tion fee.
The inspection fee, exclusive of the labor and cooperage, is 9 cents
per barrel in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, of which amount the
personal inspecting officer is entitled to 8 cents and the general inspector
tolcent. In Maine, where there is no general inspector, the fee is 7 cents
per barrel. This fee is to be paid by the owner of the fish or the per-
son hiring the inspector, and may be recovered of a purchaser.
In settling with the crew of a mackerel vessel under the old methods
of capture, the share of each man depended on his individual catch of
fish. At the present day, when seining is the almost universal mode of
capture, it is impossible to follow the old way of determining the shares,
what the men receive depending on the totalcatch. Oneman may receive
a half or quarter share because of his inexperience, while another may
receive a share and a half for his unusual activity or some other reason.
The extra half share, however, would be paid by the owners of the ves-
sel as a premium for the best work.
Barrels and salt for use on the vessel are provided by the vessel-
owners, who also furnish the apparatus of capture and the provisions
for a trip. Stock charges or the expense of bait, if it be used, harbor
dues, and some other items are paid one-half by the owner and one-half
by the crew. Several other items, called the crew’s expenses, as the
wages of a cook, the milk and water used on the trip, the cost of hoisting
the mackerel from the vessel to the wharf, towing, and extra labor for
scraping and tarring are paid entirely by the crew.
When the mackerel are packed and sold, the fishermen are entitled to
232 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [142]
one-half of the net proceeds of sale, and the vessel-owners to the other
half. The difference between the gross and net proceeds is the cost of
packing, including the barrel and the stock charges. Thus, a trip of
mackerel may be sold for $5,000. The stock charges may be $300 and
the cost of packing $600. The net proceeds would be $5,000, minus
$900, or $4,100. One half the net proceeds, or $2,050, is the owner’s.
share, and the other half the crew’s share. From the crew’s half must
be deducted the crew’s expenses, which may be $150, thus leaving $1,900
to be divided among the men.
Prior to 1872 a settlement with the vessel’s crew for a trip was not
made until the mackerel were inspected and sold, which might be sev-
eral months after the trip was completed. As a general rule, the ves-
sel-owner packed and purchased the catch very soon after it was landed,
and then, having settled with the crew, he waited for a favorable time
to put the fish on the market. The crew have, perhaps, a legal right to
take their half of the fish, after deducting stock and packing charges,
and may sell that half whenever they please, but in practice the owner
of the vessel usually sells the fish for the crew or buys them outright.
The captain of the vessel may act as agent for the owner in Selling mack-
erel away from home.
Since 1872, and especially during the past two or three years, many
trips have been sold “out of pickle” immediately after being landed.
The crew at once receive their share of money, and may proceed on
another trip, and the fish may not be packed and put upon the market
for several weeks, or even months. In selling out of pickle a barrel of
mackerel is reckoned at-200 pounds of fish as they come from the sea-
packed barrel, without being drained of pickle or the salt washed off,
though the fishermen sometimes complain that there is a pretty thorough
draining and washing before the fish are weighed. The price paid the
fisherman is so much per 200 pounds of fish, exclusive of the barrel,
which is furnished by the purchaser.
Mackerel bought from the vessel out of pickle are sometimes re-sold
before being properly culled and inspected according to the letter of the
law. The practice of selling out of pickle is often an accommodation
to the fishermen, as it does not require them to wait for weeks or months
for their money. It is also often a source ot considerable profit to the
purchaser, who, by careful culling, may realize a far greater proportion
of good grades of fish than was estimated in buying them without being
assorted.
A considerable source of profit to the dealers is the practice of buying
inspected barrels of mackerel and then re-packing them, perhaps mak-
ing a few more barrels of the better grades, or packing them as mess
mackerel by cutting off the heads and tails and scraping off the blood.
There is a loss of about 25 per cent. in weight from ordinary to mess
mackerel, but usually a more than proportionate increase in the value
of the fish.
[143] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 233
There has been considerable discussion as to the relative merits of
mackerel taken with the purse-seine and those caught with the hook,
and interesting experiments were made a few years ago ‘to test the
keeping power of the two kinds. An experienced fish-dealer of Boston
states to Capt. J. W. Collins that he very carefully salted and pickled
a half-barrel of each kind, using the same quantity of salt on each. He
headed the half-barrels up and set them away about the 1st of October,
and when he opened them about the 1st of the following March he found
a marked difference between them. The flesh of the hooked mackerel
was firm and in fine condition, while the flesh of the seined fish was
short and mealy, retaining little or no firmness. He thinks the same
difference will hold good in most cases. The same gentleman also made
very careful experiments as to the comparative merits of fresh and salt
water for pickling mackerel. He salted and pickled two half-barrels,
using fresh water for one and salt for the other. He put them up in
the fall and opened them the following July, when he found a marked
difference in them. Those filled with salt-water pickle were in excellent
condition, while the others had a dirty scum on the pickle, and the flesh
was dark and somewhat slimy; the skin had a whitish, discolored ap-
pearance, and the fish were thought unfit to eat. He says that in 1879
fresh water was extensively used in making pickle for fish, and thinks
that when the fish are kept for any length of time they are unfit for
food; hence the sale or market for pickled fish is injured.
Concerning the relative quality of hooked and seined mackerel, it ap-
pears certain, from the statements of many men of large experience, that
the former are superior, and the reason is a simple one, namely, only a
small quantity out of the entire school of fish is captured, and these are
sarefully handled, while in seining the entire school of perhaps several
hundred barrels is caught and the fish are necessarily allowed to remain
‘or a considerable time without care, so that many of them may become
soft and greatly inferior in quality to fresh mackerel. With proper care
the seined mackerel may no doubt be as good as the others.
There is a great difference in mackerel taken at different seasons of
the year. Those caught in -the early spring are very lean and shrink
when pickled, As the season advances they grow fatter, and in the fall
are at their best; so that the large fish taken in September and October
grow heavier rather than lighter in pickle.
The care taken of mackerel in the early years of the fishery may be
judged from the following instructions to the masters and crews of
Massachusetts mackerel vessels, which appeared in the Gloucester Tele-
graph May 26,1832. Itis dated Boston, May 2, 1832, and signed James
Barry, inspector-general of pickled fish:
‘“'The mackerel fishery has already become a very important item in the
catalogue of the staples of our State; and, if we may judge from its rapid
progress in past years, is destined to become one of its greatest sources
of wealth. Your attention is requested to the following facts and re-
234 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [144]
marks: Mackerel should be split as soon as possible, and, after the blood
has been soaked out of them, immediately salted with such salt as is
suitable for the pupose; my own opinion is in favor of Liverpool or
Cape Cod salt. It is necessary that it should dissolve as soon as possible.
Eastport salt, so called, must not be used; it will not save the fish; it
has proved destructive to fish and to meat. I have instructed my depu-
ties not to pack mackerel struck with that kind of salt. Mackerel should
be well salted in the first instance; it is a mischievous error that fisher-
men have fallen into by salting their fish too slack, as has often been the
case; and another by using the plough, which has given to the fish a
false appearance, and has been a source of mortification to the fishermen ;
and they have ina great many instances found fault with the inspectors
when the fault belonged to themselves in not taking that care of the
fish which it was their duty to do, and which in many cases has been a
ruinous business to purchasers. By a law of this commonwealth the
inspector is required to throw into an inferior quality all mackerel which
have been plowed, cut, or mutilated for the purpose of deception. It
can be of no advantage to the fishermen, and I trust will never again be
done. I have strictly forbidden any deputy inspector from packing any
mackerel with the gills or entrails in them. They must be cleansed by
the fishermen before they are offered for packing; otherwise they will be
rejected. You must be aware how much better a fare of mackerel are,
and how much more salable, when they are brought into market clean
and well struck.
‘¢ My hope is that you will take this subject into your serious consider-
ation and remedy the evils which have existed, and which I think you
will do if you wish to insure the sale of your fish and have a due regard
for your own interest. Those of you who are acquainted with me will
do me the credit of seeking the welfare of the fishermen, which is so
nearly connected with that of the inspector.
** Wishing you success in your business and prosperity in your homes,
IT remain, your friend aud humble servant,
“JAMES BARRY.”
The following item appeared in the Boston Atlas July 15, 1845:
‘For the last twenty years scarcely a year has passed but there has
something new taken place in the mackerel fishery which had a bear-
ing on the inspection laws. The mackerel are fatter or poorer, larger
or smaller, plenty or scarce, some one of which are different from the
previous year, and thus it is impossible to make a law to meet all these
changes in every particular. Whenever a change takes place its first
operation is generally in favor of one or the other, until an alteration in
the law takes place or interest dictates a remedy. Such has been the
case the present season in relation to the South No. 3.
‘¢ Heretofore all mackerel taken south of Nantucket have been denomi-
nated Block Island, and considered to be of inferior quality ; so much
[145] HISTORY OF THE MACKUREL FISIERY. 235
so that it became necessary to designate them from the North No. 3’s
by the word ‘South.’ Now it is the reverse.
“This year the fishermen found more of the middling-size mackerel at
the south and in the latitude of Block Island than formerly, and, as the
law did not oblige the inspector to cull these mackerel and make two
numbers, the fishermen insisted upon their being packed and branded
according to the letter of the law under the brand South No. 3,
“As soon as those mackerel came into market and the true condition
of the fish became known the prices began to recede. Upon learning this
fact, it was immediately recommended to the fishermen and inspectors
to cull their mackerel and make two qualities of South No. 3, which
was, I believe, generally adopted. Thus we shall have four qualities of
No. 3’s, when, in fact, we ought to have but two, viz, large and small.
I have thought proper to make this statement to inform the consumers
and dealers in fish against any error they might be led into, supposing
that all the mackerel packed in 1845 branded South are all large fish.
“HK. H. LITTLE,
“‘ Inspector-General of Fish.
“JULY 14, 1845.”
Capt. N. E. Atwood, of Provincetown, Mass., gives the following ac-
count of the past and present methods employed for curing mackerel
by salting and pickling:
‘Some sixty years ago the method of catching mackerel with jig
came into general use, so that in 1826 a large fleet of vessels were en-
gaged in this branch of the fishery, fishing off the coast of Massachusetts
and of Maine through the summer and autumn. Before the jig was
introduced the quantity of mackerel taken was comparatively small ;
they were mostly caught by trailing while the vessel or boat was sailing
through the waters, only a few being captured in nets. When the jig
came into use the way of fishing on board of mackerel vessels was by
hauling down the jib and laying the other sails in such a way that the
vessel would drift squarely to leeward. Bait chopped fine was thrown
overboard in very small quantities, so as to keep a small string of bait
going from the vessel all the time, and the school of mackerel, meeting
this bait, would follow it up to the vessel and bite at the jigs, so that the
fishermen would not have to wait for a bite while the fish was inclined
to take the hook. In this way a number of barrels of fish could be
taken in a short time, and a crew of ten men could catch in an hour or
two from ten to twenty barrels, sometimes more and many times much
less, or very few. As soon as the fish ceased biting, the crew engaged
in dressing them, making three gangs of two or three men each, one
man to split the fish and two to gib. The splitter as he splits them
throws them into a gib-tub; the gibbers take each an empty barrel and
put in it two buckets of water; they then commence to gib, taking up
a single fish and opening it suddenly with a jerk, which causes them
to break lengthwise along the lower end of their ribs if they are fat,
-
236 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [146]
thus making a crease on each side, but if they are poor they will not
break. He then takes out the entrails and gills and throws the fish into
a barrel flesh down, and open; if one or more should be put in shut up
the blood would not soak out. When the barrel is about level full he
fillsit with water, and it is then left for the blood to soak out of the fish.
The gibber then fills another barrel in the same way, and so on until all
the fish are dressed. After washing the decks, the next thing is to
shift the fish into clean water, as that in which they have been soaking
has become very bloody. Taking an empty barrel and putting in it
two buckets of clean water, the fish are taken out one by one, and if
any of the entrails or gills have been left in by the gibber, it is removed,
so that the fish is thoroughly cleaned. At the same time that the fish
are examined and cleaned the rimmer is used, plowing deeper the
creases in them, which makes them look fatter, so that when the in-
spector culls them and puts them up ready for market they may have
a larger proportions of No. Vs and and No. 2’s. The rimmers are of va-
rious kinds and shapes; some are made wholly of wood; others have the
end tipped with pewter and fine teeth on the edge, so as to make the
crease look rough, as though it was broken naturally; others have a
knife in the end, which cuts them smoothly. There are other kinds of
rvimmers and other ways of rimming too numerous to mention, but the
object is to make them look fatter than they really are, and thereby
gain in number of fat fish or in better quality, as this crease is an indi-
cation of their fatness. After the mackerel have been in the second
water a short time they are ready for salting. They are salted in tight
barrels, so as to hold the pickle, which keeps them from rusting, using
salt enough to preserve them well until the end of the voyage.
‘¢When the vessel arrives at port the fish are taken out of the barrels
and assorted or culled by an authorized inspector, agreeably to the
Massachusetts inspection law. The inspector puts them up with his
name on the barrels, and then he becomes responsible for their con-
dition and quality. The above is the whole process of curing mackerel,
and if so cured, and the barrels kept tight and full of pickle, they will
keep in good condition a long time.
‘‘ While jigging was the principal way of catching mackerel they were
taken in such a way ard in such quantities that they could be dressed
before they became soft; but since seining has come into general use the
quality of mackerel is much inferior to what they were before.
“The seining vessel may be on the fishing-ground and cruise for
weeks and not get a single fish, for they may keep down and not show
themselves on the top of the water. Then a day may come when mack-
erel will come up and large schools of them may be seen in every direc-
tion. The seiner then throws his seine around a school, and if he is
fortunate enough to inclose them, he hauls in the purse-lines, gathers
in the net so as to bring the fish into a compact body, and then com-
mences to bail them out on deck with his scoop-nets. In this way large
[147] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. Zo
quantities of fish are caught in a single haul, sometimes hundreds of
barrels. Having such a large quantity, and handling them so much, the
men cannot dress them before they get soft. When they are dressed
and salted they are headed up in barrels and brought into port, and
when opened for culling and inspection they are found to be ragged
and soft, and do not compare in quality with the jig mackerel of former
years.
“One more fishery I will mention; that is, when the mackerel are
passing off the coast late in autumn. A large number of gill-nets are
then set in our bay and kept there night and day. The fishermen visit
them daily, as often as the weather will permit, and take out the fish
that may have been caught during the night. The weather is often
windy and rugged, so that they cannot go to their nets for several days.
The fish are injured by remaining in the nets any considerable length
of time after they are caught. Mackerel taken at this season of the
year are not of the best quality, for, even if they are taken out of the
nets aS soon as may be, on the following morning after they have run
in, and dressed at once and put in water to soak, the water is cold, and
as the blood is already chilled, it will not soak out of the flesh of the
fish, so that they will be dark colored. When the water becomes cold
the mackerel lose their fat fast, so that those that are caught here as
they are passing off late in November and early in December, many of
them have little or no fat in them, however large the creases may be
that have been made by the fisherman’s rimmer to indicate their fat-
ness. They are inferior fish, and often fail to give satisfaction to the
parties who buy them.”
45.—INSPECTION LAWS.
Statutes regulating the method of packing pickled fish are in force in
many of the States, but the only ones governing the manner of prepar-
ing salt mackerel are those of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
and Rhode Island. Nearly the entire catch of the mackerel fleet of the
United States, with the exception of fish sold fresh, is packed in Mas-
sachusetts and Maine, and thence shipped throughout the country. As
there is no national law governing the proper preservation and requir-
ing uniform grades of mackerel, it often happens that fish packed accord.
ing to law in New England are repacked in other States and sold under
false or misleading brands, much to the injury of the original packer.
In some of the States outside of New England, as in Pennsylvania,
there have been laws requiring fish that have been legally inspected in
other States, but repacked in that State, to be reinspected. The Penn-
sylvania law was repealed in 1874. The laws of Ohio require the in-
Spection of all pickled fish except shad, mackerel, and herring. In
New York there is a law on the statute-book which declares that pickled
fish intended for foreign exportation must be inspected, but this law is
entirely inoperative. The laws of Michigan permit the inspection of
238 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [148]
fish when desired by packers. TF ish-inspection laws are in force in New
Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, and Michigan, and also in the city of
Chicago and some other large cities, but they do not concern the mack-
erel trade, except that the sale of damaged fish is generally forbidden.
We give in the appendix to this report, first, the existing laws of
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecti-
eut; second, some of the repealed laws of Maine, Massachusetts, Con-
necticut, and Pennsylvania; and, third, the laws now in force in the
Dominion of Canada, as also the old law of the Province of Nova Scotia.
In early colonial days it became necessary to enact laws for the proper
regulation of the trade in fish, and to prevent deceit in packing them.
Accordingly, as early as 1651 we find that the general court of elections
held at Boston ordered that in every town within its jurisdiction officers
should be appointed whose duty it was to see that the barrels of fish be
properly packed, containing only one kind of fish, and those well cured.
Each town was to make choice of a proper person as inspector, and
within one week after the choice he was to be presented before a mag-
istrate by the constable and take the requisite oath for the performance
of his duty. Refusal to take the oath incurred a penalty of forty shil-
lings, and another choice was made. The oath was a strong one, and
required the officer to swear by the living God that he would well and
truly pack all beef, pork, and other things when. required; that he
would pack none but good and sound goods; that he would set his
mark upon every cask thus packed; and that he would discharge his
duties according to his best judgment and conscience. The size of
casks and barrels in which fish, beef, pork, &c., were packed were reg-
wated by law, and according to an act passed by the general court of
the Province of Massachusetts in 1692 these casks must be of London
assize; puncheons, 84 gallons; hogsheads, 63 gallons; tierces, 42 gal-
lons; barrels, 314 gallons; and must be made of sound, well-seasoned
timber, and free from sap.
If any person should illegally shift any fish that had been properly
packed and branded, he must pay double damages to persons wronged
thereby, and musi be set in the pillory not exceeding one hour. Equally
severe penalties were imposed upon violators of other sections of the
inspection laws. If the master of a vessel receive provisions aboard of
his vessel not properly branded, he must forfeit double the value of all
such provisions, and the owner of the provisions must forfeit the same,
From time to time during the history of the States various inspection
laws have been passed, but since there is so much sameness to them it
seems unnecessary to reproduce them all.
In some of the States the appointment of inspectors has been left to
the towns, while in other States they have been appointed directly by
the governor. Some States have passed no general laws covering the
inspection of fish, but all such regulations have been left to the cities
and towns. But throughout New England, the center of the fishing
[149] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 239
industry, the question has been regulated by State enactments, and the
appointments of the chief officers have been made by the governor, who
has, however, left the appointment of deputies to the chief inspector.
Massachusetts has found it prudent to have an inspector-general,
who supervises and is responsible for the numerous deputy inspectors
in the seaport towns. Maine had such dan inspector-general down to
1875, but the office was then abolished, and inspectors appointed in the
fishing ports are now responsible to the State alone.
As early as 1816 there was an inspector-general of fish appointed in
New Hampshire, whose duties were the same as of similar officers in
other States.
The existing laws of Maine were passed January 25, 1871, and amended
by acts passed February 24, 1871, and February 10,1875, and provide
thatthe governor ‘shall appoint, in places where pickled fish are cured
or packed for exportation, one or more persons skilled in the quality of
the same, to be inspectors of fish, who shall hold their office for a term
of five years, unless sooner removed by the governor and council.”
Each inspector must be sworn and give bonds to the treasury of the
city, town, or plantation where he is appointed for the faithful per-
formance of his official duties. Inspectors must make yearly returns
to the secretary of state, showing the quantities and kinds of fish in-
spected. Their fees are paid by the original owners of the fish.
The law regulates the grades of mackerel under three numbers, and
requires that other pickled fish as well as mackerel shall be packed in
proper barrels, and no more salt put with the fish than is necessary for
their preservation. No pickled fish in casks can be exported from the
State, or sold within the State, except such as have been inspected ac-
cording to law in this State or under the inspection laws of other States.
Although, according to the requirements of the law, each inspector is
expected to make annual returns to the secretary of state showing the
quantities of fish inspected during the year, no such returns can be
found for the years 1521 to 1864, and for 1879, and only imperfect ones
for some other years.
The present laws of New Hampshire were passed in 1878, and are
very similar to those of Maine and Massachusetts. An inspector is ap-
pointed by the governor, and he may appoint deputy inspectors, for
whom he shall be responsible. The inspector is under bond to the State
treasurer for the faithful discharge of his duties, and the deputies under
bond to the inspector.
The law requires that all fish pickled in barrels for exportation, and
all smoked herring or alewives, shall be inspected and the barrels and
boxes properly branded. it regulates the size of casks and the material
from which they may be manufactured.
The inspector is required to make returns to the governor annually of
all fish inspected by him or his deputies during the year. The inspec-
tion fees are paid by the owner or person employing the inspecting
240 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [150]
officer, and these fees are divided between the general inspector and his
deputies.
Pickled fish and smoked fish intended for consumption within the
State, and fish packed in kegs of less than 10 gallons, require no in-
spection, but they must be properly cured and packed, under the same
penalty as inspected fish.
The existing inspection laws of Massachusetts provide for the ap-
pointment by the governor of an inspector-general of fish, who shall
hold office for five years, and who shall be sworn and give bonds to the
treasurer of the commonwealth in the penal sum of $10,000, and who
shall have no interest, directly or indirectly, in the cure or packing of
pickled fish. The inspector-general appoints deputies in the various
seaport towns, and takes bonds from them with sufficient sureties. He
is responsible for their official conduct, and may remove them from office
at his pleasure. The deputies are, in most cases, members of firms that
are engaged in packing fish, and receive fees for inspection that are di-
vided with the inspector-general.
The fees of the office of the inspector-general will be seen in the fol-
lowing extract from the Cape Ann Advertiser of April 16, 1875:
“@eneral William Cogswell, inspector general of fish, has submitted a
statement to the joint standing committee on fisheries of all the fees he
has received from the office for the past eight years. The total receipts
of that period have been $23,365.06; total expenses, $4,400; net re-
ceipts, $18,965.06. During the eight years he has made some twenty-
eight different seizures of packages of mackerel, valued at $5,781.75,
from which he received, after paying expenses, $1,446.44, instead of
$5,781.75, which .-he might have insisted on had he carried out the
strict letter of the law, or an average of about $160 a year. Average
net salary per year, about $2,550.”
As these fees are paid entirely by dealers in fish, the office of inspector-
general is of no expense to the State.
It is provided further that “under the supervision of the inspector-
general and his deputies, respectively, all kinds of split pickled fish and:
fish for barreling, except heriing, and all codfish tongues and sounds,
halibut fins and napes, and sword-fish, whenever said articles are intended
for exportation, shall be struck with salt or pickle in the first instance,
and preserved sweet and free from rust, taint, or damage; and when
the same are found in good order and of good quality, they shall be
packed either in tierces containing each 300 pounds,” &e.
Smoked herring and alewives are also to be inspected, and the size of
the boxes tor smoked fish, as well as size and material for barrels used
for packing pickled fish, are clearly defined.
Fish are divided in various grades, and only one kind allowed to be
packed in the same package. Of mackerel there are five grades, deter-
mined by their length and quality. Other fish are divided. generally.
into two qualities, and so branded.
[151] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 241
There has been considerable opposition to the oflice of inspector-gen-
eral, and strong efforts have been made by fish-dealers to abolish the
office. In Maine there has been no inspector-general since 1875, and it
is claimed by many that there is greater satisfaction among purchasers
‘than formerly. The question has been discussed in the Massachusetts
legislature at various times, and has always resulted in the retention of
the office as one that is important to the security of purchasers.
Since there is no national law covering the inspection of fish or the
protection of the packers, it is claimed by the dealers in Massachusetts
that mackerel are adulterated oustide the State, so that those inspected,
in the State reach the consumer in a poorer grade. A remedy sug-
gested is to pack mackerel as they do other merchandise, by any weight
or style of packages, and brand honestly on each head,the grade, the
weight, and the owner’s name, and do it in such manner as to prevent
repacking without destroying the trade-mark. ‘“ Buyers will demand
original packages if all such names as cover fish that correspond to
the mark on each head, and packages that have been tampered with
will be rejected. There seems to be but one objection to this plan,
namely, a large buyer inland might find it necessary to repack for
better preservation, necessitating the breaking of the original seal.
But this, we apprehend, is not serious.” There have been other plans
suggested as substitutes for the existing laws, but the legislature has
decided that the present regulations are just and proper.
The laws of Rhode Island provide for the election in each town of
one or more packers of fish, who “shall see that the same have been
properly pickled and properly repacked in casks, in good shipping
order, with good salt sufficient in each cask to preserve such fish from
damage to any foreign port.” The packers give bond to the town treas-
urer for the faithful performance of their duties.
Every kind of pickled fish must be sorted, and one kind only be put
into one cask. The casks must be “well seasoned, and bound with
twelve hoops; those for menhaden and herring of the capacity to hold
28 gallons, and those for other fish of the capacity, if a barrel, to hold 200
pounds, and if a half-barrel, to hold 100 pounds weight of fish; each cask
to be full, and the fish sound and well cured.”
The law provides for three grades of pickled codfish and mackerel,
and imposes fines upon packers who neglect to obey the law, as well as
upon any person who shifts fish from a cask after the same has been
_ branded by the packers.
Laws for the inspection of pickled fish in Connecticut relate to pickled
shad, and provide that they shall be “well cleansed, and pickled in
strong brine, and shall remain in such brine at least fifteen days before
they shall be put up for market, and shall be put in barrels or half-bag-
rels, the barrels containing 200 pounds each and the half-barrels 100
pounds each of fish.” Three denominations of shad are defined, the size
being determined by the number required to fill a barrel.
S. Mis. 110-——16
242 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [152]
Inspectors are appointed by the superior court in the several counties,
and receive a fee of 20 cents per barrel for packing, heading, flagging,
pickling, and branding. ‘Any inspector of fish who shall inspect or
brand any package of shad imported into this State shall forfeit $5 to
the State.”
In the several provinces now comprising the Dominion of Canada
laws have from time to time been enacted requiring all pickled and
smoked fish to be properly salted, packed, and inspected before they
were offered for sale. In the year 1867 the Dominion of Canada was
created by the union of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and
New Brunswick. In 1873 Prince Edward Island became a part of the
confederation; so that the Dominion of Canada now includes all the
provinces where fisheries are carried on, with the exception of Newfound-
land, which still retains its individuality as a separate province of Great
Britain. General fish-inspection laws, extending throughout the Domin-
ion, were enacted by the Dominion Parliament in 1873, but were repealed
in 1874, when more complete statutes were enacted, which, with slight
amendments passed in 1876, 1880, and 1881, now regulate the manner of
preparing pickled and smoked fish for exportation or for sale within
the Dominion.
We give in the appendix the fish-inspection law as enacted in 1874,
together with subsequent amendments; also the old law of Nova Scotia,
as found in the revised statutes of that province, published in 1851.
The principal object of fish-inspection laws is to prevent fraudulent
pickling. There has been a great deal of discussion concerning the
benefit of these laws; some packers contend that they are hardships,
while others claim that without some legislative regulations much
more fraud would result and the trade in salt mackerel be reduced
to a very low state. The law is a protection to both buyer and seller.
It guarantees to the former a definite quality of fish, and protects the
trade of the latter in that it prevents a great amount of dishonest un-
derselling and assures to the seller a definite knowledge of the mer-
chandise sold by his neighbor. The principal kinds of fraud in packing
mackerel are short weight and wrong grades. The first kind of fraud
is practiced by the addition of more salt than is necessary for the proper
preservation of the fish, and a corresponding subtraction in the quantity
of mackerel, thus keeping the same total weight in the barrel. Accord-
ing to law a barrel of fish, means 200 pounds of fish, and not that weight
of fish and salt. The second kind of fraud, or that of packing wrong
grades, is more generally practiced, and the least liable to detection by
ordinary customers. A No. 1 mackerel is plainly defined as the best
quality of fish, at least 13 inches in length. A packer’s notion of best
quality may be as varied as the number of his customers, for, while the
requisite length of 13 inches is given, there may be great difference in
the degree of fatness, so that the No. 1 mackerel packed by one firm may
[153] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 243
be far inferior to those packed under the same number by other firms.
In other grades of mackerel the same fraud is practiced, No. 3 appear-
ing as No. 2, and No. 4 packed as No. 3. Butasmall part of the fraud
in packing is done within the precincts of States that have inspection
laws. Most of the fraud is in repacking in Western or Southern States
barrels of fish that have been inspected in New England. A large quan-
tity of fish are bought of New England packers and are by dealers West
and South repacked, and the same frauds again practiced that governed
the original packing of the fish. Thus mackerel that are in reality No.
3 are first fraudulently packed as No. 2 and later as No.1. A small
short weight of fish and extra quantity of salt is increased until ten
barrels of fish become twelve or thirteen. Especially is this short weight
liable to be practiced where whole barrels of fish are repacked in small
packages containing 25 or 50 pounds, and as in most of the States out-
side of New England there is no law regulating the grade of mackerel
and quantity required in a barrel, the dishonesty is not illegal, and can
be carried on with an impunity only limited by the patience of the cus-
tomer.
A chief cause or occasion for fraud is, perhaps, the fact that the in-
spectors in States where inspection laws are in force are themselves the
owners and packers of the fish. In Massachusetts only the inspector-
general is forbidden to be interested, directly, or indirectly in the packing
of the inspected fish. Nearly all the deputies, or the men who really
do the culling, weighing, and branding, are the owners and sellers of
the very fish they inspect. There is little protection against fraud, there-
fore, save in the honesty of the man, andas the moral standard varies with
different men, so does the degree orextent of fraud. Astrictly honorable
inspector would scorn to take advantage of his authority and under
the cloak of his commission cheat his customers. Some inspectors,
however, have an elastic conscience that will stretch to the point beyond
which there is liability of detection either by a superior officer or by a
customer. Such men can make old fish appear new by scraping off some
of the rust, or can from one legal grade of fish make two superior grades.
In Maine there is no inspector-general of fish, so that each inspector
is responsible alone to the county or city authorities to whom he is
under bonds for the faithful discharge of his official duties. For sev-
eral years prior to 1875 Maine had an inspector-general, but in the
year named the office was abolished as unnecessary, and inspectors be-
came personally responsible for their acts. A loud ery was made in
Massachusetts in 1874 and 1875 concerning the abolishment of the orice
of inspector-general of fish, and numerous articles appeared in the
papers of the day discussing both sides of this question, and including
the general subject of fraudulent packing. We quote several of these
newspaper discussions to show the general spirit of the discussion.
The following article appeared in the Portland (Me.) Advertiser April
4, 1874:
244 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [154]
“ To the Editor of the Advertiser:
“Jn your issue of March 31 I noticed an article headed ‘ Fish Inspect-
ors,’ from which readers not familiar with the business would receive a de-
cidedly wrong impression, as they would infer that the inspectors of fish
are in favor of abolishing the present law by which they are governed.
But such is not the case. The whole difficulty seems to rest with one
or two fish buyers; they are anxious to have the law repealed, and
those acquainted with the fish business can easily understand the motives
by which they are prompted. The fishing interest of Portland is of vital
importance, and should be protected, and every honorable influence
brought to bear to encourage fishermen living east of Portland to bring
their fish here to market; but if the views of some of the fish buyers
should be carried out, it is evident that not only vessels from the east
would pass this port, but vessels that are owned and pack their fish here
would be obliged to seek another market.
‘All the regular deputy inspectors of fish in this city have presented
a petition to the governor praying that the present manner of conducting
the business under a general inspector may be continued, and the present
incumbent, who has served so faithfully and impartially, may be reap-
pointed for the usual term of five years, believing that it is the best and
most judicious course to pursue both for the buyer and inspector.
“The old system, as it is termed, has been tried, and it failed to give
satisfaction. Under the present law a general inspector is appointed
to take the entire charge, and he appoints his deputies, who are re-
quired to give bonds for the faithful performance of their duties. Mas-
sachusetts has the same law, and we hear no complaint.
‘“ You state that ‘by the old system deputy inspectors were appointed
who were, generally speaking, connected with the fish business, and on
them the responsibility rested, and at that time Portland fish stood very
high.” Under the present law all the deputies are directly interested in
the fish business, and they know that if these fish are not put up accord-
ing to law the responsibility rests upon them. Upon whom else can they
throw the responsibility ?. They inspect the fish and brand them, and
have given bonds as the law requires. You ‘would not imply there is
deterioration in Portland fish, but yet the deputies have been inclined to
be careless.’ So it seems that, although the deputies have been careless,
yet the fish is up to the standard! Then what reason is there for com-
plaint? I am inclined to believe that the writer of the article was either
misinformed, or else he wished to abuse the public mind with the impres-
sion that the general inspector had an exorbitant salary, and that this
office entails au expense upon the merchants. The compensation of the
general inspector last year was about three hundred dollars, and it is all
paid by his deputies, who are assessed one cent per barrel for all the fish
they inspect. So far as regards the quality of the fish, there is a law
which definitely states what is required to constitute the different grades
of fish, so that the inspector has his instructions from the law, and there
ee ne
[155] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY, 245
is no motive for the deputy to pack in any other way than the law directs,
for he has nothing to gain, but everything to lose, providing the fish are
returned to him.
‘We hope the law will remain as it is, and that the governor will be
pleased to reappoint for a general inspector Mr. D. L. Fernald, of Cam-
den, who is soon to become a resident of this city.
“ INSPECTOR.”
An editorial in the Cape Ann Advertiser of November 28, 1874, says:
‘‘The Boston Herald of Monday has a lengthy article on mackerel
packing, in which it argues that the recent depression of the mackerel
market is owing to the fraud practiced in selling short-weight packages
and the making of No. 1 mackerel out of 3’s, and it is charged that large
spring herring have been split along the back and sold out West for
mackerel, giving a large profit to those engaged in the nefarious business.
‘The appointment of an inspector-general of fish purely on political
grounds, without his having knowledge of the practical duties of the
office, is denounced, as the office is one which requires the services of a
practical man, who should devote his whole time to the work. <A well-
deserved compliment is given those engaged in the fish-packing busi-
ness in Massachusetts, saying that nearly all the old and reliable fish
houses are as exact and careful in putting up fish now as ever; but the
principal part of the fraud in weight and quality of fish is perpetrated
outside of Massachusotts, and the packages marked with counterfeit
Massachusetts inspectors’ brands. Instances of fraud are quoted, and
the Herald concludes by asserting that ‘good inspection laws rigidly
enforced, and a practical inspector-general, who will attend to his duties,
devoting his whole time thereto, are the only means by which our mack-
eral trade can be sustained and extended to the gigantic proportions to
which good management and honest dealing will surely bring it in the
end.’
““We venture the assertion that the dealers in mackerel who wish a
really good article and send orders directly to this city have but little,
if any, cause for complaint in the matter of fraud in packing. Gloucester
fish-packers, as a whole, have an enviable reputation in this particular;
but they cannot hinder dishonorable dealers in other cities from repack-
ing and selling short-weight packages or lean fish for fat ones, short fish
for long, or herring for mackerel. Neither can they prohibit the counter-
feiting of their brands or any other trickery which unprincipled dealers
in States where there is no inspection law may perpetrate after receiv-
ing their stock from headquarters. All they can do is to continue pack-
ing and selling the best qualities of fish, and it will not be long ere the
entire catch of this port will find its way into the hands of those who
can and will appreciate fair and honest dealing. There is little fear but
this fraud in mackerel-packing, will soon regulate itself, and honest
dealers will reap the reward of well-doing.”
246 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [156]
The following communication, signed W. 8., appears in the same
paper as the preceding, under date of February 12, 1875:
“There seems to be a hitch in mackerel—an honest, cléver fish—but
by the haste of somebody to overreach somebody else they fail to reach
the cook South and West under an accurate denomination, and this cur-
tails their consumption. If adulteration was chargeable to Massachu-
setts inspectors, a capable, efficient, and honest general inspector could
remedy the evil, but we apprehend that the bulk—we will not say all,
lest our communication be worthless—of the adulteration is beyond the
precincts of our State.
“It appears to the writer that there are two ways to improve the
mackerel trade, both within easy reach of the merchants engaged in fish
commerce. First, install a general inspector familiar with fish by a prac-
tical education; and next, to go for his duty as unerringly as a bullet
would, and call for the cooper and a pair of scales, and confine his busi-
ness to the said cooper and the said scales. If criticism is demanded,
let it be with a note that makes one deputy less. But it is remarked,
‘This is all very well for Massachusetts; we have no control beyond the
limits of the State, where the chief mischief lies.’ This we admit, and
it is a feature that can’t be remedied except by national legislation.
“A remedy we offer, that avoids necessity for State or national
laws, general and deputy inspectors, as follows: Pack mackerel as they
do other merchandise, by any weight or style packages, and brand hon-
estly on each head as follows—the grade, the weight, and the owner’s
name, and do it in such manner as to prevent repacking without de-
stroying the trade-mark. Buyers will demand original packages of
all such names as cover fish that correspond to the mark on each head,
and packages that have been tampered with will be rejected. There
seems to be but one objection to this plan, namely, a large buyer inland
might find it necessary to repack for better preservation, necessitating
the breaking of the original seal. But this we apprehend is not seri-
ous. As at present conducted, we learn from our most intelligent and
reliable fish merchants that the office of a general inspector is of no sort
of benefit to the fish interest, and ought to be done away with, or place
in the office some one who will execute the laws of the Commonwealth
without fear or favor.”
On the same date as the preceding article we find the following
editorial :
“A petition is in circulation in this city, and has received a large num-
ber of signatures, for the repeal of the law providing for an inspector-
general of fish. The petition sets forth that ‘said officer is no benefit
or advantage to the fishing interests of Massachusetts, and that the fees
as at present paid to said inspector-general is a tax upon the business
from which the fish-producers and dealers receive no benefit.’
‘‘Once was the time when a deputy fish-inspector’s brand on mackerel
had some significance, and the buyer could-rely upon it in the purchase
[157] = ~=—S HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 247
and selling of fish, without even opening the package. That time has
gone by now, as the brands are counterfeited by dealers South and
West, the fish oftentimes repacked, and poorer qualities substituted in
brands branded the best. This has become a serious detriment to the
business, and now there is really no further need of an inspector-gen-
eral of fish. Of late years the office has become a sinecure, from the
fact that it has become mixed up in politics, and given to men who
know nothing of the business, and whose principal duty is to receive
their fee on the number of barrels of mackerel inspected by their several
deputies.
“ There is need of some protection to the many well-disposed, honest
men engaged in the mackerel and pickled-fish business along the sea-
coast. As a class they are strictly honest, and take great pains to put
up their fish in the best possible manner, making a conscientious cull,
which will bear strict investigation, giving a full equivalent for the price
received, and securing the confidence of the consumer in all cases where
they are fortunate enough to get the original package. Very many of
the first-class dealers, West and South, who have a business reputation
which they value far above the few dollars which they might make in
selling inferior articles, send direct to Gloucester for their goods, and in
this way they get what they pay for and secure their own trade from im-
position as faras may be. Butit is very difficult to counterbalance the
other class who make it a business todefraud. Something must be done
to remedy this evil, and when the fishing inspectorship is abolished,
then we hope the fishing dealers will counsel together and take imme-
diate and active measures for self-protection. Have a law which will
make it comparatively easy to convict a guilty party of fraud in brands
or quality. Our correspondent, ‘ W. S.,’ in another column, offers some
practical ideas on this subject which are worthy of attention.”
A correspondent writes to the Cape Ann Advertiser as follows, under
date of Portland, Me., February 15, 1875:
“T was highly gratified to read in your last issue of a movement on
foot to abolish the office of general inspector of pickled fish. The
strongest argument used in its favor last winter in our legislature was
that our old mother, Massachusetts, had such a law and it worked well,
and no one complained. Statutes, hundreds of years old, were produced
to establish this fact, but all of noavail. We accomplished our purpose
in defeating it, and the bill to abolish the office was passed almost unan-
imously. It now only awaits the governor’s signature, and then there
will be abolished a nuisance we have been obliged to suffer for thirteen
years. The office expired by limitation in this State last May, and
through the efforts of parties opposed to the office the governor and
council were persuaded not to make an appointment, thereby giving an
opportunity to appeal to the legislature. We have suffered no detri-
ment in not having a general inspector, but have got along much better
by allowing the deputies to act on their own responsibility. Asa proof
248 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [158]
of thisassertion, I will state that I purchased 23,000 barrels of mackerel,
and having shipped them, the only deduction called for was $12. I as-
sure you we feel relieved of this burden, and our friends in New York
and Philadelphia are not the least afraid to trade here now, notwith-
standing we have no general inspector.”
An editorial in the same paper on March 5, 1875, says:
‘The hearing on the petition for the abolishment of the office of gen-
eral inspector of fish came before the senate committee on Friday last.
Messrs. J. O. Proctor, of this city, Charles Ropes, of Salem, Franklin
Snow, and others, of Boston, were present, and opposed the petition,
arguing that without a general inspector there would not be any redress
for buyers of pickled fish in case of fraud.
““Mr. George Steele, of this city, was presentto defend the petition, and
give any information to the committee why it should be abolished. He
argued that there was not the least necessity of such an office. Hach
packer of fish should be made directly responsible for his own brand,
and should not be held accountable for pickled fish after they have been
sold and left his premises. This would afford great protection to
those in the packing business. As the law now operates, it holds out
inducements for unprincipled dealers to tamper with the brands, or
take out mackerel and report them short weight, more especially if
the price decreased after purchasing. Ifa packer was disposed to cheat,
he could not follow it up any great length of time, as no one would pur-
chase of him at full market rates; consequently his brand would al-
ways be at adiscount, and no man having even the pretense of honor
about him, could afford to be thus classed among business men, and
trickery would very soon find its level. He advocated a trade-mark
which should protect its owner everywhere in the United States, the
same as patent-medicine and other trade-marks protect their owners,
and make it a crime for any one to counterfeit or interfere with for im-
proper purposes. He cited instances where such trade-marks were in
themselves very valuable, as the articles they covered could always. be
relied upon. The paying out of $3,000 to a general imspector of fish,
who did not know enough of the business to cull a trip of mackerel, he
considered entirely wrong. The office was not needed. Let inspectors
be appointed by the selectmen of towns or mayors of cities, to be held
responsible to the State authorities if need be, and all fees arising
therefrom be paid into the treasuries of said towns and cities. This
would be just and satisfactory. Mr. Steele met all the objections of his
opponents in an able manner, and another hearing was ordered for
Thursday next, when it is hoped that the entire number, or at least a
majority of those who signed the petition, will attend, and by their
presence and voice add testimony toward the abolishment of an office
which is nothing more or less than a sinecure.
“The State of Maine has passed a law providing for the appointment
by the governor of inspectors of fish in those places where pickled fish
a
4
[159] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 249
are cured or packed for exportation, to hold office five years. These
inspectors are to make annual returns to the secretary of state.”
In the Advertiser of March 12, 1875, is the following letter written to
Mr. George Steele, of Gloucester, by Mr. E. G. Willard, and dated Port-
land, Me., March 1, 1875:
“DEAR Sir: I noticed the hearing you had Friday before the commit-
tee, in the Boston Advertiser, and was astonished to see the parties’
names who were present in opposition. We had no opposition from a
purchaser of fish in Maine; the opposition came from the late general
inspector and a part of his deputies, who were not disposed to cull the
fish according to the law of the State. With these parties we had much
trouble and expensive law suits, in which we beat them; thus showing
that the decision of the general inspector amounted to nothing.
‘“‘T have been in the business of purchasing pickled fish, as well as dry,
the last twenty years. The past ten years I have purchased one-half of
the pickled fish packed in the State.
“We had no general inspector till I had been in the business seven
years. During this time we had no trouble about the cull, nor did we
have any until after we got a general inspector, when trouble commenced,
and grew worse and worse, till it culminated two years ago, when our
business stopped altogether; no one would buy here, the cull was so
poor.
“The office terminated in this State last May, and we were determined
not to have another appointed if we could prevent it. The governor and
council gave us a hearing, and they concluded not to make an appoint-
ment; and we went on last season without a general inspector, and had
no trouble. There was a much greater catch last year than the year be-
fore—45,000 barrels against 32,000—and parties that withdrew from the
market two years ago, returned last year, and have been buying in our
market since, and some 28,000 barrels were sold last week. A general
inspector is a general nuisance, and no honest inspector wants a guar-
dian.
‘My ownership in fishing-vessels is large. I have aninterestin twenty-
three vessels. The best argument to use is, let the parties opposed show
any good the office is to any one; what benefit any one receives from it.
Our law was a copy from yours, and a decision of the general inspector
amounts to nothing; either party aggrieved can appeal to the courts,
and the opinion of the general inspector amounts to no more than that of
any other man, as we proved in the cases we had here. Our mackerel
here are nearly all packed in barrels. Several parties here repack in
halves, quarters, and kits; Dana & Co., largely for the West. Our depu-
ties gave no bonds last year, but will now get their commissions from
the governor, and give bonds to the mayor and aldermen, or selectmen
of towns, rated according to their business. In fact, we get right back
where we were thirteen years ago. Our committee was unanimous at
the first meeting, and the change was put right through and is now a
250 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [160] —
law; and I will guarantee that there will never be a general inspector
in this State again.”
The question of abolishing the office of inspector-general of fish came
before the legislature of Massachusetts in April, 1875, and that office
was continued. A communication in the Advertiser of June 4, 1875,
in discussing the wants of Gloucester in the regulation of the trade in
pickled fish, says:
“What Gloucester really wants is a closer relation between producer
and customer, or, in other words, we want to sell our products directly
to the man who supplies the customer. We are entitled to the profit
on our goods that our advantage as producer gives us, without having to
divide that profit with any middle-men. We want to bring the customer
here. Now, if we are going to doa regular distributing business as well
as producing, we must do it on business principles. We must have a
regular standard quality of our goods to quote to the trade; a standard
that is known and established by law, so that when your customer at a
distance buys your goods without seeing them, he must know what he is
buying; and further, there must be some one in position when any ques-
tion shall arise on the quality of the goods, as between buyer and seller,
who must settle the dispute and whose decision must be binding on both
parties. This position must be filled by a person of large practical expe-
rience and sound judgment; and though you call him inspector- general or
not, you can confine and limit his powers and duties to this one special
duty, making him simply referee, with no power to harass or to confiscate.
The interest of yourself, as well as your customers, demands such pro-
tection, which must neccessarily be mutual. We want an inspector-
general just that much and no more.
“Outside of this State there is practically no inspection law touching
our goods. So, to more rigidly enforce the law as it stands is to enforce
it against ourselves and in favor of outsiders. Any law that says to
the man who packs mackerel in Gloucester, you shall put those fish only
in such sized packages as are mentioned and no others, no matter if you
do brand the exact weight and quality on each package, or whether your
customer desires that size or another, is unnecessarily stringent and
despotic; especially so when anywhere outside the State the customer
can be accommodated with the same goods in just such packages as he
wants. That portion of the law should be abolished. We should have
the unquestioned right to put our fish in just such packages as our cus-
tomers want, provided the quality and the quantity is branded on the
package, as on all other kinds of provisions.
“To resume: We must not abolish the law; it is the protection our
customers have a right to ask. We must not abolish the office of in-
spector-general, for we need him to enforce the law in good faith as well
as our customers.
‘‘ Let the law be plain and simple. Let the inspector-general be only
referee for the buyer and seller, and let any man put up his fish in just
[161] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 251
such packages as he chooses, with the quality and quantity branded on
each package. Won’t this come nearer what we want than ‘no law’ or
too much law?”
A seizure of Gloucester pickled mackerel occurred in Boston in the
fall of 1875. The Advertiser of September 17, 1875, in discussing this
seizure, Says:
‘Washing off the salt which may adhere to recent Backed small mack-
erel, and the draining of the pickle therefrom, would, as we are informed
by practical inspectors, cause the confiscation of ee if not every
barrel examined, that is, if the very letter of the law requiring 200
pounds of fish was executed. Some might not fall short but a few
ounces, others as many pounds; still, whatever the shrinkage, however
small, the mackerel, under the present law, could be confiscated, and
thereby come into the hands of the official * * *
“Tt is full time that this law was removed from the statute books.
So long as it is there and administered, it will prove, in the hands of un-
principled men, a drawback upon any place engaged in the fisheries.
It affords a weapon which can be used against fish packers at any time
by parties who may wish to do them an injury. Not only does the in-
spector-general and his allies have a chance to seize mackerel, but pur-
chasers anywhere and everywhere, in case of a sudden decline in prices,
have only to write to those of whom they purchased:
‘““¢Your mackerel are short weight; make me so much allowance on a
barrel, or back they will come to you.’ What protection has the fish
dealer at headquarters, under such a law? None at all. Fish with his
brand upon the barrels may come back at any time unless he will con-
sent to settle any trumped-up claims. There would not be the least
objection, if mackerel were examined on the wharves at the time of pack-
ing or shipping. That is the time to make such examination, if any.
But this getting them away first is perfectly ridiculous, and altogether
too one-sided to be long borne.
“ Let each packer have his own brand or trade-mark. Allow them
to put up such sized packages as their customers require, branding the
weight in a conspicuous place, so that it cannot easily be erased. Then
each man would stand or fall on his own merits. I?f thereare any wash-
ing off the salt and draining the pickle—not because the purchaser had
made complaint or had any suspicion that he was to be defrauded; but
the law gives the officials liberty to seize, open, confiscate! And the
latter put money in their pockets. We are not sorry that this case has
occurred, for it needed something of the kind to wake up our people.
They begin to see this blue law now in a light which never before
dawned upon them. They begin to realize that at the instance of any
jealous fish dealers out of the city—and there are such—their frauds in
the business, they would soon be discovered and honest dealers bene-
fitted, as the trade would soon learn of them and give their brands the
preference. Then again, let all sales be made from the wharf or store-
252 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [162]
h
house, the packages to be weighed by a sworn weigher before they are ©
shipped, and after that to be at the risk of the buyer. Some such system
as the above will have to be agreed upon ere the business can be con-
sidered a really safe one, and the sooner those engaged confer together
and resolve to have the matter presented before the legislature, with a
view for the abolishment of the law, the better it will be for all inter-
ested. Mackerel can be seized and tampered with until their reputa-
tion is affected, and Gloucester lose the prestige which she is gaining
so rapidly. Will our business men stand that? Can they suffer it?
We opine not, and they will say so most emphatically ere long.”
In the spring of 1879 some amendments were made to the Massachu-
setts inspection laws. One of these amendments permits the packing
of pickled fishin small packages of any size which are properly branded.
Another amendment repealed the section that required the word “ for-
eign” to be stamped on barrels of dutiable imported pickled fish.
The Boston Commercial Bulletin in February, 1879, discussed the
reasons for abolishing the office of inspector-general, and said, ‘ that
the whole system of inspection of mackerel at the present time is a per-
fect farce, and rather than have it carried on as it is, it would be better
for the trade and the public to have the office of inspector-general
abolished, and the system done away with. In that case the packers
would do their own branding; and buyers, in making their purchases,
would place faith in the truthtulness of the brand only according to
the reputation of the packers.”
VII. STATISTICS OF THE INSPECTION OF MACK-
EREL FROM 1804 TO 1880.
[By A. HowarpD CLARK. ]
L—STATISTICS OF MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND NEW
HAMPSHIRE, AND TOTAL STATISTICS.
46.—STATISTICS OF MASSACHUSETTS.
The inspection of pickled mackerel in Massachusetts is exhibited in
three statements. The first statement shows in detail the number of
barrels packed in each inspection port of the State during each year from
1804 to 1881; and for the years from 1804 to 1878, was compiled by Mr.
Alexander Starbuck from the official returns deposited by the inspector-
generals in the office of the secretary of state of Massachusetts. The
statistics for the years 1879, 1880, and 1881 are from official documents,
signed by the inspector-general. From a review of this statement we
find that in the earlier years of the mackerel fishery nearly forty fish-
ing ports were engaged in packing mackerel, but during recent years
the business has been concentrated to a dozen or fifteen places, the
[163] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 253
ports of Gloucester and Boston packing by far the greater part of all
the pickled mackerel put up in the State.
The second statement shows the total number of barrels of each grade
of mackerel packed in Massachusetts during each year from 1804 to 1881,
and also the total value of each year’s inspection since the year 1830.
The quantities of mackerel in this table are from the preceding table.
It shows substantially the total quantity of pickled mackerel sold for
exportation from the State as well as for consumption within the State;
though perhaps 5 per cent. of the total number of barrels packed
escapes inspection.
From a review of this statement we see that there has been a very
great fluctuation in the extent of the mackerel business. The smallest
number of barrels was packed in 1814, and the largest number in 1831.
The year 1851 was a prosperous one, and also the year 1870. During
the past four or five years an extensive business in fresh mackerel has
been developed, so that in 1881 about 125,000 barrels were sold in a
fresh condition. If this quantity be added to the amount inspected, it
shows a total catch by Massachusetts vessels nearly equal to that of the
year 1831.
The third statement shows the number of barrels of mackerel rein-
spected in Massachusetts during the years 1850 to 1853, 1859 to 1876,
1878 to 1881. It represents barrels of mackerel that are repacked in
smaller packages, and may include fish already accounted for under
the head of “inspected,” while a very small fraction may consist of im-
ported fish repacked. ‘These statistics are compiled from the official
documents, signed by the inspector-generals.
REPORT-OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [164]
254
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[170]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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263
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
[189]
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2800
MACKEREL INSPECTION IN MASSACHUSETTS.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [190]
STATEMENT II.—Showing the total number of barrels of each quality of pickled mackeret
inspected in Massachusetts from 1804 to 1880, and the total value of each year’s inspection
from 1830 to 1880.
Barrels of mackerel inspected.
Year.
alk 2. 3. 4.
Gaia A ceiene tes tie al AL ar pa
2, 5183 AgODg SS iat amen
2, 756 ONG Tam oe eee see
2, 462 ACA SOn @ | Bias eenes
2, 4134 FRCS 4 Eee eu ara
3, 078 BYATO A inane eae
4, 770 Sa Qa OIE se meeeciacce
6, 023 TONOOD Nees eee es ee a4
2, 1544 Py Praha ta ee eae a
1, 231 NGO Ma Seiyateterry steal
5464 ROSEN | en ete
5, 4564 TSE |e saesn MaMa |
9, 2643 TSA OW ON ni Stet ee tame |
5, 2674 DMG RS mi | Ae eae
11, 1624 Osi been leeaeeeacne
36, 5214 ASOT HE lone eee sae
34, 8113 68, 3744 |i... 55-2 se
32, 1033 (HOG se Boat emaace |
66, 6814 (ERGY isee Aaecmeese se
62, 0474 63, 1544 Byles ATs ea
75, 221 TLCTSS allo tnerenee
109, 840 LITE O04E See Soe seen
80, 584 BE GoTa a ||Peesaciee se
2 69. 3835 BONG LOR Wi lta verarecs ets ceria
TSS Se RGR ia 63 2354 | 110, 6663 Ga d9on |e ee ee
1 EP pe SSE EE ORCA COM REE CoMStS 54 184 77, 098 OSS GOD U ile eer sterces ats
BS O Marisa namie cnx sereeys 47, 8683 104, 5693 TOGNOZS Ei eects see
SS Teen EA SC ee 70, 198 171, 186 TERRI Fa | eye
TES Ps age Eee Cena Se tee 28, 67 97, 2193 Q6fo5Sa | mene Sea
CSD eee ede a SHE NNR Ls 54, 5594 98, 9274 60d aba lumens ae
TEESE eee et Ge oe i 80, 4334 93, 5534 MB SODe | (Bam nee) halen
TES ee SE ae ea 45, 605 57, 2714 Cy py in ues ei eace k
Si beeen ececinecae semecw en 53, 6653 60, 558 i Eee SB aoe ses See
TSE (eas ae Ra eae a 24, 573 61, 027 DO GGYES. Nisoeacemeseae
BSS oe eee somes ccs boscecse 37, 9684 28, 588 BM SAN eis faierasiclee t=
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19, 3514 11, 049 PANE Gta | ee Sea eS
23, 747 10, 649 POL A Ne) Nees ser cere
29, 363 22, 496 OSs6Sdr. wo esthedes ie
32, 759 13, 088 ASAGOL) 9) Seale ote
28, 8433 22, 515 BSL 029e ell aero
28, 083% 88, 6234 855064 |) soataeuea
44, 430% 70, 005 BSN076n Vesa ee
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TE ERS Ree ee ere met are 118, 0933 79, 979% LOT MOS8E eae e sets
TAT Ses a ED apg 61, 404 81, 962 6565840 mS eee eae
SOO Reiss sean a ae Sack cone 88, 401 44, 909 87, 604 21, 658
LSS LAM isjaocreieisia misicis ais sts ale ateloe 90, 7653 102, 4674 135, 5974 4143
TIGGEUE OR ae See e nee aE ae ee 84, 0302 67, 0714 44, 8085 2, 210
TSG) ce a 49, 015% 24, 584 39, 897 19, 8432
Tr SS a OG epee ce 30, 5958 46, 2424 55, 1333 3, 378%
BOD meeisicte ne deaersomcics eee. 29, 3024 91, 122 90, 1933 1, 3383
MSGGmemaeee seca seca as sole 89, 3333 76, 8192 47, 9814 178
112, 97133 P i!
OUD recrd Se ie a Ne ec 33, 106% 19, 27033 73, 42425 4, 261,55
LOT Ou ere eho eh are etetcmeye neater 30, 86939 96, 77233 93, 48128 4, 8183
179, 511%
251, 917%
300, 1308
208, 950
242, 572
329, 2444
198, 120
133, 3404
135, 349%
211, 956%
214, 3128
168, 7058
131, 6028
99, 715%
935, 6854
194, 283%
260, 864%
306, 942.2,
274, 3574
256, 796%
231, 6967
210, 314;
180, 05633
234, 210%
318, 5213
259, 4163
181, 956,
185, 7484
258, 37918
130, 06223
225, 94227
$1, 119, 470
1, 589, 936
797, 795
976, 935
1, 165, 842
1, 030, 560
1, 268, 388
803, 653
925, 002
719, 204
473, 345
518, 300
493, 979
549, 419
634, 502
1, 883, 669
1, 094, 585
2, 259, 958
1, 858, 500
1, 560, 126
1, 777, 517
2) 249. 511
1, 491, 923
1, 207, 975
1, 313, 535
2) 129) 084
2, 064, 581
2, 162, 738
2) 878, 777
\
f201)] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 281
'
MACKEREL INSPECTION IN MASSACHUSETTS.—Coutinued.
STATEMENT II.—Showing thé total number of barrels inspected, §c—Continued.
2 Barrels of mackerel inspected.
Year. Total value.
al 2 3 4 Total
TSilseetecccccecices viaccess 18, 0154 37, 28623 37, 70025 12,0942 | 105, 097%, | $1,187,516
ATG wera nea lle a ciciniais;aisiaininie's! 14, 094% 48, 170§ 70, 1754 11, 7854 | #144, 2263 1, 034, 144
EB ab aenaate ne conce sonia nisias => 9, 025% 91, 1134 54, 8064 3524 | *155, 297. 892, 957
NERO ease cess cinsc- cone anieens 20,4534 | 104, 4344 99, 5548 19, 5163 | 243, 95: 1, 474, 152
72) hoa 15, 5984 | 139, 586 98, 8614 2,1279 | 256, 173% 1, 601, 081
aThe reports of the Boston fish bureau give the number of barrels packed in Massachusetts in
1878, 144,205 barrels ; in 1879, 156,125 barrels ; in 1880, 255,986 barrels ; in 1881, 269,495 barrels. These
figures for 1880 and 1881 are probably nearer than the inspection returns to the actual product of the
ery, since some 5 per cent. of the catch escapes inspection.
[192] |
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[193] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 283
47,—STATISTICS OF MAINE.
The mackerel inspection of the State of Maine is exhibited in two
statements, showing the total number of barrels of pickeled mackerel
packed within the State for a series of years.
The first statement shows in detail the number of barrels of each
grade of mackerel inspected in the several inspection ports of the State
during the years 1804 to 1820, and from 1864 to 1878, and was compiled
by Mr. Starbuck from the original returns of the inspectors, deposited
in the office of the secretary of state. Until the year 1820 Maine was
a district of Massachusetts, but since that year has been a separate
State. For the years from 1820 to 1864 the original returns could not
be found, and it is probable that the returns of many years between
1864 and 1878 exhibit not more than 50 per cent. of the actual number
of barrels of mackerel packed in the State.
The second statement shows the total number of barrels of each grade
of mackerel packed in the State during a series of years, and is com-
piled from the following sources: 1804 to 1820, from the official inspec-
tion returns; 1825, 1854, 1836 to 1838, and 1851, from Sabine’s report
on the American fisheries ; 1864 to 1878, from the official inspection re-
turns; 1879 to 18381, from the annual reports of the Boston fish bu-
reau.
A review of the statement indicates that the mackerel industry of
the State was more extensively prosecuted in 1881 than during any pre-
vious year.
(194]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
284
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292
STATEMENT IJ.—Showing the tolal number of barrels of each quality of pickled mackerel
MACKEREL INSPECTION IN MAINE.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
inspected in Maine from 1804 to 1820, and from 1864 to 1881.
Barrels of mackerel inspected.
[202]
Year.
1. 2, 3. a Total
19 S05” ilu asks tena aera mene 299
212 158 FY ide | pital rcs 403
130 1164 | [cu oh Aheen ae ere 2464
406} 424 760) al ea ome 1, 5994
43 CBr. Weis, peat klk cee maaan 109
14 29) a, | eee aes 404
72 380 Pye elena. 496
100 186 203; y-\| eteenetes 439
134 497 Sah |: ae 8794
46} 14} Toc, | Cee Sane 76
Beer OR a | crea i 16) al hee one ee 10
5 72 Sal wile 171
274 53 Dion a oie mea 329
300 230 ry ee Poe 620
381 170 Side alee acd 862
999 2, 557 17 6Gs eV sae alee 5, 322
1654 7884 A MOBT Taek 4,991
Re Aria) Ee oie en ean: uke gaC Tee 33" 065
fat Sok. ote eta aco OT Onna 40, 661
SNORE ot bole gee Nailsea ON 1 a a 25, 298
ARs ra (au RENO R Us TR rhage TS THE 29) 462
Fol Shaper sien Oana BAU OM Aen 24° 312
iieuenriallonten Fah ite nah a oo ay eg ea ee
14, 6774 | 30,1714 4, 8814 674. | 49" 7974
347054 | 13,868 5. 6354 6 | 54,9158
31, 711 6.1413 6, 7568 183) 44° 6278
21’ 060% 81043 4) 3208 2508 | 33, 6754
17, 946% 6, 363 AOC GUE Shee 28) 574:
13,614, | 12,410, | 10, 20143 9393 | 37, 1664
Igt1B5 4 | 82Oldanl| SO gGost a |e ee eee 52) 3045
23/3013; | 18,41742| 6.7932 |............ 4%, 603.3,
10, 0133 6, 1624 5, 626 371 29' 173
12) 7698 Pry Te ag eh) Fede 29) 19338
25/1933 | 14,326 Fi Ae eae 43, 7413
2 221 1, 4334 Beeasien| eae em 9) 5024
1) 9054 g.o0ge. || a1 2304-1) oc bis docs 99) 4294
5, 7924 9 9414 pi Zog4 ib loin cian 29) 157
1, 4782 5, 874 TGAOSD CT Sees a ee 023, 4344
ph 1 LOA SRST eh PORE OMS AEH ek te 1 del RC NIA Uc lea a ha b58, 249
PPR eM ta ote ae 0 er et ed Be eo Ire” 28 gh a eee b 86, 338
PSO Me oes Say) ee, TA eA URE CINE ic Sem a CD b116, 762
a The returns of the Boston Fish Bureau give the inspection this year 48,263 barrels.
b From returns of the Boston Fish Bureau. The State inspection returns for 1879 could not be found.
For 1880 the returns by the inspectors to the secretary of state give the number of barrels at 72,7143%,
which is believed to be inaccurate.
48.—STATISTICS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
The statistics of mackerel inspection in New Hampshire are in a single
statement which shows the total number of barrels of mackerel packed
in Portsmouth, the only inspection port of the State, during the years
1830 to 1852, 1861 to 1881. These facts are compiled from the following
sources: 1830 to 1852, from Sabine’s Report on the American Fisheries;
1861 to 1877, from original returns of inspectors copied by Mr. Starbuck;
18 9 to 1881, from official documents signed by the secretary of state of
New Hampshire. In a foot-note is given the number of barrels packed
in the State during the years ending December 31, 1878 to 1881, as re-
ported to the Boston Fish Bureau.
crab oz
he re
[203] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 293
Statement showing the total number of barrels of pickled mackerel inspected in New Hamp-
shire from 1830 to 1852, and from 1861 to 1881.a
Year. | Barrels. Year. Barrels. Year. Barrels.
10) SS a Ae ea O0e300M tlS4bessses eel sece scents UT aval | Ey eR ae a eet ee | 572
TR eS ae es OTA SONI SIG tes em cao wa cease PSS69 EISOS steer chee ee eee <
ifs ee eee Pa (010 || a? eee ae Seem Ae D50087|Te6Oueee scene sce gece 157
TIGER Shae ee my TOFS (ORIN CLO es Pca sesaccaee. PACA UH fa cy (ener ean ee Nee | 3, 700
TAGE ee a ee 18-200) [849 pret otea ce sto 'cr = QeQGTa| | LS es os ee re seekers 2,071
eh eS See T5NSOO| | BHO S eee sn cecisecees aces BaD ia Pecan ea ee aha | 1,878
S813). eee OMA 50M Solem ccacete eee. SHOTS ul MAST Samcenia cen cette ee ; 2,398
TGEY/ Ga aoe ee Ree BaOOS soos eee onceneiscet cm. DVTAO) tl SISTS seep. yes sete | 5,519
TSS) soe eae | 3, 420 || 1875 ee | 3, 415
Sh A GOON USSlA aeniys soe be! eee OT WAUSTOee store eee | 5,851
12) 2h eee eee GOWN ASG2 shee Sones eee 15) STieee cease | 643
ih) ee ee 11000) | WS632 22.4... SSO tate tf} G5) NIST Sixes e cht sees | b2, 252
SUZ) a ee apie ate Wee MODULI CCAS seme eee cman. BOOMMa SU Obeen a See) eae ...| 68,4353
SAS Pens Las! Pee Wt Payal cis DO UG ee eee see ASW ISS02 sackets 2:5) Rb D5 96R
EMU SON ae Mae een ew TROGO CT SEG Nooo ee ecco: fae te | DOH TSRIe awakes eee oe | 65, 385
a The inspection year ends on May 1, from 1869 to 1877, and on June 1 in subsequent years.
b The annual report of the Boston Fish Bureau gives the number of barrels packed in New Hamp
shire in years ending December 31, 1878, 4,000 barrels ; 1879, 6,225 barrels; 1880, 7,350 barrels; 1881,
5,400 barrels.
49,.— STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.—TOTALS.
The mackerel industry of the United States, as far as pickled mack-
erel is concerned, is exhibited in a series of statements which show the
total number of barrels packed in the United States, and the im-
ports of mackerel from the Dominion of Canada. Several statements
gathered from Canadian sources are also included to show the mack-
erel industry of the United States as compared with that of Canada.
Statements I toIII show the number of vessels employed by the New
England States in the Bay of Saint Lawrence and American coast
fisheries, and the total catch of salt mackerel by these fleets during the
years 1879, 1880, and 1881.
Statement IV shows the quantity and value of pickled mackerel pro-
duced by the fisheries of the United States for the years 1831, 1834 to
1838, 1551, 1864 to 1881. From this statement it appears that more
mackerel were packed in the year 1881 than in any year, with the excep-
tion of 1831, in the history of this fishery. If to the quantity of mack-
erel salted there be added the quantity sold in afresh condition, which
ras from 150,000 to 175,000 barrels, the total catch of mackerel by the
American fleet in 1881 represents not less than 150,000,000 pounds of
round fish, a larger amount by 30,000,000 pounds than was ever before
taken in a single year.
Statement V shows the total quantity and value of pickled mack-
erel produced by the fisheries of the United States as compared with
the production of Canadian fisheries during the years 1873 to 1880, from
which it appears that during this period the United States have pro-
duced 1,809,333 barrels, valued at $16,083,453, and the Canadian fish-
eries have produced 1,320,217 barrels, valued at $12,717,576, making the
total for both countries 3,129,550 barrels, valued at $28,801,029. Of
the American production not over 260,000 barrels, valued at about
294 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [204]
$2,500,000 were taken by American vessels in the Bay of Saint Law-
rence.
Statement VI shows the number of barrels of pickled mackerel re-
ceived at Boston from United States and foreign ports during each
month of the years 1878 to 1881, also the total receipts during the year
1877. From this statement it appears that the mackerel industry of
Boston is increasing in importance, especially in the receipts of Ameri-
can mackerel.
Statement VII shows the price per barrel of the several grades ot
mackerel during the first week of September in each year from 1830 to
1881. These values may perhaps be generally taken as the average
value for the year, though in some years, as in 1881, the price rapidly
increased later in the year, when a large part of the product was placed
upon the market.
Statement VIII shows the number of barrels of pickled mackerel im-
ported from the British North American provinces during the years
1821 to 1841, and from 1850 to 1881, also the value of each year’s impor-
tation from 1850 to 1881. :
Besides the quantity of mackerel imported in 1872 from these prov-
inces there were 1,504 barrels, valued at $11,214, received from England,
Scotland, British West Indies, France, and Portuguese possessions,
making the total importation 79,235 barrels, valued at $449,625. In
the year 1873, 1,191 barrels mackerel, valued at $4,679, were received
from the Danish West Indies and England, making the total importa-
tion for that year 90,889 barrels, valued at $610,457. The entire impor-
tation of pickled mackerel for the years subsequent to 1873 has been
from the british North American provinces.
The quantities of dutiable mackerel imported since June 30, 1873, and
included in the tabulated statement, are as follows: 1874, 190 barrels,
$1,550; 1875, 59 barrels, $553; 1876, 7 barrels, $48; 1877, 14 barrels,
$148; 1878, 6 barrels, $67; 1879, 2 barrels, $14; 1880, none specified;
1881, 9 barrels, $97; total, 287 barrels, $2,477. The quantities of pickled
mackerel imported from the provinces free of duty under the treaty of
Washington since June 30, 1873, are as follows: 1874, 89,503 barrels,
$800,920; 1875, 77,479 barrels, $584,283; 1876, 76,531 barrels, $695,412;
1877, 43,066 barrels, $372,260; 1878, 102,148 barrels, $907,246; 1879,
101,420 barrels, $649,721; 1880, 112,468 barrels, $493,059; 1881, 120,288
barrels, $614,729; total, 722,903 barrels, $5,117,630.
Statement LX shows the quantity and value of pickled mackerel im-
ported into the United States from the British provinces during the
years 1856 to 1872, being the time of the operation of the reciprocity
treaty, and from the close of that treaty to the beginning of the treaty
of Washington. The statement also shows what would have been the
duty on these imports during the period of reciprocity. These statistics
are compiled from sheets published by W. R. Clark, and believed to
be copied from United States custom-house returns.
&
ee
6 a
[205] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 295
Statement X shows the quantity and value of foreign pickled mack-
erel entered for consumption in the United States during the years ended
June 30, 1872 to 1881. Comparing this Statement with statement VIII,
it appears that the total imports from the Dominion of Canada, from
1872 to 1881, amount to 890,619 barrels, valued at. $6,164,295, and the
total consumption of Canadian mackerel during the same period amounts
to 836,218 barrels, valued at $5,900,649. This shows that nearly the
entire importation of foreign mackerel is consumed in this country; and
such would naturally be the case since the imports are the best qualities
of Canadian mackerel that are too fat for export to the West Indies or
other foreign countries.
Statements XI to XV, inclusive, show the production of mackerel by
the fisheries of the Dominion of Canada, and the exports of mackerel
from that country during a series of years. They are compiled from the
annual reports of the department of marine and fisheries of the Domin-
ion of Canada, tlhe documents and proceedings of the Halifax Commis-
sion, and a report by United States Consul-General Jackson, of Halifax,
on the fisheries of Canada, and their value to the United States, printed
in commercial reports of the Department of State for January, 1881.
The first three of these statements show the total value of pickled and
fresh mackerel, the value of mackerel exported to all countries, and the
value of mackerel exported to the United States during the period from
1873 to1879. From these statements we see that the production is valued
at $10,654,528, and the exports amount to $5,481,493, of which the United
States receives nearly three-fourths, or $4,090,139 worth. Of the entire
production only $115,918 worth of fresh or canned mackerel is included,
of which $26,018 worth was exported to the United States, as follows:
1873, none specified; 1874, from Nova Scotia, 26,390 pounds fresh, $2,689;
1875, from Nova Scotia, 1,008 pounds fresh, $126; 1876, from Nova
Scotia, 22,760 pounds fresh, $4,632; 1877, from Nova Scotia, 8,976 pounds
preserved, $1,051; from New Brunswick, 703 pounds fresh, $62; 1878,
from Nova Scotia, 54,200 pounds fresh, $1,266, 4,365 pounds preserved,
$4,287; from New Brunswick, 87,883 pounds fresh, $5,099, 9,448 pounds
preserved, $693 ; from Quebec, 10,738 pounds fresh, $654; 1879, from
Nova Scotia, 39,700 pounds fresh, $2,632, 266 pounds preserved, $818;
from New Brunswick, 52,786 pounds fresh, $2,009; total value, $26,018.
The total yield of fish and fish products, by the fisheries of Canada,
from 1873 to 1879, as given in official documents, was valued at
$82,094,962, of this amount $40,802,322 worth was exported to all coun-
tries, including $11,695,530 worth exported to the United States.
Statement XIV shows the quantity and value of mackerel produced
by the Canadian fisheries from 1869 to 1880, including those of Prince
Edward Island since its entry into the Dominion in 1873.
Statement XV shows the quantity and value of pickled mackerel
exported from the Dominion of Canada to the United States from 1873
to 1879, also from Prince Edward Island from 1857 to 1873, and from
296 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [206}
Newfoundland from 1853 to 1876. From this statement it appears that
the total exports of pickled mackerel to the United States amounts to
528,272 barrels, valued at $4,068,925. Comparing this quantity and
value with the imports into the United States during the same period
as given in Statement VIII, by the United States Bureau of Statistics,
we find the imports amount to 580,123 barrels, valued at $4,618,000.
Part of the discrepancy between those two statements may be ac-
counted for from the fact that the United States returns are for the fis-
cal years ended June 30, while the Canadian returns may be for the
calendar years.
NEW ENGLAND MACKEREL FLEET, 1879.
STATEMENT I.—Showing the number of vessels and their catch of salt mackerel in the Bay
of Saint Lawrence and American shore mackerel fisheries for the season of 1879, as re-
ported to the Boston Fish Bureau.
{Compiled from annual report for 1879. }
Vessels. Barrels of mackerel.
= ——_—- |
Bay. | Shore. | Total. Bay. | Shore. | Total.
MASSACHUSETTS.
ING wiDOryp Obs sais citi cs eclaisiaisaje emicselsiel a alee wince 6 2 8 721 870 1, 592
Rockport. a 2-- n- 1-1 Ho cape Rent Ose semmpon a nallaarasrce 8 Sil eerie aie arate sacra eepedetters
GGA COBOL epee tapes ole nfereye ape felts ereteteele 26 85 111 7, 125 47, 085 54, 210
IBOSHOUM Me crises pec eecitee ctalianinistcac tar ame raets eee 4 35 39 1,310 48, 103 49, 413
GONASSOb eas sa steis ain arse = wale apesete alain lajnleiesainimistel|ietalniainiala 6 UT esoacoccs 4, 900 4, 900
Wellfleet ..-.-.-- SCORE ee eee ada aay tonas sae 22 D2 le onncsece 17, 200 | 17, 200
IPLOVANCELO Wi mae eons) s = t ee loec seis eeratenets Al\Scgecope 5 Bblicksicisjosis 4, 354 4, 354
Ghatham ee ses secrete caese eons nara ance atelier eacinepale 7 Waleesereet eee 5, 688 | 5, 688
IPT aWVIG Bese eir ee minere <a ile Sacre eiaieielelersiela meratoes | tare leresinin 11 th I ee ee 10, 938 10, 9388
IM GNNISP eee ee es ieee eaacmince oonemiaaes corer 1 10 11 240 7, 290 7, 530
PET ANNIS Se cise = Saimin Sem ilaiais cicin wie Sicielale sjainiejwlelelel=ifilm/sel=/=ietn 2 | 2 aaaarmn sce 301 301
Tie ore BAMA ARR ee UMC ny Jed 37) 193| 230! 9,396] 146,729| 156,125
| means | | ——— St ee
NEW HAMPSHIRE |
PPOTESMOU TN Se re iloris we orclaterais oe mie itse sei emer teas on are 9 i Se ee 6, 225 6, 225
MAINE
Deerlislo* soos tsceletece assis Je uoseeeue selec Eee) atest 3 Bi lok cre teseperetos le = arerererchoraiell etoie tele etree
@amdontias. Setar fase Ae eet tee cytes oimieentota veel) teat siete 3 By eetes pete 1, 020 1, 020
WNorthtHlaven't stesso2 seen as en cawsoceeeleaersaas 6 Girly teeters are | 1, 278 1, 278
MSOOCH Bays .< s2:sisssccsf.niisieas aestees sole snes Seales eels s 9 On ee saee es 3, 951 3, 951
PR OLt ANG sec coco sa cece ciomceeceree eo See 5 60 65 1, 400 50, 600 52, 000
Mota ers cms cin cmscceaeseeeecewerer see 5 81 86 1, 400 56, 849 58, 249
Total for New England ...-:-..---..--.- 42 283 325 10,796 | 209, 803 220, 599
|
* Vessels packed out away from home.
t Numerous vessels packed out in addition to home fleet.
t Vessels mostly packed out away from home.
= 4
( WW
297
MACKEREL FISHERY.
HISTORY OF THE
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [208]
298
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‘IS8l ‘SLEAATA THAAMOVN GNVIONG MAN
[209] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 299
MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE UNITED STATES.
STATEMENT IV.—Showing the number of barrels and value of pickled mackerel produced by
Jisheries of the United States for the years 1831, 1834 to 1838, 1851, 1864 to 1881.*
Massachu- . New Hamp-| Total quantity and
Years. setts. Maine. shire. wale oe
Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Value.
283, 5484 44, 9514 21,450 | 449, 950 $1, 862, 793
252, 8794 40, 661 18,200 | 311, 7404 1, 487, 123
174, 410 25, 228 9, 450 209, 088 1, 520, 069
138, 1574 22, 462 5,225 | 165, 8444 965, 214
110, 7404 24, 312 3,420 | 138, 4724 1, 156, 243
329, 2444 31, 472 3, 073 363, 7894 2, 484, 679
274, 3574 49, 7974 300 | 324, 4543 7, 001, 098
256, 7962 54, 2152 45 311, 0563 5, 729, 851
231, 69677 | 44, 6274 200 | 276,52328 | 5, 161, 261
210, 3147, | 33, 6758 572 | 24456133, | 3, 174, 130
180, 05634 | 28,7744 |...--------- | 208, 83023 | 2, 924, 987
234, 210% 37, 1664 157 271, 5344 3, 762, 985
318, 5212 52, 304445 3,700 | 374,525,% | 4, 400, 563
259, 4163 48, 603:2; 2,071 | 310, 0912 2, 668, 851
181, 9562, 22,173 1, 878 206, 00735 2, 205, 761
185, 748% 22, 19333 2,398 | 210,350, | 3,167, 948
258, 37938 | 43, 7413 5,519 | 307,64024 | 3, 163, 701
130, 06224 9, 5024 3,415 | 142/98033 | 1,439, 315
225, 94217 | 99, 4993 5,351 | 253, 72287 | 1, 853, 103
105, 097,7; | 22, 1573 643 | 127, 898,%, | 1, 384, 223
144, 205 48, 263 4,000 | 196, 468 1, 408, 675
156, 125 58, 249 6,225 | 220, 599 1, 268, 444
255, 986 86, 338 7, 350 349, 674 2, 398, 004
269, 495 116, 762 5,400-| 391, 657 2, 447, 556
*The figures for the years 1834 to 1838 and 1851 are from Sabine’s Report on the American Fisheries;
for the years 1864 to 1877 from the State inspection returns ; for the years 1878 to 1881 from the annual
reports of the Boston Fish Bureau.
MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF THE DOMINION
OF CANADA.
STATEMENT V.—Showing the number of barrels and value of pickled mackerel produced by
the fisheries of the United States from 1873 to 1881, and by the fisheries of the Dominion
of Canada from 18738 to 1880.
United States. Dominion of Canada. Total.
Year. |
| Barrels. | Value. Barrels. Value. | Barrels. Value.
ail rz
AS TBs ses osm cac- cece 210, 350.3; $3, 167, 948 159, 530 $1, 615, 552 369, 88033; | $4, 783, 500
BE Aaa e cian micis.c <%ei= 307, 64042 3, 163, 701 161, 096 1, 559, 551 468, 73614 4, 723, 252
iat 142, 98033 1, 439, 315 123, 6544 1, 236,545 | 266, 63422 | 2. 675, 860
TO sese ters cease a2 253, 72284 1, 853, 103 104, 356 992, 794 358, 07835 2, 845, 897
LY) 0S e eee 127, 898.3; 1, 384, 223 163, 916 1, 639, 160 291, 814.3; 3, 023, 383
DOT eee es eicitecnais ac 196, 468 1, 408, 675 183, 919 1, 766, 226 380, 387 3, 174, 901
One ca nie cisterd c= = « 220, 599 1, 268, 444 ~ 190, 0763 1, 745, 490 410, 6754 8, 013, 934
NBOO eae cisc cams ses 349, 674 2, 398, 044 233, 669 2, 162, 258 583, 343 4, 560, 302
ASS eecicciscoecucs=s 391, 657 DAA DOG cc obios 50 ecins eel Mes ee eee eeee oe Seek eae a alneeeeooeeene
Total 1873 to 1881.) 2,200, 99033 | 18, 531,009 |..............|.... <Lee eee Nee send
| |S SS eS ee
Total 1873 to 1880.| 1, 809, 33333 | 16,083,453 | 1, 320, 217 12, 717, 575 | 3,129, 55033 | 28, 801, 029
300
MACKEREL INDUSTRY OF BOSTON, MASS.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
[210}
STATEMENT VI.—Showing the number of barrels of pickled mackerel received in Boston
from home and foreign ports, from 1877 to 1881, as reported to the Boston Fish Bureau,
(Compiled from annual reports of Boston Fish Bureau. ]
| |
| 1877. | 1878 1879. 1880. 1881.
| oe be iia Scar tet x Uaeeals
si | Sa | 24 | Se | ga | Se | 2a | Be | ga | Bg
Se ob | 8H 25 Se 2k BE Ze BE oe
Hea | 66 / He) Se | ha | Sa | we) Se | we] Sa
PPARUALY o-oo ee | eesse: eames 3 272 480 611 | 1,484 117 | 3,576 211 | 1,179
HOBRUArY LCA eel| tease alee Bi aaiy, 371 | 1,132] 1,417 | 1,490 709 | 3,947 | 1,202] 2.065
INA CHo i: Beene | SERS IONT LR 842 | 1,555 | 3,868] 4,577 331 | 2,012 | 3,252 | 7,269
Br (a ee ae 740 | 50 | 1,606 | 1,878 184 | 138 464} 4,482
Bie al allies Bi) Ieetcainae 3,077*| 2,160*} 1, 183 95 945*| 178 | 2,161] 1,725
Titian eee ad cua Na: 2,299 | 5,037 | 2,843 779 | 1,679; 6,283 | 3,269; 2,366
Sal te, Coe mR Oa aioe 774| 5,341] 1,505] 6,450] 4,166| 8,222 | 10,943] 5,766
TCT ee La a sae 5,472 | 21,495 | 5,158 | 12,290 | 10,158 | 14,891 | 12,678 | 3, 931
September ........ Viable: WS ak, SE Ba 4,533 | 12,109 | 5,085 | 13,878 | 9,412 | 19,713 | 20,868 | 12, 902
Ovto houses weteal ma eras ae 7,025 | 15,092 | 4,934 | 25,600 | 4,934 | 30,033 | 10,391 | 11,550
November ..-.....|.-..---.|--------| 5,039 | 9,383] 2,425 | 12,180 | 2,425 | 11,532 | 6,574 | 5,356
Mecemben eee easel lee 1,437 | 4,405] 3,933/ 3,512] 1,701) 5,205| 1,640] 3,259
Catch of Boston | |
iy eae aa (20, 139)|......-. | 82,458 |... .... 490419 ee ae | 54,002 |:-.....2 69, 669 |... ...-.
Motal’s soso: 55, 668 | 86,356 | 64, 339 | 78, 689 | 83,231 | 84,213 | 90, 763 |105, 730 [143,319 | 61, 850
Grand total. 142, 024 143, 028 167, 444 196, 493 205, 172
* New.
PRICE OF MACKEREL IN MASSACHUSETTS.
STATEMENT VII.—Showing the price per barrel of each grade of pickled mackerel in th
Jirst week of September, from 1830 to 1881.
{Compiled from the files of the Gloucester Telegraph and the Cape Ann Advertiser. ]
Year. No. 12 Nos2) | Nox: Year. | No.1. | No.2. | No.3.
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1 hy ee oe ase Aaaceaoneere 15 00 2 25 5 OOM IST Tee see ee eee 16 50 12 50 8 00
1 OOD ee eerste eieisterersiere! 19 00 11 00 S25 IN TSTS eee caiciceiee naar 18 00 8 00 5 00
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{211] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 301
UNITED STATES IMPORTS OF PICKLED MACKEREL.
STATEMENT VIII.—Showing the number of barrels of pickled mackerel imported into the
United States from the British North American Provinces from 1821 to 1841, and from 1850
to 1881, and also the value of same from 1850 to 1881.*
Year. | Barrels. Year. Barrels. Year. Barrels. | Value. Year. | Barrels. | Value.
| fa! } |
|
sae | Shee I] 1834 223 1850 75, 326 | $335, 309 1866 | 56,613 | $528, 270
2650%oG ees ece ee || 1835 8, 153 |! 1851 | 102,394 | 548, 553° 1867 | = 77, 5038 675, 986
“Se Sa5oe Ne Seo eens 1836 6, 087 |) 1852 78, 3384 | 327,613 1868 41, 655 364, 429
1821 | 7 1837 1, 25 1853 | 54,407 | 329, 216 1869 29, 701 327, 079
1822 387 || 1838 182 1854 61,815 470, 916 1870 | 30,712 346, 956
1823 | 67 || 1839 7, 046 1855 80, 012 427, 283 1871 | 29,333 254, 986
1824 | 790 | 1840 11, 823 1856 62,606 | 492, 802 1872 Td; (on 438, 410
1825 | 242 || 1841 10, 877 1857 49,477 | 457, 074 1873 | 89,698 605, 778
1826 CF | ee RPA Ie ane oe 1858 67,345 | 664, 852 | 1874 | 89, 693 802, 470
1827 Slt ies eee) eae eS II 1859 49,086 | 565, 029 | 1875 77, 538 385, 836
1828 BS) II asterma ae ese ratain, = ae || 1860 63, 549 | 588, 969 | 1876 76, 5388 695, 460
1829 UG) SB ascoscde Meese eel || 1861 38, 023 269, 399 1877 43, 080 372, 408
1830 EAS hal Rar ale Neat Bs Aenea 1862 37,710 | 247, 678 | 1878 102, 154 907, 313
1831 ANDO Dll lector Soissianll sretsiatnc cel 1863 62,767 | 402,178 1879 | 101, 422 649, 735
1832 BB) | a apds be oa Satec-xa atarcte 1864 80, 665 599, 109 1880 112, 468 493, 059
1833 OM (ere ertret aerate! leecisresiord sie | 1865 | 120,067 | 957,411 1881 129, 297 614, 820
| |
*The statistics in this statement are obtained from the following sources: For the years 1821 to 1841
from Sabine’s ‘‘ Report on the American Fisheries”; for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1850 to 1855,
1867, 1868, and 1872 to 1881, from the annual reports of the United States Bureau of Statistics; for the
years 1856 to 1866, 1869, 1870, and 1871, from sheets published in 1879by W. R. Clark, and believed to be
compiled from United States custom-house records. Mr. Clark’s statistics are the most reliable we
have obtained for the years for which we quote them, as the returns of the United States Bureau of
Statistics do not give the desired details tor those years.
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304
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
[214]
CONSUMPTION OF FOREIGN MACKEREL IN THE UNITED STATES.
STATEMENT X.—Showing the number of barrels and value of foreign mackerel entered for
consumption in the United States, 1872 to 1881.
{Compiled from reports of United States Bureau of Statistics.]
Year ended June 30— Free of duty. Dutiable. Total.
Barrels. Value. Barrels Value. Barrels. Value.
oiars Gere ree eer lata eoeemsiacceas 39, 572 $247, 796775, 39, 572 $247, 796455
Son nelaemall eA veneer ek se Te 70, 651x% | 523,3574%| 70,6515 | 523, 3577385
89, 3763 $793, 764 1, 4963 13, 325 90, 8734 807, 089
78, 091 586, 825 41 524 78, 1323 587, 349
76, 582.55; 695, 847 16 70 76, 5983355 695, 917
44, 1694 373, 792,88, 8t 105 44, 178 373, 897,38
101, 995 907, 013 6 67 102, 001 907, 080
101, 450 650, 04823; 2855 19;85| 101, 452,83, 650, 067; By
112) 3854 492, 807 4°, 12 127 112, 3974 492, 934 40
120, 3524 615, 06322, 8h 98:%°,| 120, 361 615, 161225
Putaliees esos ose 724, 403,45,| 5,115, 160,%5| 111, 814,78, 785, 489,55,| 836, 218,8,| 5, 900, 649,54,
IOUin qt osesanoosés| Hesonoacnaos| Booconcicoocnce $223, 629;4%
Notr.—All the consumption of foreign mackerel as given in the above table for the year 1877, and
subsequent to that time, and nearly all, if not the entire consumption for the year prior to 1877, is the
product of the British North American’ provinces.
MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
STATEMENT XI.—Showing the total value of the production of the mackerel fishery of the
Dominion of Canada, 1873 to 1879.
: New Prince Ed-
Year. Quebec Nova Scotia.| piinewick. | ward Island. Total.
$61,700 | $1, 411, 676 $35, 447 $111, 512 $1, 620, 335 .
72, 780 1, 234, 649 51, 280 221, 761 1, 580, 470
PG a PRIN Nace AnD Ate sl Steere ab SAME | beet 2G ON 1, 245, 752
49, 750 714, 263 30, 610 203, 064 997, 687
53, 579 1, 155, 140 54, 476 404, 620 1, 667, 815
neOaEe, 87, 360 1, 307, 611 97, 372 291, 976 1, 784, 319
NPPRO EWN Ea ES 1 60, 420 1) 019, 640 114, 676 563, 411 1, 758, 150
10, 654, 528
MACKEREL EXPORTS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
STATEMENT XII.—Showing the total value of mackerel exported from the Dominion of
Canada to all countries, 1873 to 1879.
‘, New | Prince Ed-
Year. Quebec. | Nova Scotia. Brunswick. ward Island. Total.
TED anes eee $2, 076 $673, 894 $10, 232 $29, 830 $716, 032
1S (Ate wecisc(cciciejaeiciecive =e 984 615, 992 25, 123 73, 329 715, 428
MOM Obmrineatselatalciclnivie'e =r = sisicinec =. 953 509, 117 30, 338 252, 839 793, 247
TG) 3.5 ASSO ee ee eee 206 582, 155 56, 979 108, 332 747, 672
1S 7 eee Ne 65 442, 306 46, 179 98, 383 586, 933
SS pee etre isieai tem iaiale isco alaieie.n'<ic 1, 078 677, 550 85, 239 279, 568 1, 043, 435
7 Gp eR! ihr t i, 1, 665 651, 037 83, 946 145, 098 881, 746
Total 1873 to 1879.......-.. 7, 027 4, 152, 051 338, 036 987, 379 5, 481, 493
42 (ee Sk) Sr te
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[215] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 305
MACKEREL EXPORTS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
STATEMENT XIII.—Showing the total value of mackerel exported from the Dominion of
Canada to the United States, 1873 to 1879.
Year. Quebec, Nova Scotia. eel a oat Total.
TED ects ee roe $940 $502, 226 $10, 232 $20, 440 $533, 838
Tide mes cn ecmiaae ct eeneee= 984 518, 809 25, 123 73, 279 618, 195
OM Oleme cielewlece/tau.e o'eais\clelainielsleiei= 860 242, 704 28, 978 251, 232 523, 774
WeaUO merece se ciciine = sie cssslels 206 415, 143 56, 274 108, 332 79, 955
SLi geiieetaiaialaaicia’ciaic csiosisisiawieeiale 21 216, 170 46, 023 97, 359 359, 573
Sema anacieinicielc slisinie os 'einuninie.a 1, 088 473, 571 84, 682 279, 402 838, 743
MSO mnestiecies cc cle cleceencien so — =< 1, 394 406, 024 83, 605 145, 038 636, 061
Total 1873 to 1879 ......... 5, 493 2, 774, 647 334, 917 975, 082 4, 090, 139
S. Mis. 110: 20
[216]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
306
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[217] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 307
MACKEREL EXPORTS OF BRITISH PROVINCES.
STATEMENT XV.—Showing the quantity and value of pickled mackerel exported to the United
States from the Dominion of Canada, 1873 to 1879, also from Prince Edward Island, 1857
to 1873, and from Newfoundland, 1853 to 1876.
New Prince Edward | Newfound- Total.
Quebec. Nova Scotia. Brunswick. Island. and
Mest a.
; 111, 512 95
HOTS. 32. 106 | $940 | 77, 420 |$502, 226 | 1,276 $10,232 | 2,528] 20,440] 28] 196 | 81,330 $538, 838
AG74. cus - 164 | 984 | 58,385 | 516,120 | 2,561 | 25,123 | 6,583] 73,279 |.....|.....-. 67, 693 | 615, 506
WETS... -- 146 | 860 | 35,568 | 242,578 | 3,375 | 28,978 | 31,466 | 251, 232 |...../....... 70, 555 | 523, 648
NS76..-..- 36 | 206 | 49,407 | 410,511 | 7,122 | 56,274 | 13,276 | 108, 332 |.....]...-... 69, 841 | 575, 323
cy 3| 21 | 27,285 | 215,119 | 5,049 | 45,961 | 10,867 | 97,359 |.....|..-.... 43, 204 | 358, 460
GIB: = /.2¢ 71 | 434 | 61,812 | 473,018 | 7,437 | 78,890 | 31,702 | 279, 402 |.....]......- 101, 022 | 831, 744
yee 228 |1, 394 | 65,949 | 402,574 | 9,952 | 81,596 | 18,526 | 145, 038 |.....|......- 94, 655 | 630, 602
VIIL—MATERIALS FOR A CHRONOLOGICAL HIS-
TORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF NORTH
AMERICA.
M.—EXTRACTS FROM RECORDS AND REMINISCENSES O# FISHERMEN.
50.—SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
The mackerel fishery has been of great importance to the United
States both from a commercial standpoint and as a motive for the forma-
tion of treaties with the Government of Great Britain and the establish-
ment of rates of tariff intended to regulate the importation of mackerel
from the British provinces. Its history from year to year has been so
varied, the conditions under which it was prosecuted in successive years
so changeable, that it seems worth while to present here a series of notes
chronologically arranged which have been gathered from various sources
and which illustrate the changes in method and in result which have
been recorded by observers from 1620 to the present time.
1629 To 1635.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL ON THE COAST OF NEW
ENGLAND IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
Francis Higginson, in his “Journal of His Voyage to New England,”
1629, speaks of seeing ‘‘many schools of mackerel, infinite multitudes,
&.
308 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [218]
on every side of our ship ” off Cape Ann, June 26. [Young’s Chronicles,
232.] Richard Mather, in his “ Journal,” 1635, speaks of the seamen
taking abundance of mackerel off Menhiggin (p. 470).
1671.—EARLY FISHING ON CAPE COD.
In 1671 the code of laws for the government of the colony was revised
and ordered to be printed under the title of ‘“‘The Book of the General
Laws of the Inhabitants of the Jurisdiction of New Plymouth.” Under
these laws, or ‘‘General Fundamentals,” as they were called, provisions
were made, as, has been suggested, ‘“‘for the better improving of fishing
for mackerel, &c., at the Cape.” Penalties were imposed for taking
them at other than specified times, licenses were to be granted, &c., &c.
It was now “ordered that the charges of the free schools, £33 per an-
num, shall be defrayed by the treasurer out of the profits arising from
the fishing at the Cape until such time as the minds of the freemen be
known concerning it.”
At this time, also, “‘certain persons belonging in Hull petitioned the
government for permission to fish at Cape Cod for mackerel, they hay-
ing discovered a new method of fishing with nets by moonlight.”—
(Freeman’s Hist. of Cape Cod, Boston, 1862, vol. i, p. 266.)
1677.—RENTAL OF THE CAPE COD FISHERY.
In July, 1677, the records of the Plymouth colony show that the Cape
Cod fishery was let for 7 years, at thirty pounds per annum, to seine
mackerel and bass, to certain individuals who are named. They were
restricted to take in the Plymouth colonists with them, and if none
offer, to admit strangers.
The profits of the hire which accrued to the colony were sometimes
distributed to the schools.—(Massachusetts Historical Collections, iii,
. 220.
4 * 51.—NINETEENTH CENTURY.
1802.—_ MACKEREL FISHING IN CAPE COD BAY.
The following paragraph is taken from the Gloucester Historical Col-
lections, vol. viii, 1802, p. 199:
‘¢ PROVINCETOWN, 1802.
“The first mackerel which are taken to Boston market in the spring
are taken in the harbor and yield a handsome profit, though the Boston
marketmen purchase them at about 4 of what they are sold for. 300
barrels are every year pickled and sent to Boston. The mackerel, bass,
* and herring are caught with seines, of which there are about 50 in the
town, and which cost $100 each. Another seine, worth six dollars, is
made use of for catching mackerel in the spring, and herring for bait.”
1804-1832.—PRICE OF MACKEREL IN BOSTON MARKET.
The average price of fresh mackerel in Boston market from 1804 to
1822 was six to eight cents apiece, sometimes ten; they were always
sold by counts.—(Captain Merchant.)
{219] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 309
1804..SHORE MACKEREL FLEET OF CAPE ANN.
‘From 1804 to 1822,” remarks Capt. E. W. Merchant, of Glouces-
ter, “Cape Ann had a considerable fleet of vessels engaged in the shore
mackerel fishery for the sole purpose of supplying the Boston market;
seven or eight from Gloucester Harbor, seven or eight from the north
side of the Cape.” They preserved their fish in a peculiar way, which
will be described under the proper heading.
It is stated that the first shore mackerel fishing was prosecuted by
the small boats, about the year 1800. The mackerel were caught mostly
on the Inner Bank, and carried fresh to Boston market through the
summer. Only the largest were saved, and these were sold for 5 or 6
cents apiece, and sometimes as high as 10 cents. Each boat was bal-
lasted with pebbles; on this were placed hogshead tubs, each having a
hole with a plug in it. These tubs were filled with salt water, and as
soon as the mackerel were dressed they were put into the tubs, and the
water changed every hour by drawing the plugs and allowing it to run
off, until sufficient were caught to start for market, the changing of the
water continuing until the boat arrived above the Castle, where it is
said the water loses its coolness. The great object after catching the
mackerel was to get them to market before daylight, in order to have
the cool of the morning to sell them in. If a boat with three men and
two boys stocked fifty dollars a week, it was considered satisfactory.
1804.—THE INTRODUCTION OF HAND-LINING FOR MACKEREL FROM
THE DECKS OF VESSELS.
According to Capt. E. W. Merchant, the first man to introduce this
mode of fishing was John Story, of Rockport, about the year 1804.
1818-1821.—The first voyages made for the purpose of salting mack-
erel was in the summer of 1818, by Gapt. Simeon Burnham, in the
schooner “ President,” on a trip to Cashe’s; consequently to Captain
Burnham belongs the honor of being the pioneer in this branch of the
fisheries. It was considered quite an important event at the time, so
much so that Capt. Benjamin Tarr was hired to go as navigator. Sev-
enty barrels were caught on this trip, and they were packed in Boston.
Two years after, this branch began to increase, and in 1821 several other
jiggers * were added to the fleet. They carried six hands, and were ab-
sent about a week. The jiggers were stowed with butts and wash-
barrels, and no mackerel were headed up on board until about 1820.
In 1821, Samuel Wonson, Elisha M. Oakes, Robert Marston, Simeon
Burnham, Samuel Brown, Nathaniel Blatchford, John Wonson, George
*The name ‘‘jigger” was first applied to the vessels engaged in jigging meakerel.
As these vessels were all, or nearly all, pinkeys previous to 1830, the name in later
years came to have a more special reference to the style of craftthan to the particular
branch of fishery in which she was engaged. Thus the term ‘‘jigger” came to be
synonymous with ‘‘pinkey,” and was often used in that sense by the fishermen.
310 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [220]
Wonson, James Merchant, Epes Merchant, were the skippers of the
jiggers which comprised the chief part of the mackerel fleet. These
jiggers ranged in tonnage from twenty-seven to forty-five tons. Prior
to 1818 there were but few mackerel packed in Gloucester, that part of
the business being mostly donein Boston. Moses Gilbert was the only
inspector in town until 1828, and his accommodations were quite limited.
At this date several other inspectors were appointed, and the mackerel
fishery began to assume quite a business importance.—(Fisherman’s
Memorial and Record Book.)
1815.—THE HINGHAM MACKEREL FISHERY.
In 1815 there were packed in Hingham 5,615 barrels mackerel, and
in 1828, 32,313 barrels. There were 54 vessels employed, some for the
season and some for a shorter time. There were 15 employed for the
whole season, averaging 1,027 barrels each. The average number of
hands were 8 to each vessel, making 452 in the whole. The quantity of
salt used in striking and packing, allowing 18 hogsheads to 100 barrels,
would be about 6,000 hogsheads.
There is a company formed in this town who carry on this fishing to
some extent, besides several vessels fitted out by individuals. We un-
derstand there is a mackerel company in Wellfleet, in this county,
extensively engaged in this fishery. We would like to hear with what
success.—(Barnstable Journal, July 16, 1829.)
1815.—INVENTION OF THE MACKEREL JIG.
The mackerel jig is said to have been invented about éhe year 1815
by Abraham Lurvey, of Pigeon Cove, Cape Ann; according to other
authority, by one Thurlow, of Newburyport.
1817.—BEGINNING OF THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY.
Capt. John Parsons, of Rockport, Mass., went South after mackerel
in the schooner Defiance; went as far south as Cape May, and took 60
barrels of fish, all of which were caught by drailing.
1821.—THE LARGE VESSELS OF THE GLOUCESTER FLEET.
About 1821 the fleet began to enlarge. The “ Volante,” of 37 tons, a
pinkie built by Mr. Epes W. Merchant, was considered a very large
vessel; then came the Independence, and afterwards the Columbus, a
square-sterned vessel of 43 or 44 tons, built by George Friend, which
was considered a very large vessel. These vessels went after mackerel —
<a ee
to salt. Previous to that the entire Gloucester fleet had ’tended the ©
fresh-fish market. Plymouth, Scituate, and Cohasset began salting ©
mackerel in advance of Gloucester.—(Statement of Capt. E. W. Mer-
chant.)
[221] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 311
1818-1836.—MACKEREL FISHERY OF HINGHAM.
Mackerel Fishery.—We believe the extent to which this fishery is ecar-
ried on from the towns of Massachusetts is not generally known. For
ourselves we were not aware of it and of the importance of encouraging
this branch of industry, which not only furnishes the means of employ-
ment to a large number of persons, but is of great consequence to the
commercial interests of the country in affording a good nursery for sea-
men. We have seen a pamphlet recently printed containing “A state-
ment of the quantity of mackerel packed from Hingham vessels from
1818 to 1828 inclusive.” It appears from this statement that there has
been in that town a gradual increase during the above period of ten per
cent. a year. In 1815 the number of barrels packed in that town was
3,615; in 1828, 33,313. During the last year 54 different vessels were
employed from that place in the business, some for the season and some
for a shorter period. There were 15 employed the whole season, aver-
aging 1,027 barrels each, the highest vessel having packed 1,7283. The
average number of persons was 8 to each vessel, making 432 in the
whole, to which if the number employed in coopering, packing, &c., be
added, would exceed 500. The quantity of salt used in salting apd
packing, allowing 18 hogsheads to 100 barrels, would be nearly 6,000
hogsheads.
The number of barrels packed in that town during the above period
of years, 225,5314. The salt consumed for the same, 45,559 hogsheads.
We have been informed that this fishing is carried on at Scituate, in
this county, about as largely as in Hingham, and several vessels from
other towns in this vicinity on the bay.
A bill is now before the legislature of this State which provides for
the repeal of the law requiring a reinspection of mackerel packed in
other States when brought into this market.—(Gloucester Telegraph,
July 18, 1829.)
1821.—Mackerel-fishing with the hook commenced in the province of
Nova Scotia, and was prosecuted with great success in some of the har-
bors of the Bay of Fundy.—(Journal and Proceedings of the House of
Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, 1857, Appendix 75.)
1822. FIRST MACKEREL VOYAGES FROM CAPE ANN TO GEORGE’S
BANKS.
In the year 1822, Capt. William Marshall caught a few mackerel on
George’s, which were the first, so far as we can ascertain, ever caught
there by a Cape Ann skipper. Mackerel have been caught there every
year since, more or less, and rank in quality among the best.—(Fisher-
man’s Memorial and Record Book.)
1823.—INTRODUCTION OF THE MACKEREL GAFF.
The mackerel gaff was introduced about 1823.—(Fisherman’s Me-
morial and Record Book.)
312 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [222]
‘
1823.—INTRODUCTION OF BAIT-MILLS.
Bait-mills were first generally used by the Massachusetts mackerel
fishermen about 1823. Previous to that time toll-bait had been cut
with hatchets.
1825.—MACKERELING IN THE GULF OF MAINE.
In 1825, Captain Merchant went mackereling in the “Hornet,” a
schooner of 52 tons. The season began May 15, the vessel having been
previously engaged in cod-fishing. During the season the crew of 7
men and a boy landed and packed 1,304 barrels. They caught 700
barrels in Massachusetts Bay in seven weeks’ time, and packed them in
Boston. The season continued until the 24th of November, and by that
time the crew were entirely worn out by their continued labor. A con-
siderable number of vessels in this same year packed from 1,000 to
1,300 barrels each. The proceeds of the season’s work exceeded $2,700,
the crew making about $350 or $400 each. The vessel cost about $1,300,
when fitted for the work at the beginning of the season.
According to Captain Merchant the crews of mackerel vessels of
Gloucester have made from $100 to $400 to the man during his expe-
rience of sixty years. In war times their average returns were about
$400 each.—(Reminiscences of Captain Merchant.)
1825 and 1831.—_M ACKEREL FISHING FROM CAPE ANN.
The seasons of 1825 and 1831 were the greatest known for mackerel
up to this date. Vessels not over 50 tons landed upwards of 1,300 bar-
rels, averaging through the fleet about 800. Mackerel continued in
Boston Bay, near the land, in the year 1825, until the 4th day of Decem-
ber, the crew of schooner “Frances Elizabeth” having caught 12 wash-
barrels on that day. The catch was not so large as in ’31, to each ves-
sel, but the aggregate was much larger, and the mackerel of a better
quality. These fish were so plenty that the fishermen devoted the day
to catching and the greater portion of the night to landing and dress-
ing, and were completely worn out with their arduous labors. One
morning during the first week in December, while the fleet were some
ten miles off Eastern Point, the mackerel failed to come to the surface,
after the usual throwing of bait. This was a pretty sure sign that they
had gone, and the fishermen, whose sore hands and tired bodies bore
evidence of the work they had accomplished 4n mackerel catching, were
heartily glad that at last the fish had taken themselves off, and many of
the fleet hoisted their flags as a token of their rejoicing over the event
of the mackerel’s departure. The price of mackerel this year was $5.50 —
—
~ <
for V’s; $3.50 for 2’s; $2.50 for 3’s, and out of this, $1.25 was paid for
packing.—(Fisherman’s Memorial and Record Book.)
[223] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 313
1815 To 1820.—A MACKERELING TRIP IN THE EARLY DAYS OF THAT
FISHERY.
‘‘T was ten years old when I made my first fishing trip. We went to
Cashe’s in a deck-boat of 20 tons. Capt. Daniel Robinson was skipper
and I wascook. There were six of us, all told. We went at the halves,
and all shared alike, the privilege of cooking and the glory of being
skipper being considered in those days ample compensation for any ex-
tra labor or responsibility. We took about 40 barrels of mackerel, sav-
ing only the large bloaters, which we slat into the barrels; the smali
fish we slat into the lee scuppers and stamped them up with our boots for
bait with which to toll the fish. Afterwards we chopped bait with a
hatchet, until Gunnison, of Newburyport, invented the bait-mill, a god-
send to the fishermen, who could now smoke and spin yarns while on
watch, instead of chopping bait. A story is told on the best of author-
ity, of one skipper, Andrew Burnham, who had been a great ‘killer’ in
his time, that after the bait-mill came into use he was unable to sleep
without the sound of the hatchet chopping bait, to which he had been
so long accustomed. It is said that they tried pounding on the anchor
stock, and tramping with their big boots on deck above his head, but
all to no avail. There was an element lacking in the noise they made,
and he wooed the somnolent god to no effect, and was obliged to retire
to private life on a farm, in the ‘second parish’, I believe.
‘“We cooked in the old-fashioned way, in a brick fireplace with a brick
chimney, and a wooden smoke-stack or funnel, which was intended to
earry off the smoke, but did not always do so. The crane, pot-hook,
Dutch oven, and trencher were all there, and all brought into use, as I
well remember. We baked short-cakes on the trencher, bread in the
Dutch oven, and hung our kettle on the crane, with the pot-hook, to
make coffee or tea.
‘‘We had fine weather, and everything passed off finely except the
smoke, which refused to pass off at all, and under a less resolute com-
mander than Skipper Robinson would doubtless have assumed command
altogether. No casualties occurred except the burning of a few short-
cakes, while ’Bijab (it being his first voyage) paid tribute to father Nep-
tune, and was himself again. We were gone three days. Arriving on
the fishing grounds we made but one ‘berth,’ catching and dressing un-
til everything was full, when we hoisted the foresail, for jib we had
none, and bore away for ’Squam, arrived in the channel, dropped anchor,
furled the sails, and went home to see the folks.”—(The Old-time Fishery
at’Squam, by Gideon L. Davis, in the Fisherman’s Own Book, pp. 41, 42.)
1819 To 1859.—REMINISCENCES OF “UNCLE” GEORGE DAVIS CON-
CERNING THE EARLY MACKEREL FISHERIES OF ANNISQUAM.—
FIRST BAIT-MILL ON CAPE ANN.—SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY,
ETC.
“ Uncle” George Davis, of Annisquam, Gloucester, says that in 1821
he helped make the first bait-mill that was ever made in Gloucester.
314 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [224]
They had been made in Newburyport in 1820. At that date, or about
1824, there were six vessels of from 40 to 50 tons went as far south as
New York for mackerel.
“T commenced mackerel fishing in 1819; built a pinky and went south;
chopped our bait; worked sometimes all night; called 125 to 150 barrels
a good trip for three or four weeks; sold no mackerel fresh in those
days; all salted. The first trip was usually sold in New York; the
next one brought home to Gloucester. In 1859 ’Squam had twenty-five
to thirty sail of mackerel catchers. Shore fishing was then first rate.”—
(Notes of A. Howard Clark.)
1828.—CLOSE OF THE MACKEREL SEASON.—POOR SUCCESS OF THE
FISHERY.
The mackerel fishery is about terminated for the season, and we are
sorry to say that anticipation in this article has not been realized. We
believe other towns make a like complaint in regard to the failure of
the fall fares. This will necessarily enhance the prices, and in part bal-
ance the failure in the number caught. The loss, however, falls upon
those who are immediately engaged in taking them, and consequently
deprives them of that on which they depend for a livelihood, as they
seldom hold on in order to speculate.—(Gloucester Telegraph, Novem-
ber 22, 1828.)
1828.—THE MACKEREL FLEET.
The Gloucester Telegraph, June 21, 1828, states that from three hun-
dred to four hundred mackerel vessels were often seen at anchor in
tloucester Harbor at one time.
1830.—FIRST VOYAGE FROM CAPE ANN TO THE GULF OF SAINT
LAWRENCE.
The first trip to the Bay of Saint Lawrence for mackerel, from this
port, was made in 1830, by Capt. Charles P. Wood, in the “ Mariner.”
She was absent but four weeks, and came in full of large fat mackerel.
This created quite an excitement among the fishermen, and the next
season the Bay fishing commenced in good earnest. The vessels at first
made but one trip, and finished up their season’s work on this shore.
Two hundred and fifty barrels was considered a good trip for a vessel
of forty or fifty tons. As soon as the business was found to be profit-
able, vessels of a larger class were added to the fleet, and it has gradu-
ally increased from year to year until the present time.—(Fisherman’s
Memorial and Record Book.)
1830.—COMPARATIVE SCARCITY OF SMALL MACKEREL IN MASSACHU-
SETTS BAY PREVIOUS TO 1830.
Captain Merchant, of Gloucester, states that small mackerel were
very scarce in Massachusetts Bay until 1830., He also says that small
[225] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 315
mackerel always lead the large ones in their approach to the coast.
When he was in the habit of fishing on George’s he went there about
the first of June, and always caught “ finger mackerel” before the large
ones.—(Notes on the Mackerel Fisheries, by G. Brown Goode.)
1832.—_MARKETS FOR MACKEREL.
In 1832 the demand for mackerel was much greater than the supply,
according to Captain Merchant. Philadelphia bought two-thirds of the
entire catch of Gloucester, which amounted to 320,000 barrels.
1826.—The following account of a mackerel voyage on the coast of
New England in 1826 is from the pen of N. E. Atwood:
“The first year that I fished for mackerel on this coast was in 1826,
and having changed from the laborious and exposed business of cod-
fishing on the Labrador coast, I took a good deal of notice of what
passed, and, consequently, I still remember a good deal about the voy-
age. We sailed from Provincetown on the 28th of June, and went
down to a point some twenty leagues northeast of Cape Cod.
‘On the day following we saw one school of mackerel, and, getting
into it, we threw out bait, and caught, well, some 3 or 4 barrels. That
was the first school which we met with; and this happened on the 29th
of June. It was the last school we saw until the 13th of September,
my birthday; this was a very large school. In five weeks we caught
238 barrels of mackerel, and, although it was early in the season, still
they packed very well. After they were packed we went out again and
secured 250 barrels where we saw the school of mackerel on the 13th of
September.”
1827.—PRICE OF MACKEREL.
In 1827~28, according to Capt. William H. Oakes, the price of No. 1
mackerel ranged from $4.50 to $5.50 per barrel, while No. 2’s sold for
$2.50.
1828.—MACKEREL, SALES, PRICES, ETC.
A large quantity of mackerel are afloat amounting, perhaps, to 1,500
barrils. The sales have been extensive, though at rather lower pices.
The current rates have been 43 to Z for 1’s and 2’s, and in some cases $5.—
(Gloucester Telegraph, April 19, 1828.)
1828.—_SCARCITY OF MACKEREL.
Our fishing vessels the past week have returned with very few mack.
erel. Some have brought in only 25 or 30 barrels after being absent a
week or ten days. What have been caught were packed out as No. 3’s,
and very likely the fish have struck off in order to fat for No. ’s and 2’s-
We advise dealers to hold on to what they have, as there is likely to be
a scarcity this season.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 12, 1828.)
316 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [226]
1832.—\_FAILURE OF MACKEREL ON THE WESTERN COAST OF NOVA
SCOTIA.—IMPORTANCE OF THE AMERICAN MACKEREL FISHERY.
So far this fall the mackerel fishery on our western shore has been an
entire failure. Some idea may be formed of the extent to which this
fishery is carried on from the United States by the circumstance of 360
vessels having left the port of Gloucester for that purpose on the night
of the 28th ultimo.—Halifax, November 20.—(Gloucester Telegraph, De-
cember I, 1832.)
1833.—DISINCLINATION OF MACKEREL TO TAKE THE HOOK.
These fish [mackerel] are taken in much less quantities this season thus
far than usual. The complaint of the fishermen is not so much that
they can’t find mackerel, but that they “‘ won’t bite” when they find
them. This again makes the salt manufacturer complain that his com-
modity is less wanted, and consequently the price is reduced ; and when
our fishermen and salt makers are disappointed and have hard luck
makes sorry times on Cape Cod. Some of our shoresmen, however, the
onion growers, have good crops and they obtain a fair price for them at
market. And the sea-serpent, or something else, has driven on shore
upon the cape, at several places, a considerable number of black fish,
the blubber of which makes very good oil, and some of these fish have
a considerable quantity of it.—(Barnstable Patriot, August 28, 1833.)
1833.—GREAT ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
Mr. S. B. Brown, writing of the early fisheries of Gloucester, says:
“The next year [1833] I went to Gloucester, hunted up my old skipper,
who was still master of the same boat, and went with him that season.
‘““T recollect well the great school of mackerel that struck Middle
Bank that year. September 22, at 10 o’clock at night, there were some
two hundred sail at anchor, 25 miles southeast of Eastern Point light,
in a dead calm, when our skipper sang out, ‘Here they are, boys,’ at
the same moment every vessel in the fleet commenced the catch. We
fished for three days, and filled everything, even our boat, and struck
on deck until we were in fish knee deep. ‘Then, a breeze up, we ran in
and packed out 280 barrels, and returned to the bank just as the wind
left us. We fished three days more when they struck off as suddenly
as they had come.”—(Fisherman’s Own Book, page 197.)
1834. _MACKEREL FLEET IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
According to Captain Atwood the fleet of American mackerel catch-
ers in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in 1834, consisted of six vessels, three
of which belonged at Provincetown. They secured full fares, and re-
turned in a very short time.
|
|
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[227] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 317
1834.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL ON THE NEW ENGLAND COAST.
The Gloucester Telegraph of September 3, 1834, copies the following
extract from the Hingham Gazette:
‘A Halifax paper states that herring and mackerel are very plenty
this season. Our fishermen have never found mackerel more scarce than
_ during this season. We hope the fall fishing will be more productive.”
1835.—INSPECTION OF NO. 4 MACKEREL BEGUN.
TINKERS.—The legislature has concluded that the little fry caught by
our mackerel fishermen, commonly called ‘Tinkers,” shall be separated
from those of a larger growth and packed by themselves, and branded
No. 4. The distinction between No. 3 and No. 4 will be, we suppose,
only in the size of the fish, without regard to the fatness. Something
was said about making all those No. 4 which should be less than six
inches long from tip to tail, but it was finally left rather indefinite, so:
that each inspector will have to exercise his own discretion and judg-
ment as to what constitutes a ‘“tinker.”—(Barnstable Patriot, October
21, 1835.
1835.—Capt. N. E. ATWOOD’S EXPERIENCE IN THE MACKEREL FISH-
ERIES OF THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
“In 1842 I was first master, and in 1835 I first came to the gulf for
mackerel. When we arrived there we could hear of no mackerel any-
where. We went toward the Magdalen Islands, and about 8 miles off
from them to the southwest we got a large number of mackerel the first
day we were there. This induced us to fish in that vicinity, and we
fished between that and the west head of the islands, as we call it, or
Deadman’s Island, as it is sometimes called.
“Q. Is that part of the Magdalen Islands?—A. Yes; it is the west
end of them. We fished there all that trip, and the result was that we
got about 180 barrels, speaking in round numbers. The crew received
a large share, and did much better than those fished to the westward
that season. * * *
“During my first year in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, when we
got 180 barrels, we fished at the west end of the Magdalen Islands,
and when we set out to go home, the wind freshened from the south-
ward, and we struck in somewhere near St. Peter’s Sandhills, as we
called the place, and while reefing the foresail, we hove the vessel to,
and I threw out a few shovels full of bait. Mackerel came up, and
seemed to be very abundant, but we only caught about half a barrel.
Night came on just as soon as the foresail was reefed, and hoisting it
uf, we hauled in the hand-lines instead of anchoring there, and went
about along shore, hove to, and let the vessel drift off. Next day we
got back to Pleasant Bay, Magdalen Islands. That was all we got
318 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [228]
there that voyage, and we never fished anywhere, or caught any mack-
erel on the Prince Edward Island side, or anywhere within the restricted
limits, until 1842. During that year I was passing Port Hood late in
the afternoon—it was just nightfall—when I hove to and tried the
school, and I do not think that I was at the time three miles offshore
I did not fish there over a day, and we obtained a few mackerel, per-
haps six or seven barrels. When I came to talk with the crew, some
said we were 6 miles offshore, and some 4 miles, and so on; but I will
tell you what I thought about it: this was, that if a cutter came along
he would take me, so I considered that I did not need to stay there.
Soon after dark I discovered a vessel running down apparently towards
the Strait of Canso, and hauling up for us. I was afraid she was a cut-
ter, and I was then very sorry that I had obtained any mackerel there.
She happened, however, not to be a cutter, and I got away the next day.
This was all the mackerel I ever caught within the three-mile line.”—
(Testimony of Captain Atwood before Halifax Commission.)
1836.—PRICES OF MACKEREL.
Sales of mackerel at $9 for No. 1, $8 for No. 2, $4.25 to $4.50 fer No.
3, per barrel, purchaser paying inspection.—(Gloucester Telegraph, June
8, 1836.)
1836.—UNUSUAL SCARCITY OF MACKEREL.
The Barnstable Patriot says: We learn from Wellfleet that the mack-
erel fishermen which have arrived at that place within two weeks have
got unusually small fares, averaging less than 50 barrels each.—(Glou-
cester Telegraph, July 6, 1836.)
1836.—A PROTEST AGAINST BOBBING OR * GIGGING” MACKEREL.
The Boston Journal protests strongly against the barbarous method
of taking mackerel, called “ gigging,” and urges that it is not only liable
to censure on the score of humanity, but is also impolitic, and that if
this destructive method of fishing is generally continued a few years
longer, it will break up the fishery. We have for a year or two past en-
tertained a similar opinion, and probably the complaints now so fre-
quently made by the fishermen that, though mackerel are plenty, they
will not bite, is owing to the custom of “ gigging.” There is hardly
anything which possesses life that has so little instinct as not to become
very shy under such barbarous inflictions. It is obvious that all which
are hooked in this manner are not taken on board; the gig frequently
tears out, and thousands, millions of these fish are lacerated by these
large hooks, and afterwards die in the water.—Newburyport Herald.—
(Gloucester Telegraph, September 3, 1836.)
1836.—ONE OF THE GREAT MACKEREL-FISHING STATIONS.
The principal business of the place [Sandy Bay, now Rockport, Mass. ]
is the bank, bay, shore, and mackerel fisheries, which, with the freight-
[229] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 319
ing, employ probably not less than six or seven hundred hands. More
mackerel is usually taken by them than by any other people on the
coast.—From the Salem Landmark.—(Gloucester Telegraph, September
14, 1836.)
1836.—SMALL CATCH OF MACKEREL.
From present appearances the number of mackerel taken this year
will fall short some hundred barrels of the last year’s catch. There are
mackerel enough, we are told, but they do not bite freely. Some fisher-
men have abandoned the mackerel fishery entirely and taken out cod-
fishing papers.— Democrat.—(Gloucester Telegraph, October 1, 1836.)
1836.—ACTIVE DEMAND FOR MACKEREL.
The demand for mackerel has been very active, and in consequence
of a limited supply, prices haveadvanced. Sales of No. 1, $9.75@$10 ;
No. 2, $8.75@$9; No. 3, $6.—(Gloucester Telegraph, October 12, 1836.)
The supplies [of mackerel] are very light and prices have again ad-
vanced. No. 1 at $10@$10.50, No. 2 at $9, No. 3 at $6.50. One thou-
sand barrels, principally Nos. 1 and 2, were taken out of our market on
Monday.—(Gloucester Telegraph, October 19, 1836.)
1836.—CAPTAIN ATWOOD’S EXPERIENCE IN THE MACKEREL FISHERY
OF THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
Q. Where did you fish during the remainder of the six years?—A.
The next year, 1836, was my second year there at the Magdalen Islands,
I having done so well there the years previous. I want it to be un-
derstood that I was in a small vessel with a small crew.
Q. Perhaps you will give the tonnage and the number of the crew?
—A. Her tonnage was 59, with the then reckoning, but now it would
be called less than 40. We went direct that year to the Magdalen
Islands, and we found that there had been some mackerel caught there,
but none within a few days of that period; and as we had heard that
mackerel were sometimes taken at Newfoundland, we bore up and went
over there. The next day after our arrival we tried near Cape St.
George, but though we tried all day, we never saw one, and so we re-
turned to the Magdalen Islands, and remained there during the fishing
term until we obtained a full cargo—225 barrels. We afterward pro-
ceeded westward, and found that vessels which had been fishing about
Prince Edward Island, and further up, on Bradley Bank and elsewhere,
had done better than that; but we were satisfied; our voyage suited
us, and we had got all we wanted.—(Proceedings Halifax Commission.)
EXTENT OF MASSACHUSETTS FISHERIES FOR 1837.
In 1837 there were employed in Massachusetts in the cod and mack-
erel fisheries 1,290 vessels, manned by 11,146 men, and the fish taken
were valued at $3,208,559; about one-half of these were in the cod fish-
ery.— Gloucester Telegraph, February 20, 1839.—(From the report of the
Washington Commission on Salt Bounty.)
320 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [230]
1837.—POOR DOINGS OF THE MACKERELMEN.
The vessels from Cape Sable and the Western Banks have generally
brought in good fares. The mackerel fishermen have not done so well. .
— Yarmouth Register.—( Gloucester Telegraph, July 4, 1837.)
1837.—SUCCESS OF THE CAPE COD AND CAPE ANN MACKERELMEN.
The Barnstable Patriot says: ‘‘ Since ‘ hard times’ have become the
universal topic of conversation throughout the Union, if not the world,
it affords us no little pleasure to find that the fishermen of Cape Cod have
been blessed with large discounts from their favorite banks. We learn
that five mackerelmen who have packed their fares in this town, have
already caught 1,600 barrels for the quarter ending in July. During
the same time last season there were less than 700 barrels.”’
“We have heard of several excellent fares having been brought in by
our mackerel fishermen, within two or three weeks past; and, although
the fish are reported rather scarce, yet the season promises well so far.”
—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 5, 1837.)
1837.—A BIG SCHOOL OF MACKEREL IN PORTSMOUTH AND GLOU-
CESTER HARBORS.
Nearly 400 barrels of mackerel were taken in Portsmouth Harbor,
daily, for two or three days last week. It is not usual for them to be
found there. Mackerel have been plenty for several days past just off
Eastern Point, in this harbor, but we do not learn that any considerable
quantity has been taken.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 26, 1837.)
1837.—BoOAT FISHING IN MAINE.
We learn that not less than 90 barrels of mackerel were brought into
our harbor on Thursday, in open boats.—Kennebunk Gazette.—(Glouces-
ter Telegraph, September 13, 1837.)
1837 TO 1841.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL; INTRODUCTION OF NIGHT
FISHING.
Captain Merchant, of Gloucester, informs me that there was a great
scarcity of all kinds of mackerel from 1837 to1841. He had at that time
eight vessels engaged in this business, the smartest of which only packed
70 barrels, in the season of 1837. Mackerel continued scarce until 1841.
At last the skippers became discouraged, and this year they went to
Georges’ in search of fish. They found there large schools of mackerel,
which would bite only at night. Vessels would catch 30 or 40 barrels.
in a night when it was so dark that they must needs have lanterns to
see their lines. These night schools were a godsend to Gloucester.
Such habits had never been observed before that time nor since.
In 1837, according to Captain Merchant, the vessels did not get enough
mackerel to cover the bottoms of theirtubs. In 1841,mackerel struck in
great abundance; there were oceans of ‘“tinkers.”—(Notes on the Mack-
erel Fisheries, by G. Brown Goode. )
[231] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 321
1837.—FALL MACKEREL FISHERY AT PORTSMOUTH.
Nearly 400 barrels of mackerel were taken daily (with hand lines) for
two or three days last week in Portsmouth Harbor; also plenty off
Eastern Point.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 26, 1837.)
1837-1838.—MACKEREL FISHERY OF HINGHAM.
The Hingham Gazette says, during the past year (1836) 49 vessels
have been engaged in the mackerel fisheries ; number of barrels taken,
14,436. In 1835, 57 vessels were engaged in the business; number of
barrels taken, 15,398. During the past year several vessels formerly in
the mackerel fisheries have been fishing for cod.—(Gloucester Telegraph,
January 5, 1837.)
In Hingham during the past year 57 vessels have been engaged in
the mackerel fishery; the catch was 17,134 barrels. In 1836, 49 vessels;
catch, 14,436 barrels. In 1835, 57 vessels; catch, 15,398 barrels. —(Glou-
cester pelgg ops, January 3, 1838.)
1838.—FALL MACKEREL IN CAPE COD BAY.
Mackerel were abundant in Cape Cod Bay. On September 8 it is
estimated that 3,000 barrels of mackerel were taken in Barnstable Bay;
one vessel took 70 barrels.—(Gloucester Telegraph, September 12, 1838.)
1838.—CATCH OF MACKEREL FOR MASSACHUSETTS.
Returns of mackerel packed in this State up to January, 1839, all the packages reckoned in
barrels; also, the number of vessels, tonnage, men and boys employed.
| |
Barrels | Barrels | Barrels
| Men and
No.1. | No.2. | No.3. | Vessels.; Tons. boys.
ji fier an
Giloucestene septs nett eee oeete cece 11,582 | 6,854} 5,796 245-11, 699 1, 831
TERT Tt Oe cde tee 5 eee ne 5, 301 4,307 | 6,128 | 162 9, 761 1, 315
INGWDULY POLE - 26) canescisjavasicccaiecsccwc 5, 709 3, 000 4, 316 99 4, 876 772
Em PV AMS oe errs see teeicte ere wien ote 3, 040 3, 218 6, 188 | 51 3, 051 §22
AICI TILTET-Y.) ree ie So iene ep aa 3, 314 3, 609 | 3, 617 12. PAW HEE 449
SEDUAASOG cas facce cnc costt cee se eee 2, 052 | 1, 729 | 6, 665 47 2, 687 439
Provincetown 2, 203 1, 797 | 4, 748 | 70 3,492 546
Barnstable. - - 1, 000 1, 365 1, 53op 1} 739 129
Truro........ 677 800 | 1, 645 | 19 | 638 119
PSC RUPGBUG a aio ccloraia sissies sin'a:eielats 781 502 | 1, 091 | 25 | 1, 632 225
Ma ANOUUN hoe 2 Soctc hee cate n ee eee eee 470 539 | 659 | 10 697 106
TTT 2 Se ee eS 748 309 | 273 a 690 104
PARU IMO UUM ie nn aio mininian ie aan cwie cue sete 340 305 472 re 240 58
BIDYISTIR Met oe ae ow aya 6 oa hele waee Sen eee 391 605 913 6 335 62
UGE BE See ee 223 127 103 uf 320 46
LIP ST end SC Ree REE EeE Bane ose 110 159 80 8 | 284 40
REGEN IGNOAG <l1- misccine cicis sb .a'0n,2 sis miacicmeee 76 40 52 5 425 55
PROMEELV Es caine 8 oa siccimccs oedasmacese 35 63 32 1 40 9
SRR ONE palace a se cciciclas nas onsen scen 2 13 | 9 i 46 6
38, 054 29,341 | 44, 320 857 44, 381 6, 833
Of i 26,830 | 61,940| 52,541 |.......... Se ee eee:
Tt eee eee ty dS 8s eS 54, 016 60, 569 58/7 888))|\-2- 0c 50% Toe tte one aioe | ciaiarensrcieiaate
Set a = |
Barrels.
RAO TREC Dee e ee epee eee 8 on ve cic a bein uate dare steer einem cee ice cc ba sees wucidcnbosieeseneessecce 111, 815
lintel Wiese) Seo Rs 2a ee ee eS ee ei SD 141, 311
IMTS OP TST pee Sa a ae ee see ee OE A ee a ee 173, 468
(Barnstable Patriot, January 16, 1839.)
S. Mis. 110 21
322 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [232]
1838.—THE SPRING FISHERY.
The Philadelphia Daily Advertiser states that large quantities of mack- —
erel have been taken during the last month, within 10 or 15 miles of
Cape Henlopen. One boat from Portland took in one day 45 barrels.—
(Gloucester Telegraph, July 21, 1838.)
1838.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL IN GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
Arrived, schooner Metamora, from Bay Chaleur, with 13,000 [cod]
fish. Reports fish plenty, but mackerel very scarce; could not obtain
them in sufficient quantities for bait—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 25,
1838.)
1838.—EXCELLENT QUALITY AND ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL IN MAS-
SACHUSETTS BAY. t
Our oldest fishermen have never known the season when /at mackerel
were so plenty about our shores as they have been for a week or two
past. On Sunday last (in these times people will fish on Sunday) at
least 150 barrels were taken just off the shore opposite Eastern Point,
by wherries and a few larger craft; and for size and fatness, the samples
which came under our observation were altogether superior to any we
had ever before seen. One of these beauties was exhibited by a gen-
tleman, which weighed upwards of three pounds, and the fat upon him
measured an inch in thickness.—(Gloucester Telegraph, September 12,
1838.)
The [mackerel] fishermen have brought in larger fares the last week.
The vessels that have cruised around the shores of the Cape, have taken
from 100 to 150 barrels during the last four weeks. The vessels in the
Bay of Fundy are reported doing well; those off Mount Desert and the
eastern shore have taken very few fish.—( Yarmouth Register.)
1838.—PROSPERITY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
“THE FISHING BUSINESS.—Joyfully do we announce prosperity in this
line of the business. Our bay seldom exhibits its late appearance, dur-
ing the week past, from our office window. Oftentimes we could numer-
ate 100 sail of fishermen, and on Saturday, Monday, and Tuesday last,
200 to 250 sail were counted, making a splendid sight. Mackerel have
bitten for the past week remarkably well. Considering the industry
and enterprise which lie at the root, no more imposing appearance
can be witnessed than that of 200 or 250 sail of vessels spreading their
bleached canvas to the wind, and gliding gently along on the coast.
On Saturday we understand that the schooner ‘Roxana,’ of Wellfleet,
was run afoul of by the ‘Columbia,’ of Dennis, by which accident she
was dismasted. We ao not learn that any other serious injury was sus-
tained.”—(Barnstable Patriot, September 12, 1838.)
[233] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 323
OVERFISHING DESTROYING THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
After commenting on the great demand for mackerel in the West, it
(the Newburyport: Herald) says: “It appears now almost reduced to a
certainty that the time is not distant when, if we are not compelled in a
great measure to abandon the business, it will be prosecuted as an un-
certain one, and by a greatly decreased number of vessels and men.
There is of late not more than one successful season out of four.”—
(Gloucester Telegraph, August 18, 1838.)
1838.—CAPTAIN ATWOOD’S EXPERIENCE IN THE MACKEREL FISHER-
IfS OF THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
My brother and I bought a little vessel and fished around hoine, and
we finally concluded to go to the Bay of Saint Lawrence. We did so,
and stopped there some six weeks.
Q. When was that?—A. In 1838. We stopped only six weeks, and
we got only about twenty barrels.
Q. Where?—A. We were at the Magdalen Islands all the time. We
had poor sails and a poor vessel, and we found it much safer about the
Magdalen Islands. We always considered it safer than in the bight of
Prince Edward Island. :
Q. And twenty barrels were all that you got that year ?—A. Yes. We
came home about the 20th of September. We went to the bay in
August, and we remained there, I think, about six weeks.—(Proceed-
ings Halifax Commission.)
1838.—APPEARANCE OF MACKEREL IN BARNSTABLE BAY.
Mackerel have made their appearance in the bay (Barnstable Bay)
in considerable quantities. On Thursday we saw from the Highland a
fleet of about 100 sail lying from Gurnet to Manomet, making a beau-
tiful appearance. They were apparently taking fish. We noticed also
a great number of small boats among them. We learned at Plymouth
that boat fishing had been avery good business for the last week or two,
some individuals clearing $30 per day each. The mackerel taken are of
the best quality. * * *—(Hingham Patriot.)
PROVINCETOWN, September 9.—The mackerel fishermen are doing
well. It is estimated that 3,000 barrels were taken in Barnstable Bay
on Friday last. One vessel took 70 barrels on that day.—(Gloucester
Telegraph, September 12, 1838.)
1838.—A BIG FLEET IN BARNSTABLE BAY.
The mackerel fishermen have continued to do a little better of late,
though we suspect not near as well asis generally supposed. We have
been informed, on what we esteem good authority, that the average
number of barrels taken on Friday last would not exceed ten per vessel,
324 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [234]
Some, it is stated, procured large fares (such, for instance, as the Ino,
which took 150 wash-barrels), while others did not catch a fish. Fora
week or two past the bay has been thronged with fishermen. OnTuesday
last 280 sail could be distinctly seen.— Yarmouth Register.—(Gloucester
Telegraph, September 19, 1838).
1838.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL IN BAY SAINT LAWRENCE.
Captain Morgan, of schooner “ Cossack,” of Beverly, cod-fishing from
the Bay Chaleur, arrived here yesterday, reports that he was in the
harbor of Castle Rock (?) the 25th August, with 120 sail of mackerel
catchers. Mackerel were scarce, and none of the vessels in the harbor
exceeded 30 barrels, excepttwo. Captain M. left the Gut the 3d of Sep-
tember ; saw a large number of vessels every day, but could hear of no
vessels doing well.—(Gloucester Telegraph, September 22, 1838.)
1839.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL IN THE BAY OF FUNDY.
The Saint Andrews Standard says: ‘“ Our bay and coves have been
literally swarming with mackerel during the past week. Large quan-
tities have been caught in the weirs at Bocabec and along the shores.”
The fishermen along our coast complain that the mackerel have all gone
away. It appears from the above that they are on a visit to the British
provinces.
1839.—MACKEREL FISHING FROM CAPE ANN.
Cape Ann, says the Telegraph, as everybody knows, has always taken
the lead in the mackerel fishery, having a much larger number of ves-
sels engaged in it than any other place; and the crews have in times
past made their calculations to land by this time and have landed their
200, 250, or 300 barrels each, whereas the largest fare that has been
brought in this season is 73 barrels, and the whole catch packed out
probably does not exceed 500.—(Barnstable Patriot, September 4, 1839.)
1839 AND 1840.—CAPTAIN ATWOOD’S EXPERIENCE IN THE MACKEREL
FISHERY.
In 1839 I went in my own vessel, the ‘‘ Lucy Mary,” which was the
one in which I first went to the bay, tothe Grand Bank. Mackerel were
scarce, and the prospect was discouraging, so I went cod-fishing, curing *
the fish myself. I then hauled the vessel up and did not go for mack-
erel until 1840. I did not then go to the Grand Bank, and having no fish
to cure I had to go mackereling somewhere. There was at the time no
encouragement to fish for mackerel, either on our coast or in the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence, and as people had told me stories about mackerel being
found at the Azores, I was induced to fit out and go there.
Q. Did you get any mackerel at the Azores?—A. No.—(Proceedings
Halitax Commission.)
[235] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 325
1841.— DOINGS OF THE CAPE COD AND CAPE ANN FLEETS.—NIGHT
FISHING A NEW FEATURE IN THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
The quantity of mackerel taken the present season is, thus far, not
materially different from the quantity caught last year. A few vessels
from Barnstable, Yarmouth, and Dennis, have been more successful, but
this is by no means the case with vessels generally.—( Yarmouth Reg-
ister.)
Mackerel are reported to be more plenty the present than they have
been the last two or three years past; but owr fishermen do not seem to
meet with much success in taking them. It is somewhat remarkable
that thus far the present season nearly all the mackerel that have been
caught have been taken in the night, while heretofore this tish has scarcely
ever been known to bite after sundown.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 21,
1841.)
There have been but few arrivals of mackerel this week, for which a
ready demand has been experienced, and prices are consequently a shade
higher, No. 1, $11.50; No. 2, $10.25; No. 3, $5.75 and $6 per barrel.—
(Ibid.)
1841.—A CURIOUS REASON GIVEN FOR THE SCARCITY OF MACKEREL
A correspondent suggests as a cause for the scarcity of mackerel the
general practice of using ‘‘hardhead” [menhaden] for bait, the sharp-
bones of which fish kill the mackerel that feed upon it. The suggestion
is worthy of consideration, at least.— Yarmouth Register.—(Gloucester
Telegraph, January 30, 1841.)
1841.— FIRST FARE OF THE SEASON.
A fare of 66 barrels of mackerel, the first arrival this season, came up
from an outport.—(Gloucester Telegraph, June 16, 1841.)-
1841.—DISCOURAGING PROSPECTS FOR THE MACKEBRELMEN.
Two vessels arrived this week from mackereling, absent over three
weeks, without obtaining one barrel of mackerel. The prospects for the
mackerel! fishermen this year are unusually discouraging.—(Gloucester
Telegraph, August 7, 1841.)
1841.—_ THE MACKEREL FISHERY.—WHAT WERE CONSIDERED GOOD
FARES IN 1841.
Several of the mackerel fishermen from our vicinity, who were un-
usually successful during the first part of the season, have recently
returned with very small fares. Many of our most experienced fisher-
men are included in the number, who give as their opinion that the
326 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [236]
number of mackerel rapidly diminishes every year.—(Yarmouth Reg-
ister.)
Two of the Gloucester vessels have recently come in with tolerable
fares—good, indeed, they may be called in the present state of the fish-
eries. We have heard of one vessel with 90 and another with 120 bar-
rels.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 11, 1541.)
1841.—FAVORABLE REPORTS FROM GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
Favorable accounts have been received from Bay Chaleur, and full
fares are expected from the fishery in that quarter.—(Gloucester Tele-
graph, August 11, 1841.)
1841.— ALMOST TOTAL FAILURE OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.—BAD
RESULTS THEREFROM.
The Gloucester Telegraph says that nearly the whole fleet from that
port were returning, and mostly without mackerel.—-(Philadelphia Ga-
zette.)
So unfavorable has been the mackerel fishery the present season (and
it was nearly as bad the last and preceding years) that most of those
who have been actively engaged in it have not earned enough to carry
themselves and families through the winter. Indeed, we heard one indi-
vidual remark the other day that he himself had seen a hundred fish-
ermen who, after all the toil, privations, and dangers they had endured
during the whole fishing season, had not a dollar coming to them, or
either of them, now that they have returned to their homes and fami-
lies. We have heard of a firm who, upon settling up the voyages of
their vessels, paid to the crew of one $1.43 each man—to that of
another a little more, and to others nothing. And such has been the
general result of the fisheries for the season just closed. * * * It
would have béen better for their owners, in a pecuniary point of view,
had most of our fishing vessels been suffered for the last two or three
years to remain at the wharves, instead of being sent either tothe banks
or down to the bay * * *.—(Gloucester Telegraph, November 17,
1841.)
The whole of the bay fleet are now in [the last two arrivals brought
home 90 and 80 barrels of mackerel, respectively, besides from 100 to
200 quintals of codfish. Four Gloucester vessels reported as seized and
condemned at Halifax for alleged violations of the treaty |.—(Z0.)
1842._ ARRIVALS FROM GEORGE’S.
Six schooners, reported in Gloucester Telegraph of August 10, 1842,
arrived from George’s Bank with fares of mackerel ranging from 20 to
140 barrels each. August 18, five schooners from George’s with fares
varying from 25 to 120 pounds.
[237] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 327
1842.—SUCCESS OF THE SOUTH SHOREMEN.
We learn from a friend at Plymouth that the cod and mackerel fish-
ermen at that place have been unusually successful thus far this sea-
son.— Bay State Democrat.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 27, 1842.)
1842.—ARRIVAL OF MACKEREL CATCHERS
For the week ending September 7, 1842, eight mackerel schooners are
reported in the Gloucester Telegraph, with fares ranging from 5 to 126
barrels, the total being 416 barrels, or an average of 52 barrels each.
The following vessels [23 in number] have arrived since our last
Wednesday’s paper, with fares varying from 10 to 100 barrels and up-
wards. The above are the fleet that sailed from the Ist to the 10th of
August.—(Gloucester Telegraph, September 14, 1842.)
1842._PoOOR SUCCESS OF THE BAY MEN.
Arrived 24th, schooner ‘‘ George Parker,” from Bay Chaleur, 8 barrels
mackerel. The G. P. brings accounts of Gloucester vessels, three months
out, with less than 30 barrels.—(Gloucester Telegraph, October 26, 1842.)
1842.—SCARCITY OF FALL MACKEREL ON NEW ENGLAND SHORE.
No mackerel of consequence have been caught the last three weeks.—
(Gloucester Telegraph, October 8, 1842.)
Arrived 20th, about 150 sail of mackerel fishing vessels; report mack-
erel very scarce, none having been taken for the past fortnight.—(Glou-
cester Telegraph, October 22, 1842.)
1843.— UNFAVORABLE OUTLOOK FOR THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
A writer in the Gloucester Telegraph of August 30, 1843, says: “At
the present date the catch of mackerel falls far short of last year’s, but
it is very uncertain how it will terminate. The prospect is considered
by our most experienced fishermen as not encouraging.”
18438.—SUCCESS OF THE HINGHAM FLEET.
We are happy to hear that this business, so important to our town,
bids fair to be more successful this season than it has been for many
years. Our mackerel vessels are returning with fuller fares than usual
at this season of the year, some of them lately arrived having brought
in from 80 to 100 barrels— Hingham Patriot.—(Gloucester Telegraph,
July 15, 1843.)
1843.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL ON NOVA SCOTIA COAST.
The Halifax papers state that the coast of Nova Scotia is now visited
by mackerel and herring in larger quantities than ever were known at
this season. In the Straits of Canso the people are taking them with
seines, a circumstance without a parallel for the last thirty years.—
(Gloucester Telegraph, August 16, 1843.)
328 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [238]
1843.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL IN NOVA SCOTIA.
Captain Stephens, the commander of one of the provincial revenue
cruisers, published a letter in the last Acadian Recorder, which states
that * * * the mackerel fishery in the spring proved remarkably
unsuccessful, not more than 500 barrels having been taken, where up-
wards of 23,000 barrels were obtained last year. The subsequent catch
has, however, been more abundant.—(Newburyport Herald, September,
1845.) :
1843.—SMALL CATCH OF MACKEREL BY THE NEW ENGLAND FLEET.
Mackerel sell on arrival at last week’s quotations. (No. 1, $10; No. 2,
$8; No. 3, $5.75 per barrel.) There has been no great accumulation this
week, and we quote the article as before. The catch will probably fall
one-fourth to one-third short of what it was last year.—(Gloucester
Telegraph, October 30, 1843.)
1843.—F AILURE OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
The mackerel fishery, says the Hingham Gazette, has thus far proved
a poor business. Some vessels arrive in port with hardly fish enough
to pay the expenses of the trip.—(Barnstable Patriot, October 4, 1843.)
1844.—DOINGS OF THE MACKERELMEN; POOR CATCH.
The mackerel fishermen have done but little lately. Mostof the vessels
heard from are clean, or nearly so. So says the Yarmouth Register.—
(Gloucester Telegraph, July 24, 1844.)
The mackerel fishermen have been very unsuccessful for the last two
months, the catch, which commenced well in the early part of the sea-
son, having suddenly declined. A schooner arrived at this place on
Tuesday from a six weeks’ cruise, with only six barrels of mackerel on
board.— Yarmouth Register.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 21, 1844.)
1844.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF HINGHAM.
The Hingham Patriot publishes a list of 23 vessels from that port
which have been employed in the mackerel fishery during a part or the
whole of the last summer, with the number of barrels of mackerel packed
by each, amounting in all to 8,097 barrels, or an average of 356 barrels
to each vessel. There are five other vessels owned in Hingham, whose
names are not given, which packed 1,170 barrels, making in all 9,267
barrels.—(Gloucester Telegraph, November 27, 1844.)
1845.—A GOOD HAUL.
We learn that Holmes & Co., at Manomet Ponds, who were seining
for menhaden, on Thursday afternoon last, in drawing their seine, found
they had inclosed about a hundred barrels of mackerel. Barrels and
[239] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 329
salt were sent from town yesterday morning for the purpose of packing
them.—(Plymouth Memorial, July, 1845.) "
1845.—_MACKEREL ABUNDANT IN GLOUCESTER HARBOR.
For a few days past our harbor has been filled with mackerel, and on
Monday about 400 barrels, it is estimated, were taken in seines, vessels,
boats, and on the wharves. Upwards of a hundred barrels were taken
in a seine at one haul. Considerable many were taken yesterday, but
not in such quantities as on Monday. The visit of this fish to our har-
bor has afforded rare sport to such of our inhabitants who have never
been a mackereling, but it will not last long, as the fish will take a start
off in a day or two.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 9, 1845.)
1845.—CANNING OF MACKEREL.
In an extract from the Eastport Sentinel, published in the Gloucester
Telegraph of August 30, 1845, mention is made of the packing at East-
port, by Messrs. Treat, Noble & Co., of 3,000 cans of fresh mackerel.
1845.—MACKEREL IN THE BAYS OF MAINE; A BIG HAUL AT PROV-
INCETOWN.
Our piscatory visitors have nearly all left us and gone ‘down east.”
The Belfast Signal, of Thursday last, states that mackerel are quite
plenty in that bay.
The Yarmouth Register is informed that at Provincetown, week be-
fore last, they seined about 1,000 barrels of mackerel at one haul. Those
who took them gave half for dressing, but they were enabled to save
only 500 barrels.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 23, 1845.)
1845.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL ON THE NEW ENGLAND COAST.
So many mackerel have not made their appearance in our bay [Ips-
wich Bay] for many years before; while the fishermen who have gone
down to the Bay Chaleur, the principal place of the fishery, have had
less success.
It will be seen by an item in the ship news, that the Gloucester fish-
ermen, who came in full at the close of the week, report about 500 vessels
busily engaged in fishing in the bay. The mackerel brought in now are
mostly branded small No. 2.—Newburyport Herald.—(Gloucester Tele-
graph, September 20, 1845.)
1845.—NO MACKEREL ON GEORGE’S.
Arrived at Hyannis 9th, schooner “ Resolve,” and two other mackerel
catchers from George’s Bank; absent ten days; caught nothing.—(Glou-
cester Telegraph, September 16, 1845.)
330 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [240]
1839 to 1846.—Nova ScoTiaA FISHERIES.
"The exports of mackerel from the port of Halifax during the years
1839 to 1846 inclusive, show that considerable attention was given to
this fishery on the coasts of Nova Scotia thirty years ago.*
No. of barrels.
ECS WA eae pcre O02 Ae al SRN Ui 19, 127
ETT OE ee a IS 1, Ses ala CEN ERR IE ME So 25, 010
CU RRR NS EN 0, 55) 600 Mee Ad lpn: 35, 917
GAOLe wee WNC ea to) el ao, eae 54, 118
CO eal 8 CIP Ce ee re enemy Ua 71, 854
Us OS CEES A RTE LLU ame ned 50, 698
TE ee aA ee eee A | 38, 320
SIO er twits! cor ics a a ee ee 82. 645
1847.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL.
The catch of mackerel thus far this season, says the Gloucester Tele-
graph, has been small in comparison with that of the two past years. The
number of barrels taken on the coast has greatly diminished, and the
prospects being so unfavorable, many of our vessels have gone to the Bay
Chaleur. The fares that have arrived at this port are readily sold at
good prices as soon as landed, and are immediately shipped to the great
markets of New York and Philadelphia.—(Barnstable Patriot, October
6, 1847.)
1847.—UNPROFITABLENESS OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
Mackerel fishing has not prospered to such a degree as the cod-fish-
ery, none of the small number of crafts engaged in the business from
this port, having obtained a full cargo.—(Barnstable Patriot, October
13, 1847.)
1847.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL ABOUT SABLE ISLAND.
Mackerel were very abundant in the vicinity of Sable Island, and the
fisheries committee of the house of assembly of Nova Scotia urged the
granting of a bounty to all vessels engaged in the deep-sea mackerel
fishery. This was not adopted.—(Journal and Proceedings of the House
of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, 1857, Appendix 75.)-
1845 TO 1848.—IMPORTANCE OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
From the Barnstable Patriot we quote the following review of the
mackerel fishery of Massachusetts from 1845 to 1848:
‘““The yearly inspection of returns of mackerel, show plainly that there
is no more important branch of the fishing business carried on in this
* Inspected.
[241] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 331
State than the mackerel fishery. From 1831 to 1840, the depreciation
in the catch was 333,225 barrels; and from 1840 to 1845, the increase
was only 36,270 barrels, during which, a period of thirteen years, the
business had become nearly prostrated, and with it nearly all those who
were engaged in it. In 1845, unexpectedly large shoals of mackerel ap-
peared on our coast between Cape Ann and Cape Cod, of a small, uni-
form size, about 12 inches in length, but very fat. Owing to these fish
being so near home, but little or no time was lost by the fishermen in
going out and returning with full fares, except the delay in procuring
barrels to put their fish in. At the close of the season the inspection
returns showed an increase of 116,122 barrels from the previous year.
This gave an impulse to the business.
‘In 1846 this great shoal of mackerel did not return again on our coast,
which disappointed the hopes of the fishermen, especially those who
depend upon their small boats for a living. At the close of the season
the catch had fallen off 28,439 barrels. Not being so easily discouraged
by this depreciation in one year, they entered into business with renewed
energy and enterprise, and were crowned, with great success during the
next year. In this year, 1847, the fishermen did not find any mackerel
on our coast of much account, until late in the season, when a large
school appeared off Cape Cod, called the ‘Chatham school,’ from which
great quantities have been taken of the best mackerel that have been
in the market for many years. All other mackerel, elsewhere, bore no
comparison with these, either for size, fatness, or goodness. Unfortu-
nately, fowever, for the Newburyport and Gloucester fishermen, they
were nearly all in the Bay of Chaleur; for the mackerel which they
brought home were of an inferior quality. This great difference between
the two kinds caused much complaint, and created for a time some
little excitement and feeling among the dealers botli at home and abroad,
which resulted in establishing a greater confidence in the different brands,
and a more uniform cull, and a higher standard of inspection in 1848,
“The inspection returns in 1848 show that the increase is 67,548 bar-
rels. More than one-half of this number are No. 3, and only one-quarter
are No.1. This great increase of No. 3 is owing chiefly to the mackerel
which came from the Bay of Saint Lawrence, denominated ‘Bay Cha-
leur, being a poorer quality than those taken on our coast. For the last
two or three years the mackerel in that quarter have been depreciated
gradually both in size and quality. Formerly the best mackerel we had
in the market came from that place, and they demanded the highest
price, and were very much sought after,on account of their superior
size and fatness.
“At one time the George’s mackerel were all the rage, on account of
their size; but within the past two years the Chatham mackerel have
taken the lead, with the exception of that extraordinary fat school which
appeared off Gloucester early in September. The mackerel taken from
this school are said to be superior in size and fatness to any ever before
332 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [242]
or since taken by our fishermen. It is estimated that there were up-
wards of 50,000 barrels taken from this school by our fishermen in the
course of ten or fifteen days, which inspected nine-tenths No. 1, and
this accounts for the increase in their number; otherwise there would
have been a great deficiency in this branch.
“The increased consumption of No.1 mackerel up to this time had been
fully equal to the supply, according to the best information obtained on
the subject; but the Nos. 2 and 3 mackerel coming more directly in com-
petition with the English fish, on account of the low rate of duty, it is
fair to calculate that the prices will rule much lower than the usual dif-
ference between the No. 1 and 2, especially in those years of a large
eateh.
‘““The English mackerel which have come into this market under the
brand of No. 2 are of a fair quality, but none are fat enough to make
No. 1, compared with the present standard of our inspection; therefore
there will be less inducement for the trade to speculate in English
mackerel with a view of reinspection, as formerly.”—(Barnstable Pa-
triot, January 31, 1849.)
1848.—LARGE SCHOOL OF MACKEREL IN THE SOUTH CHANNEL.
The largest school of mackerel Captain Harding ever saw was in the
south channel about the year 1848. It was a winrow of fish. It was
about half a mile wide and at least 20 miles long, for vessels not in sight
of each other saw it at about the same time. All the vesselg out saw
this school the same day.
1848.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAW-
RENCE.
A gentleman who came up from Point Escuminac a few days ago says
that the Prince Edward Island Gazette informs us that during the last
fortnight there have been from 40 to 50 American schooners about two
miles from the Point, the crews of which had been busily engaged in
catching mackerel, and so abundant are the fish that they have hired
persons from the shore to assist them. Some of them had 300 barrels
on board.— Halifax paper.—( Barnstable Patriot, September 20, 1848.)
1848.—IMMENSE SCHOOLS OF MACKEREL OFF CAPE ANN.—SUPPOSED
EARLY DEPARTURE.
The mackerel which were reported in such immense schools off Cape
Ann week before last have been completely broken up or quitted the
shores. The vessels took but a few last week. It is about time for
mackerel to make their annual visit to the shores of Cape Cod. We
have no fear that our fishermen will fail to bait them well and see that
they don’t suffer for want of salt.—(Barnstable Patriot, October 4,
1848.)
[243] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. . 333
1848.—A LATE SCHOOL OF MACKEREL OFF CAPE COD, AND GREAT
ABUNDANCE.
In 1848 large mackerel kept in close toCape Ann. Two hundred and
fifty vessels. Pilot found them abundant 26th November off Three-
light Nauset. One hundred and fifty vessels.
Captain Wixon, schooner ‘ Hamilton,” of Dennis, in debt $250 Sep-
tember 15, and towards the end of the season made three trips (Novem-
ber) without taking off his oil clothes; made $900.
1849.—._ SCARCITY OF MACKEREL IN THE EARLY SUMMER.
The vessels that have arrived in this vicinity from mackerel voyages
have brought in very small fares. The Yarmouth and Dennis fleets,
which have just arrived from a two months’ cruise, have packed, at an
average, about 50 barrels to each vessel.—(Barnstable Patriot, June
27, 1849.)
1849..—_ ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL OFF THE COAST OF MAINE.
MACKEREL CATCHING.—A fleet of nearly 200 vessels, says the Port-
land Advertiser of the 13th instant, was in the offing on Wednesday after
mackerel. The mackerel were very abundant, and took the bait well
in round the shores and reefs.—(Barnstable Patriot, July 25, 1849.)
1849.._THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
About 150 fishing vessels came into our harbor on Saturday p. m.,
2ist July, there being an appearance of a storm coming on. This was
quite an unusual circumstance for this period of the year, as the mack-
erel are not in any quantity off our cape until the latter part of August
and during the months of September and October. These vessels, we
learn, had on board from 10 to 40 wash-barrels each, which they had
taken during the previous week or ten days, which was rather slim do-
ings.
There had been two arrivals this season from Bay Chaleur, and
although they had an average fare, the men employed made poor wageg
in consequence of the low price of the article. We understand that but
few vessels have gone to the bay this year, in consequence of the poor
luck they have experienced at that place for a few years past.—(Glouces-
ter Telegraph, August, 1849.)
1849. A BIG FARE FROM THE BAY.
September 26, 1849, the schooner ‘‘ Canton,” Capt. Edward Watson, was
reported arrived at Gloucester Monday week from Bay Chaleur, with
600 barrels mackerel, the largest number of barrels ever caught and
brought into that port by one vessel upto that time. The “Canton” was
334 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [244]
100 tons burden, manned by 18 hands, and had been absent three months.
She reported very few vessels at the bay, and the prospect good. The
whole Gloucester fleet at that time were on this coast, and were doing
very poorly, and the prospects were not favorable for a heavy catch.
At Gloucester there were 200 sail of Cape Cod vessels at anchor in the
harbor, and many vessels had arrived at that port, absent four or five
weeks, with only 40 barrels of mackerel. The trips averaged about one-
third No. 1.
1849.—F ALL MACKEREL FISHERY OF CAPE COD BAY.
The mackerel fishermen in several of the towns of the Cape during
the months of October and November brought in good fares, which has
helped to make up for an otherwise poor season’s business. We learn
that the mackerel caught off Chatham by fishermen in the south part of
Dennisand Harwich during these months amount to more than $100,000.
The vessels packing at the new establishment of Messrs. Fred. Scudder
& Co., in the south part of this town, caught during the same time
mackerel to the amount of more than $10,000, and several vessels pack-
ing at Messrs. Baxter & Bragg’s returned with some thousands in value.
All this was earned after many of the vessels of the Cape had hauled
up.—(Barnstable Patriot, December 12, 1849.)
1849.— REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
The mackerel off the New England shore in 1849 were all large fish
and fairly abundant. That summer I made my first trip mackerel fish-
ing, going out as one of the crew of the pinkey Walker. We fished off
Mount Desert Rock, and caught 40 barrels of fine, large mackerel in
three or four weeks. At that time each one of the crew was provided
with a hogshead tub to strike their fish in; the mackerel were salted in
butts, which were stowed on their heads in the hold, the catch of each
one of the crew being counted by the splitter and placed to his credit.
The pinkies of those days had no cabin aft, all hands sleeping in a dingy
little cuddy forward, where the meals were also prepared and eaten.
1850.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL.—INFLUENCE OF BLUEFISH ON THE
MOVEMENTS OF MACKEREL.
The following extract, copied from the Newburyport Herald by the
Gloucester Telegraph of September 4, 1850, gives an idea of the mack-
erel fishery at that date:
‘We have never known fresh mackerel so scarce in this market in the
season for them as they have been this year. Up to the present time
no good mackerel, suitable for the table, have found the way here; and
considering how very desirable they are in dog days as an article of
food, it is quite a calamity to the lovers of good fish. Some attribute
the scarcity of nackerel in our bay to the presence of the bluefish,
[245] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. BYs i)
which within a few years have visited our shore and rivers in great
abundance. From the movements of the bluefish in our rivers, and their
savage treatment of the smaller fish which come in their way, we are
not surprised that the mackerel should give them a wide berth.
‘Fresh mackerel are not very scarce here, but the amount of fares
of salted ones this season have been very small. Yesterday made thir-
teen days since we had an arrival of a fishing craft with mackerel of
any description, either from our bay or from the Bay Chaleur. We
think they cannot be plenty upon any of the usual fishing-grounds.
‘Tf they are not taken more plentifully in course of the next six or
eight weeks, the catch must be very limited and the season an unpro-
pitious one for those engaged in the mackerel fishery.”
1850.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
In 1850 I went as one of the schooner ‘‘ Mercy and Hope” to the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence, starting on our trip about the 1st of June.
The mackerel were large that year in the Gulf, but not very abundant.
The fishing-grounds over which we cruised the most were round Gaspe,
Bonaventure, Bay of Chaleur, off Point Miscou, the West Shore, and
around the north cape of Prince Edward Island, and on Banks Bradley
and Orphan. We were absent from home sixteen weeks, and succeeded
in taking only 175 barrels of mackerel with a crew of eleven men, all told.
In the fall of the same year I shipped in the schooner ‘Three Sis-
ters,” and we fished from Portland to Chatham. An enormous school
of mackerel was found by the fleet off Cape Cod, near Chatham, that
fall, some time from the Ist to the 15th of November. The fish, which
were exceedingly fine and large, took the hook very readily, and large
catches were made by most of the vessels, some of them succeeding in
obtaining a full fare in three or four days’ fishing.
The fleet was a very large one, and was estimated to be about 700 sail.
Sharp vessels were then just coming into use, and the “Mary 8. Won-
son,” “ Jennie Lind,” and a few others of that class were looked upon
as very remarkable for their beauty and speed. We did not reach the
fleet until the ‘spurt ” was nearly over, and, in consequence, did rather
poorly. Our skipper, feeling rather chagrined at his ill luck, determined
to stay on the fishing-ground in hopes that he could catch some fish from
a later school. In this, however, he was disappointed, since we caught
no mackerel of any importance, though we did not leave the fishing-
ground off Chatham, except for a harbor in stormy weather, until the
oth day of December.
1850.—SLIM DOINGS OF THE CAPE COD FISHERMEN.
Our mackerel fishermen, we regret to say, are doing a very slim busi-
ness this year. A gentleman who has lately made a tour of the Cape
informs us that there are not at present 2,000 barrels of mackerel in the
336 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [246]
country. Two years ago, at the same season of the year, he counted
over 20,000 barrels on the wharves of the Cape. A much larger fleet is
now engaged in the business than at that time, and its failure this year
would greatly depress our enterprising capitalists. We hope, however,
that that last resort of our fishermen, the school ‘‘off Chatham,” will
not disappoint their reasonable expectations.— Yarmouth Register.—
(Gloucester Telegraph, October 12, 1850.)
1850.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL OFF CAPE ANN IN LATE AUTUMN,
ARRIVALS FROM BAY, PRICES, ETC.
The arrivals of mackerel the previous week have been very small.
Our vessels are doing nothing. Many of them for the last ten days have
not salted one barrel. There are now in this port some 200 sail of mack-
erel vessels waiting for the fish to come on this coast.
There have arrived from Bay Chaleur since our last report about 1,800
barrels, and sales have been made at $8.75 for No. 1, $7 for 2’s, and
$5.124 for 3’s. There now remain about 1,200 barrels in first hands,
which are held at higher prices.
There are now but 16 vessels to arrive from the bay, and five which
have just sailed for that place.—(Gloucester Telegraph, October 26, 1850.)
The arrivals at this port since our last have been very light. The
catch in Massachusetts Bay and on the coast of Maine has entirely
failed for the last month past. There have been received from the Bay
Chaleur this week about 400 barrels. Within a few days more desire
is manifested to purchase, and sales have been made at $9 for 1, $7 for
2, $5.124 for 3, and $4 for 4, leaving but few in first hands, which are
held at higher prices.—(Gloucester Telegraph, November 6, 1850.)
1850.—QUICKEST BAY-TRIP EVER MADE.
The clipper schooner ‘‘ E. W. Merchant” arrived from the Bay Chaleur
on Friday last with about 200 barrels of mackerel, having been absent
from this port only 27 days, which is the quickest trip ever made from
this place. Beat that who can.—(Gloucester Telegraph, November 20,
1850.)
1850.—CLOSE OF THE MACKEREL SEASON.—LAST ARRIVAL FROM
THE BAY.
The mackerel season has about ceased. The vessels are now hauling
up as fast as they arrive. For the last two months not enough has been
caught by the Massachusetts Bay fishermen to pay the outfits for the
time. The last vessel from the Bay Chaleur arrived on Iriday last.—
(Gloucester Telegraph, November 20, 1850.)
Our mackerel season has closed with the Massachusetts Bay fisher-
men with a smaller catch than any season since 1841. The few vessels
that were so fortunate as to go to Bay Chaleur have made fair voyages.—
(Gloucester Telegraph, November 27, 1850.)
[247] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 337
1841 To 1851.—CAPTAIN ATWOOD’S EXPERIENCE IN THE MACKEREL
FISHERIES.
“T went again to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in 1841, when we
fished off the Magdalen Islands. We got about 100 barrels of very ex-
cellent mackerel. They were about all No. 1’s, I think; there were
very few No. 2’s. The next year I also went in the same “ Lucy Mary”
to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, fishing off the Magdalen Islands. I was
in the bay in 1841 and 1842. Westaid there until the end of the season,
but secured only 60 barrels. I was then master—that is, my brother
was not with me, and I was master of the vessel. I went home with 60
barrels. This was my experience in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence up to
1842. I was there since, in 1851, when I was in a schooner called the
‘William Gray,” 58 tons. She was a small and dull-sailing vessel. I
thought we would be much safer off the Magdalen Islands, and so f
went there, as I had done during previous years. I staid there until the
middle of September, but was not very successful, getting only 90 bar-
rels ; so [concluded to go over to Prince Edward Island and try there.
I did so, and the next day after my arrival I found that I was in more
danger at this place than at the Magdalen Islands, for I was that day
cast away, and I lost my vessel.
‘“Q. When was this?—A. In 1851. I was cast away on Fish Island,
at the entrance to Malpeque Harbor.
‘“‘Q. Was this in the great gale, or previously 7—A. It was two weeks
before the great gale. I cleared up my wreck, saved what I could, took
' the mackerel out, and shipped for home, going on board another vessel.
I was off the mouth of Saint Peter’s Harbor when the great gale came
on, and we were then cast away again. So I was cast away twice in a
fortnight. This seemed to prove to my mind that Prince Edward
Island was more dangerous than the Magdalen Islands.
“Q@. You speak of fishing at the Magdalen Islands being safer than
at Prince Edward Island; explain why it is that you think so?—A.
Suppose we were at the Magdalen Islands and it looks stormy. If the
wind is blowing on shore where we are, we just run round to the other
side of the islands and anchor under thelee. If the wind blows up and
it becomes stormy, we are there very comfortable, and night or day
we hold ourselves in readiness to get under way and get to the other
side again in case the wind should happen to change. Thus I have
been round and round the islands time and time again.
‘“Q. Are the Magdalen Islands regarded by the American mackerel
fishermen as a safe place?—A. Yes, I think so.
‘““Q. And as safe as any in the Gulf ?—A. I think so; to a person well
acquainted with them, they are considered as safe as any part of the
Gulf, and I consider them, for my part, safer. I do not: know that every-
body is of the same opinion, but I think this would be the case if they are
thoroughly acquainted with the matter.”—(Statement of Captain Atwood
before the Halifax Commission.)
S. Mis. 110 ——22
338 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [248]
1851.—CAPE COD TOWNS BUILT UP BY THEIR FISHERIES.
Wellfleet, like Provincetown, says the Yarmouth Register, is almost
entirely built up by the fisheries. Last year some 17,000 barrels of
mackerel were packed in the town, and a large quantity of cod and other
fish were brought in by Wellfleet vessels. * * *— (Gloucester Tele-
graph, June 4, 1851.
1851.—GooD CATCH AT YARMOUTH, NOVA SCOTIA.
The Yarmouth (N.S.) Herald states that large quantities of mackerel
have been taken in that vicinity.— (Gloucester Telegraph, June 18,
1851.)
1851.—SMALL RECEIPTS OF MACKEREL AND UNUSUAL SCARCITY.
Mackerel continue to come in slowly, and have been sold at $4.75 per
barrel for new No. 3.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 9, 1851.)
The quantity of mackerel taken by our fishermen so far this season
has been unusually small. During the last fifteen days less than 200
barrels have been packed, which includes only 23 barrels fat mackerel.
About 75 sail of Cape Cod fishermen made a harbor here on Wednesday,
who report mackerel uncommonly scarce for the season.—(Gloucester
Telegraph, July 12, 1851.)
1851.—BIG MACKEREL CATCH AT NOVA SOOTIA.—YANKEE CLIPPERS
AT GASPE.
From Halifax papers we learn that the catch of mackerel off the east-
ern coast of Nova Scotia has been very great this season.
The Gaspé Gazette of July 10 says: “Great numbers of American
schooners are busily engaged catching mackerel in our waters. Nineteen
handsome looking Yankee clippers, some of them with their colors flying,
as if in mockery of the Canadian Government, might have been seen the
other day from our office windows, fishing within a short distance from
land.”—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 26, 1851.)
1851.— ARRIVAL OF BAY MACKEREL.
Mackerel have been arriving more freely within a day or two from Bay
Chaleur, and prices are ashade lower.—(Gloucester Telegraph, Septem-
ber 20, 1851.)
1851.—EXTRAORDINARY LARGE AND FAT MACKEREL FROM SABLE
ISLAND.
A gentleman yesterday assured us that he had seen in the stores of
H. Lyle, esq., mackerei taken at Sable Island a short time since that
had at least an inch thickness of fat on them. Some of these delicious
fish weighed as much as 7 pounds !—Halifax Chronicle.—(Gloucester Tel-
egraph, October 8, 1851.)
[249] ' HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY, 339
1851.—TERRIBLE DISASTER TO THE BAY FLEET.
In the Gloucester Telegraph of October 11, 1851, is reported a dis-
patch from B. H. Norton, esq., United States consul at Pictou, Nova
Scotia, which states that 100 sail of American vessels (all mackerel
catchers) and probably more than 300 lives were lost in the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence, principally on the north side of Prince Edward Island, in a
terrific northeast gale, which had swept with almost unparalleled vio-
lence the waters and coasts of that region on the 3d and 4th of October.
The Telegraph of October 25 gives the loss of lives, as then ascer-
tained, as 100.
1851.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
In 1851 the mackerel, though abundant off the New England shore,
were of small and medium size, and were so low in price that the ma-
jority of the fleet went tothe Bay of Saint Lawrence, where large fish
could be obtained. About the 1st of July I shipped in the schooner
“ Brutus,” about 40 tons, old measurement, and made a trip mackerel-
fishing in the Bay of Fundy. Having obtained a fare in four or five
weeks, we packed out in Portland, and thinking we might do better else-
where, we went to the Bay of Saint Lawrence. There we caught a trip
of 160 barrels in about three or four weeks’ time, taking these almost
wholly in and about the bend of Prince Edward Island, a large part of
them near Malpec. We left the fishing-ground on our return home about
the last of September, just in time to escape the terrible gale which
wrought such devastation among the large fleet of American mackerel
schooners which at that time were in the bend of Prince Edward Island.
It is now a matter of history that the northern shore of this island was
strewn with the wrecks of vessels and bodies of drowned fishermen
which were lost in this October gale. Never before had such a terrible
disaster occurred to our fishing fleets. So great, indeed, was the loss
of American vessels that this particular gale has been known to the resi-
dents of that province as the Yankee gale.
1851.— VESSELS IN THE MACKEREL FLEET.
The following table, compiled by Mr. Alexander Starbuck from official
records, gives the number of vessels, tonnage, and number of men in
the crews of the mackerel vessels composing the fleet in 1851:
Number of Number of
Ports. vessels, | Tonnage. crew.
MASSACHUSETTS.
LDETEDD. SGA hto RBS BOR BEE E SE oe ee aa ere aye Be aN 7 596 85
ene nl Veet pe ce cee eas eae ecacce ol Socmeste seep oe tee ae 12 761 97
BALTISEED Om m nee sta se aeece tole a clscisnec cre cee eee eee ceineee 28 1, 918 339
rewatereeen th. sever oe ee ten et sk Pe ee RaCob t ee 4 259 47
HTL OR LOW Reena eer oe cen e fan oye det eee ay Pe | 2 74 14
(CHAT AN ENT sao eo are. Ser a ee Oa es Oi 2", 4 0 a 19 1, 346 230
RSOHASSU UEseeeete aces eeean seo aw a Baise am saeecoenesneeuacae sie ns 44 2, 885 561
340 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [250]
Number of Number of
Ports. vessels. | Tonnage. crew.
MassacHusEtts—Continued.
ane MROU GM Glen neeclsscisios aeas sm iciete inteinee aneienaainice sen /semsicics steele 1 16
LOO Sa ASA Aon Bpcacr Stiga spGo Ss Sue coc ASCO sono TeBoEcoaconegsassass 47 585
IRMthH Ala yon cone ose e Coat coneccecer ese aera wet cies sc's cincciciciame samc 3 93
HU GHOXS ees oe noes oe arose eee ase Seen eeeeaae sae slccnic'cnmecciouesles 1 10
lou cestentcs con ce se ca rece sec cer ie cat san ane cence lccetesoaseacs 241 2. 326
ISR WIOR eset salt sic as clesielseisine sisisine seematele nels aiscirisinie dele cesienemcl=te 48 677
FEUY) ORM eee acinomae seine aera eee Cisse mies cin e(o em aiseeie minal: 37 491
yee ese «hens casein esatee easton aban e ee cccccoes cesses mciea sae 4 33
MGNCHOSLOM sacs cca cere nce aa tem encee cocene wads cescecewaesielsace 1 8
Marblehead ooe2e secu nee eee sens se ee ce lcace os cusldcecescleweseecics 1 5
Marina sivineyard oases eeesees sen seeeeces race co sco rinemcir seminal 6 65
INS ON CKeL pet clesceimeoc™ samistawacennicanslscccn sms asses a\seiemiciceie alae 3 30
IN@WiDURY POVb cock etic once ae lcicinc ere isinialeelniels)ain\ia s/=ininia : 67 707
Orieans222-. 2-8) se-cae 5 54
Plymouth .... 6 65
Provincetown 61 688
Rock porblasssecescocs 42 283
Salemisicss os coe stceoes 1 9
SCICUAEC Occ clcc cost cee eet ane ene a cies Ohan/einodeesewisisinetcieneacice 13 119
SEI in Po saaaecddeddocc Jbe 6s OnCosaRr Gaann EON eEdbedeeenecoorioss 4 48
TN TO pose asin acs Sac oasis eeeeiaaesisee sash sisnciniacecscecismecwanseeicins 52 581
IWIGLINGOUs Sccsece toe ece tee e eee oe cried ecidea csiecane es sasicmeaisctee cae 79 852
PVAMMOUGMs oo ssccas Sasemoaet etic cece css ete bo csiarccescmeeacoccsee 14 169
Total Massachusetta): 22.000 ose cctcci coscccwet anondeces ves 853 9,117
OTHER STATES. ;
UMaine sere ane seca eee atone wea cr canon sande Scimsistlomece sasca ce 47 446
New Hampshire : 8 84
Rhode Island.-.....- ete ot is 7 71
Connecticut)... -s2s.26 Bp Acer : 23 255
Maryland .<-.--.---s+53 2 25
Total other Statesicssee esse oi sec eet eee eee eee 87 5, 705 881
Grand total oo ceccccws co owencievcacs nates mseeeetnccs semecaes 940 | 59,4 17 9, 998
*One of the writers, who was familiar with the mackerel fishery at this time, takes the responsi-
bility of saying that there were probably 200 vessels on the coast of Maine in 1851 engaged in the
mackerel fishery, and that Mr. Starbuck’s table in this respect is incomplete.
1852.—FIRST MACKEREL OF THE SEASON.—PRICES.
Several lots of new No. 3 have been received, the first of the season,
and sales have been made at $5.50, and some a shade under.—(Glouces-
ter Telegraph, June 9, 1852.)
1852.—_ MACKEREL REPORTED PLENTY AT WESTERN NOVA SCOTIA.
The Yarmouth (N. S.) Herald of the 5th instant says: “We rejoice to
learn that the mackerel fishermen [gill-netters] at Tusket Islands and
other parts of the coast between Yarmouth and Cape Sable have taken
good hauls within the last few days.”—(Gloucester Telegraph, June 19,
#852.)
1852.—SUCCESSFUL SEINING AT ISLE OF SHOALS.
Great quantities of these fish [mackerel] have visited our shores the
past few weeks, and the fishermen at the Shoals have been doing asmart
business. These fish are rather shy of the hook, but are taken in seines
[251] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 341
in great numbers. One or more fishing-smacks may at all times be seen
at Star Island or Smutty Nose, waiting for a freight of mackerel for
Boston market. The masters of these vessels, as soon as a good haul
is made, purchase the mackerel of the fishermen as soon as they are
taken from the net, and immediately set sail for Boston, where they
arrive by the time the splitters have prepared the fish for market.
Five or six thousand are frequently taken at one haul of the seine, and
sell at from 14 to 24 cents apiece. Several seine-owners have already
made $1,000 each since the coming of these fish, and those engaged in
setting and hauling not infrequently bag $10 or $15 for a day’s work.
* * *— Portsmouth Messenger.— (Gloucester Telegraph, July 31,
1852.)
1852.—FIRST SEIZURE OF AN AMERICAN VESSEL FOR FISHING OFF
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
Schooner ‘“‘ W. R. Burnham” has arrived at Boston from Prince Edward
island, having on board two of the crew of schooner Lion, of Brooklyn,
which vessel was taken into Charlottetown by the Nova Scotian armed
cutter Telegraph for violation of the treaty. This is the first instance
of seizure for fishing off Prince Edward Island.—(Gloucester Telegraph,
August 11, 1852.)
1852.— BRITISH CUTTERS IN BAY OF SAINT LAWRENCE DISGUISED
TO INSURE THE CAPTURE OF AMERICAN SCHOONERS.
An exchange paper says: “Captain Whitmore, of Deer Isle, Maine,
states that the commanders of the British cruisers in the Bay of Saint
Lawrence are in the habit of disguising their vessels as fishermen, so as
to decoy the American vessels within their reach, when they become
fishers of men and of prize-money. This is true; and some of the tricks
resorted to in years past by some of the provincial officers would dis-
grace any sailor. The present year the colonial vessels are said to look
more like common merchant vessels than armed cruisers, and are dis-
tinguished from others only when they have the pennant up, which is
not always the case.”—(Gloucester Telegraph, October 18, 1852.)
1852.—A MERICAN MACKEREL SCHOONERS NOT PERMITTED TO FISH IN
BAY CHALEUR, AND OTHERWISE ANNOYED BY BRITISH CRUISERS.
Schooner “‘ Mary Niles,” Captain Pool, arrived yesterday from the Bay
of Saint Lawrence. Captain Pool informs us that the steamship ‘ Devas-
tation” will not allow the fishermen to fish in the Bay of Chaleur. Heand
others were driven out. There were plenty of fat mackerel there, six
and seven miles from the shore, and had he been allowed to fish he could
have filled his vessel with three or four hundred barrels, whereas he only
brought home one hundred. The captain of the “ Devastation” told
Captain Pool that he should not allow them to fish in the Bay of Chaleur,
or within three miles of any of the bays.
342 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [252]
The officers of the steamer were making every effort to catch the ves-
sels, and resorted to many tricks in order to entrap them. Captain
Pool states that the steamer had several times come suddenly round
Point Miscou (in order to catch the American fishermen unawares).
Among other things, the officers of a cutter, when they boarded a ves-
sel, even if she were six or seven miles from the shore, would feel of the
jishing-lines to see if they were wet.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 21,
1852.)
1852.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL.
The Gloucester Telegraph says returns of mackerel at that port for
the past year fall short full one-half of what the receipts were last year;
cause, trouble with the English. Prospects for remainder of season not
favorable, and if vessels now out return with more than half a fare it is
more than is anticipated.—(Barnstable Patriot, August 28, 1852.)
1852.— ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY.—REPORTED INTERFERENCE OF
BRITISH CRUISERS.
There have been several arrivals from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence since
our last, and they confirm our previous statements in regard to not being
‘allowed to fish in the Bay of Chaleur. * * * ‘These vessels were
obliged to return home without obtaining a full fare; could they have
fished in the Bay of Chaleur they would have filled their vessels with
fat mackerel. * * *— (Gloucester Telegraph, August 25, 1852.)
1852.—A SCHOOL OF MACKEREL OFF CAPE ANN.
Quite a “school” of mackerel have been around our shore during the
week past, and our Rockport friends have reaped a rich harvest. Some
of the boats from our harbor have taken large quantities, but we under-
stand they had struck off yesterday.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August
28, 1852.)
1852.._REPORTED SCARCITY OF MACKEREL IN THE BAY.
Two or three vessels have arrived since our last, but they bring no
news of importance, except a scarcity of mackerel.—(Gloucester Tele-
graph, September 18, 1852.)
1852—THE MACKEREL SEASON DRAWING TO A CLOSE.—SMALL CATCH
OF THE FLEET DUE TO TROUBLE IN BAY OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
The fishing season for mackerel is fast drawing to a close, and there
are but few weeks left before the vessels will be hauled up. The re-
turns of mackerel this year at this port fall short full one-half of what
the receipts were at this time last year. This, owing mainly to the
trouble at the Bay of Saint Lawrence, the vessels being obliged to keep
farther from the shore than they heretofore have done, for fear the offii-
[253] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 343
cers of the cutters would say they were within the limits, and seize
them. Not being allowed to fish in the Bay of Chaleur is another cause,
as our vessels in years past have sometimes obtained full fares there,
and would have done so this year could they have fished in that bay, as
it was full of mackerel. Last year at this time many of the vessels
had returned from their second trips, but now there are many who have
not returned from their first, and there will be but few who will make
more than two.
The prospect for the remainder of the season is not very favorable,
and if those vessels now at the bay return with more than half a fare,
they will do better than is now anticipated. The fish at this season
tend mostly in-shore, and at the best fishing-grounds there are two or
three cutters who will keep the Americans off, and they will therefore
not be able to do much.
The quality of mackerel this season has been different than for a few
years past. Those brought from the bay have been very large and
handsome, and commanded high prices; while those taken off our coast
have been smaller and not of so good quality. Sales have been made
this week of several trips of bay mackerel at the following rates: No.
Vs, $12; 2’s, $10; 3’s, $6.75. Shore mackerel have brought $93, $78,
and $54 for the three Nos.—(Gloucester Telegraph, September 25, 1852.)
1852.— Loss OF MANY MACKEREL SCHOONERS IN THE BAY.
The Gloucester Telegraph of October 30, 1852, reports the loss of 21
vessels at Souris, Prince Edward Island, in a heavy gale which took
place on the 15th of that month. The vessels went into that harbor
with the wind NE., but it shifted suddenly round to the SSW., and
they could not get out.
1852.— REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
In the spring of 1852 I went south on a mackerel trip in the schooner
“Science,” of about 50 tons, old measurement. We started about the
1st of May, and were gone four or five weeks, bringing to Boston a fare
of 45 sea-packed barrels. Our fishing ground was from Barnegat to
Block Island, though we caught but few mackerel south or west of Fire
Island. At this time all of the vessels belonging to Northern New
England ports salted their spring catch of mackerel, and generally
packed them north of Cape Cod. <A considerable number of sloop
smacks, belonging at Noank and New London, Conn., engaged in the
spring mackerel fishery to supply the New York market, taking the fish
in alive in their wells. Their crews fished with poles, as anglers do for
trout, being thus enabled to drop the mackerel into the well without
touching them, even from the extremities of this vessel. In June we
went to the Bay of Saint Lawrence, where we caught about 150 barrels,
being absent from home nearly seven weeks. The mackerel were of
large size that year in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, but not very abun-
$44 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [254]
dant. Off the New England coast they were very plentiful and in fine
condition, though of medium size, scarcely any, or none, being large
enough to pack for No. 1’s. After returning from the Gulf we fished off
the New England coast from Mount Desert Rock to Cape Cod, though
we did the best off and around Monhegan Island during the month of
August and early in September. At that time a large fleet was fishing
off the Maine coast.
~
1852.—MACKEREL FISHERY OF NEW BRUNSWICK IN 1852.
Perley, in his Report on the Fisheries of New Brunswick for 1852,
says: “It must be considered settled that the mackerel fishery as a
branch of business cannot be said to exist in New Brunswick, although
the eastern shores of the province and the whole Bay of Chaleur offer
the greatest facilities and most abundant supply of fish.
“Ttis highly desirable that something should be done to encourage and
promote this fishery, which evidently offers such ample reward to the
energy, enterprise, and industry of the people.”—(Page 16.)
1853.—THE ARMAMENT IN PROVINCIAL WATERS FOR BREAKING UP
THE AMERICAN MACKEREL FISHERY.
The St. John New Brunswicker, of the 31st ultimo, announces the ar-
rival at St. John of H. M. ketch “ Netley,” which is to be stationed in the
Bay of Fundy for the protection of the fisheries this season. H. M.
screw steamship ‘‘ Plumper,” fitting out in England, is also expected to
be stationed in the bay. H. M. steamers “ Basilisk,” “Vixen,” and “ Dev-
astation” are to be stationed at Newfoundland and in the Gulf; and four
brigantines or schooners are to be immediately fitted out at Halifax for
the Gulf, each under the command of a lieutenant in the navy, with
twenty-five picked men in each from the flag-ship “‘ Cumberland.” These
vessels, says the Brunswicker, with other arrangements for an efficient
boat service at several of the most favorable resorts in the Gulf for
American mackerel fishers, will doubtless prove the means of preventing
encroachments this season, and tend greatly to break up the American
mackerel fishery in the Saint Lawrence.—(Gloucester Telegraph, June
4, 1853.)
1853.—MACKEREL IN WESTERN NOVA SCOTIA.
The Yarmouth Herald says: “We are glad to hear that mackerel
have been abundant at the Tusket Islands during the past week. In
two days two seines secured over 600 barrels. Within the last few
days a considerable quantity of small mackerel and fat herring have
been caught in this harbor.”—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 16, 1853.)
1853.— FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY—REPORTED SCAROITY OF
MACKEREL.
The “‘ Leonard McKenzie” arrived at this port on Sunday from tbe Bay
of Saint Lawrence; reports mackerel as not being very plenty, and
the vessels were not doing much.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 2, 1853.)
[255] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 345
1853.—MACKEREL IN GLOUCESTER HARBOR.
A large school of mackerel has been in our harbor this week, which
has given our shore fishermen a good benefit, and many of them have
improved it. The fish are larger than those here a week or ten days
previous.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 30, 1853.)
1853.—SUCCESSFUL PURSE-SEINING ON NEW ENGLAND SHORE.
The Newburyport Union states that the schooner “ Ada” [arrived] at
that port on Wednesday with 320 barrels of mackerel. This is her second
trip in our bay, in both of which she has taken 560 barrels; most of
them have been caught with a seine. What other mackerel vessel has
done as well as that this year ?—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 3, 1853.)
The Newburyport Union states that the schooner ‘‘Ada” has completed
her third trip in eleven days, with 300 barrels, making a total of 850
barrels in less than two months. We do not recollect that any vessel
from this place has ever done so well before; and at the present prices
of mackerel she will pay a handsome profits to her owners.—(Gloucester
Telegraph, August 13, 1853.)
1853.—ARRIVALS AND REPORTS FROM THE BAY.
There were several arrivals yesterday from the Bay of Saint Lawrence.
» * * In some parts of the bay mackerel were plenty, in others
they were scarce.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 17, 1853.)
1853.—SU@GESS OF THE SWAMPSCOTT MACKEREL SEINERS.
The schooner “Romp” and the schooner “‘ Vanguard” of Swampscott
arrived home last week, having been engaged in mackerel fishing oft
Boone Island a few days past with remarkable success. One of the
boats took at one haul of the seine ninety-four wash+barrels of mackerel.
In one day she took 155 barrels.—Lynn Bay State——(Gloucester Tele-
graph, August 31, 1853.)
1853.—RECEIPTS AND PRICES.
Mackerel remain without change. The arrivals continue moderate
for the seasen. Sales of large for $13.00, $11.50, and $8.124, and shore
at $11.75, $9.72, and $7.50 per barrel.—(Zb.)
1853.—EXTREME HIGH PRICES CONSEQUENT UPON THE SCARCITY OF
MACKEREL.
The scarcity of this article (mackerel), and the poor prospect, both
in the bay and off our coast, has caused the prices to reach a higher point
this season than ever before known. A trip which arrived on Saturday
morning, was taken up at $15} per barrel for No. 1’s, and other num-
bers in proportion.—(Gloucester Telegraph, September 11, 1853.)
346 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [256]
1853.— ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY.
Quite a number of vessels have arrived since our last from the Bay
of Saint Lawrence. * * * Fish are reported scarce, and but few of
the vessels are doing anything.—(Ib.)
1853.—THE SHORE FLEET.
Our harbor was filled up on Thursday with about 200 sail of fishing
vessels. It was the largest fleet which has been inthisseason. * * *
—(Gloucester Telegraph, October 8, 1853.)
1853.—DESTRUCTIVE GALE AND LOSS OF VESSELS AT THE BAY.
The Gloucester Telegraph of October 8, 1853, contains a report of
several mackerel schooners in the Bay of Saint Lawrence during a
heavy gale which occurred on the 29th of September.
1853.—ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY.
About 25 vessels have arrived home from the Bay of Saint Lawrence
since Saturday morning. They bring no news of importance, but all
report stormy weather and a scarcity of mackerel.—(Gloucester Tele-
graph, October 26, 1853.)
1853.—REVIEW OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY FOR 1858.
The season for mackerel is fast drawing to a close, but about six
weeks remaining before the vessels will be hauled up. Present appear-
ances indicate that the catch will be very small compared with last
year. At this port not more than one-third as many mackerel have
been packed as there were up to this time last year. The vessels which
return from the bay do not average half a fare, and those which are fish-
ing off this coast are doing no better comparatively. There are no
mackerel around our Capes, which is unusual at this time of the year.
This scarcity of the article has carried the price up higher than ever
before known, and the tendency is still upward. Sales have been made
in town, this week, of bay mackerel at $153 for No. ’s, $13? for 2’s, and
$84 for 3’s; shore do. at $14 for V’s, $1032 for 2’s, $74 for 3’s, and $54 for
4’s.—(Gloucester Telegraph, October 5, 1853.)
1853.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
In June, 1853, I went to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in the schooner
“Valiant,” leaving home about the middle of June. The mackerel were
large that year in the Gulf, but rather scarce. Some of the vessels
succeeded, however, in getting fine fares, but we were not so fortunate,
since we brought back only 60 barrels of mackerel, though absent from
home six weeks. Medium-sized mackerel were quite plentiful off the
coast of Maine in August and September, and some of the vessels did
[257] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 347
quite well. A curious thing, however, in connection with the shore-
fishery that year was, that while mackerel could be caught to a consid-
erable extent close into the shores of the out-lying islands and around
the ledges, but comparatively few could be taken farther out to sea.
The consequence was that many of the vessels were provided with boats
in which the fish were caught. This was especially the case with those
fishing round Monhegan Island, where a small fleet of vessels lay in
the harbor, and the crews went out in boats round the island, catching
the mackerel close into the rocks. The vessel I was in was one of this
fleet. On several occasions we found excellent good fishing in our
boats, frequently not more than a stone’s throw from the surf on the
shore.
1853.—SUCCESS OF THE SPRING MACKEREL FISHERY ON THE COAST
OF THE UNITED STATES.
Several mackerel catchers have returned to Provincetown to pack,
with liberal success. A large quantity of mackerel have been caught
in and about the harbor in nets—prospect for fishing remarkably good.—
(Barnstable Patriot, May 31, 1853.)
1853.—NEWBURYPORT VESSELS IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
The Newburyport Herald, of Friday a. m., has a letter dated Cascum-
peque, Prince Edward Island, September 15, which says:
“Tt is blowing a gale from the northeast, and this harbor is full of
vessels, say 120 sail. Hereby I send you a memorandum of Newbury-
port vessels and their catch of fish. These vessels are all here in the
harbor: ‘Gentile,’ 230 barrels; ‘Paragon,’ 100; ‘Arctic,’ 190; ‘Equa-
tor,’ 130; ‘Lydia,’ 370; ‘Palm,’ 60; ‘M. C. Ames,’ 20; ‘Angelia,’ 70;
‘Ada,’ 12; there is quite a fleet near Gaspe and some at Kast Point. As
a general thing the fleet has been unfortunate.”—(Barnstable Patriot,
October 4, 1853.)
1854.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL ON THE NEW ENGLAND COAST.
Mackerel were unusually plenty on the coast this year. Old fisher-
men declared them to be more so than at any other time within twenty-
five years. Considerable quantities were taken from the wharves in
Lynn.—(History of Lynn, Lewis & Newhall, p. 439.)
MACKEREL.— We learn from the Salem Register that mackerel continue
abundant in the waters near the city. On Tuesday week, a leviathan of
the mackerel species, three pounds in weight, was caught near Black
Rock, and on the same day two others weighing five pounds each, were
captured off Tompkins Island.
A. correspondent of the Herald says that mackerel had made their
appearance in great numbers during the past week at Danversport, and
they have been caught by the bushel from the wharves and boats.—
(Barnstable Patriot, August 8, 1854.)
348 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [258]
1854..—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
In July, 1854, I again went on a mackerel trip to the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence in the pinkey “Julia Ann.” The Gulf mackerel that summer
were large, though rather scarce on the greater part of the fishing
grounds. A fleet of about fifty sail, of which our vessel was one, did
remarkably well in August on a small spot of shoal ground lying off to
the southwest of Cape Gaspé, and known to the local fishermen as
Yankee Bank. Instead of fishing here as in the usual manner, by lying
to and drifting, the vessels were all brought to anchor at a short dis-
tance from each other, and, while fishing, lay sprung up. As a rule the
inackerel would take the hook only at night and early in the morning,
at which times they would bite, perhaps, for an hour or two, while dur-
ing the middle of the day scarcely one could be caught at all. The
weather at this season was exceptionally fine, and the fleet lay for some
weeks contentedly at anchor. Each morning more or less mackerel
would be taken, and when they ceased biting, these were dressed and
salted. In the same manner the fishermen were almost always sure of
a ‘“‘sundown spurt.” Many of the vessels did excellently well, catch-
ing more than 200 barrels of fine large mackerel, for which they ob-
tained a high price, and we, ourselves, succeeded in taking over a hun-
dred barrels, with a small crew of nine or ten men. This amount, to-
gether with the fish we had previously caught, made us up a fine fare
of 150 barrels, for which we obtained a high price. This year the
schooner ‘Game Cock,” of Hingham, was provided with a peculiar form
of spring Seine, by which it was expected that a school of mackerel
which had been tolled alongside of the vessel might all be caught at
one time in the net. The schooner was provided with long outriggers,
from the bow and stern, by means of which the net could be drawn
outward froin her side, underneath the fish, in such a manner that they
might be inclosed in a bag of netting—the edges of which would be at
the water’s surface—-before they would be aware of it. This contrivance
did not, however, succeed very well, and no attempts were made to use
it, that I am aware of, after this summer in the bay.
1854.—POOR QUALITY OF THE MACKEREL TAKEN IN THE GULF OF
SAINT LAWRENCE.
The Gloucester Telegraph says that ‘“‘in previous years the quality of
mackerel taken at the Bay of Saint Lawrence has been mostly large
and fat, but this year it has been different. In 1853 Gloucester re-
turned over 20,000 barrels of No. 1 mackerel. This year there will be
returned scarcely 5,000 of that No. 1”—(Barnstable Patriot, December
26, 1854.)
1855.—MACKEREL FISHERY OF CAPE COD.
Several mackerel fishermen arrived at different harbors on the Cape
last week, having from 150 to 180 barrels each. The prospect of the
fishermen is generally very good.—( Barnstable Patriot, August 28, 1855.)
[259] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 349
1855.—SPRING FISHING;/IN BARNSTABLE BAY.
For a week past our bay has been enlivened with the presence of
quite a fleet of vessels and boats, engaged in taking mackerel. They
are quite abundant, and the most encouraging fares are realized. Yes-
terday a fleet of nearly two hundred sail was in sight from our office,
and we learn that most of the crews have averaged some thirty barrels
per day for some days past. Persons in boats have, in many instances,
taken several barrels, and last week Capt. Ainsley Howes, of Dennis,
took seven barrels in a single day. These are lucky times for our fisher-
men.—(Barnstable Patriot, May 20, 1855.)
1855.—REPORTED ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL SOUTH.
The Newburyport Herald learns from one of the crew of the schooner
“Flying Cloud,” who arrived home by land on Friday, that all the
vessels were rapidly filling up, and that the catch of mackerel out
south, this year, will be greater than for many years past. He reports
the mackerel to be of large size and of good quality, the coves and har-
bors being literally swarming with them.—(Gloucester Telegraph, June
6, 1853.)
1855.— FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE SOUTH.
The schooner “ Leader” arrived at Newburyport on Saturday. The
Herald says that this is the first of the fishing vessels arrived from the
southern coast. The fleet are reported as doing a fair business. ‘The
“‘ Leader” packed out 104 barrels. Only $6 per barrel offered for the
catch.—(Gloucester Telegraph, June 13, 1855.) :
1855. —ONLY MODERATE FARES OBTAINED BY THE SOUTHERN FLEET.
The Newburyport fleet of southern fishermen are fast arriving home
with moderate fares, and, at the present prices of mackerel, making but
small profits. Several of them by falling in with fish off Cape Cod, on
their way home, were able to add something to voyages that otherwise
would not have paid.—(Gloucester Telegraph, June 27, 1855.)
1855.—ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY—UNPROFITABLE TRIPS.
Several vessels have arrived within a few days from the Bay of Saint
Lawrence with tolerable trips of mackerel, so far as quantity is con-
cerned, but the quality is poor, and the price is so low that hardly one
of them will pay their expenses. This, however, is better than last sea-
son, when many of the vessels came home with only from 15 to 40 bar-
rels each.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 1, 1855.)
The Newburyport Herald states that the fishermen of that port are
fast arriving from the Bay of Saint Lawrence with about average fares,
and report the fleet not to be doing more than that. If prices keep up
they will barely make a living business, and if they decline the fisher-
men will come out at the close of the season where they have often been
of late years, without enough, take the fleet together, to square their
bills.—(Gloucester Telegraph, October 3, 1855.)
350 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [260]
1855.—LARGE HAULS IN HALIFAX HARBOR.
The Halifax Colonist of the 3d instant says: ‘‘ Large hauls of mack-
erel have been taken, within the last few days, along the shores from the
head of the Basin to Portuguese Cove, wherever there was a seine set.
Some of these fish will make superior No. 1’s, and the quantity taken is
valued at a very large sum of money.”—(Gloucester Telegraph, Novem-
ber 14, 1855.)
1855.—_THE BAYMEN.
All of the bay vessels have now arrived home but three, and those,
we understand, are on their way. A larger quantity of mackerel has
been taken this year than last, and some of the vessels have made a
good year’s work, but the average of the vessels is not much better
than it was in 1854, the expenses of the business being so high and the
quality of the mackerel being so low. The season closes later this year
than usual, some of the packers having several trips still on hand to
pack out.—(Gloucester Telegraph, November 28, 1855.)
1855.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
The spring mackerel on the southern coast, in 1855, were small, aver-
aging 12 inches or less in length. They were fairly abundant, but being
so small, and also very poor, were low in price and scarcely worth
catching.
In the summer mixed mackerel were very abundant in the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence. It should, however, be mentioned that but few of
these were of large size, that is, of suitable size to cull as No. 1 fish.
The great majority of the mackerel were of small size, ranging in length
from 10$ to 12 inches. These were exceedingly plentiful, and, especial-
ly during the early part of the season, took the hook very readily, so
that some of the vessels succeeded in obtaining full fares in a very short
time, in fact, in some cases the only limit being the time required by
the crews to catch and dress the fish.
I went south early in May in the schooner ‘ Matilda,” about 45 tons,
old measurement. We fished principally at Sandy Hook and along the
back side of Long Island. The best day’s fishing (about 30 wash-bar-
rels) was obtained a little to the westward of Montauk Point. We were
absent about four weeks, bringing to Boston a fare of about 50 barrels
of salt mackerel.
About the middle of June I went to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in
the same vessel. Our skipper had been one of the “ lucky ones” who
had succeeded in getting a fare of large mackerel on Yankee Bank the
previous summer, and being fully impressed with the idea that he could
again do the same, and thinking the small mackerel hardly worth sav-
ing, he made it a rule to throw away all but the largest fish during the
first part of the trip; it often happened that, from a catch of twenty to
{261] _ HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 351
twenty-five barrels, we would not save more than two or three barrels.
The result of this was that a large part of the best fishing season passed
away almost unimproved by us. In the end, after four months absence,
we had to return home with only 160 barrels of mackerel, considerably
less than a full fare.
1856.—RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE SHORE AND GULF OF SAINT
LAWRENCE MACKEREL FISHERIES.
According to the Cape Ann Advertiser, the shore mackerel fishery in
1856 was very unsatisfactory, the mackerel refusing to take the hook,
The bay fishery was fairly successful.
1856.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF NEW ENGLAND.
The Gloucester Advertiser of January, 1857, reviews the season of
1856 in the following manner:
‘The first trips to the bay were very successful, and the prospect to
the 1st of September very encouraging. The catch of mackerel ex-
ceedingly large. Mackerel, however, have rated low, and the poor
success of the last trips to the bay proved very disastrous, and rendered
the closing up of the season’s work very poor. Many of the vessels
have not paid their current expenses, and empty barrels and salt are
left on the owners’ hands.”
1856.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
In the summer of 1856 the small mackerel which were found the year
before in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence had increased in size so that they
ranged in length from about twelve to twelve and a halfinches ; though
at this time, scarcely any large fish were found in the schools. InJuly
I went on a mackerel trip to the Gulf in the schooner “Good Intent.”
After trying a week round the northern part of Prince Edward Island
and on Bank Bradley, we went to the Magdalen Islands, where, about
the eastern end of the group, we found mackerel abundant, and sue-
ceeded in obtaining a full fare in two or three weeks. After return-
ing home and packing out our trip, we fished off the New England
shore but found mackerel rather scarce, and, like those in the Gulf, of
medium size. Many of the vessels did excellently well mackerel fish-
ing in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence this year, bringing home two full
fares.
1857.—SLIM DOINGS OF THE SOUTHERN FLEET.
Accounts from the southern fisheries have been received. The Bos-
ton Traveller says the catch has been very slim. A few vessels from
Newburyport were reported. The “Atlas” had the largest number, 80
barrels ; “ Roanoke,” 24; “Tyro,”10. The two first weeks of this month
being considered the best of the fishing season in those waters, there is
352 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [262]
a slight chance of their being able to increase their catch sufficient to
meet their expenses. As a general thing the southern fishery does not
pay to follow. The fleet to these waters every year diminishes, and
will eventually be abandoned.—(Gloucester Telegraph, June 10, 1857.)
1857.—THE PRICE OF MACKEREL ENHANCED BY THE DEMAND FOR
SHIPMENTS TO CALIFORNIA AND AUSTRALIA.
The active demand for mackerel for shipment to California and Aus-
tralia, says the Boston Traveller, and the comparatively small catch
thus far has caused an upward tendency in prices, and speculators are
now paying for No. 2 $12.50, large 3’s $9, and small 3’s $8 per barrel,
which are higher prices than we have ever before known. Heretofore
Philadelphia has controlled the market for these fish, but the New
Yorkers are now attempting to get this trade in their hands, and it is
resulting very favorable to the fishermen. As new markets are being
opened for shipment, an impetus will be given to this branch of busi-
ness heretofore unknown. Additions are making to the fleet in all our
fishing ports, and upon the arrival of the baymen there is considerable
competition by the New York and Philadelphia agents to secure fares.
* * * —,Gloucester Telegraph, August 5, 1857.)
1857.—UNFAVORABLE REPORTS FROM THE BAY.
A vessel arrived from the Bay of Saint Lawrence yesterday reported
that the vessels have done but little during the last four or five weeks.
Mackerel were scarce and the weather very rough. During one fort-
night but two days were obtained in which the vessel could go out to
fish. Some of the vessels were coming home with half fares.—(Gloa-
cester Telegraph, October 3, 1857.)
1857.—M ACKEREL SCHOONERS STRANDED IN THE BAY.
A dispatch received in town this morning reports that eleven {Glon-
cester|] vessels went ashore at Cheticamp last Thursday * * *—
(Gloucester Telegraph, November 3, 1857.)
1857.—H1IGH LINE OF THE MACKEREL FLEET.
Capt. George Janovin, of the schooner “ Eleanor,” which arrived yes-
terday, has made three trips to Bay Chaleur, and packed out 660 barrels
of mackerel. This being the largest fare caught, Captain Janovin will
be entitled to wear the laurels for this season.—( Newburyport Herald.
—(Gloucester Telegraph, November 14, 1857.)
1857.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
This was another year when mackerel were plentiful in the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence, and at this time a considerable percentage of them
a
[263] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 353
were of suitable size to be packed for large fish. As in previous years
a large fleet of vessels went to the Gulf. In July I went to the bay in the
pinkey “Rinaldo,” 33 tons, old measurement. We fished principally
along the north shore of Prince Edward Island from Eastern Point to
Cascumpec. We succeeded in getting a full fare of mackerel—about
150 barrels—in five or six weeks, with a crew of seven men all told. I
left the “Rinaldo” in the Strait of Canso on her return home, and shipped
on the schooner “Mary Ellen,” of Truro, Massachusetts, and returned
again to the Gulf. During September and the first part of October, we
fished on the north side, or in the waters termed the Bend of Prince
Edward Island, mostly in the vicinity of Malpec, where was gathered
a fleet of 200 or 300 sail of American mackerel schooners. Mackerel
were fairly abundant in that locality, and many of the fleet did well.
Having secured enough fish to complete our fare early in October we
left the Bay and came home. After packing out our fish we engaged for
a few weeks in fishing on the New England coast, though with indifferent
success. The mackerel off our own shores that fall were mostly of small
size and not very plentiful. The vessels that arrived home with their
fares early in the fall were much more fortunate than those coming in
at a later date, since the price of mackerel was very much affected by
the financial panic, which occurred during that autumn. I left the
‘‘Mary Ellen” a couple of weeks before the close of the season and went
home. But little was done, however, at mackerel-fishing late in the
fall.
1858.—EARLY START FOR THE BAY.—INCREASE IN THE BAY FLEET.
Several vessels have already started on their first trip to the bay; and
active preparations are now being made for the fitting out of others,
which will be ready to sail in the course of a fortnight. The bay fleet
will be larger this season than last by some thirty sail—(Cape Ann Ad-
vertiser, May 22, 1858.)
1858.—ARRIVAL OF BAYMEN.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL.
Since our last issue there have been several arrivals from the Bay with
average fares. They report mackerel scarce when they left.—(Cape Ann
Advertiser, July 31, 1858.)
1858.—EARLY START FOR THE BAY.—POOR SUCCESS OF THE SOUTH-
ERN FLEET.
The George’s fishing has been very dull for the last month or six
weeks, and a large portion of the fleet are now in port, painting up and
getting ready for the bay. It is calculated that by the last of the month
two-thirds of the fleet will be there or on the way. This is earlier than
usual, and we trust they will return with full fares.
S. Mis. 110 23
354 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [264]
Several vessels have arrived within a few days from the South, where
they have met with poor success, getting few mackerel. Our vessels
have never been very successful in the spring mackereling at the south.—
(Gloucester Telegraph, June 2, 1858.)
The Yarmouth Register reports that the fishermen who have this
spring made their usual trips to the southern waters have met with poor
success, the best returning not over 25 barrels. Those who have arrived
report the whole mackerel fleet as doing a poor business.—(Gloucester
Telegraph, June 16, 1858.)
1858.—THE SHORE FLEET OFF CAPE ANN.
Quite a large fleet of mackerel catchers have been visible a few miles
off the Cape during the past week. Several of them have done well;
one vessel we learn having caught sixty wash-barrels in one day, others
have taken twenty-five. They report mackerel plenty, but unusually
shy of the hook.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 9, 1858.)
1858.—A GOOD BAY TRIP.
One of our vessels recently returned from the bay with a fare, the
proceeds of which amounted to $4,234.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, Novem-
ber 25, 1858.)
1858.—LAST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY.
The last of the bay fleet that is expected to arrive has made her ap-
pearance, and the mackerel season has closed.—(Cape Ann Advertiser,
December 3, 1858.)
1858.—A BIG DAY’S WORK.
The Portland Argus states that one day last week two men engaged
in fishing off that harbor caught mackerel which they sold for the sum
of $90. The weight of the mackerel caught was about 1,500 pounds.—
(Gloucester Telegraph, June 26, 1858.)
1858.—MACKEREL PLENTY OFF NEWBURYPORT.
Mackerel are now schooling in abundance in Newburyport Bay. The
schooner Coral seined one day last week, in the vicinity of the Isle of
Shoals, 30 barrels.—(ZD.)
1858.—SMALL SPRING CATCH.
The Hyannis Messenger says that the catch of mackerel up to the
present time has not been a quarter of what it was last year.—(Glouces-
ter Telegraph, July 3, 1858.)
[265] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 355
1858.—THE SPRING FISHERY AT THE MAGDALEN ISLANDS.
We subjoin an extract from a letter dated Port Amherst, Magdalen
islands, (th June. *_* *
We are now taking large quantities of mackerel; in fact the greatest
quantity ever taken here will be this spring. About 50 sail of strangers
are now fishing here. * * *—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 7, 1858.)
1858.—THE BAY MACKEREL FLEET FROM GLOUCESTER HARBOR.
Two hundred and twelve of the fleet have gone to the Bay of Saint
Lawrence, and are manned by 2,550 men and boys.—(Gloucester Tele-
graph, July 24, 1858.)
1858.—SLIM DOINGS OF THE EARLY BAY FLEET.
Schooner “John Gerard,” from Bay Chaleur, mackereling, arrived at
Newburyport 21st instant, and reports sailing with a fleet of 25 vessels,
the largest catch of which was 80 barrels. As none of the fleet have
arrived here, it is supposed they are Cape Cod or eastern vessels.
Our skippers prefer staying the whole season in the bay to coming home
with fares of 80 barrels and less.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 25,
1858.)
Several vessels direct from the bay have arrived at Hingham and
Cohasset the past week, with very slim fares, the highest catch being
about 150 barrels. They report mackerel plenty but will not bite.—
Gloucester Telegraph, September 8, 1858.)
1858.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY ALMOST A FAILURE.
The mackerel fishery seems to have been almost a complete failure
so far this season, the number caught being small, and the fish small
and poor. We trustsomething better may result from the fall fishing.—
Provincetown Banner.—(Gloucester Telegraph, September 15, 1858.)
1858.—THE BAY MACKEREL FISHERY.
Though our vessels are not bringing full fares, the mackerel are
very fine, all large and fat.—(Gloucester Telegraph, September 25,
1858.)
1858.—PARTIAL FAILURE OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
There is little hope now that any turn in the fisheries will render
them profitable this year; but the latest accounts from the Bay of Saint
Lawrence are more favorable, and those vessels that sueceed in taking
full fares—since the mackerel are uncommonly good and the prices
higher—will do well. On our shore the mackerel fishing is not much,
but the vessels here employed in pollock catching have the promise
of a good season. The fish that have annually struck into our bay in
356 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [266]
large schools for some years past, are now plenty.—Newburyport Her-
ald.—(Gloucester Telegraph, October 13, 1858.)
1858.—MACKEREL MARKET.—DOINGS OF THE SHORE FLEET.
Since last reported the market has beem inactive. The shore fleet of
mackerel catchers do not report any success. Last sales at $12.50,
$10.50, and $8.31, for Nos. 1, 2, and 3.—(Gloucester Telegraph, October
27, 1858.)
The Yarmouth Register reports the arrival last week of a fleet of
some 50 sail of fishermen at Wellfleet, with from 10 to 25 barrels each.
They sailed again on Tuesday for another three weeks’ cruise, and if not
more fortunate their gross earnings will be very small.—(Gloucester
Telegraph, November 3, 1858.)
Over 100 sail of mackerel catchers, says the Provincetown Banner,
tarried in ourharbor over Sunday. As yet they have not paid their way,
but still have a faint hope to do something before winter sets in. * * *
—(Gloucester Telegraph, November 10, 1858.)
1858.—SUCCESS OF THE GLOUCESTER BAYMEN.
Before the last of the present month the last of our fishing fleet will have
returned and the season will be finished. Some time since, in the midst
of discouraging news from the bay fleet of mackerel catchers, we ven-
tured to predict that they would bring at least one full fare of mackerel
which would command high prices. All that have returned up to the
present writing have proved the truth of our prediction, and those
which are yet to come—about 75 sail—if the last news be reliable, will
bring average fares. * * * But reports from other places seem to
indicate that the business has been almost a failure this season. ‘The
Cape Cod fishermen, especially, as we learn, have been peculiarly unfor-
tunate. Their vessels sent into the bay early, but the poor prospect
discouraged them, and they returned home to meet the same hard luck,
and unless they meet with remarkable success in the few days that re-
main of the season, vessels and crews will be deeply in debt.—(Glouces-
ter Telegraph, November 13, 1858.)
1858.—_THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
One of our vessels recently arrived from the bay with a fine fare,
the total proceeds of which amounted to $4,234. As a contrast to this
we will mention the fact that one which had been absent a number of
weeks brought home only 37 barrels.—(Gloucester Telegraph, Novem-
ber 24, 1858.)
1858.— LAST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY.
The last of the bay fleet that was expected to arrive made her appear-
ance on Saturday.—(Gloucester Telegraph, December 1, 1858.)
[267] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 357
1858.—POOR SUCCESS OF THE NEWBURYPORT BAY FLEET.
The whole bay fleet of Newburyport, comprising upwards of fifty ves-
sels, have returned for the season. The Newburyport Herald says this
has been a very hard year for the fishermen, and adds: “ The result of
this season may be briefly sammed up. The schooner, Young Amer-
ica, takes the lead, having packed out 500 barrels, stocking $6,150.
But seven vessels have more than paid their expenses; six others have
barely met their expenses, and the remainder have sunk money.”—
(Gloucester Telegraph, December 4, 1858.)
1858.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
Early in June I again started for the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on a
mackerel trip on the schooner “Good Intent.” During June and the
early part of July, we fished along the west shore from Point Miscou
to Richibucto; around the north cape of Prince Edward Island, and on
Bank Bradley. Mackerel were found most plentiful during June and
early July about Point Escuminac and in Miramichi Bay. On one
occasion in June the schooner “Governor,” of Deer Isle, Maine, witha
crew of 12 men, caught more than a hundred wash-barrels in Mirami-
chi Bay, and nearly every vessel in the fleet, which numbered 40 to 50
schooners, did well. About the middle of July we went down to the
east point of Prince Edward Island where our skipper had secured a
good fare of fine mackerel the year previous. Here we continued to
cruise for five or six weeks, going as far up the north side of the island
as Saint Peters, and as far as Surrey and Georgetown on the south side.
We found mackerel scarce, however, in that locality, and were obliged
to return home with a small fare of about 150 barrels; though vessels
fishing at the Magdalens secured full fares in a much less time. There
was a large fleet fishing off the New England coast that fall, and we
also engaged in the shore mackerel fishery after packing out our bay
trip. Mackerel were not abundant, however, off our own coast, and we
did rather poorly. In October I left the “Good Intent,” which was about
to haul up, and shipped in the schooner ‘‘E. W. Merchant,” of Gloucester,
in which I continued for about three weeks. During that time we
fished all the way from Cape Ann to Chatham, including Middle Bank
and Barnstable Bay. Our success, however, was limited, since we
caught only about 30 barrels of mackerel. The “ Merchant” was the first
real clipper-schooner in which I had sailed. Her performances seemed
to me, at that time, quite wonderful.
1858.—SUCCESS OF THE GILL-NET MACKEREL FISHERY IN CAPE COD
BAY.
-The Provincetown Banner of early December, 1858, contained the
following paragraph:
“RAT MACKEREL.—The bay was visited last week with one of the
358 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [268]
finest schools of mackerel that was ever known to enter these waters.
Those who set nets on Thursday and Friday nights were exceedingly
fortunate. On both of those nights every net meshed more or less fish,
while some of them were so loaded with mackerel as to sink; some men
took as high as 1,500 in one night from their nets. These mackerel are
large and fat, packing about 200 per barrel. All those fish do not take
the hook at this season of the year; those who expect a share of them
are under the necessity of providing themselves with nets. To knit
these affords employment during the winter to those who follow the
business or are hired by them. The success of those who have supplied
themselves with this apparatus for taking these mackerel is an incentive
to others, who have neglected to provide it, to spend their leisure
moments in furnishing themselves with the means of obtaining a share
with their neighbors in future years. While the profits of the mackerel
taken in the bay last week will not in all cases, perhaps, fall into the
hands of the most needy, they will be quite generally distributed and
many, both in this town and Truro, are to be congratulated most heart-
ily on their good fortune. Last night 2,000 mackerel were taken off
here in three nets—a great haul.”—(Barnstable Patriot, December 7,
1858.)
1859.—DECLINE OF THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY.—SMALL
FLEET FROM GLOUCESTER.
The practice of going south for mackerel has almost died out of late
years, and this year there are but three or four vessels in the business.
Some of the vessels who go in quest of bait, however, take mackereling
apparatus with them, to use in case they should be so fortunate as to
fall in with a school.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 20, 1859.)
1859.—GROWING IMPORTANCE OF GILL-NET FISHING AT CAPE COD.
Net mackereling seems to be a growing and important business. The ~
absence of the bluefish in the bay seems to be hailed with inward satis-
faction by the citizens of Provincetown, and they confidently predict
the return of the palmy days of profitable boat and net fishing, and the
consequent thrift to their town if this piratical enemy of almost every
other species of fish has taken his final departure from their waters.—
(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 1, 1859.)
1859.—SrRiING MACKEREL FISHING.
Schools of mackerel reported in Boston Bay June 5-10, 1859. Several
vessels returned from the south with good fares. Fleet has been small, —
but those that have been engaged in this southern fishery did better
than the average of seasons. Largest catch, 140 barrels of small mack-
erel, selling at $9.50.
> tie
[269] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY, 359
1859.— ADVANTAGES OF GILL-NETTING.
HABITS OF FISH.—Mackerel fishermen once found fish inclined to take
the hook, as bluefish, by trawling. Late years they take the hook as
soon as it, is thrown into the water, and a vessel needs but a few hours
for a full supply if they will “bite.” Now it would seem that the water
may be full of them and not one of them can be taken by the hook. At
the present, in Provincetown Harbor, none are taken by the hook, while
the whole harbor is crowded full of them. The introduction of nets has
been a great gain in the way of taking them, and it is predicted by some
that mackerel will soon be taken upon this coast only by nets. How-
ever this may be, it woula@ seem that a change of mackerel would render
it desirable that there should be the corresponding change in the mode
of taking them.—(Barnstable Patriot, June 28, 1859.)
Our Provincetown neighbors seem to have a special benefit this season.
The harbor is crowded full of mackerel, and though they will not take
the hook, they are abundantly meshed in the nets which are set for
them. Some nights as many as two thousand fish have been taken in
the nets of a single man.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 1, 1859.)
1859.— FITTING AWAY OF THE BAY FLEET.—A NEW FEATURE IN
THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF TAK GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
Most of our vessels are making preparations for the bay. The pros-
pects of a good season’s work are very flattering, and the number of ves-
sels this season will exceed that of last by a large number.
Some of the mackerel fleet in the bay fishery will take dories this sea-
son. This is a new feature, and will doubtless prove an advantageous
one. Quite a large fleet of cod fishermen are now fitting for bay mack-
ereling.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 20, 1859.)
1859.—REPORTED ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL IN MASSACHUSETTS
BAY.—SUCCESS OF THE SOUTHERN FLEET.
Large schools of fresh mackerel have been reported in Boston Bay
the past week. Several of our mackerel catchers have returned from
the south with good fares. The fleet at the south has been very small,
but those that have been there do rather better than the average of
seasons. The largest catch yet landed has been 140 barrels of small
mackerel. It will be seen by our market quotations that they bring a
good price.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 10, 1859.)
1859.—SUCCESSFUL USE OF THE PURSE-SEINE OFF CAPE ANN.—
SCHOOLS OF MACKEREL IN GLOUCESTER HARBOR.
Last week large quantities of mackerel were seined by vessels on the
north side of the Cape.
Our harbor has been visited by schools of mackerel the present week,
but they do not take to the hook.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 1, 1859.)
360 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [270]
1859.—A SCHOOL OF MACKEREL IN GLOUCESTER HARBOR.—ARRIV-
ALS FROM THE BAY.—PROSPECTS.
A large school of mackerel in the harbor yesterday, near Day Bar ;
Jarge and fat; several dories took good loads with hook and line;
schooner “Jane,” of Swampscott, seined a good number.
Twelve vessels arrived from the bay with moderate fares the past
week. They do not speak very encouragingly of the fleet, many of the
vessels having done nothing, and others have succeeded in getting ftom
50 to 100 barrels. Probably the whole fleet in the bay will not average
50 barrels apiece.
Our fishermen, however, are not discouraged, but rely on making bet-
ter trips in the fall—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 19, 1859.)
1859.— MACKEREL FISHING IN THE BAY.—PRICES, ETC.
Within the last three days 12 vessels have arrived from the bay, aver-
aging 140 barrels each. The fleet generally have not been very success-
ful. Sales yesterday at 16, 134, and 84 for 1’s, 2’s, and 3’s.—(Cape Ann
Advertiser, August 19, 1559.)
The prospect for a successful fishing season in the bay is quite en-
couraging. * * * If the second trip to the bay should prove suc-
cessful, the business of the year will wind up profitably, and our owners
be prepared tocommence winter fishing.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August
26, 1859.)
1859.—THE BAY AND SHORE FLEETS.
There are about 240 sail of vessels yet to arrive from the bay; a few
have arrived; report very rough weather; no chance to fish for a month
past, and the prospect for a fall catch rather discouraging ; a few ves-
sels reported with good trips; some have had bad luck (50 to 75 barrels),
and will probably hold on till late in November.
The shore fleet have done nothing the past week, as the weather has
been very cold and blustering. The prospect now is that unless mack-
erel make their appearance off Chatham, the fall catch will be small in-
deed. Some of the mackerel-catchers have gone into pollock-catching,
meeting with good success.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 28, 1859.)
1859.— REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
Early in June, 1859, I left the brig ‘“‘ Houston,” in which I had made
a coasting trip, in Providence, R. I.; went on to Gloucester and shipped
in the schooner “ Arcturus” for a trip to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
This schooner was then on the stocks, but was launched in a few days,
made ready for sea, and we started for the bay. The mackerel were
of large size in the Gulf that year, but exceptionally scarce. On our
first trip we cruised over nearly all of the fishing-grounds that are
usually frequented at that season, and although our vessel was com-
manded by one of the most expert skippers then sailing from Gloucester,
[271] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 361
we obtained only 100 barrels of mackerel—considerably less than half
a fare. We left the bay in August on our return home, and having
packed out our fish and refitted, returned again for a fall trip. We
succeeded in catching 150 sea-packed barrels that autumn, which was
more than an average for the fleet. The price of mackerel was good,
since, to the best of my recollection, we got $14.50 per barrel for our No.
1 fish. My own share for the season’s work, from the Ist of June to
November, amounted to $150. The mackerel were also scarce on our
own shore so far as I can remember, and nearly all of the New England
fleet resorted to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Several vessels secured
excellent fares of fine large mackerel in the summer of 1859 along the
south shore of the Saint Lawrence between Cape Gaspe and Cape Chatte,
the best catches being obtained in the vicinity of the Magdalen River
and Mount Louis. Captain Peter Sinclair, in the schooner, “C. C.
Davis,” did excellently well, perhaps better than any others, bringing
home a full fare of extra large mackerel, for which a high price was ob-
tained. These fish were taken chiefly in boats which went out from the
vessel and caught the mackerel close into the rocks and along the reefs
making out from either side of the coves. In some instances when the
mackerel played in to the coves, where the vessels lay at anchor, the
fishing was carried from the decks of the schooners which were sprung
up for the purpose. We had also cruised along this coast in July, but
the mackerel not then having arrived on the shore in any numbers, our
Skipper fearing to remain longer, decided to return to the more fre-
quented fishing-grounds in the lower part of the Gulf. An incident
transpired, however, before leaving this section that may be worthy of
mention here. Failing to find the mackerel inshore we one day stood
off between Magdalen River and Anticosti Island, where we caught 17
barrels of fine large fish. It is altogether probable that these mackerel
were a part of the school that a short time thereafter were found close
in to the shores.
1859.— PRICES FOR MAUKEREL CAUGHT IN 1858.
Mackerel, no sales reported some small lots are held at $16.25 and
$14.26, Nos. 1 and 2.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 13, 1859.)
1859.—A GOOD TRIP FROM THE BAY.—BIG STOCK.—OTHER ARRIVALS.
PRICES, ETC.
Schooner “C. C. Davis” from the Bay Saint Lawrence, arrived yes-
terday with 250 barrels of large mackerel. Advices from the fleet there
are a little more favorable.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 4, 1859.)
Schooner ‘‘C. C. Davis” made good trips—two trips to the bay, pack-
ing 535 barrels, sold for $7,487.74, leaving over $6,400 net profit after
deducting expenses. Add to this $5,600 made in fishing, and we have
the handsome net stock of over $12,000 in a single season. Who can
beat this ?
362 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [272]
About 100 sail of baymen have arrived the past week, and our streets
have presented a lively appearance. Clothing dealers doing a good
business. There are now some 50 or 60 sail to arrive. Some do poorly.
One arrived with 20 barrels, another with only 8 barrels. The catch
will fall greatly below last season. The shore fleet have mostly given
up. Mackerel season is about over, and the fleet will soon haul up.
Prices of mackerel: $14.50 and $14.75 for Vs, $12.50 and $12.75 for 2’s.—
(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 18, 1859.)
1859.— A LATE SCHOOL IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY AND AT CAPE COD.
Mackerel again made their appearance in our waters last week, and
the few vessels who were fortunate enough to be out succeeded in doing
a pretty good business, some of them taking as high as 60 barrels.
Some vessels which had been hauled up fitted out again, and will be
ready to try them as soon as the weather is suitable. It is rather late
in the season, however, to expect any great number of mackerel will be
taken, but if there be any catch the Gloucester boys will be on hand to
get their share of them. Mackerel quiet the past week. Prices $14.50
for Vs, $12.50 for 2’s.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 25, 1859.)
1859.— MACKEREL MARKET FOR 1859.
Boston, January 4, 1860.—Mackerel have sustained very full prices
throughout the year, and have been quite steady. In January last
prices ranged from $15 to $16 for No. Is, $14 to $14.50 for No. 2’s, and
$9.75 to $10 for No. 3’s, and they were the current rates for the first
four months of the year. In May prices advanced for No. 1’s and No.
2s, and ruled at $16.75 to $17 for No. Vs, $15 to $15.50 for No. 2’s, while
No. 3’s were sold at $9.50 to $9.75 a barrel. The first arrival of new
No. 3’s sold at $10.25 to $11, but prices soon declined to $8 and $9.
The principal sales for some months past have been $14.50 to $15.50 for
No. Vs, $12 to $14 for No. 2’s, and $9.50 to $10 for No. 3’s, closing firm
for all kinds. Mild weather prolonged the fishing season later than
usual, but it is believed that the catch this year will fall short of the
last.
The highest and lowest prices for some years past have been as
follows:
No. 1. No. 2.
No. 3
R50 eee eee tee Daisine sod tes dees st ec scaseetan $14 00to$17 00 | $11 50to $15 50 | $8 00 to $11 00
TRUS sodc5 3800 50c5eG0RS 6d ets ROE CUE EES PERE eee 9 00 to 16 00 8 90to 14 00 | 5 00to 1100
TAG 3 5eco 26 cae 00 ep AS ea ECRCOnO a CEE ate aaE | 8 00to 14 00 7 00to 13 00 | 6 50to 900
QS Ge eee este e ee leicle rence cha steel o's | 9 00to 16 00 7 00to 8 00 475to 5 25
DER che Se HOGEOH AS ACO RUA eee eed 13 00to 18 00 7 00to 10 00 | 3 50to 500
7) ees
[273] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 363
1860.—AN EARLY START FOR THE BAY.
Two vessels, “Charger” and “ Fleetwing,” the first of the season, sailed
from this port for Bay of Saint Lawrence Wednesday [May 23]. About
20 sail will be ready next week, and in a few weeks the greater portion
of the fleet will be ready.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 25, 1560.)
1860.—THE NEWBURYPORT MACKEREL FLEET.
The Newburyport Herald, April, 1560, states that the bay fleet has
nearly abandoned the practice of going south for mackerel in the early
spring. But two schooners are fitting out, the ‘Lola Montez” and the
‘‘Hleanor,” and they are stimulated by the high price offered for 3’s—$10
a barrel. Labrador fleet has usually been successful. Would not pay
for a single year, from great cost of outfits, but those who continue for
several years, till nets and other outfits are used up, find it remunerative.
1860.—A PROPOSED INNOVATION IN THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
There is talk of organizing a company for the purpose of fitting out a
vessel to engage in the mackerel fishery of the North Sea.—(Cape Ann
Advertiser, March 23, 1860.)
1860.—FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY.—REPORTED SMALL CATCH.—
MACKEREL PLENTY ON NEW ENGLAND COAST.
Schooner “ Light of Home” arrived from the bay with 70 barrels; been
gone ten weeks. This is the first arrival of the season, and a little ear-
lier than usual. Have reports for the following vessels: “St. Cloud,”
125 barrels; “Cyrena Ann,” 125; “J. J. Burns,” 120; ‘“‘Anglo Saxon,”
100; “North Star,” 100; “Flora Temple,” 80; “Electric Flash,” 90;
“Oronoco,” 25; “Shooting Star,” 75; “Chas. McDonald,” 75; “Saint
Louis,” 90. The fleet will probably average about 60 barrels. ‘ Light
of Home” will fit for another trip.
Shore mackerel quite plenty to the eastward; one vessel from the
Point has caught 90 barrels on the hook.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, Au-
gust 3, 1860.)
1860.—MACKEREL ABUNDANT OFF CAPE ANN.—A GOOD CATCH.
Large quantity of mackerel taken off Rockport on Saturday last.
One seine obtained 225 barrels of pretty fair mackerel, while quite a
number of barrels were caught by dory fishermen. Quite a streak of
luck.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 13, 1860.)
1860.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL OFF THE MAINE COAST.—SCAR-
CITY IN THE BAY.
The shore fleet have met with a streak of luck quite unprecedented,
mackerel of good size swarming the eastern shores of Maine, and take
364 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [274]
the hook very readily ; largest haul is 160 bbls. broughtin by the “ Electric
Flash,” all caught onthe hook in about ten days. Glad of the luck, be-
cause for many years they have done poorly. Bay fleet advices report
mackerel scarce.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 10, 1860).
1860.—ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY AND SHORE FLEETS.
Highteen vessels arrived from the bay during the past week, bringing
in 1,743 barrels to a vessel, averaging 97 barrels to each vessel; 12 of
shore fleet arrived with 1,305 barrels—108 barrels to a vessel. From
the bay 9,000 barrels less this year than last. Many have not paid their
outfit bills. Shore fleet have done a little better, but not first rate.
Quite a number of the Cape Cod mackerel fleet in the harbor yes-
terday ; brisk trade retailing mackerel at 5 cts. Ib.—(Cape Ann Adver-
tiser, September 14, 1860).
1860.—ARRIVAL OF SOME OF THE BAY FLEET.
Since our last 12 vessels have arrived from the bay with an aggregate
ot 1,377 barrels of mackerel.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 24, 1860.)
1860.—GOOD CATCH OF A COHASSET HOOKER OFF THE NEW ENG-
LAND COAST.
Schooner ‘ Harriet Torrey,” of Cohasset, caught 1,500 barrels of mack-
erel in 1860. Wm. Berdick, of Cohasset, caught 137 barrels with his
own hook, which will clear, above expenses, $548. Shore fleet have all
done well. Bay fleet have done poorly.—(Contemporary record.)
1860.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
In July, 1860, after returning home from a cod-fishing trip to Cape
North I went to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on a mackerel cruise, in
the schooner ** Ocean Traveller” of Gloucester. Leaving home about the
ist of July, we passed through the Strait of Canso on the 5th, passed
up along the north side of Prince Edward Island; along the west shore,
crossed Bank Orphan, fished around Bonaventure, and up by Cape
Gaspe and Cape Rozier without finding mackerel enough to induce us
to remain in any one place, though we tried frequently on our way. In
the cove at Cape Rozier we anchored, with a number of other vessels,
and succeeded in catching 21 barrels at a spring in three or four days,
getting a few mackerel each morning and evening. Influenced by the
success which had been met with by several vessels the previous year
along the southern shore of the Saint Lawrence we, as well as many
others of the mackerel-catchers, went there fitted for inshore fishing,
taking along with us four or five dories in addition to our yawl-boat
which was carried at the stern. Leaving Cape Rozier, where the mack-
erel had ceased taking the hook, we ran up around the coastto Magdalen
River, where we stopped and tried for mackerel. We continued tc cruise
[275] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 365
along theshore for about five weeks, going as far north as Mount Louis,
but met with extremely poor success; so much so, indeed, that after being
in the bay nearly six weeks we had taken only 27 barrels ofmackerel, includ-
ing the 21 barrels caught at Cape Rozier, of which mention has been
made above. At last, feeling fully convinced that mackerel would not
strike in on the south shore of Saint Lawrence, and the advanced sea-
son and state of the weather warning us of the risk of remaining any
longer on that coast, we proceeded south and began fishing around the
Magdalen Islands, where, in about three weeks, we succeeded in catch.
ing enough mackerel to make us up a fare of 125 sea-packed barrels,
which, for the time and place, was much better than an average. For
the No. 1 mackerel on this trip (a large percentage was No. 1’s) we ob-
tained $18.50 per barrel. My ownshare for the trip was $124.25. After
returning home and packing out our bay trip, we engaged in the mack-
erel fishery off the New England coast. The contrast this year between
the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the New England coast was quite re-
markable, since in the former the mackerel were almost all of large size
and very scarce, as has been shown, while on our own coast mackerel were
of medium size, averaging about 12 inches long, and very abundant. After
returning from the bay we made two trips, taking altogether 275 sea-
packed barrels of mackerel. For the first fare of 175 barrels we got
$8.50 per barrel; but for the last trip the price was lower. A large
portion of the mackerel catchers were fishing off the New England coast
during the summer and autumn, and it is perhaps safe to estimate that
at one time a fleet numbering five or six hundred sail were engaged in
fishing for mackerel in Barnstable Bay. The mackerel at one time dur-
ing the fall were exceedingly abundant off Truro and Wellfleet. This
was very advantageous to the fishermen, since in this partially sheltered
bay fishing could be carried on much longer than in other places, and,
consequently, a great amount of mackerel were taken. But little was
done, however, outside of Cape Cod along its eastern shore, from the
Highland to Chatham, as has been the case in other years. The mack-
erel which had remained for several weeks in Barnstable Bay, when
once outside of Race Point and on their way south, moved so rapidly
that but comparatively few were taken.
1860.—SUCCESSFUL USE OF THE PURSE SEINE OFF CAPE ANN.
A large quantity of mackerel were seined off Rockport on Saturday
last. One seine obtained 225 barrels of pretty fair mackerel, while quite
a number of barrels were caught by dory fishermen.—(Cape Ann Ad-
vertiser, July 13, 1860.)
SMALL CATCH BY THE NEWBURYPORT FLEET AT THE SOUTH.
Southern fleet have all returned, and are now fast leaving for the Bay
of Chaleur. Catch south small. “Sarah Jane” took 112 barrels of
mackerel, and 50 of bait. Largest catch.—(Newburyport Herald, June
28, 1860.)
366 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [276]
Hook AND LINE FISHING OFF THE NEW ENGLAND COAST.
THE SHORE FLEET.—The largest trip brought into this port is by the
“Sunnyside,” 200 barrels, after an absence of three weeks. Schooner
“ Ripple” arrived lately with 100 barrels in 10 days.—(Cape Ann Adver-
tiser, August 24, 1860.)
1860.—SPRING AND GULF MACKEREL FISHERY.
The-Cape Ann Advertiser of May 4, 1860, remarks:
‘A few vessels have started for the coueh to prosecute the mackerel
fishery. The number will be less than any previous season, owing to
the ill-suecess of this branch of the fisheries of late. A large number
will leave for Bay Chaleur the latter part of May and early in June, as
the George’s fishery is not very profitable at present.”
1860.—THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FLEET.
The Cape Ann Advertiser of June 8, 1860, announces that six vessels
had arrived since the last issue of the paper, the average being 100
barrels, and the prospect very good.
1860.—SPRING AND GULF MACKEREL FISHERY.
The Cape Ann Advertiser of June 15, 1860, states as follows:
‘““The southern fleet have nearly all arrived home and are fitting away
for the bay. Late arrivals report the mackerel as being very small,
the large ones having struck off to other waters; evidently the mack-
ereling season at the south is about over. Vessels did better than last
year.”
1860.—FISHING ON THE COAST OF MAINE.
Mackerel of good size are swarming the eastern shores of Maine, and
take the hook very readily. The largest haul brought into this port is
160 barrels, by schooner “ Electric Flash,” all caught on hook in about.
ten days.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 10, 1860.)
1860.—THE FALL MACKEREL FISHERY IN GAPE COD BAY.
The Gloucester Telegraph of December 19, 1860, quotes from a recent
number of the Yarmouth Register to the effect that mackerel had never
been more numerous in Cape Cod Bay than during the four preceding
weeks. They would not bite, but were caught in great abundance in
nets. One man took from his nets set in Provincetown Harbor 3,000:
mackerel, valued at 7 cents apiece.
November 23, mackerel were very abundant off Billingsgate Point.
The Yarmouth Register stated that they were being taken in Cape Cod
Bay in the latter part of November in large numbers.
On November 24 the Lieutenant’s Island weir, at South Wellfleet,
[27 ra HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 367
captured 118 barrels at one tide.—(Gloucester Telegraph, November 28,
1860.)
Mackerel of medium size were this fall exceedingly abundant about
Cape Ann and other points along the coast of Eastern New England.
In October there was a large fleet of perhaps 300 sail in Barnstable
Bay. The vessels had followed the mackerel from Portland to Cape
Ann and across Massachusetts Bay.—(Captain Collins.)
1860.—MACKEREL IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
In 1860 mackerel were quite scarce in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence,
though of large size. Nearly all of the vessels which went to these
waters early in the season fished off the coast of New England in the
fall. No. 1 bay mackerel were sold at $18.25 a barrel, and No. 2’s,
taken off the New England shore, sold for from $7 to $8.50 per barrel.
1860.—SPRING MACKEREL FISHERY.
SOUTHERN MACKEREL.—Six vessels have arrived from the south
since our last issue with very good fares, averaging about 100 barrels
to a vessel. They report the prespect good. * * *—(Barnstable
Patriot, June 12, 1860.)
1861.—F ALL MACKEREL FISHERY AT CAPE ANN.
Five weir-loads were taken in a seine off Rockport, at one haul,
August 28.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 30.)
1861.—FIRST MACKEREL TAKEN.
The first mackerel of the season was taken May 20.—(Cape Ann Ad-
vertiser, May 24, 1861.)
1861.—NOTES ON SOUTHERN FISHERY.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL.
Reports from Newport last week, says the Newburyport Herald,
state that fish are very scarce, and that 60 barrels is the largest fare
yet caught. Many of the vessels have caught but 20 barrels. They are
determined to persevere, but it is evident unless they meet with an un-
usual “ streak of luck,” the business will prove a losing one. <A large
fleet of Cape vessels were in Newport on Sunday week, with small fares
on board.--( Barnstable Patriot, June 11, 1861.)
1861.—SPRING MACKEREL FISHERY IN CAPE COD BAY.
MACKEREL.—The mackerel fishery in the vicinity of Barnstable Har-
bor has been doing a good business for some days past. Several of the
boats have taken 3,000 each, and yesterday a new school came inshore,
increasing their prospects for a profitable spring business.—(Barnstable
Patriot, May 28, 1861.)
368 REPORT OF COMMISIJONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [278]
1861.—SPRING MACKEREL FISHERY.
THE MACKEREL FLEET.—Sixty barrels, the largest trip caught yet.
—(May 31, page 2, column 2, Cape Ann Weekly Advertiser, 1861.)
1861.—UNFAVORABLE NEWS FROM THE SOUTHERN FLEET.—SAILING
OF THE FIRST OF THE BAY FLEET.
Schooner ‘Shooting Star” arrived from the south on Tuesday, with 60
barrels mackerel; reports poor catch for most of the fleet; one or two
have above 80 barrels.
About a dozen of the fleet have sailed for the bay, and quite a num-
ber are fitting away and will sail in a few days. Last year at this time
there were many more vessels on their way to the bay than the present
season.
There is yet a large stock of last year’s catch on the wharves. Last
year the catch of the previous season was exhausted long before June.
—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 7, 1861.)
1861.—A BIG SCHOOL OF MACKEREL IN GLOUCESTER HARBOR.—
GOOD CATCH OFF ROCKPORT.
A large school of mackerel made their appearance in the harbor on
Wednesday afternoon; some twenty boats were present, and there was
quite a successful catch; many of the mackerel were of good size.
Five wherry-loads of mackerel were taken in a seine, off Rockport, at
one haul, on Wednesday of last week.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August
30, 1860.)
1861.— FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY.
Schooner “Arcturus” arrived from the bay on Tuesday, with 240 barrels
mackerel, absent six weeks. ‘This is the first arrival of the season from
the bay, and is somewhat earlier than usual, as vessels rarely arrive be-
fore August 1.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 19, 1861.)
1861.—QUICK BAY TRIPS.
Schooner ‘Joseph Story” returned from the bay: gone but little over
four weeks ; returning with a good fare. Schooner ‘Queen of the West,”
gone five weeks. These we believe are the shortest bay trips that were
ever made from this port, the usual time of making a voyage being from
ten to twelve weeks, and sometimes longer. Eight weeks is considered
good time for a vessel in the bay fishing.
The mackerel, which have been schooling off this shore the past
' month, have struck off to other waters, consequently our market has
been without its usual share of fresh mackerel of late.-—(Cape Ann Ad-
vertiser, August 23, 1861.)
* [279] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 369
1861.—A FALL SCHOOL ON THE NOVA SCOTIA Coast.
We are pleased to hear that large quantities of mackerel have made
their appearance along our shore, and hundreds of barrels taken by
our fishermen.— Halifax Express.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, September
20, 1861.)
1861.—THE SHORE FLEET.—ITS SUCCESS.—REPORTED SCARCITY OF
MACKEREL IN THE BAY.
Three hundred sail of fishermen in the harbor last Saturday ; the fleet
have done well of late, and report mackerel of good quality and quite
plenty. Advices from the bay report mackerel scarce.—(Cape Ann
Advertiser, October 1i, 1861.)
The shore fleet did well last Saturday; some of the vessels got 90
wash-barrels. Quite a number got 30 to 50 wash-barrels of large, fat
mackerel. Some 20 sail from the bay have arrived during the week,
and report hard luck. The mackerel season, take it all in all, has not
proved very profitable this year.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 25,
1861.)
1861.—CLOSE OF THE MACKEREL SEASON.—ADVANCE IN PRICES.
The mackerei fishing business is closed for the season; vessels are
hauling up. The catch this season has been 25 per cent. below that of
last year, and prices have ruled very low. Within a few weeks prices
have advanced.
No. 1 mackerel, which were worth only $7 per barrel October 25, at
this date sold for $13. No. 2’s, now selling for $9, brought only $5 in
October.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 23, 1861.)
1861.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
In the summer of 1861 medium-sized mackerel were very abundant
off the New England coast, and some of the hookers obtained a catch
of about 1,000 barrels or more, though the price was so extremely low,
owing to the distracted condition of the country at the beginning of the
_ war, that the fishermen obtained but little remuneration for their labor.
Large mackerel were exceedingly rare, however, and as a consequence of
much greater value than the smaller ones. In the Gulf of Saint Law-
rence, also, mackerel were fairly plentiful, and there being a greater
percentage of large fish, some of the vessels did much better, finan-
cially, than those which fished off our own shore. This was especially
the case with those which remained late in the bay, or made their home
_ passages in a leisurely manner, since, during November, the prices ad-
vanced very rapidly, so much so, indeed, that mackerel nearly doubled
in value in the short space of two or three weeks. On the 16th day of
August I left Rockportg for the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in the schooner
“Sarah B. Harris.” At first we fished about the Magdalen Islands
S. Mis. 110 24
370 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [280]
and the north side of Prince Edward Island, and around its eastern
point. Later in the fall we obtained some very good catches’of mack-
erel off Cape Saint George, where there was a large fleet collected.
Other vessels, however, about the same time, took a considerable quan-
tity of mackerel about Margaree Island and Cheticamp. We left Port
Hood for home on the Ist day of November and met with very boister-
ous weather, causing us to lay in harbor on the Nova Scotia shore for
some days. Our passage was also further retarded by strong head-
winds, while at sea, so that we did not arrive home until the 19th day
of November. In the mean time, while we had been making our pas-
sage, mackerel had risen from $7.50 to $12 per barrel, and by the time
we were ready to sell we were able to get $13.50 for our best fish. My
own share amounted to $100, which was a sum rarely obtained from one
trip by any fisherman in 1861.
1862.—_ UNCERTAINTY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY COMPARED WITH
THAT FOR COD.
Some of the Georgians make shares of $30 to $50 per man.
The mackerel fishery is quite uncertain, and if the fishermen make a
poor season’s work at mackerel, then George’s Bank is made to dis-
count, and from this source they draw the cash, in the shape of codfish
and halibut.
George’s Bank furnishes them with the ready cash, promptly paid,
and dollars would be scarce indeed among them, were it not for this
source of revenue.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, March 7, 1862.)
1862.—_SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY.—FITTING AWAY OF THE
FLEET.
Quite a number of vessels are now being fitted out to prosecute the
early mackerel fishery in southern waters. This branch of the fisheries
has been prosecuted for several years past with but indifferent success,
the vessels not making enough to pay for their outfit The vessels en-
gaged in this business do not follow the George’s fishing, but spend a
month or six weeks in Southern waters, prior to going to the bay, in
order to help make out a’ good season’s work. The mackerel are gen-
erally small and poor, and the prices realized are not very lucrative.—
(Cape Ann Advertiser, April 25, 1862.)
1862.— VESSELS AND MEN ENGAGED IN THE GLOUCESTER MACKEREL
FISHERIES.
About 350 sail of vessels engaged in the fishery, from this port, aver-
aging twenty men to a vessel, making an aggregate of more than 4,000
men that are required to man the fleet—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May
8, 1862.) 8 .
[281] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 371
1862.— FLEET FITTING FOR THE BAY.—SUCCESS OF THE SOUTHERN
MACKEREL. FISHERY.—LARGE FLEET IN GLOUCESTER.
Quite a large fleet of vessels will be ready to start for the bay imme-
diately after the 4th.
The southern mackerel fleet have mostly returned from their first
trips with average fares, and many have gone on a second trip, as
mackerel are plenty.
Shore mackereling will be prosecuted quite extensively this season.
Large fleet of mackerelmen were in port on Wednesday, mostly south-
shore vessels fishing on the shore. It is unusual to see a fleet of mack-
erel catchers in our harbor at this time of year.—(Cape Ann Advertiser,
June 27, 1862.)
1862.—THE EARLY BAY FLEET.
Quite a number of vessels are fitting for an early trip to the bay;
will be ready to start June 1; n6‘arrivals yet from the southern mack-
erel fleet.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, Mey 23, 1862.) .
1862.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.—
FAVORABLE REPORTS.
Advices from the bay report vessels doing well. July1 “Bridget Ann”
had 150 barrels; ‘‘Cyrena Ann,” 175; ‘Wide Awake,” 130; ‘Electric
Flash,” 120; “Ocean Gem,” 60. Weather unfavorable the past fortnight,
and the mackerel taken thus far were rather poor.—(Cape Ann Adver-
tiser, July 25, 1862.)
1862.— FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY.
One fare of 200 barrels of mackerel has arrived from the bay. Sold
at $42 and $3] per barrel for large and medium 3’s. The shore fleet
have not done much of late-—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 18, 1862.)
1862.— GOOD FARES FROM THE BAY.—PRICES AND QUALITY OF MACK-
EREL BETTER THAN IN 1861.
There has been quite a number of arrivals from the bay during the
past fortnight, bringing in good fares. The quality of mackerel is said
to be vastly superior to those of last season, and the prices are higher
than last year.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, September 12, 1862.)
1862.— MACKEREL ABUNDANT IN IPSWICH BAY AND AT CAPE CoD.—
TEN ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY.
Shore mackereling good the past week. Ipswich Bay has been swarm-
ing with mackerel, and the mild, pleasant weather has been very favor-
able. A large school of mackerel have made their appearance at Cape
od. Previous to the present month the catch has been small. Bay
372 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [282]
trips arrive slowly, as most of the fleet will remain late in order to fill
up with fat mackerel —(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 10, 1862.)
Mackerel were quite plenty in the bay on Wednesday, and the shore
fleet did a good day’s work, some of them catching as high as 70 wash-
barrels. The mackerel are quite large, and the best of them sellreadily
at $11 per barrel.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 17.)
The Newburyport Herald says: “The mackerel have been swarming
in our bay for the last ten days; 200 vessels and any number of small
boats were fishing. Vessels take from 5to 40 barrels apiece. On Tues-
day the fleet numbered 4,000 vessels, and the fish were so plenty that
the ‘Live Yankee,’ with only 4 hands, brought in 10 barrels.”—(Barn-
stable Patriot, October 14, 1862.)
1862.—A BIG CATCH BY A HOOKER.
Schooner “‘ Nor’ Wester” arrived from the Bay of Saint Lawarence yes-
terday. The day before leaving she took 123 wash-barrels of mackerel,
the value of which is ie a Ann Advertiser, July 14, 1862.)
1862.— REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
In the season of 1862 mackerel were quite plentiful in the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence, where the larger part of the fleet were engaged in this
fishery. Off our own coast there was a school of mixed mackerel—much
the greater portion being undersized—while among them were some
very large fish. After making two trips’ cod fishing to George’s I took
charge of the schooner “ Hattie Lewis ” and sailed for the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence on a mackerel trip earlyin June. We fished principally on
Bank Bradley, about the North Cape of Prince Edward Island, off
Point Miscou and in the vicinity of Point Escuminac, taking a part of
our fare, however, in the latter locality. On our first trip we caught
208 sea-packed barrels, which were nearly all No. 3’s, and started for
home early in July. After landing our fish we went back on a second
trip to the Gulf; obtained a fare of 200 barrels and left the bay early
in October. In the latter part of the fall we fished off Cape Ann and
around Cape Cod. On one occasion we found mackerel quite plenty
off Chatham and got 50 wash-barrels in one day ; though the majority
of these were undersized fish there were a few among them remark-
ably large; some specimens which I weighed, after they had been
salted for a number of weeks, turned the scales at 24 pounds. The
following day we could find no fish in the same locality but struck
mackerel in the afternoon about 25 miles in a southerly and easterly
direction from Chatham, nearly down off the fishing-rip. These fish,
which were moving quite rapidly in a southerly direction, were quite
different from those caught the day before, since we did not find any
large sized ones among them. On the third day the mackerel were
gone, and although we ran to the southward 15 or 20 miles farther we
[283] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 373
did not succeed in finding them. I have never, at any other time, with
the experience of twenty-five years in the mackerel fishery, caught
mackerel so far south in the fall as we did on this occasion. The exact
date of this last catch I do not now remember, and can only say that it
was some time about the middle of November.
1863.—FIRST MACKEREL IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
The first mackerel were taken in the vicinity of Gloucester May 26.
1863.—_ SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY.
There will be but few vessels engaged in this branch of the fishery
the present season, owing to the low price of poor mackerel and the
great expense which attends fitting out vessels for this business. Salt
which sold last year for $2 is now worth $4 per hogshead. Barrels have
also advanced considerably; in fact, everything in shape of outfits for
mackerel trips has nearly doubled in price. There is but one vessel
fitting away at the present time, and we are informed that not more
than six vessels at most will prosecute the business this season.—(Barn-
stable Patriot, June 9, 1863.) In May, 1863, the southern mackerel fleet
was reported as doing a good business. The first vessels came into
Gloucester June 1; average, 100 barrels each, which sold for $9 and $6.
1863.— NEWBURYPORT MACKEREL FISHERY.
The mackerel fleet have all arrived with good fares, which have all
commanded good prices. We have had fewer vessels in the bay this
season than for several years before; we think only eleven. The busi-
ness had been too poor, the wages and outfits were too high, and there
was at one time great danger from Confederate pirates, but the busi-
ness has been very prosperous to those engaged. Other places have also
fewer vessels this season; the aggregate catch, therefore, notwithstand-
ing the success that has attended them, will be small, and consequently
the market is very active. The number of barrels packed here will not
be far trom 6,000. As we are constantly having new markets open for
our fisheries, the prices will be likely to advance even upon the present
high rates. The last sales were $28 for mess, $12.25 for 1’s, $10.25 for
2’s, $8 for large 3’s, and $5.56 for small 3’s. Captain Brown, of the “Sea
Spray,” considering the time engaged, made the best trip, stocking
$6,200.—(Barnstable Patriot, November 17, 1863.)
1863.—DEARTH OF EXPERIENCED MACKEREL FISHERMEN.
In 1863 there was a decided dearth of experienced fishermen at Glou-
eester and other New England ports on account of the numerous enlist-
ments in the Army. The three hundred vessels fitted out that year for
the mackerel fishery in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence were obliged to fill
up a large portion of their quota of 4,000 men from green hands.
374 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [284]
1863.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
In the summer of 1863 mackerel were abundant in the gulf of Saint
Lawrence and comparatively scarce on the New England coast. In July
I started from Gloucester in the schooner “Sea- Witch” on a mackerel trip
to the Gulf. We fished about Bank Bradley, North Cape of Prince Ed-
ward Island, and the Magdalens, securing a full fare of 250 barrels in
four weeks. The last catch of the trip was made off to the eastward of
Entry Island, Magdalens; we got more than 60 wash-barrels; not only
enough to fill all the barrels we had on board, but also our yawl-boat
and every other receptacle we could find which would hold the fish.
Returning again to the Gulf on our second trip, we found good fishing
off the Magdalens for a few days, when, the mackerel slacking off, we
ran down to Sydney, on the east side of Cape Breton Island, where the
year previous some of the mackerel catchers had obtained good fares.
There we also met with good success, as did the fleet of some 60 or 70
vessels which were fishing in that locality. Again we obtained a full
fare of 275 barrels in about four weeks’ fishing. After returning home
and packing out our mackerel we spent the remainder of the fall, some
four or five weeks, in fishing off Cape Ann and Cape Cod, but mackerel
being scarce we succeeded in taking only about 30 barrels. The fleet
off our own coast engaged in the mackerel fishery that fall compared
with that in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence was small and unimportant.
1864.—HARWICHPORT MACKEREL FISHERY.
Our mackerel catchers are beginning to report themselves. The fol-
lowing schooners have arrived at Harwich Port: The “ Diadem,” Rob-
bins, with 90 barrels; “D. Ellis,” Baker, 110 barrels; ‘ Prince Laboo,”
Nickerson, 175 barrels; “E. S. Hammond,” Cahoon, 150 barrels; “S.
Smith,” Taylor, 110 barrels; the ‘Electric Spark,” Godfrey, 125 barrels.
Others are expected soon, besides several George’s fishermen, which are
reported to have good fares.—(Barnstable Patriot, June 13, 1864.)
1864.—MACKEREL FISHERY.
OUR BAY FLEET.—About twenty-five of our bay fleet have arrived
since our last issue, bringing full fares, and several fares have been sent
home by vessels remaining in Bay Saint Lawrence. The prospects seem
good for a fair season’s catch. The market is active, mackerel being in
demand at prices much in advance of those of any year within the
memory of the oldest inhabitant. The expense attending the prosecu-
tion of this business is larger by one-half than in ordinary times, all
kinds of vessel’s gear and supplies of every description being held at
enormous rates, and unless good prices for fish are sustained there will
be but a small margin for profit. But with present prices and good luck
in the way ofsa catch, we may set the season as a good one.—(Barnsta-
ble Patriot, September 13, 1864.)
[285] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 375
1864.— MACKEREL FISHERY IN THE GULF OF MAINE.
Mackerel appeared on the coast in great abundance during the early
part ofthe autumn. Thecrew of the little fishing schooner “ Minnehaha,”
of Swampscott, on the 18th of September, off Boone Island, caught 350
barrels, and the crew of the “Flying Dart,” of the same place, at another
point, took 130 barrels in some four hours.—(History of Lynn, Lewis
& Newhall, p. 478.)
1864.—GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE MACKEREL FISHERY.
FROM THE BAY.—Quite a number of baymen have arrived the present
week, and a large portion of the fleet are on their way home. They
report mackerel very scarce for the present month and but little doing.
In view of these facts the market has been a little more active for the
past week, and quite a number of transactions have been effected at $12
and $15. Shore has also advanced in price, and the prospect now is
that still better prices will be obtained the coming month. Mackerel
are a staple, and there will doubtless be quite an active demand for them
during the fall and winter months. Our fishing firms acted very wisely
in not sacrificing their mackerel at panic prices, as we believe they will
yet obtain a fair equivalent for them and be enabled to make a very
good season’s work.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October, 1864.)
1864.._REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
Mackerel have rarely or never been more abundant in the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence than they were in 1864, while on the New England coast
but little was done in this fishery. I sailed for the bay for mackerel in
the schooner “‘Sea-Witch” early in July, passing through Canso about
the 10th of the month. We fished over the same ground that we did on
the first trip the previous year, obtaining a full fare of about 275 bar-
rels short of four weeks. We were absent from home five weeks and
three days. My ownshare, exclusive of captain’s commission, was $175.
We returned again to the bay. Having secured another fare about the
last of September, and learning that the prospect on our own coast was
poor, we went to the Strait of Canso, where we shipped 200 barrels of
our fish on board a freighter and sent them home, while we refitted and
returned again to the bay. During the last of September and early part
of October the weather was stormy and the mackerel did not appear to
take the hook so well as they had previously. A few of the vessels,
however, in the mean time, had found very good fishing off Cheticamp,
but that locality being so dangerous in the fall, when heavy gales are
liable to come on very suddenly, and losses had so frequently occurred
in previous years, that the fishermen, as a rule, did not care to take the
risk of venturing on that inhospitable shore. For about two weeks after
refitting in Canso we did poorly, getting only 60 barrels mackerel, but
immediately after we, together with 50 or 60 other vessels, struck a
376 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [286]
heavy body of mackerel at Margaree, on the north shore of Cape Bre-
ton Island. Our vessel was small, being 49 tons, new measurement,
but with a crew of ten men we caught 100 wash-barrels the first day at
Margaree, while several of the larger schooners, carrying crews from
sixteen to nineteen men, secured catches ranging all the way from 100
to 150 wash-barrels. Strong winds and stormy weather prevented us
from fishing for a couple of days after this, but in the two or three fine
days which occurred during the week we succeeded in obtaining more
than enough mackerel to fill all the barrels we had on board. Our catch
for the season, from July to October 20, amounted to about 775 sea-
packed barrels. Some of the largest vessels of the fleet, which re-
mained in the bay the entire season, landing their fish and refitting at
Canso, were reported as catching 1,200 or 1,500 barrels. These vessels,
however, began their season’s work early in June. The great abun-
dance of mackerel brought down the prices very much in the fall, so that
No. 1 fish, which brought more than $20 per barrel at midsummer, were
sold for about $14 in November.
In the chapter on “Financial profits of the mackerel hook-fishery,”
printed above, may be found an account of several large stocks made
by vessels fishing in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in 1864.
1865.—FIRST ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
There have been five arrivals from the Bay of Saint Lawrence the pres-
ent week, all bringing good fares. The mackerel are mostly 3’s and
will meet with a ready sale, as the market is quite bare. The prospect
for a successful season’s catch is most encouraging.—(Cape Ann Adver-
tiser, July 21, 1865.)
1865.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL ON THE COAST OF MAINE.—BIG
CATCHES WITH A PURSE SEINE.
The Portland Argus of Wednesday says that mackerel were never
more plenty than at present. A vessel went out last Thursday and
secured 110 barrels, returned to Portland, discharged, and was off again
on Saturday. On the latter day she secured 120 barrels. They were
caught by seining, and the top of the water is said to be literally cov-
ered with fish.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 21, 1865.)
1865.—ARRIVAL OF BAYMEN.—PRICES.—THE SHORE FLEET.
The baymen have arrived pretty freely the past week, with good
fares. The mackerel are mostly poor, and do not bring very remunera-
tive prices. Last season the first trips were sold at $13 and $11 for the
large and medium 3’s; this year they have been sold for $8.50 and $6.50.
Most of the vessels will return home to refit instead of landing their
mackerel at the bay, as was the case last year—a project which resulted
very unfavorably to those engaged in the business, as the expense of
[287] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 377
freighting the mackerel home and the bad condition in which most of
them were in on their arrival here materially lessened the profits of
the voyage. Fat mackerel have not yet made their appearance in the
bay. The shore fleet are doing moderately well, and the mackerel are-
of much better quality than those brought from the bay.—(Cape Ann
Advertiser, Angust 4, 1865.) Twenty-four bundred and three barrels
of mackerel have arrived here from the bay this week, having been
freighted home. They have found a ready market.—(Cape Ann Adver-
tiser, September 29, 1865.)
The bay fleet have come home along quite freely the present week,
some hundred sail having arrived in port, and the balance are now on
their way home. Although the weather of late has been such that but
few mackerel have been caught, yet the fleet, on the whole, will make
very good trips, and the season wind up prosperously for those engaged
in the business. Mackerel are now selling at very fair prices (No. 1 at
$16.50, No. 2, $13.50), and the prospect is that they will advance rather
than decline. The shore fleet have not done much of late, but they may
have a streak of luck yet if the weather continues favorable.—(Cape
Ann Advertiser, November 3, 1865.)
The baymen have all arrived home, the last of the fleet arriving yes-
terday. Last year at this time there were 35 sail in the bay, the last
vessel arriving as late as the 12th of December.—(Cape Ann Adver-
tiser, November 17, 1865.)
1865.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL IN IPSWICH BAY.
A large school of extra fat mackerel have made their appearance in
Ipswich Bay, and the fishermen are paying their respects to them in a
most complimentary manner. They are real “bloaters,” and fetch the
highest price. The weather is all that can be desired, and the fisher-
men will take every advantage which the season offers. The shore fleet
are doing better and the mackerel are working up this way.—(Cape Ann
Advertiser, October 6, 1865.)
1865.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
The year of 1865 was another remarkable season in the mackerel
fishery of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and in this respect it almost
rivaled the previous year. About the middle of June I sailed for the
bay in the schooner ‘‘ Mary Ellen,” hailing from Halifax, Nova Scotia,
but owned in the eastern part of the province. We caught three
fares of mackerel during the summer, making a total of above 900
barrels. The fish during the early part of the year were, as usual,
found most plentiful about the North Cape of Prince Edward Island,
along the west shore and on Bank Bradley. I recall one occasion, while
lying becalmed between North Cape and Point Escuminac, of seeing a
378 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [288]
remarkable display of schooling mackerel. As far as the eye could ex-
tend from aloft, in every direction not bounded by the land, large
bodies of mackerel could be seen at the surface of the water like dark-
ened spots on a disk of silver. The previous year I had witnessed such
a display on the north side of the eastern point of Prince Edward Island,
- when, for at least a distance of 20 miles up and down the island, and,
perhaps, even farther, mackerel could be seen schooling in great bodies
at the surface of the water; their frequent rushing sounding like the
noise made by heavy showers striking on the water. For a greater
part of the month of August and until the middle of September, in 1865,
the weather was extremely rough in the bay, and the mackerel catchers
were, in consequence, prevented from fishing a considerable portion of
the time, the catch during this period being slight compared with other
portions of the season. During the fall an immense school of biting
mackerel were found on the north side of Prince Edward Island along
its entire extent, but more especially in the vicinity of Malpec, where
had gathered a fleet of perhaps 300 or 400 sail of vessels. Indeed, so
abundant were the mackerel off Malpec in October, and so eagerly did
they take the hook, that some of the schooners secured almost a full
fare in a few days’ fishing. The only trouble was to be able to catch
and cure the fish fast enough, and at the same time secure an oppor-
tunity of stowing them below. Nearly every vessel in the fleet could
be seen with their decks filled with barrels of fish, which were stowed
in every available place. Great risks, too, were taken by the fishermen
in remaining on the fishing-grounds at night, since at that season a
heavy gale was liable to spring up at any time, and should they have
been caught on a lee shore in their lumbered-up condition there is no
doubt but what the result would have been extremely disastrous. As
it was, however, no losses were met with in this case. The last impor-
tant catches of the season were obtained between the eastern point of
Prince Edward Island and the Cape Breton shore, at which time the
fish were moving very rapidly to the southward. There can be no doubt
but that this school of mackerel could have been followed much farther
had the weather not obliged the fishermen to seek shelter.
In the paragraph on the financial profits of the hook-fishery is an ac-
count of the ‘‘ Kit Karson” bringing home to Gloucester 591 barrels of
mackerel on her first trip, which she made in about ten weeks. Her
net stock amounted to $6,542.
1866.—REPORTED ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL ON THE NEW ENGLAND
COAST.
Mackerel are reported to be quite plenty. <A large fleet of vessels are
engaged in taking them. Quite a number of them have been taken in
nets by the fishermen in some of the lower Cape towns.—(Barnstable
Patriot, June 12, 1866.)
[289] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 379
1866.—THE OUTLOOK FOR THE BAY OF SAINT LAWRENCE FISHERY.
The mackerel fishery in the Bay of Saint Lawrence will be quite ex-
tensively prosecuted the coming season, notwithstanding the repeal of
the reciprocity treaty. From 30 to 40 sail of vessels will be added to
the fleet, and although the business will be attended with considerable
risk, yet our fishermen are not scared at trifles; they will keep a sharp
lookout for English cruisers and get good trips in spiteof them. A few
overventuresome ones may get seized, but we believe the most of the
fleet will come out all right; strict vigilance will be required, and we
think our fishermen will not be caught napping. The mavkerel, in the
first part of the season, are mostly caught outside of the prescribed
limits; but it is in the fall of the year, when the fish play in round shore,
that most of the difficulty is apprehended.—(Cape Ann Advertiser,
April 13, 1866.)
1866.—THE SPRING FISHERY.
Quite a large fleet of vessels from this port are now engaged in the
menhaden and early shore mackerel fishing, and are meeting with fair
success. The early bay mackerel fishery will be quite extensively pros-
ecuted, and the fleet will sail earlier than last season. Several vessels
are now fitting away and will leave the latter part of this month. No
serious trouble is apprehended from the provincials.—(Cape Ann Ad-
vertiser, May 18, 1866.)
1866.— FIRST START OF THE BAY FLEET.
The first of the bay fleet sailed on Tuesday and others will soon follow.
It is about three weeks earlier than they started last season.—(Cape
Ann Advertiser, May 25, 1866.)
Considerable activity now prevails at our wharves in fitting out ves-
sels for the bay. Having finished their George’s fishing they are now
discharging their ballast and having a general overhauling and painting
up, which usually occupies about a fortnight. With the new vessels
added to the fieet the present season we shall have about 400 sail in the
business (from Gloucester)—the largest number that ever sailed from
here. A few of the vessels have already left, and by the last of this
month we shall have quite a large fleet in the bay. Some of the vessels
will probably make three trips if they are fortunate enough to find mack-
erel plenty and are not molested by English cruisers.—(Cape Ann Ad-
vertiser, June 8, 1866.)
1866.—THE SOUTHERN FLEET.
A mackerel! fleet of a hundred vessels, with a thousand men, rendez-
voused in the harbor of Newport, R. I, last Friday——(Cape Ann Ad-
vertiser, June 1, 1866.)
380 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [290]
The fleet of southern mackerel catchers have mostly arrived home
with moderate fares. The highest trip we have heard of is 175 barrels,
but the fleet will not average more than 150 barrels to a vessel. Good
prices are obtained and they will make a fair business of it —(Cape Ann
Advertiser, June 15, 1866.)
The southern mackerel fleet have mostly arrived home with light
fares; sales of large and medium 3’s at $12.50 and $11.50.
1866.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL IN THE BAY EARLY IN THE SEASON.
Recent advices from the bay state that mackerel are very scarce and
the fleet have done nothing as yet. Last year the mackerel made their
appearance there quite early, and the first vessels arrived home about
the 1st of July with good fares.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 29, 1866.)
1866.—AMERICAN VESSELS PERMITTED TO FISH IN CANADIAN WA-
TERS ON PURCHASE OF A LICENSE.
The honorable Sir Frederick W. A. Bruce, the British minister, ac-
credited to this government, by an official note of the 24th instant,
announces that the Governments of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
have agreed that the possession of a license issued by Canada to fish
shall entitle the holder, during the season of 1866, to fish in the waters
of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as well as in those of Canada;
the holder of a license from the Government of Nova Scotia or New
Brunswick, if any such shall be issued, being entitled to fish in Cana-
dian waters as well as New Brunswick.
The notification is supplemental to one issued early in June, by P.
Foster, esq., commanding the Canadian Government schooner “ La Can-
adienne,” employed in protecting the fisheries, who was authorized to
issue fishing licenses on the payment of 50 cents per ton measurement
of the vessel to which they were granted, to remain in force during the
season, and conferring the same rights, so faras Canadian fisheries were
concerned, as were conferred by the reciprocity treaty to the United
States fishermen.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 29, 1866.)
1866.—UNUSUAL SCARCITY OF MACKEREL IN THE BAY, PRICES, ETC.
The baymen have about all sailed, and our warves and railways now
present a very quiet appearance. It is full time that some of t e karly
fleet were at home, but as mackerel have been unusually scarce the pres-
ent season there will probably be few arrivals before August, when busi-
ness about the wharves will be more lively. Last year most of the fleet
arrived home in July with good fares, and many of the vessels made
three trips, but the prospect now is that the first fares will be light
and prices rule much higher than last season. The shore fleet pick up
a few mackerel, and they are readily disposed of at very remunerative
prices, which are steadily advancing, showing in very light receipts.
[291] - HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 381
We quote Nos. 1, 2, and 3, at $18, $16, and $13.—(Cape Ann Adver.-
tiser, July 20, 1866.)
1866.—FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY.
Schooner “ Wingaersheek ” arrived at Annisquam on Friday last (July
20) from the bay with 313 barrels of mackerel. This is the first ar-
rival of the season, and the mackerel were in good demand. The 2’s
were sold for $16 and 3’s for $13. This is quite an advance over the
price obtained for the early trips last year, when they were sold for $11.62
and $8,50. Other vessels are daily expected to arrive, and as mackerel
are scarce the trips will be in good demand and bring very remuner-
ative prices.—(Cape Aun Advertiser, July 27, 1866.)
1866.—THE BAY MACKEREL FISHERY.
Since our last issue 14 vessels have arrived from the bay, averaging
about 200 barrels apiece. They report seeing plenty of mackerel, but
they were rather backward about biting. Most of the vessels that have
been spoken have from 150 to 200 barrels, and the prospect for the fall
catch is considered very good. Out of nearly 400 sail of vessels in the
business, but 20 have as yet arrived home, and during the coming three
weeks there will undoubtedly quite a large number arrive to fit away
for their fall trips. Some of the fleet, in order not to lose any time,
will ship their mackerel home by the steamers and refit from there.
Prices have slightly declined the present week, but there are so few
mackerel in the market that they will have a tendency to advance
rather than decrease in price. Shore mackerel continue scarce, and are
in good demand.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 10, 1866.)
1866.—A BIG HAUL IN A PURSE-SEINE.
Schooner “Oconee,” engaged in shore mackereling, arrived at this port
on Monday with 240 barrels of mackerel, which she obtained in three
seinings. At the third haul it was estimated that there were 500 barrels
in the seine, and the pressure was so great that it burst while drawing
it up, and a large portion of the mackerel escaped. They succeeded,
however, in saving about 140 barrels, all large and fat. The ‘ Oconee”
was absent but ten days, and will make a very handsome stock.—(Cape
Ann Advertiser, August 17, 1866.)
1866.—COMPARATIVE SCARCITY OF MACKEREL.
Twenty-one vessels have arrived from the bay since our last issue,
making a total of 79 that have thus far arrived home, leaving about
three-quarters of the fleet that will make but one trip. There is quite
amarked difference in the appearance of our wharves at the present
time compared with last season. Here and there a vessel may be seen
discharging her mackerel, but most of the wharves have decidedly a
382 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [292]
deserted appearance. Last year at this time about all of the baymen
had arrived from their first trips, and the cullers, coopers, and packers
were up to their eyes in business. Should the vessels succeed in getting
good trips this fall, they will make a fair season’s work if mackerel con-
tinue at present prices; but the aggregate catch will fall far short of
jast year’s, and the business prove far less lucrative. The shore fleet
have met with rather poor success the past fortnight, and but few mack-
erel have been landed.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 31, 1866.)
1866.—MACKEREL IN GLOUCESTER HARBOR.
Mackerel have been quite plenty in our harbor the present week, and
the small boats have done a very good business in catching them. Some
of them were very large and fat.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, September 7,
1866.)
1866.—DECIDED ADVANCE IN PRICES.
The market continues firm and prices are greatly advanced on those
of last season. No. 1 are $6 higher; No. 2 show an increase of $5 and
No. 3, $3.75.
About 2,000 barrels (bay) in the market. Last sales at $22.50, $17.50,
and $13.25 for Nos. 1, 2, and 3. Shore in light receipt; sales of No. 1
at $22.75.—( Ibid.)
1866.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
There have been 42 arrivals from the bay since our last issue, the ves-
sels averaging about 200 barrels apiece. About one-third of the fleet
have now arrived home from their first trips, and as the season has now
become so far advanced there will probably be but few, if any, more
arrivals for the present, as it will be too late to return for a second trip.
Mackerel have slightly declined the past week, owing to the late arriv-
als, but the probability is the prices will again advance, as the stock
on hand will not begin to supply the demand constantly being made on
our market. Some of the shore fleet have done pretty well of late, but
the seiners have not met with very good luck.—(Cape Ann Advertiser,
September 14, 1866.)
1866.— ROUGH WEATHER IN THE BAY.—THE FLEET EXPECTED HOME,
There have been seven arrivals from the bay the past week, one at
Annisquam from her second trip, and six at this port from their first
trips. They report very rough weather in the bay the past month, and
there is scarcely one day out of a week that is suitable for fishing. The
vessels that have arrived home during the past fortnight will not return
for a second trip, but will make up their season’s work on this shore.
The shore mackerel fleet have not done much lately, but there is yet
opportunity of doing something next month should the mackerel con-
tinue on the coast. * * *
(293] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 383
It will be busy times on our wharves next month, as there are upwards
of 300 sail of baymen that will probably arrive home during October,
and the work of culling, packing, coopering, &c., will call for quite a
large force of men.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, September 28, 1866.)
1866.—THE SHORE MACKEREL FLEET.
The shore fleet of mackerel catchers, numbering about 400 sail, have
been off the Cape the present week, the mackerel having struck this way.
On Saturday last there was pretty good fishing in Ipswich Bay, and some
of the vessels did well. There does not appear to be a large body of
mackerel off shore, but they cruise in single schools, which is not so
favorable for a big catch. On Tuesday afternoon about 100 sail came
into our harbor and remained over night, leaving at daylight on Wed-
nesday morning. They report mackerel rather shy, but consider the
prospect good.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 5, 1866.)
1866.—SUCCESS OF THE SHORE FLEET.
The shore mackereling fleet found very good fishing on Saturday, Sun-
day, and Monday, in Ipswich Bay, some of the vessels catching as high
as 40 and 50 wash-barrels of large fat mackerel. Monday night it com-
menced blowing heavily, and the larger portion of the fleet came into
our harbor, where they remained through Tuesday.—(Cape Ann Adver-
tiser, October 12, 1866.)
1866.—SUNDAY KEEPERS.
About 100 sail of the mackerel fleet, designated as ‘‘ Sabbath-keepers,”
lay at anchor on Sunday evening on the verge of the outer harbor,
stretching across from Norman’s Woe to the Point. At early dawn they
made sail and joined the remainder of the fleet off Rockport.—(Lbid.)
1866.—HIGH LINE OF THE FLEET.
The schooner “ Waterfall,” of Southport, Me., claims the flag for being
“high line” of the fishing fleet this season. Her fare since the 10th of
June last is 810 barrels of mackerel, about two-thirds of which are No.
Vs. Whether or not any of the Cape Ann vessels will exceed this remains
to be proved.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 12, 1866.)
A paragraph is going the rounds of the papers stating that schooner
“Lucy J. Warren,” of Deer Isle, Me., is “high line” of the bay fleet this
season, having landed 846 barrels of mackerel since June 17.
We happen to know of two vessels belonging to this port that have
done much better than that, viz, schooner ‘“ Electric Flash” has landed
923 barrels of mackerel in two trips to the bay, and the “ Wildfire” has
landed 875 barrels. The “ Electric Flash” consequently has the honor of
being ‘high line” of the bay fleet the present season.—(Cape Ann Ad-
vertiser, November 2, 1866.)
384 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [294]
1866.—ARRIVAL HOME OF THE BAYMEN.
The baymen have come in quite freely the past week, 93 sail having
arrived since our last issue. The vessels that have been absent all the
season bring in pretty good fares, but the second trips are rather slim,
some vessels bringing in as low as twenty-five barrels. Weshould judge
the aggregate catch would prove full one-third less than last season,
but the increase in price will probably make up the deficiency in catch,
so that the trips will average about as wellas last year. There are now
about sixty vessels to arrive, which will close up the business for the
season. Prices continue firm at $18 and $16, and the market is quite
active.
The prospect now is that the supply for fall and winter consumption
will prove far less than the demand, and that prices will advance rather
than decline.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 2, 1866.)
1866.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
In the spring of 1866 I engaged in the southern mackerel fishery, in
the schooner “Lizzie F. Choate,” starting on our trip earlyin May. We
fished principally about the south side of Long Island, from Sandy Hook
to Montauk, and in the vicinity of Block Island and Noman’s Land.
Mackerel that spring were not inclined to take the hook very readily,
and therefore we obtained only a small fare of about 45 or 50 barrels.
We were absent from Gloucester about four weeks, part of which time
was occupied in obtaining a supply of menhaden at Seaconnet River, to
be used for mackerel bait in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence during the
summer. a
After returning from the south we went to the bay, where we arrived
about the middle of June. On our first trip we fished almost exclu-
sively between Bonaventure and Prince Edward Island—that is to say,
on Bank Orphan and Bank Bradley; off North Cape of Prince Edward
Island; along the west shore, from Point Escuminac to Point Miscou,
and to a limited degree in the Bay of Cahleur. Wesucceeded in catch-
ing 275 barrels of mackerel, arriving home about the beginning of
September. We reached the bay on our second trip on the 13th day of
September, proceeding immediately to the Magdalen Islands, where
in five days we caught 115 barrels of fine fat mackerel. After that the
fish discontinued biting in the vicinity of the Magdalens, and we ran
across to the north side of Prince Edward Island, about North Cape
and in the vicinity of Malpec, where mackerel were found quite abun-
dant, and where a fleet of about 300 sail had collected. Here we did
quite well, so that when we had been in the bay eighteen days we had
between 250 and 300 barrels of mackerel. At this time we were off
Maipec, and a strong blow from the southwest having come on, we went
in there with the fleet (which numbered about 250 or 300 sail) for the
purpose of filling water, which we stood much in need of, expecting,
[295] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 385
as a matter of course, that we would be able to return to the fishing-
ground in one or two days at the farthest. The wind came out from
northeast on the following day, and continued in an easterly direction
almost uninterrupted for nearly two weeks. All of the vessels, includ-
ing our own, were kept in harbor almost as if we had been in prison.
During the time, however, the fleet managed to get out for a few hours
on one or two occasions, but an easterly wind springing up before the
vessels had an opportunity of getting an offing compelled them to run
back again in the harbor, since it would have been extremely hazard-
ous, to say the least, at this season of the year, to have remained out
during the night on a lee shore so notoriously dangerous as that on the
north side of Prince Edward Island. Though the easterly winds were
not so extremely heavy, their long continuance made a heavy swell,
which broke with great violence across the bar at the entrance to Mal-
pee Harbor, and rendered any attempt to get out exceedingly risky. On
one occasion a vessel which started to pass the bar with a light breeze
was carried into such shoal water by the current and undertow that she
grounded on the sand, and was only saved from destruction by the
efforts of her own and the crews of various other vessels.
While this large fleet was thus kept in harbor, a smaller number of
vessels, some 30 or 40, which were around the north cape of the island,
succeeded in obtaining a very large catch of mackerel, nearly every one
of these vessels getting a full fare in two weeks. By the time the
larger fleet was able to leave Malpec the schools of mackerel in that
vicinity and about North Cape had evidently departed, and the vessels
scattered in different directions, according to the judgment of the sev-
eral skippers, some of them going to the Magdalens and the others in
the direction of the east point of Prince Edward Island and the north
shore of Cape Breton. However, by this time it was late in the season,
and the weather had become so boisterous that fishing could be carried
on only on occasional days. A few good catches of mackerel were ob-
tained about the Magdalen Islands after this, which practically finished
the season’s work. On the whole, we secured a fare of 315 barrels, and
left the bay about the 20th of October. The mackerel caught in 1866
were of large size and of good quality, but were far less abundant than
during the previous year.
1867.—THE SPRING MACKEREL FISHERY.
The southern mackerel fishery is being prosecuted by the usual num-
ber of vessels, and late advices represent the prospect as good. Some
of the fleet are landing their mackerel fresh, and obtain very good prices.
Mackerel are also reported very plenty off Cape Cod, and some pretty big
hauls have recently been made by the Provincetown seiners. The pros-
pect for the shore mackereling fleet is certainly most encouraging.
The bay mackerel fishery will be quite extensively prosecuted the
present season, but the vessels will not engage in it so early as they did
S. Mis. 110——25
386 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [296]
last year. But few, if any, of the fleet will sail before the middle of
June.
There will probably be some 400 sail of vessels employed in the
business from this port.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 24, 1867.)
1867.—ALARGE BAY FLEET.
Considerable activity now prevails at our wharves and railways, as
the early mackerel fieet are getting ready to start, and in about a fort-
night quite a number of vessels will be on their way tothe Bay of Saint
Lawrence. (* * *
We shall have the largest fleet of vessels engaged in the bay fishery
this season that has ever prosecuted it, and most of them will make two
trips. - The shore mackerel fishery will also be extensively prosecuted.—
(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 7, 1867.)
1867.—UNUSUAL SUCCESS OF THE SOUTHERN FLEET.
The southern mackerel fishery has proved very successful this season.
The fleet have arrived home with good fares, averaging about 200 bar-
rels each. Most of the vessels are now absent on their second trip, and
the prospect is said to be very encouraging. It is seldom that the fleet
make but one trip out south, but this year mackerel are sufficiently
plently in those waters to warrant the undertaking. We learn that one
vessel has arrived at Newburyport with a second fare, having landed
upwards of 500 barrels on both trips.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June
14, 1867.)
1867.—THE BAY FLEET.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL.
Some 50 sail of vessels have left for the bay this week and others
will speedily follow. In the course of a fortnight there will be from
two to three hundred sail of vessels in the business.
Advices from the early bay fleet represent mackerel rather scarce,
and the prospect not very encouraging. The highest trip reported was
50 barrels.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 12, 1867.)
1867.—A GCOD SCHOOL ON GEORGE’S.
Mackerel have been quite plenty on George’s lately, and those of the
fleet who were lucky enough to be there did well. About a dozen ves-
sels have arrived, averaging about 200 barrels each, which were quickly
disposed of at remunerative prices.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 2,
1867.)
1867.—AMERICAN MACKEREL SCHOONERS FISHING IN THE GULF OF
SAINT LAWRENCE REQUIRED TO PAY LICENSE TO THE CANADIAN
GOVERNMENT.
In 1867, after the expiration of the “reciprocity treaty,” the Canadian
Government imposed a tax of 50 cents per ton on all American vessels
[297] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 387
for the privilege of participating in the inshore fisheries of the Domin-
ion. For this sum a license was granted which, for the purpose above
specified, continued good for the year. Afterwards this tax was in-
creased to $2 per ton.
Capt. Fitz J. Babson, collector of customs of Gloucester, Mass.,
writes: ‘‘ This tax was considered as an onerous burden by American
fishermen, but was submitted to, more in order to prevent capture and
confiscation than for the fishing privileges accorded ; upon the increase
of this tax American vessels generally refused to pay it, preferring
rather the risk of annoyance and capture.”
1867.—FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY.—REPORTED SCARCITY OF
MACKEREL.
Schooner “Addie M. Story” arrived from the Bay of Saint Lawrence
on Tuesday, with 250 barrels of mackerel, having been absent about
eight weeks. This is the first arrival of the season. Captain Rowe
reports mackerel scarce and the fleet not doing much. The prospect
now is that most of the vessels will make but one trip.—(Cape Ann Ad-
vertiser, August 9, 1867.)
1867.—ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY.
Seventeen vessels have arrived from the bay since our last issue,
making twenty in all this season—less than one-half the number that
had arrived last year up to this time. About 3,500 barrels have thus
far been landed, which is exceedingly slim doings. The fleet come
along very slowly, and the prospect now is that a large proportion ot
them will make but one trip.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 23, 1867.)
Fifty-three vessels have arrived from the bay during the past week,
leaving about twenty sail to come. About 12,000 barrels of mackerel
have been brought in by the above fleet, averaging 236 barrels toa ves-
sel, most of which have been in the bay all the season, making but one
trip. The market is rather quiet the present week and buyers are
not disposed to purchase very freely. Holders are firm at $15 for No.
Vs, although a few lots caught early in the season have been sold at
$14.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 8, 1867.)
Forty vessels have arrived from the bay since our last issue, bringing
about 8,000 barrels of mackerel.—(Ibid.)
Thirty-eight vessels, with a total of 7,000 barrels of mackerel, had
arrived from the Bay of Saint Lawrence during the month of August.—
(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 30, 1867.)
1867.—GooD MACKEREL FARES FROM GEORGE’S.
Schooner “B, K. Hough” arrived from George’s last Friday and the
“ Kearsarge” on Monday, with full trips of mackerel. These vessels
have made two trips to George’s the present season, landing in the ag-
gregate 1,180 barrels of mackerel—(Cape Ann Advertiser, September
6, 1867.)
388 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [298]
1867.—SMALL CATCH OF MACKEREL BY THE BAY AND SHORE FLEETS.
Mackerel still continue very scarce, and the receipts of both shore and
bay are very light. The eastern fleet are doing but little, and the pros-
pect of a successful fall catch is anything but encouraging. About
2,200 barrels have arrived from the bay the past week, which have been
quickly taken at advanced prices. We quote sales of No. Vs at $21.50
to $21; No. 2’s, $13.50 to $13.25. Shore very scarce with slight ad-
vance. Least sales of No. 1’s at $18.50; No. 2, $13.25. The mackerel
catch this season will probably be fully one-third less than that of last.—
(Cape Ann Advertiser, September 27, 1867.)
BOYS IN THE MACKEREL FISHING.
James 8. MeDonald, about fourteen years of age, has caught the
present season 36 barrels of mackerel, and James Babson, fifteen years
of age, 40 barrels.—(Lbid.)
1867.—HIGH LINE OF THE MACKEREL FLEET.
The Newburyport Herald states that the schooner “'Tanny” takes the
palm for this season among the mackerel fleet, having landed 910 bar-
rels, which stocked $13,000.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 15,
1867.)
1867.—REVIEW OF THE MACKEREL FISHERIES.
The shore mackerel and seining business has been largely engaged in,
but has proved far less remunerative than last year. The southern
fleet did remarkably well; but the shore fleet has not done as poorly
for many years.
The bay mackerel fishing has proved rather unprofitable the present
season. Less than one-third of the fleet have made two trips, and the
catch will fall far short of last year.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November
22, 1867.)
1867.—REMINISCENCES BY CAPT. J. W. COLLINS. :
Toward the latter part of May, in 1867, I started on a mackerel trip
to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the “Lizzie F. Choate.” We arrived
in the bay about the 1st of June; but, notwithstanding we cruised over
all the fishing-grounds usually resorted to at this season, we failed to
catch any mackerel until about the middle of the month, and none were
taken by other vessels, so far as we could learn, any earlier. Mackerel
that year were all large size, as during the two previous seasons, but
were apparently not so plentiful as the year before. We fished on the
ground usually resorted to in the early summer, but obtained the best
catches in the deep water between Bank Orphan and Bank Bradley,
where, on one occasion, we took, in a single day, 50 or 60 barrels of
[299] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 389
mackerel. Having obtained a fare of 500 barrels about the middle of
August, we returned home, arriving in Gloucester on the 26th. We
packed out our fish and again went back to the bay on a second trip.
After arriving in the bay the second time we fished principally about
the Magdalens and the north shore of Prince Edward Island, especially
in the vicinity of Malpeec, and the North Cape of the island. On one
occasion during the fall, while fishing near Cascumpec with a large
fleet, a smart northwest gale came on very suddenly in the afternoon,
and most of the fleet went into Malpec. We also made an attempt to
enter the harbor, but owing to the crowded condition of the vessels in
the channel and the danger of being injured by a collision, decided to
run out again and lay by for the night, which we did. During the night
the iron plate on the stem to whicb our jibstay set up, was carried
away and obliged us to go into harbor the following day for repairs.
We were detained in Malpec several days on account of the strong
winds and stormy weather. After leaving the harbor we ran up to-
ward North Cape, trying the ground with the fleet, but failed to find
mackerel in satisfactory numbers. We therefore ran across to the
Magdalens, where we continued fishing with indifferent success until
well into October. Being caught out in a northeast gale, which came
on suddenly one afternoon, we had our sails badly torn, and were
obliged to run across the following day to Port Hood for shelter, from
which place we proceded to Canso for repairs and to land a sick man.
Leaving Canso, we ran across again to the Magdalens; but not finding
any mackerel, returned to Port Hood. In the mean time, during the
four or five days while we had been absent at the Magdalens, a fleet of
vessels had found mackerel exceedingly abundant about Margaree
Island and Cheticamp, on the north side of Cape Breton, and had ob-
tained exceedingly large catches, in some instances almost entire fares
having been caught in this short time. The day on which we arrived at
Port Hood, with other vessels from the Magdalens, the wind was north-
east, blowing a strong breeze, and most of the vessels which had been
engaged in fishing along the Cape Breton shore ran into Port Hood for
aharbor. On the following day, the wind having changed to the south-
west, we, together with many of the other vessels, ran down to the north-
eastward, along the Cape Breton shore, past Margaree, to Cheticamp,
where we found a fleet of about 75 sail of schooners busily engaged in
catching mackerel, which were biting eagerly just off the mouth of the
harbor. Although we did not reach the fleet until about noon, and had
consequently but few hours to fish, we succeeded in taking 75 wash-barrels
of fine large mackerel. That night most of the fleet lay to off Cheticamp,
preferring to do this instead of anchoring in this one-sided and extremely
unsafe harbor. On the following morning it was found that the body of
mackerel had changed its position considerably, and the fish were first
found off the eastern end of Cheticamp Island some six or seven miles
from where they had been taken the previous afternoon. By this time a
390 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [300]
fleet of 250 sail or more had gathered on the fishing-ground; the wind
blew a smart breeze trom the southwest, and the mackerel, which were
near or at the surface, were moving northeastwardly in the direction of
Cape North. The fishermen, feeling that it was their last chance of the
season to obtain any fish, made every possible effort to improve the op-
portunity, and the scene soon became wild and exciting in the extreme.
The vessels crowded closely in masses wherever the fish were biting
best, the eagerness of the fishermen rendering them in many instances
reckless to a fault; booms and bowsprits were carried away ; sails were
torn; boats smashed up; and in some cases the broadsides of vessels
were crushed in, leaving them almost in a sinking condition off a rock-
bound and dangerous coast many miles from any safe harbor. Though
the mackerel bit very eagerly while alongside the vessel it was impossi-
ble to detain them in their onward course for any length of time. The
consequence of this was that the vessels were in constant motion, shift-
ing continually to leeward in the direction which the fish were going.
Most of the vessels obtained good catches, and we succeeded in taking
about 50 wash-barrels during the day. That night a considerable por-
tion of the fleet passed around Cape Breton, but, owing to the strong
winds which prevailed for several days thereafter, no reasonable oppor-
tunity was offered for pursuing the mackerel any farther, and the vessels
were obliged to seek shelter in Sydney Harbor, the season by this time
becoming so far advanced that there was no reasonable prospect of any
more mackerel for the year; therefore, as soon as the state of the weather
permitted, most of the vessels started for home. We arrived in Glou-
cester early in November with a fare of 375 barrels.
1868.—THE SPRING MACKEREL FISHERY.
The southern mackerel fishery will be extensively prosecuted the pres-
ent season. Some of the fleet have already commenced to fit away,
and by the latter part of the month there will be quite a large fleet in
readiness to start.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, April 4, 1868.)
The southern mackerel fleet have about all sailed. There are from
40 to 50 vessels in the business this season—a much larger number
than have ever prosecuted it before.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May
8, 1868.)
The prospect of a successful catch of mackerel by the southern fleet
is quite encouraging. One vessel arrived at New York on Friday, after
two days’ absence, with 10,000 mackerel in number; another had taken
50 barrels in a week’s cruise.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 22, 1868.)
The fishermen are having a lively time of it in Barnstable Bay. On
Monday 5,500 mackerel were taken, which were shipped to Boston.
Three hundred barrels of mackerel passed over the Cape Cod Rail-
road, Tuesday and Wednesday of last week, for New York and Boston,
caught by the Cape fishermen.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 22, 1868.)
[301 | HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 391
1868.—INCREASE IN THE PRICE DEMANDED POR LICENSE TO FISH
IN BRITISH WATERS.
Information has been receved at Ottawa from England that the
British Government has agreed to fix the tax on American vessels fish-
ing in Canadian waters at $2 per ton, and that the three warnings here-
tofore required to be given to American fishing vessels will be dispensed
with. * * * Our fishermen would not object to a reasonable tax,
but $2 per ton is altogether too much.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May
15, 1868.)
1868.—FIRST ARRIVALS OF THE SOUTHERN FLEET.
Two eastern vessels have arrived at this port from the south the
present week with about 150 barrels of mackerel each. ‘These are the
first arrivals of the season, and the mackerel met with very ready sales.
None of the Gloucester fleet have as yet arrived.—(Cape Ann Advertiser,
June 5, 1868.)
1868.—MACKEREL PLENTY OFF BOSTON.
Mackerel have been quite plenty in the bay (Massachusetts Bay) the past
week. The school has mostly tended off Boston harbor, and there has
been a large catch. They have been retailed for 3 cents each, and the
demand has been quite lively.—( bid.)
1868.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY; FITTING AWAY OF THE BAY FLEET};
SEINING TO BE TRIED IN THE BAY.
The George’s fishery is now slacking up a little and some of the ves-
sels are hauling off, preparatory to fitting away for the bay of Saint
Lawrence. <A few of the fleet have already sailed, and by the last of
the month there will be quite a number of vessels on their way there.
The bay fleet will be quite as large as it was last season. * * *, A
new feature will be introduced in this branch of the fisheries this season;
that of seining. Some seven or eight vessels are to engage in the bus-
iness, which it is expected will prove very remunerative. It is an ex-
periment that has never tried, but we see no reason why it should not
prove as successful as seining on this shore. Should the vessels which
are to engage in it find it profitable, it will no doubt be more exten-
sively engaged in another season.
The southern fleet having had very bad weather through the month
of May, are rather backward on their trips this season, and but few of
them have arrived home. Another week will probably bring along most
of the fleet in time to fit for the bay.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 12,
1868.)
1868.—THE SOUTHERN FISHERY.
Some fourteen sail of vessels have arrived from the south the present
week with good fares of mackerel, averaging about 200 barrels ecah.
392 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [302]
The mackerel sell readily at remunerative prices (from $6.50 to $9.75),
and the business bids fair to prove as successful as last season. Some
of the vessels have sailed on second trips, but most of the fleet will fit
away for the bay on their arrival home.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June
19, 1868.)
Schooner ‘‘Cyrena Ann” arrived from a southern mackereling cruise
on Tuesday, with 325 barrels of mackerel. About 100 barrels of the trip
were taken on George’s, which were of good size, and the first caught
there this season. Captain Elwell has been absent about six weeks, and
the vessel will probably stock rising $3,000. This is the best mackerel
trip of the season.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 3, 1868.)
1868.—A GOOD TRIP FROM GEORGE'S.
Schooner ‘‘Maud Muller” arrived from George’s yesterday with 200
barrels of mackerel, having been absent about three weeks. She spoke
several of the Gloucester fleet on the banks, all of which are doing
well.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 31, 1868.)
1868... _ UNFAVORABLE REPORTS FROM THE BAY.
The reports from the bay are not so encouraging as could be desired.
Mackerel are scarce, and the fleet doing little. The catch last season
Showed considerable falling off from the previous year, and appearances
would seem to indicate a light catch this season.—(Ibid.)
1868.— MACKEREL ABUNDANT ON GEORGE’S.
The mackerel fleet on George’s are meeting with excellent luck of late,
and some very good fares have been landed the last week. The mack-
erel are of good quality, and the vessels are doing much better than those
that have gone to the bay. One vessel which started for the bay stop-
ped to try for mackerel on the banks, and returned home on Monday,
with 230 barrels. The eastern shore fleet are also doing better of late,
and the prospect now is that the home-catch will prove far more remun-
erative than the bay the present season.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, Au-
gust 7, 1868.)
EXCELLENT SUCCESS OF ONE OF THE SHORE FLEET.
Schooner “Eureka” is high line of the mackerel fleet from this port,
having already landed 800 barrels thus far this season. She has made
four trips and her net stock is $904.—/( Ibid.)
1868.—FIRST ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY.—REPORTED SCARCITY OF
MACKEREL IN THE GULF.—PRICES.
Schooner “A. H. Wonson” arrived from the Bay Saint Lawrence
yesterday with 200 barrels of mackerel, having been absent nine weeks.
This is the first arrival of the season, and is about a week later than
[303] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 393
the first arrival last year. Captain Webber reports mackerel very
scarce, and the fleet not doing much. He heard of no vessel having over
100 barrels.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 14, 1868.)
Schooner ‘Sargent 8. Day” arrived from bay, on Wednesday, with 125
barrels of mackerel, having been absent since the 1st of June. This is
the second arrival of the season, and rather a poor fare; but there are
many of the fleet who have not done as wellasthis. * * * Lastyear
38 sailing vessels arrived during the month of August, averaging about
180 barr@ls each. The scarcity of mackerel causes prices to rule high,
and bay 1 sell at $25.25, against $18 last season. The shore fleet bring
in some pretty good fares lately, which meet with ready sale.—(Cape
Ann Advertiser, August 21, 1868.)
1868.— ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY.
Twenty-one vessels have arrived from the bay since our last issue,
averaging about 150 barrels each. The total number of arrivals thus
far this season is 41, and an aggregate of 6,000 barrels of mackerel,
against 65 vessels and 13,000 barrels up to this time last year—quite a
large falling off.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, September 11, 1868.)
1868.—AMERICAN VESSELS NOT TROUBLED BY ENGLISH CRUISERS
IN THE BAY.
Thus far, the mackerel fleet fishing at the bay have not been troubled
by English cruisers. There seems to be a good feeling prevalent in that
quarter, and the American fishermen catch mackerel whenever and
wherever they can prevail upon them to take the hook.—(Jbid.)
1868.— MACKEREL IN GLOUCESTER HARBOR.
Mackerel made their appearance in our harbor on Saturday for the
first time this season. They were of small size. The schools have also
shown themselves several times this week.—(Cape Ann Advertiser,
September 18, 1868.)
1868.—THE BAYMEN.—DOINGS OF THE SHORE AND GEORGE’S FLEET.
There have been but few arrivals from the bay the past week, as those
of the fleet that intend making two trips have about all arrived home.
Several of the vessels which had small fares have shipped them by
steamer, and refitted there for a second trip. Less than one-fifth of the
fleet will make two trips, and there will be a great falling off in the
catch from last season, providing all the vessels get full fares this fall.
About 1,000 barrels of shore have arrived the past week, but the
George’s fleet have done nothing, the mackerel having left the banks.—
(Lbid.)
394 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [304]
1868.—INFLUENCE OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY ON THE WELFARE OF
THE FISHING TOWNS.
The success of the mackerel fleet, both at the bay and off-shore, is
looked forward to with deep interest. There is much depending upon
the fall catch.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, September 15, 1868.)
1868.— SCARCITY OF MACKEREL ATTRIBUTED TO BLUEFISH.
Bluefish have been unusually plenty on this coast the preser season,
and the fishermen attribute the scarcity of mackerel to this fact. They
are great destroyers of smaller fish, especially of mackerel, and when-
ever they come, the “smallfry” get away as soon as possible.—(Cape Ann
Advertiser, September 25, 1868.)
1868.—SUCCESSFUL CATCHES MADE BY THE SEINERS OFF THE NEW
ENGLAND COAST.—UNFAVORABLE NEWS FROM THE BAY.
The weather the past week has been very favorable for the shore fleet,
and the seiners have had pretty good luck, some of them taking from
100 to 150 barrels in one day. The mackerel, however, do not take the
hook very readily. They are of large size, and if the good weather
holds on the fleet will yet have an opportunity of making up a fair sea-
son’s work. The baymen are picking up a few mackerel when the
weather is favorable; but the catch there will not be large, and those
vessels that succeed in making even one good trip will be fortunate.
Late advices from there are not very encouraging.—(Cape Ann Adver-
tiser, October 2, 1868.)
1868.—ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY.—SLIM DOINGS.
Fifty-six sail of vessels have arrived from the bay since our last issue,
most of them with light fares. There are upwards of 100 sail yet to ar-
rive, most of which will be along by the middle of the month. ' So far
as we can learn the vessels will average about 150 barrels each, which
is rather slim doings for those that have been down there all the season.
There will be quite a falling off in the cateh—fully one-half.—(Cape Ann
Advertiser, November 6, 1868.)
A large portion of the bay fleet have arrived the present week, leav-
ing about 10 sail tocome. In consequence of the light catch the market
is very active, and fares are sold as soon as landed. Prices are improv-
ing, sales yesterday being effected at $22, and the probability is that
they will go still higher.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 13, 1868.
1868.—SAD RESULTS OF THE FAILURE OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY
IN 1868.
The mackereling season is rapidly drawing to a close, and with some
few exceptions the profits are on the wrong side of the ledger. Every-
[805] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 395
thing has been done within the power of mortals to render the season a
successful one. The vessels have been on the ground early and late,
and in some instances days have merged into weeks without having a real
lively catch. This has been exceedingly discouraging, no one can
deny. * * *
That there are very many families in this town who have no money
wherewith to support life the coming winter, on account of the poor re-
turns of the mackerel season, is also a fact that stares us in the face in
these dull and cheerless days of November. * * * The fishermen
with families dependent upon them for bread are eager and anxious to
be earning. It is no fault of theirs that they have nota balance of two
or three hundred dollars whereby to meet the wants of their families.
They did their best and failed. Such men are deserving of praise and
substantial encouragement. * * *
Let us hope that winter fishing will yield good returns; andit hardly
seems possible that there can be another unsuccessful mackereling sea-
son to follow in the footsteps of the past three years.—(Cape Ann Ad-
vertiser, November 13, 1867.)
1868.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
During the early part of 1863 I was engaged in the cod fisheries on
George’s and Western Bank; but leaving this fishery, I started for the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence on the schooner “Glenwood” in July. We
fished about the north side of Prince Edward Island, on Bank Bradley
along the west shore, in the Bay of Chaleur, and about the Magdalens.
Mackerel were large, but perceptibly scarcer than for a number of years
previous. Having obtained a fare of over 200 barrels, we returned
home in the latter part of August to pack out our fish and refit for a
second trip to the bay. On our second trip we fished chiefly about the
Magdalens, though to some extent off east point of Prince Edward
Island and along the north shore of Cape Breton. We obtained a fare
of good barrels, and arrived home about the middle of November.
1868.—_MACKEREL FISHERY ON THE FRENCH COAST.
The mackerel fishing on the French coast is at present exceedingly
good. Two smacks have just returned to Dieppe, one with 12,060 fish
and the other with 18,525. Also a boat belonging te Boulogne has
brought in nearly 18,000.—(Barnstable Patriot, May 12, 1868.)
1869.—AMERICAN VESSELS IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
The following statement of the number of fishing vessels in the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence mackerel fishery and the American shore mackerel
fishery, was submitted by David W. Low to the Halifax Commission :*
Barrels.
194 vessels in Gulf, average catch 209 barrels... 2.2 2..cecces voc cce coc eoe wees 40, 546
151 vessels off shore, average catch 222 barrels .:.. ...... ...--. ---. 2-02 -22n-= 3d) 008
Mackerel caught by boats and some eastern vessels, paeked in Gloucester ...- 19,028
*Documents and Proceedings Halifax Commission, 1877, U.S. edition, p. 2595.
396 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [306]
1869.—MACKEREL FISHING IN CAPE COD BAY.
Three thousand mackerel were taken in the last weir at Provincetown
in two nights.—(Provincetown Advertiser, June 23, 1869.)
1869.—FALL FISHERY IN CAPE COD BAY.
M. L. Adams caught, on Thursday morning in his weir, eight tons of
mackerel, and Thursday evening, 2,200 mackerel.—(Provincetown Ad-
vertiser, November 10, 1869.)
1869.—HIGH PRICE FOR MACKEREL.
Bay mackerel have advanced to $28 per barrel, $1.10 more than they
sold for last year at this time.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, April 30, 1869.)
1869.—FRESH MACKEREL IN BOSTON.
Fresh mackerel have made their appearance in Boston market the
past week, and are selling for 30 and 35 cents apiece.—(Cape Ann Ad-
vertiser, May 7, 1859.)
1869.—GOOD CATCHES OF THE PROVINCETOWN GILL-NETTERS.
The several Provincetown mackerel fishermen, which have been ren-
dezvousing in Barnstable Harbor, have been very successful the past
week. On some days they have averaged 2,000 [mackerel] to a boat.
They are taken by nets.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 14, 1869.)
1869.— EARLY APPEARANCE OF MACKEREL OFF CAPE ANN.—GOOD
CATCHES BY THE SEINERS.
Mackerel have been quite plenty off this shore the past week, and the
seiners have made some pretty good hauls. One vessel belonging to
this port took as high as 120 wash-barrels on Monday ; and others from
20 to 50 wash-barrels. None of the southern fleet have as yet arrived.
One Gloucester vessel has been into New York with a small fare which
were sold for $500. Mackerel are earlier than usual offshore this sea-
son, and the prospect for the home fleet is very encouraging.—(Cape
Ann Advertiser, May 28, 1869.)
1869.— FIRST ARRIVALS FROM THE SOUTH,.—PRICES.
Schooner “Hattie Lewis” arrived at this port on Saturday, from
the south, with 205 barrels of mackerel, and the “Northern Light” on
Wednesday with 50 barrels. Yesterday the schooner “Colorado” ar-
rived with 250 barrels, and others of the fleet are daily expected. These
_ are the first arrivals of the season, the mackerel selling for $8 and $10
per barrel. The reports from the fleet do not indicate a very heavy
catch thus far, but there is yet time for the vessels to make fair trips
before fitting for the bay.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 4, 1869.)
[307] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 397
1869.—BIG CATCH IN A WEIR AT CAPE COD.
About 100,000 mackerel were taken in the “ Philip Smith weir,” at
Eastham, week before last, netting the owner about $7,000. So says
the Barnstable Patriot.—(J bid.)
1869.—EFFECT OF THE RECIPROCITY TREATY ON NOVA SCOTIA.
The Halifax Chronicle, in speaking of the great need of a reciprocity
between the Dominion and the United States, has the following signifi-
cant article :
Our rulers should have common sense enough to cease prating about
the Dominion dignity, and to make some strong effort to renew the reci-
procity treaty, the abrogation of which has reduced this country and
the other maritime provinces to a state of comparative destitution.
From the making of the reciprocity treaty until its abrogation, Nova
Scotia increased in wealth and ‘population at a most extraordinary rate;
from its abrogation until the present we have retrograded with the most
frightful rapidity. Want of a good market has depreciated the value
of our coal mines, has nearly pauperized our fishermen, farmers, and
miners, and should this want not be supplied in the only way it can be,
by anew treaty with the United States, Nova Scotia will in five years be
one of the least desirable countries to live in on this continent.—(Cape
Ann Advertiser, July 2, 1869.)
1869.—_THE BAY FISHERY.—GOOD CATCH ON GEORGE’S.
A dispatch was received in town on Monday by the owners of schooner
“Finance,” stating that she had landed 260 barrels of mackerel. Some
good fares of mackerel have also been taken on George’s lately.—(Cape
Ann Advertiser, July 30, 1869.)
1869.—_FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY.
Schooner ‘ Carleton” arrived from the bay on Wednesday, with 300
barrels of mackerel. This is the first vessel that has arrived from there
this season. The “Carleton” made her trip in less than six weeks.—
(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 20, 1869.)
1869.— ARRIVAL OF THE BAYMEN.—INFERIOR QUALITY OF BAY
MACKEREL.—PRICES.—SUCCESS OF THE SHORE FLEET,
The bay fleet have not come along very freely the present week, but
nine vessels having arrived since our last, making 22 in all that have
arrived thus far this season. The fares average about 250 barrels, and
the mackerel are of fair quality, but not so fat as those caught on this
shore, and do not bring so good prices. Bay ones have been sold
the present week for $18 per barrel, $4 less than the first trips that
were brought in. Some of the fleet have shipped the mackerel home
398 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [308]
by steamer and refitted in the bay for another trip in order to save time,
and the prospect for the fall catch is considered very good. <A large
portion of the fleet went into the bay late in July, and will make but
one trip. The shore fleet are doing fairly of late, and the mackereling
season bids fair to be a successful one.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, Septem-
ber 10, 1869.)
1869.—HIGH LINE OF THE BAY FLEET.
Schooner ‘ Finance,” of this port, has recently landed her second fare
of mackerel, 250 barrels, at Charlottetown (Prince Edward Island), mak-
ing in all 510 barrels landed thus far. On her last trip she took 130
wash-barrels in one day. She is now out on her third trip, and bids fair
to make a great season’s work.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, September 17,
1869.)
1869.—SUCCESS OF THE WELLFLEET SCHOONERS.
The mackerel catchers of Wellfleet have done remarably well. Six-
teen thousand barrels have been landed on the wharves, and 3,500 bar-
rels are now afloat.—(Ibid.)
1869.—THE BAYMEN.
Seven of the bay fleet have arrived since our last issue, bringing
about 1,700 barrels of mackerel.—(Lbid.)
1869.—_ GREAT DISASTER TO THE SHORE MACKEREL FLEET.
A terrific hurricane swept the coast of New England on the 8th of
September, causing great loss of life and property in the mackerel fleet.
The gale came on so suddenly and unexpectedly that the vessels were
not able to reach a harbor in time to escape its fury, and being caught
on a lee shore many of them were driven ashore. The Cape Ann Ad-
vertiser of September 10 and 17 gives detailed accounts of the losses.
1869.—SMALL FALL CATCH IN THE BAY.—LIGHT FARES BROUGHT
HOME BY BAYMEN.
The prospect in the bay in the early part of the season for a success-
ful catch of mackerel was most excellent, as many of the vessels ob-
tained good fares on their arrival there; but the September catch fell
off amazingly, and for the past month the vessels have done nothing at
all.—_(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 28, 1869.)
The bay fleet have mostly arrived home, there being but about forty
sail now absent. The fares brought in are very light, ranging from 20
to 100 barrels, and the market is quite firm at advanced prices. No. Vs.
are selling the present week at $25 per barrel, and No. 2’s at $15.
Shore mackerel are out of the market. The last sales of No. ’s were
made at $26.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 12, 1869.)
[309] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 399
1869.— REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
Having spent the greater part of the fishing-season im the pursuit of
codfish on George’s, Western Bank, Cape North, and the Gulf of Saint
Lawrence, I did not engage inthe mackerel fishery in 1869 until August,
when I went to the bay in the “Glenwood.” We fished principally
about the Magdalens and along the west shore between Escuminac,
Point Miscou, and off the North Cape of Prince Edward Island. The
best catch of mackerel which we obtained was in Miramichi Bay, eight
or ten miles off shore, about the middle of September. At thistime we
had taken, in three or four weeks’ fishing, 140 barrels of fine large mack-
erel, notwithstanding the fact that these fish were still less abundant
than they had been the previous season. <A strange thing occurred in
the mackerel fishery of the Saint Lawrence in the fall of 1869, since the
mackerel appeared to leave the bay much earlier than usual. After the
middle of September but few fish were obtained by any of the fleet, and
none secured large catches. Though we remained in the bay until the
middle of October or later, and made every effort to catch fish on all of
the principal grounds, yet we succeeded in taking only five barrels in
addition to what we previously had, and this amount was a fair average
for the fleet. Some four or five vessels, as it was reported, caught 30 or
40 barrels each off the North Cape of Prince Edward Island about the
last of September or beginning of October ; but, so far as I was able to
learn, no other catches of importance were made after the middle of
September. The vessels that went to the bay early enough to obtain
reasonably good fares before the mackerel left the fishing-grounds were
partially remunerated for the loss of time by the advance in the price of
the fish, which resulted from the small catch.
1870.—SMALL NUMBER OF NEWBURYPORT VESSELS ENGAGED IN THE
SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY.
The Newburyport Herald of the 29th ultimo says: “The southern
fleet will be remarkably small this season, some of the vessels which
usually go south engaging in the herring fisheries at the Magdalen Isl-
ands. This business is thought by some to be more profitable than the
early mackereling trips.”—(Gloucester Telegraph, May 7, 1870.)
1870.— SUCCESS OF THE GILL-NET FISHERY IN BARNSTABLE BAY.
The Cape Cod Gazette says: ‘Six mackerelmen have been doing a
brisk business in meshing mackerel in the bay off Sandwich.”—(Glouces-
ter Telegraph, May 18, 1870.)
SUCCESS OF TWO “‘SOUTH-SHORE” VESSELS.
Schooner “Isaac Somes,” of Harwich, with a crew of 19 men, has
landed this season 1,800 barrels of mackerel; stocked, $15,875; aver-
age stock among the crew, $886.
400 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [310]
Schooner ‘‘ Mary B. Taylor,” of the same port, with a crew of 23 men,
landed 1,912 barrels of mackerel; stocked, $17,400; average stock among
the crew, $756.30.—(Gloucester Telegraph, November 23, 1870.)
1870.—NOTES ON THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY.
A Newport correspondent says that ‘the mackerel fleet as yet, ac-
cording to the most reliable news, have done but a slim business. Some
30 sail of vessels were at Newport on the 17th instant, ready to proceed
to sea, having obtained bait from the Vineyard Sound fish weirs.”—
(Gloucester Telegraph, May 25, 1870.)
1870.—FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE SOUTH.
The schooner “Geo. 8. Low” is the first to arrive from the southern
mackereling grounds, bringing 190 barrels of mackerel of good quality
for the season.—(Gloucester Telegraph, May 28, 1870.)
1870.—SUCCESS OF THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FLEET.
The southern mackerel fleet are meeting with a very fair success.
There have been four arrivals at this port, bringing good fares. Nan-
tucket reports an arrival with 137 barrels, and the Newburyport fleet
have averaged over one hundred barrels each so far this season.—
(Gloucester Telegraph, June 4, 1870.)
1870.— REPORTED SMALL CATCH OF MACKEREL IN THE GULF OF SAINT
LAWRENCE.—PROFITABLE SHORE FISHING.
News from the Bay of Saint Lawrence indicates that the mackerel
catch has been small so far this season, although large schools are re-
ported in the waters about Prince Edward island. The shore macker-
eling business continues to prove profitable, and this, with the troubles
in the bay, will have a tendeney to diminish the number of vessels pur-
suing the bay fishing this season.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 16, 1870.)
1870.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL IN GLOUCESTER HARBOR.
A school of mackerel was in our harbor yesterday. They took to the
hook well, and good fares were secured by anything in the shape of a
boat.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 10, 1870.)
1870.—FISHING IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
The Yarmouth Herald, of last Friday, says: ‘Mackerel are taken in
considerable quantities in our bay, and cod and bass in our weirs.”—
(Gloucester Telegraph, May 18, 1870.)
On Monday of last week the Swampscott fishermen made a good haul
of mackerel off Egg Rock. One schooner took a fare of 80 barrels,
another of 75, and six others made good trips. Some of the drag-boats
brought in from six to eight hundred mackerel apiece from their net-
fishing.—(Gloucester Telegraph, June 8, 1870.)
[311] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 401
1870.—F ALL FISHING IN BARNSTABLE BAY.
The Provincetown netters last week caught considerable quantities of
mackerel in Barnstable Bay; 25,000 were sent to Boston by the steamer
on a recent trip.—(Gloucester Telegraph, November 23, 1870.)
1870.—SPRING MACKEREL FISHERY.
Mackerel are finding their way along the coast in considerable num-
bers. On Friday one of our fishing schooners arrived with a fare of
35 barrels which had been taken that day in her seine. The mackerel
were large and handsome, though not fat.—(Gloucester Telegraph, May
25, 1870.)
1870.—FISHING IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
Mr. William Stone, of Swampscott, had unusually good luck in his net-
fishing week before last, making, including Monday’s and Tuesday’s
catch, over $200 by the sale of mackerel landed by himself from a dory
during eight days. On Tuesday he caught over 500, which netted him
6 cents apiece.—(Gloucester Telegraph, June 15, 1870.)
1870.—SPRING MACKEREL FISHERY IN CAPE ANN BAY.
The fishermen at Scusset one day last week took 15,000 mackerel.—
(Barnstable Patriot, May 31, 1870.)
1870.—FIRST MACKEREL IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
Capt. Miles Blanchard, otf Swampscott, caught some fine mackerel
in the bay on Friday, the first of the season.—(Gloucester Telegraph,
May 18, 1870.)
1870.—THE MACKEREL FLEET.
On one oceasion 625 mackerel schooners were anchored in the harbor
at Gloucester.
1870.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
The Portland Press of the 10th says that for ten days past the mack-
erel fleet had not met with a single mackerel until Friday morning,
when they encountered great schools of them about 80 miles off the
Cape. They had great luck, and for the next week we may expect they
will spend the nights with us. The harbor is packed with their vessels ;
some 400 sail arrived in the harbor yesterday afternoon, presenting a
splendid sight as they came past the breakwater under full canvas at
race-horse speed.—(Gloucester Telegraph, September 14, 1870.)
1870.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
A fishing schooner arrived at Booth Bay on Sunday from the Bay
Saint Lawrence with a fare of 380 barrels of mackerel.—(Gloucester
Telegraph, October 15, 1870.)
S. Mis. 7 aa
402 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [3t2]
1870.—SUCCESS OF THE SWAMPSCOTT MARKET FISHERMEN.
One of the Swampscott fishing vessels, last week, with a captain and
three men, caught more than 4,000 mackerel, some of which were sold
on the beach for 20 cents each. Another caught 4,800; another, 4,000;
one man alone, 900; aman and his son, 1,600; another man and his
son, 1,400; and a single man and his dory, 800.—(Gloucester Telegraph,
October 19, 1870.)
1870.—GILL-NETTING AT DENNIS.—NEW YORK PRICES FOR FRESH
MACKEREL.
The mackerel-netters of Dennis made one or two good hauls, and but
for the unfavorable weather last week would have done well, the prices
of fresh mackerel in New York being from 18 to 20 cents apiece.—
92
(Gloucester Tel graph, November 23, 1870.)
1870.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY FROM GLOUCESTER.
Fifty-nine vessels pursued the southern mackerel fishery in the
spring, seven of them making two trips. Good fares were secured and
the fleet was free from accident. The shore mackerel fleet was un-
usually large during the summer months, and proved successful. One
vessel was lost in the business, the schooner *‘ Day Star,” 40.46 tons bur-
den. The bay fleet was a very small one, owing to the difficulties ap-
prehended and experienced from the course pursued by the Dominion
authorities. This business met with serious embarrassments by the
seizure of four of our vessels and the threatened seizure of others, and
the business as a whole did not prove profitable-——(Gloucester Tele-
graph, November 19, 1870.)
1870.—GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
The southern mackerel season was closed up during the early part of
the month of July, eight vessels arriving home from the south during
the first ten days of the month, ‘six of which were from a second trip.
The whole number of vessels reported as making southern trips in pur-
suit of mackerel this season was 59, of which number seven made two
trips each. These vessels met with a very fair success, and found a
ready market for their catch on their arrival home.
The eastern mackerel fishing was actively pursued during the month.
and a large proportion of the fleet secured excellent fares. The num-
ber of fares landed at this port in July was about 80, and the market
has been quite active, and the stock has been kept well reduced. Some
20 vessels have also been engaged in seining along the eastern shore,
ostensibly for porgie bait, but some of them have made good hau!s of
inackerel in their seines, and have made good trips.
The Bay of Saint Lawrence fleet has been constantly augmented, and
Yd
[313] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 403
so far as is known has been free from molestation by British cruisers of
late. The fleet now in the bay is quite respectable in point of numbers,
though probably not as large as the last few years.—(Gloucester Tele-
graph, August 6, 1870.)
The shore mackerel fishing is now at its height, and employs a large
fleet from the Cape Ann and Cape Cod fishing towns. During the
month of August 117 Gloucester vessels were reported as arriving from
mackereling cruises east, 11 of which arrived twice, making a total of
128 fares of shore mackerel landed at Gloucester in August, against
some 80 fares in July. Besides these, 17 vessels engaged in seining ar-
rived during the month, many of which had secured good fares of
mackerel. There were 20 arrivals from seining in July. The fleet has
met with good success, although as a rule the mackerel have not been
of a very good quality. The last week or two, however, has shown an
improvement in the quality of the smaller grades, and the disparity of
prices between the ones and twos will probably soon be lessened. No. 1
mackerel have commanded good prices, ruling from $22 to $26 per bar.
rel for shore, but most of the 2’s have been closed out at $9.75 per bar-
rel, and 3’s have ruled at $6 per barrel since the 1st of July. The ar-
rivals from the bay have not been numerous. Only 10 vessels have ar-
rived here this season, and these have met with a moderate success,
averaging about 200 barrels each. The bay mackerel received have
been of good quality, and sold at $24 to $25 per barrel for No. 1’s;
$12.50 to $13 for 2’s, and $10.50 for 3's.
Last year the number of arrivals from the bay to this date was 13.
In 1868 only 8 vessels arrived in August. In 1867 there were 51 arrivals,
and in 1866 84 arrivals from the bay previous to this date. The aver-
age fares of the bay fleet arriving previous to September, last year, was
about 290 barrels. The Portland fleet are doing about the same as the
Gloucester vessels, 13 arrivals having been reported, with a total catch
of 2,384 barrels.
Letters received at Newburyport state that 9 vessels belonging to
that port had fares on the 15th ultimo ranging from 20 to 110 barrels, aud
averaging 554 barrels each, and there has been one arrival from the bay,
at Newburyport, with only 80 barrels. Three vessels have arrived at
Booth Bay from the bay, averaging less than 150 barrels each.—(Glou-
cester Telegraph, September 3, 1870.)
1870.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
In the summer of 1870 I started on a mackerel trip to the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence, about the middle of June, in the new schooner “ Alice
G. Wonson.” We reached the fishing ground about the 25th of June.
The mackerel in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence were large, but very scarce,
and they did not seem to fatten so rapidly as in previous years. We
returned home in August after an absence of eight or ten weeks, with
a fare of 175 barrels of mackerel, which brought a high price, our No.
404 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [314]
1 fish selling for $22.50 per barrel. After packing out our bay trip we
engaged in the mackerel fishery off the New England coast, fishing all
the way from Mount Desert Rock to Cape Cod, though we caught but
few mackerel east of Monhegan. The fish off our own shore in 1870
were of medium size, the greater portion packing for No. 2’s. Mackerel
were abundant, but did not seem inclined to take the hook very readily
until they began moving to the westward along the coast toward Cape
Annand Cape Cod. Good catches were obtained off Boone Island, Ips-
wich Bay, and in Massachusetts and Barnstable Bays. We made two
trips off shore, securing a catch of about 300 barrels.
1870.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE SAINT LAWRENCE.—HOSTIL-
ITIES OF CANADIANS CAUSES LOSS TO AMERICAN VESSELS.
The following extract from the Gloucester Telegraph shows the eon-
dition of the Bay of Saint Lawrence mackerel fishery during the year
1870:
“The Bay of Saint Lawrence mackereling season has closed, and the
ill success of this branch of our industry is apparent at a glance. The
hostile attitude of the Dominion Government had a tendency to deter
many vessels from engaging in this fishing, so that the early fleet in the
bay was quite small, and the success of the shore fleet later in the sea-
son tended to still further decrease the number of vessels engaging in
the bay fishery, so that our fleet was smaller than for many years. The
whole number of vessels reported as making bay trips this year is but
80, only three of which made two trips each, and none were allowed to
ship mackerel home; whereas, last year, there were 194 vessels employed
in the bay fishery, 21 making two trips, and 33 shipping their early trip
home, and refitting in the provincial ports.
‘Four Gloucester vessels were seized this season by the Canadian
authorities on the pretense of unlawful fishing; one of these was re-
leased under a bond to pay whatever damages were found by the courts;
one was condemned and repurchased by her owners at a cost of nearly
$39000, and two remain in the hands of the provincials.”—(Gloucester
Telegraph, November 16, 1870.)
1871.— LACK OF INTEREST IN THE MACKEREL FISHERY EXHIBITED BY
CANADIAN FISHERMEN.
MACKEREL FISHERY.—GASPE DIVISION.
“Ina special report on the duties performed by ‘La Canadienne’ in
connection with the marine police, I shall have the honor of speaking
of mackerel fishing by foreign schooners. This pursuit is not much fol-
lowed by our own fishermen, ana has steadily decreased since 1869.
The fish did not come near the shores, and not more than 100 barrels
were caught in Bay des Chaleurs. It was more abundant in Gaspe
Bay, the catch being 400 barrels over that of last year. Cod-fishing is
the main occupation of the people in this division. This fish was so
oni in
(515] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 405
abundant, and the price of mackerel so low, that this may account for
their not attending to the latter.”—(Report of the cruise of the gov-
ernment schooner ‘La Canadienne,” in the River and Gulf of Saint
Lawrence, for the season of 1871, under command of N, Lavoie, esq.,
fishery officer. Annual report of the department of marine and fish-
eries, for the year ending 30th June, 1871, Appendix C, pages 19, 20.)
WATSHEESHOO District. J elix Sylvestre, overseer.
“ Mackerel abundant, but the fishermen of this division do not follow
this fishing.”—(Synopsis of fishery overseers’ and guardians’ reports in
the Province of Quebec, for the season 1871. Annual report marine
and fisheries, 1871, Appendix H, page 72.)
Moiste Division. J. Thivierge, overseer.
Mackerel were abundant. The fishermen in this division do not,
however, in general, follow this fishing, but one man took 64 barrels.—
hb.) p. U1.)
PaBos DIVISION. James M. Remon, overseer.
In the mackerel fishing nothing is done beyond taking what is re-
quired for bait.—(Zb., p. 67.)
ANTICOSTI DIVISION.
* Although mackerel are very abundant around the island they are
not much sought after, and only 20 barrels were caught at Salmon
River.”—(Report of N. Lavoie, commander government schooner “ La
Canadienne,” of a cruise in the River and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 1872.
Annual Report, marine and fisheries of Canada, 1872, Aypendix B.)
¥
INFERIOR QUALITY OF MACKEREL TAKEN IN CANADIAN
WATERS.
1871.
The following is taken from letters furnished by the county overseers
of Nova Scotia to Mr. Rogers, the fish-officer of the province :
‘‘T am happy to be able to report a very large increase in the quanti-
ties of almost all kinds of fish taken this year, and although prices have
ruled much lower for most descriptions, the aggregate value is more
than one million dollars over the previous year. Mackerel, particu-
larly, show a very large increase, but being mostly the early runs, they
are inferior in quality.”—(Report of W. H. Venning, esq., inspector of
fish for Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Annual report marine and
fisheries, 1871, Appendix N.)
1871.—BAD SEASON FOR MACKEREL IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAW-
RENCE.
These fish struck in on our shores about the middle of June in large
quantities, and the first catches were taken in a very short time, some
vessels taking 200 barrels in three weeks; but the fish were poor, not
i?
406 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [316] _
making more than threes when culled. After that the catch was moder-
ate, and I do not think that more than 30,000 barrels of mackerel were
taken by the whole fleet. It has been a bad year for mackerel, the mar-
ket prices, as a rule, being one-half below the average prices, and great
numbers of American vessels were laid up by their owners, for the rea-
son that the outlay required for fitting the vessel out for fishing being
more than the proceeds of the summer work.—(G. V. Story, commander
marine police schooner ‘“* Water Lily,” Pictou, November 27, 1871.)
THE MACKEREL FISHERY.—The Gloucester Telegraph says that the
latest news from the Bay of Saint Lawrence reports a large number of
American vessels on the fishing-grounds between Saint Margaret’s and
East Point, with mackerel scarce at the time. At Rustico mackerel
catching was slack, and had been for a fortnight, though the few caught
were larger than the earlier school. Mackerel were reported plenty at
Port Daniel and East Point. <A1Jl the fish were east of Rustico, and the
Cascumpec boats reported neither codfish nor mackerel west. Sixty sail
of vessels were reported at Magdalen Island on the 3d instant, with
mackerel scarce, and reports from Bradley’s, three days later, represent
fish “few and far between.”—(Boston Journal, August 26, 1871.)
1871.— REAPPEARANCE OF MACKEREL ON THE LABRADOR COAST
AFTER FORTY YEARS’ ABSENCE.
‘‘ Mackerel, which for the last 40 years had disappeared from the waters
of the coast of Labrador, returned this season and in as great abundance
as formerly. I have seen as many as 400 or 500 barrels caught in one
haul of the seine at Bonne Esperance and Meceatina. Several schoon-
ers loaded af Seven Islands. Mackerel remained two months in the bay
during the winter. A much larger quantity than was needed for their
own use was caught at several ports along the coast, but prices were
very low. There is no doubt that if codfish and mackerel continue to
visit the waters of this division in as large numbers as they did this
year, the coast of Labrador will assume an importance which may be-
come superior to that of the Gaspe division.”—(Report of the cruise of
the government schooner “La Canadienne,” in the River and Gulf of
Saint Lawrence for the season of 1871, under command of N. Lavoie,
esq., fishery officer. Annual report of the department of marine and
‘fisheries for the year ending 30th June, 1871, Appendix C, page 26.)
1871.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL AT SMALL POINT, ME.
The Bath (Me.) Times says that on Thursday, Small Point Harbor was
thronged with mackerel, the like of which was never known, and count-
less thousands of them were caught in seines, nets, and with hook and
line. One fishing vessel secured a thousand barrels. Other vessels got
several hundred barrels, and the citizens in that vicinity made free
with that “school” without consulting the teacher.—(Germantown
Telegraph, August 16, 1871.)
|
iN
[317] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. A407
1871.—NOTES ON THE MACKEREL FISHERIES, ETC., OF THE PROY-
INCES OF NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA.
In his report for 1871 Mr. Venning states that Mr. John Fitegerald,
overseer for the western district, says: ‘The mackerel was more pro-
ductive this year than it has been for the last ten years, but the quality
was very poor. The fall mackerel have been a total failure ; and as this
fish, if of first quality, would bring a high price, the loss has been
seriously felt by the fishermen. The mackerel that have been caught
this year have brought a very low price, but when the large quantity
taken is considered, the fishermen have no reason to complain.”
Mr. Daniel Dimock, overseer for the eastern district of Lunenburg,
says: ‘The shore fisheries in this district have been productive, more
especially the mackerel.”
In same report, Mr. Venning also stated that, ‘Overseer James A.
Tory, of Guysborough County, says with reference to his district: ‘The
fisheries as a whole have been good this season, especially for mackerel,
and although prices have ruled low they will compare favorably with
the past.’”
In same report Mr. Venning further states that, ‘Mr. Francis Qui-
nan, the officer in charge of Cape Breton County, reports as follows:
‘The total quantity of fish takenis considerably above that of former
years. The run of mackerel was abundant, but of small size; the large
brands were conspicuous by their absence; No. 3’s ruled, and of their
kind were good, but the price realized in our markets was less than in
years past.’”—(Report of W. H. Venning, esq., inspector of fisheries
for Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. An. Rep. Mar. and Fish., 1871,
Appendix N.)
1871.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
The Cape Ann Advertiser of September 1 gives the following account
of the mackerel fishery in 1871:
“THE FISHERIES.—The bay fleet come along slowly. There have been
but eleven arrivals thus far, the vessels averaging about 300 barrels
each. The quality of the mackerel is not as good as those taken off this
Shore, and but few number ones have as yet been landed, but the catch
of the present month and next will, no doubt, average much better.
Prices rule low, considering the small number of barrels landed this
year, and it will require pretty large fares to realize a paying season’s
work. Late advices from the bay report mackerel scarce.
“The shore fleet have done rather a slim business the past month.
Some of the seiners have made some good trips, but the hookers, with
a few exceptions, have done very poorly, the mackerel not inclining to
bite. Had it not been for the seiners the market would have been bare
of shore mackerel ; as it is, the catch has not been half as large as it was
up to this time last year. The mackerel average mostly ones and are
very large and fat, the quality being much better than those caught off
408 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [318]
this shore last year, but the prices rule much lower. No. 1’s are selling
the present week for $11.25 per barrel, less than one-half the price they
brought at this time last year. Unless mackerel come in more freely
than they have, the season’s catch will be light and prices must nec-
essarily advance.
“The George’s fishery has been prosecuted through the season by a
much larger fleet than usual, and most of them have realized very good
fares. The catch is greatly in excess of that of last year, and although
the prices have not been as remunerative, still the increase in catch will
more than make up the difference, and the vessels engaged in this
branch of the fisheries will make a very good season’s work.
“The Grand Bank halibut fleet have brought in rather light fares of
late, and prices have ruled low. About thirty sail of vessels are now
engaged in this branch of the fisheries, and the business, as a whole,
has proved but moderately successful.” (Boston Journal, September 22.)
‘BAY SAINT LAWRENCE MACKEREL FISHERY.—The mackerel fish-
ery for this season is rapidly drawing to a close. The shore fleet are
doing but little, and may soon be expected in our waters for a week or
two, preparatory to winding up the business for the year. The news
from the bay indicates a scarcity of mackerel, and, as rough weather
may soon be expected, a large portion of the fleet will soon be along.
The number of arrivals trom the bay reported at Gloucester this season
has been fifty-two. The fares have, been comparatively small, and the
quality poor, while prices have ruled much lower than the past few
years. The fares of 51 Gloucester vessels have been reported, ranging
trom 160 to 450 barrels, and averaging 247 barrels, which will probably
be about the average of the fleet. Sixteen of the Portland fleet show
an average of 211 barrels, and 11 of the Newburyport fleet show an
average catch of 192 barrels. The average catch of the fleet from other
fishing towns, so far as reported, is equally small; Booth Bay 227 barrels,
North Haven 160, Wellfleet 140, Belfast 110, and New London 235. A
Salem vessel has landed 307 barrels, and one Frankfort vessel is reported
with a catch of 312 barrels and another with 620. Nineteen vessels re-
ported at Port Mulgrave show an average catch of 200 barrels.” (Glouces-
ter Telegraph, August 27.)
1871.— FALL MACKEREL FISHERY IN CAPE COD BAY.
Dennis.—On Wednesday a. m. (8th) the fishermen took 300 to 800
mackerel each in nets.
Barnstable—Smith Bros. caught 1,200 yesterday (14th).—(Province-
town Advertiser, November 15, 1871.)
1871.—In the Cape Ann Advertiser, of July 28, are the following re-
marks upon the mackerel fishery:
“The mackerel season has now commenced in earnest, and good
returns are anticipated, as the season bids fair of being a prosperous
one. The prospect at the bay is very encouraging, many of the fleet
[819] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 409
having already landed good fares. American vessels are subject to the
same treatment as last year, if caught fishing within the limits; but
they have liberty to ship mackerel home, and purchase supplies this
season, which will greatly add to their chances of making a good year’s
work.
‘“The skippers will undoubtedly keep a sharp lookout and give the
Dominion cruisers a wide berth, and we do not anticipate any difficulty
in those waters at present. Later in the season, when the mackerel
tend in shore, it may be a little more difficult to obtain a fare, but we
do not believe that the Deminion cruisers intend to annoy American
fishermen in the manner which characterized last season.
“The treaty has not been signed by the Dominion Government as
yet, consequently it will not take effect this season. It is evident that
the price of mackerel will not rule as high as last year, which will tend
to bring about quick sales, as people can afford to eat these fish when
the price is brought within their means, and the prospect for a lively
market is quite encouraging.
‘Altogether, the mackerel season, both off shore and at the bay, prom
ises well, and we hope that good trips will crown the efforts of all en-
gaged in this branch of the fisheries.”—( Boston Journal, July 29.)
1871.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
I was engaged in the halibut fishery during the season of 1871 until
August, when I fitted out for a mackerel cruise off the New England
coast, still being the same vessel in which I had sailed the previous
season. The mackerel were comparatively scarce in the fall off shore
and disinclined to bite. We succeeded, however, in catching 175 bar-
rels with hook and line, which was much better than the average for
the time we were engaged. The last two days’ fishing which we had
were off Chatham. The first of the two days we caught 50 barrels be-
tween Nausett and Chatham, and the following day we obtained 30
wash-barrels more about 15 or 20 miles ESE. from Chatham Light. The
fish at that time moved very rapidly in a southerly direction.
Many of the seiners obtained large catches during the fall, but as we
were fishing with hook and line it frequently happened that we could
get few or no mackerel, even where they were most abundant, and the
seiners were filling up.
1872.—GooD LUCK OF SOME OF THE MARKET FISHERMEN.
On Friday of last week the schooner ‘“* Yankee Lass,” Captain Brown,
took 60 barrels of mackerel off the Highlands of Cape Cod, and sold
them in Boston the next day for $1,500. .A few weeks before the same
vessel sold $1,200 worth, which she caught in a single day. Another
vessel made $2,520 in a couple of days. In all these cases the market
was bare of mackerel, and hence the high prices obtained. The fore-
410 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [320]
going fares were sold fresh without dressing.—(Gloucester Telegraph,
October 12, 1872.)
1872.— MACKEREL FISHERY OF PROVINCETOWN.
The Provincetown mackerel fleet, in the early part of last week, after
a trial of two days without finding mackerel, broke in small squadrons
and sought their home ports to haul up, or to engage in other pursuits.
It has hovered around Provincetown, and been in the harbor since
August, taking but few fish. Inquiry at the packing establishments
discloses the fact that the entire catch of that part of the fleet hailing
from Provincetown will not much exceed 12,000 barrels. In 1870 the
eatch packed 37,552 barrels, and in 1871 it was 24,918 barrels. From
information received, the opinion prevails that the falling off in the
eatch of the whole fleet will not be less than that part of it sailing from
Provincetown. <A very few vessels using seines have been successful,
but those depending upon the hook and line, constituting much the
largest part, will not, as a whole, realize a sum sufficient to pay ex-
penses.—(Cape Ann Light and Gloucester Telegraph, May 31, 1874.)
1872.—MACKEREL ON THE SOUTH COAST OF NOVA SCOTIA.
H. S. Jost, esq., overseer for the western district of Lunenburg
County, Nova Scotia, reports that mackerel are of a better quality than
those taken in 1871, and have generally been sent to the United States,
where a fair price has been obtained for them. The hitherto nnecertain
fares in the North Bay mackerel fishing has had the effect of causing
most of the Nova Scotia vessels to seek other employments this fall.—
(Report of W. H. Venning, inspector of fisheries for Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick. An. Rep. Mar. and Fish., 1872, Appendix N.)
1872.—DISINCLINATION OF THE CANADIAN FISHERMEN TO ENGAGE
IN CATCHING MACKEREL.
Mackerel fishing is pursued only toa very limited extent in Gaspe Bay
since the repeal of the reciprocity treaty, the few accidently caught in
herring nets being used as bate for cod; and even under reciprocity
this kind of fishing was entirely in the hands of Americans, the Gaspe
fishermen not catching the fish even for local consumption. For the
space of about one month this summer mackerel was very abundant in
Gaspe Bay, some catching as many as 1,700 in one day. Mackerel as
well as salinon sold fresh, but prices being low, fishermen considered
it more advantageous to engage solely in the more remunerative pur-
suit of cod-fishing. During September and October prices ruled higher,
but mackerel had then left the bay.—(Report of N. Lavoie, commander
of government schooner ‘ La Canadienne,” in a cruise in the River and
Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 1872. An. Rep. Mar. and Fish. 9 1872, Ap-
pendix B.)
[321] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 411
1872.—A BIG TRIP FROM GEORGH®’S.
Schooner “ Volunteer,” Captain Smith of this port, arrived from
George’s on Friday with 340 barrels of mackerel, which were seined on
the bank. This is the largest fare brought in this season, and the
mackerel were all large and fat.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 16,
1872.)
1872.—A BIG SCHOOL OF MACKEREL—SUCCESS OF THE SEINERS.
Schooner “Judith Ann,” of this port, recently came across a big school
of mackerel off Thatcher’s Island, and had such a heavy draught of
them that they were obliged to cut the purse-rope of the seine in order
‘to save it. Out of the lot, estimated at 1,000 barrels, they succeeded
in saving only 40 barrels. ;
Several of the mackerel seiners had quite a streak o’ luck last week,
which will very materially help out their season’s work. * * *
Schooner ‘Isaac Somes,” Capt. E. H. Taylor, was absent from Har-
wich Port thirty hours, and during that time seined 250 barrels of mack-
erel. This is reported as the largest catch in the shortest time this
season.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, September 13, 1872.)
1872,.—_REMINISCENCES of CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
In August, 1872, I went to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on a mackerel
trip in the ‘‘ Alice G. Wonson.” Mackerel were large though scarce,
and as a result we cruised over nearly the whole of the fishing grounds
in the Gulf from Bonaverture to Cape Breton. We did not succeed in
obtaining any great catches, neither did we hear of many being taken.
However, we secured a fare of 250 barrels of fine mackerel, for which
a fair price was obtained, making the voyage, on the whole, a reason-
ably profitable one.
1873.—THE PASSAGE OF THE FISHERIES BILL—ANTICIPATION OF ITS
BEING INJURIOUS TO AMERICAN FISHERMEN.
The bill to carry into effect the fishery provisions of the treaty of
Washington, passed the House Monday by an unexpectedly strong
vote, 145 yeas and 30 nays. The only amendment, which was offered
by Mr. Buffinton, delays the date on which the duties on fish from
the provinces are removed until July 1, and was agreed to both by the
Committee on Foreign Affairs and by the State Department. General
Butler opposed it, and denounced the treaty as very unfair to the United
States. President Grant sent a special message to the Senate and
House, in which he urged the passage of the bill. It will go into effect
July 1. There are grave apprehensions that we have paid dearly for
the whistle in the admission of foreign fish duty free; and the provine-
ial fishermen have thus obtained great advantages over the American,
both on the lakes and sea-coast. Be that as it may, there is no help for
412 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [322]
it now, and ere the end of the present year we shall probably know
whether or not we can catch and sell fish under the disadvantages of
this treaty as cheaply as our neighbors in the provinces can with the
great advantages it affords them.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, February 28,
1873.)
1873.—SAILING OF THE FIRST OF THE SOUTHERN FLEET.
A portion of the southern mackereling fleet have sailed the present
week, and others will soon follow.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, April 15,
1873.)
Two of the Newburyport schooners sailed on the 17th instant, for the
south, ona mackereling cruise.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, April 25, 1873.)
1873.—FIRstT ARRIVAL OF FRESH MACKEREL IN NEW YORK MARKET.
The first fresh mackerel of the season were carried into New York on
Thursday (May 1) of last week, by a Chatham schooner. She had
25,000, which were sold at 20 cents apiece.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May
9, 1873.)
1873.—A BIG FIRST TRIP.
Schooner “Fleetwing,” of this port, carried into New York on Tues-
day 52,000 fresh mackerel, which were sold for $2,657.—(I.)
1873.— FIRST MACKEREL CAUGHT OFF CAPE ANN. .
May 20, schooner “Sea Foam” caught about 200 mackerel, which,
being the first catch of the season off Cape Ann, sold for 10 cents
apiece. Last season the same vessel also brought in the first fare of
mackerel, having been fortunate in securing 120 barrels on the 22d of
May, which sold for $2.50 per hundred.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May
23, 1873.)
1873.—FIRST ARRIVAL IN GLOUCESTER OF THE SOUTHERN FLEET.—
GOOD PRICES.
Schooner “Emma Jane” arrived home from the south on Thursday
last (May 19) with 170 barrels of mackerel, which were sold for $9.25 and
$7.25 per barrel. First arrival of the season.—(Cape Ann Advertiser,
May 30, 1873.)
1873.—FIRST START OF THE BAY FLEET.
The first of the bay fleet sailed on Tuesday (June 3), and others will
soon follow. Some 30 sail will be on their way by the middle of the
month.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 6, 1873.)
1873.—SPRING MACKEREL FISHERY.
The fishing season has fairly commenced in Long Island waters, in
the Great South Bay, and the other bays on the south side. Large num-
[323] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 413
bers of bluefish, weakfish, and mackerel are taken daily. On Friday
and Saturday the fishermen found it impossible to dispose of their
catches, and most of those who had loads of mackerel were obliged to
east anchor and salt them. On Friday the fishing company at Southold
caught 100,000 at one haul.—(Cape Ann Light and Gloucester Tele-
graph, Gloucester, Mass., May 31, 1873.)
1873.—THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FLEET AT NEWPORT.
One hundred and fifty sail of mackerel catchers put into Newport
Harbor on the 5th instant, in consequence of thick weather. They re-
port mackerel more plenty of late, the catch the previous days aver-
aging about 25 barrels to a vessel—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 13,
1873.) &
1873.—THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY.—PRICES.—THE BAY
FLEET.
The Newport southern mackereling fleet has been doing only fairly.
The “ Miantonomoh” has taken three fares of fresh mackerel, caught
by seine, into New York, of 45,000 fish ; the ‘“ Lizzie Thompson” has
taken there two fares of 13,000 fish, and the “ G. W. Brown” has taken
two fares of 25,000, making in all 83,000 fresh mackerel taken into New
York by Newburyport vessels. One firm has received $2,000 for fresh
mackerel sold, and has about the same amount to come.
By the hook the schooner “ Matilda” has caught 12,000, and the
“ John Gerard” 8,000, and these also have been carried into New
York.
The southern mackerel fleet, as a whole, have not done so well this
season aslast. A large proportion of the fleet have sold their mackerel
fresh in New York, and some of the seiners have made good stocks;
but the hookers have done very slim. Some fourteen sail have thus far
arrived home, averaging about 100 barrels. The market being bearer
of old mackerel, the new stock have been in good demand, recent fares
selling at $10.25 and $8.25 per barrel, with prospect of advance on these
prices. <A large fleet will visit the Bay of Saint Lawrence the present
season. The early fleet have already sailed, and by the Ist of July
there will probably be a hundred vessels in readiness to start. The
shore mackereling fleet will be smaller than that of last season, and
comprised mostly of seiners.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 13, 1873.)
1873.—THE FIRST FARE FROM GEORGE’S.—A GOOD HAUL.
Schooner “ Mary Odell,” of this port, arrived from George’s on Monday
with 240 barrels of mackerel, the first fare from there this season. They
lost most of the first haul they made in consequence of a shark going
through the seine just as they had commenced bailing out. After repair.
ing the seine, they made another immense haul, filling all their barrels
414 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [324]
and the dories, and let as many more go, being unable to take care of
them. The mackerel were of large size and excellent quality, and the
trip proved a profitable one.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 18, 1873.)
1873.—A GOOD STOCK IN THE SHORE FISHERY.
Schooner ‘‘ Isaac Somes,” of Harwich Port, engaged in the shore mack-
erel fishery, has stocked about $7,500 thus far this season, and is high
line of the fleet from that port—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 25, 1873.)
1873.—ANOTHER BIG GEORGE’S TRIP.
Schooner “ Eddie Pierce” arrived at Boston last week, from a three
weeks’ cruise, with 550 barrels of George’s mackerel. She stocked $6,000
forthe trip—pretty good returns for a short voyage.—(Cape Ann Adver-
tiser, August 8, 1873.)
1873.—SHORE AND BAY FISHERIES, PRICES, ETC.
The mackerel catch off this shore still continues light for the season.
Nineteen seiners have arrived since our last issue, five of which were
from George’s, and brought in good fares. The total catch for the past
week has been about 2,500 barrels, which have been sold at $20 and
$19 for No. Vs; $12.75 and $13 for No. 2’s. Schooner “ Highflyer”
arrived from the Bay of Saint Lawrence on Tuesday (August 5)—the first
arrival of the season, and a week earlier than the first arrival last year.
She brought m 225 barrels. Others of the fleet are on their way home,
and daily expected. Two fares have been sent home per steamer. The
quality of the mackerel taken at the bay early in the season is not as
good as those taken off this shore, but those caught the past three weeks
are said to be much fatter.—(Jb.)
1873.—THE MACKEREL FLEET OF NEWBURYPORT, PAST AND PRESENT.
The Newburyport Herald says: Our mackerel fleet, which numbered
140 vessels forty years ago, is now reduced to about 20.—(Cape Ann
Advertiser, August 15, 1873.)
1873.—LIGHT CATCH IN THE BAY.
On July 29 there were in the harbor of Georgetown, Prince Edward
Island, about 50 sail of American mackerel schooners. The highest
catch reported among them was 200 barrels, and the average fares of
the whole fleet was estimated at 150 barrels. The catch of mackerel in
the Gulf of Saint Lawrence has, up to this time, been light. The fish ap-
pear to be abundant, but do not bite freely.—(ZD.)
1873.—AN OLD VESSEL MAKES A LARGE STOCK IN THE SHORE
MACKEREL FISHERY.
Schooner “I. H. Horton,” which recently arrived at Wellfleet from
George’s, has caught and landed 1,402 barrels of mackerel, stocking
[325] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL PISHERY. 415
$14,023, having been employed two months and ten days. This is the
largest stock made in the mackereling business from any port this sea-
son. The schooner is twenty-three years old, and owned by Capt. I. H.
Horton, of Eastham.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 22, 1873.)
Schooner “I. H. Horton” has recently arrived from her fourth trip, with
282 barrels of mackerel. The ‘“ Horton” has now landed 1,664 barrels,
making her stock in three months $18,425.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, Sep-
tember 12, 1873.)
1873.—DESTRUCTIVE GALE IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
In the Cape Ann Advertiser of September 5, 1875, 36 Gloucester
mackerel schooners were reported driven ashore in the hurricane of
August 24 and 25, causing the loss of thirty-six lives. Besides these
many vessels and lives were lost from other ports engaged in the mack-
erel fishery of the Bay of Saint Lawrence.
1873.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL OFF NEW ENGLAND COAST.—ARRIV-
ALS FROM BAY, HIGH PRICES, ETC.
Mackerel still continue very scarce off this shore, and some of the
seiners have abandoned the business and fitted away for the bay. With
the exception of a haul by one of the Swainpscott boats, and one by a
Harwich schooner Saturday on Jeffries, there have been no mackerel
seined off this shore the past week. One George’s fare of 240 barrels
arrived on Tuesday, which were quickly taken up at $25.50 per barrel
tor No. 1, the highest price obtained this season. No. 2 sold for $13.
Six bay fares, about 1,200 barrels, have arrived the past week, which
have met with quick sales, No. Vs selling for $14.50 and $15 per barrel.
The market was never so bare of mackerel at this season of the year,
and the supply for the fall and winter trade bids fair to be a meager
one.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, September 12, 1873.)
1873.—A SCHOOL OFF CAPE COD.
A school of mackerel struck the waters off Cape Cod last week. A
Harwich schooner took 100 barrels, and other vessels shared in the good
luck.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 51, 1875.)
1873.—ARRIVAL HOME OF THE BAY FLEET.
The bay fleet have come in freely the past week, 63 vessels having
arrived since our last issue, averaging good fares. This leaves about
30 sail yet to come, most of which will be along before the close of
another week. The vessels arrive on a dull market, and but few of the
late fares have been sold, as holders are not desirous to sacrifice their
mackerel at the prices at present offered, unless actually forced to do
so. The stock in the market is held at $14 and $12 for Nos. 1 and 2,
which prices, if not higher, will no doubt be realized ere many weeks
elapse.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 14, 1873.)
416 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [326]
1873.—THE GLOUCESTER MACKEREL FISHERIES.
The southern fleet in the spring was of usual size—embracing 54.
vessels—and fairly successful, marketing their early catch in New York
at good prices.
The summer fishery off the shores of Maine, New Hampshire, and
Massachusetts was of respectable size, and mostly engaged in seining
of mackerel, with a very good average success, although a few vessels
did not pay expenses. Eighty-six vessels engaged in this business.
Schooners ‘‘ Beloidem” and “Empire State” were lost in this business.
The Bay of Saint Lawrence fleet was unusually large, consisting of
185 vessels, against 60 last year. The catch was good, and the business
would have proved quite successful but for the disastrous gale in August,
by which so many vessels were wrecked or temporarily disabled in the
height of the fishing season, materially reducing the receipts. Of the
185 Gloucester vessels engaged in this fishery 10 were wrecked, and are
total losses, and three remain ashore at the Magdalen Islands, but are
not abandoned. Twenty-six vessels made two bay trips each during the
season, and the whole number of fares received at Gloucester this season
will be 198 against 65 last year.—(Gloucester Telegraph, November
1951873;)
1873.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS.
During the first part of 1875 I was engaged in the haddock and cod
fisheries. About the 25th of August I started from home on a macke-
rel trip to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, still being in the same vessel In
which I had sailed the three previous years. We arrived in the bay
soon after the first of September and immediately proceeded to the Mag-
dalens. There we had an opportunity of witnessing the great destruc-
tion which had been wrought by the hurricane of the 24th and 25th of
August. At the head of Pleasant Bay, and in Harbor Le Barre, some
20 or 25 sail of American mackerel schooners were driven high up on
the sand; many of them lying in such positions as to render it ex-
tremely doubtful if they could be again got afloat. Many vessels were
also stranded on Prince Edward Island, some being lost with all hands,
while the crews of others were fortunate enough to escape. Some of
these schooners we had an opportunity of seeing later on our trip. I
have taken occasion to allude to this gale here, since it was one of the
most disastrous which our mackerel fleet has ever encountered, result-
ing in very great loss of life and property. The mackerel were scarce
in the bay during the fall of 1873, and though mostly of a large size
were not so fat as might be expected. We fished most of the time about
the Magdalen Islands, visiting, however, other points of the bay more
or less frequently. We succeeded in obtaining a fare of 208 barrels, and
returned home about the middle of November.
[327] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 417
1874.—THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHING.—LIGHT FARES BROUGHT
IN.
Southern mackerel fleet are arriving home, averaging light fares. The
Jargest of the season, 300 barrels, was brought in by schooner “ Falcon ”
on Wednesday, June 3; the trips will not average over 140 barrels. The
business has been overdone this year.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 5,
1874.)
1874.—THE SPRING MACKEREL FISHERY.
The Cape Ann Advertiser of June 12, 1874, states that during the
past week twenty vessels belonging to the southern mackerel fleet had
arrived with light fares, the average quantity being 100 barrels.
1874.—FISHING IN THE GULF OF MAINE.
The Cape Ann Advertiser of September 25, 1874, states that there
are from eight to nine hundred mackerel vessels between Portland and
Mount Desert; the catch is light.
1874.—SUCCESSFUL GEORGE’S TRIP.
Schooner ‘Florence E. Tower,” Captain Frye, arrived at Boston on
Saturday (June 27), from a mackerel cruise to George’s Bank. She
brought in 450 barrels, the fare which has arrived at that port this
season. * * Most of the fish were of good quality. Her trip this
time was four weeks.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 3, 1874.)
1874.—HIGH LINE OF THE SEINING FLEET.
Capt. Hanson B. Joyce, of Swan’s Island (Maine), is high line of the
seining fleet this season. Landed to 9th October 2,300 barrels of mack-
erel, the largest number ever landed. A small craft of 52 tons still
follows the trade, and may get another hanl.—(Cape Ann Advertiser,
October 16, 1874.)
ANOTHER GOOD CATCH.
Schooner “John Atwood,” of Provincetown, had landed up to October
9, 1874, 2,000 barrels mackerel. She took in all 2,100 barrels; was high
line of the Provincetown fleet.—(10.) ;
LATE CATCH OF MACKEREL OFF CAPE COD.
Schooner “ Willie B. Wilbur” took with the hook 20 barrels of fine
mackerel off Race Point November 18, 1874.
1874.—A QUICK TRIP.
Schooner “ Florence Nightingale” left Swampscott Monday morning,
August 24, on a market fishing cruise and arrived in Boston the next
S. Mis. 110 pli |
418 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [328]
morning, August 25, with 350 barrels of mackerel, worth at least $2,500
—a good day’s work.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 28, 1874.)
ONE OF THE LUCKY VESSELS.
Schooner ‘“ Daniel Masey,” of Portsmouth, N. H., has landed 1,800
barrels of mackerel up to August 25, and claims to be high line of the
fleet.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, September 11, 1874.)
1875.—THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF MACKEREL.
One of the first mackerel fares caught by the mackerel fleet was taken
April 29, 1875, by the schooner “Cora E. Smith,” of Gloucester, and sold
at New York for $15 per 100.
On June 6 a Newburyport vessel arrived at New York with 25,000
mackerel.
1875.— AMERICAN VESSELS IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
The following statement of the number of fishing vessels in the Guif
of Saint Lawrence mackerel fishery and the American shore mackerel
fishery was submitted by David W. Low to the Halifax Commission:
Mackerel imspectedtiniGloucesterii. 1-22 tccak sj reece sat ee clarcie icine se elec pee siee 93, 126
5Sivesselsiin Gulf, average:catech 191 barrels2c. 2.2 25252. seyscio= ais, o> se sia 11, 078
117 vessels American shore, average catch 409 barrels..-......--.--.--------- 47, 853
58, 931
The average catch is based on the average catch of 84 vessels from
17 firms in 1869, and 28 vessels in bay and 62 vessels off American
Shore from 20 firms in 1875. These firms have done better than the
rest.—(Docs. and Proc. Halifax Com., 1877, U. 8. edition, p. 2595.)
1875.—FIRST MACKEREL OF THE SEASON.
The first catch of mackerel was brought to New York last week. The
fish were of good size, but had not yet acquired that primeness and ex-
cellence of savor which mackerel only acquire in colder waters. The
fish were struck south of Cape Henry, and now some twenty smacks are
in search of the coming shoals.—(B. Phillips, in New York Times, May
9, 1875.)
1875.—IISHING IN THE GULF OF MAINE.
One vessel took 250 barrels of mackerel off the point at Province-
town, Saturday afternoon.—(Provincetown Advocate, October 6, 1875.
1875.—SAILING OF THE SOUTHERN FLEET.
A large part of the George’s fleet have fitted out to go south, mack-
ereling.
Several of the south mackerel fleet have sailed, and the balance will
follow in afew days. They will tend New York market, selling their
fish fresh.—(Gloucester Telegraph, April 21, 1875.)
[329] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 419
1875.—FIRST FARE OF MACKEREL FOR THE SEASON—A BIG STOCK.
To a Portland schooner, the ‘‘ Georgie Willard,” belongs the eredit of
landing the first fare of mackerel this season. The “ Willard ” arrived
at New York on Friday (April 30) and landed her catch of 22,000 mack-
erel, stocking over $4,000.
1875.—THE SPRING FISHERY.
The southern mackerel fleet are meeting with “air success. Last
week, Monday, the schooners ‘ Bell of the Bay,” and ‘ Bloomer” arrived
at New York with 200 barrels each, and schooner “ Roger Williams *
with 700 barrels. The ‘“‘Bell of the Bay” had been out eight days,
“Bloomer” forty-eight hours, and “ R. Williams” three days. On Wed.
nesday the ‘“ William S. Baker” (six days out) arrived with 220 barrels.
The first vessel to arrive home with a southern mackerel fare was the
“ Pathfinder” (on Friday), with 280 barrels. Schooner “‘ James A. Stet-
son” arrived from a southern trip on Sunday, with 250 barrels of mack-
erel.—(Gloucester Telegraph, May 26, 1875.)
1875.—A GOOD CATCH AT NEWPORT.
A fishing gang near Newport, Thursday, with a purse seine, passed it
around a school of fish, supposing them to be menhaden. Theresult of
their haul proved to be upwards of 14,000 mackerel, which were sold
from 10 to 15 cents apiece.—(Gloucester Telegraph, June 9, 1875.)
1875.—SMALL CATCH OF MACKEREL IN JUNE.
Only 53 mackerel arrivals were reported for the month of June, with
a total catch of some 7,000 barrels, less than one-half of the receipts for
the corresponding month last year,
Mackerel, notwithstanding the lessened receipts, have sold at some
two dollars less than last June.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 14, 1875.)
1875.—SMALL BAY FLEET.
The Gloucester bay fleet will be smaller this season than for many
years.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 21, 1875.)
1875.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL OFF SHORE—BIG FLEET ON GEORGE’S.
The schooner ‘‘ Mary B. Tower,” from George’s Bank, arrived at Bos-
ton 28th ultimo, after an absence of thirty weeks, with 140 barrels of
mackerel. She reports fish very scarce. Severel vessals had been out
a month without taking anything worth reporting. Many of the ves-
sels which had been cruising off the coast of Maine, finding no fish, put
off for the Banks. There were about 200 sail on George’s on the 27th
ultimo.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 4, 1875.)
420 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [330]
1875.—FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY.
One arrival has been reported from the Bay of Saint Lawrence the
past week, the first of the season, with 241 barrels.—(Gloucester Tele-
graph, September 1, 1875.)
1875.—SCARCITY OF MACKEREL IN THE BAY.—THE FLEET AT THE
MAGDALENS.
The Prince Edward Island Times reports no great catches of mack-
erel this season about the island. The catch will not be above two-
thirds of that of last year, but of superior quality. Reports from all
quarters speak of a small catch.—(Zb.)
But few mackerel are taken. Nothing has been done at Bay Chaleur
or Gaspe. The American fleet in the bay almost wholly surround Mag-
dalen Islands.—(Gloucester Telegraph, September 16, 1875.)
1875.—ARRIVAL OF THE SHORE FLEET.—SMALL NUMBER OF ARRI-
VALS FROM THE BAY.
The mackerel fleet have mostly arrived from the eastern coast—56
having been reported’ last week—and are now engaged upon the Cape
Cod shore, meeting with moderate success in the capture of small
mackerel. One arrival has been reported from Bay Saint Lawrence,
making three bay arrivals this season, against 31 arrivals up to Octo-
ber 1 last year. The mackerel fleet were reported off Plymouth on Sat-
urday, and on Sunday there were 100 sail on Middle Bank, apparently
doing well.—(Gloucester Telegraph, October 6, 1875.
1875.—_ MACKEREL PASSING CAPE COD.—A GOOD HAUL.
On Tuesday, the 5th instant, immense shoals of mackerel were seen
passing down by Highland Light (Cape Cod), and were even so near
shore that a stone might have been thrown among them from the beach.
The schooner “Nellie T. Campbell” threw her seine around a school
and scooped up many more barrels than she could handle, and after
filling her decks full signaled to another vessel to come and take what
remained in the net.—{Gloucester Telegraph, October 20, 1875.)
1875.—A BIG HAUL AT NEWPORT.
A school of large mackerel were reported off Newport last week, and
125,000 in number, large ones, were seined on Tuesday.—(Gloucester
Telegraph, November 3, 1875.)
1875.—HIGH PRICE OF BAY MACKEREL.
At Newburyport last week bay mackerel were sold from $24 to $26
per barrel for choice mess; $17.50 to $18 for No. 1’s; $14 to $16 for
2’s, and $9, $11, and $14 for No. 3’s.—(Zb.)
[331] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 421
1870 To 1876, INCLUSIVE.—THE MACKEREL FISHERIES OF PROVINCE:
TOWN, MASS.
“Going back to 1870, we had that year 41 vessels engaged in mack-
erel fishing, not one of which went into the Gulf. They all fished on
our coast. The aggregate quantity of mackerel which they all packed
was 37,552 barrels. In 1871 we had still 41 vessels, which still continued
to fish on our coast, having done pretty well there the year before.
None went tothe Gulf. Theaggregate catch which these vessels packed
amounted to 24,918 barrels. In 1872 we had 36 vessels, of which 3 went
to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, leaving 33 fishing on our own coast.
These 36 vessels packed out 16,303 barrels, and the 3 vessels which
went to the Gulf packed out 785 barrels, making an average per vessel
of 2612 barrels.
“Tn 1873, when the Washington treaty went into effect, as we in-
tended going to the bay, having now no fear of the cutters, we enlarged
our bay fleet, and so 6 went there that year instead of 3. Two of these
6, or one-third of them, were lost in the gale in which so many vessels
were lost. The vessels lost were the schooner ‘* Helen M. Woodward,”
off the Magdalen Islands—the vessel was a total loss—and the ‘“ Carrie
P. Rich,” off North Cape, Prince Edward Island ; vessel and crew total
loss.
“The latter went to the bay early in the year, and she had shipped
some mackerel home betore the gale took place. She was lost, with ali
she had on board. The whole catch of these six vessels that year was
845 barrels. In 1873 we had 38 vessels, and their total catch was 15,772
barrels, including the 845 barrels mentioned. In 1874 we had 35 ves-
sels engaged in the mackerel fishery, and they packed out 23,098 bar-
rels. Three vessels went to the Gulf, bringing home 590 barrels, which
are included in the total catch of the 30 vessels, 23,098. In 1875 we
had 37 vessels, which packed out 10,613 barrels. Two of them went to
the Guif, and they brought home 270 barrels, which are included in the
gross amount stated.
“Tn 1876 we had 32 vessels, whose total catch was 16,150 barrels. Two
of them went to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, bringing home 202 barrels,
which are included in the 16,150. These totals make a grand total of
144,406 barrels, of which 2,692 were caught in the Gulf of Saint Law-
rence in 16 voyages during the several years Ihave named. The aver-
age catch of these vessels since 1872, and since the fishery clause of the
Washington treaty went into effect, was 1464 barrels per vessel, and
prior to that the average was 2614 barrels per vessel, in the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence.”—(Statement of Captain Atwood before the Halifax
Commission.)
1876.—THE SOUTHERN FLEET.
About 90 Gloucester and Cape Cod schooners, employed in the mack-
erel fishery, were reported off Lewes, Del., on Thursday of last week.—.
(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 12, 1876.)
422. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [332]
1876.—FIRST AMERICAN VESSELS IN THE BAY.—FAILURE OF SPRING
MACKEREL AT THE MAGDALENS.
The first American mackerelmen in the bay arrived at Port Mulgrave
[Canso] on the 13th instant. The first Gloucester schooner in the bay,
the General Grant, arrived the next day.
Advices from Magdalen Islands on Monday report net mackerel fish-
ing a failure.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 23, 1876.)
1876.—A SCHOOL OF MACKEREL IN THE EEL GRASS.
A school of mackerel became entangled in the eel grass in Chauncy’s
Creek, near Portsmouth, the other day, and about 30 barrels were taken
by hand.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 4, 1876.)
SUCCESS OF A GLOUCESTER SCHOONER IN THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
Schooner “ Argonaut,” Capt. EK. A. Horton, landed from May 15 to
July 21, 1876, 825 barrels of mackerel.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 21,
1876.)
1876.—EXTINCTION OF THE HINGHAM MACKEREL FISHERY.
Mackerel fishery at Hingham, Mass., once gave employment to 65
vessels ; now extinct.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, January 28, 1876.)
1876.—MACKEREL FISHERY IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
The Swampscott shore fleet, up to the 5th of June, was said to have
had success. The best day’s catch landed was 1,000 barrels; this amount
of course refers to the catch of the whole fleet.
1876.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
The first American mackerel vessels arrived at Port Mulgrave June
13, 1876; one from Boston, and one from Booth Bay. The first Glou-
cester vessel arrived on the 14th. <A fair catch of mackerel was reported
at Canso; on the 16th of June mackerel were reported on both sides of
the Gulf.
1876.—THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FLEET.
The Cape Ann Advertiser of June 19, 1876, remarks: ‘‘The southern
mackerel fleet have met with good success of late, and alarge fleet have
arrived the present week, bringing fares of -200 to 400 barrels. There
has been a reduction in price.”
1876.—THE GULF MACKEREL FISHERY.
The Halifax Chronicle states that in 1874 there were 74 vessels en
gaged in the mackerel fishery from that city.
[333] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. aS
In the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in 1876, the schooner ‘ Samuel Davis,”
of Halifax, was high line, having landed 282 barrels of sea-packed mack-
erel.
1876.—THE SPRING MACKEREL FISHERY.
Thirteen vessels of the Gloucester fleet were at Lewes, Del., April 22.
At the same place, May 4, there were 90 vessels from Cape Cod and
Gloucester. The Cape Ann Advertiser, of May 19, announced that the
earliest sales, amounting to about 400 barrels, brought $4 a barrel in
New York; the catch so far having been very light.
1876.—F ALL MACKEREL FISHERY.
Eleven hundred and eighty-five barrels of mackerel were landed at
Boston September 25; 700 barrels September 27; 1,200 barrels Septem-
ber 29. They were chiefly taken off Minot’s Ledge, and sold at 12 to
14 cents for large, 3 to 4 cents for clinchers, and 14 cents for blunts.
An enormous school a mile long and half a mile wide was struck by
fishing boats off New London, October 30, and though many of the nets
had to be cut, because of the excessive weight of fish, 300,000 fish, worth
$10,000, were taken.
A gang from Wilcox’s fish-works at Quiambog surrounded off Watch
Hill, September 29, what they supposed to be a large school of men-
haden. When the net was hauled they proved to be mackerel; 120,000
of them were No. 1’s; they weighed from 14 pounds to 3 pounds each,
and, at 5 cents apiece, were worth over $5,000.—(Cape Ann Advertiser,
October 6, 1876.)
Smith & Horton, of Eastham, caught about 2,000 barrels of mackerel
in their weirs Friday, November 3. They were large fish. One hun-
dred and twenty-five cart-loads were taken out, still leaving many more
to be secured.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 10, 1876.)
Mackerel plenty November 13-14 at Vineyard Haven. Small boats
have been catching them for two or three days.—(Cape Ann Advertiser,
November 17, 1876.)
1876.—BIG TRIPS OF NEW ENGLAND VESSELS.
Schooner “ Daniel Marcy,” Capt. Abraham Cahoon, jr., of Harwich, ar-
rived at Portsmouth Ist September, 1876, with 410 barrels mackerel,
making total catch for the season 1,500 barrels. Captain C. claims to
have been high line for 15 years.
Schooner “ Alice,” of Swan’s Island, packed out 2,700 barrels of mack-
erel this year, and made another haul of 300 barrels, giving her a catch
of 3,000 barrels for the season. She claims to have beaten the ‘* Mary
Odell,” of Gloucester, and to stand high line in the New England fleet.
Schooner ‘“ Rebecca M. Atwood,” of Portland, has landed over 2,600
barrels at her home port this season.
Schooner “Mary Odell,” Capt. Geo. McLean, made a large haul of fat
mackerel in Barnstable Bay last week, taking from her seine 300 bar-
424 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [334]
rels, which were all that her crew could handle, besides giving away
110 barrels to the crew of a Boston schooner, and losing several hun-
dred barrels through a break in the seine. She had already landed
2,200 barrels, stocking $11,000 net (the crew sharing $436.96 each), up
to September 22, and the next week landed two fares, one of 200 or 300
barrels; during the past week she has made two trips into Boston.
Her stock for the season is probably double that of the schooner
“A lice.”—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 6, 1876.)
1877.—THE SPRING FISHERY.—ARRIVALS OF FRESH MACKEREL IN
NEW YORK.
The early arrivals at New York the middle of last week landed good
fares, and prices were good considering the almost simultaneous arri-
vals of nine vessels on Thursday and Friday. The schooner ‘“‘ Mary
Odell” was the first to arrive, followed closely by the schooner ‘Seth
Stockbridge” with 35,000 mackerel in number. The schooner “ Mada-
waska Maid” came next with 180 barrels, and the rest of the fleet had
from 100 to 150 barrels each. The market opened with sales of large
mackerel at 12 to 15 cents, but soon fell to 10 cents for extra large, 8
cents for large, 5 cents for tinkers, and 34 cents for flinks.—(Cape Ann
Advertiser, May 4, 1877.)
1877.—A NOVA SCOTIA SCHOONER BOUND SOUTH FOR MACKEREL.—
THE TABLES TURNED.
Now that our Bay of Saint Lawrence fleet has dwindled to compara-
tive insignificance, and no longer throw the bait that keep the waters
swarming with mackerel, it looks as if the Nova Scotia fishermen would
have to resort to American waters for a catch. One provincial vessel
was in port a few weeks since bound south in pursuit of mackerel.—
(Cape Aun Advertiser, May 25, 1877.)
1877.—A GOOD CATCH IN NOVA SCOTIA WEIRS.
A good mackerel catch is reported along the western shore of Shel-
burne County, N.S. Some traps have taken over 1,000 barrels, and all
others are doing well.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 29, 1877.)
1877.—A LUCKY HAUL AT PROVINCETOWN.
The keeper of Wood End Light, with the assistance of his wife, seined
4.500 mackerel the other day, which sold for $150.—(Z0.)
1877.—A LARGE CATCH IN A CAPE COD WEI.
The Yarmouth Herald reports that upwards of 1,400 barrels of mack-
erel have been taken from the Sandford fish-trap this season; value not
far from $7,000.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 20, 1877.)
[335] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 425
1877.—DoOINGS OF THE SHORE FLEET.—SMALL CATCH.
The Boston Fish Bureau reports the catch of the shore fleet to Au-
gust 1 at 34,657 barrels, against 113,246 barrels at the same time last
year. The July catch was 6,614 barrels, against 81,193 in July, 1876.
The reports from the fleet continue unfavorable, nothing being done
except in the neighborhood of Block Island. The vessels there are re-
ported with fares ranging from 25 to 160 barrels each. The schooner
“Alice,” of Boston, arrived at that port Wednesday, with 170 barrels large
mackerel, caught off Block Island, the result of four weeks’ fishing.—
(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 3, 1877.)
1877.—A BIG CATCH OF MACKEREL ON THE NOVA SCOTIA SHORE.
The Halifax Herald reports a mackerel strike in the vicinity of that
city. AtTom’s Bay the boats landed over 300 barrels, which will aver-
age No.2. At Upper Prospect the catch averaged from 30 to 300 bar-
rels to a seine, over 1,000 barrels being taken the first day after the
fish struck in. The reports from all the coves in the vicinity were en-
couraging.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 17, 1877.)
1877.—SMALL CATCHES OF THE MACKERELMEN.
The prospects of the mackerel fleet do not brighten. Out of 18 ar-
rivals from off shore the past week the only fares worth mentioning are
125 barrels in the “Argonaut,” caught off Block Island, and 75 barrels
in the “ Volunteer,” the rest of the fleet realizing less on a two or three
weeks’ trip than is often the result of a half hour’s good fishing. The news
from the bay is not of an encouraging character. There have been six
arrivals at this port to date this season, with an average of about 200
barrels each, which does not give the prospect for the rest of the fleet
a flattering aspect.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 31, 1877.)
1877.—FAILURE OF THE BAY MACKEREL FISHERY.—THE FARE OF
THE HIGH LINE OF THE BAY FLEET COST MORE THAN IT CAME
TO.
Recent arrivals from the Bay of Saint Lawrence report the mackerel
fishery a failure there, as well as on our own shores, and some of the
vessels had not seen a mackerel for a fortnight before leaving the bay.
The vessels already arrived, representing the portion of the fleet meet-
ing with the best success, report an average catch of 183 barrels, which
would not be more than half a fare in ordinary seasons, and will not
pay the expenses of the voyage, even at the present high prices. Un-
less the majority of the fleet still remaining in the bay find better fish-
ing this month, which 1s not deemed probable, most of the vessels will
be obliged to return empty, and the mackerel fishery will prove a
lamentable failure this season.
The masters of the vessels returning from the Bay of Saint Lawrence
agree in the opinion that the mackerel have left the bay, and that the
426 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [336]
fall fishery will bea failure. The schooner “Cayenne” is high line of the
fleet, and of her fare of 320 barrels sea-packed mackerel, only 45 bar-
rels were caught within the three-mile limits. The vessel was chartered,
and for two months the charter was $450; the use of seines and boats
was $300 more, and the outfit of. provisions, &c., $450; the crew were
on shares, but, at the rates paid those hired by the month, their wages
would amount to $960; to this add the captain’s wages, $150; insur-
ance on seines and boats, $30; salt used, $140; bait, $162.50; and ex-
penses of barrels, packing, &c., $525, and we have a total expense of
$3,117.50. The fare packed out 300 barrels, which sold for $2,845,
leaving a net loss on the trip of $272.50. With such a record for the high
line it will be readily seen that the failure of the majority of the fleet to
secure fares will entail a serious loss upon this industry.—(Cape Ann
Advertiser, September 7, 1877.)
1877.—SLIM DOINGS OF THE MACKEREL FLEET.—THE HIGH LINERS.
The shore mackereling fleet continue in the neighborhood of Cape
Cod, meeting with indifferent success, and it becomes more and more
apparent that the mackerel stock for 1877 will be the smallest known for
years. Scarcely a vessel employed in this business will pay expenses.
* * * The schooner “ Alice,” of Swan’s Island, is high line of the
mackerel fleet, having caught rising 1,400 barrels this season. The new
schooner “‘ William M. Gaffney” has made the best stock, her catch
having realized about $10,000 since she came from the stocks, April
16. * * *
The bay fleet report no catch of consequence since the gale a month ago.
The prospect is that many of the vessels will be compelled to come home
with very light fares.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 26, 1877.)
1877.—UNPROFITABLENESS OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY IN THE GULF
OF SAINT LAWRENCE FROM 1873 TO 1877.
The Bay of Saint Lawrence mackerel fishery to the Gloucester fleet
has been a growing failure for many years, both in the number of ves-
sels prosecuting it and in theirecatch. Exceptional trips have been made
at a profit, yet the average vessel has prosecuted it yearly with consid-
erable loss.
In proof of which, take an average bayman for an average season’s
fishing. Her expense account will average at least $2,600 (without
charging interest on vessel and outfits, or for depreciation on hull, or
any partial loss not covered by insurance). She must catch 400 barrels
of packed mackerel, worth an average price of $13 per barrel, to pay
her expenses. Any less number of barrels than 400 would only lessen
the amount of her bills by the salt not used. The packing of a less num-
ber of barrels and the master’s commission on decreased amount of stock,
the wear of the sails, rigging, cables, &c., would be the same; the crew
must be fed; the bait would be used in trying for fish; so that any one
[337] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 427
can estimate the loss to an average vessel whose catch or its value varies
from the above estimate.
Of 19 firms, including those that have been most successful in the Bay
of Saint Lawrence mackerel fishery, with 81 vessels employed in that
Sshery in 1873, their average catch was 283 barrels to each vessel. In
1874, with 46 vessels, 358 barrels was the average ; in 1875, with 20 ves-
sels, 195 barrels was the average ; in 1876, with 17 vessels, 124 barrels
was the average; in 1877, induced by the encouraging reports sent from
the Straits of Canso and other places, the fleet to the bay from the same
firms was increased to 28 vessels, with still more disastrous results, the
catch of those that have arrived or been heard from being far below
that of last year, proving now to a certainty that the prosecution of the
mackerel fishery in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by American vessels is
a complete and utter failure.
The same firms, during the above years, with 55 vessels employed on
the American shore, in 1873 averaged a catch of 350 packed barrels of
mackerel each ; in 1874, 63 vessels averaged 554 barrels ; in 1575, 54 ves-
sels averaged 381 barrels; in 1876, 57 vessels averaged 674 barrels.—
(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 2, 1877.)
1877.—LARGE SCHOOLS OF MACKEREL SEEN OFF THE NEW ENGLAND
COAST.
The largest school Captain Harding ever surrounded and kept with
his seine amounted to 300 barrels. In 1877 he lost a school off York,
Me., which filled his net full. He saw a school off Block Island in 1877
which he estimated to contain 1,000,000 barrels. He could see only one
edge of it at atime.
1877.—MACKEREL FISHERY IN CAPE COD BAY.
Mackerel struck last week in unusual abundance. The like has not
been known for years. The day will be remembered as “mackerel
day” for a good many years.—(Provincetown Banner, July 18, 1877.)
1878.—MACKEREL FISHERY OF NEW ENGLAND.
MACKEREL FISHERY.—The Bay of Saint Lawrence mackerel fishery
by the American fleet opened last year June 7, when the first vessel ar-
rived, and closed November 30, when the last vessel sailed for home.
The whole number of vessels in the bay was 273, of which 125 or 423
per cent. were from Gloucester. Wellfleet sent 29; Portland 15; Bos-
ton 24; Booth Bay 12; Newburyport 10; Swan’s Island 8; Province-
town 8; Rockport, Deer Isle, North Haven, Southport, and Bremen, 5
each; Camden and Cohasset, 3 each; Salem, Rockland, aud Dennis
Port, 2 each; Danversport, Essex, Harwich, Brooklin, Orleans, Truro,
Belfast, Sedgwick, Hingham, Swampscott, Portsmouth, Vinalhaven,
New London, Bristol, and Perth Amboy, 1 each. Of the Gloucester
fleet, 118 vessels are reported to have taken 28,847 barrels. Of these
428 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [338]
8,735 barrels, of a value of $36,725, were caught within the taree-mile
line. Taking this as a basis, and the American catch in the bay last
year was 66,749 barrels of mackerel, of which 20,202 barrels, of a value
of $84,548, were taken within the three-mile line, for which latter priv-
ilege we have paid $450,000 in cash (without including interest), and
probably as much more in remission of duties.—(Provincetown Banner,
January 30, 1879.)
1878.—NOTES ON THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY.—tThe fish dealers of Boston are
exercised over the early catch of mackerel, which they think diminishes
the later supply and affects the market unfavorably. It would be diffi-
cult to prove that the catch or market are influenced either by the early
fishery, or by the use of seines, a8 many contend. The demand for the
first fresh mackerel of the season gives the business promise of success,
and the quantity packed is not likely to interfere with the sale of the
small stock of better quality fish remaining on the market from last
year’s catch. The Southern mackerel fishery will be followed by the
usual fleet as the season advances. Quite a number of vessels are fit-
ting away, and the “ Moses Adams,” Captain Jacobs, the pioneer of the
fleet, sailed for the South Saturday. Schooners “Seth Stockbridge,”
“Crest of the Wave,” “Smuggler,” “Ada R. Terry,” “Lizzie,” and ‘ Na-
mari,” have sailed the present week. Others are busy fitting out. The
fleet will comprise some 60 sail.
The first southern mackerel caught last year was by the schooner
“Seth Stockbridge,” Capt. James Anderson, who arrived in New York,
April 25, with 35,000 in number. The mild winter gives promise that
the first catch this year will be somewhat earlier.—(Cape Ann Bulletin,
March 20, 1878.)
1878.—ARRIVAL OF MACKEREL ON GEORGE’S BANK.
+
Mackerel appeared on George’s Bank about the 1st of June. The
Cape Ann Advertiser of June 7 states that twelve barrels caught there
were received at Edgartown the previous week.
1878.—SPRING MACKEREL FISHERY.
There were about one hundred and fifty sail of mackerel catchers at
Newport on Thursday week, and the “high line” was 150 barrels.—
(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 10, 1878.)
1878.—THE EARLIEST CATCH OF MACKEREL.
The schooner “ Lilian,” of Noank, Captain Latham, took 40 barrels small
and large mackerel off Chincoteague March 30. This was the first
catch of the season and the earliest ever known on our own coast, ex-
cept in 1831.
[339] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 429
1879.— FALL FISHERY OF CAPE COD BAY.
Mackerel were abundant in Provincetown Harbor on November 22,
1879; one boat caught 1,400 in set-nets.—(J. H. Blake, Cambridge,
Mass.)
1879.—SHORE FISHERY IN CAPE COD BAY.
A large school of mackerel came into our bay last week, and many of
the vessels get good hauls with their seines, from 120 to 160 barrels;
besides that, some of the hook fishermen got from 10 to 30 barrels.
They were caught along the Plymouth shore, and from that northward
close in to the land. Jor some days past the wind has been blowing
too strong for fishing. A few mackerel are being taken here in gill-nets
by our shore fishermen. Some of the fishermen that set bluefish nets
got from 60 to 90 large fat bluefish to a man.—(Letter of N. E. Atwood,
October 27, 1879.)
NOTES ON THE SHORE MACKEREL FISHERY OF 1878.
The first mackerel of the season.—Three weeks earlier than last year.—
The schooner “Uillian” arrived at Lewes on Friday, from a southern
mackerel cruise, with ten barrels of fresh mackerel, the first of the sea-
son. ‘They found a ready sale at 20 cents each for large, 15 cents for
medium, and 10 cents for tinkers. The first arrival last year was the
schooner “Seth Stockbridge” of this port, April 25, with 35,000 in num-
ber.
The “Lillian” belongs in Noank, Conn., a small port near New Lon-
don, and sailed March 12th. She reports seeing a good many tinkers,
but there was a rough sea and high winds at the time. The mackerel
caught by the “ Lillian” were mostly small and were sent to New York
from Lewes, Del., by steamer, in water. There have been no other re-
ceipts at New York or elsewhere so far as reported.—(Cape Ann Bulle-
tin, April 6, 1878.)
THE MACKEREL FISHERY.—The early appearance of mackerel this
season, and the fact that they are already of quite good size and quality,
give promise of a successful shore catch, but it is already evident that
prices must rule low in order to compete with the present low prices of
all sorts of provisions. Last year the first receipts of fresh mackerel
were April 25, and the first receipts of salt mackerel May 4. This year
there were fresh mackerel on the New York market April 5, a few being
taken off the Delaware coast and forwarded by steamer, and the first fare
received arrived on the 12th, quickly followed by others, so that within
a day or two there were two thousand ‘‘wash-barrels” on the market.
The first receipt of new salt mackerel this season was April 22d, and
during the [last] week 500 barrels were landed at New York, 450 at Har-
wich, and about 25 at Boston.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 3, 1878.)
NEW FISHING ENTERPRISE.—The schooner “Notice,” of this port,
owned in part and commanded by Capt. Knud Markurson, cleared on
430 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [340]
Monday for an experimental fishing trip on the coast of Norway. Cap-
tain Markurson is familiar with the fishing grounds of the North Sea and
with our improved methods of mackerel fishing, which ought to give him
success in a field where the operations have heretofore been confined to
old-time methods. He takes out a crew of twelve experienced men and
will doubtless dispose of his catch in European markets. The “ Notice”
is a fine vessel of 66.50 tons burden, Gloucester built, nine years old, and
thoroughly fitted for mackereling. This voyage is the fulfillment of an
old project, which was first broached eighteen years ago, when the mack-
erel fishery of New England was at a low ebb, but Captain Markurson
is the first to overcome the difficulties surrounding such an undertaking
and to make the venture. The present time seems a favorable one for
the experiment, and we wish the enterprising master and crew abund-
ant success in striking out in this new field of industry.—Cape Ann
Advertiser.—(St. John’s Chronicle, May 17, 1878.)
MIGRATIONS.—THE PROSPECT OF MACKEREL IN THE BAY.—A gen-
tleman from Halifax informs us that a pilot of twenty-five years’ expe-
rience on the Nova Scotian shore, states that he never saw such a
large body of mackerel off that coast as he has seen this season. They
were en route for the bay, and there ought to be a good catch there this
season.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 21, 1878.)
THE BAY FLEET.—The first installment of the Bay of Saint Law-
rence fleet have about completed their preparations, and quite a number
of the fleet have already sailed. The prospect for mackerel in this re-
gion is said to be much better than in the last few years, a large body
being reported as passing Nova Scotia on their way thither. The fleet
will go prepared to fish with either seines or hand-lines, and it is hoped
that their efforts to secure large fares will prove successful.—(Cape Ann
Bulletin, June 26, 1878.)
1878.—NOTES ON THE MACKEREL FISHERIES IN THE GULF OF SAINT
LAWRENCE, AND OFF THE NEW ENGLAND COAST.
Late advices from the bay report schooner “ Jacob Bacon” high line of
the fleet, 225 barrels mackerel, schooner “ Ratler” coming next with 125
barrels, and a few other fares ranging from 40 to 80 barrels. The
“Charles Haskell” left the bay after three days’ unsuccessful fishing, and
picked up a fare of 100 barrels shore tinkers on the way home, where
she arrived Monday. The “C. B. Manning” arrived from a shore trip
Tuesday with 80 barrels of inferior quality. Schooner “Smuggler” ar-
rived yesterday with 130 barrels small mackerel. The only large mack-
erel landed here were taken by schooner “ Mary Odell” a few days ago, on
the Block Island fishing grounds. She brought in a fare of 25 barrels
mixed mackerel, of which 15 barrels were extra 1’s, and sold at a fancy
price. The whole number of mackerel arrivals for the week has been
9, but there have been no other fares of consequence.—(Cape Ann Ad-
vertiser, July 19, 1878.)
[341] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 431
TNE BAY FLEET.—The schooner ‘Jacob Bacon” of this port, Capt.
William Gray, employed in the Bay of Saint Lawrence mackerel fishery,
has shipped home by steamer to Boston, from Port Hawkesbury, 222
barrels good mackerel. A few other vessels are reported with fares
from 200 to 300 barrels, of good quality, and the prospect is considered
more favorable than heretofore this season.—(Cape Ann Advertiser,
July 26, 1878.)
Schooner ‘“‘Golden Hind” arrived from a Bay Saint Lawrence trip on
Wednesday, being the second arrival of the season, but there are oth-
ers on the way, to arrive ina day or two. The later reports from the
bay indicate an improvement in quality and catch, and it is not too late
to hope for profitable returns before the season closes. The weather has
been rough of late, and unfavorable for fishing, but some good fares are
reported. The “Golden Hind” brought 280 barrels mackerel, 100 barrels
of which were taken at one haul of the seine off North Cape.
The shore mackerel fleet continue to meet with ill success, and there
is little hope for improvement until the mackerel turn southward in the
fall. The number of arrivals the past week has been 12 and the receipts
some 500 barrels. There is a fair stock on the market, but the call for
inferior grades is light.
1878.— MOVEMENTS OF THE FISHING FLEET.
Schooner “ David F. Low,” Captain Chisholm, arrived home from the
Bay of Saint Lawrence on Wednesday, with a fare of 200 barrels good
mackerel, being the first arrival and first receipts of bay mackerel
at this port this season. Two other vessels fitted for the bay arrived
home before the ‘ Low,” but neither of them stopped to make a trip,
although one secured 19 barrels before leaving to make up a fare of
shore mackerel on the way home. One fare of bay mackerel was re-
ceived at Boston, last week, by steamer, sent home by schooner ‘“ Jacob
Bacon,” and sold without culling or packing, averaging about 187
pounds to the sea barrel, at $9 per barrel, which would be equivalent
to about $11 packed. The first arrival at this port from the bay, last
year, was the schooner “ Eastern Queen,” August 15.
The shore mackerel fleet have abandoned the Block Island grounds,
having made a much smaller catch there than last year. There were
some.sixty sail engaged in the business, and most of them secured from
3 to 20 barrels of extra large mackerel, which brought about $26 the
barrel. The fleet continue to bring in moderate fares of tinker mack-
erel, and there are about 1,000 barrels on the market, for which there is
little demand. Number of shore arrivals the past week, 12; receipts,
1,550 barrels.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 2, 1878.)
The arrivals for the past week have given a more hopeful aspect
to the fishing outlook, and our wharves have presented the busy ap-
pearance which characterized them in more prosperous season. The
arrivals have not been numerous, numbering 56 in all, but some
432 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [342]
very good fares have been landed in the several departments of
fishing followed by Gloucester vessels. The receipts of bay mack-
erel, 1,400 barrels, fill a want that has long been felt, and indicate a
much better prospect for successful ventures in this line than was antici-
pated a few weeks ago. There have been 5 bay arrivals, the schooner
“Ellen M. Adams” being high line, with rising 400 barrels of good qual-
ity, and the “ Ralph EH. Eaton” coming next about 300 barrels. The shore
fleet continue to report a scarcity of large mackerel, though a few 2’s and
and large 3’s, are culled from most of the trips. The number of arrivals
for the week has been 6, and the receipts about 600 barrels. Schooner
“ Joseph Garland” brought in a fare of 240 barrels, the “ Fleetwing” 190,
the other fares being in moderate amounts.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, Au-
gust 16, 1878.)
Fish of all kinds have been in fair receipt the past week, but the
market continues firm except in mackerel, which are somewhat unset-
tled, though no concessions have been made from the inside rates quoted
last week. The receipt of 12,000 barrels Provincial-caught mackerel
at Boston last week went far to supply present demands, but there is
no considerable accuinulation of stock on this market. The number of
bay arrivals for the week has been 9, bringing 2,800 barrels, and 624
barre]s have been received by freighters. Shore arrivals 6, with a catch
of 650 barrels.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 30, 1878.)
1878.—SMALL CATCHES OF MACKEREL AT BLOCK ISLAND AND IN
THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
THE MACKEREL FISHERY.—A large mackerel fleet, including a num-
ber of Gloucester vessels, put into Newport harbor on Saturday, and
report the catch of mackerel very light. in some instances scarcely suffi-
cient to feed the crew. The fleet sailed again on Monday.
There is no news of especial encouragement from the bay fleet.
Mackerel put in an appearance there several weeks earlier than usual,
and the boat and net fishermen met with good success for awhile, but
the capricious fish seem to have abandoned their old haunts before the
arrival of the American fleet.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 28, 1878.)
1878.—FIRST ARRIVAL OF MACKEREL IN BOSTON.
Schooner “ Ellen M. Adams,” of the southern mackerel fleet, arrived in
Boston yesterday afternoon with 70 barrels of mackerel, which is the
first arrival of the season at that port.—(Cape Ann Bulletin, Wednes-
day, April 24, 1878.)
1878.—FIRST ARRIVAL OF MACKEREL AT GLOUCESTER.
The schooner ‘Marion Grimes” arrived home from a southern mack-
erel-trip, on Wednesday, with about 250 barrels of mackerel, being the
first of the fleet to arrive at this port. Her catch was of good quality,
a
[343] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 433
running nearly all large 3’s, and was sold immediately upon her arrival
at $5.50 per barrel, with barrel, out of pickle—(Cape Ann Advertiser,
May 10, 1878.)
1878.— FIRST FARE OF FRESH MACKEREL AT PORTLAND FOR THE
SEASON.
The first fare of fresh mackerel at Portland, 60 barrels, received last
week, retailed at 5 cents per dozen.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 7,
1878.)
1878.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
THE BAY MACKEREL FLEET.—Our correspondent at Port Mulgrave
writes as follows under date of last Saturday :
We have had very stormy weather of late in the North Bay, and the
mackerel fleet has done nothing since the 15th. Late arrivals report
the prospect good with the hook, but the mackerel do not school lately.
The arrivals at the several stopping places hereabouts, since the 15th,
have been as follows:
Gloucester—“‘ Bloomer,” 70 barrels; ‘‘Cora E. Smith,” 250; “‘Choco-
rua,” 235; “Commonwealth,” 430; ‘Jacob Bacon,” 278.
Boston—“‘M. B. Tower,” 400.
Wellflect—‘ Gertrude Summers,” 345 ; “Merrimac,” 307; “Nellie M.
Snow,” 365; “Sarah E. Smith,” 306.
Harwich—‘ Nettie Moore,” second trip.
Cohasset—“ Katie Hall,” 300.
Swan's Island—‘ Augusta HE. Herrick,” 478; ‘Alice,” 715; ‘‘Queen
of the West,” 270.
Boothbay—*‘Alice C. Fox,” 275; ‘H. K. Dresser,” 320.
Portland—* V enelia,” 336.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 30, 1878.)
1878.— REVIEW OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE GULF .OF SAINT
LAWRENCE.
The Cape Ann Advertiser gives the following review of the Bay of
Saint Lawrence mackerel fishery during 1878:
The Bay of Saint Lawrence mackerel fishery by the American fleet,
last year, opened June 7, when the first vessel arrived, and closed No-
vember 30, when the last of the fleet sailed for home. The whole number
of vessels visiting the bay was 273, of which 125 or 452 per cent. were
from Gloucester ; Wellfleet sent 29, Portland 15, Boston 14, Booth Bay
12, Newport 10, Swan’s Island 8, Provincetown 8, Rockport, Deer Isle,
North Haven, Southport, 4nd Bremen 5 each, Camden and Cohasset 3
each, Salem, Rockland, and Dennis Port 2 each, Danversport, Harwich,
Essex, Brooklyn, Orleans, Truro, Belfast, Sedgwick, Hingham, Swamp-
scott, Portsmouth, Vinalhaven, New London, Bristol, and Perth Amboy
leach. Of the Gloucester fleet 118 vessels are reported to have taken
28,847 barrels; of these, 8,735 barrels, of a value of $36,725, were caught
within the three-mile line. Taking this as a basis, and the American
S. Mis. 110-——28
434 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [344]
catch in the bay last year was 66,749 barrels of mackerel, of which
20,202 barrels, of a value of $84,848, were taken within the three-mile
line, for which latter privilege we have paid $450,000 in cash (without
including interest) and probably as much more in remission of duties.—
(Cape Aun Advertiser, January 10, 1879.)
1878.—REVIEW OF THE NEW ENGLAND MACKEREL FISHERY.
The annual report of the Boston Fish Bureau for 1878 gives the fol-
lowing review of the mackerel fishery for that year:
The season opened unusually early. Schooner “ Lillian,” sailing March
12, landed the first fresh mackerel April 6, followed a few days later by
50 sail, with from 100 to 150 barrels each of mixed fish of poor quality, the
early catch resulting, as usual, in a loss to nearly all as well as an injury
to the trade. We hope to see its discontinuance in the future. The
catch early gave promise of being larger than for years, very soon fell
off, and was followed with fluctuation and but partial success off our
own shores as well as in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, a large fleet going
there doing worse than those that remained near home, the fish proving
of inferior quality in either case. The value of the fisheries in English
waters to the United States the past season is not far from 6,200 barrels
of mackerel of not over $5 a barrel value, the total Bay or Gulf of Saint
Lawrence catch of fish being 62,000 barrels, not over 10 per cent. of
which was taken within the three-mile limit. The total Massachusetts
catch was 144,205 barrels, a gain of 39,187 barrels over 1877, the shrink-
age in value making the catch no more profitable. Total receipts in
Boston in 1878, 143,028 ; in 1877, 142,024. Never in the memory of the
oldest dealers has the price been as low on inferior grades as this season,
while the average price has not been as low in twenty or more years.
Choice mackerel having been scarce all the season, have sustained a
good price, a wide margin from the highest to the lowest ranging from
$25 down to $1.50 per barrel.
1879.— FAILURE OF THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE MACKEREL FISH-
ERIES.
GLOUCESTER, MASs., August 19, 1879.
Advices from Collector Babson, who is cruising in the Bay of Saint
Lawrence, represent that mackerel fishing in the bay this season is a
complete failure. Many firms are going out of the business.—(New
York Herald, August 19, 1879.)
1879.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL OFF THE NEW ENGLAND COAST,
AND SCARCITY IN THE BAY.
BATH, ME., August 28, 1879.
DEAR Sir: It may interest you to know the present condition of the
Portland mackerel fisheries, as I learn it from conversation with several
of the more prominent dealers of the place.
[345] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 435
They say that mackerel have not been so plenty off the Maine coast
for a number of years. A large fleet of vessels are fishing between
Portland and Mount Desert Island, taking mostly large No. 2’s, and all
very fat. The vessels “fill up” in from ten days to two weeks, some-
times bringing in a deck load beside. A good many vessels from <lif-
ferent parts of the State, and some from Cape Ann, are packing in
Portland at $1.25 per barrel. All the packing houses are kept busy,
and it is estimated by Mr. E. G. Willard that they have packed over
7,000 barrels in the three weeks ending August 23. Of these he has
bought and shipped over 6,000 barrels to parties in New York.
The price for 2’s three weeks ago was $5, but under the heavy re-
ceipts, prices have gradually fallen, until Saturday they were selling at
$4.124, and Mr. Willard thought that Monday they would reach $4.
Vessels fishing in the bay have done very poorly, and have mostly
returned with “ broken trips,” or filled up on their way home, off this
coast. Mr. Charles A. Dyer gives me the folowing: Schooner “M. E.
Torrey” arrived home about August 1 from a mackerel trip in English
waters. She was gone five weeks at an expense for outfit of $470. She
brought home 200 barrels of fish that sold at $3 per barrel net, of which
the crew took one half. This left a loss to the vessel of $170 in money,
beside loss of time and general wear. This represents a fair average,
he thinks, of vessels in English waters in 1879.
During the same time of schooner “ M. KE. Torrey’s” trip the schooner
‘“¢ Alice” landed from American waters 700 barrels of better fish, and
stocked $2,500.
I know of but one Portland vessel in the bay at the present time, and
she has not been heard from since June 25, when she had 20 barrels.
Very truly, yours,
R. E. EARULL.
Prof. G. BROWN GOODE,
United States Fish Commission, Provincetown, Mass.
1879.—_MACKEREL FISHERIES OF THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
The following observations on the mackerel fishery in the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence are from the report of Collector F. J. Babson and
Alfred D. Foster, esq., who visited the provincial inshore fisheries in
the United States steamship “ Kearsarge” in the summer of 1879:
‘The principal fishery followed by the American fishermen in the waters
of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence is the mackerel fishery. * * * Previous
to the reciprocity treaty of 1854 the mackerel fishery was almost wholly
in the hands of the Americans, the provincial fishermen confining them-
selves entirely to the cod-fishery. This treaty, by opening the markets
of the United States to Canadian fish, stimulated this industry, until
now Canadian fishermen engage in this fishery on all the coasts of the
maritime provinces. The methods of taking mackerel in use by the
Canadian and American fishermen differ widely. The Canadians fish
436 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [346]
in small boats, going out ashort distance only from the shore, returning
to their homes each night, and using hand lines alone. In Prince Ed-
ward Island there were engaged in these fisheries during the year 1878
1,175 boats and only 17 vessels.
‘« Professor Hind, in his confidential report to the Canadian Govern-
ment upon the effect of the Washington treaty on Canadian fisheries,
speaking of the difference in the modes of fishing used by the Canadians
and Americans, says: ‘Mackerel catching is a special industry, and re-
quires sea-going vessels. The boat equipment so common throughout
British-American waters is wholly unsuited to the pursuit of the mack-
erel so largely carried on by United States fishermen. Immense schools
of mackerel are frequently left unmolested in the Gulf and on the coast
of Newfoundland, in consequence of the fishermen being unprovided
with suitable vessels and fishing gear” * * *
“The size, quality, and number of mackerel in the Gulf vary ex-
ceedingly in different years, sometimes being a mixed quality of large
and small, and at other seasons being very poor and of little value.
During the present season the mackerel taken in the Gulf have been
smaller and poorer than ever before, and will hardly pay even the Cana-
dians themselves for taking them. At Prince Edward Island mack-:
_ erel can be bought for about $1 a barrel unpacked, while packed, salted,
and delivered in Boston they cannot be sold for more than $3, and the
dealers there have refused to advance more than $2 upon the mackerel
consigned to them. Indeed, the managers of some of the largest fishing
establishments upon the island have this summer given up the mackerel
fishery and turned their attention entirely to catching cod for the West
India market, considering that after paying the expense of packing and
transporting the mackerel there was no margin left for any profit.
‘““The number of American vessels in the Gulf varies very much each
year. There have been seasons previous to the treaty of Washington
when as many as 500 vessels were in the Gulf at one time, but since the
treaty has been in operation the number has greatly diminished. By
the official record kept by the collector of customs at Port Mulgrave in
the Gut of Canso, there appear to have been in the Gulf in 1873, 254 ves-
sels; 1874, 164 vessels. This record for the years 1875 and 1876 was de-
manded by the counsel of the United States at the Halifax Commission,
but was refused by the British counsel, although it was admitted that
the records were in their possession. The evidence produced by the
United States shows that during those years there were not more than
100 vessels in the Gulf. There were in 1877, 60 vessels; 1878, 273
vessels; 1879, 44 vessels.
“Of the vessels in the Gulf in 1879, 24 are reported as having obtained
7,045 barrels, an average of 293 barrels each, which would make for the
whole fleet, 13,905 barrels taken by American vessels in the Gulf in this
year. Ifone-half of the fish were caught within three miles of the
shore, which is a very large estimate, the value of the Canadian inshore
[347] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISIERY. 437
mackerel fishery to the United States in 1879 was only $6,860—this is cal-
culating the value of the fish at the price for which it can be purchased.
unpacked in Prince Edward Island, and making no allowance for the
expense of catching the mackerel. In 1878 more American vessels went
to the Gulf than any year since the treaty has been in operation. Early
in the season the fishing was poor upon the United States coast, and.
many vessels went to the Gulf in hope that they would find the mackerel
there, but most of them returned at once and did much better on the
American shore. The whole American catch in the Gulf, in 1878, was
only 61,923 barrels, while 134,545 barrels were taken on our own coast.
Every vessel engaged in the Gulf mackerel fishery during the last two
years has lostmoney. * * *
“On Friday, August 15, we left Prince Edward Island for the Magda-
len Islands, arriving there the evening of the 16th. Under the conven-
tion of 1818 the American fishermen have the right to fish on the shores
of the Magdalen Islands, without any restriction as to distance. Situ-
ated in the center of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, these islands were for-
merly the resort of large bodies of mackerel, which remained there alk
summer, and until the last few years American vessels found around
these islands the best fishing places in the Gulf.
‘Mr. Fox, the collector and fishery overseer of the Magdalen Islands,
testified before the Halifax Commission that in 1861 he counted 500
American schooners engaged in fishing near the islands. When we saw
him there, this summer, he informed us he had not seen a single Uni-
ted States vessel. In 1877 about 30 vessels fished near the islands; in
1878, only 20, and none of these did well. This year the mackerel catch
at the islands has been a failure; very few have been taken by the in-
habitants, and they were all small, not exceeding 13 inches in length.
* * * The great dependence of the Canadian fishing industry
upon the markets of the United States for the sale of their fish, and the
great benefit which they receive from the remission of duties, clearly
appear from the returns. Nearly one-half of all the fish exported from
Canada goes to the United States, while of mackerel alone nearly four-
fifths of the entire exportation is to the United States. In 1877, 102,698
barrels of mackerel were exported to the United States, and only 28,52
barrels to all other countries. Practically, the United States is the only
market for the best qualities of mackerel, and if a prohibitory duty
should be imposed, the fishery would be almost abandoned by the Cana-
dians. Ifan average duty of 20 per cent. had been imposed on Cana-
dian fish, more than two millions of dollars would have been received
by the United States since the treaty of Washington came into force.*
1879.—HIGH LINE OF THE MACKEREL FLEET.
Schooner ‘Ada R. Terry,” of this port, Capt. Russell D. Terry, master,
has landed this season 4,150 barrels mackerel, and her net stock is
*House Ex. Doc. No. 84, 2d sess. 46th Congress.
438 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [348]
$10,970, sharing $363 to a man, making her high line of the mackerel
fleet from New York to New Brunswick.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, De-
cember 12, 1879.)
1879.—REVIEW OF THE NEW ENGLAND MACKEREL FISHERY.
In the annual report of the Boston Fish Bureau for 1879 is the follow-
ing concerning the mackerel fishery : é
With few exceptions the spring catch is followed only at a loss, the
past season proving no exception. The first to arrive generally realiz-
ing a handsome sum, induced the usual number, seventy-five sail, to go
south, sailing in March and April. The first to report, schooners ‘Ellen
M. Adams” and “Sarah M. Jacobs,” taking 150 and 120 barrels of mixed
size and poor quality, on April 13. But a small amount of the spring
catch was cured. First fare of salt mackerel landed by schooner “Cora
KE. Smith,” May 3. As the season advanced and the fish reached our
New England coast, finding an abundance of their natural food, they
rapidly improved in condition and remained plenty all the season, and
much later than for years past, having been taken as late as December
19. The catch is particularly noticeable for its superior quality, much
better than for years, as well as for its uniform size, being mostly 2’s
and 3’s, with very few l’s; and the absence of the very small, or No. 4’s,
of the two previous years gives promise of a size larger, or at least a fair
amount of large fish the coming season. While the early-caught, poor
fish realized but $2.50 a barrel, as they improved in quality the demand
and price also increased, the average price being $16, $6, and $3.50, for
Vs, 2’s, and 3’s. Late in the season our shores were visited by the Jarg-
est mackerel ever seen, of most excellent quality, measuring from 16 to
194 inches long, weighing from 12 to 3 pounds each, readily selling
from 25 to 30 cents each, and from $35 to $40 per barrel, cured. Our
North Bay fleet was, fortunately, very small, only 42 sail from New
England, averaging 257 barrels ; aggregate catch 10,796 barrels of small
and very inferior fish, one vessel securing but 25 barrels all the season ;
while the shore fleet, much smaller than usual, numbering 283 sail, aver-
aged 740 barrels; the average shore catch 209,803 barrels. Total catch
of the Massachusetts fleet, 156,125 barrels, against 144,205 barrels in
1878. <Asto the relative value of the mackerel fishery off the New Eng-
land coast as compared to those in provincial waters, it will be noticed
our catch began in April, ending the middle of December, three-fourths
of a year. It isnow in contemplation sending vessels south to prosecute
this branch the remaining three months, making our catch perennial,
while the provincial catch, with favorable weather, lasts about four
months. [Thereceipts of fresh mackerel in Boston in 1879 were 11,724,943
fish in number. This is in addition to the receipts of salt mackerel.]
1880.—THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY.—EARLY CATCHES.—THE
FLEET FOR 1880. ai
The tendency in the mackerel fishery is to earlier trips from year to
year, the use of seines enabling the fishermen to secure a catch a8 soon
{349] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 439
as mackerel put in an appearance and before they are ready to take the
hook, and the ready market for the first fresh mackerel proving a temp-
tation to enterprising fishermen. The first receipts in the New York
and Philadelphia markets in 1875 were April 30; in 1876, April 24; in
1877, April 25; in 1878, April 5; and in 1879, April 14. This year the
pioneers of the fleet sailed a month earlier than usual, hoping by going
farther South to make an early catch, and quite a respectable fleet are
now in southern waters, awaiting thefirst appearance of mackerel. The
following vessels comprise the fleet sailing in March:
Boston.—Schooner ‘G. W. Bentley,” 1.
Booth Bay.—Schooners ‘Alice G. Fox,” ‘“Cyrena Ann,” ‘“‘Cynosure,”
“Lettie S. Reed,” “Louis and Rose,” 5.
Chatham. WD echoouers “Leila Linwood,” ‘ Willie Irving,” 2
Dennis.—Schooners ‘Charlotte Brown,” ‘Cora Louise,” ‘Mary
Doane,” “ Quivet,” “Titmouse,” “ Willie Parkinan? 6.
Gloucester.—Schooners “Bounding Billow,” ‘Chocorua,” “Crest of
the Wave,” ‘Charles Haskell,” “Earnest F. Norwood,” ‘Frank A.
Smith,” “Golden Hind,” “Goldsmith Maid,” “ Fred. L. Webb,” “Fred.
P. Frye,” “Ellen M. Adams,” “Edward E. Webster,” “ Fleetwing,”
“Helen M. Crosby,” “Joe Hooker,” “John W. Bray,” “Joseph Gar-
land,” “Herald of the Morning,” ‘“‘ Marion Grimes,” ‘‘M. L. Wetherell,”
‘““Onward,” ‘Ossipee,” ‘ Piscataqua,” ‘ Reporter,” “Wide Awake,”
“William 8. Baker,” “Edward Everett,” “Falcon,” “ Georgianna,”
“‘Tsaac Patch,” «Mar yO’ Dell,”* Madawaska Maid,” “‘Oceanns,” ‘“ Rat-
tler,” “Sarah M. Jacobs,” 35.
Hach: —Schooners Kate Florence,” “‘ Nettie Moore,” ‘“‘ Phebe and
Emma,” “Chas. H. Kelly,” “Isaac Somes,” 5.
Newburyport.—Schooners ‘George W. Brown,” ‘Lizzie Thompson,”
“*Miantonomah,” 3.
Portsmouth.—Schooners ‘Gov. Goodwin,” and “ Daniel Marcy,” 2.
Portland.—Schooners “Georgie Willard,” “Maggie W. Willard,” 2.
Swan’s Island—Schooner “Alice,” 1.
Total, 62.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, April 10, 1880.)
1880.—FIRST ARRIVAL OF FRESH MACKEREL IN NEW YORK.
FRESH MACKEREL—The first fare of fresh mackerel the present season
was landed at New York, Saturday, by schooner ‘“‘ Edward E. Webster,”
Capt. Solomon Jacobs, of this port. She brought in a fare of 20,000,
which were sold at 8 cents apiece, making her stock $1,600.—(Cape Ann
Advertiser, April 7, 1880.)
1880.—THE LARGEST MACKEREL EVER SEEN.
Some of the mackerel taken at Block Island Monday, July 25, weighed
3 pounds 2 ounces, the largest ever seen.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August
6, 1880.)
440 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [350]
1880.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL.—GOOD FARES.
Large schools of large mackerel were reported off Monhegan on Sun-
day. Five vessels did well.
Schooner “Alice” of Swan’s Island is reported high-line of the bay
mackerel fleet, having landed and sent bome three fares.
The schooners ‘“‘Gov. Goodwin,” ‘‘Helen F. Tredick” and “Anna M.
Nash” of Portsmouth, arrived on Tuesday with 400 barrels of the largest
mackerel ever brought to that port. They average less than 100 to the
barrel. For several days past the water off the harbor has been liter-
ally black with mackerel, those at the bottom crowding toward the top.
Fishermen report nothing like it for years.—( Ibid.)
1880.—MILLIONS OF MACKEREL ON THE NEW ENGLAND COAST.
The vast strike-in of mackerel all along our coast is really phenome-
nal. Nobody remembers anything like it. Thousands were caught
yesterday and the day before, even without bait, as if mackerel were as
simple as ‘‘ Hancock Union soldiers” who snap ata bare rebel hook.
Every boat, from the craziest old dory to the fashionable yacht, is
pressed into service, and there are as many “ kits” going to Boston and
Lynn, and Salem and Gloucester, as the unwary boy supposes are on
their way to St. [ves, when the famous problem of Pike’s old arithmetic
is propounded. From any look-out the schools can be seen on the surface
of the water, hunting around for somebody to catch them, like bummer
politicians seeking for bids. The theory that the mackerel had been
depopulated in our waters is annihilated. There are still as good. fish
in the sea as ever were caught, and apparently more of them. It is said
that the mackerel are pursued by the bluefish and the bluefish by the
sharks. What is after the sharks is not stated. But our thanks are
due to the bluetish in the first degree. They are the mackerel school-
master, and the success of our fishermen is due to the fact that the
schoolmaster is abroad in the waters.—(Lowell (Mass.) Courier, July 16,
1880.
1880.—MACKEREL FISHERY OF GLOUCESTER.
The records of the United States Fish Commission at Gloucester,
Mass., show that the total number of fares of salt mackerel landed at
that port in the year 1880 was 722, of which 25 fares were from the
bay of Saint Lawrence in American vessels. The total receipts of salt
mackerel were 135,774 sea-packed, equal to about 122,200 inspected bar-
rels of 200 pounds each, making the total weight of the fish 24,440,000
pounds in the salt state, which is equivalent to 36,660,000 pounds of
round or fresh mackerel. The receipts of 135,774 sea-packed barrels
include 125,214 barrels taken by Gloucester vessels, 6,890 barrels taken
by vessels from other New England ports, 505 barrels taken off the
United States coast by the schooner “ Lertie” of Nova Scotia, 3,623 barrels
caught by boats and traps at Gloucester Harbor, and 3,437 barrels taken
[351] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 44}
by United States vessels in the bay of Saint |awrence. The receipts
by months were as follows: April, 7 barrels; May, 3,977 barrels; June,
1,730 barrels; July, 19,105 barrels; August, 28,030 barrels ; September,
39,534 barrels ; October, 30,996 barrels ; November, 12,395 barrels.
The Cape Ann Advertiser record for the year 1880, gives the follow-
ing facts concerning the mackerel fishery of Gloucester in that year :
The mackerel industry employed 175 vessels and about 2,500 men ;
the number of vessels engaged in no other fishing branch for the year
was 90. Fifteen were employed in mackereling and the shore fishery ;
27 in mackereling, the herring and shore fisheries; and 38 in the mack-
erel, Georges and bank fisheries, &. * * * The Block Island
mackereling fleet comprised 15 vessels, the Southern fleet 34, and the
Bay of Saint Lawrence fleet 15, all of which were successfully engaged
in the offshore mackerel fishery. Most of the southern fleet disposed
of their catch, in large proportion fresh, in the Philadelphia, New York,
and Boston markets; the bay of Saint Lawrence trips were failures;
the Block Island catch was smaller than in 1879; but the shore catch
was larger than for many years, and proved profitable. The total catch
is estimated at 129,620 barrels.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, January 14,
1881.)
1880.—REVIEW OF THE NEW ENGLAND MACKEREL FISHERY.
In its review of the New England fisheries for the year 1880 the Bos-
ton Fish Bureau has the following concerning the mackerel fishery:
The season opened by the early, or southern, fleet sailing in March.
Firstcatch reported by schooner “‘ Edward E. Webster,” 25,000 fish, April
2. The record of the fleet will be found in the report of the various
fleets, and shows another financially disastrous early catch, some of the
vessels returning without fish, very few with profit. We have in pre-
vious reports mentioned the injurious effects of this branch of the catch,
even when followed at a profit, a large catch of poor fish injuring the
demand later in the season. The past few years fully demonstrates that
the sooner the early catch is abandoned the better it will be for all in-
terested. The first catch in the weirs at Cape Cod April 26; first new
salt mackerel arrived at Boston May 10. The market for a new stock
ranged from $5 to $6, vessels doing only fairly up to July 1, the fish and
fleet being scattered from Cape Cod to Jeffrey’s Banks. Early in July
an unprecedented large body of mackerel appeared in Massachusetts
Bay, at our very doors. The oldest dealers and fishermen report never
having known them so plentiful. They continued in the bay until the
close of the season in December, during which time the entire fleet did
well, while many of them made remarkable “ stocks,” as will be seen in
the reports of individual vessels. The catch was noticeable for the ab-
sence of large and very small fish, its excellent quality, however, caus-
ing an active demand for immediate consumption. The catch in the
North Bay and provincial waters by the American fleet was almost an
442 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [352]
entire failure, numerous vessels returning without a single barrel. For-
tunately, but a small number of vessels visited those waters, and, not
finding fish, returned in time to secure enough of the home catch to save
them from a disastrous season. The total catch of inspected barrels by
the Massachusetts fleet is the largest since 1874, amounting to 255,986
barrels. This season’s catch has been exceeded but ten times since 1864,
The total catch by the New England fleet is 349,674 inspected barrels,
a gain over the previous year of 99,861 barrels on the Massachusetts
catch, and total gain of 129,075 barrels. In addition to our own large
catch there has beenimported from the provinces 105,730 barrels, against
$4,213 the previous year.
The total amount of mackerel received in Boston during 1880 from
domestic and foreign ports, with home catch, 196,493 inspected barrels.
* * * * ; * * *
Our report and table of receipts, number of vessels, and crew, having
been confined to salt or cured fish, we wish briefly to call attention to
the importance and steady growth of the fresh-fish business, * * *
the abundance of mackerel at our doors most of the season resulting
in the receiving and distributing throughout the country of 75,000 bar-
rels of fresh mackerel. Day after day, for weeks, from 1,000 to 2,000
barrels were received. Notwithstanding this unusually large produc-
tion, all were used fresh. For the first year in the history of the busi-
ness not a week during the year has passed but fresh mackerel could be
bought at reasonable prices.
1881.—WHAT OUR GOVERNMENT PAID FOR.
Inshore catch of mackerel in the Bay of Saint Lawrence by the Glou-
cester fleet this year, 18 barrels. That’s what we helped to pay a twelfth
of $5,500,000 for for this year’s fishery.. Our herring and bait and ice
and other supplies we buy at a profit to the provincials, who send
thousands of barrels of mackerel and quintals of codfish to the Ameri-
can market free of duty, in competition with the American fishermen.—
(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 14, 1881.)
1881.—THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF GLOUCESTER.
The records of the United States Fish Commission at Gloucester,
Mass., show that the total number of fares of mackerel received at that
port in 1881 was 713. The total number of sea-packed barrels of mack-
erel landed was 165,497, equal to 148,948 inspected barrels of 200 pounds
each, equal to 29,789,600 pounds of salt mackerel, or 44,684,400 pounds
in a fresh condition. The entire catch, with the exception of one fare
of 48 barrels from the Bay of Saint Lawrence, was taken off the United
States coast.
The records of the Cape Ann Advertiser for the year 1881 show that
the American mackerel fleet from Gloucester numbered 149 vessels, 83
[353] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 443
of which confined their operations for the year to this department, and
the total receipts of salt mackerel were 163,851 sea-packed barrels.—
(Cape Ann Advertiser, January 6, 1882.)
1881.—REVIEW OF THE NEW ENGLAND MACKEREL FISHERY.
The annual report of the Boston Fish Bureau for 1881 has the fol-
lowing review of the mackerel fishery for that year:
The catch opened unusually early, schooner ‘‘Edward Ei. Webster,” on
March 21, taking the first fare, 32,700 mackerel, 800 of which were large,
balance medium and small. The first fare of new salt mackerel arrived
in Boston May 9, one day earlier than in 1880, schooner “Roger Wil-
liams” landing 240 barrels that were caught off the Jersey coast. May
10, schooner ‘J. S. McQuinn” arrived with the first fare of fresh mack-
erel, 200 barrels, caught southeastfrom Sandy Hook. Firstcargo arrived
fresh same date in 1880. May 4th the first catch was made in the weirs
at Cape Cod; previous year on April 26th. March 25 schooner “ Lizzie
K. Clark” was capsized by a squall and lost, 20 miles from Barnegat ;
the crew were saved. This was the only mackerel vessel lost during
the season. Although the season opened early the catch of cured mack-
erel reported at this office during the season, up to November, was as
follows: May, 1,670 barrels; June, 38,683; July, 81,748; August, 70,424;
September, 71,643 ; October, 57,268.
A light catch in November brought the season to an early close, the
total catch of the New England fleet of 298 sail being 391,657 barrels,
of which 269,495 were packed and inspected in Massachusetts—a gain
in Massachusetts inspection of 19,534 barrels over 1880. This amount
has been exceeded but five times in seventy-eight years.
As will be noticed, the catch off the New England coast opened a
little later than usual, and continued good all the season, with the ex-
ception of 470 barrels, the entire catch being taken off the United States
coast. The size and quality were of an average, with more No. Is, aud
an absence of the very small, or No. 4. The price opened low, the first
sale recorded being at $4.50 a barrel for large, $3.75 for medium, fall-
ing off in June to $4 for packed, or early 3’s; inspected 3’s, 2’s, and 1’s
selling through the season as follows: July, $3.25, $3.50 for 3’s;_ $5.25,
$5.50 for 2’s. August, $3.25, 3’s; $5, 2’s. September, $4.25, 3’s; $6.50,
2s; $16, ’s. October, $6, $8 to $9, $18. November, $6.50, $9, $19.
December, $7.50, 3’s; $9 to $10, 2’s; $20, V’s.
The catch in provincial waters being a failure, our imports show a
falling off of 43,880 barrels. Fortunately very few American vessels
visited them, securing only 470 barrels; they returned home in season
to make a good record.
Besides the large quantity of mackerel that were salted, many thou-
sand barrels were sold in a fresh condition. In Boston 2,200,000 and in
Gloucester about 650,000 one-pound cans of fresh mackerel were put up.
444 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES [354]
IX.—APPENDIX—INSPECTION LAWS.
Compiled by A. HowarD CLaRK.
52. EXISTING LAWS.
MAINE.
Inspectors of pickled fish to be appointed. Act February 10,1875, section 1.
The governor, with advice of the council, shall, from time to time, as
occasion may require, appoint in each city, town, and plantation in this
State, where pickled fish are cured or packed for exportation, one or
more persons skilled in the quality of the same, to be inspectors of fish,
who shall hold their office for a term of five years, unless sooner re-
moved by the governor and council.
Bond for the performance of their duties. Ibid., section 2.
Every such inspector, before entering upon the duties of his office,
shall be duly sworn, and shall give bonds with sufficient sureties to the
treasurer of the city, town, or plantation, for which he is appointed, to
the satisfaction of the mayor and aldermen of the city, the selectmen of
the town, and the treasurer of the plantation, in the penal sum of not
less than five hundred nor more than five thousand dollars, for the
faithful performance of his official duties; and such municipal officers
shall, at least once a year, examine the bonds given by said inspectors,
and if that of any inspector is not in their opinion sufficient, they shall
forthwith notify him, and if he for thirty days after such notice neglects
to give a bond satisfactory to them, they shall give information thereof
to the governor, and he shall remove such inspector from office.
Annual report of inspectors. Ibid., section 3.
Every inspector shall, on or before the tenth day of December, an-
nually, make areturn into the office of the secretary of state of all fish
by him inspected during the year preceding the first day of December,
designating the quantities, kinds, and qualities of pickled fish, and the
secretary shall publish the same immediately after in the State paper.
Relief of persons injured by neglect of inspectors. Ibid., section 4.
Any person injured by the neglect or misdoings of any inspector, on
tendering to such treasurer a reasonable indemnity against the costs,
shall be entitled to bring an action on such inspector’s bond in the name
of the treasurer, for his own use, and to have a copy of the bond
therefor; and if judgment shall be rendered thereon for the plaintiff,
execution shall issue for the sum found due to the person for whose
[355] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 445
use such action is brought, and the sum awarded in damages shall be
entered by the clerk of the court on the original bond, to remain in the
custody of the treasurer.
Qualities of fish. Tbid., section 5.
Every inspector who inspects any kind of fish that are split or pickled
for packing, shall see that they are in the first instance free from taint,
rust, or damage, and well struck with salt or pickle; and such of said
fish as are in good order and of good quality, shall be pickled in tierces,
barrels, half-barrels, quarter-barrels, and tenths of barrels, or kids;
each tierce containing three hundred pounds, each barrel two hundred
pounds, and so on in that proportion; and the same shall be packed
in good clean coarse salt sufficient for their preservation; and then
each cask shall be headed up and filled with clear, strong pickle, and
shall be branded by the inspector with the name and quality of the
fish therein. Mackerel of the best quality, not mutilated, measuring,
when split, not less than thirteen inches from the extremity of the head
to the crotch or fork of the tail, free from taint, rust, or damage, shall
be branded number one; the next best quality, being not less than
eleven inches, measuring as aforesaid, free from taint, rust, or damage,
shall be branded number two ; those that remain after the above selec-
tion, free from taint or damage, and not less than thirteen inches, meas-
uring as aforesaid, shall be branded nwmber three, large; those of the
next inferior quality, free from taint or damage, not less than ten
inches, measured as aforesaid, shall be branded number three ; all other
mackerel, free from taint or damage, shall be branded number three,
small. The inspector shall brand, in plain letters, on the head of every
such cask, the weight, the initials of his Christian name, the whole of
his surname, the name of his town, and the letters Me., an abridgment
of the month and the year, in figures, when packed.
Quality and size of casks or barrels. Ibid., section 6.
All tierces, barrels, and casks, which are used for the purpose of
packing pickled fish, shall be made of sound, well-seasoned white oak,
white ash, spruce, pine, chestnut, or poplar staves, with heading of
either of such kinds of wood, sound, well planed and seasoned, and
when of pine to be free of sap, and the barrels to be hooped with at
least three strong hoops on each bilge, and three also on each chime;
the barrel staves to be twenty-eight inches in length, and the heads to
be seventeen inches between the chimes, and made, in a workmanlike
manner, to hold pickle.
Packing of alewives or herring. Branding. Ibid., section 7.
Every inspector who inspects pickled alewives or herring, packed
‘whole or round, shall see that they are struck with salt or pickle, and
446 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [396]
then put in good casks of the size and material aforesaid, packed
closely therein, and well salted, and the casks filled with fish and salt,
putting no more salt with the fish than is necessary for their preserva-
tion; and the inspector shall brand all such casks with the name of the
inspected fish as aforesaid, but in no case shall the inspector brand the
casks unless the fish contained therein shall have been packed and pre-
pared under his immediate supervision.
Fees for inspecting and branding. Ibid., section 8.
The fees for inspection and branding, exclusive of cooperage, shall
be for each barrel seven cents, and all such fees shall, in the first instance,
be paid by the original owners of the fish, but such owners shall be enti-
tled to recover the amount thereof from the party purchasing or receiv-
ing the same, under the marks and brands aforesaid, and in addition to
the price thereof. |
Penalty for selling uninspected pickled fish. Revised Statutes, 1871, chap.
40, sec. 13.
If any person sells in this State, or exports therefrom, any fish in
casks not inspected, packed, and branded, as aforesaid, or any tainted
or damaged fish, known to be such, except good and wholesome fish
packed in kegs of less than ten gallons, or pickled or dry fish imported
into this State from some other State or country lawfully inspected and
branded there, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every hundred-weight
thus sold or exported.
Certificate required for shipment of pickled fish. Ibid., section 14.
No pickled fish in casks shall be shipped from this State, unless the
master or owner of the vessel produces to the officer authorized to clear
the vessel a certificate from the inspector that the same have been
inspected, packed, and branded according to law; and the certificate
shall express the number of tierces or casks thus shipped, the kind and
quality of fish they contain, the name of the master and owner and
that of the vessel into which such fish are received for exportation; and
shall take and subscribe the following oath before the officer as afore-
said:
“J, A B, do swear, according to the best of my knowledge and be-
lief, that the certificate hereunto annexed contains the whole quantity
of pickled fish packed in barrels or casks on board the ; ;
master; and that no pickled fish are shipped on board said vessel for
the ship’s company, or on freight or cargo, but what are inspected and
branded according to the laws of this State, or exempted by the provis-
ions thereof: So help me God.”
Penalty for transporting uninspected pickled fish. Ibid., section 15.
If any person lades or receives on board any vessel or other carriage,
for transportation from this State,any pickled fish, or cured or salted
[357] _ HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 447
whole fish, packed or not packed, not inspected and branded as afore-
said, except such as is described in the exception of section thirteen, he
shall forfeit at the rate of not less than five nor more than ten dollars.
for every hundred pounds thereof; and any justice of the peace may
issue his warrant to the proper officer, directing him to seize and secure
any such prohibited fish, and convey it to any inspector within a con-
venient distance for inspection ; and every person refusing to give ne-
cessary aid in the service of such warrant, when required by the officer,
shall forfeit five dollars to the person suing therefor in an action of debt ;
and such inspector shall open, inspect, pack, and brand such fish accord-
ing to law and detain the same till all lawful charges of seizure and in-
spection are paid.
Penalty for illegally branding or mixing. Ibid., section 16.
If any person takes from a cask any pickled, cured, lawfully inspected
and branded, and substitutes therefor or fraudulently intermixes other
fish ; or any inspector marks any cask out of his town, or which he has
not inspected, packed, and prepared himself according to law; permits
other persons unlawfully to use his brands ; or willfully and fraudulently
uses the same himself after the expiration of his commission, he shall
forfeit twenty dollars for each cask or box so dealt with.
Recovery of penalties. Ibid., section 17.
All the penalties aforesaid, not otherwise herein appropriated, may be
recovered in an action of debt, half to the use of the person suing there-
for, and half to the town where the offense is committed.
Branding of smoked herring. Laws of 1871, passed February 24.
Be it enacted, de.
Hereafter no inspection of smoked herring shall be required in this
State, but all smoked herring put up in boxes or casks for sale in this
State shall be branded on the cask or box inclosing them with the first
letter of the Christian and the whole of the surname of the person put-
ting up the same, and with the name of the State and the place where
such person lives, and all such fish offered for sale or shipping not thus
branded shall be forfeited, one-half to the use of the town where the
offense is committed, and the other half to the person libeling the same ;
and alllaws and parts of laws inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
(General laws of New Hampshire, 1878.)
Seo niment eG qualification of inspectors and deputy inspectors. Chap.
124, Section 1-4.
Inspectors of flour, beef, and pork, of potash and peariash, of butter
and lard, of hops, and of fish, shall be appointed by the governor, with
448 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [358]
the advice and consent of the council, and shall hold their offices for
the term of five years, unless sooner removed by the governor and
council.
Each inspector, before entering upon the duties of his office, shall
give bond to the State, with sufficient sureties, to the satisfaction of
the treasurer thereof, in the sum of two thousand dollars.
Each inspector shall appoint so many deputy-inspectors as may be
necessary, removable at his pleasure, and for whom he shall be answer-
able, who shall first give bond to him, with sufficient sureties, in a sum
not exceeding one thousand dollars, and shall once in six months, or
oftener if requested, make such returns to him as he may require.
All oaths required to be taken by any deputy may be administered by
the inspector, and all oaths required to be taken in the inspection of
provisions or merchandise may be administered by the inspector or any
deputy, or, in either case, by a justice.
If a vacancy shall occur in the office of inspector, his deputies shall
continue to perform their duties and shall possess the same powers and
be subject to the same liabilities as if no vacancy had occurred, until an
inspector shall be appointed and duly qualified.
The word ‘ inspector” in this title may include deputy inspector.
Pickled fish to be well preserved. Chap. 129, sections 1, 2.
The inspector of fish or some deputy shall see that all kinds of split
pickled fish and fish for barreling, intended for exportation, have been
well struck with salt or pickle in the first instance, and preserved free
from rust, taint, or damage.
Such fish as are in good order and of good quality shall be packed in
tierces, barrels, or half-barrels; the tierces to contain three hundred
pounds, the barrels two hundred pounds, and the half-barrels one hun-
dred pounds of fish each, and shall -be packed with good clean salt,
suitable for the purpose; and the casks, after being packed and headed,
with the fish and sufficient salt to preserve the same, shall be filled with
a clear strong pickle.
Qualities of pickled fish. Branding. Ibid., sections 3-5.
Each cask shall be filled with fish of one and the same kind, and
shall be branded “salmon,” “shad,” ‘ alewives,” “herring,” or as the
case may be; those of the best quality, caught in the right season, to
be most approved and free from damage, shall be branded “cargo num-
ber one”; those which remain after the best have been selected, being
sweet, free from taint, rust, or damage, shall be branded “cargo number
two”; and the thinnest and poorest of those that are sweet and whole-
some shall be branded ‘ cargo number three.”
There shall be four numbers of mackerel: Those of the best quality,
not mutilated, measuring not less than thirteen inches from the extrem-
[359] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. A449
ity of the head to the fork of the tail, free from rust, taint, or damage,
shall be branded “number one.” ‘The next best quality, being not less
than eleven inches, measuring as aforesaid, free from rust, taint, or
damage, Shall be branded “‘number two.” Those that remain after the
above selections, if free from taint or damage, and not less than thir-
teen inches, measuring as aforesaid, shall be branded ‘number three,
large.” Those of the next inferior quality, free from taint or damage,
shall be branded ‘‘number three.” All other mackerel free from taint
or damage shall be branded “ number four.”
The inspector shall also brand, in plain, legible letters, on the head
of every such cask, the initials of his Christian name and the whole of
his surname, the name of the town for which he is appointed, and the
abbreviation N. H. All mackerel shall also be branded on each cask
with the month in which the same are packed.
Inspection of smoked alewives or herrings. Ibid., sections 6-8.
All herrings or alewives intended to be smoked and packed shall be
sufficiently salted and smoked to cure and preserve the same, and after-
ward closely packed in the boxes in dry weather.
~All smoked alewives or herrings shall be divided and sorted by the
inspector or some deputy, and denominated, according to their quality,
“first sort” or **second sort.” The “first sort” shall consist of all the
largest and best-cured fish; the ‘second sort” of the smaller but well-
cured fish; and in all cases all fish which are belly-broken, tainted,
or scorched, slack-salted not sutticiently smoked shall be taken out as
refuse. ‘
Each box of alewives or herrings so inspected shall be branded on
the top by the inspecting officer with the initials of his Christian name
and the whole of his surname, the name of the town where it was in-.
spected, with the abbreviation N. H., the quality, whether ‘first sort”
or “ second sort,” and the month and year in which they were so branded.
Quality and size of package for pickled fish. Ibid., section 9.
All tierces, barrels, and half barrels used for packing or containing
pickled fish shall be made of sound, well-seasoned white oak, ash, red oak,
spruce, pine, or chestnut staves, of rift timber, with heading of either of
said kinds of wood, well planed, sound, and well seasoned, the heading
of pine to be free from sap; and shall be well hooped with at least three
good and strong hoops on each bilge, and three hoops on each chime ;
the barrel staves shall be twenty-eight inches in length, and the heads
seventeen inches between the chimes; the barrel shall contain not less
than twenty-nine nor more than thirty gallons, the halt barrels not less
than fifteen gallons, and the tierces not less than forty-five nor more
than forty-six gallons, and each cask shall be made in a workmanlike
manner to hold pickle, and shall be branded on the side thereof, near
the bung, with the name of the maker or owner.
Seis. O=——— 29
450 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [360]
Quality and size of boxes for smoked fish. Ibid., section 10.
All boxes used for packing and containing smoked alewives or her-
rings shall be made of good, sound boards, sawed and well seasoned,
the sides, top, and bottom of not less than half-inch boards, and the
ends of not less than three-quarter-inch boards, securely nailed with
wrought or cut nails, and shall be seventeen inches in length, eleven
inches in breadth, and six inches in depth, in the clear.
Branding-irons to be furnished the inspector. Ibid., section 11.
very person having fish for packing or pickling, either in bulk,
casks, or boxes, to the amount of twenty barrels or forty boxes in one
season, shall furnish the inspector, or one of his deputies, with a brand-
ing-iron containing the initials of the owner’s Christian name and the
whole of his surname; and the inspecting officer shall cause such name
to be fairly branded on the head of every cask and on one end of every
box of fish inspected for such person. If he shall refuse or neglect to
furnish such brand, he shall forfeit three dollars for such neglect or
refusal.
Inspection of fish packed whole. Ibid, section 12.
All small fish which are usually packed whole with dry salt shall be
put in good casks, of the size and materials above required for pickled
fish, and shall be packed close, edgewise, in the cask, and well salted;
the casks shall be filled with the fish and salt, putting in no more salt
than is necessary for the preservation of the fish; and the inspecting
officer shall brand eagh cask with the name of the fish and the quality
thereof, whether “ first sort”, or “second sort,” as in the case of smoked
fish aforesaid.
Annual report of inspectors and their deputies. Ibid., section 13.
The inspector shall make return to the governor annually, on or be-
fore the first Wednesday of June, of all the fish of every kind, whether
in casks or boxes, which have been inspected by him or his deputies
during the year preceding; and each deputy shall seasonably furnish
said inspector with a return of all the tierces, barrels, half barrels, and
boxes by him inspected and branded since his last return.
Fees for inspection of fish. Ibid., sections 14, 15.
The fees for inspecting and branding each cask or box of fish as pro-
vided by this chapter shall be, for each tierce, fourteen cents; for each
barrel, nine cents; for each half barrel, five cents; for each smaller
cask or box, three cents; for nailing each cask or box, one cent, exclu-
sive of the labor of packing and coopering; and twenty-five cents for
each certificate thereof given; and the general inspector shall have and
receive from his deputies the sum of four cents for each and every
[361] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. A51
tierce, and one cent for each barrel or box, and one half cent for each
half barrel or smaller quantity so inspected and branded by any of his
deputies.
These charges shall be paid by the owner or person employing the
inspecting officer, and may by such person be recovered of the subse-
quent purchaser or exporter, in addition to the purchase or cost of the
fish.
Certificate required for shipment of pickled or smoked fish. Ibid., sec-
tions 16, 17.
No pickled fish or smoked alewives or herring shall be shipped or ex-
ported by water from this State in casks or boxes unless the owner or
master of the vessel shall produce to the collector, or other officer au-
thorized by the laws of the United States to clear vessels out, a certifi-
cate from the inspector or some deputy that such fish has been inspected,
packed, and branded according to law, together with the number of
tierces, barrels, half barrels, and boxes thus shipped, the kind and
quality of fish they contain, the name of the vessel in which such fish
are received for exportation, and the owner or master thereof.
The master or owner, on producing such certificate to such officer,
shall take and subscribe the following oath: “I, A B, of ————,
do swear, according to the best of my knowledge and belief, that the
certificate hereunto annexed contains the whole quantity of pickled and
branded fish, smoked alewives, and herrings on board the »—,
master, and that no fish is shipped on board said vessel for the shige
company, or on freight or cargo, but what is inspected and branded
according to law. So help me God.”
Penalty for transporting uninspected fish. Tbid., sections 18, 19.
If any person shall put or receive on board any vessel or other car-
riage of conveyance, to transport the same from this State, any pickled
or whole fish, or any smoked alewives or herrings, packed in casks or
boxes, which are not inspected and branded according to law, he shall
forfeit not less than two dollars nor more than ten dollars for every bun-
dred pounds of pickled or whole fish, and one dollar for each box of
smoked alewives or herrings so uninspected.
If any pickled or barreled fish, smoked alewives or herrings as afore-
said, shall be put on board any vessel, boat, or carriage of conveyance,
with intent to sell or export the same contrary to law, any justice may
issue his warrant to the sheriff, his deputies, or a constable, requiring
such officer to seize and secure said fish, and carry them to the inspector
or deputy nearest to such vessel, boat, or carriage, who shall open and
inspect, pack, and brand the same as is provided in this chapter, and
shall detain the same until the expense and charges of seizure, inspec-
tion, packing, and all other charges arising from such seizure shall be
paid.
452 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [362]
Penalty for illegally banding or repacking. Ibid., sections 20, 21.
If the inspector or any deputy shall brand any cask or box the con-
tents of which he has not inspected, packed, salted, coopered, and nailed
according to the provisions of this chapter, or shall permit any other
person to use his brands in violation or evasion thereof, he shall forfeit
twenty dollars for each cask or box so branded, and shall also be removed
from office.
If any person shall intermix, take out, or shift any inspected fish,
packed and branded as aforesaid, or shall put in other fish for sale or
exportation, he shall forfeit five dollars for each cask, package, or box
so altered; and if any casualty shall render it necessary to repack a
cask or box of inspected fish it shall in all cases be done by an inspector.
Penalty for selling tainted or damaged fish. Ibid., sections 22, 23.
If any person shall sell or export, or cause to be sold or exported,
within or from this State, any tainted or damaged pickled fish, or smoked
alewives or herrings, he shall forfeit three dollars for every hundred
weight of such pickled fish, and one dollar for each box of such smoked
alewives or herrings which shall be thus sold or exported. .
Packing of shell-fish. Ibid., section 23.
All shelled clams or other shelled fish used for fish bait, hereafter
offered for sale, shall be put in barrels or half barrels of the description
required for pickled fish; and the casks shall be filled full and salted
sufficiently to preserve the same; if any person shall offer for sale any
shelled fish, aforesaid, not packed agreeably to this section, he shall
forfeit for each offense two dollars.
Packing of fish for consumption within the State. Ibid., section 24.
All kinds of pickled fish which are packed in tierces, barrels, or half
barrels, and all smoked alewives or herrings packed in boxes, for con-
sumption in this State, and which are not subject to be inspected and
branded as provided in case of exportation, shall, however, be packed
with only one kind of fish in each cask or box, and there shall be the
same weight in each cask as hereinbefore provided ; and for intermixing
different kinds of fish in the same cask or box, or for short weight in
any cask, the owner or seller shall forfeit the same sum hereinbefore
provided for the like offense is such fish were inspected.
Fish packed in small kegs exempt from inspection. Ibid., section 25.
Nothing in this chapter shall extend to fish packed in kegs of less
than ten gallons.
[363] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 453
MASSACHUSETTS.
(General statutes of Massachusetts, 1859, with subsequent amendments.)
Appointment and qualification of inspector-general and deputies. Chap.
xlix, sections 1, 2, 33, 34.
There shall be inspectors-general of butter and lard, fish, hops, leather,
and pot and pearl ashes appointed by the governor, with the advice
and consent of the council, for the term of five years, from the time of
their respective appointments, unless sooner removed by the governor
and council, who, before entering upon the duties of their respective
offices, shall be sworn. The inspectors-general now in office shall
hold their offices according to the term of their respective commissions,
unless sooner removed.
Each inspector-general may appoint deputy inspectors, removable at
his pleasure, who shall once in every six months make such returns to
him as he requires to carry into effect the provisions of this chapter.
The inspector-general of fish shall give bond with sufficient sureties
to the treasurer of the commonwealth in the penal sum of ten thous-
and dollars, and shall have no interest directly or indirectly in the cure
or packing of pickled fish.
He may appoint deputy inspectors in every seaport or other town
where such fish is packed for exportation, for whose official conduct he
shall be answerable. He shall take bonds of each of them with sufficient
sureties, and shall receive from each deputy an excise or fee for his com-
mission and bond of one dollar, and no more. The deputies shall be
sworn either before the inspector-general or some justice of the peace.
Pickled fish to be well preserved and packed. Ibid., sections 35, 36.
The inspector-general and deputy inspectors shall inspect all fish for
the inspection of which provision is made in this chapter.
Under the supervision of the inspector-general and his deputies, re-
spectively, all kinds of split pickled fish and fish for barreling except
herrings, and all codfish tongues and sounds, halibut fins and napes, and
sword-fish, whenever said articles are intended for exportation, shall
be struck with salt or pickle in the first instance, and preserved sweet
and free from rust, taint, or damage ; and, when the same are found in
good order and of good quality, they shall be packed either in tierces
containing each three hundred pounds, in barrels containing each two
hundred pounds, in half barrels containing each one hundred pounds,*
or in packages containing each less than one hundred pounds, on which
*The conclusion of this sentence, fromthe words ‘‘one hundred pounds,” is given as
amended by act of April 1, 1879. The Revised Statutes of 1859 conclude the sentence
as follows: “in quarter barrels containing each fifty pounds, in eighths of a barrel
or kids containing each twenty-five pounds, or in kids or packages containing each
less than twenty-five pounds, on which the number of pounds therein shall be branded.”
454 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [364]
the number of pounds therein shall be plainly and legibly branded.
Every cask, kid, or package shall be packed with good, clean salt suit-
able for the purpose, and, after packing with sufficient salt to preserve
its contents, shall be headed or well secured, and filled up with a clean,
strong pickle.
Qualities of pickled fish. Ibid., section 37.
There shall be five qualities of mackerel, three of salmon and shad,
and two of other kinds of pickled fish. Mackerel of the best quality, not
mutilated, measuring not less than thirteen inches from the extremity
of the head to the crotch or fork of the tail, free from rust, taint, or dam-
age, shall be branded number one. The next best quality, being not less
than eleven inches, measuring as aforesaid, free from rust, taint, or dam-
age, Shall be branded number two. Those that remain after the above
selections, if free from taint or damage, and not less than thirteen inches,
measuring as aforesaid, shall be branded number three, large. Those of
the next inferior quality, free from taint or damage, not less than ten
inches in length as aforesaid, shall be branded number three. All other
mackerel free from taint or damage shall be branded number four.
Those salmon and shad which are of the best quality for family use, free
from rust or damage, shall be selected for number one and number two,
the best of them selected and branded number one, the residue, number
two ; all that remain, free from taint, and sound, shall be branded number
three. Of all other pickled fish, the best which are free from taint and
damage shall be branded number one, those that remain, free from taint,
and sound, number two.
Penalty for illegally packing. Ibid., section 38.
8
Bach cask, kid, or package shall be filled with fish of the same kind,
or parts of the same kind of fish; and whoever intermixes, takes out, or
shifts any inspected fish which are packed or branded as aforesaid, or
puts in other fish for sale or exportation, shall forfeit fifteen dollars for
each package soaltered. If any casualty renders it necessary to repack
a cask of inspected fish, it shall in all cases be done by an inspector
of such fish.
Branding of packages. Ibid., section 39.
The inspector shall brand in plain, legible letters, on the head of each
cask of fish inspected by him, the denomination of the fish packed or
repacked therein, the initials of his Christian name and the whole of his
surname, and, if a deputy, the name of the place for which he is ap-
pointed, the letters Mass., and the year in which the fish are packed;
and shall also, when, in his judgment, it may be necessary, nail in a
suitable manner any cask in which fish are packed.
[365] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 455
Pickled fish inspected elsewhere not subject to reinspection. Ibid., section 42.
Pickled fish, duly inspected in the State or country in which it is
packed, shali not be subject to reinspection in this State.
Inspection of fish packed whole. Ibid., section 43.
Small fish, which are usually packed whole with dry salt or pickle,
shall be put in good casks of the size and materials required in this
chapter for the packing of split pickled fish, and shall be packed close
in the cask and well salted; the casks shall be filled full with the fish
and salt, and no more salt shall be put with the fish than is necessary
for their preservation, and the casks containing such whole fish shall be
branded with the denomination of the fish, and a like designation of the
qualities as is before prescribed in this chapter in respect to the quali-
ties of other pickled fish.
Quality and size of packages for pickled fish. Ibid., sections 44, 45.
Casks used for packing or repacking pickled fish intended for ex-
portation, except casks containing less than twenty-five pounds weight,
shall be made of sound, well-seasoned white oak, ash, red oak, spruce,
pine, or chestnut staves, of rift timber,* sound and well seasoned, with
heading of either of said kinds of wood, and when of pine such heading
shall be free from sap and knots, and be planed; the barrels, half bar-
rels, and tierces shall be well hooped with at least three good hoops of
sufficient substance on each bilge, and three hoops of the like quality on
each chime; the barrel-staves shall be twenty-eight inches in length, and
the heads shall be seventeen inches between the chimes; the barrels shall
contain not less than twenty-eight nor more than twenty-nine gallons
each; the half barrels not less than fifteen gallons each; and the tierces
not less than forty-five nor more than forty-six gallons each. Each cask
shall be made in a workman-like manner, and branded on its side, near
the bung, with the name of the maker.
The inspector-general or his deputies shall strictly examine and in-
spect all casks in which they may be required to pack fish; and shall
reject such as are not made in a substantial manner and according to
the provisions of this chapter.
Fees for inspection of pickled fish. LIbid., sections 46, 47.
The fees for inspecting and branding, exclusive of cooperage, shall
be, for each tierce fourteen cents, each barrel nine cents, each half bar-
rel six cents, each cask of a smaller denomination three cents, and, in
addition to the fees aforesaid, one cent for each cask nailed as before
provided ; and all fees shall in the first instance be paid by the original
*The words “of rift timber” struck out by amendment passed January 30, 1867.
456 REPORT @F COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [366]
owner of the fish, or by the person employing the inspector, and may
be recovered by them respectively of the person who afterwards pur-
chases or exports the same.
The inspector-general may receive from each of his deputies for every
eask of fish inspected by him the following fees: For each tierce four
cents, for each barrel one cent, for each half barrel,* and all packages
less than one hundred or more than fifty pounds, one-half cent, and on
all packages of fifty pounds and less, one-quarter of a cent each.
Inspection of smoked alewives or herrings. Ibid., sections 48-52.
Alewives or herrings intended to be packed for sale or exportation,
shall be sufficiently salted and smoked to cure and preserve the same,
and afterwards shall be closely packed in boxes in clear and dry
weather.
Smoked alewives or herrings shall be divided and sorted by the in-
spector or his deputy, and denominated, according to their quality,
number one and number two. Number one shall consist of all the largest
and best cured fish; number two of the smaller but well-cured fish; and
in all cases those which are belly-broken, tainted, scorched, or burnt,
slack-salted, or not sufficiently smoked, shall be taken out as refuse.
Boxes made for the purpose of packing smoked alewives or herrings,
and containing the same, shall be made of good sound boards, sawed and
well seasoned; the sides, top, and bottom of not less than half-inch,
and the ends of not less than three-quarter inch, boards securely nailed,
and shall be seventeen inches in length, eleven inches in breadth, and
six inches in depth, in the clear, inside.
Each box of alewives or herrings inspected shall be branded on the
top by the inspecting officer with the first letter of his Christian name,
the whole of his surname, the name of the town where it was inspected,
with the addition of Mass., and also with the quality of number one or
number two. Herrings taken on the coasts of Nova Scotia, Newfound-
land, Labrador, or Magdalen Islands, and brought into this State, shall
also be branded with the name of the place or coast where taken.
The fees for inspecting, packing, and branding, shall be five cents
for each box, which shall be paid by the purchaser; and the inspector-
general may require from his deputies one cent for each box inspected,
packed, and branded by them.
Annual report of fish inspected. Ibid., section 53.
The inspector-general shall, in the month of January, annually, make
a return into the office of the secretary of the commonwealth, of all the
*The conclusion of the section from the words ‘“‘half barrel” is given as amended by
act of April1, 1879. The Revised Statutes of 1859 conclude the section after the words
‘“‘half barrel,” as follows: ‘‘half a cent, and for each smaller cask one-quarter of a
cent.”
{367] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 457
fish inspected by him and his deputies during the year preceding the
first day of said January, designating the quantities, kinds, and qualities
of pickled and smoked fish, respectively, and distinguishing the quanti-
ties, kinds, and qualities of pickled fish of a first inspection from those
reinspected ; and the secretary shall, as soon as may be after receiving
such returns, cause the same to be published in any newspaper in Bos-
ton authorized to publish the laws of the commonwealth.
Penalties for selling or transporting uninspected fish. Ibid., sections 54-56,
No smoked aleyives or herrings shall be exported from this State,
unless inspected and branded as aforesaid, under a penalty of two dol-
lars for each box exported; nor said alewives or herrings be taken from
a box, inspected and branded as aforesaid, and replaced by others of an
inferior quality, with intent to defraud any person in the sale of the
same, under a penalty of five dollars for each box so changed; provided,
that all smoked herrings and alewives, arriving from any other State
in the United States and having been there inspected, may be exported
in a vessel from this State without being reinspected.
Pickled or smoked fish, which has not been inspected and branded
according to the provisions of this chapter, put on board of a boat or
vessel, or into a carriage of conveyance, with the intent that the same
shall be sold within, or exported from, this State, shall be forfeited, and
the inspector-general or a deputy may seize and libel the same.
If a master of a vessel or other person puts or receives on board of a
vessel, or in a carriage of conveyance, for transportation from this State,
pickled fish, or smoked fish, not inspected and branded as provided in
this chapter, he shall forfeit a sum not exceeding ten dollars for every
hundred pounds of such fish, and in the same proportion for any other
quantity.
Penalty for selling tainted or damaged fish for food. Ibid., section 57.
Whoever sells within this State or exports therefrom tainted or dam-
aged fish, unless with the intent that the same shall be used for some
other purpose than as food, shall forfeit the sum of ten dollars for every
hundred pounds of such fish, and in the same proportion for any other
quantity; and upon a trial in such case the burden of proof shall be
upon the defendant to show for what purpose such fish was so exported
or sold.
Penalty for illegally branding. Ibid., section 58.
If the inspector-general, or a deputy inspector, brands a cask or pack-
age of fish, the contents of which he has not duly inspected, packed,
salted, or coopered, or permits any other person to use his brands, in
violation or evasion of the provisions of this chapter, he shall forfeit
twenty dollars for each offense, and be liable to removal from oflice.
458 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [368]
Quintal defined. Tbid., section 59.
When fish are sold by the quintal, it shall be understood to mean a
quintal of one hundred pounds avoirdupois, and all contracts concern-
ing fish sold in this manner shall be construed accordingly.
Packing of clam bait. Act of 1867, chap. 347, section 1.
When clam bait is sold by the barrel, it shall be construed to mean a
fish-barrel of not more than twenty-nine, nor less than twenty-eight
gallons of clams and not over three gallons of pickle. If a disagree-
ment arises between the purchaser and seller respecting the quantity
in a barrel, either party may call on an inspector of fish and have the
barrel measured; and if it does not contain the aforesaid number of
gallons of clams, the seller shall receive pay for the number of gallons
it contains, and shall pay the expense of measuring and coopering,
otherwise the purchaser shall pay such expense.
Right of inspectors to enter premises. Act of April 1, 1879, section 3.
The inspector-general of fish or some one deputy especially thereto
authorized by him for that purpose, shall have the right to enter at all
reasonable times, upon any wharf, and into any store, warehouse, or
other place, where the packing of pickled fish is carried on in this State,
for the purpose of inspecting, examining, and supervising the packing
and inspecting of such fish, and to examine and weigh any package of
such fish, for the purpose of ascertaining if the same are fit for expor-
tation, in accordance with the requirements of the law.
RHODE ISLAND.
(General Statutes of Rhode Island, 1872.)
Hlection and qualification of packers of fish. Chapter 34, sections 1, 18;
chapter 102, section 2.
The electors in each town shall, annually, on their town election days,
choose and elect * * * one or more packers of fish, * * *.
Every packer shall give bond to the town treasurer of the town in
which he shall be appointed, in the sum of one thousand dollars, with
sufficient surety or sureties, to the satisfaction of such town treasurer,
for the faithful performance of the duties of his office.
Duties of packers of fish. Chap. 102, section 1.
In every town in which pickled fish are packed up for sale or expor-
tation from the State, the packers of such town shall see that the same
have been properly pickled; that they are properly repacked in casks,
in good shipping order, with good salt, sufficient in each cask to pre-
serve such fish from damage to any foreign port.
}
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[369] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 459
Casks to contain only one kind of fish. Ibid., section 3.
Pickled fish, whether codfish, mackerel, menhaden, herrings, or other
fish, shall be sorted, and one kind only be put into one cask.
Dimensions of casks; how filled; branding. Ibid., sections 4, 5.
Every cask shall be well seasoned and bound with twelve hoops;
those of menhaden and herrings of the capacity to hold twenty-eight
gallons; and those for other fish of the capacity, if a barrel, to hold two
hundred pounds, and if a half barrel, one hundred pounds, weight of
fish ; each cask to be full, and the fish sound and well cured.
Every cask, being first searched, examined, and approved by a packer,
shall, when packed or repacked for exportation, be branded legibly on
one head with the kind of fish it contains, and the weight thereof; or
the capacity of the cask, with the first letter of the Christian and the
whole of the surname of the packer, with the name of the town, and
with the words “ Rhode Island,” in letters not less than three-fourths of
an inch long, to denote that the same is merchantable and in good or-
der for exportation.
Qualities of fish. Ibid., section 6.
Every cask of pickled codfish and mackerel offered for sale, or for ex-
portation from this State, shall also be branded No. 1, No. 2, or No. 3,
to denote the quality of such fish.
Fish brought from other States, by fishermen, &c., excepted. Ibid., section 7.
Nothing in this chapter contained shall hinder any fisherman or own-
ers of fish, coming to this State from their fishing trips, from selling or
reshipping their fish to any other of the United States without being
packed into barrels or half barrels.
Penalty for illegally selling fish. Ibid., section 8.
Every person who shall offer for sale in or attempt to export from this
State any pickled fish which have not been approved by a sworn
packer, or in casks which are not branded as aforesaid, shall forfeit
fifty dollars for each offense.
Penalty for illegally packing or branding. Ibid., section 9.
Every person who shall shift any fish from any cask after the same has
been branded by the packer, and shall offer to sell or export the same
from this State, or shall brand any cask into which the same shall be
shifted, or shall brand any cask with the branding-iron of a packer, or
with any iron made in imitation thereof, shall forfeit not less than
thirty dollars nor more than one hundred and sixty dollars for each
offense.
460 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [370]
Penalty for fraud. Ibid., section 10.
Every packer who shall be guilty of any fraud or neglect in packing
any fish contrary to this chapter, or shall brand any cask not thoroughly
examined according to the provisions thereof, shall forfeit fifty dollars
for each offense.
Fees of packers of fish. Ibid., section 11.
The packers of fish shall be paid for opening, assorting, inspecting,
weighing, pickling, packing, or repacking, heading up, nailing, and giv-
ing a certificate, if pickled codfish or mackerel, twenty cents for every
barrel, and fifteen cents for every half barrel, by the owner thereof:
Provided, That for all pickled codfish or mackerel which have been in-
spected in some one of the United States, and which shall not, in the
judgment of the packer, require repacking, the said owner shall pay to
the packer twenty cents only, for unheading, inspecting, reheading,
branding, nailing, and giving a certificate thereof; and for all other ex-
cept codfish and mackerel, the owner thereof shall pay the packer
twenty-five cents for every cask.
CONNECTICUT.
(Revised Statutes of Connecticut, 1875.)
Appointment and qualification of inspectors. Title 16, Chapter XV,
section 17.
The superior court in the several counties may appoint in each town
therein not exceeding fifteen inspectors and packers of fish, and shall
take a bond of every person so appointed, for the faithful discharge of
his duty, in the sum of one hundred dollars, payable to the county
treasurer; and the clerk of said court shall give a certificate of his ap-
pointment to each inspector, who may exercise the duties of his office in
any town in such county.
Packing of pickled shad. Ibid., section 18.
All pickled shad intended for market shall be split and well cleansed
and pickled in strong brine, and shall remain in such brine at least
fifteen days before they shall be put up for market, and shall be put up
in barrels or half barrels, the barrels containing two hundred pounds
each, and the half barrels one hundred pounds each, of fish well packed,
with a sufficient quantity of salt, and filled with strong brine; and shad
so put up shall be of three denominations, to wit: Shad number one, to
consist wholly of shad well saved, free from rust or any defect, with the
head and tail cut off and the backbone taken out, each barrel to contain
not more than eighty shad, and each half barrel not more than forty.
The second denomination shall be shad number two, to consist wholly
[371] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 461
of those well saved, trimmed, pickled, and prepared for packing, in the
same manner as shad number one, each barrel to contain not more than
ninety shad, and each half barrel not more than forty-five. The third
denomination shall be shad number three, to consist of such as will not
answer for either of the two former numbers, well saved, with the heads
taken off; and every inspector, who shall inspect and brand the same,
shall designate by each brand the quality, weight, and kind of fish con-
tained in each barrel and half barrel branded by him, the year when it
shall have been inspected, in figures, the word “Conn.,” and his own
name and the name of the town where said fish was put up.
Quality and size of fish barrels. Ibid., section 19.
All barrels and half barrels containing fish shall be well made, of
good seasoned red oak, white oak, or chestnut timber, and each tierce
made with twelve hoops; and each barrel shall be of the capacity of
from twenty-eight to thirty gallons, and each half barrel of the capacity
of fifteen gallons and a half:
Imported shad not to be inspected. Title 20, Chapter XII, section 10.
Any inspector of fish who shall inspect or brand any package of shad
imported into this State shall forfeit five dollars to the State.
Inspection fees. Title 13, Chapter XXVIII.
Inspectors shall receive for packing, heading, flagging, pickling, and
branding each barrel of fish, twenty cents, and for each half barrel, ten
cents.
Penalty for fraud by inspectors. Title 20, Chapter XII, section 12.
Every legally-appointed inspector or packer of fish who shall be guilty
of any fraud or neglect, for which no other penalty is specifically pre-
scribed, shall forfeit six dollars for every offense; and every such in-
spector or packer who shall mark or brand any cask containing fish
which has not been actually inspected by him, or shall puta false brand
upon any cask inspected by him, shall forfeit ten dollars.
Penalties for illegally repacking or exporting. Ibid., sections 13, 14.
Evry person who, after the inspection and branding of any cask con-
taining fish, shall fraudulently take out or change any part of the con-
tents thereof, or put into it any fish not inspected, shall forfeit twenty
dollars.
Every person who shall export, or ship for exportation, to any foreign
port, any fish not put up, inspected, and branded according to law, and
the master of every vessel, knowingly having on board his vessel any
such fish not so put up, inspected, and branded, shall forfeit the follow-
462 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [372]
ing sums: The owner, exporter, or shipper, shall forfeit six dollars for
every cask containing fish; and every master of a vessel shall forfeit
for every such cask on board, three dollars; but fish brought from an-
other State, and inspected and branded in the State in which they were
put up for market, conformably to its laws, and accompanied with such
evidence thereof as such laws require, may be exported from this State
without any reinspection.
53. REPEALED LAWS.
MAINE.
Until the year 1820, Maine was a province of Massachusetts and sub-
ject to the same laws, but in that year the province became a separate
State and made its own laws. The fish inspection laws enacted by the
State of Maine were very similar to those of the mother State. The
first law was approved March 22, 1821, and is entitled ‘‘An act to pro-
vide for the packing of pickled and smoked fish.” It reads as follows:
Appointment and qualification of inspectors.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in Legislature
assembled, That the governor, with the advice of council, is hereby
authorized and directed to appoint and commission, during his pleasure,
in each town and plantation in this State where pickled fish or smoked
alewives and herrings are cured or packed for the purpose of exporta-
tion, one or more suitable person or persons inspector or inspectors of
pickled fish and smoked alewives and herrings, who shall be well skilled
in the quality of the same, and who, before he enters on the duties of
his office, shall be sworn to the faithful discharge thereof, and shall
give bond with sufficient sureties to the treasurer of the town or plan-
tation in which he is appointed, in the penal sum of not less than five
hundred nor more than one thousand dollars, for the faithful perform-
ance of the duties of his office. And the selectmen of towns and
assessors of plantations, in which such inspectors shall be appointed,
shall annually examine the bonds given as aforesaid, and if the boud of
any such inspector shall by them be considered insufficient, they shall
forthwith notify such inspector of the same, and if any inspector shall
for thirty days after such notice neglect to give bond as aforesaid to
the satisfaction of such selectmen or assessors, it shall be their duty to
give information thereof to the governor, who shall remove such inspec-
tor and appoint some other person to such office. And any person
injured by the neglect or misdoings of any such inspector shall be en-
titled to a copy of such bond, and shall have a right to bring an action
thereon in the name of such treasurer for his own use and benefit; and
on producing the original in court and obtaining judgment thereon,
execution shall issue for such sum only as shall be found due in dam-
ages to the person for whose use any such action shall be brought; and
{873] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 463
the amount thereof being entered by the clerk of the court on the origi-
nal bond, the same may be delivered back (by leaving a copy) to the
treasurer from whom the same was received.
Material and sizes of casks for pickled fish.
2. Be it further enacted, That all barrels, half barrels and tierces
which shall be made or used for the purpose of packing, or containing
pickled fish, shall be made sound of well-seasoned white oak, ash, red
oak, spruce, pine, or chestnut staves, of rift timber, with heading of
either of the said kinds of wood, sound, well-seasoned and the pine
heads free from sap: eaid heading to be well planed ; the barrels, half-
barrels and tierces to be well hooped, with at least three hcops on each
bilge and three hoops on each chime, all of which shall be good hoops
of sufficient substance, the barrel staves to be twenty-eight inches in
length, and the heads to be seventeen inches between the chimes; and
to contain not less than twenty-nine nor more than thirty gallons; and
barrels, half-barrels and tierces shall be branded on the side of the cask
near the bung with the name of the maker or owner of said cask, and
shall be made, in a workmanlike manner, to hold pickle; the half barrels
to contain not less than fifteen gallons, and the tierces to contain not
ess than forty-five nor more than forty-six gallons: Provided, however,
That nothing contained in this act, shall extend to fish packed in kegs
of less than ten gallons.
Material and size of boxes for smoked fish.
3. Be it further enacted, That all boxes which shall be made for the pur-
pose of packing smoked alewives or herrings and containing the same,
shall be made of gocd sound boards, sawed and well seasoned, the sides,
top, and bottom of not less than half-inch boards, and the ends not less
than three-quarters of inch boards, securely nailed with not less than
eight sixpenny nails, and sixteen fourpenny nails to each box, and the
top of each box to be planed, and shall be seventeen inches in length,
eleven inches in breadth, and six inches in depth in the clear, inside.
And all alewives or herrings intended to be smoked and packed shall
be sufficiently salted and smoked to cure and preserve the same; and
afterwards closely packed in the boxes, in clear and dry weather.
Qualities of pickled fish. Branding.
4, Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the inspector to see
the salmon, mackerel, shad, and all other kinds of split pickled fish, or
fish for barrelling, have been well struck with salt or pickle in the first
instance, and preserved sweet, free from rust, taint or damage. And
such fish as are in good order, and are of a good quality, shall be packed
in tierces, barrels or half barrels; the tierces shall contain three hun-
dred pounds, the barrels shall contain two hundred pounds, and the
464 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [374]
haltbarrels one hundred pounds of fish each; and the same shall be
packed with thirty-five pounds of good and clean coarse salt, suitable
for the purpose, to each barrel; and said casks after being packed and
headed up with the fish and sufficient salt to preserve the same, shall
be filled up with a clear strong pickle, and shall be branded salmon,
mackerel, shad (or as the case may be); thoseof the best quality, caught
in the right season, to be most approved and free from damage, shall be
branded Cargo No. 1; those which remain after the best have been se-
lected, being sweet and free from taint, rust or damage, shall be branded
Cargo No. 2; and there shall be a third quality, which shall consist of
the thinnest and poorest of those that are sweet and wholesome, which
shall be branded Cargo No. 3. And the inspector shall also brand in
plain legible letters on the head of each and every cask, in which in-
spected merchantable fish or whole fish are packed or repacked, the
weight, and initials of his Christian name, with his surname at large, the
name of the town for which he is appointed, and the word ‘ Maine” an-
nexed; and each cask shall be filled with fish of one and the same kind;
and if any person shall intermix, take out or shift any inspected fish
which are packed and branded as aforesaid, or put in other fish for sale
or exportation contrary to the true intent and meaning of this act, he or
they shall forfeit and pay fifteen dollars for each and every package so
altered: Provided, however, if any casualty shall render it necessary to
repack a cask of inspected fish, it may in all cases be done by an in-
spector of such fish. And if any person shall sell or export or cause to
be sold or exported, within or from this State, any tainted or damaged
fish, he shall forfeit and pay ten dollars for every hundred weight that
shall be thus sold or exported.
Packing and branding of codfish, halibut, &e.
5. Be it further enacted, That all codfish, haddock, hake, pollock, and
halibut, pickled, and hereafter offered for sale, shall be packed in casks
of the contents required by the second section of this act, each barrel
to contain two hundred and twenty-five pounds, and each half barrel to
contain one huadred and twelve and a half pounds, agreeably to the
rules of packing in the fourth section of this act, with sufficient salt to
preserve the same. And it shall be the duty of the inspectors to brand
with plain and legible figures, the weight of the aforesaid five kinds of
fish, in addition to the brands required by the fourth section of this act.
Packing and branding of small fish.
6. Be it further enacted, That all small fish which are usually packed
whole with dry salt, shall be put in good casks of the size and mate-
rials mentioned in the second section of this act; said fish shall be
packed close in the cask, and well salted; the casks shall be filled full
with the fish and salt, putting no more salt with the fish than is neces-
[375] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. — 465
sary for their preservation; and the inspector shall brand all casks con-
taining such inspected whole fish with the name of the fish, and the
quality as described in the fourth section of this act.
Inspection of smoked alewives or herring.
7. Be it further enacted, That all smoked alewives or herrings shall
be divided and sorted by the inspector, and denominated, according to
their quality, first sort and second sort; the first sort shall consist of
all the largest and best cured fish, of not less than eight inches long;
second sort, of the smaller but well cured fish, of not less than seven
inches long; and in all cases the following shall be taken out as refuse:
all those which are belly-broken, tainted, scorched, or burnt, slack-
salted, or not sufficiently smoked. And each box of alewives or her-
rings so inspected shall be branded on the top, by the inspecting officer,
with the first letter of the Christian name and the surname at length
of the inspector who inspected the same; and in like manner the name
of the owner thereof, with the name of the town where it was inspected,
with the addition of ‘‘Maine,” and also with the quality of first sort or
second sort.
Certificate required for shipment of pickled and smoked fish.
8. Be it further enacted, That no pickled fish in casks, and no smoked
alewives or herrings in boxes, shall be exported from this State by water,
unless the master or owner of the vessel shall produce to the collector
or other officer authorized by the United States to clear out vessels, a
certificate from the inspector that the same has been inspected, packed,
and branded according to the directions of this act; and the certificate
shall express the number of barrels, half barrels, and tierces, and the
number of boxes thus shipped, the kind and quality of the fish they
contain, with the name of the master and owner, and the name of the
vessel in which such fish are received for exportation. And such mas-
ter or owner of every vessel shall take and subscribe the following oath
or affirmation before the officer authorized as aforesaid :
I, A B, do swear, (or affirm as the case may be), according to the best
of my knowledge and belief, that the certificate hereunto annexed, con-
tains the whole quantity of pickled and barreled fish and smoked ale-
wives and herrings on board the ; master; and that no fish,
smoked alewives or herrings are shipped on board said vessel, for the
ship’s company, or on freight or cargo, but what are inspected and
branded according to the laws of this State. So help me God: or this
I do under the pains and penalties of perjury (as the case may be).
Shipment of uninspected fish.
9. Be it further enacted, That if any pickled or barreled fish, or any
smoxed fish shall be put on board of any boat, vessel, or carriage of con
S. Mis. 110-——30
466 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [376]
veyance, within this State, with intent to sell or export the same, unless
said fish shall have been inspected and the casks and boxes containing
the same shall have been branded agreeably to the provisions of this act,
it shall be lawful for any justice of the peace in the same county, upon
complaint made to him, to issue his warrant to the sheriff or his dep- °
uty, or to any constable of the town where such boat, vessel, or carriage
of conveyance may be, requiring them respectively to seize and secure
said fish, and carry the same to the inspector nearest the place where |
said. boat, vessel, or carriage may be; and said inspector is hereby
authorized and required to open and inspect and to pack and brand
the same in the same manner as is prescribed in this act. And it shall
be lawful for said inspector to detain the said fish until the expenses
and charges of seizure, inspection, packing, and all other charges arising
from such seizure, shall be paid. And it shall be the duty of every per-
son, when required, to give necessary aid to the officer having such war
rant, on pain of forfeiting five dollars for his refusal, to be recovered by
action of debt, or on the case, before any court proper to try the same;
and by any person who will prosecute therefor.
Inspection of imported pickled and. smoked fish.
10. Be it further enacted, That no pickled or smoked fish, which shall
be brought into this State from any other State or government, shall
be sold or offered for sale before the same shall have been regularly in-
spected according to the provisions of this act; and each and every
person who buy or sell, or offer for sale [any] pickled or smoked fish
which shall be brought into this State from any other State or govern-
ment, before the same is regularly inspected as aforesaid, shall severally
forfeit and pay five dollars for each and every hundred pounds’ weight
so bought or sold; to be recovered by any person who shall prosecute
for the same, by action of debt, or on the case, before any court proper
to try the same.
Penalty for handling uninspected fish.
11. Be it further enacted, That if any master of a vessel, or other per-
son, shall put or receive on board any vessel or other earriage or con-
veyance to transport the same from this State, any pickled or whole
fish packed in casks which are not inspected or branded in manner by
this act prescribed, he or they, on conviction, shall forfeit and pay not
less than five dollars nor more than ten dollars for each and every hun-
dred pounds of such uninspected fish.
Penalty for exporting uninspected smoked fish.
12. Be it further enacted, That no smoked alewives or herrings which
shall not have been inspected and branded agreeably to the provisions
of this act shall be exported from this State, under a penalty of two
[377] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 467
dollars for each box 80 exported; nor shall any alewives or herrings be
taken from any box so inspected and branded and others of an inferior
quality be put in their place, with intent to deceive or.defraud any per-
son in the sale of the same, under a penalty of five dollars for each box
so changed.
Penalty for illegal branding.
13. Be it further enacted, That if the inspector shall brand any cask,
the contents of which he has not inspected, packed, salted, and coop-
ered, or any boxes of smoked alewives or herrings which he has not in-
spected, packed, and nailed, according to the true intent and meaning
of this act, or if he shall permit other persons to use his brands in viola-
tion or evasion thereof, he or they so offending, shall forfeit and pay,
for every cask and box so branded, the sum of twenty dollars.
Branding-irons. ish for home consumption, ete.
14. Be it further enacted, That all persons within this State who shall
have fish for packing and pickling, either in bulk or in casks, to the
amount of twenty barrels in one season, shall furnish the inspector
with a branding-iron, containing the first letter of the owner’s Chris-
tian name and his surname at large, and the inspector shall cause the
names of such owners to be fairly branded on the head of every cask
of their inspected fish; and if any such owner of fish shall refuse or
neglect to furnish such brand he shall forfeit and pay for such neglect and
refusal not less than five dollars nor more than twenty dollars; and all
kinds of pickled fish which are packed in tierces, barrels, or halfbarrels
for consumption within this State, and which are not subject to be in-
spected and branded as provided for exportation, shall, however, be
packed with only one kind of fish in each cask, and there shall be the
same weight in each cask as is provided: by the fourth section of this
act; and for intermixing different kinds of fish in the same cask, or for
short weight in any cask, the owners or venders shall be subjected to
the same penalties and forfeitures as are provided by this act for the
like offense in the inspected pickled fish.
Disposition of penalties.
15. Be it further enacted, That all penalties and forfeitures arising by
force and virtue of this act, except the penalties of five dollars men-
tioned in the ninth and tenth sections of this act, shall be recovered by
action of debt in any court proper to try the same; one moiety thereof
for the use of the town or plantation wherein the offense shall be com-
mitted, and the other moiety to him or them who shall sue for the
same.
Payment of fees.
16. Be it further enacted, That the charges for certificates, inspecting,
and branding shall be paid by the exporter or purchaser, in addition to
468 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [378]
the purchase or cost of the fish; and bills for the legal fees of inspec-
tion and certificates shall, in the first instance, be paid by the original
owner of said fish, or by the person employing the inspector; and all
such owners or employers arehereby empowered to demand and recover
the amount of said bills from the subsequent purchaser or exporter.
Inspectors now in office.
17. Be it further enacted, That the inspector and his deputies, legally
appointed and now in office, shall continue to hold and enjoy their
respective offices until the tenth day of April next.
Inspectors to give bonds.
18. Be it further enacted, That every inspector of fish appointed in this
State shall, on being qualified for such office, pay to the treasurer of
the town or plantation in which he shall reside five dollars; and it shall
be the duty of such treasurers to pay over all moneys so received to the
treasurer of this State on or before the twentieth day of January an-
nually.
Inspection fees.
19. Be it further enacted, That the inspectors shall be paid for each cer-
tificate for exportation seventeen cents, and for inspecting and branding
each and every cask of fish, as directed by this act; for each tierce ten
cents, for each barrel seven cents, for each half barrel four cents, for
each box of smoked herrings or alewives two cents, exclusive of the
labor and expense of packing and coopering; and the fees for inspecting
and the expense for packing and coopering shall be paid by the seller.
The following act additional to the preceding law was passed January
29, 1822:
Inspection of smoked herrings.
Be it enacted, &c., That, from and after the passing of this act, the
several inspectors of fish in this State shall be authorized to inspect
smoked herrings, scaled and cured in a superior manner, and packed
in boxes eighteen inches long, nine inches wide, and seven inches deep
in the clear, which boxes shall be made and branded on the cover, in
the same manner as other boxes for herring are now made and branded,
excepting that, instead of first or second sort, the word scaled shall be
inserted. And the inspection and exportation of said herrings shall be
subject to the same laws and regulations as are prescribed by law for
other herrings.
On February 8, 1822, the following law was passed :
Inspection in places where no inspector resides.
Be it enacted, &c., That where it shall be necessary to have fish in-
spected in any town or plantation where no inspector resides, it shall
[379] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 469
be lawful for any inspector within the county to inspect and brand the
same in such town or plantation.
The following law was passed February 25, 1824:
Inspection of imported fish.
Sec. 1. Be it enacted, &c., That all butter, lard; pickled, dry, or
smoked fish, beef, and pork, or other salted provisions that may have
been inspected in any other of the United States, may be exported from
any port in this State to any foreign port without its being subject to
reinspection, any law to the contrary notwithstanding.
The following law passed February 2, 1828:
Inspection of shad.
Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives, in legislature
assembled, That, from and after the passing of this act, it shall be the
duty of the several inspectors of fish in this state to brand shad bar-
relled as specified in the fourth section of an act, passed the twenty-
second day of March, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one, as
follows, viz: Those of the best quality, caught in the right season, to
be most approved and free from damage, having their tails cut off and
back ones out, shall be branded “ Cargo Mess”; those which remain
after the best have been selected, being sweet and free from taint, rust,
or damage, with their back bones in, and tails on, shall be branded
“Cargo No.1”; and there shall be a third quality, which shall consist
of the thinnest and poorest of those that are sweet and wholesome, which
shall be branded“ Cargo No. 2”; anything contained in any act to which
this is additional, to the contrary notwithstanding.
The following additional law regulating the inspection of smoked
herring was passed February 12, 1831:
1. Be it enacted, &c., That from and after the passage of this act, the
several inspectors of fish in this state shall be authorized to inspect
smoked herring scaled and packed in boxes eighteen inches long, nine
inches wide, and seven inches deep in the clear, which boxes shall be
made (except as to dimensions) in the manner provided by law for
pickled and smoked fish, and in addition to the brand now required by
law, there shall be branded upon the cover of said boxes, first sort, or
second sort scaled herring (as the quality may require), first sort to be not
less than eight inches long, and second sort not less than six inches and
a half long, and cured in a superior manner.
2. Beit further enacted, That the inspection and exportation of said her-
rings shall be subject to the same regulations as are prescribed by law
for pickled and smoked fish, and that the act passed January twenty-
ninth, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-
two, entitled “ An act in addition to an act to provide for the packing
470 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [380]
and inspection of pickled and smoked fish,” be and the same is hereby
repealed.
The Massachusetts inspection laws passed in 1810, provided for the
appointment of an inspector-general of pickled and smoked fish. This
law applied to the province of Maine until the separation in 1820. The
new law then passed by Maine did not require an inspector-general,
but provided for the appointment of inspectors in the several fishing
towns of the State. This method of inspection continued until March
14, 1862, when the following law was passed:
Appointment and duties of inspector-general and deputies.
1. The governor with advice of the council shall appoint an inspector-
general of fish, removable at pleasure, who shall be commissioned for a
period not exceeding two years, and he shall be sworn and give bond
with sufficient sureties in the sum of six thousand dollars to the treas-
urer of state for the faithful discharge of his duties before entering
thereon.
2. The inspector-general shall appoint one or more deputies in every
town in this state where pickled fish or smoked herrings and alewives
are cured or packed for exportation, who shall be responsible for their
neglect or misconduct while acting under him, and when the office of
inspector-general becomes vacant, they may continue to discharge the
duties of the office until a successor is appointed, and they shall be ae-
countable to the state. .
3. Every deputy shall be sworn by the inspector-general or by a jus-
tice of the peace, and give bond to the inspector-general with sureties
to his satisfaction for the faithful performance of his duty, and the bond
shall be so expressed as to enure to the use of the state for the time the
deputy exercises his duties during a vacancy in the office of inspector-
general.
4. Each deputy shall pay to the inspector-general one dollar, as an
excise fee for his bond and commission, and the inspector-general may
receive from each of his deputies for every cask of pickled fish inspected
by him the following fees: For each tierce, four cents; for each barrel,
one cent; and every smaller package, one-half cent.
5. The inspector-general shall, in the month of January annually, make
a return into the office of secretary of state, of all the fish inspected by
him and his deputies during the year preceding the first day of said
January, designating the quantities, kinds, and qualities of pickled and
smoked fish respectively, and the secretary shall publish the same, as
soon after as may be, in the state paper, and the inspector-general may
require returns of his deputies as often as he sees fit.
6. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby re-
pealed.
[381] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. ATL.
On March 24, 1864, the following amendment to the fish inspection. —
laws was approved :
Inspection of mackerel.
1. Chapter forty, section five, of the Revised Statutes is hereby
amended by striking out all in said section after the word “ therein”
in the thirteenth line, and inserting mackerel of the best quality, not
mutilated, measuring not less than thirteen inches from the extremity
of the head to the crotch of or fork of the tail, free from rust, taint, or
damage, shall be branded number one. The next best quality, being
not less than eleven inches, measuring as aforesaid, free from rust, taint,
or damage, shall be branded number two. Those that remain after the
above selections, free from taint or damage, and not less than thirteen
inches, measuring as aforesaid, shall be branded number three large.
Those of the next inferior quality, free from taint or damage, not less
than ten inches in length, as aforesaid, shall be branded number three.
All other mackerel free from taint or damage shall be branded number
three small. The inspectors shall also brand in plain letters on the head
of every such cask the weight, the initials of his Christian and the whole
of his surname, the name of his town, and the letters Me., an abridge-
ment of the month, and the year, in figures when packed. The inspector-
general of fish shall have no interest, directly or indirectly, in the cure
or packing of pickled fish.
Term of office of inspector-general lengthened.
2. Chapter ninety-nine, section one, of the public laws of eighteen hun-
dred and sixty-two is hereby amended by striking out the word “ two”
and and inserting jive.
3. This act shall take effect when approved by the governor.
The present fish inspection laws of Maine were passed February 10,
1875, and abolish the office of inspector-general, which was created in
1862. Each fishing port is now provided with its own inspectors.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Various inspection laws regulating the packing of pickled fish have
been in force in Massachusetts since early colonial days. The following
law was passed in May, 1651:
Att a Gennerall Courte of Electons, held at Boston, 7th May, 1651.
For preventing the deceipt of any person in packing of fish, beife
and porke to be putt to salie in this and other jurisdictions, itt is
therefore ordered by this Courte and the authoritje thereof, that in
every towne win this jurisditon where any such goods are packed up
for sale, the gager of that toune, or of the toune wherein it is putt to
sale, or shipt, shall see that it be well and orderly performed, that is to
say, beife and porke, the whole halfe or quarter together, and so pro-
portionably, and the best be not left out ; and for fish, that they be packt
472 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [382]
all of one kind, and that all caske so packt, be full, and sound and well
seasoned setting his seale on all caske so packt, for which he shall
receive of the owners, for so packing and sealing, fower shillings p
tunne; but if the gager do only veiw them, and find them good and
sufficjent, he shall set his seale vppon them, and have one shilling p’
tunne for so doing; and if such goods so packt shall be put to sale
packt vp in easke without the gagers marke, he shall forfeite the said
goods so put to sale, one-half to the informer, the other to the countje
treasury, and whereas notw'**standing the former law provided, tit.
caske and coopers, page the sixth, much damage is still sustained by
marchants and men of trade, through insufficiencie and vendue assize
of caske, itt is therefore further ordered by the authorytie of this
courte, that wheresoever any new caske are found put to sale being de-
fective either in workmanship, timber, or assize, as in that law is pro-
vided vppon due proofe made before any one magistrate, the said caske
shall be forfeited to the informer, and the workmen for his default shall
pay tenn shillings a tunn forthwith, to the use of the countye and so
proportionable to any greater or lessercaske; and becawse there may be
no neglect in the choice of a gager to prevent the abuses in this or any
other lawe exprest, itt is further ordered by the authorytie aforesajd,
the every toune within this jurisdic@on wherein any caske are made shall
yeerely make choice of one fitt man for that worke and imploiment,
who, being presented by the constable within one weeke after the
choice made, before any one magistrate, shall take the oath belonging
to his place, which if he shall refuse, he shall pay the sonie of forty
shillings, and another to be chosen in his roome; as also the toune or
constable shall either of them suffer the like poenaltie for the neglect
of this order, any other lawe, custome or order to the contrary notwith-
standing.—(Records of Massachusetts, Vol. IV, Part I, p. 39.)
In 1652 another law was passed as follows:
Att the second Sessions of the Generall Court, held at Boston, the
19th of Oct. 1652.
Vppon sundry information of sundry abuses which may arise, and
thereby reproach redound to the countrje, by packing of beife, porke
in caske that is not full gage, although the packer doe carefully fill the
same, as the lawe provides, it is therefore ordered by this Courte: that
henceforth every packer shall see that all caske he packs any beife,
pork mackerill, fish or any other goods in comitted to his care, be of
true and full asize and gage, and that he packes the same in no other
caske whatsoever on penaltie of tenn shillings for every caske by him
packed that is or shall be defective in that respect, one halfe to the in-
former, and the other half to the countrie. This order to be the next
day published, and posted vp in Boston and Charles Toune, and, by
the first opportunitie, in Salem and Ipswich.
The oath for packers of beife &e—
Whereas, you AB, are chosen a packer of beife porke and other
[383] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 473
things for the toune of B:, you doe here sweare by the living God that
you will well and truely packe, all beife, porke, and other things when
vou shall be thereunto required; you shall packe no kinde of goods
but such as are good and sound nor any goods in any caske that is not
of a just and full gage; you shall also sett your particular marke vpon
all caske packed by you; and in all things propper to the place of a
packer you shall faithfully discharge the same, from tjme to tjme, ac-
cording to your best judgment & conscjence, So helpe you God.—(Rec-
ords of Massachusetts, Vol. IV, Part I, page 105.)
The following law was passed November 8, 1692:
AN ACT for regulating the assize of cask, and preventing deceit in packing of fish,
beef, and pork for sale.
Be it ordained and enacted by the Governour, Council and Representatives
in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same.
Sec. I. That from and after the first day of December next, all sorts
and kinds of tight cask used for any liquor, fish, beef, pork, or any other
commodities within this, their majesties’ province, shall be of London
assize ; puncheons, eighty-four gallons; hogsheads, sixty-three gallons;
tearses, forty-two gallons; barrels, thirty-one gallons and a half; and
made of sound, well-seasoned timber, and free from sap. And that fit
persons be appointed, from time to time, in all places needful to view
and gage all such cask; and such as shall be found of due assize shall
be marked with the gager’s mark, who shall have for his pains four
pence per tunn; and every cooper shall set his distinct brand-mark on
his own cask, on penalty of forty shillings. And whosoever shall put to
sale any new cask, being defective either in workmanship, timber, or
assize, as aforesaid, upon proof thereof, made before one justice of the
peace, he shall forfeit such cask and be fined forty shillings.
And be it further enacted [Sect. 2], That the justices of the peace, at
their first general quarter sessions, to be holden in each respective
county within this province, shall yearly, in every town needful thereof,
choose and appoint a fit person or persons to be gagers and packers, _
and then to swear to the due execution of their office; which, if any per-
son so appointed shall refuse, he shall pay the sum of forty shillings, and
another shall be chosen and appointed in his stead. And every gager
and packer shall take care that all cask in which he packs beef, pork,
mackerel, fish, or other goods committed to his care, be of true and full
assize, and that he pack the same in no other cask whatsoever, on pen-
alty of ten shillings for every cask by him packed, that is or shall be de-
fective in that respect. And if any of the before mentioned provisions
shall be packed into half barrels or firkins, the same shall be made in
proportion to the assize aforesaid, and be marked by the packer.
And for the preventing of fraud and deceit in the packing of pickled
fish, beef, and pork to be put for sale,
A74 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [384]
Be it further enacted [Sect. 3], That in every town where such goods
are packed up for sale, the gager or packer of such town, or of the
town wherein they are put to sale or shipped, shall see that it be well
and orderly performed; that is to say, beef and pork, the whole half and
quarter, and so proportionably that the best be not leftout; and so fish
and mackerel, that they be packed all of one kind; and that all casks
so packed be full, and the fish sound and well seasoned, setting his seal
on all casks so packed; and he shall receive of the owners for so pack-
ing and sealing, four shillings per ton. And if any such provisions be
put to sale or shipped off without the packer’s mark, they shall be for-
feited.
[Sect. 4.] And it is further enacted, That all sorts of green or pickled
fish, sturgeon, or flesh that shall be put up for transportation to a foreign
market shall be searched, surveyed, and approved by a sworn packer,
who shall take strict care that the same be put in tight cask of full
gage, salted with suitable salt. And such as shall be so saved, and for
its condition found merchantable and full, the packer shall seal with such
brand-mark as shall be assigned to the town, and such other cut-mark
added as may denote the sort of provision and the time when packed.
And all such otber provisions as the packer shall find wholesome and
useful, though for its quality it be not merchantable, he shall cause to
be well packed, salted, filled, and sealed with the letter R, and such
other letters as may signifie the town, specie, and time of packing.
And if any master of a ship or other vessel, or any officers or mariners
belonging thereto, shall receive such provisions not marked and sealed,
as aforesaid, aboard any of their ships or vessels, he or they who shall
offend therein, shall forfeit double the value of all such provisions; and
he that owns the provisions shall forfeit the same. And if any cooper
or other person shall shift any fish or flesh, either on board or on shore,
after the same has been so sealed and marked by the packer, and ship
and export the same, the packer having not allowed thereof, and anew
sealed and marked the cask whereinto such provisions are shifted, all
persons acting, ordering or assisting therein, shall be set in the pillory,
not exceeding one hour, and shall likewise pay double damages to per-
sons wronged thereby.
And it is further enacted [Sec. 5], That when any such provisions
have lain above three months under the packer’s mark, betwixt the
months of May and October, they shall again, upon exportation or sale,
be viewed or searched by the packer; that is to say, so many of them
as may probably discover the condition of the whole; and if any be
decayed or deceitfully dealt with, the packer shall cull and repack the
same, so as to distinguish and mark them for merchantable or refuse,
according to their condition. And if those who ship or export any such
provision shall neglect or refuse such second search or survey, the
packer is hereby ordered and impowered to deface his former mark, and
for so doing shall be paid as if he had repackt the same. And if the
[385] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 475
owner refuse to satisfie the packer, such packer shall have redress on
complaint to any justice of the peace, who is hereby impowered to com-
pel the payment thereof by distress.
[Sec. 7.*] That all fines, penalties, and forfeitures, arising by force
and virtue of this act, shall be the one-half to their majesties toward the
support of the government of this province, and the other half to him
or them that shall inform and sue for the same in any of their majestie’s
courts of record within this province.
Be it further enacted [Sec. 8], That there be a measurer of salt and
culler of fish in every seaport town within this province, to be appointed
as aforesaid, who being likewise sworn for the faithful discharge of that
office, shall cull all merchantable fish and measure all salt that shall
be imported and sold out of any ship or other vessel, and shall have
three half-pence for every hogshead of salt by him so measured, to be
paid, the one-half by the buyer, the other half by the seller. And one
penny per quintal for every quintal of merchantable fish by him culled,
to be paid, one-half by the buyer and the other half by the seller. (Acts
and resolves of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, Vol. I, 1692-1714,
p. 49.)
Between the years 1692 and 1784 various other laws similar to the
preceding were enacted. A comprehensive law was passed on No-
vember 9, 1784, by which the selectmen of the town, in the common-
wealth of Massachusetts, were authorized to choose and appoint search-
ers and packers of dry and pickled fish designed for exportation from
the State. In this law it is provided that each barrel of pickled fish
must contain a sufficient quantity of salt for their preservation; that
mackerel and other barrelled fish be packed all of one kind and in casks
well seasoned, containing not less than thirty gallons, and the casks be
full and properly branded with the name of the fish therein.
The law of March 6, 1810, which repealed all previous enactments
on the same subject is a very minute and important one. It provides
for the appointment of an inspector-general and deputy inspectors. The
former is required to give bonds to the treasurer of the State for the
faithful discharge of his duties. The deputies must give bonds to the
inspector-general, and he is held responsible for them. In this law we
find the qualities of fish more definitely described than in earlier laws.
The section on this subject requires that barrels containing pickled fish
“shall be branded salmon, mackerei, shad (or as the case may be);
those of the best quality, caught in the right season, to be most ap-
proved and free from damage, shall be branded Cargo No.1; those
which remain after the best have been selected, being sweet and free
from taint, rust, or damage, shall be branded, Cargo No. 2; and there
shall be a third quality, which shall consist of the thinnest and poorest
of those that are sweet and wholesome, shall be branded, Cargo No. 3;
and the inspector shall also brand in plain, legible letters, on the head
* Section 6 refers to the packing of tar.
476 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ;{386]
of each and every cask in which inspected, merchantable fish, or whole
fish are packed, or repacked, the initials of his Christian name, with
his surname at large, the name of the town for which he is appointed,
and Mass. annexed for Massachusetts. * * *”
The act passed by the Massachusetts legislature March 28, 1834,
says:
Src. 1. Be it enacted, etc., That the inspector-general, or his deputies,
shall not be required to brand upon the casks in which mackerel may
hereafter be packed, the owner’s name, nor the word “cargo.”
Src. 2. That the second and fifth sections of the act passed March
fourteenth, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, entitled ‘“ An act
in addition to several acts regulating the inspection of pickled fish,” are
hereby repealed.
Sec. 3. That the inspector-general, or his deputies, shall brand upon
every cask of mackerel inspected by him or them the year in which the
same is packed; and upon all No. 3 mackerel, that are usually denomi-
nated southern or Block Island mackerel, and all others of a similar
quality and description the word “South”; and upon all other No. 3
mackerel, the word “ North.” Provided, however, that the inspectors
shall receive no additional compensation therefor.
Src. 4. That it shall be the duty of the inspector-general, or his dep-
uties, when mackerel are presented to him or them for inspection, to
select those of the best quality, and such as are fit for family use, for
No. 1; those of the next best quality, being fat, free from damage, of
suitable size, and not cut or mutilated in any manner for the purpose of
deception, for No. 2; and all others for No. 3, and to brand the casks in
which they are packed, accordingly.
Sec. 5. That all acts or parts of acts inconsistent with the provisions
of this act, are hereby repealed.
The Reyised Statutes of 1835, in defining the qualities of pickled fish,
say:
‘There shall be four qualities of mackerel, three of salmon and shad,
and two of other kinds of pickled fish; those mackerel of best quality
for family use, not mutilated, of suitable size, free from rust or damage,
shall be number one and number two, the best of those selected and
branded number one, the residue number two; those remaining after
this selection, of usual size, free from taint, and sound, shall be branded
number three; and those of this number that are of the description
called Block Island mackerel shall also be branded with the word
south; all small-size mackerel, free from taint, and sound, remaining
after the above selections, shall be branded number four; those salmon
and shad which are of the best quality for family use, free from rust or
damage, shall be selected for number one and number two, the best of
them selected and branded number one, the residue number two; all that
remain, free from taint and sound, shall be branded number three; of
all other pickled fish the best, such as are free of taint and damage,
[387] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. ATT
shall be branded number one; those that remain free from taint, and
sound, number two.”
The act of March 31, 1846, defines the grades of mackerel under four
numbers, and reads as follows:
“Sec. 1. From and after the passing of this act there shall be four
numbers of mackerel: Those of the best quality, not mutilated, meas-
uring not less than thirteen inches from the extremity of the head to
the crotch or fork of the tail, free from rust, taint, or damage, shall be
branded number one. The next best quality, being not less than eleven
inches, measuring as aforesaid, free from rust, taint, or damage, shall
be branded number two. Those that remain after the above selec-
tions, if free from taint or damage, and not less than thirteen inches,.
measuring as aforesaid, shall be branded number three large. Those
of the next inferior quality, free from taint or damage, not less than
ten inches in length, as aforesaid, shall be branded number three. All
other mackerel, free from taint or damage, shall be branded number
four.
“Src. 2. The inspector-general shall not have any interest, directly or
indirectly, in the cure or packing of any pickled fish, except so far as a
faithful performance of his duty requires.
“Src. 3. The act in addition to an act regulating the inspection of
pickled fish, being the one hundred and fifty-fourth chapter of the stat-
utes of the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six; the act
concerning the manufacture of barrels for pickled fish, being the forty-
second chapter of the statutes of the year one thousand eight hundred
and fifty-four; and also so much of the third section of the twenty-eighth
chapter of the Revised Statutes; as is inconsistent with this act, are
hereby repealed.”
In 1850 the following law was enacted in Massachusetts, requiring
that dutiable imported pickled fish be branded with the word “foreign.”
This law was repealed by act April 1,1879. It had become quite unim-
portant, since nearly all fish requiring such branding were those from the
British provinces, which, by the treaty of Washington, had been ad-
mitted free of duty for several years. The law reads as follows:
“Pickled fish of foreign catch, on which an import duty is laid by the
laws of the United States, which is brought into this State and here
inspected or reinspected, shall, in addition to the brand mentioned in
the preceding sections, be branded with the word ‘foreign’ on the head
of each cask, barrel, or package, in letters not less than one inch in
length, and separate and distinct from the other brands.
“Tf an inspector of fish inspects or reinspects any fish of foreign catch
so imported and brought into this State, and refuses or negleets to com-
ply with the requirements of the preceding section, he shall forfeit and
pay for such refusal or neglect fifteen dollars for every cask, barrel, or
package so neglected.”
478 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [388]
CONNECTICUT.
The following fish-inspection law was enacted in Connecticut May 31,
1822, and appeas in the Revised Statutes of 1849:
‘‘Be it enacted, &c., All pickled shad, codfish, or mackerel, intended
for market, shall be split and well cleansed, and pickled in strong brine.
Shad and codfish shall be in such brine at least fifteen days, and mack-
erel at least forty-eight hours, before they are put up for market, and
shall be put in barrels or half-barrels, the barrels containing two hun-
dred pounds each, and the half-barrels one hundred pounds each, of
fish well packed, with a sufficient quantity of salt, and filled with
strong brine. And shad so put up shall be of three denominations, viz:
Shad No. 1 to consist wholly of shad well saved, free from rust or any
defect, and the head and tail cut off, and the backbone taken out;
each barrel containing not more than seventy-two shad, and each half-
barrel not more than thirty-six shad. The second denomination shall
be shad number 2, to consist wholly of well saved, trimmed, pickled,
and prepared for packing, in the same manner as shad number 1; each
barrel containing not more than eighty-two shad, and each half-barrel
not more than forty-one shad. The third denomination shall be shad
number 3, to consist of shad that will not answer for either of the two
former numbers, well saved, with the head taken off; and said barrels
and half-barrels of fish shall be inspected and branded in the manner
hereinbefore prescribed for inspecting beef and pork; and the inspector
who shall inspect or who shall brand the same shall designate by each
brand the quality, weight, and kind of fish contained in each barrel and
half-barrel branded by him, and also his own name, and the name of the
town where said fish was put up.
“All barrels and half-barrels containing fish for market or exportation
shall be well made of good seasoned red oak, white oak, or chestnut
timber; and each tierce made with twelve hoops ; and each barrel shall
be of the capacity of from twenty-eight to thirty gallons, and each half-
barrel of the capacity of fifteen gallons and a half.”
PENNSYLVANIA.
Laws regulating the inspection of pickled fish were enacted in Penn-
sylvania in 1835, and, with subsequent amendments, were in force until
1874, when they were repealed by the adoption of a new constitution
that abolished the office of State inspector, and left the regulation of the
trade to the several cities and towns. Philadelphia has for many years
been a large market for pickled mackerel and other fish. Large quan-
tities are received here from the North, and, after being repacked, are
distributed over the State, especially in the mining regions.
A. leading fish-dealer of Philadelphia writes as follows:
‘‘ Rish-inspection laws were in force in Pennsylvania until the adop-
tion of the new constitution in 1874, since which time we have had no
[389] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 473
law governing the same. Two different bills have been before the legis-
lature, both of which failed; we remonstrated against both, as they dis-
criminated against us. Under one section of the law as it existed until
1874 any manina bordering State could pack goods any weight he saw
fit and sell themin Pennsylvania. No local law will remedy the defect.
The only way to correct the abuse is by a general law requiring the
weight and grade stamped on each package, and failure thereof to be
punished by penalty. This would require no inspector, as a violation
could be tried and determined before a justice or United States com-
missioner, the same as any misdemeanor. Such a law would be hailed
with delight by every honest dealer, and leave no argument for the dis-
honest ones. From the passage of the law, in 1860, until the repeal of
the same, in 1868, our house had their smaller packages put up down
Hast, rather than encourage the inspector, which was only in name, no
inspecting being done. He would walk into the counting-house, ask
‘how many packages had been made, take what you gave him, and move
on. In conversation with a merchant on this subject he told me of an
instance where the inspector collected $3.50 fees, and the firm after
ward admitted to packing 2,700 packages.”
We give below the law as it stood on the statute-books of Pennsyl-
vania at the time of the abolishment of inspection laws, in 1874:
Appointment and qualification of inspector and his deputies. Act of March
27, 1860, sections 1, 2.
1. The governor shall appoint, for the term of one year, an inspector of
pickled fish in and for this commonwealth, who shall give a bond, with
sufficient sureties, to the treasurer of the State of Pennsylvania, in
the penal sum of ten thousand dollars, who shall have all and singular
the powers and authorities and be subject to all and singular the
duties and liabilities of such office.
2. Said inspector may appoint deputy inspectors for the city and
county of Philadelphia, and in such other cities or towns in this com-
monwealth where pickled fish is packed or repacked, and shall be an-
swerable for their official conduct, and shall take bonds from each of
them, with sufficient surety, in such sum as shall be judged sufficient,
and the said deputies shall be sworn, either before the said inspector
or some alderman or justice of the peace, to the faithful discharge of
their duty. ,
When pickled fish need not be reinspected. Ibid., section 3.
3. Pickled fish which shall have been duly inspected in the State or
country in which they were packed shall not be subject to reinspection in
this State: Provided, That such fish are sold or exported in the original
packages, without being repacked.
480 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [390]
Duties of inspectors. Penalties for intermixing. Ibid., section 4.
4, From and after this act shall go into effect the inspector or his
deputies shall see that all kinds of split pickled fish for barreling or re-
packing, intended for sale or export, except herring, haddock, pollock,
or codfish, have been well struck with salt or pickle in the first instance,
and preserved sweet, free from rust, taint, or damage; and such fish as
shall be found in good order, and of a good quality, shall be packed or
repacked in tierces containing each three hundred pounds of fish, or in
barrels containing each two hundred pounds, or in half-barrels contain-
ing each one hundred pounds, or in quarter-barrels containing each fifty
pounds, or in eighths of a barrel or kids, twenty-five pounds; each cask
shall be filled with fish of one and the same kind; and if any person
shall intermix, take out, or shift any inspected fish which have been packed
or branded agreeably to the provisions of this act, or put in other fish for
‘sale or exportation, contrary to the true intent and meaning of the pro-
visions of the same, such person shall forfeit fifteen dollars for each
package so altered: Provided, however, That if any casualty shall render
it necessary to repack a cask of inspected fish, it shall in all cases be
done by an inspector of such fish.
Packing and repacking. Ibid., section 5.
5. All fish that shall be packed or repacked in accordance with the
fourth section of this act shall be so packed or repacked with good and
clean salt, suitable for the purpose; and after packing said fish with
sufficient salt to preserve them, and heading said casks, they shall be
filled up with a clear, strong pickle.
Qualities of fish. Ibid., section 6.
6. There shall be four qualities of mackerel, three of salmon and
shad, and two of other kinds of pickled fish; those mackerel of best
quality, for family use, not mutilated, measuring not less than thirteen
inches from the extremity of the head to the crotch or fork of the tail,
free from rust, taint, or damage, shall be branded number one; the next
best quality, being not less than eleven inches, measuring as aforesaid,
free from rust, taint, or damage, shall be branded number two; those
that remain after the above selections, that are free from rust, taint, or
damage, shall be branded number three large; those of the next infe-
rior quality, free from taint or damage, not less than ten inches in
_ length, as aforesaid, shall be branded number three. All other mack-
erel, free from taint or damage, shall be branded number four.
Salmon and shad. Ibid., section 7.
7. Those salmon and shad which are of the best quality, for family
use, free from rust, taint, or damage, shall be selected from number one
and number two; the best of them selected and branded number one,
/
fool}; _ HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 481
the residue number two; all that remain, free from taint, and sound,
shall be branded number three.
Quality and size of casks. Ibid., section 8.
8. All casks used for packing or repacking pickled fish intended for
sale or exportation shall be made of sound, well-seasoned white oak,
ash, red oak, spruce pine, or chestnut staves, of rift timber, with head-
ing of either of said kinds of wood, and if of pine, shall also be free from
sap and knots, and shall be planed; the barrels, half-barrels, and tierces
shall be well hooped, with at least three good hoops. of sufficient sub-
stance on each bilge, and three hoops of the like quality on each chime;
the barrel staves shall be twenty-eight inches in length, and the heads
shall be seventeen inches between the chimes; the barrels shall contain
not less than twenty-eight gallons nor more than thirty gallons each; the
half-barrels not less than fifteen gallons each, and the tierces not less
than forty-five nor more than forty-six gallons; and each cask shall be
made in a workmanlike manner.
Inspection of casks. Act of March 27, 1860, chapter 289, section 9.
9. The inspector or his deputies shall strictly examine and inspect all
casks in which he or they may be required to pack any fish, and they
shall reject all such as are not made in a substantial manner and
according to the provisions of this act.
Branding of casks. Ibid., section 10.
10. The inspector or his deputies shall brand, in plain, legible letters,
on the head of each cask of fish inspected by them, or either of them,
respectively, the denomination of the fish packed or repacked therein,
the initials of the Christian name, and the whole of the surname of the
inspector or his deputy, as the case may be, the name of the city or
town for which such deputy is appointed, the letters “‘ Penn.” (for Penn-
sylvania), and the year in which the fish were packed. All fish of for-
eign catch which shall be brought into this State, and which shall be
repacked, shall be inspected or reinspected, and in addition to the
brand as required by this act, shall be branded with the word foreign
on the head of each cask containing such inspected or reinspected fish,
in letters not less than one inch in length, and separate and distinct
from the other brands.
Inspection fees. Ibid., section 11.
11. The fees for inspecting and branding, exclusive of cooperage,
shall be, for each tierce, twelve cents; each barrel, eight cents; each
half-barrel, five cents; each cask of any smaller denomination, three
cents; and in addition to the fees aforesaid, one cent for each cask that
8. Mis. 110 ol
482 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [392]
shall be nailed, which shall be done in a suitable manner, when in their
judgment it may be necessary.
Seizure of uninspected fish. Appropriation of proceeds. Ibid., section 12.
12. If any pickled fish which have been repacked, and not inspected
or reinspected and branded according to the provisions of this act,
shall be put on board of any boat or vessel, or into any carriage of con-
veyance, with intent that the same shall be sold within or exported from
this State, the inspector, or any deputy, may seize and libel the same;
and if upon trial it shall appear that such seizure was lawful, the fish
so seized shall be decreed to be forfeited, and shall be sold and disposed
of at public sale to the highest bidder; and the net proceeds, after pay-
ing the necessary expenses, shall be paid as follows: One-half to the
overseers or guardians of the poor in the county where seized, and the
other one-half to the inspector, or his deputy, who shall have caused the
same to have been seized.
Penalty for illegal selling or branding. Ibid., section 13.
13. If any person or persons shall sell within this State, or shall ex-
port therefrom, any pickled fish which have been packed or repacked
therein, and not duly inspected according to the provisions of this act,
shall forfeit the sum of ten dollars for every hundred pounds of such
fish thus sold or exported, to be recovered in any court of this State
having competent jurisdiction. Any person using a brand for the pur-
pose of branding casks of fish in imitation of those used by the in-
spector or his deputies, or in imitation of those used by the inspect-
ors or their deputies in other States or foreign countries, or who shall
counterfeit, forge, or fraudulently impress, or make the brand-mark, or
any number or other mark of any such inspection, upon any cask of
fish subject to inspection, or shall fraudulently alter, deface, conceal
or erase any inspection mark duly made, shall, for every such offence,
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and be punishable by a fine not
exceeding one hundred dollars, at the discretion of the court having
jurisdiction of the offence.
Repealing clause. Ibid., section 14.
14, All the acts heretofore in force, regulating the inspection of salted
or pickled fish, which are inconsistent herewith, be, and the same are
hereby, repealed.—(Approved, March 27, 1860.)
Name of packer to be branded.* Act of April 15, 1835, section 70.
Sec. 70. Every brand and half-barrel of salted fish, liable to inspec-
act of March 27, 1860, from which the preceding sections are quoted.
[393] ‘HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 483
tion as aforesaid, shall be branded with the initial letter of the Christian
name, and surname at full length, of the person or persons putting
up the same, or the person selling the same, under penalty of seventy-
five cents for every such cask.
Mode of inspection. Ibid., section 72.
15. Every cask containing salted fish, liable to inspection as aforesaid,
shall be inspected by opening, and, if necessary, by unpacking and re-
packing the same, so that the inspector may judge of the soundness and
true package of the fish, as well as of the conteuts of the cask.
Branding of unmerchantable fish. Ubid., section 74.
16. If the inspector shall, upon examination find any barrel or half-
barrel, containing salted fish, not to be of the proper description, or if
he shall find the fish not to be merchantable as aforesaid, he shall erase
and effectually deface therefrom the brand-marks ; and if the same can-
not be made merchantable, as aforesaid, by salting, pickling, repacking,
and coopering, it shall be the duty of the inspector to impress dis-
tinetly, upon each barrel or half-barrel, a mark of condemnation, in the
manner following: 1. If such fish shall be inspected at Philadelphia,
the inspector shall impress upon one of the heads of such eask the mark
of a cross (thus, X), each stroke of which cross shall be at least two
inches and a half in length; 2. If such fish shall be inspected at the
city of Pittsburg, or the borough of Columbia aforesaid, the inspector
shall cause the casks to be marked on the bilge with a broad arrow
(thus, t), or, if required, secure them for future examination, which ex-
amination the owner or person selling the same shall procure to be made
within four days.
Fish may be branded after penalty incurred. Ibid., section 76.
17. Provided, That if any fish shall be laden for exportation, or shall
be sold and delivered as aforesaid, without being so branded, the inspector
may, after the penalty for such neglect shall have been paid, brand the
same with his own name, and he may demand and receive therefor, from
the person so lading or selling and delivering the same, the sum of six
cents for every such cask.
Penalty for fraudulent packing. Ibid., section 78.
18. If any salted fish, liable to inspection as aforesaid, shall be found,
upon the examination thereof by the inspector, to be fraudulently packed,
either by the use of improper or unfit substance, or by the intermixture
or use of fish of different qualities, the owner thereof or his agent shall
forfeit and pay for each and every such cask the sum of five dollars,
484 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [394]
When fish must be reinspected. Ibid., section 79.
19. Salted fish liable to inspection, as aforesaid, shall, if they have re-
mained on hand unsold or not exported during six months after the in
specting and branding thereof, as aforesaid, be again examined by the
inspector, andif found to be unsound shall be subject to the regulations
provided for the case of salted fish which have not been inspected.
Casks must be filled. Ibid., section 80.
20. Every cask of salted fish liable to inspection shall be filled up by
the owner thereof or by persons employed by him for that purpose, and
be packed or repacked by him or them, as the case may be, and in all
respects completed in such manner as the inspector shall require or
direct, under penalty of one dollar for each and every cask.
Fees for cooperage. Ibid., section 83.
21. The inspectors aforesaid may also demand and receive such other
-and further allowance and compensation as shall be reasonable and cus-
tomary to allow for the expense and trouble of cooperage in putting
each cask of salted provisions into good and perfect order and con-
dition.
Cooperage may be done by owners. Ibid., section 84.
22. Provided, That the owner of any salted provisions, as aforesaid, or
his agent, may employ any person, other than the said inspector, to do
the cooperage necessary to put the same in good merchantable order
and condition, as aforesaid, and in such case the said inspector shall
not be entitled to any allowance on account of such cooperage.
Fees for unmerchantable fish. Ibid., section 85.
23. The inspectors aforesaid may G@emand and receive from the owner,
possessor, or person selling any salted provisions, as aforesaid, which
shall be adjudged.to be unmerchantable, or not in the condition required
by law for sale or exportation, the same fees as if the same had been
adjudged to be merchantable and fit for sale or exportation.
On April 13, 1868, a law was approved which repealed the inspection
laws theretofore in force.
On June 2, 1871, the repealing act of April 13, 1868, was repealed, and
the inspection laws of 1860 thereby re enacted.
In 1874 the new State constitution was adopted, which abolished all
inspection laws in Pennsylvania.
s
a a <.,
[895] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 485
54, INSPECTION LAWS OF THE BRITISH PROVINCES.
DOMINION OF CANADA.
[37 Victoria, Chapter XLV; Assented to 26th May, 1874.]
AN ACT to make better provisions, extending to the whole Dominion of Canada, re-
specting the inspection of certain staple articles of Canadian produce.
GENERAL PROVISIONS.
Governor may appoint inspectors of certain articles, and at what places.
1. The governor in council may, from time to time, designate the sev-
eral cities, towns, and other places, or inspection divisions in Canada at
and for which, respectively, it is expedient to appoint inspectors of the
several articles hereinafter mentioned, or any of them; and the governor
may, from time to time, determine the limits of such inspection divis-
ions, and appoint, at and for such cities, counties, towns, places, or divis-
ions, an inspector of any of the following articles, that is to say: Flour
and meal; wheat and other grain; beef and pork; pot ashes and pearl
ashes; pickled fish and fish oil; butter; leather and raw hides. Such
inspectors shall hold office during pleasure, and shall act, respectively,
within such local limits as the governor in council may assign to them;
and they and their deputies shall be appointed only from and among
duly qualified persons, certified as such by the examiners hereinafter
mentioned.
Boards of examiners of inspectors.
2. The board of trade at each of the cities of Quebec, Montreal, To-
ronto, Kingston, Hamilton, London, Ottawa, and St. John, N. B., and
the chamber of commerce at the city of Halifax, shall annually appoint,
in the said cities, respectively, and the governor may from time to time
appoint in any county in the Dominion, or for any inspection division,
five fit and skilful persons, any three of whom shall be a quorum, for
each class of articles to be inspected at such city or county, to examine
and test the ability and fitness of applicants for the office of inspector
or deputy inspector of such articles ; and no person shall be appointed
such inspector or deputy inspector who has net been examined by and
received a certificate of qualification from the proper board of exam-
iners: Provided always, That the governor may, in his discretion, ap-
point as an inspector under this act, without a new examination, any
person who has been an inspector of the same article under any act
hereby repealed. And the board may, at any such examination, permit
the attendance of any person or persons of experience and skill in the
subject of such examination, and allow them to propose questions perti-
nent thereto to the examinee, in order to test his knowledge and skill.
It shall be the duty of every such board to grant such certificates,
486 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [396]
and such only, as to the qualification of the candidates who present
themselves for examination as the knowledge and proficiency of such
candidates may require or justify.
Examiners to take oath.
3. Each such examiner shall, before acting as such, take, before some
justice of the peace, an oath in the following form, or to the same effect:
“J, A B, do swear that I will not, directly or indirectly, personally
or by means of any person or persons in my behalf, receive any fee, re-
ward, or gratuity whatsoever, by reason of any function of my office of
examiner of applicants for the office of inspector or deputy inspector
of , except such as I may be entitled to receive by law, and that
I will therein well and truly, in all things, act without partiality and to
the best of my knowledge and understanding. So help me God.”
Which oath shall remain in the custody of the justice administer-
ing it.
Inspector not to trade in articles which he inspects.
4, No inspector shall deal or trade in, or have any interest, directly or
indirectly, in the production of any article subject to inspection by him,
or sell or buy any such article (except for the consumption of himself
and family), under a penalty of two hundred dollars for any offence
against this section and the forfeiture of his office.
Inspector to take oath of office.
5. Hach inspector shall, before acting as such, take and subscribe, be-
fore some justice of peace, an oath of office in the form or to the effect
following:
“T, A B, do solemnly swear that I will faithfully, truly, and impar-
tially, to the best of my judgment, skill, and understanding, execute
and perforin the office of an inspector; and that I will not, directly or
indirectly, by myself or by any other person or persons whomsoever, inan-
ufacture or prepare, deal, trade in, or sell, or buy, except only for the
consumption of myself and family, and (insert the description of the arti-
cles he is to inspect) on my account, or upon the account of any other
person or persons whomsoever, while I continue such inspector. So
help me God.”
Deputy inspector to have no interest in articles he inspects.—Oath of office.
No deputy inspector shall have any direct or indirect interest by him-
self or by any person whomsoever, in any article inspected by him.
Deputy inspector to take oath of office.
Every deputy inspector shall, before acting as such, take and sub-
scribe before some justice of the peace, the following oath: ;
“T, A B, do solemnly swear that I will faithfully, truly, and impar-
[397] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. A87
tially, to the best of my judgment and skill and understanding, execute
and perform the office of a deputy inspector of ———,, and that I will
not inspect, brand, or certify to the quality of any article or thing in
which I have any direct or indirect interest on my own account, or upon
the account of any person whomsoever, while i continue to hold office as
a deputy inspector. So help me God.”
Such oaths shall remain in the custody of the justice administering
them, and any copy thereof certified by the said justice shall be prima
facie evidence of such oaths.
Security to be given by inspector or deputy.
6. Each inspector or deputy inspector shall, before acting as such,
give security for the due performance of the duties of his office, in such
sum as the governor may direct, by bond to Her Majesty, with two
sureties to the satisfaction of the governor, to be bound jointly and
severally with them, in the form and subject to the provisions prescribed
by law relative to the security to be given by persons appointed to
offices of trust in Canada, and such bond shall avail to the Crown, and
to all persons aggrieved by any breach of the conditions thereof, and
such bond shall remain in the custody of the secretary of state of
Canada; and any copy thereof certified by him shall be prima facie
evidence of such bond, and of the contents and tenor thereof, and such
copy shall be furnished when required, on payment of a fee of one dollar.
Appointment of deputy inspectors when required.
7. Each inspector may, and shall, when thereunto required by the
governor, in any inspection division, or by the boards of trade in any
of the before-named cities, appoint a deputy, or so many deputies as
may be necessary, for the speedy and efficient performance of the duties
of his office; such assistants being duly examined and sworn and giving
security, as above provided; and they shall be held to be deputies of
the inspector for all the duties of his office, and their official acts shall
be held to be official acts of the inspector, and he shall be responsible
for them as if done by himself; and each deputy inspector shall make
such returns and reports of his official acts as shall be required of him
by the inspector whose deputy he is.
Duties and tenure of office of deputy inspector.
8. The said deputies shall respectively be paid by, and shall hold their
offices at the pleasure of the inspector; and no such inspector shall
allow any person whomsoever to act for him about the duties of his
office, excepting only his sworn deputy or deputies, appointed as afore-
said.
Deputy to act on death of inspector.
9. In the event of the death of any inspector, his senior deputy in-
spector shall perform all the duties of the inspector until his successor
is appointed.
488 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [398]
Returns or reports of official acts, under regulations to be made by gov-
ernor in council.
10. The governor in council may, from time to time, require any and
every inspector to make such returns or reports of his or their official
acts to any public department or officer, board of trade or municipal
authority, and in such form and containing such particulars and informa-
tion as he may deem expedient, and may, from time to time, by order
in council, make such regulations for the governance of inspectors under
this act, or any of them, and of parties employing them as such, as he
may think proper, and may, by such regulations, impose penalties not
exceeding fifty dollars to any person offending against them; and any
copy of such regulations printed in the Canada Gazette shall be prima
Jacie evidence of any such regulations, and that they are then in force;
and such regulations not being contrary to or inconsistent with this act
shall be obeyed by such inspectors and parties employing them as if
embodied in this act; and any offence against them shall be deemed an
offence against this act and punishable as such.
Disputes touching inspection, how settled, where there is no board of trade
or chamber of commerce.
11. If any dispute arises between any inspector or deputy inspector
and the owner or possessor of any article by him inspected, with regard
to quality and condition thereof, or relating in any respect to the same,
then, upon application by either of the parties in difference, to any jus-
tice of the peace for the place in which such inspector or deputy inspec-
tor acts, such justice of the peace shall issue a summons to three persons
of skill and integrity, one to be named by the inspector or deputy in-
spector, another by the owner or possessor of the article in question,
and the third by such justice of the peace (who, failing the attendance
of either of the parties in difference, shall name for him), requiring such
three persons forthwith to examine such article and report their opinion
of the quality and condition thereof under oath (which oath the justice
of the peace shall administer), and the determination, or that of the
majority of them, made in writing, shall be final and conclusive, whether
approving or disapproving the judgment of the inspector or deputy in-
spector, who shall immediately conform thereto, and brand or mark
such article, or the package containing the same (as the case may be)
of the qualities or condition directed by the determination aforesaid;
and if the opinion of the inspector or deputy inspector be thereby con-
firmed, the reasonable cost or charges of re-examination (to be ascer-
tained by the said justice of the peace) shall be paid by the said owner
or possessor of the article in question, and, if otherwise, by the inspec-
tor or deputy inspector: [Proviso, for the re-examination of flour and
meal in cities where there is a board of trade or chamber of commerce. |}
Whenever any difference arises between inspectors as to the true
my, !
(399) HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 489
quality or grade of any article inspected by one of them and re-inspected
by another, such difference shall be definately determined by reference
to such board of arbitration or other authority asthe governor in coun-
cil may appoint for that purpose.
Fees for re-examination, how to be fixed.
12. The council of the board of trade, or chamber of commerce, if there
be one, for each of the said cities or places where inspectors are ap-
pointed, and, if not (or in case such council fails to make such tariff, the
governor in council) shall, from time to time, make a tariff of the fees
and charges to be allowed for such re-examination and all services ad
matters connected therewith, and may also establish rules and regula-
tions for the government of the persons re-examining any article on ap-
peal from the decision of the inspector or deputy inspector; and all
such fees shall be payable before the delivery of the bill of inspection,
or the re-delivery by the inspector of the articles inspected, on which
he shall have a special lien for such fees.
Penalty in case of neglect or refusal of inspector to act.
13. If any inspector or deputy inspector refuses or neglects on appli-
cation to him, made personally or by writing, left at his dwelling-house,
store, office, or ware-house, on any lawful day, between sunrise and sun-
set, by any owner or possessor of any article which such inspector or dep-
uty inspector is appointed to inspect (such inspector or deputy inspector
not being at the time of such application employed inspecting else-
where) forthwith, or within two hours thereafter, to proceed to such in-
spection, heshall, for every such neglect or refusal, forfeit and pay to the
person so applying, twenty dollars over and above all the damage oc-
casioned by such refusal or neglect to the party complaining, recover-
able in a summary way before any one justice of the peace, on the oath
of one credible witness other than such complainant.
As to fraudulent alteration or imitation or use of, &c., of inspector's
marks, &e.
14, Any person who, with a fraudulent intention, alters, effaces, or
obliterates wholly or partially, or causes to be altered, effaced, or oblit-
erated any inspector’s brands or marks on any article having under-
gone inspection, or on any package containing any such article, or coun-
terfeits any such brand or mark, or brands, impresses, or otherwise
marks thereon any mark purporting to be the mark of any inspector or
of the manufacturer or packer of such article, either with the proper
marking instruments of such inspector, manufacturer or packer, or with
counterfeit imitations thereof, or empties, or partially empties, any such
package marked, after inspection, in order to put into the same any
other article (of the same or any other kind), not contained therein at
490 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND T'ISHERIES. [400]
the time of such inspection, or uses for the purpose of packing any ar-
ticle, any old package bearing inspection marks, or (not being an in-
spector or deputy inspector of any article) brands or marks any package
containing it, with the inspector’s marks, or gives any certificate pur.
porting to be a certificate of inspection of any article; and any person
who being in the employ of any inspector or deputy inspector, or of any
manufacturer or packer of any article subject to inspection, hires or
lends the marks or marking instruments of his employer to any person
whatever, or connives at, or is privy to any fraudulent evasion of this
act with respect to any such marks as aforesaid, shall, for such offence,
incur a penalty of forty dollars; and any inspector or deputy inspector
who inspects or brands or marks any article out of the local limits for
which he is appointed, or hires out or lends his marking instruments
to any person whomsoever, or gives any certificate of inspection without
having personally performed the inspection, or any willfully false or un-
true certificate, or connives at or is privy to any fraudulent evasion of
this act, shall, for each such offence, incur a penalty of one hundred dol-
lars, and shall forfeit his office, and shall be disqualified from ever after
holding the same.
Assuming title of inspector or deputy inspector without authority.
15. Any person not thereunto duly authorized under this act, who in
in any manner whatever assumes the title of inspector or deputy in-
spector, or issues any bill, certificate, or declaration purporting to estab-
lish the quality of any pot-ashes or pearl-ashes, flour or meal, beef or
pork, grain, pickled fish or fish oil, butter, leather, or raw hides, shall,
for such offence, incur a penalty not exceeding one hundred dollars.
Penalties, how recovered and applied.
16. Every penalty and forfeiture imposed by this act, or by any regula-
tion made under it, not exceeding forty dollars, shall, except when it is
otherwise herein provided, be recoveable by any inspector or deputy in-
spector, or by any other person suing for the same, in a summary way
before any two justices of the peace for the place, in their ordinary or
other sessions, and shall, in default of payment, be levied by warrant of
distress, to be issued by such justices against the goods and chattels of
the offender; and where such penalty or forfeiture exceeds forty dol-
lars it may be sued for and recovered by any such inspector, deputy
inspector, or any other person, by bill, plaint, information, or civil ac-
tion, in any recorder’s court, or in any court having jurisdiction in civil
cases to the amount, and may be levied by execution as in case of debt.
And the moiety of all such penalties (except such as may be herein
otherwise applied) when recovered shall belong to the Crown for the
public uses of the Dominion, and the other moiety shall belong to and
be paid to the inspector, or deputy inspector, or other person suing for
the same.
[401] _ HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 491
Limitation of time for commencing suits under this act.
17. Any action or suit against any person for anything done in pur-
suance of this act, or contrary to its provisions, shall be commenced
within six months next after the matter or thing done or omitted to be
done, and not afterwards; and the defendant therein may plead the
general issue, and give this act and the special matter in evidence, and
at any trial therein, and that the same was done under this act; and if
it appears so to have been done, then the judgment shall be for the de-
fendant; and if the plaintiff is non-suited or discontinues his action
after the defendant has appeared, orif judgment is given against the
plaintiff the defendant shall recover treble costs and have the like rem-
edy for the same as defendants have in other cases.
Payment of cost of inspection, when article is sold subject to inspection.
18. In all cases where any article is sold subject to inspection, the
person applying to the inspector shall be entitled to reimbursement of
the cost of inspection from the vendor, if such applicant be not himself
the vendor, unless an express stipulation to the contrary is made at the
time of the sale, or of the agreement to submit to inspection; and such
agreement to submit to inspection shall imply a warranty that the arti-
cle in question is of the quality for which it is sold, and that all the re-
quirements of this act have been complied with as to such article and
the packages in which it is contained, unless it be otherwise expressly
stipulated.
Inspection not always compulsory.—Lien for fees.
19. Nothing in this act shall oblige any person to cause any article to
be inspected, unless such inspection is expressly declared to be com-
pulsory, butif inspected, it shall be subject to the provisions of this act,
and shall not be branded or marked as inspected unless the said provis-
ions have been in all respects complied with, with respect to such arti-
cle and the packages in which it is contained. Inspectors and their
deputies shall be paid their fees upon the articles inspected by them by
privilege and preference over all other creditors, and may retain pos-
session of the articles inspected until the fees to which they are entitled
under this act shall have been paid.
The governor in council may make regulations whenever he deems it
necessary to do so, for the apportionment of the fees paid under this
act between the inspectors and their deputies, and for providing for the
payment of fees to the examiners appointed under this act by parties
who present themselves for examination; and every such regulation
may be rescinded or varied from time to time.
Inspection law of 1873 repealed.
20. The act passed in the session held in the thirty-sixth year of Her
Majesty’s reign, intituled “An act to amend and to consolidate and to ex-
492 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [402]
tend to the whole Dominion of Canada, the laws respecting the inspection of
certain staple articles of Canadian produce,” is hereby repealed, except
that such repeal shall not effect the repeal of any former act or pro-
vision of law, any liability incurred, any bond or security given, any
action, suit, or proceeding pending, any penalty, forfeiture, or punish-
ment incurred for any offence committed, any appointment made in
council, regulation, or order made or given and not inconsistent with
this act, or anything lawfully done before this act comes into force; and
if, in any contract made before the coming into force of this act, it has
been stipulated that any article therein mentioned, shall be subject to
inspection, then, unless the contrary be clearly expressed, the intended
standard of quality of such article shall be understood to be that estab-
lished by the laws in force at the date of such contract; and if the in-
spection is made after this act is in force, it shall be made according to
standard established.
* ¥* * * * * *
SPECIAL PROVISIONS RESPECTING THE INSPECTION OF PICKLED FISH
AND FISH OILS.
Inspector to provide branding irons.
61. Every inspector shall provide himself with proper branding irons,
or stencil plates, for the purpose of branding or marking such casks,
barrels and boxes as may by him be inspected pursuant to this act;
and it shall be the duty of each inspector to know that all his deputies
are duly provided in this respect.
Inspecting must be in presence of inspector.
62. The inspecting, culling, classing, weighing, packing and branding
or marking of any fish or oil shall be done in the immediate presence
and sight of an inspector or deputy inspector.
Duty of inspector.—Size and material of packages.
63. It shall be the duty of the inspector or deputy inspector to see
that all kinds of split, whole, pickled or salted fish, intending for pack-
ing or barrelling, and submitted to him for inspection, have been well
struck with pickle and salt, in the first instance, and preserved sweet,
free from taint, rust, salt-burn, oil or damage of any kind; and all fish
or oil intended for market or exportation, and branded or marked as
inspected and merchantable, shall be well and properly packed, in good
tight and substantial packages or casks—except green codfish packed
without pickle, which may be packed in barrels or packages which are
not tight; and all other packages shall be made of the materials and in
the manner following:
Tierces, barrels, and half-barrels shall be made of sound, well-seasoned
[403] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 493
split or sawed staves, free from sap, and in no case to be of hemlock,
and the heading shall be of hardwood, pine, fir, or spruce, free from
sap, and planed on the outside, and shall be at least three-quarters of
an inch in thickness. Staves for salmon and mackerel barrels shall be
twenty-nine inches in length, and the heads between the chimes seven-
teen inches. Staves for barrels for herring shall be twenty-seven inches
in length, and the heads between the chimes shall be sixteen inches;
and the bung staves of all such barrels shall be of hardwood. AI
casks shall be hooped with not less than twelve sound, good hoops, of
not less than one inch in width at the large end for all tierces and bar-
rels, and in no case to be of alder. The makers of all tierces, barrels,
and half-barrels, shall brand the initials of their Christian names and
their whole surnames, and also the letters S. M. or H., according as the
package may be intended for salmon, mackerel or herrings, at or near
the bung staves, under a penalty of twenty cents for every package not
so branded.
All eanpty packages shall be subject to the inspection and approval
of the inspector or his deputies, who shall brand or mark the word
“condemned” immediately after the maker’s name on all packages that
will not pass inspection.
In what cases and places inspection shall be compulsory.
64. The inspection of all pickled fish cured for market or exportation,
and of all fish-oils, codfish tongues, or codfish sounds, cured for such
purpose, and contained in any such packages as are hereinafter men-
tioned, shall be compulsory in every province of the Dominion. except
Manitoba and British Columbia, at any place where an inspector is
appointed by law ; and if any such pickled fish, fish-oils, or other articles
aforesaid, in any such package as aforesaid, is sold, or offered for sale,
or exported, or shipped, or laden in any vehicle for exportation, or
otherwise offered to be exported in or from any place within any prov-
ince of Canada, except British Columbia or Manitoba, for which an
inspector or acouee inspector has been appointed, without being in-
spected under this act, the person so selling or offering it for sale, or
exporting it, or offering it for exportation, shall incur a penalty of not
less than one dollar and not more than five dollars for each such of-
fence.
Inspection to be in accordance with this act.
65. All Pickled fish cured for market or exportation, and all fish-oils,
codfish tongues and codfish sounds, shall be inspected, weighed, or
gauged, and branded or marked, only in accordance with this act ; and
all green codfish, in boxes or packages, shall be inspected and culled,
and a certificate of inspection for the latter, stating the quality and
quantity thereof so inspected, and shipped on board any vessel, shall
be granted by any inspector or deputy inspector.
494 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [404]
Qualities of fish—Manner of branding.
66. The various kinds of fish to be inspected under this act, shall be
branded or marked of the following denominations respegtively :
~ 1. Salmon to be branded or marked “ No, 1,” shall consist of the larg-
est or best and choicest kind, being well split, the blood being well
washed out before being salted, well cured, in the best condition, and
in every respect free from taint, rust, or damage of any kind.
Those to be branded or marked ‘“ No. 2.” shall comprehend the best
salinon that remain after the selection of the first quality, and shall be
good, sound, well split and cured fish, in the best condition, and in -
every respect free from taint, rust, or damage of any kind.
Those to be branded or marked “ No. 3,” shall consist of those that.
remain after the selection of the first two qualities, but must be good,
sound fish, and in every respect free from taint, rust, or damage of any
kind.
2. Mackerel to be branded or marked ‘‘ mess mackerel,” shall consist
of the best and fattest mackerel, being well split, having the blood well
washed out before being salted, well cured, in the best condition, and
free from taint, or rust, or damage of any kind, and shall be such as
would have measured not less than fourteen inches, from the extremity
of the head to the crotch or fork of the tail, and shall have the head
and tails taken off.
Those to be branded or marked ‘ Extra No. 1” shall consist of the
best and fattest mackerel, being well split, having the blood well washed
out before being salted, well cured, in the best condition, and free from
taint or rust or damage of any kind, and shall measure not less than
fourteen inches from the extremity of the head to the crotch or fork of
the tail.
Those to be branded or marked “ No. 1” shall consist of the best and
fattest mackerel, being well split, having the blood well washed out be-
fore being salted, well cured, in the best condition, and free from taint,
rust, or damage of any kind, and shall measure not less than thirteen
inches from the extremity of the head to the eroteh or fork of the tail.
Those to be branded or marked “ No. 2” shall comprehend the best
mackerel that remain after the selection of the first qualities, and shall
be properly split and washed. well cured, and in every respect free from
taint, rust, or damage of any kind, and shall be divided into two quali-
ties, those from thirteen inches and upwards, not being sufficiently fat
to make No. 1, being branded No. 2 large, and those from eleven inches
up to thirteen inches shall be branded No. 2.
Those to be branded or marked “ Large No. 3” shall consist of good,
sound mackerel, properly washed, well cured, and free from taint, rust,
or damage of any kind, and shall measure not less than thirteen inches
from the extremity of the head to the crotch or fork of the tail.
Those to be branded or marked *‘ No. 3” shall consist of good, sound
\ > 4 x
1405 | HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 495
mackerel, properly washed, well cured, and free from taint, rust, or dam-
age of any kind, and shall measure eleven inches and upwards from the
extremity of the head to the crotch of the tail.
All mackerel under eleven inches in length, of good, sound quality,
and free from taint and rust, or damage of any kind, shall be branded or
marked with the words “Small Spring” or “‘ Small Fall” in the place of
a number.
All short, sunburnt, or ragged mackerel, of whatever class and not
otherwise defective, shall be branded and marked ‘“ No. 4.”
3. Herrings, Gaspereaux, and Alewives to be branded or marked ‘ No.
1” shall consist of the largest and best fish, well struck with salt, thor-
oughly cured and clean, and bright in colour; and those to be branded
or marked “No. 2” shall comprehend the best herrings that remain
after the selection of the first quality.
All undersized herrings to be branded or marked “ No. 3” with the
word *“ Small” in addition to the other brands or marks.
All ripped herrings shall be branded or marked with the word
“Round” in addition to other brands or marks.
All herrings that are not gibbed or ripped shall be branded or marked
with the word “ Gross” in addition to other brands or marks.
All spring-caught herrings shall be branded or marked with the word
‘‘ Spring” in addition to other brands or marks.
The above shall be well cleaned and cured, and in every respect free
from rust, taint, or damage.
Herrings that are caught at the Magdalen Islands, Baie des Chaleurs,
Labrador, or Newfoundland, and brought into port in Canada in bulk
and packed in Canada, shall be branded or marked “ Magdalen Islands,”
“Bay des Chaleurs,” ‘¢‘ Newfoundland,” or “ Labrador,” respectively, in
addition to other brands or marks.
Herrings packed and inspected in Newfoundland and imported into
Canada shall be marked or branded “ Newfoundland” without further
inspection :
4, Smoked herrings to be branded or marked ‘ No. 1” shall compre-
hend the best and fattest fish; and those to be branded or marked “No.
2” shall consist of the poorer, smaller, and inferior fish; both of these
qualities shall be well smoked, free from taint, and not burnt or scorched ;
and no red or smoked herrings shall be so branded or marked, unless
they be well and sufficiently saved and cured, and carefully packed in
good and substantial barrels, or half-barrels; and if in kegs or boxes,
the same shall be of well-seasoned boards, the sides, top and bottom of
not less than half an inch in thickness, and the ends at least three-
quarters of an inch thick ; and the inside measurement of each box shall
be eighteen inches long, and nine inches broad, and eight inches deep,
well nailed, and the tops or covers smoothed; tainted, burnt, scorched
and badly smoked herrings, shall be considered “refuse,” and may be
branded or marked as such without any character.
496 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [406]
5. Sea trout to be branded or marked “ No. 1” shall consist of the
largest, best, and fattest kind, being well split, and in every respect free
from taint, rust, or damage of any kind.
Those to be branded or marked ‘No. 2” shall comprehend the best
trout that remain after the selection of the first quality, and shall be
good sound fish, free from taint, rust, or damage of any kind.
6. Lake and salmon trout to be branded or marked “ No. 1, Lake” shall
consist of the largest and fattest fish, and be free from taint, rust, or
damage.
Those to be branded or marked “ No. 2, Lake” to be the next best fish,
free from taint, rust, or damage.
7. White fish to be branded or marked “ No. 1” shall consist of the
largest and fattest kind, cured in good condition, and be in every respect
free from taint, rust, or damage; ‘‘ No. 2” shall consist of those that re-
main after the selection of the first quality, and be free from taint, rust,
or damage.
8. Green codfish in barrels, with or without pickle, to be classed “ No.
1” shall consist of the best and fattest, being well split and cleansed,
well cured, in first-rate condition ; and in every respect free from taint,
salt-burn, rust, or damage of any kind, and shall measure at least fifteen
inches to the crotch of the tail.
Those remaining after the selection of the first quality, to class “ No.
2,” shall be sound, well-cured fish, and free from taint, salt-burn, rust,
or damage of any kind.
9. All other kinds of fish not enumerated herein, and belonging to
denominations specified by this act, such as ling, hake, haddock, pol-
lock, catfish, halibut, shad, bass, eels, codfish tongues and codfish sounds,
in casks or barrels, shall be branded or marked as such, and must be
sound and well cured, free from taint, salt-burn, rust, or damage of any
kind.
10. Small fish, which are usually packed whole, with dry salt or
pickle, shall be put into good casks of the size and materials required
by this act for the packing of split, pickled fish, and shall be packed
close, edgeways in the casks, and properly salted with good, coarse,
wholesome, dry salt, and the casks shall be filled fall with the fish and
salt, and no more salt shall be put with the fish than is necessary for
their preservation; and the casks containing such whole fish shall be
branded or marked with the denomination of the fish, and a like desig-
nation as is prescribed by this act in respect of the qualities, &c., of
other pickled fish.
11. All rusty or sour fish, of whatever kind or class, shall be branded
or marked with with the word “rusty” or “sour” in addition to other
brands or marks.
12. No foul or tainted fish, or fish mutilated for the purpose of con-
cealing marks and appearances of illegal capture, or unsizeable, shall
pass inspection ; and it shall be the duty of every inspector or deputy
[407] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 497
inspector to seize, and any magistrate may confiscate to Her Majesty, all
fish found or exposed for sale having been killed or captured during pro-
hibited seasons or by unlawful means, and all fish at any time offered
for sale or barter, or attempted to be exported, whilst in an unwhole-
some condition.
13. Fish known as pickled fish, that may be cured in bulk, if not in-
spected and certified as aforesaid, and afterwards packed in barrels,
shall be branded or marked with the word “bulk” in addition to other
brands or marks.
14, Hach cask or package of fish shall contain fish of the same kind,
or parts of the same kind and quality, properly packed in separate lay-
ers, and on every layer of fish so packed in the cask, a sufficient quan-
tity of good, clean, suitable salt, free from lime, shall be properly placed,
and in like proportion for other packages, at the discretion of an in-
spector or deputy inspector; and after the cask shall have been prop-
erly packed and headed it shall be filled with clean pickle, strong enough
to float a fish of the kind so packed.
15. Should it appear to any inspector, or deputy inspector, that a
portion of the fish inspected by him is sound, and another portion un-
sound, he shall separate the sound from the unsound, repack the sound
fish, and mark or brand the same according to its quality; and such
portion as the inspector judges incapable of preservation he shall con-
demn as bad, and mark “refuse,” in addition to other marks.
16. If any casualty renders it necessary to repack inspected fish it
shall in all cases be done by and in the presence of an inspector or
deputy inspector; and any other person attempting to repack or brand
or mark the same shall be liable to a penalty of not more than twenty
dollars for every such offense. ;
17. When any fish, branded or marked by a deputy inspector, proves
unequal in quantity or quality to that which may be indicated by the
brand or mark, or deficient in any way of the requisites prescribed by
this act, the inspector may cause the same to be reinspected; and if
it appear that the defect arose from the condition of the fish, or the bad
quality of the cask, or the bad packing or pickling of the fish at the
time of the inspection, he may recover the cost and charges of such re-
inspection from the deputy who branded or marked the same.
18. Pickled fish, duly inspected, packed and branded or marked, and
oils, inspected and branded or marked under this act, at any place in
the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, or
British Columbia, shall not be subject to reinspection within the Do-
minion, except only in cases already provided for in this act.
19. Each tierce shall be three hundred pounds, and each half tierce
one hundred and fifty pounds; each barrel shall be two hundred pounds,
and each half-barrel one hundred pounds; each quintal shall be one
hundred pounds; each draft shall mean two hundred pounds; and each
box of herrings shall contain twenty-five pounds. In each of the above
S. Mis. 110 32
498 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [408]
instances the weight shall be clear avoirdupois, exclusive of salt and
pickle.
20. There shall be branded or marked on the head or butt of each
cask of pickled or dry-salted fish, in plain, legible letters after the same
has been inspected, culled, classed, weighed, and packed, in accordance
with this act, the description of the fish, the weight and quality con-
tained in the package, the initials of the Christian name or names, and
the whole surname of the inspector or deputy inspector by whom the fish
was inspected, and the name of the place where he acts as aS Cree
and the month and the year of inspection.
Standards of fish oils, how fixed and kept.
67. The boards of examiners of inspectors of fish and fish oils shall
fix and have in charge the standard of fish oils in Nova Scotia, New
Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario, respectively; and the same shall be
classified and branded or marked according to such standards, as fol-
lows:
1. Whale oil shall be free from adulteration of every kind, and shall
be branded as such with the class according to quality appointed by
standard—if No. 1, “Pale”; if No. 2, “Straw”; if No. 3, “ Brown.”
2. Seal oil shall be free from adulteration of every kind, and shall be
branded as such, with the quality per standard—if No. 1, “Strictly
Pale”; if No. 2, “Pale”; if No. 3, “Straw”; if No.4, “Brown”; if No.5,
“Dark Brown.”
3. Porpoise oil shall be free from adulteration of every kind, and shall
be branded as such, with the quality per standard—if No. 1, “Pale”;
if) No: 2, Straw”? ;1f No.3!" Brown.”
’ 4. Cod oil shall be free from adulteration, and be branded as such—
first quality, “A”; second quality, “ B.”
5. Herring, hake, pollock, and dog-fish oil, and all other oils, shall be
branded as such—first quality, “A”; second quality, ‘ B.”
6. An inspector or deputy inspector shall determine the gauge of each
cask, and the outs thereof, and shall mark the same on the cask; and
the barrels shall be in good order and condition, sound and staunch,
and shall be made of hard wood, and if any cask or casks be found to
contain water or other adulteration, such shall be scribed or branded
by the inspector or deputy inspector on the cask.
7. Casks containing fish oils shall be scribed or branded with such
quality, the month and the last two figures of the year when inspected,
the initials of the Christian name or names, and the entire surname of
the inspector, and also the place of inspection, and the initial letters of
the name of the province in which it was inspected.
8. The designation “ Fish oils” in this act shall include whale, seal,
porpoise, cod, herring, sturgeon, siskawitz, and all other kinds of oil
derived from fish and marine animals.
[409 ] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY, 499
Fees for inspection.
68. Kvery inspector or deputy inspector who shall inspect and brand
or mark any cask or package of pickled fish, in bulk, or any fish oil, in
accordance with the provisions of this act, shall be entitled to fees at
the following rates, which shall be paid by the original owner, or the
person who employed him in the first instance:
i. For each tierce of salmon, salmon-trout, or sea-trout, fifteen cents;
2. For each half-tierce of salmon, salmon-trout, or sea-trout, ten cents;
5. For each barrel of mackerel, ten cents ;
For each halt-barrel of mackerel, five cents;
For each barrel of herring, five cents;
8. For each halt-barrel of herring, three cents ;
9. For each barrel of shad, ten cents;
10. For each half-barrel of shad, seven cents;
11. For each barrel of whitefish, ten cents ;
12. For each half barrel of whitefish, seven cents;
13, For each barrel of pickled codfish, hake, haddock, or catfish, five
cents ;
14. For each half-barrel of pickied codfish, hake, haddock, or catfish,
three cents ;
15. For each barrel of dry-salted codfish, hake, haddock, catfish, ling,
or pollock, five cents ;
16. For each half-barrel of dry-salted codfish, hake, haddock, catfish,
ling, or pollock, three cents;
17. For each barrel of bass, ten cents ;
18. For each half-barrel of bass, seven cents;
19. For each barrel of cod tongues, cod sounds, halibut, or eels, ten
cents ;
20. For each half-barrel of cod tongues, cod sounds, halibut, or eels,
seven cents ;
21. For inspecting, gauging, and branding each puncheon of oil,
twenty cents ;
22. For inspecting, gauging, and branding each hogshead of oil, fif-
teen cents;
eee
23. For inspecting, gauging, and branding each tierce of oil, twenty
cents ;
24, For inspecting, gauging, and branding each barrel of oil, fifteen
cents ; :
25. The foregoing rates shall be reckoned exclusive of salt, pickle,
cooperage, storage, and labour, employed in washing, rinsing, cleaning,
nailing, screwing, or repacking and pickling any fish ;
26. For branding or marking Newfoundland fish which have been in-
spected in Newfoundland, two cents per berrel;
27. For inspecting empty packages, one cent :
Provided, always, that any person causing his fish or oil to be in-
500 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIUS. [410]
spected, may employ at his cost and charge a cooper to attend upon
and assist the inspector or deputy inspector in the performance of his
duty, in which case the inspector or deputy inspector shall not be
allowed any charge for cooperage, and the cooper so employed shall be
governed and guided solely by the directions which he receives from the
inspector or deputy inspector, with respect to any fish or oil by him in-
spected, and not by any other person whomsoever.
Where inspections shall be effected.
69. Fish and fish oil may be inspected either at the place where they
are packed or manufactured, or at the place of sale within the Do-
minion.
When not inspected at place of packing and when at place of sale.
70. When fish are not inspected at the place of packing, the packer’s
name and the quality of the fish must be marked in paint on each bar-
rel, half-barrel or package ; and when they are inspected at the place
of sale, the inspector shall empty out ten packages in each hundred of
the lot submitted to him for inspection, and such inspection of ten
out of every hundred shall regulate the grade of fish so submitted for
inspection.
Bill of inspection.
71. So soon as any fish is Inspected, a bill of inspection shall be fur-
nished by the inspector or deputy inspector, specifiying the quality as
ascertained by inspection, and whether each package contains the weight
prescribed by this act, with the name of the packer and of the inspector
at the place of packing.
As to fish landed from United States vessels for reshipment there.
72. This act shall not apply to fish landed at any port of the Domin-
ion from United States fishing vessels for the purpose reshipment to
the United States, unless the owners of such fish wish them to be in-
spected: Provided always, that such fish, if so reshipped without being
inspected, shall not be branded or marked.
[39 Victoria, 1876, Chapter XX XIII. ]
AN ACT to amend the act to make better provision, extending to the whole Domin-
ion of Canada, respecting the inspection of certain staple articles of Canadian
produce.
{Assented to 12th April, 1876. ]
Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and
House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows :
1. Section sixty-three of the act of thirty-seventh Victoria, chapter
forty-five, cited in the title of this act, is hereby amended by striking
\
[411] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 501
out the words ‘one inch in width at the large end,” and inserting iu
place thereof the words “ five-eights of an inch at the small end.”
2. Section sixty-four of the act cited in the title of this act is hereby
repealed, and the following is substituted in place thereof:
“64, The inspection of all pickled fish cured for market or exporta-
tion, and of all fish oils, codfish tongues, or codfish sounds, cured for
such purpose and contained in any such packages as are hereinafter
mentioned shall, whenever such pickled fish, fish oils, or other articles
as aforesaid, are removed beyond the limits of the inspection district in
which they are pickled or packed, be compulsory in every province of
the Dominion (except British Columbia and Manitoba), where an in-
spector is appointed by law: and if any such pickled fish, fish oil, o1
other article as aforesaid be sold or removed for sale beyond the limits
of such district, or shipped or laden in any vehicle for removal, or offered
to be removed from any district or place within the Dominion, except
Manitoba and British Columbia, without being inspected under this act,
the person so selling or removing the same, or offering the same for sale
or removal, shall incur a penalty of not less than one dollar and not
more than five dollars for each and every such package.”
3. Subsection four of section sixty-six of the said act shall be amended
by adding the following words to the first paragraph:
‘And every such box of smoked herrings shall contain at least twenty
pounds of fish, and half-boxes shall be twenty-two inches long, tour
inches deep and eight inches wide, and to contain not less than ten
pounds of fish.”
4. Subsection eight of the said sixty-sixth section shall be amended by
adding the following :
‘* Kvery barrel of pickled codfish shall contain two hundred pounds
of fish, and every half-barrel one hundred pounds of fish.” * * *
43 Victoria, 1880, chapter XX.
AN ACT to amend ‘The general inspection act, 1874,” and the act amending it.
[Assented to 7th May, 1880. ]
In amendment of *“ The general inspection act, 1874,” and the act
amending it, passed in the thirty-ninth year of Her Majesty’s reign.
and chaptered thirty-three: Her Majesty, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as
follows:
1. The sixth section of the act first above cited is hereby amended by
striking out the word “ governor” in the fourth line, and inserting in
lieu thereof the words “ minister of inland revenue.”
2. The sixty-fifth section of the said act first above cited is hereby
amended by inserting after the word ‘‘ pickled” in the first line thereof,
the words “ and smoked.”
502 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [412]
3. The sixty-eighth section of the act first above cited is hereby
amended by inserting after sub-section eight the following paragraphs:
‘‘(a) or each box of smoked herrings, two cents ;
““(b) For each half-box of smoked herrings, one cent;
**(e) For each quarter-box of smoked herrings, one-half cent.”
4. The sixty-third section of the act first above cited is hereby
amended by inserting the following paragraph, following the second
paragraph of the said section:
‘** Barrels of the folowing dimensions may also be used for a special
quality of fish, that is to say: The stave shall be twenty-eight inches
long, the head seventeen between the chimes; the chimes to be one and
a quarter inches; the head three-fourths of an inch in thickness, and
the bung stave shall be of hard wood. Every such barrel shall be
branded with the words ‘special size’” * * *
[44 Victoria, 1881, chapter 52.
AN ACT to amend “The general inspection act, 1874,” and the acts amending it.
{ Assented to 21st March, 1881. ]
Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and
House of Commons, enacts as follows :
1. The act passed in the forty-third year of Her Majesty’s reign
intituled ** An act to amend ‘the general inspection act, 1574,’ and the
act amending it,” is hereby amended by repealing the tariff of fees to
be collected for the inspection of smoked herring, contained in the third
section of the said act, and substituting the following:
(a) For each box of smoked herrings, one cent;
(b) For each half-box of smoked herrings, one half cent;
(c) For each quarter-box of smoked herrings, one-quarter cent.
NOVA SCOTIA.
(Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia, 1851, chapter 85.)
On the regulation and inspection of provisions, lumber, fuel, and other mer-
chandise. e
FISH.
Appointment of inspectors.
1. The governor in council shall appoint in every county a chief in-
spector of pickled fish therein, who shall be sworn into office and shall
give a bond, with two sureties, in five hundred pounds, to Her Majesty,
for the faithful discharge of his duty. He shall not engage nor have
any interest, direct or indirect, in the curing or packing or the sale of
pickled fish, under a penalty of one hundred pounds and forfeiture of
his office ; and any person who shall act as inspector or deputy inspector
[413] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 503
without having been duly appointed and sworn, shall forfeit five pounds
for each offence. ;
Chief inspector to appoint deputies.
2. Every chief inspector shall appoint a sufficient number of deputies
to act under him during pleasure, and shall be responsible for their
official conduct, and shall take a bond from each of them in fifty pounds,
with sureties; and every such deputy shall be sworn to the faithful
discharge of his duty in the same manner as the chief inspector.
Qualities of fish.
3. There shall be three qualities of mackerel, three of salmon, two of
other kinds of pickled fish, and two of smoked herrings.
Mackerel of the quality number one shall consist of the best and
fattest fall mackerel, having had the blood well washed out previous to
being salted, and being properly soaked, well cured in every respect,
free from taint, rust, or damage, well split, and being of the best kind
and in the best condition, and measuring not less than fifteen inches
from the extremity of the head to the crotch of the tail; such mackerel
shall be branded ‘mackerel number one,” and if scraped shall be branded
‘“+mackerel number one, extra.”
Mackerel of the quality number two shall consist of the best fall
mackerel which shall remain after the selection of the first quality, be-
ing properly soaked, the blood washed out, well cured, and in every re-
spect free from taint, rust, or damage, well split, and measuring not less
than twelve inches from the extremity of the head to the crotch of the
tail; and snch mackerel shall be branded ‘mackerel number two,” and
if scraped shall be branded “ mackerel number two, extra.”
The quality to be branded number three shall consist of good, sound
mackerel, properly soaked, the blood washed out, well cured, well split,
and in every respect free from taint, rust, or damage; and all mackerel
less than ten inches in length shall be branded “small,” and all rusty
fish, without reference to quality, shall be branded *“ rusty.”
Salmon to be branded ‘“ No. 1” shall consist of the best and fattest
kind, having all the blood well washed out previous to its being salted,
and being well cured, well split, and in every respect free from taint,
rust, or damage, being fish of the best kind and in the best condition.
Those to be branded ‘No. 2” shall comprehend the best salmon that
remain after the selection of the first quality; and those to be branded
4*No.3” shall consist of other salmon; but both of the last-mentioned
qualities shall be, nevertheless, sound, good fish, blood well washed out,
well cured, well split, and in every respect free from rust, taint, or
damage.
The quality of herrings, alewives, or other pickled fish to be branded
“No. 1” shall consist of the fattest and best fish; and the quality to be
branded “ No. 2” of the poorer, thinner, and inferior fish, and both of
504 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [414]
the qualities shall be carefully cured and cleansed, and in every respect
free from taint, rust, or damage.
Smoked herrings branded ** No. 1” shall comprehend the fattest and
best fish ; and those branded “ No. 2” the poorer, thinner, and smaller
fish. They shall be sweet and well-cured and smoked.
Quality, dimensions, and capacities of casks and boxes.
4, Barrels and half-barrels in which pickled fish is intended to be
packed shall be made of sound, well-seasoned staves, free from sap, and
the heading shall be of hard wood, pine, or spruce, smooth on the outside,
and shall, as well as the staves, be at least three-quarters of an inch in
thickness, but if hardwood the staves may be five-eighths of an inch in
thickness. Staves for mackerel and salmon shall be twenty-eight
inches in length, and the heads, between the chimes, sixteen inches ;
and the bung-stave shall always be of hard wood; the casks shall be
well-hooped with at least four hoops on each bilge and four on each
chime. Mackerel and salmon barrels shall contain not less than twenty-
eight nor more than twenty-nine gallons, and barrels for herring and ale-
wives not less than twenty-six nor more than twenty-seven gallons,
and the tierces and half-barrels shall contain a quantity proportionate
thereto. The makers shall brand their names on every barrel and half-
barrel under a penalty of five shillings for each cask.
Boxes for smoked herring shall measure on the inside eighteen inches
in length, twelve in breadth, and six in depth; or eighteen inches in
length, nine in breadth, and eight in depth; and shall be strong, well-
made, sufficiently seasoned, and the covers well-planed or shaved.
Casks to-contain certain quantities of fish and salt.
5. Casks shall contain the quantity of fish hereinafter prescribed for
each, respectively, over and above the salt and pickle necessary to pre-
serve the same, that is to say: a tierce, three hundred pounds; a bar-
rel, two hundred pounds; a half-barrel, one hundred pounds. Hach
barrel shall contain two pecks of salt, clean and suitable for the pur-
pose; and every tierce and half-barrel shall contain a like proportion.
Pickled and smoked fish to be inspected before exportation.
6. All pickled fish intended for exportation in tierces, barrels, and half
barrels, and all smoked herrings intended for exportation or sale, shall
be first inspected, and the cask or box branded on the head thereof by
an inspector in plain legible characters, with the description of the fish,
the number of the quality and the weight, the initials of the Christian
names and the whole surname of the actual inspector, the name of the
town or place where he acts as inspector, the capital letters ‘‘ N.S.,” for
Nova Scotia, and the year of the inspection.
[415] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 505
Certificates of inspection; fine for exportation without.
7. The person who shall have actually inspected any pickled fish
shall grant a certificate of such inspection, which shall be given to the
proper officer before any vessel on board which the fish may be laden
shall be cleared out. Any person exporting pickled fish in tierces, bar-
rels, or half-barrels, contrary to this section, shall forfeit five shillings for
every such cask.
Smoked herrings liable to seizure if not inspected.
8. Smoked herrings shipped or sold without having been duly in-
spected and branded may be seized under a warrant of a justice of the
peace, to be given upon information under oath.
Instructions for curing and packing fish.
9. All inspected pickled fish, whether split or otherwise, shall be well
struck or salted in the first instance, and the qualities shall be those
prescribed in the third section. Each cask shall be filled up with fish
of the same kind and quality, properly packed and headed up, with the
requisite number of hoops thereon. The fish shall be very carefully
sorted and classed, according to their respective numbers and qualities,
and then weighed, and on every layer of fish, as packed in the barrel,
the quantity of salt hereinbefore prescribed shall be regularly placed.
Herrings and alewives, whether split or round, and all number three
mackerel, shall be packed with coarse salt. Smoked herrings shall be
carefully packed, each box with fish as nearly as possible of the same
size, laid in the same direction, and not across one another, and so
stored as to completely fill the package.
Damaged fish not to be inspected.
10. Tainted or damaged pickled fish, or smoked herrings, shall on no
account be permitted to pass inspection.
Fish to be sorted, inspected, and branded in inspector's presence.
11. The sorting, weighing, inspecting, and branding of any package
of pickled fish or smoked herrings shall be done by or in the sight of
an inspector thereof, and if any casualty render it necessary to repack
a cask of inspected pickled fish in “any place, it shall in all cases be
done by an inspector of pickled fish, if one be resident within five miles
thereof.
Inspectors, when to attend; manner of inspection.
12. Every chief inspector, by himself or his deputy, shall inspect all
pickel fish under the provisions of this chapter when ten casks are
ready for his inspection, and he is required so to do under a penalty of
twenty pounds for every default, unless his residence be more than five
5Q6 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [416]
miles from the place where his attendance may be required; and shall
likewise inspect all tierces, barrels, and half-barrels which are intended
to contajn pickled fish, and condemn all such as shall not be conform.
able to these provisions, and_brand those he shall approve upon the
bung-stave with the initials of his name.
Smoked herrings, how inspected.
13. Inspectors of smoked herrings shall inspect, and, when necessary,
shall cull and repack every box thereof which is intended for sale or ex-
portation, and shall for that purpose open, and, after inspecting, reclose
and brand the same as hereinbefore directed.
Fees of inspectors, and how paid.
14. Every inspector actually performing the duty shall be entitled to
receive the following fees for inspecting and branding, viz: Tor every
tierce, nine pence; for every barrel, five pence; and for every half-bar-
rel, two pence half penny; to be paid one-half by the buyer and the
other by the seller; and for each empty cask, one penny, to be paid by
the seller. For every box of smoked herrings, one penny-half-penny;
and for culling and repacking the same, when necessary, two pence-half-
penny in addition.
Returns of chief inspectors, how made.
15. Every chief inspector shall make a return to the provincial secre-
tary of all the pickled fish inspected by him or his deputies; the same
to be made up to the last days of March, June, September, and Decem-
ber, in each year, and delivered within one month thereatter.
Deputy inspectors to account to chief inspectors.
16. The deputy inspectors shall account to the chtef inspector under
whom they act once in every three months, or oftener if required, for
all fish inspected and the fees received by them therefor; and shall pay
over to him one-fifth of the same.
Fine for allowing unauthorized parties to inspect fish, and for lending
branding irons.
17. No person other than an mspector shall sort, weigh, inspect,
brand, or alter any tierce, barrel, or half barrel of pickled fish intended
for exportation, unless in the presence and sight, and by the authority
of an inspector; and any inspector who shall suffer any person so to act,
or shall lend his branding irons in violation or evasion of this section,
shall forfeit ten pounds for every offence.
Fine for acting without authority.
18. If any person not duly appointed and sworn shall act as an in-
spector of pickled fish, he shall for every offence forfeit twenty pounds.
[417] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 507
Counterfeiting brands, or shifting jish improperly, punishable by fine and
imprisonment.
19. Any person counterfeiting or using the brand of an inspector of
smoked herrings, or being accessory thereto, or shifting any smoked
herrings which shall have been packed and branded, or putting in other
fish, contrary to or in evasion of these provisions, shall be punished by
fine or imprisonment, at the discretion of the court before whom hemay
be convicted.
Fine for intermixing or improperly eaporting pickled fish.
20. If any person shall take out, shift, or intermix any inspected
pickled fish which have been duly packed or branded, or shall cause to
be exported, in tierces, barrels, and half barrels, pickled fish not duly
inspected and branded, or any such cask not duly inspected and branded
he shall forfeit five shillings for every such cask.
Forfeiture upon masters of vessels for receiving on board uninspected
smoked herrings.
21. If any master or commander shall receive on board his vessel any
smoked herrings which have not been duly inspected and branded, for
the purpose of conveying the same out of the township wherein they
were cured, he shall forfeit the value thereof; but no such forfeiture
shall exceed fifty pounds for any one offence.
Actions for misconduct of deputies ; liability of inspector in such cases, and
his redress.
22. All actionsfor the recovery of penalties or damages on account of
the misconduct or neglect of any deputy inspector may be prosecuted
either against such deputy or the chief inspector under whom he acts,
who shall have his remedy against the deputy, either upon the bond
given by him or by action on the case for damages; and in every such
action the judgment recovered against the chief inspector shall be evi-
dence of damages against such deputy or his sureties, if the deputy
shall have had due notice of the action brought against the chief in-
spector.
o
Inspected casks may be reinspected ; deficiencies, how supplied.
23. When any cask of pickled fish branded by a deputy inspector
shall prove unequal in quantity or quality to that which may be indi-
cated by the brand on the cask, or deficient in any of the requisites
hereby prescribed, the chief inspector may cause the same to be rein-
spected; and if it appear that the defect arose from the condition of
the fish or the bad quality of the cask, or the bad packing or pickling
of the fish at the time of the inspection, he may recover the costs and
charges of such reinspection from the deputy who branded the same.
.508 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [418]
FISH OIL.
Casks of fish oil, how branded.
24, On every cask of fish oil gauged shall be branded or cut with a
double iron the initial letters of the Christian name of the gauger, and
the whole of his surname, and the word ‘‘cod,” “dog,” “whale,” * seal,”
or whatever word will express the description of the contents.
Gauger’s duty and fees.
25. No gauger skall be compelled to leave his residence to gauge @
less quantity than five barrels; and the fees for gauging shall be at the
rate of one shilling a puncheon or ninepence a barrel.
Fine upon gauger for misconduct.
26. Any gauger who shall falsely brand any cask of fish oil shall, for
every gallon, forfeit sixpence.
Fine for acting as a gauger without authority.
27. If any person shall act as a public gauger of fish oil without hav-
ing been duly appointed and sworn, he shall, for every offence, forfeit
tive pounds.
X. APPENDIX.—THE MACKEREL FLERT.
55. VESSELS ENGAGED IN THE MACKEREL FISHERY IN 18:0.
The following alphabetical list shows the vessels engaged in the mack-
erel fishery in 1880; the rig, tonnage, number of crew, apparatus of cap-
ture, fishing grounds frequented, and the home port of each vessel being
shown separately. The list includes 468 vessels, valued at $1,027,910,
oran average of $2,196 each. Tothis quantity should beadded $1,094,450,
or $2,339 per vessel, which represents the value of the provisions, boats,
nets, salt, barrels, and other necessary apparatus and outfit. This
brings the total capital invested in the mackerel-fishing fleet up to
$2,122,560, exclusive of the shore property for packing and storing the
catch. The total tonnage of the fleet is 23,551.64, or an average of 50.32
to the vessel. The regular seining vessels carry from 12 to 16 men,
while the crews of the smaller craft range from 2 to 6; the total number
of persons employed on the vessels is 5,045.
Of the entire fleet, 235 sail are employed exclusively in the mackerel
fishery, while 233 fish for cod and other species in the spring and fall,
engaging in the mackerel fishery during the height of the season only.
Three-fourths of all the vessels, or 343 sail, are provided with purse-
-
[419] © HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 509
seines, 5 of them carrying, in addition, a supply of jigs for occasional
use. Of the remainder, 81 fish with hook and line, and 44 are provided
with gill-nets.
The principal fishing grounds are the off-shore waters between Cape
Hatteras and Sandy Hook, the Block Island region, the Gulf of Maine,
and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. According to the list, 64 vessels fished
along various portions of the coast between Cape Hatteras and Mount
Desert Island, on the coast of Maine, 6 of them going to the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence for a few weeks. Twelve small craft fished regularly
in the waters about Block Island, 343 remained constantly in the Gulf
of Maine, 31 others divided their time between the Gulf of Maine and
the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and the remaining 18 fished wholly in Brit-
ish waters. As the fleet for a few of the Massachusetts ports is shown
for 1879, the above facts do not represent the actual condition of affairs
in 1880; for during the last-named year not over 25 American vessels
entered provincial waters.
Massachusetts furnishes over half of the entire mackerel fleet, heading
the list with 279 sail, valued at $750,895. Maine comes next with 176
vessels, worth $233,715. New Hampshire has 11 sail, valued at 29,300;
while the Connecticut fleet consists of 2 large schooners, worth $14,000.
The four principal mackerel-fishing ports are Gloucester, Portland,
Wellfleet, and Boston, these sending 113, 46, 34, and 25 vessels, re-
spectively.
[420]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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[422] _
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
§12
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[425]
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
616
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517
HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
[427]
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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520 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [430]
XI. APPENDIX.—STATISTICS OF THE MACKEREL
FISHERY IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.
56. THE CATCH OF MACKEREL BY AMERICAN SCHOONERS IN CANA-
DIAN WATERS, 1873-1882.
The following statement, prepared by Colonel David W. Low, of Glou-
cester, shows the extent of the mackerel fishery as pursued by Ameri-
can vessels in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence since the year 1873. The
number of vessels and their catch in the years 1873 to 1877, inclusive, is
compiled from the reports of the collector of customs at Port Mulgrave,
Nova Scotia; the number of vessels in 1878 and 1879 is from the same
authority; the catch for 1878 and subsequent years and the number of
vessels in 1880 and 1881 is from reports of the Boston Fish Bureau.
The estimates of value and the catch within the three mile limit are
from authentic sources. The value includes the labor of crews ‘“‘mess-
ing” some of the fish by soaking, scraping, and cutting off their heads,
thus increasing their market value. The quantity of mackerel caught
within the three-mile limit, one-third of the total catch, is considered by
competent authorities to be a very liberalestimate. The unusual number
of vessels in the gulf in 1878 was caused by false reports and telegrams
of great quantities of mackerel there. American vessels in the gulf-
mackerel fishery must average four hundred barrels of mackerel each at
ten dollars per barrel to pay the expenses of outfit, insurance, deprecia-
tion of vessel, crew’s share, and master’s commission.
The mackerel fishery by American vessels in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence for the years trom
1873 to 1831, inclusive.
{Compiled by Col. David W. Low.]}
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¢ (2 | 22 | & | S86 | Shee |qs88 | i3553
$ = 3 abe | oOFa | s064 | Sn CER
a i) n a Te aH a >
BTC cme wieeisicicensieseceravcesa 254 | 88,012 | 11, 001 | 77, 011 | $10 46 | $805,535 | 25, 670 $268, 508
Ne Amenenecasac assess essen 164 | 63,078 | 7,885 | 55,193 | 625 | 344,956] 18,398 114, 987
USO eesemvisisecncierisccanccecsne 95 | 13,006 | 1,626 | 11,380 | 1418] 161,368 3, 793 53, 785
THEY CSAS ESA See ee eee 64} 5,495 687 | 4,808] 1160] 55,773 |: 1,603 18, 594
WM oeremcivleaeiniceneneccciccosna 60 | 8,365} 1,046] 7,819] 11 10 81, 241 2, 439 27, 072
TST Geeeeeeetececiecaesscctso=- QTD Seach Seal eee 61,923 | 415] 256,980] 20,641 85, 660
1b Soo os See COC EEE eee 4431. 55. ee 10,796 | 250] 26,990 3, 599 8, 997
880 B40) costae eaeree 7,301 | 7 72'|' \56,.364 2, 438 18, 783
Boise Ds Pel a Ree 470 | 8 50 3, 995 156 | 1, 826
5 pire AGL A 275) 8 50 2, 125 95 717
ORM pensceetatscr owas: 9925 |54222 2 | ee DB644.76 ee seeee 1,795,327 | 78, 827 598, 429
A VOT SOPOT ID ALLO perspire sais |'o,ciciere ose nic) |, eee | ees TOOT mice oe] sok ake ia olkes ie eer eee
Yearly average catch per vessel, 238.
|
\ .
HISTORYzOF»THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
521
ALPHABETICAL INDEX,
[431]
Page.
Abundance of mackerel -....-.-.---.-.---- 13, 14, 15
in Bay of Fundy, 1839 ....-..-. 234
on George’s Bank, 1868......- 302
in Gloucester Harbor, 1845... 239
in Gloucester Harbor, 1866. -. 292
in Gloucester Harbor, 1870... 310
in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1848. 242
in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1863- 284
in Ipswich Bay.....-..--.0..- 287
in Ipswich Bay and at Cape
odes ta suere ae Lat see 281, 282
in Maine bays, 1845 .......-.-- 239
on Maine coast, 1849 .-......- 243
on Maine coast, 1860 ..-...-.- 273
on Maine coast, 1865 ......--- 286
off Malpec, 1865.........-..-- 288
in Massachusetts Bay, 1833 -. 226
in Massachusetts Bay, 1859 -- 269
in Massachusetts Bay, 1868 -. 301
in Massachusetts Bay, 1880 .. 351, 352
off Monhegan Island, 1880. --. 350
off New England coast, 1629
Eh 5 ee ee eed Ee Se 217
on New England coast, 1845... 239
on New England coast, 1854-. 257
on New England coast, 1860. . 273
on New England coast, 1866. . 293
on New England coast and
scarcity in the bay, 1879.... 344, 345
on Nova Scotia coast, 1843. --.. 237
about Sable Island, 1847... -.. 240
at Small Point, Maine, 1871... 316
JAW EUR du bd Dead oe ae oe ae St ooe sto OO sre 306
PAGTIAuIC MACKeLEl INs.5-s22 sees 2 os -i5- 4
PAPARRIZ ETOLCSSOD <a:5 5 <0 =;- osm 2 esislesisiecietel= 24
PAlortons Mr. [SAae®:<.- 2-32. cceretcees 115, 116
American fishery, importance of, 1832. ... 226
schooners annoyed by British
eruisers in Bay of Chaleur,
2G eRe oer eRe eI rts A p
vessels not annoyed by British
cruisers in the bay, 1868... -. 303
vessels in Gulf of St. Lawrence,
TSHOPe ere ce cine Sinnott sere ome 305
vessels in Gulf of St. Lawrence,
Uy re Soa Ar Se ee 328
PANES HATDOL S25 -cccs ces sence cesses = 45, 46
Ammodytes americanus ....-...-.------- 18
PAM SATOMOUSMISNES. 26.25 sass sen acine « 6
mackerel never......------- 40, 43,44
Anderson, Capt. James .......-----.-.--- 338
PACINO DO joanne iain 47, 83, 241, 276, 282, 284
ASU TEC TTR OS CERES G Coen BORE a SS BOOCREDOE 291
PIULICOSUL =e errenmcccmcese 2 hone tot nscloee se 4, 315
Page.
Apparatus and methods of fishing ...52, 73, 85, 98,
113, 115
Appearance in Barnstable Bay, 1838...... 234
difference in the time of, at
the Magdalen Islands and
at Waquoit, Mass......... 46
PA DP ONC eel nema eae e ice oeeeer ee 354
Arrivals from Chaleur Bay, 1850 -.......- 246
from George’s Bank, 1842......- 236
on George’s Bank, 1878.........- 338
from St. Lawrence Bay, 1853 .... 255, 256
TG Tee ete cicce seein cieee me nicetele 297
1S68s2. oaths e ates coe eees 303
high prices, &c., 1873.-...--. 325
prospects, 1859.............. 270
slim doings, 1868.......-...- B04
unprofitable trips, 1855...... 259
and shore fleets, 1860........ 274
Ashby;Capt: Benji:.-2.2 <2 520.020 -ascens 22
ASPOG DA Yiseceonicce seer ere ote seme 82
Atwood, Capt. N. E..3, 15, 24, 26, 38, 82, 91, 107, 108,
~ 110, 117, 122, 145, 225, 226, 331
experience in mackerel
fisheries, 1839-1840 --
1841-1851..
experience in St. Law-
rence Gulf fisheries,
1835, 1838 . . . .227, 228, 229, 233
234
247
Babson, Capt. Witzid) .<. 23 - cceeccleele 89, 297, 345
Capt. Gorham o2*-coceecee sees 16, 78
Bad season in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1871. . 315, 316
Baird, Prof. §.)'..:-.. Bee a ee SHAG 5-6, 10, 17, 25
Bai bat s< saa 4- = ooo reece eee eens 58-59
amounticonsumedis. 2.20. se se esac 89
and apparatus for its preparation.... 87-92
PICO OL fos esa eee eee eens 90
fish coches emer eee cae eeiese 19
Me oe os taser cieeemeoameseie 91, 92
mill, first on Cape Ann ...........--- 228, 224
mill, introduction of, 1823...........- 222
Baker; Captilsaighi-c2--.cs- sos cee ni-b 77, 116
BaltiG caste se seston essences se eccie ee 4
Barker), Christopher 22... se 2. seems cis 0c'ie 77
Bamecates eco senceeereesacustescces- 9, 253
Barnstablesbayeeer sees tnce ow esact.s 276, 300, 314
mackerel fleet in, 1838. - - - 233
PLANDOU See once cos cen-<seccane 306
Barry, Hons Ames)... - <--\snaes---5-- 101, 143, 144
BASSO eee ete ene ete ss so eds Stes sacisew om 27
Bathic migration. -.- -- EN ei Aen ee Poe 6
Baxter ang Brag eu. 5c ccincco. Sewciee wens 244
Bay fishery, 1858 .....--.------------+---- 265
NSOC few cet esac hans wasloeceer 291
1869). 2 sinc acce'ssunees sacnie el 307
/
522 HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. [432]
Page. Page.
Bay fleet, 1867...-.-....--------+-.-------- 296 | British cutters in Bay of St. Lawrence dis-
CY BR BGG EAae a see neAcuSeneaonscd 323 guised to insure the capture of Ameri-
iy Eecemo shoes avoagcdosanbeest 340, 343 Gan’ schooners, 1852.0 5.2 s.<e-occemn cael 251
arrival home of, 1873 .......-.. 325 | British provinces, mackerel exports, 1873-
disaster to the, 1851.........--. 249 1879, 1857-1873, 1853-1876.............--- 217
thoearly, 1862-22502). ccc acin 281 | Broiled mackerel. -.-.. Seta elaine 136, 137.
1858 aise cows aki 265) Brown; Dr: Robert-.cs-saso> se seco eases 20
first start of, 1866...........--. 289 Samuel! =. soos cass eon ee aise 219
EY & Beseeeeee ese 322 Capt. Warren 2. cnc cceseeeennee 8
fitting away of, 1859..._.-.-... 269 | Brownell, Jonathan /..................-.. a
1868322222 301 | Bruce, Sir Frederick W. A.............-. 290
from Gloucester, 1858......-.-- 265i Buding ton Wir os casi acamcteecemce eee ee 322
increase in the, 1858 .....-..--. 263 | Burnham, Andrew ...........-...-. ish eal 223
a large, 1867 ...-...-- ee a ase 296 Gorhaml.f0s0oo.coe oe uenenue 1
sailing of the first of the, 1861... 278 Capt.'Simeon®- 2... -2csaces'. 219
BmMAll 1ST Ss eee yale ae eset 329 || Butler, General!.2 0.2 -.sence son cmccscnces 321
Raymon 1 850i ses casas eee cessekasaeo 260 | eBuzzard’s Bay coscsensace tesco sesscan see 22, 25
1868: se2c5cclsne eebincaeacsendecc 303 | Cahoon, Capt. Abraham ..........-..-..- 336
W869 esas eee cc cceccc sets tinede 308 ] Caiss, Edward ................ casweses oe 85
Brrivallof,1SbS\ecocece= + 26-3 -- 263n (Camden esac eae cece acct on ase acacia 23, 136
HBGD Soaseciscecntsicccn = 286-287 | Cameron, Daniel ........-...-.-.--+...- . -82, 85, 88
ASGGSacieeie salen soasialate 294 Mr JONMs sce scsit ses see cae 92
1869 ene Seige cek oe iesee 307 | Canada fishery, 1873-1879 .........---.... 214
light fares of, 1869..........---- 308 including Prince Edward
poor success of, 1842......-.... 237 Island, 1869-1880 ...... 216
Bay of Chaleur, big fare in, 1849........-. 243 mackerel exports, 1873-1879...... 214, 215
poor luck in, 1849........ 243 | Canadian fishermen, disinclination for ;
Bay tvip, quickest ever made, 1850..-...-. 246 mackerel catching, 1872..... 320
Tete ID) yd 08 ke Se eR SAE eS Sood 15 fishermen, lack of interest ex-
Belle Isle, Straits of........-.-.---------- 3-4 hibited iby; 187is222- sane see 314, 315
BCR CICK, |W UllIAM sie aaicicn aie ons sare oes 274 fishing industry, dependence
IBERINUGAS: samen ci csincnalsicenialcaacismatieisles i on the United States ........ 347
Billingsgate Point......-..-....-----+----+ QTC Canning, 1845 (eta eae octets reece 239
BINGeROGKse passer eas sce seen soaececse a. 82, 83 industry, origin and develop-
Birds, attraction for.......--......-- - 41,43 MONG Cok couse he eee ae ee 131-137
BIRO KUROCK eas 52a scm aig a weeieaeseniceania 257 methods and statutes of........ 131-137
Blanchard, Capt. Miles........-..-.-.--+- SIRO ANSON ea eeen = acicawae sien sm aitcleeeenminaees 299
Blatchford, Capt. Henry ........--.-..... 53 Gutlotensccesce ean. a eseen oases 41, 346
Nathaniel = :2-2asess<. sec Sons 220 Strait of..... 31, 94, 102, 103, 111, 263, 274, 285,
Capt. Samuliecso. sceesnaa siete 79 299, 336
SHNCANOSS sence selena msicisiaasenste siainereesiaiete 10,12 | Cape Ann, fishing off, 1825 and 1831..-.... 222
Blinksl Ye subs. <2 eeeoaceeaeeanlem ey 26 1830) .23 2 ole eee 234
Block Island. . . .33, 47, 49, 144, 145, 253, 294, 333, 384, | Cape Cod -........ 12, 24, 32, 41, 128, 241, 245, 282, 284
341, 349 Bay, fishing in, 1802 ........... 218
Block Island, largest mackerel off, 1880 .. 349) | 1 ores RaeAae 258
flestes: 2 22 i cisteseeeeeee 351 1869 Veet en cr eisee 306
Boat-fishing in Maine, 1837...--...------- 230 ISTE os ayaratiets 337
Bobbing mackerel mA tte ck ete LEE 118 large schools off, 1848.......... 243
BONE ODLULTC cesses 525s cosne cc ees 245, 274, 294,321 | Capture, dates of ....-..-.......---.--0.- 9, 10
Bonne Psperance:'..-....sc-ckeceoccscuaas 316 latitude Of sess sees se eeceee 9
BOONE TSANG (la wwon et ae scenes ac 16, 18, 49, 79, 88, 814 | Care of the fish ...---...-...-..----...... 98-100
Bed Bugs... 2+ sos, eatin 16) |) Cargoes, landing the eee cera mialete ciaveia 715
SOGOU EBAY heme iis ace scene cwesccisescce 311 | Carolina coast.....-. 2.5.22. s2--secncnence 9
OSLO Me mei mates ais ais eines snp om sia lasvamen 114, 389 | Cascumpec....----.--- wert erence cence ceee 299
1887 so Scosche SBS rOROBeeAprISt acs 268 | Cashes Ledge ...-...-.--+-----------2000- 83
mackerel industry, 1877-1881...... NO Cat-thresher 22. scesusseeeiace ose eae 109
Boys in the mackerel fishing....-.....--. 2997| Cayenne: s- ne - merece eae aie ne cice anna aie 16,17
Brackett, Mr. Thomas ................--- 9 | Chaleur, Bay of. .19, 40, 82, 239, 241, 245, 262, 265, 294
BradellewBanks ee sae aecrrln ens eom ea ccce es 33 i@harleston:..s4--s-necer se nakinaa~cacs se cers 10
Bradley Bank... --- 21, 22, 28, 46, 82, 245, 261, 267, 282: | Charlottetown ..---..\--.---.-..--.------- 251, 308
284, 287, 294,998 | Chatham.........----------- 83, 89, 110, 241, 244, 319
Breeze, a mackerel -...--.-.sees-os+-----0 33 | Chatte, Cape..........- JRO SAP EASE EMI BE, 7 82
Brecon. Capes. sasceeeacmares=s=2-- 15 82,295, 321 || "Chauncy/s! Creoles a seca sane ee aie nana 332
sland eoee ne eae ccseacdasnce 30, 31,40 | Chedabucto Bay........-.......----=-...- 31,111
Brevoortia tyrannus ......-...----------- 885] (Cheticamp)<- -cpecomn seca scvectlate 82, 280, 286, 299
4
‘
\
[433] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Page.
REI NPOtSARUO oe. sae och cc teas seeean 112
Shoalateeccteesce se -eatsan'a s= 39
Chisholm, (Captisec. .202 so. osdecs ese « 341
GhristianiaHyOrd=2- 2622-5 secs ee ees 4
Chronological history North American
MACKELOL NSNOLY,)--eciccnecaccnicie sicleins sae 218-354
Charch, Capt. David T...............--.- 123
Mark A SHoward ...-.5-.--<- eaeaeeee 66, 115, 162
AWWA co eo acc sc cele aw elecisiccisreisiets 119
Close of season, 1828.......--.......----- 224
1850s a sesese see ccdeseoss 246
Clupea aestivalis........-.-.....- peak 90, 91, 109
MATGN SUB a ceconsatccese cas cene sel 18
Cogswell, General William...........---. 150
WOhassetee css ccs secaceciosessteeecet eee ce 265
Cohasset hooker, good catch of a, 1860. -.. 274
Cold waters, partial to.....-.. Seta esac 7
Collins, Capt. J. W.-..19, 21, 22, 27, 32, 33, 38, 143, 276
reminiscences of, 1849. 244
50. 245
\ . 51. = 249
52. 253, 254
63. 256, 257
"54. 258
55. 260, 261
66. 261
ST. 262, 263
58. 267
59. 270, 271
60. 274, 275
61. 279, 280
62. 282, 283
63. 284
64. 285
65. 287, 288
66. 294, 295
67. 298-300
68. 805
69. 309
"70. 313, 314
wpe 319
wb - 321
et BS 326
Cooked mackerel ..............--..00- 133, 134, 135
CODON CUB ie sme cee cea ae oe eee meeice ens 15
OPA DS Sekicie Sa siecich a ajs no cients cle Sisew so a/eate 30
Currents, effect of, on mackerel food..... 30
Cushing iWon. Caleb j:...<-.0.<cseaccear 46
PAN ANRC OR aoc oa cev sce ccccGeck we ceeet ees 159
Davis, ‘‘ Uncle’ George, reminiscences of,
GIGI SHON. coc nko nn astinnd teat 223, 224
Mp AVIS Gd COM asec cc5-c5c% ome dec.cciesasemes 223
Dates of appearance and disappearance .41, 42, 43,
44, 47
for successful fishing .......--. 39, 40, 44, 47
WOANO HAIN! tec oct eet awicisctenccessicies 116
LOS TER GES) roa OE i ae eae 17
GSP WAGHE NAN sc~.<ccccece connceconccne 79
WEIRWETOccs: sscec och ccec'sae\sesectes suse 8&3
USER Okman tacis cc's ae sccewe 9
COGS Gace tee eae a so na icin nisin anise 339
Wanmark (Mastern) cs de<snccccncusctecise 4
Destructive gale in Gulf of St. Lawrence,
LIV RR QaOS Sc BESO a CUBE OS eo EnEE ee 325
Page.
DISS pPPCBlanCO cao cccess erase cee ceseua li
DISCOphores ro -eeeee eae ceca oeeeeamae 15
Disinclination to take the hook .......... 226
Dissecion.\5... J. oss sce ctoeeseces ecctece 10, 11
NGPA’ 2: WE eae ae aeeion denne 28
Double Island Harbor.-...--....-...2..-.- 3
Drag-net fishery, the most extensive. --... 108, 109
DAS SOIMING osc cco sess cece eee se esene 116
Drailing’ for mackerel: soso. 2 eacccse= cers 117, 118
Drittnet fishing os 522 2. esa aeacw evecare 109, 110
Muiiyy ir, William). <. 2-2 .ccemssceeenes 9
Dann) Mrs Matthow,;..+.<-c<secsesseee ces 25
Dyer; Mr; Charies.:A .<<2 sas. cehssessceese 845
LOE Web hod 6 alt 3 OF ere hea ee ae 3, 79, 85, 88, 131, 345
Early appearance off Cape Ann, 1869..... 306
catches) 1871-1881 ..--. 2.2522 se. 112, 113
a Lief ae eee ea SE a 338
days, Cape Ann mackereling trip,
ISIS 20 se asec se). ose eee 223
fishing off Cape Cod, 1671.-..-...-.. 218
mcthods of the mackerel fishery... 115-119
start for the bay, 1858 ............. 263
L800 seen eea eee 273
East Point (Prince Edward Island)...--. 46, 82, 257
HAaStport, MG? 22 <s.:tcac cc sancactse=sceees 21, 107, 136
HP OMROCK cacccetiekacvaces oasis crine seems 310
Mos mackerel so cssccs<se-cswescscicee 25, 26
MUZabeth, Wapes-a da ciccesccleselsccc sere cas 49
HMOMIGS pa aenie se oesatecd ten acer eer ee tes 27-29
Hnelish Channels... stato eee eae 4
Escuminac Point ...-.- 82, 242, 267, 282, 287, 294, 300
INSSOM aa ease sec fc octcccenlecaspesis eeaiete 105
SAS TINE LAWS tas aine esieesinte 2a = ogee eeyecia ae 254-372
Failure of bay fishery, 1877.....-....---.- 335
the fishery, 1843 ..............- 238
almost total, 1841.. 236
said results of, 1868. 304, 305
mackerel on George’s Banks,
1840 ec ola aaelare 239
Western coast,
Nova _ Scotia,
SSO ef caesitecets 226
Saint Lawrence Gulf fishery,
2 RY CR rcponaoSeRerec ance ade 344
Spring mackerel at the Magda-
lens: 187G6i2 osc c.c eon etescaee 332
Fall fishery at Cape Ann, 1860............ 277
in Barnstable Bay, 1870.-.... 311
Cape Cod Bay, 1849........ 244
1860.26.22. 276, 277
1869. aoe 306
ny Lee 318, 319
L879 so cec an 339
mackerel in Cape Cod Bay, 1838. -.-. 231
schoo! on Nova Scotia coast, 1861... 279
Mattening the ts llew<ccccictecccceacieseansss 100, 102
Fees of the inspector-general .--....----- 147, 162
Financial profits of the mackerel hook
fishery --...-. Pee ce one aise cae 103-105
IMO PG ING eres sac cue ven cceinw soca ne esse 253
First American vessels in the bay, 1876.. 332
appearance, 1875 ......-.---.------- 323
arrival from the bay, 1860.-..-.-.--. 273
186) (oe ese 298
1862's.2 8 es Soe 381
524
Page.
First arrival from the bay, 1865 ...-..-.--- 286
et ekgedsasae 291
GOT enio wert 297
1868 2s oeeeeea. 302
S69 ese nee 307
POC Siemens 330
searcity re-
ported, 1853. 254
in Boston, 1878 ....-....-.-- 342
at Gloucester, 1878 ...--..--. 842, 343
from the south, 1855...-.--- 259
S69 seein ie 306
TS7Osee- ae: 310
fare from George's, good haul, 1873 - 333
of the season, a big stock, 1875. 329
mackerel caught off Cape Ann, 1873. 322
in Mass. Bay, 1863 ...-..- 283
Si Oleeseac'- 311
of the season, 1852 ....--- 250
taken msalvecstes on ease 277
seizure of an American
vessel for fishing off
Prince Edward Island,
1 ys ee eee 251
voyages from Cape Ann to
George’s Bank, 1822... - 221
voyages from Cape Ann to
Gulf of Saint Lawrence,
TERE Seems esCee eoaEeeee 224
ish, Hon. Hamilton .--.-:----.-2---2-- 6
Telenor. pees o ene wie oe oases = 247
takin’ sr Careiol i. 5 c')-\\e2-5 len csse=' 73-75
iishers Captain <2 56.5 2c.t/u cots. Sener 23
Island (Sound! eee cc. -2-2 35 tenia 15
IGHOHIOS Hl Gyles are eo aec i acdaas acccees 317, 318
bill, passage of, 1873 ........... 321, 322
MUSHELMON eet ase e eck a se-e cscs se aae's 49, 83, 84
continued labor and fatigue of. 69, 70
death of experienced, 1863 .... 283
extracts from records and rem-
iniscenses Of, 3-1-0, .o sesso 217
MUBHOTY L870 oc secs cet ee crodce asic eects sims 311
almost a failure, 1858 .-.--..----- 265
partial failure of, 1858 ........-.. 265, 266
Fishing grounds ............... 21, 48, 49, 82, 83, 112
iizeorald, (Mr. John -...25<ccccsenscsesee 317
POTEET aD EPS RR a 224
NST OMcsciecicncecetcaasie ements 311
ASSO) eet on isisis cero won meee eee 349
at the Magdalens, 1875...........- 330
expected home, 1866 .............. 293
fitting for the bay, 1862........... 281
in Barnstable Bay, 1860 .........-- 275
in Gloucester, 1862........-..2-.-. 281
mOVements.0f, 187Sic2..---scchee se 341, 342
in Saint Lawrence Gulf, 1834 ..... 236
IVECO Kteecicecsecinctetsisisscce'eics cic am sic sejeres 86
OG IE A SURE eee 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21
Foreign mackerel, United States consump-
LLOMNOL STIL S8Ue te. ves cicicee cose a cleisces 214
ORIN sence eee ee Ceeneessccacceaccszave 3, 44
Moster -Autred (Dieter tecssas eeicccjccccsscns 345 |
AMO MT re olan eis atat seepeasics weisisaeace 346
Fraudulent packing...............--.-152, 153, 155
French coast, fishery on, 1868.......-...-. 305
Fresh-fish business, steady growth of, 1880 352
HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
Page.
mackerel in Boston, 1869 ...-..-..-.. 208
mackerel, first arrivalin New York ~
Market; 1S iolescsee ees eeeaeeeeet 322
TRY iibencouosiconmcEoeaecse 332, 333
WS80\ceeecs scenes A Sesdensc 349
mackerel, first fare at Portland, 1878. 343
Hirye, Captain ee seit meee eeaeel eee. 327
Fundy, Bay of........--.-4, 10, 40, 41, 49, 83, 249, 254
Gaff ooo: 22d. ss ascatee et te Seen oe ewe eames 87
introduction of, 1823 ....-..-.. Seabees 221
Gammurus dentatus ......---...--.--.--- 20
loricatusjseces= seston 20
MUOLALOS 2 wesacie wanes emeerisee 20
PEN UIs seem acne lessee 20
SADINL Aten s. se catcceceeEnels 20
Gannets oot ora cco maseincinse taaelaniseaiemnlatels 18, 27
GabP622secsicne sees ne sscecceeseateewecae 15, 245, 257
33S oso HON SSE oeRaneobesusssa05 320
Capoisecncsenepicccsccececacectccae 82, 258, 274
Gaspereattinos-eaa-cee as escent ae cameoaeee 25
General discussion of fishery, 1870.-.--.--- 312, 313
Geographical distribution .-.-...........- 3,4
George; (Capo cis ec. teu oossteenneinineeete 46
George’s Bank .7, 8, 49, 88, 236, 239, 280, 282, 296, 297,
302, 309
bank, large fleet on, 1875 .....--. 329
large haul on, 1873.......- 324
big trip from, 1872 5.2.25. si--2e-. 321
George’s, good catch on, 1869 .....-.-.--.- 307
good fares from, 1867 ......-.---. 297
good trip from, 1868 ...........- 302
large school on, 1867.......-.-.- 296
shoala paseo pe aec one eee ceetcels 33
Georgetown (Prince Edward Island)... ... 82, 106
German ‘Ocean, .../.-- <sc-sceessosecssese 4
Gibbersivese. cscs nec ee aetcge ace eeee 73, 74
Gattord pvine eee ee aee cee ce a. eee es Bere ily ya be
Gigging, protest against, 1836 ............ 228
and seining, protest against in
present century ..-..-..----.- 121-123
Gilbert; Moses! 2222. /c cece ceneclnceccms 220
Gill-netifishery).~ 25.25. . eee occ sessesier 107, 112
in Barnstable Bay, success
Of ISOS sss csr ee ccecse 309
at Cape Cod, growing im-
portance of, 1859......-. 268
in Cape Cod Bay, success
Of; 1858 eae. e lees cceees 267, 268
Gill-nets, large catches in .....--......--- 107, 108
Gill-netters from Provincetown, good
Catches of, 1869. soo. cot oe eee cece 306
Gill-netting, advantages of, 1859.......--. 269
ab Dennis 1810s seme se cece sce 312
Gilpin Drececsceeee ce ecince estes ceaance 8,10
Giving the seine away...--...----..---..- 64
Gloumcestenss: 3 seiscos cee cot eee oa lac tecion 2A1, 283
baymen, success of, 1858....... 266
fisheries: 1873222 sce eee 326
Asheryy1SWO)s sowie cake 312
ASST ee TS oS ccs seeker 352, 353
fleet, the large vessels in, 1821. . 220
Harbor, mackerel in, 1853.-..-.. 255
large school in, 1861... 278
Goode, G. Brown 222. 2-sc-seceesers -5, 6, 8, 224, 345
Gordy, Mr.id. (Parse hese anaeos seen ee 59, 73
Grades/of mackerel. 24-5. 222.0 cecsusiee=-e 139
ae (tLe
~
[435] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Page.
Srandevanar ys. se es ceo ssotersicete ate since 12, 23
AUN eee eae acessories 83
GrantcPresident.-2<-scj- esse ss sated sl 821
Gray, Capt. William. 33.23. ce .tscsescses 80, 341
Green Cove. cnce.sceccccorslseoce Sdacondotn 8
Greenporteascrcies=e ass -o-o ac Mesa seisia 54
Grove Cab JOHNS as cccces o's Ss5eeica sce 85, 92°
CELE V WAnON NUD ace snelnescesacsacs cede sinas 8
Growth and size, rate of....-..-....--.--- 26, 27
Guilffishery;1S76)-.2- 2... secemt-sosseee ee 334
Gulf of Maine, fishing in the, 1874......-. 327
nk-y (eee 328
St. Lawrence, close of season, 1852. 252, 253
American vessels in,
1873-1881 -- 225-2 429
poor quality of fish,
BG? Re een eerie 258
fishing in, 1859 ...... 270
good fares, 1862..... 281
arrivals from, 1859.. 271, 272
Gum nisOMece oace aceritw areal te 5 osisanine ae 223
PETA Kee scisiaeisssleic. cis dciss/s='= = peace 40, 131, 240
Halifax Harbor, large hauls in, 1855-...-.. 260
SUNT ee seecisecc sees aaseueme-scciectes 23
tambon inlet so: Saja isc aia slemsaiss cee sie 3
Hand-lining from decks of vessels, intro-
MUCHONION 1804 ea ce seeececwe onsets 219-220
Harbor temperatures.......-...-.....--.- 7
Harding, Capt. King...7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 37, 38, 242
PHAN SOD WOSCARes acc see <kalam o aeis\snae.csienis = 28
PSUS WAG IAS cremreniin' Ste taiaeinecle sacs eaw aa 339
Harwichport fishery, 1864..............-. 284
Hatteras, Cape.....----se---ece.. 3, 9, 10, 41, 42, 112
Henlopen: Cape <2. 2.ssececeeses- 2-3 cs 113
Henry, Cape.........- tee eeaeoeeiaa-eie esos 7, 10, 328
Herrick) (Capt. William <-o....2.s05--s<0<s 113
II POIMA MOM ces <tsaageicinceccaeseceesacesss 5,8
EI an Seen see oo aso Base oeicte en aicinis 52
Higeins’and Gittord: socecsecsceccbessse se 55
Migginson, Francis... ..--cs<c.sccecece cs 13
High line of the bay fleet, 1869 ........... 308
feet. WSh7ee asc. oncene estes 262
LEGO Coe cocae socicnee 293
USOT eaecte encase 298
1870 Saacteeee ee ss 347, 348
Provincetown fleet, 1874. 327
seining fleet, 1874........ 327
price of bay mackerel, 1875...-..... 330
for mackerel, 1869......-...-. 306
Hinckley, Mr. Benjamin F..-...-........ 43
Hind, Prof. H. Y..-----.--.--.--+ 3, 5, 18, 21, 44, 346
on the causes of the al-
leged annual variation
in thenumber of mack-
erel observed......--- 35, 37
on the causes of irregu-
lar movements ....... 29-35
RRR Haren cies eee tele tialoni\ sande se soains 265
fishery, 1815.........-..- Ocoee 220, 221
ASST =(SSiceeswanancceseea 231
Rakes toe nics oko hess ens 238
extinction of, 1876....-.. 332
fleet, success of the, 1843 ....... 237
HANMOS IGLOS soe <b enasinc costes sscseee 238
Homeward passage and disposition ....-- 102-103
525
Page.
MTOOds POLtssteacacat no eccee ee aces eee 82, 280, 299
Hook-and-line fishing off New England
CORB USS cance meee eats oem cone. eneae
Hooked and seined mackerel, relative
quality Of sco eccicece cocte secon enenntee
Lorton, Capt tHerAuee. ss ceeeeneep nen. 332
Captiids Natio eee ere ner s 325
“Horton,” large stock made by the, 1873. 324, 325
Howes, Capt. Ainsley. -.'..c.sess2cssesese 259
CS QrUL ls ete apse es SE Arete a |
216
143
Implements, methods, and results of mack-
Orel dragging 225.63 sss seng case sseeoeee
Improvement in mackerel on the south
coast of Nova Scotia, 1872...............
packing salt mackerel and
otherfish.<-22c. sce
Increase in the price demanded for li-
censes to fish in British waters, 1868 .-..
Inferior quality of bay mackerel, 1869. ....
taken in Canadian waters,
Influence of the fishery on the welfare of
the fishing towns, 1868...............-.. 304
Inspection of No. 4 mackerel, 1835........ 227
IRWStt eo cn oc etesccnssece . - 147-162, 354
British Provinces, 1874.. 395-418
Canada, 1874............ 395-412
Connecticut,1875........ 370-372
Maine, 187523.05: . scat as 354-357
Massachusetts, 1859 .... 363-368
New Hampshire, 1878.... 357-368
Nova Scotia, 1851..-....-. 412-418
Rhode Island, 1872 ...... 368-370
of pickled mackerel, Maine,
1804-1820, 1864-1878 , 1864-1881, 194-202
of pickled mackerel, Massa-
chussetts, 1804-1881... .... 164-190, 191
of pickled mackerel, New
Hampshire, 1804-1820, 1864-
1:1: ee a 202, 203
IPSWICL BAY... ci scseeencneseeceoseeeeee 32, 293, 314
Itinerary of voyage to St. Lawrence Gulf. 105-107
Jacks Cape ec-scac ace snececcnecastseaaeee ee 46
sacobs, .CaptsSoll-.2-accn. sesees 9, 112, 113, 338, 349
Janovin, Capt. George ....-.....-..-.-.-- 262
Jeffries L6dgers:.cc.ccecces ces > SOE SeeSHOS 47
Jewett, Capt. B. boon ec ccccee recess eces 80
5 1 a EER ns tyro) ean yan ok 85, 86
inVention|OLoas.s cess eee ewe eee eae 220
Jigging mackereltiocssscesscaseesec scat ce 93
Jones, Mr.J. Matthew...............2---- ni1
JSOselyn Heo aeens ste cceweranccsctessscsse 27
WOStWHC Sap ccwesacies sere ecccoancepvocoes 320
Joyce; Capt. Wo. osc8escosccceinc-aa- 12, 13, 112, 327
Melly eT eematee sine te noms cancca sce eceesee 34
Kenney, Capt. Nelson A ......---...--+-- 60
Kenniston, Mr. George B .......---..----- 43
ODE OMSIAN Gna cienceatacis svc sec caseeener 22, 88
IVOVAWICSG sae ose scene ew or cacieaisocees 10
My aC Keen a wesescssccurcsanscssee concinee 109
ERD ADOT a= \-10/- cameleon ccveina sks ae unecscett 34
OUITON Gs cicae Seencech ap eastacees 33
La Chance, Capt. L. H ..........-cccencee 45, 46
526
Page.
Last arrival from the bay, 1858 ...-.-.-...- 264-266
Late school in Massachusetts Bay and at
Wane Cod 859) a a= = ea eel een =e eee 272
atham) Captain sece ce sconce eevee 112, 338
AtitUde, LANES (OL. <5 5-) cee cen encwwinemewe 4
ILA ROG) Nig. db ae csbecueecoecrondecscscac 315, 316, 320
Laws, petitions, and protests....-.-..----. 119
AGE BALLO | ELAT DOL) csc inm ete lelcieinlele eleiaielalelon imi 326
WGG@=DOWING © < cn ciate own cians meeinielninini anise elnino 97
Legislation for the protection of mackerel. 119, 123
EGS Gy a eronee sacocsodduaasee Sabana 7
(Banko cceemncce set eececen ee 17
Leighton, Capt. Andrew -.-..-.---.--....-- 22
NGO WES DO aceta ee enece is seca aenaicc me 331, 339
License required by Canadian Government
from American vessels fishing in Gulf
of St. Lawrence, 1866, 1867.-.......-- 290, 296, 297
Life-history of the mackerel.......--..--- 3-29
Line-fishery, exceptional hauls...-....--- 96
List of American vessels engaged in the
mackerel fishery, 1880........-...-.-..: 420-429
Wittle pe pre Gas eetee lasek coe sku 145
NGOn Selslandieeeesece mete sicoecosinascnecs =| 21, 49, 260
SOUNG! ese nacs sissies oss oso clels 41
TOOKOUL CANO sea- ces deciauceeiscicscsieccese 113
Loss of many schooners in the Bay, 1852. . 253
Low, Maj. D. W ......---.------89, 91, 105, 305, 328
Mowe, Capt. Prancis 52.5022 ..0 02 0ceses 115
BIO Way vere eetetyecieeciem acne cele cai ania 89
MOY.) “PhOMAS ts smee = owiciac citnscgscecccsics 10
Lucky haul at Provincetown, 1877 .------ 333
SbTedkye oan nee nieecseclsasssceh sn 82
MEASOIS ALB Olesen see oceecae 328
WGUNEN DUES. meee cesses ase ina sccicecaes 317
unveyAibraham-c..c-sdesececcceenee 85, 118, 220
MG VIO MEUM oe seis sens mateiecleseecneenseans 248
Mackerel hook fishery .--..-...---.--....- 81-107
Mackerelmen, discouraging prospects for,
JR Oh Ree Roa beccsnaqcundes 235
poor doings of, 1837 -...-- 230
1844 ....... 238
‘Mackerel pocket «0-5 .---ccsceuesseces sac 17
mint eases. ec esteeeaecet ies 18
BROT Keto aye oan a aieteieeinte meee aera ie 28
IMA CUUTA hss scesicasnesissena secs sacs SCORE 15
Maddocks, Capt. Joseph ........-...----- 82
Maddox, Mr: Lather 222.5. -cescccesecoses 78
Magdalen Islands. . ..21, 22, 30, 31, 40, 82, 94, 247, 261,
280, 284, 294, 295, 299, 309, 326
River so2s'\saccsccdcccesscusessste 271, 274
Maine coast, fishing on the, 1860.......--. 276
Gulfiofe 2 sett tec eemeeeteeee 49, 83
fishery; 1864) 252 eee eecsene 285
mackereling in, 1825....... 222
PMAINGC ntameieyaecmncicceacis ccachaeene 249, 288, 294, 299
BTANOMELPEONGS «2 once le ce saccecancseancee 238
Margaree Islands .................. 82, 280, 286, 299
Tar garetiSibayiccae«sen cscs owaccetalcsneos 11
Market fishermen, good luck of, 1872....- 319-320
for mackerel, 1832................ 225
SoS: eco tb Seas 266
NB 50 aimiclosemiciesacicercte 272
running for the ....-.. ABaacrseede 75
Markurson, Capt. Knud ............ 80, 81, 339, 340
Marr Cant.\Chestemiosscstecddanscecesecs | 17599
HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
!
Page.
Marshall, Capt. William ........... detec 221
Marston) RObDOrt sceac<eaaceterioncees tees 219
Martha's Vineyard ............---2. sacuee 45
Martin: CaptiSidtecs.scaceeaee mene 69, 70, 71, 72
Martinicus Rock ..-....-.... a Ho adnoe seao5 49, 83
Massachusetts Bay...-..-<s-00--2+-sas00- 314
fishery, 1876.......-... 332
fishing in, 1870 ..... -- 310-311
catch of mackerel for 1838. 231
fisheries, extent of, 1837-. 229
fleet. 880 an cease mine asians 418-419
Mather; Richardc2a-cececacer eons ioceleey 13
May, Cape ...... Seeqdocticteocoqoone ssh: 41, 112
Mayo, Henry & Co --2 02. cccawecannantaae- 133
MrSNoahicd sa<cclecumaniemeieseiceisiset 40
McLain, Captain .........ccsccceee ASS OSC 78
McLean, Capt. Geo ...........--2--2-0-0- 337
MeMann Captain). Sessa sc=soc cece ese=es 80
IM CCGALIN Giese seleieimsicee aeeios saisaeeeets 316
little: s-ceer ose Saas ee alentare ae6 4
Mediterraneant-o-a.-.cs0+snceeatesaoese ae 4
Mehlman, Capt. David N ...... eacsaninsine 42
Menhadengn2. 5. <4.) cjoccwlecsceneeneee 7
Men big Canes 2.1 = eee lena misievice Sele nitaemteet 13
Merchant, Capt ...--.... 85, 218, 219, 220, 222, 224, 225
Capt. Epes W ...--- Saito enn 92, 99
Capt. George, jr-.....-.---- 52, 57, 71, 78
DAMS ssocanise es sease FeCea eee 220
Merrimac RIV CMs 72 siaccetasasccehicsaeseicate 89
Methods of curing, past and present-.-.-.... 145, 147
Mexico) Gultiof -<22c-c-secneccccslecaenens 4
Miorationise a0 tece- seas cesacisnenies 5-6-12, 31, 32
MOLCHOL Yi acs daewecieasesisare 12, 13
Milloislandie eco ssecs naa ee ceeeaee 22, 24
INET CANS seas celeste aiain cicistornasiarale oui wia\elsietslars 4
Islands (Labrador), ........:.<..56 82
Miramichtsas. 1-25 --cistie= se sistem monet 82
IB BY swatetnn slclntaniaaisistele(els lates eres 267, 309
MISCODEOMt coe se eemieacesaas 22, 46, 82, 245, 282, 294
Mitchill Dr oe. oad ocawaerecatestecte 39
Mr. (Charles nacre cass tecnicos 131
Mode of fishing.....---.... ehucsisce a eraee 92-98
MOisie.2 <<< /-andaccwiaete seis pe acmeeeeet 315
Monhegan, Mes. 2 pe cccic--sces wenn esene 110
Nsland 2s. seencscsscccessenee 49, 83, 254
Montawk a class cases seivincecee sslee snare 294
I ene apananccccocoorcssace. 83
Morgan, Captain .............- recto oe Aaoce 234
Mount Desert Island.........--.-.------- 107, 345
Rock...---..----. 49, 83, 244, 254, 314
Mount Wouiseee escceesscislseeoesinteelee rete 271, 275
Movements of macke rel, influence of blue-
fishiOns 1800) eecace sees eens eee 244, 245
Movements of the mackerel schools, ob-
servations of American fishermen. .-.-.-- 37, 41
Mulgrave, Port ......-.... Bosbepoooncoosc 332, 346
My stiG RivOPsceceeaee=sseacss\-oee acinar 54
INantuCkKeb eece tatenee ase cece een eee 13
Shodlsteciscresina'seecen cece 28, 31, 83, 112
Nealley, Mr. E. J ....-..--ccccceene ScnCae 43
New Bedford) secsernn since soe ce eee 54
IN@W BronsWwiCKics-iesjeicis~ =-=\seeleamineeatniehets 22, 50
fishery, 1852 << -secee ase. 254
and Nova Scotia fishe-
TICS wenn se cen acts eneme 1871, 317
‘
F Page.
Newburyport fishery, 1863 ...........---. 283
iE GN Roe ce, bee one 273
fleet, past and present, 1873. 324
vessels in Saint Lawrenco .
Grolf8os cca esse sete = 257;
vessels, small number en-
gaged in the Southern
fishery, 1870..........-.- 309
Newcomb, Capt. Darius..-....----....--- 52
New England coast, large school off, 1877- 337
New England fishery, 1856. ..........-..-. 261
number of vessels
in the bay, 1878.. 337, 338
review of the, 1878 -. 344
1879... 348
1880.. 351, 352
1881... 953
fleet, 1879-'80-'81 .. 206, 208
south coast of ....- 83
New England vessels, big catches by .1876 336, 337
INGWwiENterprise:. 222222062 feccececnees 339, 340
Newroondland .:i5'2ca...'sise nc teu'. sececen 12539
IN ewnlbongdgnt.: . 2 secs seecetssie wee lcheees 54
Newport, good catch off, 1875.........-.-- 329
LOE DOLE Ae eecisccc oom ctscaeeee 342
large catch at, 1875.........-..- 330
large haulat, 1875........-...-- 330
INO We OPK sens hohe beeqinca at nones a emeae 114, 339
Night fishing, introduction of, 1837-1841. . 230
a new feature in the mack-
erel fishery, 1841......... 235
Noman si Landss- 522. otsce Jess toe setose 33, 34, 294
North American fishery, products for 1880. 127-131
ENOTtDY Caney cm cse se acicsscesissmce's ca Sein 22, 46, 341
Northern climib-<< ss sc.ces-tsaccodtesssstcics 3
ENO LON Gehl nos oc ce Aa et oma cen canicinices's 249
INOGWAY: COASH OF -..i5).6'sasccecsa'sjscimcace S 25, 340
INOtre Dames Bay. Ol -<.<<oScsccen cbececes 46
BNOWAISCOM Bes sb ca tnana ccs aaene cocci 12
big catch off, 1851..........- 248
aby (eee ee 333
eastern coast of.-.......---. 83
fisheries, 1839-1846. --....-.. 240
schooner bound south, the
tables turned, 1877 ....4.. 833
Western, mackerel in 1853. 254
Numbers, fluctuations in.....--.....-..-. 37, 38, 42
Oakes \lishav Me 32 sccccicts sa. sal aesieitcte 219
Capti (Wi ED 2-24 $20 62- eicaee oes e 78
Olsen, Captain ...........- net suenecewes uf
Ommastrephes illecebrosa.........-.--.-- 28
OrphantBankscocsiscs sos <<cis sich 46, 82, 245, 294, 298
Otte wasccccs.ssec nce PEPPER oe meen” 301
Overfishing destroying the fishery, 1838... 233
PAC KAT wT eee: ccscic sce jou atalcieceeets 33
IEPOLCSSOLscccrcnas cscs aesn.cs scene 3
Packing, cost, and quantity ofsalt needed. 140, 142
‘Persons, Capt, JonM-2.2.-<-2---stee4cea- 115, 220
Passing Cape Cod, 1875......-..-...-..-.- 330
PPOtON CAD TAIL csicevicsincsc cicediccecies coche cis 82
CIA PICMO Ns seet mesic cris >= s0secces-seseas 12
PPenODSCOt) DAY 2 c=. so= dec <-sosssoasedeces = 25, 128
GRO Y PMT = seen see wees ccs Sa scnctiece 4, 12, 111, 254
Pettingell, Mr. Moses ...........--- sess 42
a ee ee
527
oe Page.
Petition for the repeal of the law provid-
ing for an inspector-general of fish...... 156-160
Phalarqnpes sa. esece sn ne soe ase ee clea 17
Bharo; Mr. Mdwardis.. Jo. seekok eae. ee 132
Philadelphia i ese sso sss acs oe sceet eee 114
Phillips, Mr. Barmegeesss<2 sso seecaceceeee 5
‘PHOoOsphorescence-4-.\ 5-4. es ceceseeeee sek 109
Pictou (Nova Scotia) ~~: --5.ss.ce-ceasees 249
(Pierce: Mileseo.2--cekeesa at ct soe ase tee 80
Pigeon-nill round \\2<..2tn<cseessesecae- 82
Platyonichus ocellatus -.............----- 15
Pleasant Bayi. toc cose scetleeeccescoeeee 326
Plenty off Newburyport, 1858-...........- 264
reported at Western Nova Scotia,
IQ5 282 ssc e soaseaee hone onesies _ 250
PIO W Sycteisicte ations cio ctelia sn le cee siseane seme 100-102
Pocketior/spiller =... 56.22 .s.cc50cscaceser 71-73
OOYge sae iaiaw soem eat ccc oasisen essences 10
12 0yee Saas name Sea pe anOnece aa ener oer oe 79
POMOC tone saotaw stm sas ec clsincamaciecmer 7
POO Captain sc 35-/-ponce<scdocnnseeeeues 251, 252
IP OLPOISES 2!< sie rain nis = o's winlaimm nictocin os sinimiemim aie 28
PoVt-aueeOLtje ces ccctnessaccenseesaweceses 82
Porbhlandies ccssececc wees siccwcece=in es 25, 83, 245, 345
Portsmouth and Gloucester Harbors, big
schools)ins1837/s- o2..scces cee 230
fall fishery, 1837........--... 231
EPTICOS) (acc.c5 se cieiss eine aes vee messin a lelele se 26
NOON cecccesccuss eo seemmar ESSracowe 225
NOB tewcudaacsceceie case seeps 238
TS50 clon sacs cet scisas dee seater eee 246
1 Oe BE See OBR OE Uae rer COs cre 250
TSO see teacesetaaesseeeescenseee 270, 271, 272
TERESA cd cecc access aceePseoaeeneme 286, 287
RSCG Poss chs cecaciet ewes cae bene eee 290, 291
5 GEOR SEER es eae eee 303
10)! ea aE ROPE SSE so 306, 307
1978 5 coe s5 ccic oc ese oe save veewesisians 322
advance! in, 1861. [.s225. c2sscasences 279
S66. Soe ete cease 292
in Boston market, 1804-1832........ 218
of canned mackerel .....-....---.-- 135
enhanced by the demand for ship-
ment to California and Australia,
1 LY Gee ae ee See Saeco an 262
for fresh mackerel, New York, 1870. 312
in Massachusetts, 1830-1881. .....-- 210
Prince Edward Island 2: --53-2>---225c. 2 22, 23, 33,
245, 247, 257, 261, 263, 267, 280, 282, 284,
287, 288, 294, 295, 299, 309, 326, 346, 347
Proctor; Mri Jt Os -shssee cae e eee eee aeee ee 89, 158
Profitable shore fishing, 1870 ..........--- 310
Prospect, Uppers aresere sae a anc cies somes 333
Provincetown: ---.- = -s- o- 2 sere ese 7, 26, 28, 239, 248
fisheries, 1876-1886, inclu-
BVO ais lice. ccinisclesecveucy 331
fishery, 1872 .......... Seer 320
PIAL DO Dvcc she nee ois wie elatns 10, 269, 276
PPTUBSIaN(MASLOLD) nasa. ob <.ns 2c sete esas 4
Ptoropodarcsce sas fsck o- oss scceecebs epee 20, 21
Purse-seine, attempted use of, in Norwe-
gian waters ........2---se.--- 80
big catches with, 1865.--...- 286
big haul in a, 1866.........-. 291
528
Page.
Purse-seino, dimensions of an average-size
deep-water.........--..--- 57
HID BSE caesioorbpa cece pace 48, 81
history of the use---.--.-.-- 78, 80
protest against the use-.---- 122
successful use of, off Cape
Anns 1859 Cees eee ees 269
successful use of, off Cape
Ann, 1860) 222222 2cn ee. 275
Purse-seining, successful, on New Eng-
Handwshore; 18532... tence ae eee 255
Parsing UP\so-2<2e5sosse saan eceeseceeme 61
Quick trips1874- 2 -42seee ete Basler cic 827
Ounick/bay trips; AsGleee esses eae see 278
Quinan Mins Hrancis|=sssesseesesicescliece. 317
Race EO b see eres ss weetcmosee sce = 327, 328
Ratcliff, Capt. William................--. 78
Reappearance on the Labrador coast after
40 years’ absence, 1871 .-.......--..---- 316
Receipts and prices, 1853.......-----.---- 255
Reciprocity treaty, effect of, on Nova
SS COULAs 81860 sae eee cians en ene 307
TSN UB toe So Og AAD GSC SE OS eS OE BC AEEae 3
HOOD Ss secs cae se aniecess cas ccnsccle cists 17
Re-enactment of prohibitory laws, 1702.. 120,121
Refusal of mackerel to take the hook at
BUIGIMeS Po ee oes ac ee niet te ae 38-40, 42-44
Reinspection, pickled mackerel, Massa-
chusetis,; 1850=[S80 eo ean ce ae nw as 192
GMO AMOS Me ee eeielnciea'ss cewlacie aloes 315
Rental of Cape Cod fishery, 1677.....---.. 218
Repeal of prohibitory laws in Massachu-
BOLUS, LGO2- sa esen ceases tees ceee cece 119-120
Repealed, inspection laws, Maine .-.-.-.... 372-381
Massachusetts 381-388
Pennsylv ania, 388-395
Meproduchon' -% -too sss eccot arsenic a 21-26
Review of fishery for 1853..........--.--. 256
Rhode [sland 2552s sccecescsnssecestenuss 90
BRIGHS Vir WAC aclaia ero a cca eine eee ee 40
Michmond’ssland:. 2.2) te so eo 79
Rideing, Mr. William H..-......-.---.--- 5
PRISON cote can seh ee cor eee sce<cheenniasiaeets 80
PRISSOA I oes oe cts oe eae asloteeme sto nelsee 18
Robinson, Captain Daniel. --..-....--.--- 223
Rockport, Mass., large fishing station, 1836 238, 229
Hopes, Charles. to as. cs tliat ole eco uaee 158
Rough weather in the bay, 1866.........- 292
owe Capt. J Oseph 2. - s.-csecseun sce ceee 22
MROzZIGT, Cape ---- tos- ss csospcesace cee ees- 274, 275
MUS LLCO ala\s vel sialsionie' clare wine selma ewan 316
Hable Caper csaccs-osiankecoceeuues see 40, 230, 250
LISUEY TT CS Pues iat Bapee bn doe aS 83
MMLON meee seis Sreicacscces cee si cone ncn 89
SRUGE TIS GY (SAS ale a RR ye 298
GS lee wees scan oss es cece eee 353
PMIGes, cC., 1828. se kee occ eee 225
SAlmMOnpD Rss en cect ae Sas cae eee 3
elcanackerele sag. nccecdsiccsccnecccscse ae 135, 136
fishery of Gloucester, re-
ceipts for 1880........... 350, 351
Salting the fish=coees -cacesssscsseccscl es 98, 99, 219
Sandy Hook Bede SESS Hee cGS aac eee 9,114, 260, 294
116
HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
SS SS ee SS eS ee
Sars, Professor: ---.a2o-scasens shit nd Abe a
DTG O ree ce cesses ee miteee ae sear
Scarcity, 1828-222. 5 2 eect cee ee aoe ae
T83622- sees ea onel brat erento Arete 228
ASST=1841 oot ee emsececs same 230
ISAT .sseuace oboe se Bee areeecose 240
TBO eet ae toee seette sao ce sc ciale 244
GEE pee cea Scone SSE name aeie 252,
1858.2 Sock coe scsnscenonoe sarees 263 .
ASGL oeeescatems ese ae eestor 277,
11 y ee aa aye Ai am ye a 296, 297
off Cape Ann in late autumn
G50 Slo ae ies cece cree ac eee state 245, 246
attributed to bluefish, 1868--..-..- 304
comparative, 1866..........-.--- 291, 292
curious reason for, 1841........- 235
in early summer, 1849.......-...- 243)
and extreme high prices, 1853 - - 258
on New England coast, 1834... 227
: ney Blac “825
in Nova Scotia, 1843 ........---- 238
in St. Lawrence Bay, 1838 ...-... 234
ASGO sass 273, 274
1875... 2.2. 330
early in
the _sea-
son,1866- .. 290)
Gulf, 1838 ...... 232)
1S60- Sees 277
18682-5226 302, 303)
Off shores 1875 2.55 cone-menseeees 329
reported in St. Lawrence Bay,
I OCB a i BOC ee a OOhe aon coe oe 252
reported in St. Lawrence Bay,
ASE) ccc do lessens iesssscsee ces 279
unusual, in St. Lawrence Bay,
n 11s pe ee PRY EA ee 290, 29%
fall mackerel on New England
shore; 1842)0 2-2 cee cee ee 237
small mackerel in Massachusetts
Bay previous to 1830........-- 224, 225
School, large; 4872 0) 2) ee so
of Cape Anni 1 Sb 2ceec oe seaaecia eee 252!
of Cape: Cod; 1873 2.22255. -4222. 325)
in the eel grass, 1876....-.-.------ 332)
Schooling mackerel, display of, 1865.....-. 288)
Schools in Gloucester Harbor, 1859.--.--. 269, 270)
1868L 2. 5. - 303;
Schooners stranded in the Wee AG (eae 262)
Ncomber PTrexvs see seen no sen eee eaae 39
Scudder; Mredi:& Conse ee ence nce 244.
Seaconnet), GAs a5. os sesteiecesesaiscaees 77, 89, 90
Nea-tleas= assess onan senses se eeene once 32
OPIN Gee aoe wee eesanee seat ae = eee oe 6
Season good for mackerel, 1864 ....-....--. 284
Sea-urching lee: csp ceessonsdcces secteeeeces 30
DOB-WOlMS's iss cine jalessee ave eeknace osessee 30
Seine s.c ose eae ee se cee 56, 58
CONG Of 22 S252 oet sa oscecc aoa seems 103, 104
boat, and its fittings -.....-.......--.- 52, 56
boats, price-list of.....-..--..--.---. 55
Seiners, good catches by, 1869.....--...-. 306
BUCCESH Of. 22 =. oes tee eee 321
Swampscott, 1853...... 255
/
[439] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Page
Seining by day, methods of ...--..------- 59, 65
financial profits of...-.----------- 75, 76
by night, methods of...---------- 57, 5-71
prohibition of, 1864..-.-.--------- 119
successful at Isle of Shoals, 1852.. 250, 251
to be tried in St. Lawrence Bay,
PEGS nose ok saan seen cra nie wee 301
vessels fitted for...--..----------- 50
Sellman, Mr. Henry....-.----------+----- 136
Seven Islands, Labrador...--------------- 19, 82, 97
Shore and bay fisheries, prices, &c., 1873. 324
fishery in Cape Cod Bay, 1879....-- 339
a good stock in the, 1873. - -. 324
notes on the, 1878 ..-.------- 339
fleet, 1853 ......-------------------- 256
W865 c.2h-- = -255- cenecen--senies 286, 287
W6Giessse-n-ciesiseeses- seis 293
off Cape Ann, 1804....-- eesies 219 |
MSHS eo anc sein 264
arrival of the, small number of
arrivals from the bay, 1875 - 330
doings of the, 1858....-------- 266
great disasters to the, 1869-..- 308
ill success of the, 1878 ...----- 341
small catch by the, 1877...--- 333
success of, 1861...-----.------ 279
VSCGpe asic sisisie oeiaeie'= 293
SEQ Eee ome seston se 307
and George’s fleet, doings of the, 1868 303
Shore-loving fish ..--..---.----------+---- 4
Shoremen, South, success of, 1842 ..-.---- 237
Simpson, A. W...-----------------+--2-°> 3
Sinclair, Capt. Peter..-...---------------- 9, 271
Skip-jack .....--------------+--- 20+ eeeeee 10
Small catch, 1836......------------------- 229
1860 ie ce osaaenieeteeecenes— es 273
in June, 1875......---------- 329
by Newburyport fleet at the
South, 1860..........------ 275
by New England fleet, 1848 . 238
of St. Lawrence Bay and
shore fleets, 1867.--..----- 298
in St. Lawrence Gulf, 1870 - - 310
cutches at Block Island and in Gulf
of St. Lawrence, 1878...--. 342
of the mackerelmen, 1877.. 334
tall catch in the bay, 1869..-...---.- 308
fleet from Gloucester, 1859......--- 268
receipts and unusual scarcity, 1851. 248
spring catch, 1858-.....------------ 264
Smith,
Capt. Henry O..-..--------------- 82
MOHN See eae occas cciceie slaniapin® cle aera 27
Capt. Joseph -...------- 51, 56, 67, 68, 69, 112
SOc ee a sacccens soso Sacciocnsce 28
Capt. Sylvanus ....--------------- 88
Gmappers......--- 2-202 seen eee e eee eee 16
Snow, Mr. Josiah ..-..-------------+-+-+- 41
South Channel, large schools in, 1848 ----- 242
Southern Channel..-.-..-.------------------ 42, 47
fishery, 1862. ..-.---.----------- 280
NGOS Beer cet cesiclee cosas 283
MOGS ese s- deeds wn cranes 301, 302
WETS cawaoe coco ncscnin 322
beginning of, 1815... --- 220
S. Mis. 110 34
529
Page.
Southern fishery, decline of, 1859..--...... 268
early catches, 1880 ...-. 348, 349
notes on, 1861 ees 277
RABE, aoues 310
STS Secon 338
success of, 1862 ..-...---. 281
fishing, light fares, 1874....--.--- 327
fleet, 1860 ......--.-2--.2--2 = 276
1866.22 Soca senses sees a 289, 290
1876 ee Some eee 331, 334
1880) sFetcccetee see ROS ISO 349
first arrivals of, 1868. ..... 301
in Glouces-
ter, 1873.. 322
at Newport, 1873.-.-.-....-- 323
poor success of, 1858...-.. 263, 264
sailing of, 1875......--..- 328
the first of the,
1873. = cote 322
slim doings of, 1856.....-. 261, 262
success of, 1859 .....---.- 269
1870) ce eecem = 310
unfavorable news from,
USGD os a accnysodsewelsinlniainis 278
unusual success of, 1867. . 296
limit of mackerel.......--..---- 3
South shore vessels, success of, 1870... --- 309, 310
Spawn .-..--..---- eee ee cee eet eee cece ence 35, 36
effect of rain on..----------------- 36
: temperature on. .--.------ 36
Spawning season....--------------- 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
Spikes ....-------------eree ee concen sere 26
Spirialis Gouldii....--.------------------- 15
Splitters ....-----------------eneeee seco 73, 74
Spofford, Mr. Amherst..-.--------------- 79
Spring fishery, 1838 ..-..----------+------ 232
1859 . cc .oc-2 ec ccte sc cscesa 268
1860 ccconsee ss seeiet cate 277
1861 be cncc to cseeeteeeess 278
US66: <cioc:c sore Sciam nice somata 289
USG67, Sen ceccecwnecciccl tae 295
SES ict ccedore eee 300
1870 net 22eeeepseeeee ere 311
1873 oe eee seas eee 322, 323
AST4 co pacicains seein a 327
19875) cae ecco c= lemons 329
WSIRS cctcac ce acie= seseie-=ee 334
ASTT cc ccorcke doce == eseee 332
TSTS. oe oe cteiiscatainiene sales 338
in Cape Ann Bay, 1870..-. 311
Barnstable Bay, 1855. - - 259
Cape Cod Bay, 1861 ---- 277
at the Magdalen Islands,
185820 oe ee cess especies 265
on the United States coast,
success of 1853....------ 257
Spring and Gulf fishery ------------------ 276
BOING oe ee a see ec aenie eis cine isemaeiee = 77
Southern fishery------------------ 112,115
Springing up....-------- --------++--0007° 97
Squalus americanus. .----- ----------+--> 71
St. George, Bay of......--------------+--- 82, 282
CAPO) sce cicssasee ene -ene e 82, 280
St. Margaret’s.....-.----+--2+------200707° a16
St. Mary’s Bay ....---------------200000 4,13
530
St. Lawrence Bay fleet, 1880...... .------ '
fishery, hostilities of
Canadians
cause loss
to Ameri-
can ves-
sels, 1870. -
outlook for,
1862
a new feature
in, 1859 ....
review of,
and New England
coast fisheries, 1878.
surface temperatures
AN ee erotic cies eine’
St. Peter’s Harbor
Staples, Capt Uesacccs-) toes ened cance
Star Island.....
SLAanDUCk pte eecees ses cise slaci= see seisecis aes
Statistics of the inspection of mackerel
from 1804 to 1880.......--
the mackerel fishery in 1880.
Maine
ee ee er)
© eee ene eee eee cee ee wee eee
New Hampshire..-....-.---
United States
Steele, Mr. George
Stellwagen Banks .......-..........- hice
Stone; Mr wWalliam 2 o.ccte asa catenins Ae
Stoninptomy--s.-<,.csa5s- oe 2
Storer: He. .csemacc cscs sesasiacs secieees
Studies of the movements of the mackerel
BCHOOISN oo cece aces cn cc eotoesecleeiseiues
Success of the Cape Cod and Cape Ann
mackerelmen, 1837
a Gloucester schooner, 1876 --
Successful bay trips, 1858.-.--...-........
day’s fishing, 1858.............
George’s trip, 1874
Sunday-keepers, 1866.....................
Swampscott market fishermen, success of,
NVAIUSM SAN C essence cs cct coh cae eone
Sweden, south coast of..................-%
SVAN © Vaan cepacia teteanicieisisiee seine socicc cee
18 (GRA Na) SRSA CORA OSCAR EASE COPE eC eaes
Sylvester Melixetcsess-ccschaesssec=s c=
Table of quantity and value of Canadian
fisheries,
1880. ...
HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY.
Page,
351
314
289
318
281
345-347
311
332
269
343-344
340
34
247
112
251
30
202
162, 217
123, 125
193
162, 163
202
203-206
158, 159
130
[440]
Page.
Table of quantity and value of New Eng-
land fisheries, '80.................- 129
showing coastwisemovementsofthe __
mackerel’: 2acscaceseeees 47,48
the period and yearly dif-
ference in number of days
between the first appear-
ance of the herring and
the mackerel at the Mag-
dalen Islands from 1857 to
Gy ase mapbecobos cence” 45
Tacklo, new fishing) o5./c-coecestwecetince 77
Tallman, JOM pe eciseseqcesmeeeer eee aes 7
Tarr, ‘Capt. Ben] Scsesscveste cones sees cree 219
Mir MOseStenaes cons sclsceeeeaeeeemee 10
Temperature, effect of, on local movements
ofmackerel....72. .esss05 33, 34
Variationgin=. cesses eee = 20
Terry, Capt. Russell D............2...-..- 347
Thomas, Nathaniel...... ehist wo ctine senior 119
Thurlowece so ceeer es ceseccsee sr Ses eeet 85
Thy sanonodaassaseessse see esos seeeeee 15, 16,17
Tides: effect: Of S22 saccense swe tecene meaner 20
TINKers Pode ccc etacle ce wales eee wintlseleciseateret= 26
Tolling or chumming up ....--...--.--.--- 92
OM) 8 BBY erec selena melee ates fe tata ete staeiate 333
Tory) BMES Atsess sss esscewaece sees 317
Towns of Cape Cod built up by their fish-
Gy Gt ae Se Sou nOouC bom suarhio -edcouddcc 248
DPreat Mri. (Sc vecsce cee se cee seeeneer 44
Treat, Noble: & ‘Consiis.s sccce-occececmee 239
Turner, ‘Capt. James —<.----- sce <elieacle 117
Tusket Islands. 22 antec aceecle im nesacene 250
United States and Canada fishery, 1873-
1881, 1873-1880 20....5- 5.52 a6 209
fisheryse aise cease see ee 48
fishery, 1831, 1834-1838, 1851,
1864-188) ee Sst oe sees 209
imports pickled mackerel,
1824-1841, 1850-1881 -...-. 211, 213
Unprofitableness of the mackerel fishery,
tee Y (ee Beagoacencuc 240
of the St. Lawrence Gulf
fishery, 1873-1877 ..... 336
Varanger Fjord .....2.--2.--. 02. 2scennene 4
Viennin 2; AW. JEL moscmcesselserescicinses 315, 317, 320
Verrill) “Protessore: = -2s<ssecee=see-mecoee 4, 28, 33
Wessels: 22sec eee cen ceceeeccenents 49, 52, 84, 85, 113
loss of, by destructive gale at St.
Lawrence Bay, 1853 .........--- 256
in the mackerel fleet, 1851.....-... 249, 250
and men engaged in the Glouces-
ter fishery,, 1862. --.----.2..c0. 280
Wine yard Haven tc.ccncccoseserien sce aera 336
Tslandsecs-eeweree eos ese 47
Sound seseeseceee sale os ceaasee 12, 22, 107
VOSS A dol phyeenae aceon eeiso se ceiies so einete 91
IWaquoit, Massie sae ciciies sie aeleoiniainieislefel== 9
Wroatoh Hills: 22.fa seas oj 55 eee 34, 334
Watson, Capt. Edward..................- 243
Capt. Nathaniel .........-...-.- 78,79
Webb, Capt. Henry......--..2....s220-0-- 22, 24
Weir at Cape Cod, big catch in a, 1869. ... 307
1877.... , 333
{441] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Page.
Weirs, good catchin Nova Scotia, 1877.-.- 333
WWiellilee tas sete see -ioe eae seleeee an ern 220,048, 200
schooners, success of the, 1869... 308
Sowthye.-seecensacewece ace raaaee 276
WWiestilndiesta. tiff set eo. hse 4,10
NATE GS a8 Sop eRcR pe Sena DSTO CR ReEDe Cae Ee 28
SWilitenp Mien sce ssctsace ce ce. sssccemeceisls 9
DWV DILER VES: Mis el! pMitcas miciclet eevee sles ae== 18, 39
Whitmore, Captain <35-:-2-<ccccsce cecsce 251
RVVALIC OM MERS Nice Asscintstealsiaciscieiccicnaiecen sinc 133, 185
Wralking (Mave sccims nce secencesceeccece 23
Wallan Mir: KsiGso: seccce. che seueeee 72, 159, 345
Capt. Henry. .s.<2.0sc6 aec'esesee 17
Winds and tides, effects of...............
WanthropGovermnorics-seccs- esse seee se
Winter quarters, seeking..............-.
jWantering, place Of-2..-+-c-sscccseen ee
Wixon, Captain ............
Wolff, Mr. Julius..........
Wonson, George ..-.....-..
JOnNE vs =. -ses0c0
Wood, Capt. Charles P....-
N.S., good catch
Young mackerel, growth of
Warmouthi footie oo ccouk ce cect en eee
at, 1851 cece
531
Page.
36, 37
13
30, 31
40, 43
243
136
220
8, 220
219
224
250
248
24, 25
AS
A ry
‘iy ih
' ee “
1 ME h f dies Wn
Bye ae ; ; yo a a
SHAT IMMER RD gu re mead:
Sl
p RrnK
my Py
fi Mey
ya Ne
Naa
wer
a rd
Yee
)
i
i :
i
mie
iv, NO Ly
in
*
j
alban
VLE
boldly
V.—THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880.*
By Lieut. NIELS JUEL.
The following report concerning the Loffoden fishery in 1880 was pre-
pared for His Majesty the King, by Niels Juel, first lieutenant in the
navy, chief inspector of that fishery:
The work of inspection continued from January 16 to April 14, over
the region from Loffodento Guldvigen. The force consisted of 8 officers,
1 inferior officer, 2 mates, 3 foremen, 21 seamen, and 1 cook. Its dis-
tribution is shown in the annexed TableI. The time of its arrival at
Loffoden was as follows: January 16, the chief inspector and 2 men.
January 18, 1 officer and 4. men. January 25, 3 officers and 20 men.
February 1, 7 officers and all the men. February 3, the entire inspec-
tion force.
Since, at the close of the month of January this year, fewer boats
than usual had arrived, only 1,800 against 3,100 in 1879, and 2,200 in
1878, no serious detriment followed from the small inspecting force at the
beginning of the fishery. The inspecting party was not ordered to meet
earlier simply because of the scantiness of the appropriation. It will
at the same time be unfortunate if such an arrangement be established
as a rule; the fact that there was no further injury to the preservation
of order or the service in general this year was simply because of the
circumstance that from the 20th of January to the end of the month
there were only three days in which the weather allowed the fishermen
to cross West Fjord. Because of the steamer’s schedule, the chief in-
spector, together with the officers and men, departed on the 13th of
April, with the exception of one officer, who remained at stations in
Flakstad until the inspection closed at midnight on the 14th. The offi-
cers were employed on the average seventy-eight days, and the men
eighty-six, or, if the traveling-days be excluded, seventy-nine days. The
pay of the inspecting force amounted to 140 crowns ($37.52) daily. The
average combined pay of the officers was 624 crowns ($167.23), and of
the crew 185 crowns ($49.58).
* Fra Opsynschefen ved Lofotfiskeriet. Lofotfiskeriet, 1880. Kristiania. Trykt hos Chr.
Schibsted. Translated by TARLETON H. BRAN.
NoTE.—It will be observed that the totals in some of the statistical tables cannot
be obtained by adding their component parts. Whether this is due to omissions of
minor details or to typographical errors cannot now be determined, and the original
is reproduced without change.—TR.
[1] 533
[2]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
534
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[3] * THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 535
In the report of last year, pages 5 to 9, as well as in the estimate for
1881, I set forth strongly the necessity of an increased appropriation,
partly because the inspection force is at present inadequate for the
greatly increased labor of late years, partly because the wages are too
low, absolutely as well as relatively to the requirements which ought to
be found in the personnel of the inspection, and in part because many -
expenses, such as hoisting signals, placing beacons, lodging for the men,
together with printing the report, amounted to nota little. I cannot
sufficiently insist upon it that the claim which has been made for an
increased appropriation has not been called forth by a desire to make
the inspection more absolutely effective, but itis based upon the neces-
sity of taking such measures as will prevent its retrograding as an insti-
tution, and it is doing this now, because the increased number of people
and the exigencies of the times demand a larger force as well as increased
capability and activity in it. From Table IT it will be seen that while
the proportion between the inspecting force and the total number of fish-
ermen, mariners, and other tradesmen was, from 1861 to 1862, as 1 to 500,
it was in 1880 as 1 to 840.
Under the last two heads are given the cost of the inspection, which
has always been set forth as so considerable, deducting what was paid
into the treasury in the shape of fines or for telegrams. Herefrom it
will be seen that this has been from .82 to 1.33 crowns (22 cents to 36
cents) for each adult male who has been present during: the fishing.
If one compares the expenses of the inspection with the other expenses
during the fishery he will find out that last year the loss of implements
was 83 times as great as the cost of inspection; the cost of bait was 10
times as great as the cost of inspection; the wear and tear of skin-
clothing was 10 times as great as the cost of inspection; the wear and
tear of bed-clothing was twice as great as the cost of inspection.
If we remember that the inspection, whose operations include vessels
in Loffoden, together with the mercantile class in many parts of the coun-
try, never costs one-half as much as the wear and tear of the fishermen’s
bed-clothing may be estimated at, the sum of 23,000 crowns ($6,164)
seems insignificant. In comparison with the duties its cost was nearly
the same as the import duties upon the sugar and coffee which were con-
sumed during the fishing, and a couple of thousand crowns ($536) less
than the duties upon fish imported.
Some have thought that the inspecting party might facilitate its
work by associating with it a voluntary inspection by the people simi-
lar to that established at SéndmGre by a law of June 6,1878. The chief
duty of this inspection shall, according to law, consist in ‘‘seeking by
injunction and warning to prevent as far as possible” violation of law
at sea. How far the public morals will be improved hereby is, however,
doubtful, for it is not through ignorance or lack of warning that offenses
are committed at sea, but because the fisherman knows that itis extremely
difficult to get full proof of them. Even if information to the police be
536 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
made a duty of citizenship it still lacks the great essential to its prom-
ised utility, namely, the ability to procure conclusive proof; for this as
a rule can be brought by the injured party alone, and often not by him,
a thing of which the police records can furnish abundant examples. I
cannot see that an inspection by the people, that is to say, organized
in the manner proposed, can make any change in the existing state of
things, because there is now just as little want of injunction and warn-
ing as of announcements. On the contrary, the result of it will proba-
bly be that when either a single trade or people from a particular dis-
trict are present in a large majority in most of the stations they will
tyrannize over those more weakly represented. So far as I have learned,
the plan is based upon an opinion of certain people, but I think that
where such is found it involves the idea of self-management, while in the
legal method is found no trace of such an idea beyond the formal con-
dition that there shall be a choice.
The inspection imposed in all 152 fines. The nature of the offenses is
set forth in the annexed table III, which also contains a statement of
the fines imposed by the inspection during the last five years. The
number of fines this year is somewhat smaller than that of last year.
The diminution occurs especially in transgressions of section 10, which
is because of the fact that the fines were all imposed for individual in-
fractions of one portion of that section; also in transgressions of sec-
tion 11, which is for the reason that there was only one fishing-sea, and
its limits were better known than last year when this division first took
place.
The matter of making arrests (page 13 in the report for 1879) and of
authority for sending vagrants to a house of correction (same report,
pages 74 and 75) will probably be decided in the course of the year.
TABLE III.
Number of fines received or imposed.
Offenses. | ea 7 7 Sil ==
1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879. | 1880.
4 =f 2d SODA Os ee SS Tes r | fe — eS}
PINGS WtObAll ao scl Se cjoisnil costo ee Calbaeeleeccmea cee omctaens 334 *197 188 182 | 152
These consisted of: | ious ca eie |
Koridisturbing the peace, § G22. .2---c- s-ssccwe cisco sec e= 17 24 | 36 | 25 32
For breaking the harbor regulations, § 7 ....-.----------|-------- 3 5 | 1 4
For fishing without boat-marks, ) 9...-.. BeBe aitoicts ales 9 2 6 | 2 3
For fishing too early or too late, § 10 .............---..--- 213 104 55 99 65
For setting in unlawfol waters, § 11-.-...........-....-- 10 25 35 25 8
Honsabbath breakin y?/§12) 02. ee re te ee elie olasaietn A Ne NM citisc ata ee a
Hontorowinviouti ballast, § 138i... cece sate ee ee sees e|eaeeenes 1 bal ee cee 1
For sailing in epite of;warning, §.15!)--2.-..4-- 52-06 seek e 1 Eee ho Ras lhc aratoncy tel eee
Horimproper clearance, .§.16 v.22 -22-2o22- cts aane- se 16 7 19 11 8
Hor sailing on aholiday,'§ 19 3.02 och. tale e eee | 8 3 15 2 1
For improper treatment of rescued gear.......-.--...--- | Paice ete 3 1 i
For violation of health regulations ............--....---. | 31 DB Wasccckize| 4 1
Hor unlawiul sale of whisky... .....2-.5.2.-.-.s0eceec- 13 16 3 6 16
For unlawful sale of beer and wine...-.-. Geers cnceoe 12 1 5 3 11
For unlawful sale of other articles ..................-.--- 2 2 5 3 1
Fines received by amicable arrangement in private matters. Tete 20 20 20 13
Private matters otherwise treated, which are on the record - 162 252 257 428 368
» Includes for shooting eider duck, 6.
[5] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 530
The fines amounted to 2,224 crowns ($596.03), of which 1,126 ($301.77)
fell to the state treasury, 549 ($147.13) to various local treasuries, and
549 ($147.13) to the inspecting force as their share.
By amicable adjustment in private affairs were received 13 fines,
amounting in all to 144 crowns ($32.59), of which 66 ($17.69) went to
the poor-fund, 2 ($0.54) to the reading-room in Stamsund, and 76 ($20.37)
to the projected reading-room in Henningsveer.
The inspecting force investigated and put on the register 188 private
cases concerning fishery business exclusively and also 180 other private
disputes.
Law Candidate Marcus Hegge Parelius, an attorney of the superior
court, acted as judge extraordinary. The number of cases for this year
and the four immediately preceding it is stated in table IV below :
TABLE IV.
Cases managed by the judges.
Cases. pe ES Se =
1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. | 1880.
f Tar
Motaleesnsteetee ses dooce Seems teeecewacisccns alse ecces 33 28 | 29 35 | 49
Oi these were: he Sarr) ae Pee Ts
XAMMNALONS sen tes esoc secs se cee se atincisijoe ee sescmees 16 19 15 21 | 18
HOH COICASOS Se =n is2 oon ceitn nc nisiae sin oe wie Meeiiewice cose see 15 4 9 5 17
WDECIALADIONS cane sa see Ae eet cae sole ener eacnteee coc mesl| Meee cicists ak) 2 | 3 3
TERUG 555 950 BRO IO Ae CROP De Oe CECCORC OCG CHOC sae eh earns pr [ieee ete 1| 2
IE KOCH LIONS te eee ere eee ee en eens eee eames Dil eee [te See | eee ea 2
EE AXECASOS yore eee nec eth ese emittnconteieceeeces Aeismes|Poctec os 1 | 2 3 | 2
Priv alOldisSpuLesencccccme spe ececcccnceetecee sae ssees ec skete- oc 1 2 | 5
Number of cases relating to: ao. ae) Be
Mente netet We We Sec tnedeis an Scwcececee ses ekiec a: 12 11 10 9 | 13
Mraudere rs. saree se ce eek Oca seis cca sce ot nce cccmicctiecsep|octe wae ol 1 1 4") 5 sear
Concealingtoods foundssts 26 soo ccien Soest Sis icdieee ceo ess | 2 1 2 8) sc eee
Chapter 18 of criminal laws: ..:-.-..--<-+-1-..+.---.ese- laste aise 2 I) .sjsteslsee 1 et ee
Othenorimese es Here ee aaee ee ene anche nee chock 2 4 1 5) 5
Of the five examinations included under “ other offenses,” four related
to assault and one to opening letters. Of the examinations, 9 were de-
cided and the rest closed. Of the police cases, three were adjudged and
the rest settled after the fine was agreed upon. Two police cases were
transferred for treatment outside the inspection district, since the par-
ties concerned left before the judge found time to dispose of the cases.
Of the cases before the special court, four were decided and one was
settled after legal adjustment. Eleven public cases announced for the
associate judge were sent to the superior court because time did not
allow their treatment during the fishing season. Of these, seven related
to theft and four to fraud. Of eight old cases which were sent from the
superior court for continuation, time allowed the disposal of only one.
From the above it will be seen that the judge has disposed of more
than one-half as many cases as the average of the four preceding years,
four times as many as the average from 1872 to 1875 (see report for 1879,
_ page 14), also nearly one-half as many as the two judges combined from
1860 to 1871. Eighteen examinations and two police cases, for lack of
538 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
time to dispose of them during the fishing, were sent over to the common
court, to which, for the same reason, a not inconsiderable number of
special-court cases were referred. The management of the examinations
by the common court will cost much more to the public treasury than
by the associate judge; the chief inspector for two years has proposed
to act on the budget, and during the fishing this vear applied for it. On
account of these increased expenses for the criminal fund the superior
magistrate in the district of Nordland, so far as I know, has undertaken
to obtain, through the department of justice, the necessary judicial
assistance during the fishery. If such help can be had in this way it
will be unnecessary to apply for any associate judge until the fishing
begins. Inthe contrary event I cannot sufficiently emphasize the neces-
sity of appointing such a one as soon as the number of cases demands
it, although there is no license.
A. J. Sand, director of inspection in the district of Skroven and
Ostnesfjord, brought, as physicians, O. Ch. Chr. Eger, district physician
in Vaagen and the rest of the districts of Svolver, Vaagen, and Hopen,
U. F. M. Poppe, of the medical corps of Henningsveer district, Medical
Candidate H. Kjlesberg of the Ure and Stamsund districts, D. F. Schu-
macher, district physician in Buksnes in the district of Balstad, and
H. Ommundsen, district physician of Flakstad and its dependencies.
From March 20 Medical Candidate E. Rode took charge for a week of the
medical inspection in Svolver district, and later of Hopen district also.
From February 23 Ch. A. Selleg, district physician in Ofoten, took
charge of the medical inspection in Vzerd and Rost.
The table below shows the number of sick treated in the different
medical districts :
Sick treated.
Medical district. | Of these are—
Total. SERS ry) ‘
n the in-
firmary. Dead.
DETOVON Sec scec aoe ccs saeee ee we eh eee See e wee ene een oe cade ating saseLeeee 294 18 3
DS MOLY EOI: pie toes cthewiswcraie aisisioels he See eines eee hoe aista a calene clotiocinea amend 53 losee sees
WAC ONC Rancs ch. coce oss cme semen on loscnane agtencmne okie hemricinc aoe aaa 856 127 9
ELON N ESV LOI. eect e/a no cere memset es oe eine eee etiesice ee emcee 1, 732 85 7
ISTESS OVE) Eg a Oi ate Se ae RS I a dh ea or ea eg ap See 14 80 6
BAI Shade aan ne «clos ote wo = cree clce cinco sds ese meio eae nic uae Sie eee ee aa me 355 52 5
TEEN aS) oi SE I ai ee ee ee ieee Se es See a Ee Enon ese west 392 13 1
Grandstotalie- 225-7 aco scedtee oclnccn en Cereiee nce Cee eco ee arene 4, 096 376 31
The number of patients in proportion to the fishermen, seamen,
and other tradesmen present was larger than in any of the four preced-
ing years, namely, 13.5 per cent. The number of cases of diarrhea,
chills and fever was greater than usual. The cases of chills may possibly
in part be attributed to the want of proper house-room, since, on account
of the overcrowding in many places, it was necessary to house the in-
coming fishermen in lofts and cow-houses (even pig-pens and summer
_ cow-pens were not refused). The diarrhoea indeed had its origin partly
[7] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 539
in the same condition, partly also in the want of suitable drinking-water.
Of exanthematous typhus 2 cases occurred, and of typhoid fever 77,
of which 8 ended fatally. There were 54 cases of inflammation of the
lungs, with 5 deaths. The other causes of death were: Incarcerated
hernia, 4; paralysis of the brain, 3; inflammation of the brain, 2; acute
diarrheea, 2; dropsy, 2; epidemic cerebro-spinal-meningitis, 1; rheumatic
fever, 1; twisting of the gut, 1; senile inflammation, 1; and gangrene 1.
The table following shows the number of cases of nervous fever and
lung-inflammation treated at the Loffoden fishery since 1860. Through
the generosity of the medical office the returns are now complete for the
whole time, and they are here given entire.
Totals. Totals.
Year. yas ea hence ap Year FS | | Ave
Inflamma- aa Inflamma-
pearous tion of the | Deaths. | : Nervous | tion of the | Deaths.
ungs. || lungs.
a 7” a xa Aes, |
PaO meaiccm caeeaia'!- 21 19 13 |p Sees san cisieclm cto 23 12 4
SBIR ecmapee cto sere. « 12 20 23 WELSTSibeet sina eects = 54 18 10
E62 eae cis es cuies 16 31 15 STARE esa cre een 146 17 | 13
CRBS Seis cone 122 57 23 ISTO ssehisane sre 56 18.) eee eeeeeee
NRG 4 eee aicccees 102 34 15 Shy GR RS AAna es 28 140 46
TRS cee Bs ceoesaee 83 19 9 Iti Sanaa AeA 6 38 9
WEGG reste tee eo 26 16 13 ST Se seackicvsncte ce 8 51 17
Tet y ite She. cae 59 33 19 TSi9 Sse eee ccea 55 38 15
SOS Seems sersccice 106 24 14 [lS80sse Sts esas 72 54 31
Ee Sea eere sare 88 util 17 ——_—
GY OSS Aneoaeecerce 69 28 4 JAN OTAPC sco cia| Seseeascie elem ace ee seee 15.9
HSUIG 2ecehisscstS 47 14 9
*3 cases of variola. 16 cases of exanthemata. t1 case of exanthema.
Thus disease has claimed an average of 16 yearly, or 68.7 in 100,000,
while the sea and accidents have taken off 253, or 110 in 100,000. Of
deaths there have occurred also during the Loffoden fishery through dis-
ease 1 for about every 1,500 of the population, through shipwreck 1 for
every 900 men. Judging from statistics also, we must be prepared next
year for a greater number of cases of nervous fever.
Venereal disease has increased, not only in the number of cases, but
also in proportion to the fishing population. The inspection seeks in
this matter, as far as possible, by controlling it, to prevent the spread of
the plague, and next year it will also institute legal proceedings against
any one who, being known to have this disease, communicates it to
another.
The prevailing diseases have been:
Mabarrieor tne: AlT- PASSAGES... 1". sii sic be!-\sk Chaqehe aaiereia we os ot: ee CEO
Ocher acutecatarrhal affections -.2... -- <<ce seen sacs sss sence oelee 216
© UDTNELVEE EGS ORES ena EO SUMP Her aP oP e a 450
Mandal oiatand enronic SAasbritis: ..ces . qseiee sta eos ays ne. asso a 346
Sear ean OCR Sp yee areas) «2 che = Cig tees eM nih aaiibhe ad civ o's sa Baye 289
Wounds (vulnera)........-- BN aad ono Sa a ee 226
EUW ® GINS SOUS SOM Dale AS Ripe ae U REC OSs ns ee 208
TEES TRACI ane eee ea 2 a ni eee 182
ORAL ES MELAVECUET LYN IST Cn eaeg Hee oe nec a 0 | EA a a 148
540 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
INGDVOUS: GISOLUOES [is cE Keri e entero cane etcra e alas wramaae re cunnapeies 143
Horls, Abscesses.s Lace Haas ciiale we Sale eeses eet e ella aes 139
IBERISES ANG: SPRAINS. 85 Howie Sle Seles sk Seles le, MR a eed 131
Senile inflammation 3.) ct ye wee Ss se 4.) Se ee aha A eee 74
Pte 0. cpva! Valk ties Severe eee Peta, ol! La Ta cigs ta aan ee ea ieee a 3, 033
Or three-fourths of all the sick treated. _
Table V below shows the proportion, for the last five years, which the
prevailing diseases have borne to the size of the fishing population. On
the average there have been treated yearly:
For cardalgia and chronic gastritis, 12 in every 1,000 men.
For catarrh, 18 in every 1,000 men.
For diarrhea, 10 in every 1,000 men.
For swollen fingers, 9 in every 1,000 men.
For wounds (vulnera), 6 in every 1,000 men.
For chronic rheumatism, 6 in every 1,000 men.
The difference has been greatest in the cases treated for catarrh of the
air-passages, namely, from 6 to 16 in 1,000. The number of swollen fin-
gers was smallest in 1878, which was due in part to the fact that the
number of line-fishermen was smaller that year than in the others, but
when compared with the two preceding years it must of course be at-
tributed principally to the attention paid to the need of speedy treat-
ment of the cuts which produce the inflammation; and when 1878 is
compared with the two following years, it appears as if the so-called
wound-varnish, whose distribution was opposed by all the doctors, has
played an important part in securing the low number of this and a part
of the following year. If we compare the number of swollen fingers
with the number of line-fishermen, who are most afflicted by them, we
shall see that there were, in 1876, 29 cases to every 1,000 line-fishermen ;
in 1877, 26 cases to every 1,000 line-fishermen ; in 1878, 20 cases to every
1,000 line-fishermen; in 1879, 23 cases to every 1,000 line-fishermen;
and in 1880, 28 cases to every 1,000 line-fishermen.
I think, therefore, that the attention not only of the fishermen, but
also of the chemists, should be urgently directed to this important mat-
ter, since the wound-dressing which the royal apothecary, Ditten, dis-
tributed gratis in 1878 and part of 1879 was not entirely satisfactory.
TABLE V.
Prevailing diseases. |) SLST6. oe 18 aize 1878. 1879. 1880.
| Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.| Per cent.
Cardalgia and chronic gastritis ...........-.---... 1.2 1.0 ibys 1.5 1.1
MON ChHidMeatarT Dye heh os cise cccwcttlc Jaeee Mere 1.6 | 0.6 0.9 | 1.2 TS
«Other catarrhal affections ................2.22.206- 0.7 0. 6 0.6 | 0.5 0.7
Inflammation of the lungs: ..........-------....00- 0.6 0. 2. | 0.2 0.1 0.2
DATES A ee aes cle cine aac ce sice ue Aocoee sone poe 0.6 | 0. 6 | 1.6 | 1.0 1.4
Wy OldiSGRSOr mecca: cote estes sese eek osenue aes oeseut 0.4 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 0.7
INGUVOUBICISCASOiers semcsie(e ce cis eie ee ales Sees caraionierete 0.5 0.4 0.7 On 0.5
Swollendinceresee oases cock secs sec cercceeaer alae 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.9
RC RTONIC THEUMALISM e-eseeisisisicie ccc <= esses ccween ee 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.5
WOUNDS (ONINETE) ee cuncrcicac cores csetm de ccteceicce 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.7
Senile inflammation .........-.- Waa ohetahers el ctertinte ald leall eitatsereteetete 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2
Treated in all ...--...- PS esteem aoe elise 12.2 11.0 12.0 12.8 13.5
[9] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 54}
Cases of sickness each month.
Cases treated.
Medical district. :
January. | February.| March. | April. Total.
BKTOV ON Steer cence see cncicmssace asciciee= since 13 120 131 30 294
CHOI OSL ob Aco eiooe Santina aasoees seoehosesoeso boddc. Scaeta SosEaparacee SSH jacercsece 53
Vida e ONO eee eereectiass ce sia cee tanewcisecisenianees 24 247 413 172 856
VEIN CRYO yas ade ses aca c ce a eanine ane ale 155 685 748 144 1, 732
LONG eee se Sec seee = cose cotecoscccmeeesereeiscs. 14 148 201 51 414
FESS tA ee ro eee ait nicioie occas wale isietsielalsie sintetelo ais 27 133 142 De 355
IK R LAC a eieeinccicnn ces ce's sisicicien= ose aemoclee 28 83 163 118 392
WAETOANOCOHROSUtoaccricceestlcemac sce sicmeracelsctatate ais meets om ele a= len ala/alm nia sisleicl| sa@iaenia wie clave satasiais 44
MOtale jocces sicpted Saisie sincatclas clsicieicee seis 261 1, 416 1, 851 568 4,140
7 |
4, 096
Vero and Rost do not belong to the inspection district. As will be
seen, the physician in Svolver, during the single week of his practice
there, had more patients than the doctor at Vero and Rost in the space
of seven to eight weeks. Under ordinary circumstances the medical
attendance during the Loffoden fishery is sufficient, except in Vaagen,
during the East Loffoden fishing, when it will be desirable to have two
physicians present from the middle of February to the close of March.
(See report for 1879, page 16.) The table below shows the number of
sick treated in the hospitals. In the middle of March these were in-
spected by the director of the civil medical department:
Hospital patients.
Hospital. | = =
| January. February. | March. April. Total.
SLOT G) a esebbe acd SUnoretle Gear peese nor escceeeecer 9 8 1 18
MGR DOLV AR Pees cass foils Se ateincine seieie mn ateierae joan = Bacal ls Sele. sicincesicia'| oicararsyarcie see atepiea marionettes 128
HONING SVL's <= <2 oo en's oH i='=istwininjeininimin'soi~'= 6 36 39 4 85
SHC O ase baapapeenpoosees Side cco gacobdc ons lace oeaeraars 26 43 11 80
(Gre ER OAR SH aneneEcOnurCaDoCOneace 3 13 25 11 52
IROENGS Saas HOMO D AOE DOBOO SEE Coes Sho a0|lGaceteis ssede 4 7 2 13
StS pelea eh ee MOR iA | eS a | MM RUE UUR Te [See ha i Siar
Altogether 9.2 per cent., or one-eleventh, of the sick were placed in
the hospital.
For the remaining details of this subject I venture to present the
annexed Table VI, which contains a statement of the cases of sickness
treated by the doctors. This, as well as the two preceding tables, was
kindly prepared by the medical office:
542 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
TABLE VI.—Summary of the cases treated by the physicians during the Loffoden fishery, 1880.
Total.
a Treated.| Died.
Exanthem, typhus ...-.--2---- s-0s0- ened ence nes cen e nn connec ce ne ee ee seen ee ee
Typhoid fever rojo te White ol eM os uke et ea -
Cerebro-spinal meningitis, Qpldemiceereaeer eee ace sans eee ee = ee siee se eeeeee
Simpleitevereoss- noe sasee sere seeeeeere= aaah eiae aenceste ceicae recat ee ee eeeeee ee
SONI OKENWP OX. sea eee eeiaios seine eters ereeintate mietaiaiaersent= a\sinjviesie l= 5 cle aimiminiseise selee iota aietre rer
SCREW TVG eeis bac eoracnes ododcocéudacK0s dadubSodanUEDotOvoEEabonsdachoadsosacs
OEY Sipolagiae se eemies ee nea es aaaemeema te cnatin((eisis\clsiclacicle vie’ misinie = sarin aie palm nee ere ra(ar=
Diphtheritic inflammation of throatics 2. - 02 -' -- ooce -ccnricensecleseeen-snscese- ==
JOTISIDOD o paneod Pp baoSd snob he Leased cchH Goo duo dabdsetoosapdSbebopbaguccoocuckseoscderde
IBrOneHialica tartare meee cee meee eae cise se eciccia acisciee scien sli eieseiers teperete teres
Otheracntecatarchal aechlOns-tecassssscce tcc ces -sccewise = eccscemeasie siciceccce=
inflammation volo es ees aaa sete cope ema mae recicicwicie= a eiee sea aint mina tnteceicte laine
LEBEN Mageicthd seboue sdb aon coocod Ad San eRe pear EOU RE: Beeb BUcEaeSHod edad Faoscbueee
Whronic bronchitis asunmMa see oaee secises visisisnicisia+ de cies sien see elcincicin aie s sticumistetetsieisiers
Splut Sof lOOd ene ae seesaw rae mets ce eta aictalsiaislale elaicie = Se melanin cue sinelesiemeiaierele(aieiefatele
Consumption . Pe eee eae cee eine ceelewinicciicis sce ea cist cecce acces cee censeemeacis ats
Heart disease, palpitation .....-.. Meee sieiesein ed icisissicee cticisesdee seasons cewaRelaeesioee
gue
Whronic rhoumavisMmipeecen ee eee ease er cee ete anes Sco wieene eee eenceeemencnias
Muscular rheumatism, contracted at sea ..-..---....20- cece eee ce ene e neces ee eneee
SDAIN (BET EC ING) Moet ota site tates clean aw ocis Sa cinicle Se tcice ra clccbmmicetecnes amiyemeniolets
PNGHUGICIATTD dere ecesicels soiecicion ssisisiejsisiisisissisicfe oa sesieeiaisis omnis) sje siecisicmieteicisiam=
Other acute affections of the digestive apparatus.......-----...-...---------------
Wardal via gehronicevasuritis - cess ee sie = soc tics sore cence anceesssioeecminc=seisiacie et
POUL W A ee eps te eee ee eel ee ea elaiinclelolei Nalniclslc sje ce ceieicte cal eieen acess len else seeile ctelsinter
PESTA NGL O MOL cee eee aes era alals o Seisleinsleicloe nite vacweie sisisie ceca disisjisisjelaeiem ciel las
INIGRVOUNUISOTOOTSiet chase tee ase cece cee ocnstecces sosctee 36
Menta lidiseasesceesacet cos a scecielsisataeelcisiaisis see cea islesioe = smiccse sch osieecesetesaine
WrOPEY PMOTOUSED RIG ie cocsencistesociscsceceesecsvecsicecuns>=cisc
Disease of urinary Organs.......-.---------eeeee cece n eee eee
WKINGISOASG: = seen Sele seetiee
IWWOTMS) 22-2 - tenet ace eee ete es cmaiceriemaciscicincecie oes -
SOD DNS ae oy ctegets ele eiet elvle nee mis nie a miwwiele winieisininlelciewisivie'e sinicinicie mnie
GronoOrrheea; ULCUNTILIS ee sees cele nicisiowieisleisistaleiclels ieee em aig eisleiieis siecisiceie em micwtetc sisi
EPICA VAIS OLCHIMS see mis/e/selslc jefe cieicieele se wisleis Roc cccicatsle cleecacintineiciecc Sciccosee
IWVOMNOS(OUUMENE Eee eae ste eimai stlninicten ie winleeisicle s sien winlos som icicis miele em prels claaicieiose
Hractures and LUKAvIONSts- 2c ecsce ccs Secmscw ccleascs a secceecscnceleetosccceicnes se
Bruises and sprains. ..------------ 2-22-22 cece ee cee ee cece ee eee e ee cee eee reese
SonilernnlammMaton wane newer ccmcisieiesce sacieecias comes clsisincic oe sells ejncieionie sciels
Disease of bones and TODNIEY Gee hanceseecac5 aaccnd Oe cabe GEOG DHOHoGEceSeCESde somedece
PyMpangit PHIEDiUtiSs- seco ci seeew accede ccecsijecenaecsaaiceccecwccens s/s cjcclecs cals
DWOMOMMIN SOLS eee cies ae sosneins eect ines netic omens siewein claws eleieiee= mic seine ee ieis
Boils, abscesses, WICOLS see ces one ce ceneinewctiondtecsadsisivoe cect enceseecine cececeee 139
‘Hurnuncles; (Carbuncles) o25< -~ cdecceciseiccciccicicsc -cee Sec mitaelaneis wcisinsiein nimi cctec 57
eee eee ee ee
TES SS epee REN TS BORN 1d A ET A am ees on aS of prey A | 36
JON CIEE Rs b Rade Seana HasoS6e Soscacoco nance SuUO CUBS OUC UD ORMEGUEUDCSESUaGSeHOr ae 213
Mar CiSGASe@S)-sn< sae wie cee cem acer caps sioslameintesisieciste pemnenicis ae soda aalectacemicemsiseaeieis 75
Nasal affections, epistaxis
PEMMOTS ec cinwieicmaicce e's Be ae re eo Me me eet w wlnln einireruiw ters Misicletele wim ioteteisintcnie Sinise Occ eeeewes
PRIUD GUL Ghee eee nce eee ecm eer cnc come mer etnen cesisece neces coscn seer ce mee snteaactas 25 4
Diseases not indicated
MOG Her ATOChlONS cae oe acto ese ee eee mate eo eciatcie cisieiien News lnentcaeitelarecinmtowlern TU cee
PREOLINEGKLTACUCU sects oe coc ceeis coe aocmee ek hneecien cone conic cic aistiec eer Seceiecieemanricicns | 116
Num pero hospitalicases ( ssaicce scree ce ncisecee clee aeewiceac ce so acoeles seein encase 376
The county council of Nordland last year placed at the disposal of
the superior magistrate of that district the necessary funds for improv-
ing the management of the water supply, and the county also will
hereafter pay interest on the money borrowed from the medical fund
(18,800 crowns—$5,038.40—in 1878). Moreover, I think it proper to
call attention to the sums which are supplied from the medical fund
for the expenses of the council incurred for vaccination, midwifery, and
treatment of mental disorders.
{11] : THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 543
For extraordinary clerical service during the fishery, were present O.
S. Revers and L. A. Meek, assistant diocesan clergymen.
S. Nilssen, parish clerk of Mel6, taught school forty-four days in
Stamsund. The number of pupils was upwards of 60, most of them
from Stegen and Lenvig. The course of study was the same as last
year. The school-day, as a rule, was four hours. In Henningsver
school was established also, but the attendance was small. Since
education is not compulsory, the patronage depends largely on the
interest which the teachers can awaken in the school. On account of
the not inconsiderable number of boys who are present during the
Loffoden fishery, without taking any direct part in it, I think that a
modification of the system of instruction for the fishing season is worthy
of closer consideration. The time of these boys, to be sure, is partly occu-
pied in baiting lines, cleaning, and cooking; but still a portion of them
remaininidleness. The matter must, however, rest until we learn their
number, and I shall undertake an enumeration next year.
There are chapels now in Svolver, Vaagen, Hopen, and Stamsund,
whilst in Ure one is being constructed. Churches are found in Kirke-
vaag, Henningsver, Valberg, Stene, Gravdal, and Moskenes. The
following table gives the expenses of the chapels, the contributions by
which they are erected, and also their debt:
Chapels.
Place. | Contribution—
| Cost. = : -| Debt.
rom the :
stata Private.
|
Crowns. | Crowns. | Crowns. | Crowns.
MOL V SoD e eee eee ae coe a ciele clemtac icine Ge sclee cei s Saison ais , 40! 2, 500 15900) \tdeesas cee
AVIRA GONG) 2 = eae we cn sesicm one les soins oe isiene sosecs cincine'sicdieiaeaes 2000) so ricco 2. 0000 | a=. 2s cece
LbIG} Weht Ys CEGa og dB UOD EE SOR OCHOOE aa Se Ce an Sdaco Sana SoS Haro pore DOOD Bee Sesame ine 2, 500 650
Stamaun dees ea ete oe eee PONE kG eRe. |e 9, 200 2, 000 6, 100 1,100
AUTON enclose etree ein aetee cise oe tok ariciieis cisisisisie Gon'odis 32000 Soseces cee 800 2, 407
|
As a building fund for proposed chapels was collected: In Skroven,
1,700 crowns ($455.60); in Balstad, 140 crowns ($37.52); and in Nufsfjord,
300 crowns ($80.40).
There is at present one reading room (in Stamsund). One is being
built in Ure, and in Henningsveer 1,200 crowns ($321.60) have been col-
lected for a prospective reading room.
Libraries are to be found in Henningsver, Stamsund, and Svolver.
In the last two places, however, the number of books is yet very small.
In 1878 the county council of Nordland granted to each hospital 50
crowns ($13.40) from the medical fund for the purchase of books. In
1879 the grant was extended also to the wards in Loffoden. It is very
desirable to repeat this grant for many years to come, in which case,
however, I think it is proper to advise that the purchase of books be
544 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12]
made according to a fixed plan, such as that established by direction
of the diocese. ;
From the foregoing it would seem evident that there is a want of
houses of worship in the larger places as well as in those more remote
which are destitute of churches, since there are at present only five
built and three projected. As the financial condition of the common
people at present is discouraging, partly on account of low prices last
year in Loffoden, and in part because of the unsuccessful herring fish-
ery, and as we cannot expect to find among fishermen who move quickly
from one place to another the same social spirit as in a settled com-
munity, there exists a state of financial depression in nearly all the
churches. Here is, therefore, a proper object of public assistance. The
want is greatest in Skroven, where as many as 3,000 people can often
be assembled, and where all divine service hitherto has of necessity
been held in the open air. Next in want is Nufsfjord, whose annual
complement is nearly 400 men, and from which the distances to church
are both long and troublesome. In this connection I think it proper to
add that it will certainly be most prudent to make the contribution
from the state contingent upon public control over the use of the chap-
els, which has not been the case hitherto.
Libraries have come to be appreciated of late, and their utility is in-
contestable. That they have not become general is principally because
only a few places have taken the initiative in this matter. Not only should
money be collected, but building should be entered upon, and the house
once finished should be, during its use in the fishing-season, cared for
by heating, lighting, and cleaning it as well as by providing newspapers
and books. The fisherman, because of his occupation, cannot easily fur-
nish anything except money. At the same time it certainly is essential
that these libraries be subject to a wise control, for they may easily
degenerate and become an injury instead of a source of use and comfort.
I find this matter of such importance both for the fishermen and the
public that I believe I should call attention to it, since the idea is a
sound one, though it will hardly be initiated by the fisherman himself,
and since unity in action will accomplish the end more quickly and
surely.
The telegraph corps consisted of 23 operators, divided among 9 fixed
and 3 field stations. On account of the fishing, the force at Lédingen
station was augmented during the fishing-season by 2 operators. Of
the 9 fixed stations the following 5 are open throughout the year:
Svolver, Vaagen, Henningsver, Balstad, and Sérvaagen. Of the re-
maining stations the field station in Stene is closed on the 14th of April,
and the stations in Skroven, Hopen, Ure, and Reine close April 30 after
the service ends. Stamsund station is kept in operation later. During
the fishing the Digermul field stationis moved to Vaterfjord (Ostnsfjord)
on March 15, and on the 30th from there to Stene, where it is opened
on the 2d of April.
. . . i
[3] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 545
Table VII shows the number of telegrams sent and received at the
above-named 12 stations between January 1 and April 30. The state-
ment is a summary kindly communicated by J. B. Lie, inspector in the
district of Tromsé: |
TABLE VII.
|g
4 Number of telegrams dispatched from January 1 to April 30.
oO re a = = —t =
E
is | Jemuary. February. March. April. Total.
Stations. 2 =| = aoe _——
oA) ~ rd rs od
E é é | £
8 a3 SD es ‘oO aS © 35 | “S 1880. | 1879.
2 A 3 Ee & BR 3 Bele |
A DM ea] nn (4 0) 6S marl ic
a ots “ 2 Pte
Digermulen ......-... 0 1@| 17| 20) 24) 188] 116] 93| 62:| 488 | Shige
SETOVENe ce eencesccisjes 3 30 28 342 193 874 541 245.) 185 2, 488 2, 087
MIVOLV SOI a: are a cisteciclecya-< Z 351 266 708 448 | 1,594 | 1, 084 641 487 5, 579 4,316
Waagon’)sicc. css... | 327| 212] 961] 539} 1,690| 1,080} 819| 539] 6167| 6,032
ETO PON jap sise eas ~2 2-15 t 74 46 475 181 477 352 188 120 1, 913 2, 011
Henningsver ...-.--.. Z 271 197 776 | 474 | 1,050 949 559 371 4, 647 5, 626
Stamsund 2.1... --.- 14 184 109 700 374 | 1,112 | 1, 096 320 284 4,179 3, 5380
EO oct ere ee eeesecee 25 13 95 76 84 70 845 | 651
asta ss sowstwiss Ses oe 236 144 345 188 614 425 378 278 | 2,608 2, 259
DUNGeer ee hepa sess 14 21 25 126 97 302 263 267 200 1,301 | 1,132
HROING see soatewe ct wees 1 35 16 95 83 215 218 198 173 1,033 | 1,012
SOrvaagen ....:...... 4 aa 58 218 116 265 197 247 185 1, 341 | 1, 398
——— os ——_- | oh
1, 627 | 1,131 | 4, 861 | 2,793 | 8,570 | 6,564 | 4,039 | 2,954 | 32,539 | 30, 200
—S_—_/ YS eer reese OY -—_- x~
2, 758 7, 654 | 15, 134 6, 993 + 2,339
For comparison the number of telegrams dispatched during the fish-
ing-season in the last three years is appended:
Number of telegrams.
Month. — fae
1878. 1879. | 1880.
_ ra =a |
ETT SS a ak ph 5 SO 2c Fe 3,472 2710! 2,758
Sy cae ad SIE I a 7,893 5,463 | 7, 654
70 i) yh a a EI: SOP Re en a 11,708 | 13,244 15,134
ite ce an ee ee Yo Ca eR TE 7,132 | 8,795) 6, 998
TCT Cee re Bitrate Ca | Leu | 8 22 2 Ba ae RE | 30,200 30,212) 32, 539
|
_ The number of telegrams exceeds that of last year by 2,300. The in-
crease is marked at stations in East Loffoden, and, as to time, during
the month of March.
In my report for 1878, as well as in that of 1879, I stated that the
number of lines was too small for the amount of correspondence, a view
which was shared by the telegraph department, which therefore in both
of these years solicited Parliament for the necessary license to establish
@ new wire between Ure and Henningsveer, but in vain. I must there-
fore this year again emphasize the necessity of this line, for under ex-
isting circumstances the detention of messages, which is essentially
due to the want of a sufficient number of wires, is frequently highly
perceptible and has occasioned considerable loss of both time and money.
S. Mis. 110———35
546 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
At any rate the number of lines is far from adequate to the amount of
correspondence, a condition which should in justice be secured for a
business so important to the country.
The table following shows the number of telegrams sent and received
annually from 1870:
Tolegrams. Permanent stations.
Year.
: Open all
Sent. | Received. | Total. | Number. the year.
ABT ORs Pa ls ei UR AU ea eect ioe SE | 10, 000 7,800 | 17,800 8 2
LSTA eee ae HON hen MU NES a Tote e. 10, 300 7/500, 0 SATs 800i ste ccoeee secu aeeeae
1 RTs ae NEL, a ase Mayra OS tre Eo 2 11, 600 | 7 G00 |! 19200). 4252.02 2c) eee
TWEYB) ~seqoboonaceonabos geodsbes0nu5 BHoSaCesaseoar 12, 800 | 9, 000 21,800) sates eet leee eee
NS age eee ete earn sieinaia snisiaie se sainialainias «== 14, 800 10, 900 2031000) | Sotanee sae all eens
ROM eee eae oe ete ie eet orelaleiaintnlelelcietsie\e «iaia/aiei=inwic 17, 700 | 12, 400 305100) <2 - jee toil eos
UGVGe GaasodcseansGuooee Ponbo casaaodsadondsoeene. 22, 100 16, 600 38700) ees weiss lees sees
SIC BSED ee CURR Oe al le gi A mee ere 26, 200 18, 600 BOO! |e ci 52 ars 2 ene
TG YG = Gee ee eee cE ao So a 24, 200 17,500 | 41,700 9 5
From January 16 to April 14, 90 days, Loffoden has been called at by
114 line steamers besides local vessels. Of these there were—
Northward bound.
Packets en route from—
Bergen to Hammertest:<; . 6. 262252 ess cae oss ow eee sees 4
IBereen tOpViadSOrins ee sacc cls oci cs owiet toyed we tos ele ra peas Eee 2
HManivure to; Vadsor se. - 53. sececc esc Lin focal Gtaieler a ate, eters eaten is
Kristiania to Troms6 ........- Basin Sess Sood Ais Ae tellers 4 14
ofall tree oc lacivas Soins aiseteiay meres ei lere sei) arose tee sieeieners 27
Private vessels between—
Bergenand Tromsoere s.6 oss os ss sl otal le lesasaeleicla etelaaioiare 10
IBeOrcenvant, Varo nse eee: ratislelec is ~ +2 Sains wclderaniae ‘acer 4
‘Berven and: Vesteragleniie ie 4 522 o.s. 2 os clasts hele Bosh!)
Bergenvand Wotiodemg. = ever iis =). 5.0<- roca ieee SST 2:
Maristiania; And VardG sae os 2 cle ciavo-arec\s sistas eteierera aes ane ete 1
ihoffoden and: VardGiy Peete care shcneict selaegieie oeeiasle sites laiage ater 3
POG. sp! odie occa We tentes cred es. 0 oink cl eae eye yet eles oleae ee 29
Southward bound.
Packets between—
Hammerfest and Bergen .....- Se eysie busters te Pei Biro edt, ors, Sel s vette 3
fammertest and Hamburg’ .\. <1 xi -,< 2100 o'eie cieeietee == = =1= aie estes 5
Viti sOMand tL amMOULE 22 .cises eile Sareea sical ec Bee
Tromso6 and Kristiania ..... aval spetileiayseke Serle reiels Sclscicie es eee 13
Total sere eeeree eee eee seeeeeees eweee @eenteoesctGBeoewe2eeeoeeeeee 28
=
oe ¢ x ¢
4154 THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 5AT
Private vessels between—
Promso dud Bergenic sii lalce ts. ses ed Saisisueratd peopion. eer sears © 11
WiC O TNO MS CLOOM Was Le, Ser isis Bs 5 tals oS ataraine Vaid cee bala Ce 3
Westeraglon (and Beret ye isis 62'S sn oie es ein bt sce ome See es 10
Lotodencand Bergen se. (a..F 4 said. o 6/5. Sess bale ols Sac ab ale ake 2
Vardorand Kiristianias st. 2 vs. 22 oe oss Spats is pert ae eae PLE
NEAT O PD Ce L OTEOM eM a ae er ee toes Bis ate oie 5 fe wo daie 8 Sinaloa 3
ERO Gea ee at eee aren rey Bens Ne tsar op Ete, ch a's lw dS pitalaree sete Ate 30
Of the 27 north-bound packets 14 were delayed from one-half day to
three days, as follows: 5 times, one-half day; 4 times, one day; 1 time,
one and one-half days; 3 times, two and one-half days; and 1 time, three
days.
In January occurred 4 detentions; in February, 6, and in the first half
of March, 4.
Of the 19 packets, which in this space of time called at Loffoden, going
north, 14 also were detained, or, if we overlook delays of a half day, 9
(one-half). The cause of these detentions was stated to be storms and
fog. But since, at the season mentioned, one can never calculate on
continuous good and clear weather, or on moonlight, the real reason
must be sought for in the routes, which are established for speed;
besides, I think that to make the service adequate it will be necessary
to put one more vessel in commission. This will cause the steamship
company concerned, or the state, an increased outlay. The results
of the delays of the packets are felt at present not only in the prin-
cipal route, but also in its numerous branches in the fjords and out to
the sea-islands; and if we take into consideration the inconveniences
which are associated with a sojourn at the calling-stations, where there
may often be a want of accommodation, and where one must often keep
a constant lookout because he cannot tell when the delayed steamer
may arrive, as also the waste of time each delay causes, the saving or
the occasional speed one may reach by a forced route will hardly coun-
terbalance the indirect tax which this, through the above-named con-
ditions, puts upon the population of Nordland and Tromsé. I must
therefore this year also emphasize the universal, and, according to my
judgment, rightful desire for a more regular steamer service.
The matter of the pay of country postmasters, according to informa-
tion obtained, will be adjusted by the marine and mail department of
the Royal Norwegian Government at the beginning of the fiscal year.
In 1879, 4 beacons were erected and 20 moorings for vessels were
placed within the inspection district.
Up to and including 1875 were found in the inspection district 8 light-
houses, 7 beacons, and 407 moorings; in 1876 were established 5 beacons;
in 1877, 6 beacons, 22 moorings; in 1878, 11 beacons, 12 moorings; in
1879, 4 beacons, 20 moorings. Total at end of 1879, 8 light-houses, 33
beacons, and 461 moorings on a coast stretch of 14 (Norwegian) miles.
!
548 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16]
When the work proposed by the chief inspector this year is accom-
plished, and this will probably require a couple of years, the number of
beacons and moorings may be considered sufficient. The proposed fix-
ing of rings I have not been able in many places to recommend, since,
in the case where a vessel lies moored for a long time, bow and stern,
and this forms the majority as a rule, I regard it a matter of vital im-
portance for a vessel to establish the mooring in a convenient place
ashore, especially as this work can be accomplished with ease and with
moderate expense. With two rings, a drill, and a hammer, a mooring
may be placed in one hour, or at the most two hours, and I should re-
gard it a wise precaution if the insurance companies require that these
articles form a part of every vessel’s outfit.
Last year Gloppen light (Sérvaagen) was changed from the sixth to
the third class. Thereby Balstad light has become less important asa
range light for West Fjord, and since it will also be more useful as a
guiding light to Balstad, the Jight-house board has taken into consid-
eration the question of its removal.
The appropriation of 27,900 crowns ($7,477.20) for inspection during
the fiscal year will probably be spent. At the same time, of this amount
will be returned to the public treasury: Fines, 1,126 crowns ($301.77);
for telegrams, 3,200 crowns ($857.60).
The appropriation of 1,200 crowns ($321.60) for extraordinary expenses
of inspection in Rast Sound was not used.
The implements saved and not required during the fishing are pre-
served in Svolver and Sund. The disbursements amounted to 656.26
crowns ($167.57), exclusive of the pay ot the inspecting force, and the
receipts were 1,195.75 crowns ($320.46), of which 935.45 crowns ($250.70)
arose from auction sales of implements saved over from last year.
The correspondence-record of the chief inspector shows, for the term,
1,610 outgoing and 870 incoming issues, including telegrams. The office
work, which is done exelusively by the chief of inspection, is thus con-
siderable. Besides, the chief inspector is accountant as well as writer
of responses which are made in fishery matters to the Government, as
well as to private individuals, (partly also in affairs which lie outside of
the domain of the Loffoden fishery), involving much labor.
As I pass on to the report of the fishing itself and its progress, I may
remark that the statistical data are repeated in most cases for the last
5 years, in order that the administration, scientists, legislators, fisher-
men, and merchants may have the summary needed; for a report which
deals exclusively with a single year’s fishing, and which is published
a long while after the end of the fishery, will be valuable only’ his-
torically. Although I have labored towards this end for the space of 5
years, the report will not, until 1881, take the form which I think it
ought to have in order to be useful. I have, for instance, in prosecut-
ing this work during the year, been able to dispose of the months of
October, November, and December only.
The arrival of the fishermen was delayed by stormy weather in the
t <
\ ; /
a .
[17] _ THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 549
last third of January and the beginning of February. On the first of
February, consequently, not more than one-third of the fleet was present.
The majority arrived between the 8th and the 14th, at which latter date
not quite two-thirds had come out. At the close of the following week
the fleet was assembled. Those which arrived late were partly deep-
water fishermen, partly fishermen from neighboring districts, who went
to Loffoden for the sake of the Ostnesfjord fishing, and partly fishermen.
who had previously carried on winter fishing in home waters.
The Finmark fishermen, as usual, begun to clear at the end of March;
however, because of the fear.of low prices, fewer than common were
destined at first for Finmark waters. The cessation of the fishing in
Ostnesfjord before Easter, and in East Loffoden immediately after,
soon gave an opportunity for a general break-up in the first 8 days of
April, after which time scarcely a single foreigner was fishing east of
Balstad. Westward, nearly 1,000 boats were engaged.
Table VIII shows the number of boats which were present in the
different inspection districts at the close of each week. For the weeks
ending February 14 and March 20 there is given besides a special state-
ment for the different methods, wherefrom it will be seen that nine-
tenths of the line fishermen had come in the middle of February,
against only a little over seven-tenths of the net fishermen; whereas
the opposite proportion existed last year. Of the deep-water fishermen,
as usual, only a little more than one-half had arrived.
Moving (shifting berth) during the fishery occurred to a greater ex-
tent in the latter half of February from East to West Loffoden, where,
however, some were obliged to sail as far west as Reine for want of
house room in the remaining stations; in the first half of March, also,
they moved from Ure, Stamsund, Henningsver, and a part of Hopen,
to the more easterly stations and to Ostnesfjord.
TABLE VIII.
Kae | | |
ua) | | .
5 | | > :
Re leg cot) te tue ote im baer ea ik ad Pee ; 8
Week ending— | 3 ri 8 g Bil Wee Is 5 3 . Ey ;
faerie ate a beg ee eRe" | + ee Ne al by 2 Ve ig
$5) ° D a @o = | ws >
aii 4 5 S S s = e 3 6 °
ES) mn n PA a) ee} n p a) 4 ma a
| | | | |
January 17....-... fe Sil seecc emai eerie | ba ctor L200 2 eae Wiseeee Lapa Bb he aa | re 900
January 24.......-. tse [externas | 40K lie 225 25 | 160{ 400 160) |eesae/s ]. 120 | 150 120 | 1, 200
MANUAL Olsen sc|sccse= lees ens 50 35 | 120.| 250 530 200 60 260 165 130 | 1, 800
February 7.--..-... ecard leateee 110 40 280 | 300 650 350 LOv|Ee Se55 aL Ols Soe 2, 360
Webruary 14. ..-...]-----. 115 315 | 225 690 590 |1, 000 500 125 380 230 275 | 4, 444
INGLLOES tee Haste <a ae sioe ge ag a is 63 360 | 220 410 330 25 40; 70 35 | 1, 683
INGLES eee ee wen B i <eje- 100 94; 12 | 80 270 400 130 100 340 | 160 240 | 2, 041
Deep water ....... | sarecatsicd|(a saat 106; 35 250 | 100 190 SO ie eho it ciers RE eens i sated
February 21..-..... Merese 90 | 430 380 830 | 680 |1, 040 670 170 340 560 | 5,190
February 28...-.... leeetsicte © | 30] 440 300 860s) a—cne 1, 050 780 190s | 5, 250
iMareh Glee. o2ons| cise cc |'soaa-- 170 | 110 | 620 670 |1, 100 |1, 050 300 400 450 | 400 | 5,270
Mare el oS sase esas | toes oe 150 | 300 | 550 800 720 |1, 070 220 380 | 640 5, 730
Marchy20 rosea ccsce | acess 400 | 700 | 700 950 460 770 600 160 360 | 650 5, 750
Netters!- ob... 322. eee eee eaerel neecee laeeeae Sear gee Sel ees eee eee geen esiemirmn Peees) (201!
MUNIN OTNURE see ec lees cease 5) cc oo- aeoce | Seg oes all nae een owe IK ERY As oe cw sce aoanes 2, 358
Meepiwaterinserss|boc ec le- ce 22 : Paes Ss) Us page nt Sf oe (le ee Wave cbe es Gees | 1,183
IES ROL, 027 (eo ese eee ere levees 600 | 620 950 520 810 400 | 170 350 650 5, 070
Jal Geb eee gaeeeee eee eee 350 | 300] 900! 500} 750) 450| 150 |..-.--. leseaee pees | 4,410
Ari G ea ot seen! - See 100 20 200. ~=90 450 100 80 340 | 720 | 2, 100
SADTIL 14 ee. cee eco 100 1, 000 | 1, 100
550 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18]
Table IX states the number of boats present at the close of each half-
month during the last 5 years. In the table also is given the time of
the Easter holiday, from which it will appear that it has had less to do
with the departure of the fishermen than persons generally are dis-
posed to think it has.
TABLE IX.
Number of boats present.
Time. | i |
1876. | 1877. 1878. 1879. | 1880.
z : a a | see
Middle of January .2---tcsssses=~ nice jecoreSaeaeac | 600 | 300 700 | 900
Beginning of February .-..-..-.-..--..--. 2, 000 1, 800 2, 200 | 3,100 | 1, 800
MiddletotpHobruary.. ofce ses secees eececs 3, 800 3, 200 | 3, 000 | 4, 200 | 4, 450
Berinnine ot Marche yee se .cae-nncie ss oa. 4, 700 3, 800 4, 100 5, 000 | 5, 250
Migtdlerof March ee eo reece costes scl cicte| 4,910 4,570 4, 700 5, 280 5, 750
End.of Mareh). 222272 eBay S aie sieve eetetalay ets aw 3, 100 4, 400 4,700 — 4, 800 | 4, 400
End of first week in April .....-...-..--. | 1, 700 4, 000 3, 000 | 3, 100 2, 100
Hinstday of aster... 2.52 se. --- 20% | April 16. April 1. April 21. April 13. | March 28.
Table X is a statement of the number of sailors engaged up to March
16, their nativity and distribution with regard to the different kinds
of gear, also the number of servants. As usual, the majority of the
night-line fishermen in East Loffoden became day-line fishermen in
March; just as many of the deep-bait men employed lines after their
arrival at Loffoden.
551
1880,
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| | | | | ‘uei{ry ‘pra ‘epoy ‘snoysig it :Agunog [epsu0y
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Sa enne I I Z = ~isinll or Z Sere oe Neca ele aes eee ca |oe acess asian) Secteine| Mere ccc ae eee eves ie nwenaeceoe = DUTT : £qunog snyues10g “sg
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| | | | | | — 7 ;
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4 S Es o el eet 5 & & 5 a el 9 ee te
B | 2 Bee eo gies ct te - | Spo ale deg ee
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B i= as | Ene | |
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°X ATAVY,
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20]
552
a
spb | PoT'9 | ege's | zes‘'Ze | G96 | Ize | cer‘ | F99'% | 8ce%%
ee ae Lior SU |G 3 6 g g
96 | GLB'T | 6GZ'T | 960'9 | 98 | GOT | 819 6G gg¢
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6L Lee | Lee bL8. | SPL | S OFF 6 6 CGaa Nera sop seceecseces cececscsecoccces=* -gorigsi(y? Mealy puony, “N.
Sor | Gee | FEE Tre‘ | 60% | IL | BGL |S g 8I BE | Sg g0rr sq, WefqPUOLL *S
I | TT | IL | 68 ISS ler GG 1% j L ees Sel | zPielgs * ciclo Se eS aes ioe gee ee ey ee qOysi, [PpSwMoy
[21] + + ‘THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 553
The total number of fishermen was 27,232, representing 5,753 crews,
which is the largest force recorded in Loffoden. Compared with last
year the increase is 1,676 men, or 471 crews; and, as compared with
1872, when the fleet was the smallest, 10,459 men, representing 2,107
crews, or 58 per cent.
Table XI gives the number of fishermen from the different parishes
for the last five years, as well as the relative proportions in the parishes.
TABLE XI.
Number of native fishermen.
|
South North South North | g Loffoden | rp
Trondhjem|Trondhjem| Helgeland | Helgeland soalten and Vestera- ees
Year District. | District. Parish. Parish. ‘ Jalen Parish.| ~? :
a — ae A |.
S 4 | | | 4 | =| iP
Be 2 Maa a aa pad PP PL
| fas o |
Bo eels 8 se Sal ceed) eer) (ee Se lei, oer dele
P= Pe =a ee = PC a Vd Let =r Wl eee Ea Cie h(E
see aes : — ce = = = Set 3)
Weal | | |
yee ee 577 | 3| 360| 2/| 3,586 | 17 | 2,104 | 10 | 5,213'| 24 | 4,438 | 21 | 5,005 | 24
TC ae 619 | 390 | 3,747 | 18 | 2,126 |....|'5,110 |....| 4,464 |....| 4,778 | 22
Ey eee a 785 421 4,045 |....| 3,440 | 11 | 5,470 |....| 4,391 | 19 | 5,137 | 23
hy Cae See 1,200| 5| 601 4,330 | 17 | 2,662 | 10 | 6,023 |....| 4,798 |....| 5,867 |---.
Tk a ee ee 1, 341 874 | 3 | 4,640 | -. | 2,462 | 9 | 6,248 | 23 | 5,491 | 20 | 6,095 | 22
Increasein5years.| 764 132 | 514 | 143 1,054 29 | 358 | 17 | 1,035 | 20| 1,053 | 24 Re 090 | 22
Increaseover last | 141 |....| 273 |....| 310 |....) 200 |....| 225 -.| . eosin. | goa (foe
year. | | | | | |
| \ | | | |
The mass of the Loffoden fishermen (23 per cent.) are from Salten and
from Senjen and Tromsé, 22 per cent. Next come Loffoden and Ves-
teraalen with 20 per cent., South Helgeland with 17 per cent., North
Helgeland with 9 per cent., and, finally, the two Trondhjem counties
with 8 per cent. jointly. This proportion has been kept comparatively
unchanged of late years. In the beginning of the sixties, on the con-
trary, 14 to 16 per cent. of the Loffoden fleet was from Northern Helge-
land, and only 15 to 17 per cent. from Loffoden and Vesteraalen. The
increase, so far as Loffoden and Vesteraalen are concerned, is caused
partly by a larger ratio of hired men in Flakstad and Buksnes, partly
by a considerably increased fishing fleet from Hadsel. The decrease
from North Helgeland is due chiefly to Nesne and R6d6, whose fleets
now carry on fishing from home stations to a greater extent than
formerly.
For five years the increase of fishing at Loffoden has been greatest
from the Trondhjem counties, reaching 132 and 143 per cent.; next
from South Helgeland, 29 per cent. From the remaining bailiwicks
the growth has been about 20 per cent.
In Table XII are named the districts from which the Loffoden fleet
has been increased by over 50 men or diminished by more than 15 since
last year. It will be seen that there has been a gain in nearly 74 per
cent. of the districts.
554 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22]
TABLE XII.
From 1879.
Parish. Men.
Increase. | Decrease.
Statsbygden .--..-.--.- 220-222 eee eee eee eee ee eee ene e cee e ence eee cee: Wistcoeocoss=<
INSONGe e naee eeteelon comercial ie miaiatisisieitole = micieva so neec's sina eininield = ele inelsimiati= 92 |
STC OLGL eco eee oee Sete ee See ee Ses eieisie ninisinie acinicle e.elcin cieleinia ele nisieinieiastaete
STR Oe oe ee ae ee ee ene eee taice ob tin sive e sicisiasiciccincnocs sceamecen sae
ES La Th ee ee eee eee lee eee pee ceicmeticns caceitotccewcmcssacteas ecm
Alstahoug
Oe tate eleic aleinie elec cle ate elela a eiel=laialeiala la mel eles laine nia = = occlu nics on wie)a/6_es\a\awi=\sjele|e) emia tan
NERC sopeaeeEeny edcenpccosas
Ide Saeeoee
Hadsel
Sortland ..
Buksnes. -
IL Ga BVEEIN. an odiqudoda a SO bOs Se JOCEONUE COU DES ONOEE SEBO nH OCOO SORES o Ooms aCaascar
Kvedfjord ; |
BTS Leal eel esas mca aisle meine ce ciaieinia (cle win clelefoe = cinieiswisicialnisials wiets/a clare (eter ie cvclais
TURE ea ach souennos nocsEr oedoboseoas Bib Sars alsycla ele etais Sos Sisis TS Sis er Ace Ae eevee creer 93
Shmnd) sets qoctseesGeédaacaseseecoube Gsdagese deEddoor6 SattouEe rod JooseeooES Boe 50 Wisse tekscee
MGT WA Oey yoke icles cetclas alnin'aleeeatela ae elm am wieln'alein\aluiei=lw aie'= =o a ainielsieininin\s e,nie ate) Saas Beto Satin elegn mineral 76
IBSISH Orden: ioe's< 025-5 6-- bene -- == ~ SBE UO REED SU SOD DON OREO CO BOR OHS Tee SHEP Bete [sane on aceae 32
YM SOM oa oe sete so =i eo <owin wie ot =Imi= = sa baranOnge Dano aoseadodasHd Saaweusepaessas 110
Table XIII states the relations of the different modes of fishing
during the last five years. Compared with last year, net-fishing has
diminished and line-fishing increased, a result of the poorer net-fish-
ery last year.
TABLE XIII.
Percentage of fishermen.
Year. ] :
- |Deep-bait
Trawl-line
Netters. | men (hand-
| fishermen. lines):
43 | 45 12
50 41 9
58 32 10
56 33 11
49 | 38 13
Table XIV shows the ratio for the different districts. In five years
the number of netters has varied as follows:
In South Helgeland, between 41 and 55 per cent., or 14 per cent.
In North Helgeland, between 77 and 89 per cent., or 12 per cent.
In Salten, between 51 and 63 per cent., or 12 per cent.
In Loffoden and Vesteraalen, between 20 and 44 per cent., or 24 per
cent.
In Senjen and Troms6, between 44 and 57 per cent., or 13 per cent.
In the first two years of the five-year period this method increased,
and in the last two it fell off. By next year it will probably increase
-
[23] . THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 555
somewhat again. The great difference between Loffoden and Ves-
teraalen districts, their proportion being double that of the others, is
owing to the fact that net-fishing gradually decreased from 65 per
cent. in 1862 to 9 per cent. in 1870. Later, in 1874, it advanced to 33
per cent., but in the following year it again fell off to 22 per cent.
TABLE XIV.—Percentage of the population.
MODE OF FISHING.
South North South. North Salten Loffoden and | Senjen and
Year Trondhjem. |Trondhjem.| Helgeland. Helgeland. “| Westeraalen.| Tromso.
A i | a ee | Ce eae eel [
Di 3 | | | |
Seto ES he lg he an iecml is hee FE: el elie
S9 la) ee lsl a(S ie le le] 8 | eles lele) 8) 2)8 are
A A) a Aine lal/A |e |A}A | & AlAIe|4/R] a A Ree
= =\= Ses 5 =e ko ee = es | 3 | eee |
| | | | |
1862..| 20 |...) 80 | 33) 1| 67/78) 7)15| 89) 5 | 6 | 65) 27/8/46 51 | 3 | 65) 31| 4
1870..| 17 6 | 77 21 | 5 | 74) 38 | 39 | 23 | 69 | 18 | 13 33 | 63) 4] 9 \90 1 372585 25
1876..| 45 | 5 | 50 50 | 1 | 49 | 41 | 38 | S1e kdl) 3844) 15 51 | 44 | 5] 20/79 | ...| 44 | 44 | 12
1877..| 49 ere OL so |emialats (PSA 36 | 17 | 83 6 11 59 | 37 | 4 | 25 \74 |....| 51] 43) 6
1878..| 52 1 | 47 57 | 5 | 38 | 52 | 32 | 16;88; 3 | 9 63 | 32 | 5 | 44 (55.5) 0.5) 57 | 32 | 11
1879..| 46 2 | 52 98.) 412.2 ..] 55) 30") 155) 89") 4 3) 7 GI a | S82 \6L 1 | 54] 388) 8
1880..| 44.5 | 1 | 54.5 | 46 |...| 50 | 48 | 32 | 20 | 84} 5.5 10.5 | 56} 38 | 6} 31 (67 | 2 49 | 41 | 10
| ieee [kell |
Table XV, following, shows the changes in the use of the various
methods during the last twenty-one years.
In all Loffoden net-fishing has varied between 34 and 66 per cent., or
32 per cent.; line-fishing has varied between 21 and 55 per cent., or 34
per cent.; deep-bait fishing has varied from 8 to 14 per cent., or 6 per
cent.
The variation in net-fishing was as follows: In South Helgeland from
38 to 79 per cent., or 41 per cent.; in North Helgeland from 69 to 90
per cent., or 21 per cent.; in Salten from 33 to 65 per cent., or 32 per
cent.; in Loffoden and Vesteraalen from 9 to 49 per cent., or 40 per
cent.; in Senjen and Tromsé from 33 to 65 per cent., or 32 per cent.
The variation in trawl-line fishing was: In South Helgeland from 4
to 43 per cent., or 39 per cent.; in North Helgeland from 3 to 19 per
cent., or 16 per cent.; in Salten from 25 to 63 per cent., or 38 per cent. ;
in Loffoden and Vesteraalen from 49 to 90 per cent., or 41 per cent.; in
Senjen and Troms6 from 29 to 60 per cent., or 31 per cent.
Deep-bait fishing with hand lines has varied: In South Helgeland be-
tween 13 and 24 per cent., or 11 per cent.; in North Helgeiand between
3 and 15 per cent., or 12 per cent.; in Salten between 3 and 12 per
cent., or 9 per cent.; in Loffoden and Vesteraalen between 3 and 4 per
cent., or 34 per cent.; in Senjen and Troms6 between 4 and 14 per
cent., or 10 per cent.
A regularity in this change from one method to another, which prom-
ises to become permanent, has been observed only in the two Trondhjem
counties, where net-fishing has gradually replaced deep-bait fishing,
and in South Helgeland, where trawl-line fishing has, by degrees, in-
creased while net-fishing has fallen off.
556 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [24]
TABLE XV.—Percentage of fishermen.
Variation between the modes of fishing from
1860 to 1880.
Trawl-line fish- | Deep-bait fish-
Netters. ermen. ermen.
Maxi- | Mini- | Maxi- | Mini- | Maxi-| Mini-
mum. | mum. | mum. | mum. | mum. / mum.
Combined Loffoden fishermen..-..........---.--.---- 66 34 55 21 14 8
South Trondhjem District .... 53 12 6 0 80 47
North Trondhjem District...-.. 58 20 7 0 74 38
South Helgeland Bailiwick ........-- 79 38 43 | 4 24 13
North Helgeland( Bailiwick... 0212-2 s--ccesee--5-- 90 69 19 3 15 3
Sal tongs neem eee nse tins ssenee mea atte cietieiseaeeeeicceses se 65 33 63 25 12 3
Loffoden’and!Vesteraalen veo. foot ec Sees cece ce 49 9 90 49 4 0.5
4
Hen] enanasE roms grass cee yee Seek se tere ase clase 65 33 60 29 14
Table X VI shows the increase or diminution since last year (marked
with the sign—) in the number using the different methods. With the
exception of a slight increase in the Trondhjem counties, the number of
net-fishermen has everywhere decreased; the number of line and deep-
bait fishermen (hand-liners), on the contrary, has increased.
TABLE XVI.—Number of men.
Increase or decrease in methods
since last year.
District.
Net aewh: Deep bait.
South erondhjem County) seonccisesoclesaeccmoaceceecsecinetaccecese 48 — 6 99
Northy trond bjemi County. ssdnacscacescesseseaeeseemeser scan siacccs 48 10 215
NoutheHel polandsBalliwickscase. sa-tmees: -eescees cece seme ccees sere —118 190 238
NorthrHel seland Bailiwitk ten. csscescosecesceieee os ores cane oee neces —305 37 68
SaltenBailiwicks. (iho ske clo Atco cmcecsencune ses See ce ere tar —197 450 | —28
Loffoden and Vesteraalen Bailiwick. -........-.00---.-.--s020------- —141 768 66
Senjentand«Lromso ballwiCk=s-sscmcceessemetcese cece es ccceceee sta —202 284 146
MR OTALSS SMe eae ches Sato eet ac ecta me ene sicaetae Seine csletie soe eiater —867 1, 733 832
In the last column of Table X is stated the number of hired men em-
ployed in the different districts. Table X VII gives the number in the
various counties and bailiwicks for the last three years. In South
Trondhjem County, and in Loffoden and Vesteraalen Bailiwick, the num-
ber was increased by 700 and 9 per cent., respectively; in Senjen and
Troms6 Bailiwick it was diminished by 14 per cent.; the remaining
places were unchanged.
[25] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880, 557
TABLE XVII.
Hired men.
District.
1878. 1879. | 1880.
south Lrondhjem: County 4. -s< acc sscsees= Seeeccsienslenswscccscicscecece 5 18 | 145
Northe Crondhjem County <= -2-<qsces-- osc ce cewecceccaccececccsebe essen 57 84 | 79
Sonthvitelceland Bailiwick tse. -cseee nse onset eneecicccceectascccestan 897 1, 027 | 1, 072
NorthtHelseland Bailiwicks..4.cccce se- cd aesesas nic cectasdooececeeccesc 73 668 | 670
DaltvenvbailiwiGks cesta se cecce soe core Seem cice comes ceeds cock aces occ sea bcicte 453 594 | 602
Loffoden and Vesteraalen Bailiwick ............--2--ccccee scene eee eene: 1,182 LO 1, 649
Senjentand Tromso Bailiwick. sane cose reece cae ccnecones Seneadoses: 140 | 229 | 196
ifs: it ceils a IS PT 8 Nb SRS le 3,307| 4,131! 4,413
Table XVIII gives the number of hired men for the last three years
in the districts which have more than 100. The increase has been
greatest in Buksnes and Vegi, whose population almost exclusively
fishes from Balstad (Buksnes). The increase from Tjété is due to the
fleet therefrom fishing at Henningsver.
TABLE XVIII.
Number of hired men.
District. fi Re ee eee
1878. | 1879. | 1880.
Stadsbycdentassussctcsscncco scot os ccc ccawicsetcnecsescseteles: «sees 2 17 | 105
BV Er Gees ee es to a ten Sees sa tek S Sees te on debosadeaned Soteec 112 | 136 | 180
A 234 | 143 | 130
121 | 112
76 106 | 116
265 314 334
134 137 | 117
154 145 182
280 299 | 267
104 116 | 134
63 108 142
272 | 437 430
469 588 | 691
MAR OBNOL: Se cece concent eee eee escr is tiase tos ewctcws ccece eres 209 236 241
IGOR elicmotens Ge sacuaccscoate boca taca seen e tnacbaceermsceasn oataben sacs 171 153 176
Motel caceek tase ec) ce mee Lee td Pe 2, 545 3, 056 | 3, 357
Table XIX shows the number of fishermen engaged at the different
stations up to March 16, and their division according to the various
modes of fishing. In Brettesnes there were very few. In Kabelvaag
there were 360 men less than last year, probably from the want of ac-
commodations beyond Branden.
In most other places the fleet was larger than last year, especially in
Henningsver, which had 511 men more; in Stamsund, which had 312
men more; in Svolver, which had 237 men more.
All the stations had a full fleet; consequently, during the shiftings,
they became crowded.
558 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [26]
TABLE XIX.
Net. Trawl-line. | Deep bait. | Total number.
a oe = Rian tara ey eats). Ml Pik
2 Boats. 2
nD | Jom
aa : =
From what district. He |g laut
| rel | @l2| 8 |
7 Sot aaa ra BIS) ay. le
z A 2 i wie coral oe st ee Ge
gE Be a fe] 2] a lelal 212) 4/3
G1 S| 8 lo De Pi Pye AON al eral ea ea Re res als
Sey Pe) A | | ea ee | Bl Bea ee i) eel
Eastward of Henningsver: | |
Brettesnes, Skroven, Ost- | | | |
nesfjorden, Svolvier, | |
Kabelvaag, Storvaagen, | |
Orsvaag, Orsnes, and , | |
HOpeM fs e8. Hse west ee 5,863 943) 975; 12) 4, 1791, 024 1, 150 2, 333 216 596 12, 375 2, 779 2, 937 1, 017
Henningsver..........----| 2,496 23| 423)... | 1,947; 411) 411! 788 2241 5, 2311,077,1,077 950
Oerne to Ure: | | | | | | |
Oerne, Stamsund, Bienes, | |
and Ure eae55 | 38,555 575. 630; 34) 1,258) 271; 302) 355 3122) 5,168; 9711,057 844
Branisholinens to Rufs- |
fj ord: | | |
Brandsholmene, Balstad, | | |
and Rufsjord ......-. 502 79 136, 54 1,741| 370, 376 12...' 4| 2,255) 453| 516 813
Sund to Loftoden Point: | | | [onset | |
Sund, Reine, Moskenzs, | | | | | | |
Sérvaagen, Aa.......-- | 1,032) 189| 240) 152, 1, 167] 262, 315| _ 4l...| 2 2,203| 473 557, TOL
Westward of Henningsver. 5, 089) 843). | 145} 4. 166) 923 371) 3128 9, 6261, 897 .-...- 2, 448
——|——- ——-|— —
Total in Loffoden. - - 13, 4482 209 2 , 404) 252 ged 202), 358)2, 554 3, 492 221 965 27, 232.5 5, aN) 1444, 414°
| |
In Table XX is stated the relation between the number of fishermen
and the catch for the different groups of stations in the last five years.
TABLE XX.
| Relation between the number of fishermen and the catch.
| |
H 1876. 1877. | 1878. 1879. 1880.
|
Region. Ot ae Ee ak F Er Nl li ey | a Fi
A aA Fel ee! A
ee) o o ] o )
: | E : | é |
- = - i Neca
vo . vo . o : oO . | Oo .
4 a ele colon seared a Es| fa! aq
Pel a fe pe ne # fe a] oe ae
(a <a} ey | Bee a a Fy im a
i i: ae ses 2s ey : tas | |
Per ct. |Per ct. |Per ct. ‘Per ct. |Per ct. |Per ct. |Per ct. |Per ct. |Per ct. | Per et.
Rattsnndet,- <2 5 sccm eee | ‘446 98 bye a 8} | ue cates | -| = | een [Hinsre art || eerie
Brettesnes-Hopen ......-.- 520m 4G 46 | 44 52 42 47.5] 34 | 45.5 52
Henningsver..-.--. Nyse sels 1520) See 18 18 22 18.59) o21 Ve 19225) te sG
Gerne-Ure. .. Wen) ie) 11 125° 1. 15 TAT RE AIGR CEE ales Sah allie air saate) 12. 4
Brandsholmene-Nufsfjor d. ee alee) il a0 8 9.8 SS 13) eer Sh3 9
Nesland-Lofotodden -...... ges 13755 elOcne is a9 | LOW Ts Ons 8 TL) elses) 10
oa = — — == | = == = H —
Eastward of Henningsver..| 56.5) 49 51- | 47 | 52 42 47.5 | 34> || 45.5 52
Westward of Henningsver. 25.5 | 35.5 | 30 34 80) 36h od 45 | 35.3 31.4
Highteen hundred and eighty was the only year for five years in
which the catch eastward of Henningsveer was proportionately larger
than the registered population. Previous to that there was a marked ~
difference between East Loftoden and West Loffoden fishing. There
has been no such decided distinction of late years.
In 1876 the principal fishing was from Skroven eastward, and from
Sund westward; in 1877, from Stamsund eastward; in 1878, from
[27] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 559
Vaagene to Ure; in 1879, from Henningsver westward, and partly in
Skroven; in 1880, from Hopen eastward, and to some extent westward
also. .
The reason that the catch in East Loffoden is proportionally so large
is, that nearly 500 boats, which had been engaged at stations farther
west, participated here during ten to twelve days. The shares have,
on the contrary, averaged larger from Balstad westward. The propor-
tion between the number of fishermen and the catch has for five years
given the following average :
| ] "
. | Fisher-| —:
Region. | men. | Fish.
|
|
|
| Pr. cent. \Pr. cent,
IBYOLLESMDS— EO POM ae acetate ae te teic ete stenia te eel se mieinies saisicerins sels sicie s aa cigies ce Se 41.6
HEnMINeO SV col seer aaa moe eeriacs saeeeee inane peeemcccsme eee sececst sere nertemn= | 18.3 | 18.6
UOTE Of he) osc Seen nae SED DCOBSS COU COOUANC SOQUe COED EGOS SO SUSSe EC ras SeSc eco Sonne Se | 13.8 14.6
Brand sholmene=NutstjOora esse -o-e ones coe see tena seems acan estate ccte= sels c~n1e 8.4 10.6
Neesland—Nofotod denise ss ata c pac cca tate ee aciaen a ciaieter sae cele meiseclawiccise sameeren. | 8.8 11.3
1.8 1.2
FECAL UBT era) yee Aa aan eee ae al olians Ste Ree ee eae ot aiald eae cle imee otis webieomieae |
Thus it appears that fishing has been comparatively better the farther
west we go. The considerable number of small boats which from fear
of the sea Jie in East Loffoden has naturally contributed to the relatively
light catch here. Moving during the fishery (shifting berth) has also
had its influence in this number, not sufficient, however, to destroy the
proportion entirely, especially westward of Urebjerg, since the shifting
to or from this station is inconsiderable. It is evident that the table
gives a correct expression of the proportion, because wherever there is,
during one year, any great disproportion between the number of fisher-
men and the catch, this shows itself in the size of the fleet present there
the next year. The same holds good also with regard to the choice of
implements. Statistics prove, on the contrary, that in both respects it
is impracticable to base judicious plans for the coming year’s fishing
upon the results of the foregoing year.
In last year’s report, page 55, I directed attention to the comparatively
good catch westward of Urebjerg from and during the year 1871, and I
stated, as a proof of the profitable industry here, that hired help, in spite
of the larger expenses of fitting out, had shown a considerable increase.
This year the force in the region from Brandsholmene to Balstad is in-
creased by 207 men, of which 85 was an addition to the number of hired
men, and in the Flakstad stations there is a gain of 222 and 18 men re-
spectively. Although thecatch has been proportionally smaller this year
than in most preceding years, I think I am justified in drawing the at-
tention of fishermen to the more uniform annual fishery in these stations
than in most of those lying farther to the eastward.
Table X XI shows the distribution of the fishermen in the different
stations by districts. Of the large force of 6,100 men from Senjen and
Troms6 this year, 73 remained west of Urebjerg, 9 of these west of Sund.
\
560 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [28]
The increased frequenting of these stations has been perceptibly noticed
from Salten and especially from Folden and Gildeskaal. The fleet from
Orlandet, Stadsbygden, Melé, and part of Alstadhoug continue, as usual,
almost exclusively in Henningsver ; the fleet from Vegé, in Balstad ;
that from Belfjorden and Veieren, west of Sund; and the force from
TjOté and Gildeskaal, partly in Henningsveer, partly in Flakstad sta-
tions. Of the fishermen south of Br6én6 only 26 remained westward of
Urebjerg.
TABLE XXI.—Statement of the distribution of fishermen from the different districts at the
various stations.
District. Total.
Orsvaag.
Henningsver.
Stene.
Sandsund.
| Balstad.
Nufsfjord.
Sund.
Reine.
Sorvaagen.
| ‘Ure.
| Skokkelvigoerne.
Brettesnes.
Skroven.
Ostnesfjorden.
| Svolver.
Kabelvaag.
| Storvaagen.
Orsnees.
Hopen.
| Stamsund.
| Moskenes.
Soggendal .-.....--. BA anit Muleraa to aS sar Sele eel lea] ocu) Morinse ial kraicl fade oct | ssl ec aleeoel ee
Haugesund. ........ SH AIB A rel eclcel Bae Broil veel sere susie ere este) sie a belee afar faa or paket 8
Aalesund ......---- SoAllRaclleua|loor Bal bral OSooes pastbed Baaaod por be eae leeoallemalliemra Cee eee
Orskougeee cee - o1- Sa6|ea0| aon ese Beal Sad) es4 eee aco) oe lead) a0) Co eel arse eel lace sualserliscalbeq|led-
IMPOLA SK ee tecesaai2 Gye eileyeailly ste [eve Veet] erate eres Balas boo eeelaod mice Beanies erallleyare Be eel eel Gaal
(GN O/IG) NoeaSnoaeseens SaolNeallb 6a\lecc|eeq Ge5| b o4lee4 loos) aes ee eed eee Bed|lbocl|bes| boo BSal6cal Seolsac[oo-
Christianssund. -..- 564 S858 3c (SOc) SoS) Sed oes Goel eee ee Roalicee| Sac Sees Hoo ocoleas ash ses) (ose Nee 12
Throndhjem ..-..-.. Epalisea| Soe eoc Sales bea bee eer red ees ess) ace ree ees ee) Ciel nite led beta iee ella 29
Orkedalen. --..<.-.- Bs Es 8S lag) Hes Mer Goa ee eee pee 455 osols56 cealeelleae| eee el eel eee etal sel 3
RItberen)- =<. ss-<- Bol Heslteeelica| orc a) aol Boa lees) toe LBAlRod onc weatles ellie lsciel sicla}|icre =| o/s eras ete 33
WGVNO) see -esscee Se nil erect stots iterate [vere Grom crete 408\ od sea Rosle) sac SPA eee Bee Bos ce baal losalleecllsac 3
eg
oC
=
°
'
'
'
G2 OY GO C2 00 GO G1 OT DS G0 GD
Stordalen’ <..-\.3-5.- Fre Sei et el etc ase leoscl eee aes seal eeeil see |=ele = 2rsi| tastier RSS| roa \soo eaalioec lose | il
Vieordalen 2ge. 1) OR Py al Me (ee Da ALA I fe (ee (mF eer Pel as (Oe ES a | 2
Stenkjpresecoct a. -e ral Bes) see Pe (eae eal sel ess (ete ac So alleea Rod eae ASE SAS es seo nee ica see ssctlase 3
BVGLOLOGI ene cea: S| at eerste | ee | rami | enc | Seals salient Bee een eee | ea ae re | 37
WNGerOED . 5 3. o0 esl | ae is Seales eee etal eee ctee [eccle oe [eee seals ctaltemsleme 2 Bic as| Seales Cleeleee 12
Sparhoen. 2.22222. eb 4a Bee Bel pia eae leao| ae opel eres | Ret avers ese) fe era Ua tcalealoncises eee 6
DLOMGR oat ins os scat a ee api se Leal ee Pelee leon (cee Pea eh hes Bleed eae Weal | ee |e 3
WMAINSOS = sce es rd eal ARPS os EE 2M el Ve a (ne Ve Be Leocdoeels 28 feed | See mele
HOSNS EAS seis die sete oe UG [aE [asi ee RCE AT ee A (ea [cpa MOR ees tet Pree (Ea | a al See 12
Madan Ger seciss oss 5| oe. ee eee eee tale aac ltt eeee Bea are ars (eee BEB ea One Pa 5 ORT RA Lesa Tod | 23
MEQ O Ms elem coe ones Ba pe MeN See (re Varah Ty | LE Eas a (eb hE See eels 2 ai opera | See 321
IBINGAaSN eno. ee TY PA (ene (eed 1 gna S| bh UR 9 ee I Te Ue (ee AL soaket aE Sls Satie | Ree ee 02
STRONG ee, meine aiie Sad fee aoe |e eral eee eel eae | ee yee | eed eee ime eer Lbs ae er ee els elieesel terse 866
Velfjorden ........- [by ctor | are al see | ees eel ees | eee Be ee en sol res ies eee SSallece| eal eee Bale
MICS OR mene tecits ce Aes et ee Th vat [heaeteedl eA en | Re ove Eee Ae Ree loaistiae a Sa tere eae (toe lees etsel | ete steno 496
Alstahaug..-......- Seal ed oe Sse eel se Be (ee ee ae acl eet bee Be eS or Be Bete se ees baer) sh
Gildesknal,! (2) score lee op VISITE. TSMC foes |oee eames EME leat cl eae a ee
[29] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 561
TABLE XXI.—Statement of the distribution of fishermen, §c.—Continued.
Paes -Tihas RNa Pali pid nail a ial Peay
1
}
|
|
| |
|
District Total
Brettesnes.
Kabelvaag.
Storvaagen.
Orsvaag.
Orsnes.
Hopen.
Henningsver. -
Skokkelvigoerne. |
| Stamsund.
Stene.
Ure.
Sandsund.
Balstad.
| Nufsfjord.
| Sund.
Reine.
Moskenes.
Sdrvaagen.
Aa.
| Skroven.
|
|
i
(BelereNn! ese ccieceos aloe ees eed es a en a a ed De de ee
Saltdaloneecee oe joes Be eee haa sors nee sfsiafeiclallvenllavcfreiel-me lessee cn [s lates Pocel oo] Scllucn| eee
BOG Ore os acse cers lose wee[eee[---|---[--- sec|oce|ece|- ee [en -feee [eee ]e eee e ele e ete e-|- ee] .2]--e fe [eee
Bodé Landsogn ate eel sate |---|. 2e]-2a]- silos od ee ed oe oe ee bo es ed eee
Skjerstad .....-.--. Bee So eed ee ee ee > Nice Ps eb Ul OV Peal =e ee ben hoa eae Bc
Folden ..-.---------]--- see ese ey ad a dee ei arse en ed Ge WL
Lédingen..
Tysfjorden
Ofoten ..--
Keveedtjord:: <2. a52 BE ec) oral oe [cies feel ee tears hearse levee ise rene Reda bees Pee para a ae's| eos ae
hestad:. 6 \s.cicohes fall eres fetal reel sieeil oteiell's, call alate diate oll ovate diate. allmns ell ctaiall tender lic aici epo.cll aisle low elie ore ie eo ee
Throndenes ....--. roel [ees eel esa |e, etellla etal aptamer) retell mos) Set msc vera Erraie feta arate | ofall etetal| 2) el] Sete ee ee
DANG eee cte oie 850 eel Soe baad bce) ae Scalia bess) rst asco) ears see bearers el fears re aealeeal aes ae
BRT ATIGHeGee cee sae PA Serene all iare ers melee ee | ace Se fetetell isis See ores | wc sare | ia here ofl ers ee
10a) ae een See FE 6 (NEG RING ea a a 5 |kiee oes) ete | Peel ren Se ioe
Maalselven.....- -. : =i) ae Bee es ere Sate isolesn | Soalteet
Lenvig.--..-..-. i Sa ee ae Bese se PG (eee Lee ey (et a aN jeeeliae {eo oe alee
GSO} a.m soci eaalleeetense nies smstatels Horch ie eu eoena a oie ae one . le .siail ©
Berm we sae kue [eee 2 SAR ee S| Se alcom| coadeeete sail see lee |. : Bea
Balsfjorden ........ PeSiccloraie os accel tole eet occ sl foes |. Pa leea|e-= (cer izeelasa| ome
Malangen ..........| ra hoeeltes cl aes ie [Besa era oil's 2es (53
Tromsésundet ---...! MNS haben | rec fiooe|siisis lal s oap'oct|olnaise cons Lo aleoelssaleonacclosslaaepsee leaate se
EEOMISONste ciocis neces esi eoslee silos Sseiee eae "| ae rh bene ed (Ee ae ae (rene anes [epee ss ny eee 8 ed |
Inyn vent). Pacse IB i tae fee [ieee | eee area a rere eee Ie a ee ea lene tic otal foe hae
KaTISOp- mee oe eno Ie ahoee lsres ce ee settle cc ere cea vets iceerc| ote ssi) evecal[e eas| ei glares ees | enone | ee eee
Skjervé _... Ee Ae oleresd oe a|Aeaisealiaee||eec
Hammerfest Lake. .'._- eos |
anencssete See ea eb elem Pea elie: elie A eA | eee Ue uae ie Bn Pah ee
Via Oise =! ois e's i220 (Ree [sf eee eee Jee Atte ale aah clea eee loan
|
if
Total........ (papas ms (ier Ee
Table XXII gives the number of vessels present in the different
inspection districts at the end of each week. Lodging vessels, vessels
laid up, and passenger vessels are not included in this enumeration, but
only merchantmen. After March 16, 27 vessels arrived, 7 of them at
Hopen and 17 at Sérvaagen inspection district.
S. Mis. 110-——36
562 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [30]
TABLE XXII.—Number of merchant vessels present.
| | | | |
[iene fet Po
| 8 |
te a= afl | | el . | a |
= A Oe ie = ry lhe Gs} | 3 |
Week ending— > a ey Diet ot | A eae| sp =| Total.
EA Ara arr fest Pf > = wena |
x > 5 op 5 a D Ss o | @
eh 3 2 a = | PS a Ae ales
joer los 4 a ° a § 3 jot eet
Sy RON jee) x Nn pb as) 5 na |
DIPS HEN N74 oeengocoreoone lobacse 7 Si lisiets 3 17 | Pe osollacascciigecan |laas5 31
pPfanuany: olecece sake | eres 9 GHB ISD Ohl MORN Nu ayes see ee See le setet 60
ReDruany ilies cetera 8 10 9 14 32; 19 1 2 | 2 97
February 14......-....- 3 17 41 54] 84) 145} 85 us 15 | 4 455
¥ebruary21.-....... ese llsaae 22; 50 73 77 | 1385! 87) 12 18 | 10 | 484
Hebruary 28) s. 1= = -2-.-s } eS 2 51 80; 73 138 | 97 | -16 24 36 537
MarchitGsasecsss Sefer sjet hole he a 21 60; 58] 152! 126 26; 40 25 | 25 543
MaLchis ss) ec Ay Due dScle Oy!) GL 69) |) 22h t5h| 235 40 52 | 587
Marchi20 22 sacee sees 62 46-101 100 | 75 77 | 65; 13 22 51 612
March2tacsscicccencacce) lteees (ADR UD eee | 90 68) 44 7 27 | 50 467
AND Tly Sestceacr ces eee eee ee | 32 65 On a kD 90 | 56 ll 29 | 60 488
SAS TUE Meee eee ices jad £8 22 18 30 37 50 | 32 THe 25)? 82 303
Table X XIII shows the number of merchant vessels present for each
half month during the last five years. T'rom this it will be seen that the
majority of the vessels came out earlier this year than usual, and also
that they left earlier than last year, since only half of them remained
at the close of the first week in April.
TaBLE XXIII.—Number of merchant vessels present.
1879.| 1880.
Date. | 1876.| 1877. 1878.
|
| |
ay pee te WE pe 2 * 2 =} |<
|
WORE ry AWs sateee | do oocqeuoco ss nocco abe epEesoespeEescoeoce scpene \)zrs jee MA -
3eginning of February.....-.---- Sa Rooonr sod ha adace seuauoopacEesornade 80 | 120 80! M0! 60
Middle of DOG ha een Aaa onOnaan om Geese Cobia cece cen oeedSereoaconpe | 300 | 340 | 240; 280 455
eginnin plot Marc hese cee feay siete ate erates eine ae reise ay ate aie intale | 870} 450) 530} 560 537
OOP iGO EN ane pobeea Sab id) -esaer bdadacnssuoe Gasser seBosseocsens | 460 | 550, 630 600 590
End of March....... .. : ---. | 360) 580) 610) 600 500
HNdiotfrst week A piles en accom ane satscte aise einem smc oon aaatoseeas | 500 | 530 480 300
well? tae
Table XXIV contains a statement of the number of merchant vessels
and passenger vessels (Bygdetarere) present in Loffoden March 16, also
their home port, rig, draft, and complement of men. In the last column
is given the number of lodging vessels and vessels laid up. Of these
last, 33 were trom Loffoden and Vesteraalen, of which number three or
four have been previously included among the passenger vessels, and
the rest among the merchantmen. The total number of vessels here
March 16 was 676, with a combined tonnage of 350,000 tons and a force
of 2,932 men, including the captains, this being the largest number of
vessels known to have been assembled in Loffoden.
——
[31] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880 563
TABLE XXIV.—Number of vessels present March 16.
| Square-rigged Total of Average | @
| | galeas vessels. of— e
| | or coasters. | | | @
a | ihe 2 SESE ota ele
e | | | ©
a | | | Total | 2
ry eer oe s | | | | Tota = >]
Town or bailiwick. x | | tonnage) = | ; | =
Sy er | ane | © ete tes
aa! | . alt ~ ] oO
oy See oa | eae | a | | a
le/Si/sls al = a = On | eae ai BS <page
Bese si ge be =e f | ES
jni|n|n| HH | a Aja) a | o | Oo 1A [A
Marsundit:2 0-2. j05 6.234 eae 4G es Bao everett GA fest 1 6! 850) 6.0| 850|....
LAV ANS ORS oc strcan osc ac [Sareea a ease cle os este V2: = 9; 50 7,200 | 5.5] 800 |....
Haugesund.......-...-.-. j--2-| 2 |.-2- le eapseeelweaeeee He 9 48 | 6,290 | 5.3 | 699 |.-..
EON Ge oer ceieicle inet aia 24) eG 93 ME Sees | 1 {| 110) 580] 66,010.| 5:3.) 600)|5---
VINCE Be eee eee ee ee sed Gisecl weciibeele Seem ese eal meer! 18 1,730 | 4.5 | 433 |....
JNU te Set Onan See eee Hoel een) sy Zale 2 27} 133 | 14,320] 4.9 | 530 |----
1c Gee ee alam Pe [roel salt, wah emeenen sale eee |--2-| 12} 59] 7,150) 4.9 | 596 |.2-2
Kristianssnnd ........... s-\1 6} 2 43 | ONleee see V5. 61] 282.) 27,870 | 4.16457 "ee.
rondijem 2224 Gin)... -\c25 sae eal ned rales 2) 79| 400) 41,010) 5.0! 519 |
WOVAN POL) = (cciescisss scl Spo dlecan Stace sSoe A eee eal eee | il in| 600 | 7.0 600 |..--
Btenkjcermen nn ntess cose o Pe \wabalteed|soee es Gules |....| 6] 82) 3,650] 5.3 | 608
INAMSOS) 220550 Sesser s Sar oper lassel| eA AB eer terse jeecei 6 4)) 925i! 27207 4 14 b Ss ieee
7G Co ad a A sfeseahs 2ilgeach a sea | 1) 2], 52] 6,100) 4.8508 |-2
EUFOMBO Crocs sa sie ceed s4|Sa-s Sema leseel DA pe teieen | te asisjalowete| 1 4 | 300 | 4.0 | 300 |.-.--
Total from towns..... 2/31/14] 208| 73 |...... | 13 | 338 |1,696 | 185,800 | 5.0 550| 3
Sindhordland........-..!...- [ea Ee emma | eee eae eM eS 20! 100| 11,180| 5.0 | 599 |....
Wardanver aoe s<co-5- ee alarese |--- fod IE ee eee eee elere 22) wml: 65 6,660} 5.0 | 512
Romadalen ......--. 8 ced bata tectae He Dba setae Sess ers aemerse ASA 1 7 | 900 | 7.0 | 900 |---
NordmoOre!s.226- -<<.s6220 |--=-| | aE Se Pee iie/sicicess see 1 4 | 400 | 4.0 400
Heneniee con fobs. ae. ecalaest 1) 48 oy ae | 2] 27 | 114] 11,170] 4.0) 399] 2
Inderden 2-2 ==. =. ” ered eee laioelltercislmsac ce rikseer ta Nero 2 12) |) ~ 1, 850%) <6:103/ 675 ulseer
INamdalens- Sus 628-2 <5 Yemen (ets 1 4 Sale | 3 19 96 9,550} 5.0 | 503.)----
Helgeland <2 oie o.3 foe ee ere ae 37 9 Bysal ie) 90 | 311] 45,980) 3.5 | 511 4
Salton aj eciscasty erste | aoe 4| 3 50 7 | 8| 5 77 | 328 | 34,340 | 4.3 | 446 |.-
Lofoten and Vesteraalen.|... |....)..- 5 i 2 1 13 53 | 9,050] 4.0 | 696] 33
Senjen and Tromso....--./-...| 5 | 2 15 4 \.---. | 6' 32] 146] 14,530) 4.4 | 440 i
Total from country, ex- .-..| 14 | 10) 162 41; 42 | 26 | 295 /1,236 | 145,110 | 4.2 | 489) 40
cluding towns. | | | |
Grand total.......... | 2/45/24] 367| 114) 42) 39| 633 |2,932 | 336,910| 4.6 | 521| 43
| | | | | \
*Three of which traded. t Both traded.
Table X XV states the number of merchant vessels fitted out since 1860
from the towns and country districts most interested in the Loffoden
fishery. The number of coasting vessels at the close of 1876, according
to official statistics, was as follows: from Bergen 59, from towns in
Romsdal District 71, and from Trondhjem 27; but the majority of the
merchant vessels fitted out in the towns belonged in country districts.
The total number of coasters in Romsdal District was 169, of which 102,
or 60 per cent., were in Loffoden this year; 67 per cent. of the coasters in
Nordland District and 53 per cent. of those in the district of Troms6 were
in Loffoden.
564 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [32]
TABLE XXV.
NUMBER OF MERCHANT-VESSELS FITTED OUT IN—
| Bailiwicks.
Towns.
Level nice | ea alatee ane a
| 1 lees on | = | | a
Pe Te hey ie
| eeu a | | a}
| 8 [ot este
Year. | ass | oe}
1.8 B loa | 214
io tat oce dt: Ae Hire al Nol ahaa ein
2 | | | [oe | 28 | | 3 | coil rs
=| s } igs . (0) = SAE KH
is a era Mme es Eee DML 2
oq iedel al Fa] lal o | © eel eel eee pep, tt SS
Seal irsest bonrcsil dete tey Nitct all ae e Macs Bile dia eomine
TNE Ws fa = = A 00 P= SAI =| iat vp ed es, |
Belg | erin | © | SS re Be eye Vee eee
EA ld (SiMe (A lAlH lie io |e |4\AlalAia
SF Pie ae \eaapenmr mend ae {| aks | ule ag Kak a Ia ie
TRBO ssc mee WeveROn) Wel BOM TBO) |e 1. chee |....|16 | 38 | 26 | 45.| 63°) $8.) 46
TELD Loe pee ese NE eermepen Neca me aM Suis vl Iya eee eee es Ta 17 12] 21.)-48 | 68)) Shi), TL
TPS ne A CR DS Sea | 2G Mokn OA |), oon) Sebo | eke HE 6 17 | 23 | 45 | 69} 241 18
TABS SRE ae ee i Sree ho Gp tet eeaean Epa tee lt es 13 7 | 25 | 44 | 68 | 35) 13
USGA se ee coat os [MRSC ON Nal re BOG|) Soe iene |e aelaer 15 1 | 19 | 48 | 73 | 24) 24
DSGo meee ee atee ee et: WOO is toe lems ROO Mrs me SG! lms sl tartalce oul eas 12 4125 1.22 SI WSanlemes
TOTES Hemel her eee Eo rs eee 18 3 | 24 79} 19) 27
TEN SELES AR Aee eee sermon 165 te 22 66 Va peeateee 15 /...2..! 16! 40 | 80 1,32) 1) 44
BES ou ee aren & WPe2G ct 3ul let O4 75) 21 18 25 1 | 23 | 57 | 87 | 28.1 41
TEGQUUEE el Seances SpA) 28 Toute S.A) ee By cotelemee 13] 5, |) (9) 33) 78 2a
BO ues SU BN Ae Sd a CEA Flea DY 64 10 19) 7 |.5 | 41 | (68 | 30 i 25
TS Tie te ete eee eae 33 | 6 37 95. 12] ~2 15 9| 16 | 63 | 76 | 26) 35
TIC een eee 31/1 2/| 1 | 38 59 |. 19M eae Ales 11 1] 17 | 30 | 55 | 301 25
TEA aS Se Se ve 3 5 29 GL occ) WBE eee | 5a! 2 Beal ea Se eSe ROM anos
TUS As aan een hee 451/121 3} 97 5 Tale 26h |e ll ou |e | 19 | 51 | 70 | 32) 26
TYGccene Smeaton blo e tt) Tul" eat 36 SA Aa Gy One eee 3] 16; 52| 58/29) 24
THA nes eae roe 61) 16) 446] 65)... | 15 | 6) 5) 14] .0. 0 | 296 | Osa esiigae
AO Tipe oe ese ese fe c/a Sok | 91 | 41] 8} 60 69 |....|....) 18 | 4/17) 2/25). . | 66 29) 27
ATS os seen. peer | 115 | 34! 6: 63 G4) 5h tae ae 8888) “be esiieonikaD ;
TES eee eae ae aE | 109 | 38! 6| 50 55, 6|15|19| 2|33| 10| 25| 63 | 68| 38! 35
TST ee eee Bae | 110, 27 | 12) 61 79)) (6) 12) ) TS. Wi de 7 | al 19 | 58 | 69.) 11, 32
| | ay |
country districts since 1860. While the great majority of the merchant
vessels up to 1876 were fitted out in country districts, the reverse has
been the case of late years.
TABLE XXVI.—Number of vessels.
Merchantmen. =
%
Bs =
Year. e 8 >
eles ‘Ngee
ie | =] z Ze
lee g IS) tie
<a a i my
237 437 64
208 378 66
| 196, 345 58
| 205 363 | 48
204 350 50
| 296 | 374 | 49
218 339 38
227 353 | 34
262 413 32
200 345 32
195 325 26
241 427 36
170 328 33
ee | 352 35
214 370 34
| 207 | 422 31
245 456 36
292 | 265 557 40
329 | 302 | 631 Byi
| 804 615 4”
338 | #253) 59) 42
+ Loffoden not included.
eS
[33] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 565
Table XX VIla@ shows the distribution of vessels at the different sta-
tions on the 16th of March.
TABLE XXVIII a.—Number of vessels present March 16.
a ] |. bt
3 | | | | r eae
vo i | Dn .
c= fee | 2 ~ ma
Sore cite o
S | | be eel ies o's
Fishing-station. : Po | ibe ey pale =
Se Sh ea bg, |) ay of. Ste |e teenage
g | B | bA + eae 5 as Aa 2
Brera ao) g.. |g ot dah le eee
Siete |e |S | a | oe ree
7 ee 6 Wt a co ae ee D| a
| | |= =9 | een | aaa
Watnwest] Ordon) > -..-s2easece ance -2=- eens Ae Teall fa 32 3 te od [ceceeee 39
SSVOLV OD erica ays wcieie sicisisicisecsisei<acm cn aa'ss 1 | 2 | 1 42 24 7 ee Se 4 76
ETO VERMer renee tooo ne cisessoncesectel aesues fe 285 | 3 6 2 eee 2 | 2 21
AMA OlV aa Mee ste caer tne acceso ecastees oueleseese eee 18 Heme ey aces ena 25
SSUORVABU OM 2 Senco ls sietscicicc clots tas oom atee as |(eielarei 4 ei 3 26 8 | i 5 | 2 49
Ors Vado eee sh sire ciem oe ce sinteicisiceee ace ee bead 1 le ae 3 4 1 | 1 23
Orsnw@es .. .-. BAER cee oh en sees toe Wade ces ace | 1 6 | 3 1 | a1 12
OPEN os.) ees 5 x8 | 3 | 2 24 Dieta 1 1 36
Henningsver OS Pecaile 78 20 14 6 | 15 | 147
Skokkelvigoerne heh | eee IRS as eee eed Te tert 1
Siamisun dies cree cane sae itine =e se ctieice se aaa Dual Sie VASy |) eal. 2 7 | 2 76
UOT OMe ete arasietw sais chins Sere besarsie Sarees cei|istere were 4 | 2 9! | 8 1 4 | 2 | 30
Wire: sue. HES A OAR TDL A ET al fee LOWenOel) MaekOM TONE as Ni a: Als = Alaa ) wee
alatadeeen: eb seats) mee eatin ete eeer eae SO Pal Rig eas: (hea 4) Oy
INGEST ONGlssccteoe oe rcSeeee one Meeeee Ae elas i ed a er 9 4. 1 | Sees 18
erent ees. ee te eee ae sears Soopers (reset Ileceacs|i/f ABH), ASI a= oil ie 3k!
REIN GP oes cee nas ste esas snecie Nes cles ticicslee (euler. 1 2 8 3 3 2 | 1.20
SOUVaAD en Pe yes ene eee ent Lae. feck oe Isa ed Senenoes We yOu) sie. 4 PH 7 20
a
TiCLES ee Se ea ey co MP een Ink 2 ley Calne ee Mle y(n 2 on ee b 39 | 43 | 676
a Five of these traded.
The table below (X XVII b) shows the number of lodging vessels, or
vessels laid up, and also their tonnage.
TABLE XXVII b.—Lodging vessels, or vessels laid up, March 16.
Ain te ar atic ; i | se Aa
s -
| é | &
| > | 3
Fishing-stations. | | gs -, il eat aed
| Sg og ee) ee aes
=I | Q ~ o ° | 2 =
es | 93 us) a Ee ies! 8
ee pe] = a Bae S
0) 7A) va AY n | a i
PIMOMMEDIS = raianic acc wiesiaatoot sem ae Ao cseemce meee cabs = Socisacionsasale canst poms mmmieter 4 | AN Ase acter
SKTMVOMM ee es sie coe es Sem epame sente aajclctetonleswca wteralasl| + x binss ERE Sse! Tee 1 Y 650
SPORTS SA ae Ren eS rahe Sc mOne i aca pore Ree eee in arse 2 1, 100
BONS la Peete a a eels cae «(cictalorsiacite'aine ate aoisislene sa saree amie 2 | eisictareApesicders 1 e 1 250
Pens Be eas aetna oe eee Seer ce cetiase a=. ais jose see eereee: eseceel be ee 1 | 606
GINS. 3o¢ oS SO RCKG HEE Den BOB EES Sea OS AO SEES See Pare eer eee tear are acted 0 ee 1 450
AVENMIN ERY E sa see = w Sota tone sees ee ckioeee ae meh oe, we e's 2 | 5 eeeees 6 | 2 15 | 8,030
eemeund FEE 2 a ey Re Ae ee ee a eee ae er \Seeretns hoaucee Dalecassts 2 1, 600
PULOTRO epee etre cP a e is cine. n/aie oie nie aicteiwicie mininioleyeloecsis\ciniaieis a/R ae aes l\Satoers [eaaeee | aoe rs 2 1, 000
SFeeal ULC ere ois ors Saleen OSE cine ae eben sea cdlbanace i aero Reine d 7 RE 4 2, 400
REIN Bee oo ese Sons tos inc ne akioe ne chloe paar danse sae pee Oeaecte|Seenice 1 : 1 600
Rene) Se5s2. 42 Bele aie shoo a aura «areola el eiae oe alee ac ariel | eee ook eee near lo ernee betes 1 1 300
Rep AA ONE Eee ee se alo lata ci sjsit slomenisocie eee noite cereal Leseme | Qe ee ee 3 2 7\ 2,500
TROYRN uj. ee Se el Pe eR Pe th 2; 22/ 10 43{ 19,480
|
Table XXVIII states the percentage of merchant vessels present in
the groups of stations named below during the last five years.
566 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [84]
TABLE XX VIII.—Merchant vessels present March 16.
Region. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. | 1879. | 1880.
| Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct.| Per ct. | Per ct.
Raftisundet = 4. seta pesst sages eee eee cecewceecesc ces 3 ay eraesrsct | Jobs: cellaee nee
Breslesnes—HOpeM, 9 kee ecmlsce eintetettete=picisloe <isi> =/s)aie « | 54 | 45 | 51 42 | 44
Ce nninesveer 229-6 Lelie ee SS Fh Rimes TEE Goes 20
CONSE TVS) OF ee 2 SA EB oc Shea cena Or REE EE aoe | 10 | 18 | 16 16 21
Brandsholmene—Niutshiord: ssessesneme se ee etee acne nen 2 32 | 7 tan 6 | i 9
Neesland—Wototodd ema sae- ees nam ae lee scleral sec cine Acisieiore 10 | 7 | 4 6 5)
Hastward lof Hennings veer ceacec sae eee ee cisiciins oss cu <c'siee ie! | 57 50 | 51 42 44
Wiest wardiof Eenninos Vere eeepisaeeeeeerioes coe cakes elccesicl| 27 32 26 29 | 36
Number present in} Ostnwshiordseccs seta. ose 6 tees so = i= | 12 | 9 | Le |e se Seca 39
Number present/ini Raftsundetese se. tees + 4-1-0 = 2s lel= = | 15 | Ci paeaeee lesnoaese Weoeeeess
Table X XIX shows the number of vessels that traded during the fish-
ery. The places whose vessels have not traded are omitted from the
table. These are: Farsund, Stavanger, Floré, and Nordmo6re, with a
total of 15 vessels. One column shows how many vessels have traded,
and the individual vessels which have dealt in two or more of the articles
mentioned in the table are reckoned under each of these. Deducting
the three passenger vessels from Helgeland and two from Lofoten and
Vesteraalen, which have engaged in trading, 119 vessels or 20 per cent.
of the 591 merchant vessels carried with them trading goods. Including
the 30 merchant vessels from Loffoden, which were laid up, and which are
omitted this year, the proportion becomes19 per cent. In 1878 the num-
ber was 114, or 15 percent.; last year 148, or 24 per cent. Of the vessels
from Trondhjem 48 per cent. traded, and of those from Helgeland 29 per
cent.
TABLE XXIX.—Number of trading vessels.
= NUMBER WHICH TRADED.
g pee een Ra SPU
| 2 Trading goods.
i) ee ek ae ee eee Z
| A, Fe calies
| ot . | | 3 PA
H eeedle see | | & a x
ome port. HB qd | | 5 | A
| 23) 28 | iene ae ae z
aie | a oval | i a <
iS B a Etat ts) a < e
5 Ls € x 3 A 3 is
A = = te =| & = 8
i is ‘s) Diet| urea So a
a ® BO Nao) tee ae A = =
= By Eels g Spa hos =
eee Ye | eee bec I cet eth ana
TRU POSUMO coe ie ake ors See cee Sea 9 ‘]a| eee
SONGHOGIANG se scene cian nee cere aee ees 20 2
ETA BNA OP are aro) oe) 2 <icis myo: sieyole nepali | 13 il | Sameer
1 BYE EfSX(S5 TY = ere ee tree a ls ee ee ec | 110 Uy fale ee
PIGS Tn Cer eee te mes et aan a a N97 Bl esac
Molde .-..-. 3 ARG SUSE EE AREEES Eerie See Pa. a eaaiatete
MOWISG MOM eee ja <p aicss We mwiqeley Se Sewimeete eee | 1 0 hal Se ese
GTS HST SUING eee Sa ic ete cc ore te eee ee er Ola] Oa mane
ANGI Giths oss opener Ger CORD EEE Aa CeSEOoASsor | 79 38 | 10 |
OrnlandétandsMosen 2.2 (oko. ce ones epee QNeas sa |
SHEN RY ogee oseeve sel se os tie cama oeede aces | 6 Pa ese ee ||
MOG VAN CON Aare O iy asy sth nein ioe See oie seme : 1 i) af
Mrondhjemst]jOrdeny ss. o5-o-- sc ooo See cee t 2 Dal eee
UNS TINNS OS eee ee eee iarol Srarsinnd aids saimctcee 6 O easace
Nam dallenwree ene emcee <9 cisletinkce Son waen ; 19 2 1
Fel Selanne eee eects tes) Bes) tah 20 7
BOGG ere ee eels ee ose riniciels aietehocieie 12u Ullasaeac
PETA rahi 3 a | 69| 8 3
Loftoden and Vesteraalen .-- ‘ aA) 9 2
Senjen and Troms6...--....-- -| 32 | 5 2
TOMBS Oe Soe eee chee etcinteeieciccinccieensie ciece ails | 1 | Al omicree
To bali eee Soe en eee re em | ees 124] 26}
[35] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 56
Table XXX gives the number of “other” outside industries attracted
to Loffoden by the fishing.
TABLE XXX.—Other outside industries represented March 27.
He ts
> :
acs’ é | ie a t=
Trade. 2 | & S A 5 = . z= ;
ay AN AS 1g = A r=] = : arent =
= | ‘6 S eB =| aI a 6 a) S
eat os S 2 s Be ~ a S
nm | M > = | D n P| a a
| |
IMerchantsieeras cece nase aoe | 20 | 49 eee Ozu) e228.) 20 3 3 4] 3 162
Watchmakers).......-.....-.-- Viet eco. li ee: i 2. 9 4 Bilis Al el 'G 37
Gold and silver smiths §......-. Desire ulABate Wap Pouiec cecil cSt cl seared il eves 9
Other mechanics ..............- 5 | 2 19 2) S| 14 1} 1 3 | 9 64
Photographers ................- aay ert 3 | | Se oe Fneees 2 2 17
HONDAS ees eno Peo ee coats TSH PLO seo sees 65t 3 1 | 2 iL 125
Bnlibierse ete te. ane. Pi i el | (ESS MD ae 9: | 22a Pe dace 58
Wholesale buyers ...-........-- 23) 4511) 808) 39) 1110 42) 20 6 18 22 410
Eating-house keepers .......--- 13) EBay -20T | cen = 1 ieee e [jee valeneee ne oy)
MsICIane) Ce A See Sesto ls hemperiate Boece | Os Stes eee: Di cstne-2.s | Pisisteeie der cierem at onsets 9
Panorama exhibitors.........-. paooae Sanaa pepeae Nectects (acres) ee eaees eaeasescsea nesemaees lnreteyesans| Irae | ag
INCTODATR OOF ae = oan <a ss es Leeaeyt kl eater | Uf iesceee| 7 | Di oteye | sooo isn ote eee 15
Without regular work. ........- Pe ea Ud a Mg a er bees (rey iy ai oy Ps 31
OCR orate Sais 'ne oe Seysin twee | 86 95 | 262 | 51 | 250 | 104 | 27 14 38 | 42 969
| | | | |
*Two of whom were women. {Chiefly Hovedtradere, p. 79.
} Fifteen of whom were women. § Most of whom traded also.
Forcomparison with preceding years is appended, in Table X X XI, the
number of “other” outside trades for the last five years. The number
of dealers, including watchmakers, most of whom sell watches, was
diminished by 52. The number of wholesalers was increased by 55, and
of mechanics by 22. The number of photographers increased from 6 in
1876 to 17.
TABLE XXXI.
Other outside industries.
Trade.
1876 1877 1878 1879 1880
BON GNIS fo bde, oe seb hee nN UE A sascha | 113| © 147 169 202 162
WYAtCHMOKOTS./ oe tec emetic ne nes a Saee ecas cet sone awel Dione rcclaweaneee 14 29 37
Goldjand' silver smithe-n 3. 2c) sc cae sciescisse wc caesscce ss 35 53 | 39 § 9 9
Wthemmechanicss <2 she cat se cieeisecs iste ache cebecce cated se cea harris eeety 42 o4
HO COPTAD LOTS sose sei tee caer ae See eee iom Se ceiee vet eae owaeier et 6 12 Lit
ODD OLGUAYE ste aro 2b sina late ic ee Ses Se Oe oe dene oe na cis ies 22 34 66 108 115
DIGLONS oe tix 5 xa rain inc oc cisiine meee ne ease teeta ce scenes 21 37 61 iS) 58
Wiholesalesbuyers:..-22%..05 5.56 s ae see neck eee sece Sescca cate. 29 105 *317 365 410
Matinee Ouse KeGPOLRe ccs sciences you eee ea sae etch aclot Soe 5 8 28 42 32
EST CIN States pt ats 5 3 eratehaweia omnis Male ee ies aie ewes eal|ste ees 12 10 18 9
IHD ITOTS OLA PMNOLAMAS, GEC. ssc. ccceesceweces 8s nest posses] ose eet! [eee clessbacee 6 5
WATHOURTED ULE AVONK... «0a s cance sasevect wae oncwies easen tas |ecos ees |ene esse 18 31 3]
PRO Taller see io whet oe Pie aet cnc Sea eN 3 oa aieiais Sree sas 225 396 728 939 159
‘Herein are included those who belong in Loffoden.
Table XXXII shows the kinds of wares used in trade. <As will be
seen, only one man dealt in general retail goods, and 26 handled dry
goods exclusively. The remainder, for the most part, sold chandler’s
wares and ready-made clothing, in connection, though to a small extent,
with dry goods. All of the watchmakers and, so tar as I know, about
15 of the dry-goods dealers had district licenses. Twelve such new
licenses were issued this year—1 in Skroven, 8 in Vaagen, 1 in Hen-
568 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [36]
ningsveer, and 2 in Balstad; 5 of these were granted to residents. The
number of dealers this year was:
VOSIG ENDS) 922) eases & Se ate ee eat h Ststalis a or aheL ae hao eter ay ates ge) SOS
TET Ohoal 00 15) aaa ORE DR Ged ae HIE Sten as Re ETS NS VE MM 2p 162
RR OTNVESSOIS) © oc: 5.52 ok Aone anes etar es a wins! a, So ope Set ees Sete te oes en 124
AW CO) TOO <8) Gs eR a All Oe Lisi e etn toe La Me
COldsmiths si. 2 eee eer BNR Cre arcs! sce, atthe Sea Menem th er er cS
ED Otalyae ot RAGED bs Se 9 Ae RN de ee a EM ea ot bn 383
or 1 for every 80 men who were present during the fishery.
TaBLE XXXII.— Number of incoming tradesmen. *
Kind of trade.
Sorvaagen.
Skroven.
| Henningsver.
| Stamsund.
Total.
|
wee 2 anes By | =|
General retail goods ......-------
Chandler's wares.-.----------- Seae
Dry goods...-.. -.---------------
Ready -made clothing...-. --.---- Biel
Chandler's wares and clothing. -
Dry goods and clothing- --.---..-- |
Groceries and clothing ..-.------
APONWALO sss seins ndes ine sete oe
IMR ebesacdoceoapcouusbcehoo
Watches and clocks ...-.-.-...---
YING, Gon obedos ade aonb ane eooRsS
WOODEN WALG. 12 ie acne Lome <2
Tetalone ete etn te 2} 19) 62) 2 2%) 2%) 3) 3)|, latte osilnes
"Table XXXII states saute jumnber of persons who were entitled to
sell spirituous liquors. The number is about the same as last year,
that is, one for every 460 men present during the fishery.
TABLE XXXIITI.
|
|
|
|
{
|
|
i
he 7 | | i
| = | eee
| a | z | 3
pes i ° | | . { |
License. 2 8 5 Sid i an 3 op ;
5 ae of 2 A | * oo] co a col
aes =) S a Aa | o | 2 =| > 3
AS Ps & S 2 Sle aiee s liMareu alee pail y=}
zee (octal Wc kes Wen c= eet = tS (ocr
| = | ——— — - =3 | — t= —} —
Whisky: | | | |
W bolesale and retail .....---.) Paylece ae TA eee | Steet | 1 | 5 ee EAN Is Se 5
Retail tes bo te Soe Wael sae I eae AN ses ero ee btectie seein) Mowe oe eee feo
Wiholesalels a-h eves). ice ece ee Nes ene TE ae Rn Ree ee 1 a Beare eacelact oa: (oot pata
BOPAIaeE Sic lcs... ss naedeealn eels mee 1a a eae ee aaa 2| 12
Wine: | | | | i
Wholesale and retail .......-
RELAT eee se aeaies ose «lee
UAT OL ON letersi cisieteie si ataicia rere | ereeisiee
Motalerecacaeccsicsccr et ates
eer:
Wholesale and retail.........
1a bl oe aA ben See ee HES ore! mesic
Wiholesales seers 2 = Steminteroe GN
To Cells see eine salem oinimin =n 1
Total number of dealers, 188). --.
Total number of dealers, 1879. -.
[37] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 569
Table XXXIV gives the number of days, Sundays and holidays in-
eluded, from January 16 to April 14, wherein the weather, either wholly
or in part, prevented the fishermen from setting or hauling their imple-
ments. Altogether, in Kast Lotfoden during 43 per cent., and in West
Loffoden during 48 per cent. of the fishing season the weather was such
as to interfere with the business. This year, also, most of the unfavor-
able days occurred in periods, for instance, from January 20 to February
5, from March 4 to 14, and from March 30 to April 4.
TABLE XXXIV.
| Detained by weather between January 16 and
April 14.
eae
Month. | East Loffoden. | — West Loffoden.
| |
i = SS ee
Whole day.| Part of day.
| Whole day.| Partof day.
BAMNURTEV Gs erie ce sie eac ates coco ees pecs ee me 8 2 10) 2 eceseee
IBEDLUAT Yio -/ioctene eS encls as aie cie'sd] oo sic into s isis eerie we | 5 7 9 | 5
IMEADCHeoal sans eats. whe cis. so efsiele nciakcsaie sascha Mectls oe | 5 Te 6 7
PAT ana aceite sa setae eels 26S ecmee cep oc eetseeee | 3 2} 3 3
Moelle het arco chee oe 8 Ee: | 21 18 | 28 15
Table XX XV gives the number of days of detention in port, because
of bad weather, in the different inspection districts:
TaBLE XXXV.—Days of detention in port on account of weather from January 16 to
April 14.
January. | February. , March. | April. | Total.
[ome = = mee eae. Te
| . . .
Inspection district. & x oe ee ie 2 a = ae
=) > ro) re) ro) re] fo) a3 ° >
| E = z = a 7 a =
= Ee = a es } x 3s
SEOs) | Yo ee ae mee 5 | 7 5 Wshacae 5 19 20
Svolveer ...- 4 | 6 2 9 | 2 3 14 22
Vaagene .... 5 | 7 5 (ie 3 2; 20 19
HO POM see ca aes - vsocins amie na cis 5 | (|| 6 6 3 2| 23 16
Henningsvier ere 4 | 8 6 8 | 2 | 3:1 2220 21
Stamsund ic. ..2. 2s... s00-c- 6 7 7 vi 2 3/ 25 17
Lys 2 8 4 5| 9! 8] — 81° 36 16
Balstad - ne 11 6 7 8 | 4 | 21 32 16
Tenndeeessn. 10 5 CH St Ss et) 13
Sorvaagen 9 } 5 4 8 4 2) 26 16
The report for 1878 and for 1879 contains a similar table, and I ven-
ture to repeat this year also what I have previously mentioned with
reference to this subject, since certain persons still seek to maintain the
opinion that the fishermen should be prohibited from going to sea unless
the weather allows all of them to use their implements. The essential
hindrances to the enforcing of such a general provision in practice are,
first, that ‘‘ sea-weather” may be differently construed by different per-
sons, and, second, that fishermen not only from different stations but
also from different inspection districts, where there may be permanent
570 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [38]
differences in the stations, often have their implements placed in the
same waters. It will frequently happen, therefore, that while one fish-
erman, who lives in a certain place, is legally entitled to haul his gear,
another one who has his gear in the same waters may be forbidden to
do so, because he lives at a different station. It is especially during
the so-called partial sea- weather that so many different conditions, such
as size of boat and crew, ability of the men, and their acquaintance with
the water, distance of the gear from shore, situation of the place, cur-
rents, direction of the wind, condition of the fishery, &e., are to be con-
sidered in deciding to what extent the implements can be used, that
the question can be settled only by the boatmen themselves.
Table XX X VI shows the average number of entire and partial storm-
bound days since 1875. This year the weather has been nearly like
the average of the last five years, and somewhat better than the aver-
age of the last four. On the other hand, the rough weather which
occurred at the close of January and the beginning of February, during
certain days, was unusually severe. The water, especially, was very
high.
TABLE XXXVI.
Average number of storm-bound days, partial and entire, from Janwary
16 to April 14.
i
|
|
|
:
oles |
Bb 5 |
Year 5 5 et) Ue
Weve é 5 Bia Obes
| a | 2 i a Sc
| Le) | i = q
|
1S tis Rane Soe OBO COE CBU SCOLAE eC ONC ODG ORE OOODEDOCM EEOC RRC arr 4.5 8 7.5 3 23
TUE 7G) ocala URS CRE RAMOS meee cine Ninna Senor ase sce ace 66) iinb 8 9°} 88
ES a aie eee ere ores mtelcere eine winlalateym <\alotete (arate Han evel eer esextey ate eye eile (edeete ta ne | 16.5 12.5 6.5 tae
PGUSH WU ARions Sos Gece cetod yews a ee an wee eae cers Sido. 11376 Bin) head
TOA) Ap ob Oe Oa BOG oO OR GONE EOAR Sac oso pb se Sa5 Sapododeorinn | 7 14.5 17 625: j 45
TE) cox Soceb as ber seo spBdacdocs SapeoS aoe at Hocce ins sebeaseoseee | 10 13 12.5 855) an
Acverare NUMVOL =... 22ecces-< de pif ate tetencte cis eraidelt ere | TeSalie aloes 11.3 | 5.6 | 38.4
PASVELa OND Oly COM ice a elen ete = sisi ot stelseiseeeieteteee t= nicleteceinie |r So 46.5 38. 1 40 43. L
Altogether 15 boats and one vessel were lost, in which six nen perished
while 71 were saved. The cause of the loss of the vessel at Henning-
sveer was dead calm combined with swell and current. The vessel was
crushed, but the crew, consisting of five men, was saved. By other
accidents three men were lost—one in Kabelvaag by a chance shot, one
in Stamsund while trying in a state of intoxication to cross a foot-bridge,
and one in Balstad through the sinking of his overloaded boat. Of
those who perished by shipwreck at se., five lived in Stamsund, ane
one in Moskenes. The fishing season just closed has been the most
fortunate since 1860 with regard to loss of human life at sea. The num-
ber of shipwrecks, on the other hand, was nearly as large as in 1876 and
1878, when 43 and 10 men were lost, respectively, and at the same time
considerably larger than in 1875, when 17 men were lost. Table
XXXVI states the time, place, cause, &c. (of loss), since 1875. This
is based upon a form employed by pastor Eilert Sundt, in his time, and
[39] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 571
according to which the explanations of shipwrecks occurring of late
years are recorded. In these six years 95 persons were lost by ship-
wreck, 21 by other accidents, and 282 were rescued; so that 75 per
cent. of the shipwrecked were saved.
TABLE XXXVII
Month. | Place.
————— | ————
| | FE | :
| |® lo! | a |
Year. | |. ls] a iS | sa :
rele eslgielslale| | 8) 31 3| | |e
| ela [ellie 212/212) el [ls
: (S/6/ 4 islzisia/Bie| 2 glailoa) | s elslsls
als a SiZislsle/8| #1 2/8) 4 los eisislé
. $ als] 8 (BSSISSiSlg S|) 8 | s is 4 elasle
[ERR A SPaa Saar Ri a be aalee
= = a | = -|—|—|— | i= cari el trial
SS Ag ee eS PE i a ghee call ahs Bios | lla
NOTOW ee sors ee ) 6) 2) 3). BAb fesfe.t 0.) 1) '3 a} a) af al...) al aaa
1ST eae ee Sa ey Tse) 1 aa 2 | | vee. || 9 Bloat 73\ C2] Sa ae
TES) oe eh VEE) is ee ae (eerie ee
TYE) See a eS aa ee EE eee 22] 5) 4) 5 2) 6.) 1) 1'.., 2) 38) 2} 8} 8B 1
LOG ae ga Re Oe aaa Ee, TSS LOT hes le| fA Olt Ml Bh 8) | Bles| cfs aateiad
Rota achcrcleinesno st eeecsee ee 83) 22/2. (62. eal foe 3,13 6 uy 12] 15] 11\ 1 uy 2 44/3
| | | | | tall
———s — OS Rae
| 5 |
| ° Spans Number
| Occasion. Accountability. | momecisad | Lost.
is (ae eae Re a ee ee es eee et
| mn | |
tk | 25 S
| A | | =| |S
laclg | id 3 =
Year. |@ a i |S o
Revi Salta lire i) 2 hee A a
i2#/213|3 | 2/8 3 | |
} » aa 5 om Ei | | |
etl | el VS ee aie ie seals
(EI* la) ¢ oS) 6 lela | oS oie
| Ss als A rp | A a fo) —) So |e
AISC}/SO Bid ||P} a |AajA) a le
TS ate ET A Ng VE 9 een eo OE oe | e1{/471|....1, 17} 93
Dita ee ecce, Pane Re eee ae te, 73 ee a] Pe ee ee |..--| 40/48] 4] 47 | 201
TS ca AR es SR Re ae | Danes ese oer haga ie 9| 42
ASUSte case ac ew see secs dase Sawa ,o sacle soiewecsle see fa aa) et Bee 6 8 | 58 | 10] 3 130157
BRU O Beek tei 25? sce. s esa A LS hat oo bait} 4.) 4 9h 11) 2) 75) 14) 7) Silome
[ETT SOR Gee eed OLE i ne 11| 4 1 6| 8! 66! 6| 3 9) 29
Rotel se fot on eeee See Soe ae 64117/ 2) 20| 25110] 282] 95|21| 116 BES
Table XXX VIIT shows the mode in which the shipwreck took place,
the cause so far as this has been ascertained, and the size of the boat.
Of the 51 shipwrecks which have occurred in the last three years, 21,
or 41 per cent., were caused by wind storms; 15 or 30 per cent., by heavy
sea, and 9, or 18 per cent., by collision. Nearly the half (25) might have
been avoided. Sixteen of these, or 64 per cent., were due to carelessness ;
7, ov 28 per cent., to rashness. Shipwreck occurred most frequently
among line-boats, between four and five out of every 1,000 boats, which
is a natural result of the business. Among net and deep-sea boats,
there are two or three shipwrecks to every 1,000 boats.
Ee
=
= fate are
wmj0 | :: ‘ | I
ees ‘gouv10usy | — ables |
wo 3s | : Peel eS aegt
— aa | sis : ; . u i all
oe ool apes eta el eT | v3 Hee
I e pureed Seal ee eet | f
jan] z “ys we : Faull |-—— “STAB — lee ete is 5 ;
ey VIE a | x Pre aa oN ® :
we & | a 4, VST | —| ‘ | = 7 i : 8 es ae aliens ‘ 4 = | os Be g sulogyey ue, ‘ : Onin
re | “SsOTISU tt | 2) eee { ieee est = fe td Bendcieete a
Q | aa qsvy | es ;——|| : a ; | | | He g ‘ aici | of
z, | “SsoUl i= Ves 2 | ° SUMMON ear Ae ie = eelOUT eset OAC Saar
: 880 » | o |— LOL], os | mo iS = Tiferleaees ease satiny
las | jerug,| 2 eselneecee: Seni ace cs = bere eeee oe.
= | ——S \3 a || # “SUTU Sao a | Ss es 1 O thet Hert |r
ee) ie | ‘VIO, ‘ = eee rumaepraly-§ = eel = == 90 a eee :
ea - | ict t| =e (sis ——— OF | | Salem ° = ee gprs I TONS a= :
ra © jee. eae ; 5 ae ise | “ByBOC parvo ar Saul z ave 3 | i encase ies =
me 8S » sapomm oy i|=la Baym g/ eae fail oe 2 | ld wl fees uedetc |i
2 SA SS : | Tur | i) 5 wn 7
ic S eee SBNoneeO ae TUONO} UA -F | Faas S G a eS spd et al Sera ae per eg
eo | | a ia [als | | zl | =F) we a | Be Se Satan ieee
: : + | ae l ; = :
[amd 4 . Bae Tis yung aie Neen [|— | vod po1T0- Seren 7 ~_ a fae} g a ‘um Tas | | ‘ | | i
fx ‘en So | f <a 4 i | OT | r |lo > D E WIXVT | 00.19 oF : 1
a Z punoise Seas | 6 —] 3 : ois DHE OD OOH aL
a S a oyun |: wae | Reel a — a ised trios Jl os ‘
A | eee mila = = = 8 Eee
= . eae eee | eee ee a a Fa ‘OID FBI (te cae aes
ns eae _|| oe ae eet ea EI S| -me} 48 else ae ef
wa * ‘ores ey E (= 2 | nae Ore sea a E oer Saseeoe ne
| fe = : ¥% UL SUIIVy ere es) | ‘ sas : * an eo 5 { | eel Aten =
ete » = —|| at geen ise = i 4
ee va eon si la ls | ona — ated RPS |
Se 8 agysdvo 40 pa | fete tac i Clee aman
S) i= MO NVEM ORS Colle ts | a: || reer ee ' es) RQ liemat rdiscdnin rH S | od
ae Es arya a ct = . | jalet esis: |
ica I 10%, | sae | Tes tase os ; q | ee
io) =. [3 M bee inie D _ .
| : Rosette Sa ema Ano ee
ei ei evel Cah ae: =o
o oa el beatae g @
S) ee ee | a eet 2 5
oy | et sraspat 4 ae ae : |2 2
<3) : [emits pean ac re Bic Svan ' 1/8 &£ :
ms cI eta ee : peck: SaaS |
be ns all pats os : |e om mp
vo Tee aly fae : >) Nn & :
tals i . yA a . . | * 4 x
N te G : igi ’ : a :
t~ 8 fz | asec : 5 r= © | ‘
= on ag fetta Aer bd “4 ;
Wane Lae ean anaes 4 M ‘
| gag 2 sich! | 4 x
| 209 ee ote 3 «' |
rit w wks es, el o , %
iets | ec} RQ a
Oo g =) | 4
See : ie =| ©
rasppeefices} = et °
Ay o | &
(Saal z
L o
>
4
[41]
THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN
1880. 573
For comparison with the preceding years is here given the mean tem-
perature at midday for each half month since 1877.
TABLE XL.
Air temperature at noon.
Time. | :
| 1877. | 1878. 1879 1880.
Pamuaryel 0 t0/8) et sceseae fo cc catered atenaa senses ence team 2-8 - = =2 lie 25 08 08 eee
MEURUBE Veto ay. see eos ceec ce eetci tea ceiieniciasicietnion site se ca a.cisan. 3 ;—- 06 09 — 5.0) 14
Me biwaryel oto) CNG tee sean tee seen acimeeeaa ase ceice cece sence - | — 1 es Wel ty ee 004") 178s
Mier Ghulstonl oo sce cls cise <= csinicieiseeet omelemeiscaiemieisiscieticsmtnia mie a 0.6 | —0.3 0.9 | 0.1
TOUCH EL GiOlo lave sates ise <Samien ees oie tet ema ciee tis = aia tec cminine 0.9 2.2 2.5 | 3.3
PATIL ULO M4) ceseice mee cis ar caine cnisie cleinie sein sie/s\slsteleia/mtecele nisin = anys Fa < 2.1 4.8 3.8 2.7
Micon GeMpPCratUre-< <<a 4e'< cise ss caesiole ais ni sla wie\o.cyaein ashes oie 'e(oin'= | 0.6 12 0.5 1.3
Meanlowitemperatmres-% «2 oo asec otis seem iasels Selec) telaicia3,-(e /—3.9 —3.0 —4.0| —2.8
IMaximuamie qlee 235 otc ticss 2 ciencies Sse sence Seine aclsine ae Se ts aise }—ll.1, —9.4 —11.7 | 9
Thus the mean temperature has been nearly the same as in 1878,
whereas it has been one-half degree higher than in 1877, and nearly one
degree higher than last year. The greatest cold, as in 1877, occurred
in the latter half of February. While the severest cold in 1878 and
1879 was in the first half of this month, the temperature during the
corresponding period this year was 2.0 degrees higher than in 1877;
2.3 degrees higher than in 1878; and 6.4 degrees higher than in 1879.
Comparing the air temperature with the fishing we find that the best
catch was in the month of February: In 1877, during the third and
fourth weeks* (the coldest); in 1878, during the second and fourth
weeks (the coldest); in 1879, during the first and fourth weeks (the
coldest and the warmest, especially the latter); in 1880, during the
third and fourth weeks (the coldest).
Thus in these four years the best fishing in February has
the last eight days of the month, which probably is simply
sult of the time. The best fishing has occurred during the greatest
cold. The air temperature, either at the time of the best fishing or
during the days immediately preceding, appears, however, to have had
no influence on the result of the fishery.
As a continuation of, and a necessary addition to, the observations of
water temperature secured by the inspector during the winter of 1879,
the telegraph inspector in Tromso district, J. B. Lie, continued these at
Lédingen, at depths of 30 and 100 fathoms, from May to December,
both inclusive ; 36 series of observations were taken at depths of 30, 36,
and 100 fathoms. These are here given entire, since they are unique
and of general interest. The inspector has kindly promised to have
these observations continued this year at Lédingen and Sdrvaagen.
occurred in
a plain re-
*Not a calendar week, but a space of 7 days.
REPORF OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [42]
574
TABLE XLI.—Observations made by direction of J. B. Lie, telegraph inspector in Tromaé }
District.
Wind. Water temperature.
| 30 fathoms. 100 fathoms. 1
|
g | Tes cil oa l Ai , . | Remarks.
Sr i ise Won east ese Bie a|@al/alel|a]a|¢
Benin: eg) |Slele]./8/eleleialars
lS) Su alekereieialsielalsiela ia ie
aS} ° WeOmonineeeSS eas sn|eSSilt cs ull on ls Sermon le teorn ead lloncs
2) 4 ere al cete ee Mee cea | SER |S ces | ce Hees a cee Hee [ince
3 - =i o | 3 | | | | J
Ald) A |A Fa Slal8 ala /R|8|S)8 le] A
{ liz = | — Mal =| | | | ae - —
Maye 1! 2.71 SW. #10 '3.2 [3.3 Furs i bee ta) Be ed Poe
3) 54 8 sls ee aa |.---|-.--|8.3 13.0 '3.5 /4.8 [5.3 (6.0 [6.4 6.5 | Southerly
| er | | | current.
5) 1.2) Sw. | #10 3.2 {8.2 |3.4 (3.6 |-...1.... |e lees lecets | act eaOmE
tal Bitar --[ 1 |....]....]....|..../8.0 [2.9 /8.0 3.1 13.8 [4.9 [6.0 16.4
LON Tale esa melnee PR 185 (8.0.80 184 | oo kel a Ns
TO ed ese cone eee ce Le. |2 2018) 5) S10 S.01ld.4 ld, Th 586 BrGre
14, 1.9 W. $10 [3.3/3.0 8.0 3.4 |....|...-|....).--. co ere Se eats
Average .|...|) 3.51........|:-2- |...!3.3 |8.173.223.6 [3,27 2.973.173. 77/4. 40,5. 57/6. 23.6. 43 \
ie 4.7, NE. | 2/1|. |....| . |....18.7 3.6 8.1 (81 140 (5.5 62 164
LOGS is ACS Re. hy /110) (5: 29/4618. 9 8.74 2 | Me ees) ae
21 ia SW. 5) 8 Lee Mees ee 4.8 4.1 3.8/3.7 4.9 |5.9 6.4 6.5
931 9.8) NE. | 2'| 016.1 |5.1 [4.9 14.8 | -.. ale if Mes Es ae.
25| 8.0 WSW.| 3|8| ...|----| |... [R21 4.8 4.0 [4.5 [5.7 (6.0 16.3 16.4
| ae | ae 01707 16:0)|5, 21/424 4b Gi) yea ie mbes . | -: |es. |.2.-] Northerly
| Headley | current.
29 88 NE. | 3 10|....|....]..-.)....162 5.7 4.4 4.8 |5.3 [5.5 |6.0 [6.4 | Stormon 3ist
Average -|...| 7.6 ....-- |. ---[++ [5 77/4. 97.4. 40 4. 2044. 95 4. 55 3. 82 4. 02 4. 97,5. 72'6. 25.6. 42,
Tunes. 22 (as) tLe 2) Oule oO Te | op. el cea ie
5 14. 6 NNE. (ace eral alee ies |....|66 5.5 |5.0 5.5 [5.8 |6.0 |6.2 |6.4
PONBP AS Nance aoe AOA rat dy Sg be Peele as a ;
Cie ll rhe r ners 10 ....| ..-| . 165 5.8 5.0 5.0 (5.2 |5.6 16.0 (6.2 |
pO iy ae eee 3 |...|5.5 [5.4 |5.2 (5.1! ...)... avis eal tale eke Al Se
141 3.1) NW. | 2|...].-..]...-| j----/60 6.0 [5.3 [5.0 [5.0 [5.3 [5.8 (6.2 | Fogandrain.
16) 0-6). NEMS |) oc) e8al6a8) 1653) 15.'8) 15.5" |= 2) = ccen| ese ves>|s-2 21-6 2+] SDOWSQURLLSS
EI BESS Se ge 3/10 | ...|.-..!.-.- |..../6.4 6.4 5.8 [5.0 [5 2 [5.8 (6.0 6.2 |
241 10.0!.....-.. Bee|kS [6e6 1604 [Ge8 15 Gil. solace: eer ee soealee Meee
26.:19..0) 2.06.2.) OP lece2|. |o.--}.. 519, 0 57. 216.0 15.4.5. 6 16.0 |6. 4.16.5) |
30| 13.5 SW. | 2] 3 (8.2 |67 15.9 5.7 |....|.-.. Ve rrehaeea call eesel ig cee mes
a |
Average .|...| oko 6.0 5.4 5.5 ke 6.2 5.4 5.2 5.4/5.7 61 63
ees) [ei
TABLE XLII.
| | : |
| Wind. | Temperature of water.
| | i Pag ee 2
| |
| | 30fathoms. | 100 fathoms.
maga ace aif ee Oe eee - Remarks.
: DY ales cae| |} |[@alal|e|/ ao} alo
Fassel 8/6/88 aol gee ae ease ;
Flee ie sae Sa sd pede iced esteem alte temps ee) ren 8 '
Shel oe (Ela la he S121 8 8 ea) aes
cl “= (=) | s | o |
Ala | A |H|Flajslialalalsiaia\sisje\a
July .....| 2 oe pie he bc les 9.8 8.2 6.0 5.8 6.0, 6.2 6.4) 6.5
| 19. ..| 0 | O |13.0/10.5} 7.0 6.0).... eee UIA gl aebects (che se ee
| 9 14.6 NNE | a en Bee oe ee 12.011.8 8.0) 5:9)....|.-. aie
‘a € ‘ uty Al
iulada Sows | 2(elssltolse geo bl ey ede de
TB MORO UNG: 12-100]. | tee ae 9.8 9.2] 7.3) 5.9] 5.7|.--.|.2..] 6.6]
18,176, NE. -|. 2°) 1'120.0) 9.2! 6.4! 60-20. [LL 2 ase eas pea ae we
PP) fe) ee WO) Bios. Loh Ses O1nOn sh ul Sal ong lee nGae| woe
DADS EG SoM Hees) Oi) 10) 10.9) SPAIN.) GO) ss cet Levi oe eel se [eee lta |
26 15.8 S. Talieil cece los as Re PRE eS it ee ees SESE Whe Oe
28 23.1........| 0/0126 9.4 7.0 6.0). |... |....).... ie: a ieee 6
MO) Dariiiee ese se CH (PR ieee 14.010.5.... 6.0 6.0) 6.2) 6.4 6.6
Average .|... ..... eee leet ees Been eee eee 11.4 9.5 6.9 5.8) 5.8) 61/63 65
[43] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. By (o)
TABLE XLII—Continued.
| Wind | Temperature of water.
|
| neat Pata
| | 30 fathoms. | 100 fathoms. |
| | |
| (ets clara : 7 [7 ) | Remarks.
3 td | 2) mw | Bian] ao| a! a] ow
dq | Perl et= LL = (a4 span Pre = P= r= oO = R= bl =
a Ota HIS lio 4 ono Ho CS or ase eel ee
; S ig l2lSiSie8isislisiaiaiaial si
Aid| A |HIF/A2 /S2/R|Ala/S8ia 18/3/38) / A |
Angust..| 1) 26.7 - ....| 0 | 4/14. 5)10.0) 6.9) 6.5'..../... Leal
1D Oty NE Bee Baa age 14.5 12.5] 8.0 6.0| 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.5
13) 1854455... - 1 | 0 (14.0)... 7.3. 6.3 See eaireee| ative eo
15} 19:3! .30.02:. Ould) |Reaiee cleee| 14.8 9.5 7.7, 6.1 623|Es
17) D987 wees 0 | 0 /13.210.5| 7.8 6.2 a te | |
19) 16.8 NE. | 2) 2 | a |. . 18.5110.0, 7.2; 6.3 6.1 6.2
| 231 14.4 WSW.| 1 |10 |12.010.0) 7.2. 6 pea es a (ee ae
(O6l 13. Ope mites: Sal cTilleontlaee. | | 9.3 92 .35........ 6.0 6.4
28/714.0: NE. | 1} 2 (10/810-9)9:5 7.1)... |..-. (ee) ie ales
30/12 0; NNE.| 4/9 |....|.... Eeeeleaset beh hep ‘93 (ae a 6.1 6.5
Average .|...|.....|.....-- de Ge (OE | ee a ee 12.610.5 8.2, 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.5
Sept ..... ~43/12.0 NE. 2 (or AN3 ORGAN oleecaler, inal minnie
4, 84 NE. iy Perel (RES es aL) Bio. 210.0 7.6 6.2 6.0 6.2 6.4) Rain.
6 10.2 WSW. 54 | § LONS 1028108 OG! Boe let lee -eloeelec ales hectite tse
Sietied, NG feo at saAaeeoe .« |L0. 9 20. 9.10. 8, 9.2, 7.5 6.7 G0 ie
10) 10.6 SW. | -4 [10 10.7,10.7/10.810.0) .. |....{. Pee bes eain:
OE }) Ss bain wp OFS fd Ta ee as eae 10. 410. 4 10. “510. 618, 810.2 89 62
25) 10.2 SW. |. 4 |10, 10.3 10. 3:10.410.5|....)....].-2.10.. Areal feepeeee
SOME Seen Toes ae yeAl ces. ce os (eee 10.9 10. 8.10.7 7 10.810. 610.6 9.9 6.2
Berne ented Cor sccm e~ [oe ae oaes| soo? [----/-++ |10.810.610.5 9.5 88 84 cl 6.3)
October..} 2/ 12.2. NE. | 1| 0 10.810.911.010.8..... |..-.\---. Se a hee |
4) 13.4 SE 1/5 | x4! 10.0 10.010.610.7 10.610.6 9.2 6.2
6 88 S. | 1/10 9.710.0/10.010.6 NER fas chiles
OE ia By ial OF Aehash ico ess eee 8.6 8.9" 8.0 9.0 9.7 9.8 6.9 63
25| 0.6 NE. AFCO BR TIP SB ORO CaO) elec e al talons ates tones lpecetenel eee
291 4.0 S. | 5 10|80/85| 86 85)....|.... Fe peel secs eg eles |oeee|- oo Ea
eee 2 eS ee ee) See ee a ee ee ee, ee en a
Average tee Beare ar ar |. .. | 9.3) 9.4! 9.8 9,810.110.2) 80 6.2
Nov Pee Shee et Noe eds 800 R00) Bo SAO eee | a iellere |acec lous
Chal Olssee see. 2 L0qen | ... |.--.| 80 80 82 82 82 84 7.0 63
| 8 —0.9| NNE. | 6 | 8.0| 7.8) 80 7.8 nee) eee aes ee .|
Oh 040l ete. 5 feveifee-s|oe-.) | %8) 7.5) 7.7) 7.8 8.0 7.0) 7.0 6.4)
| 121 4.0} NW. | 2] 8| 6.8 7.0) 7.4°7.3]... OA Ve Ci ital Bee
26, 2.9| W. ONO: |e: ae | 5.5 6.7) 6.8) 7.0| 7.1 72°73 65
28) 4.0 ESE. | 7 | 5.4) 5.8) 6.0 6.3)....) .. | weeefece [esee[eee:
Average.)...|.....|.... eel al a et ee ae | 3.9 7.1) 7.6 7.7) 7.8 7.5).7o) (6.4
eee sce! 3-51] ESE. | 17 lh l. (| 6.0 6.0 6.2 63 7.0/7.0 66 63
| 10,—3.4).... ..] 0 | 8 | 5.0] 5.2/5.2 5.4 sath waco hi 2 bill sexe See eee ee
(SES B04 INWese |), Soles es | es 4.0 4.8 5.1/5.5 5.7) 5.8 6.5 6.3
January -| 5—0.1' SW. a TY | CO, Ue ree | 3.8 3.8 4.0 44 4.9] 5 3 6.4 6.4,
i { | ] | | | | | {
Notre. —The observations at 30 fathoms were , made a cable’s length from Lédinger wn ight, those at 400
fathoms in the middle of the fjord. All the observations were taken in the afternoon.
Table XLIIL shows the mean temperature of the water for each half
month, also the mean temperature of the air at 2 o’clock p. m., which
last was kindly communicated by Dean B. Kokk from daily observa-
tions made by him in Lédingen. <All the temperatures are given in
degrees of Celsius.’ From the observations it will be seen: First, that
the summer heat has had little influence on the water temperature at
depths greater than 40 fathoms and none at all at depths of more than
50 fathoms, at which depth the water has been uniformly 6 degrees if we
except the slight deviations occasionally produced by the sinking of the
surface water cooled during winter, bearing in mind, also, that three
576 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [44]
months, from the close of April to the end of July, elapse before the water
recovers from the effects of the winter temperature. At the bottom, in
100 fathoms, the temperature has been constantly about 6.4. It is fur-
ther evident from this table that the water has not begun to grow cool
before October, and also that the cooling has not occurred gradually,
but has been rather uniform throughout until the middle of December,
also that a somewhat shorter time is required to effect the normal win-
ter condition—the coldest water at the surface and a gradually increasing
temperature towards the bottom—than is required in summer to produce
the opposite condition—the warmest water at the surface and a decreas-
ing temperature downward. After the middle of December the decrease
of temperature has been slower. The water has been warmest from the
middle of September to the beginning of October; the temperature dur-
ing this time has been uniformly between 10 and 11 degrees from the
surface down to a depth of 70 fathoms. The fact that the temperature
of the stratum of water lying between 50 and 70 fathoms increased so
considerably in the space of three weeks cam only, so far as the upper-
most portion is concerned, be ascribed to the direct influence of the
warm water lying above it, if we admit that its greater saltness makes
it a better conductor of heat; but may certainly be explained more read-
ily by an afflux of warm water, probably from the shallow places in
Ofotfjord.
TaBLE XLIII.
taal
"a MY¥AN TEMPERATURE OF WATER.
S| '
D2
= 30 fathoms. 100 fathoms.
ears eee ee
on £ a & : : ; ae
=P annie r= ee ees] a a ae ee
+ s = iS | 2 = S 2 > Sl oli ites
J re) = = > om = = = = | =
; & & a) oe +2 sy z S = \ s ' ia a
& & an el 2 5 Ge oo oS cr eS ) ~
ata hn oP ect eerieh Oa A eat Nin REED aRoge |
joe a i = } ’
May: } | | }
First half ....... 27) 83) B25) "B20 3.6) B81 BLO} Be 8.8) 4a ee cE ninGn> wees
Second half......- 8.5) 5&8) 5.0! 4.4 $35) 53001. 456 a. 8 1 4.0 DLOll) (Osea ie
June: | | |
Firsthalf’....-.-.! 9.3 | 65] 5/61 °5.0 1 5.2) 64) S18! S09 5.2)1 5.3 15.6. 11640) us
Second half....... Pe ANIC SL lpm HH al WC Ml Drea COG at Vl een 5.4.) “5,8 46,2) |e
Jualy | | | \ |
First half ........ 15.4 | 10.7/ 92) 68) 59/102) 9.8167) 5.8) °59)°62 163165
Second half....... ps al arb Bp) (ete [eceeanl GSO! | os aU CONG raai er Gal eye iis Hace ees 16.6
August: | | | j
Mirsthalf 22: sc... | 19.4 | 14.2 | LOK) Tok 642) V4 TO BGO) |) GON) 6A0N Gs 251 Gap)
Second half ...... (1550 j120 Os 2802) 1 6.6 AS TO Ba ONG hoes 6.0; 6.1565
September: ....... | \ H |
First half ......] 11.6) 10.9108] 10.0) 85 )10.7/)105 104: 84) 68! 6.3161) 65
Second half. ...... 11.2 | 10.3/ 10.3) 10.4 / 10.5 | 10.6 10.6 10.6 10.7) 107/104) 9.4! 62
October : | | | |
First half ........ 6.8 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 10.5 10.7 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.6) 10.7 10.6 | 10.6! 92) 6.2
Second half... -- -- | 16823) 8.651 08585) 8h SiG hOB On Ox On itgH ON SiG 9.8 | 6.9} 63
November : | | | | | | |
First half ......../—1.5 | 7.6 7.6 | MeO We Tle To Bri Ted Hae Bol, 850) \eBe a Nera ea nenON AOR
Second half ..---. 006.1 )5.4.) 6.80) 2600 |G. 8ilh 55 1 6:7 Gl8e) 73010 7 eee ee
December: | | | | |
First half ...... j—2.4; 50!) 52] 52] 54/ 60/ 60] 62) 63) 70) 7.0)66/638
Second half. ..---- Ne He er ee (eel omy 4.0) | 480) 5a) 15.5 | 5.7) 6.8/6.5) 6.3
January : | H
First half ......-.. (UAE: ed Scams In armen ON ee | 38) 38) 40) 44] 49) 53/64/64
| } | t
|
|
ae
[45] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 5717
The temperature of the water has been taken daily at the surface
and at depths of 5 and 10 fathoms. The results are set forth in Table
XXXIX. The lowest temperature at the bottom and surface was 0.5
(in the beginning of March). The difference between the lowest weekly
mean temperature at.10 fathoms last year and this year was only 0.2
at the surface and nothing at the bottom. The highest temperatures
were 3.0 and 4.0 (beginning of February). Regular observations at
greater depths, 30 and 80 fathoms, were not taken, for want of time.
In all 38 series of observations were taken in 30 fathoms, and 40 at
greater depths, against 63 and 58 last year. The same instruments were
used in taking the observations as last year, namely, 2 Negretti and
Zambra thermometers, which were kindly lent to the inspection party
by the Meteorological Institute. The same instruments were used by
Inspector Lie also. As the division into degrees is not very fine, an
error in reading of 4 degree is, of course, not rare. There appear, how-
ever, to be no more serious errors of observation. The observations
were made first at the surface and gradually downwards towards the
bottom.
TABLE XLIV.
| | Temperature of water at various depths from
| the surface to the bottom.
|
Se Cee rT eee poeta | ae a
Date. _——~Place. aN | ia, ae | hee ol eos See Sondition of Ty.
te. | es e|E gals B22 8/5 Condition of the fishery
(Soles eI Monton oriole: Salen lise: |lvo. |
2s a\/3\/8\/2/2 relma lec teeta lect
| & 2 | + pty eltie el iatte-eal eect ate leet (aed
re SSS PSPSPS (Sl SiS |
eee Se Nal neal ves olwlol|lele
} Mi/a|al ojo | ww | S ] is o|r/a@
oa | aye ee | | ie. -| {eases} : a E
| | | | |
Jan. 30) Svolver..... 3.754.00....4.25 .. |..../4.75 ....\5.25)6. 756.75) Irregular, mostly light.
IWS 7 |eacina Seerenee 3.50 4.00).... 4.25 ....| -. [5.00 ... 6.006, 506.75
piss 5) 3. 00/6. 00
5.756. 00) _
....| Few trukket, good fishing.
Irregular, mostly good.
. Irregular, mostly light.
| Uniformly good.
Bes ce ine 2. ; : Da OO eer lns aliens eee Fish abundant.
.{2, 25/2. 50.2. 75/2. 7518, 00|....|....] -..|.-.. eas a
Mar. aticicle Macon aisles SO oe cOleuap| Zoller lO eee ints cilis!o.o:5] 3/<\0 lees
3 (Str6mmen) -|1, 501. c . 00/2. 00 |. BA erie. lea
Storvaagen../1. 75/1: 75/2. 20/2. 50}... . eee cedll= coll eee. ... Exceedingly light.
SOBRE PC Sasa D5 DPOa AON GROO a aOl eel ee Cl) alee] oc Good fishing.
| Isleendingen |8. 00/3. 75/4. 75/4. 75| ...15.00|....|..2./..-.]....]... | Irregular, mostly light.
1 i Se eT 3. 00/3. 00/4.50/4. 75)... .|4. 75)5. 00)... 5. 25)....|...., Exceedingly light.
| Sundsflaket. |2. 75]. 75/:975'3. 50]....15.00| . |..-.!....].-..[....
2 Islendingen 2 50/2. 50 3. 00/8. 25!..../4. 50/5. 00)... .'5. 50.6. 25.6. 25) Light.
5 Ostnestjord . 2. 00/2. 25 4. 75 5. 00! 5. 75 . 6.006. 25'...., Good fishing.
38 =o det Hae seas |2. 00/2. 00 2. 50.3. 25)... .|4. 00/5. 00... . 6. 00'6. 00 Bi}
OS e iss 5 win 23,00|2. 20}. =~ :|Os 2d) 1-114. 00|5. 00}. 0:5.) 52.01 16x00) fe:
| Stamsund . HV D5 ID, 2512, D030). «= +14 00|s~ <0) «3 Jace bak bight.
20) Ostnxsfjord - 2. 00/2.25 .... 3.25]... ./3. 75/5. 25 .... 5.50.6. 006.00 Smaller, especially night-line.
2550'2125:3)25 4550 |b ces| eeelDA DO. saalee ee 6. 006.25, Sunday.
) egrttesey 1 2 502 3, 25]....|....'4.50!.... 6. 00,6. 00/6 25, Exceedingly light.
Stamsund - -/2. 25:2. 2512. 50/3. 00). - = -'4.150)...5.|.<--].c0-]--<. |....| Irregular, mostly good. Ex-
| | | | tremely light. In the rest of
| | | | Loffoden no sea-goingz wea-
} | | ther because of aSW. storm.
23} . 2.:25,2..25). ....13. 75}... --l4. 75 CBU see eee 6. 006.00, Almost no fishing.
24 Ostnsfjord. 2. 50/3. 00/5. 00.5. 25|....|..../6. 00... 6.00 6. 006. 25]
25) Svolver..... i2, 50,8. 00)5. 00.5. 25 eefece 6. my -a6 cols 0016. 25 Holiday.
| |
S. Mis. 110—3s7
’
578 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [46]
TABLE XLV.
| Temperature of water at various depths
| from the surface to the bottom. |
mee Bl Sie Rael a enstlie ee eae ee
te. ace. |) @ Z-| 2 D D nD z. D a | p iti ts
lg |g \21812/21¢4 |Z | 2 Condition of the fishery
e/og;oe/esio;sies S | o| 9
;S/ A B24 6/4, 4, 4/4/42)
(EST cose lines aliies alncae ce, | ee lee) | ces. ene
2 ee
Rares | Srs-Sie |
i} | | | | \ { |
Mar.26 | Svolver ..-. 2.50 2.50.4.005,00.....).... 6.006. 00 6. 006.25 Holiday.
Pal a ee a ee se (2. 25 2.502. 754.50... |... . 5.506.006. 00 6.00) Good net-fishing.
OS Eacemece esi == 2.25 2. 50)... .|4. 00). ...|.-. .'5. 50 6. 00 6. 0U 6. 25] Holiday.
Pe Ae AO 200 2.50 /e2 4 1350) 2 12-2515. 50/6.00'6, 0016: 25)
B20 eases sste ae 2. 00 2. 25 )3.00'....).... 5. 00 6. 00 6. 006.00) Irregular; mostly light; few truk-
aiateleainjin/madetet tate | | | : | ' | ket.
DO We inte bereits eats 2. 00 2.25)... 13.00... . 4. 50.6. 00 6. 00 6. 00,6. 00) Irregular; mostly light, though
Se aes eae } | | | mostly good elsewhere.
| Stamsund. .. 2. 25 2.502. : -- (4. 75,.-..|..--|----|----] Irregular; mostly good.
PADIS |e ees ci ootee Ae 00/20 2020 20| 220)... 1d. 00)... = -2|-— = '..... Irregular; mostly good; less, how-
(aon, SSE fe | | | | | ever, than March 31.
Giuliseetee See .----/2.00 2.002. 00/2. 25... 2.50 4.005.50....) ...| Net-fishing excellent; line light.
Storvaagen..|2. 00}. .-. (2. 25/3. 25 3. 25). --'.).-..)..-.).---].5 |
12 | Svolvier .. ../2.00,3. 00/4. 2515.00... |.....5.75..... 6. 00,6. 25)
| i2, 28)2. 54]. _ 3. 69)... 4. 275.205. 70,.-- (6.21
| | | | | |
TABLE XLVI a.
| Water temperature.
| | | @ ae? he aor
| | i | | g | | |
fase) WS Ol Mo Nese. a
Date. | Place. poe Pe a er | ae (eee Condition of the fishery.
| eee as ise ae ste || ‘
(Peacoat eile aes
eee
| 20 or 30 fathoms of water.
| ~ poe = | ay 7 F,
Wan 30u Svolveetiss -2cmeca eae ee een lies OOl esate | Bocascise 425
SA) Onaga a Ree eS Ra Eel Ee ae i a eg Leen ese | yt
(8 Pe Ae OTs ee as ee A Wire Went e vt es are | 4.00
ON ange Reet Mat ee eee Wee sHOOMnSKOOg eee 8.75 |
1G | StorVaa gen: <cees cee fe See ose eee 220M8||. 0 220.) 9 2.25) see.
0 | Re i diet Peace? Sande isl! Wre2o71= S75: 2200) || seen seme
rt) eae SERRE Ome e reise aera ase Pied OO Wier 92001) te. O0sH eee
2MeStamsundscasas ose e eee ee 2.00 2200Ns eirowl eee Uniformly good.
doy ener Cpa Ra Ae ee PRCT PAYA eT) He | Very good.
Pl Ds; Se MEARS Ree Se Ry AEE ole Peal are as DOO tos OO rib chOU ml mcenree
1 Co gp 1 SS ee Se Pein el a aL ay: 2200 Se! 12N00U|, M2525 yl tae
Sai (SbNOMMON) =a seca eee Bras M20. de 2on eros ance
TOs elslandingen 2 eae arcu mea + 3,00 | . 4.00: | eee laaemeeiel
Stonvaa gen! 2. chee ose cere eee DaOOle esyhol eee | 3.75 | Very good
Dis elslendingen':.-scc ess nee oe 1 2.75| 3.00) 4.50] 4.75)|
USM SUNasArets xo whlicec esas [onan x “p OOM eee el ise ne |
VSN fOstnessfjorden 222.)..62 seas 1.75 2.00 | 4.25 4.25 Very good
L8s i Ostnewstjorden.. 22: 2-5-2388 ees. +: 2. ne |. 712.2 3.00 |
Stomeme tere he Ge Fie rhe | 225] 250} 275) 3.75 |
TOP Stamsund a: ssc Seeman Noisy Rees aes ee eee 3.00 —
@stnrestj orden’... 22.20. 2. cee eee e235 00 PACT Ee reheat ont Se | Very good.
YB eee Ney a mene Lex ee. Diaob lcs ame 3. 25 |
gStamsund score, 222s) ee eee Shee iy 2.25 2.50 |
ale Oatamsijorden :..5-..-252-0) 40022 | 2.50} 250] 3.00} 4.00 | Sunday
27a a 2.95] 2.50 |........ 3.75 |
| StamBundiseieicc ace vs. 2 ee sameee 2. 25 2. 25 | 2. 50 3, 00 |
[47] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 579
TABLE XLVI b.
Water temperature.
oA a
| | A
Pig 3 3 4 ”
Date Place. | 8 a 2 E Condition of fishery.
| & & & =
5 — > ce
| mM onl nN ia—
Depth, 30 fathoms.
Mar.23 | Ostmesfjorden ........--..---.--- Deobulty a2.
ROA CO bop eae BE GaGOUe Bap eucuceesa| | 2. 50 3. Very good.
IG WS VOlvger oo se cecsiss soo See sess 2.25) 2. Holiday.
OE Nese Ce a tos AcRene Gon DobSEoHeSodes LTD! en ose | Very good.
7 Gateoo ton aos Gane 6 AB SAC eRCCOne Soot 22204) 26 Holiday.
DOT ee eet ray DRUGS Fo 23k oe 2.00|. 2. |
30uleceeee ee tT a Sys BOE ELE OEE ie abate ie pee
LG eretetare se a atala ce minteloleta wicieiminjminip cial ~lelaye Dear ar es
lastamsundeee ence ceeetan oa eery—c 2m25 2. Irregular; mostly good.
PAIN Gi eeis conics ass. 22 hips ae rep ae ae Te 75 ui eels
WSLORVaa renter scccces 7s ceee Ely 2008 ele
OME SMOLV DOT Ic sist» sto isis vie aeeemer 175) 3:
2.18 2. 48
As the observations at Lédingen in May, last year, agreed in the
main with those taken at Loffoden in April, so also the observations at
Lédingen on the 5th of January, this year, give the same result as in
Svolver on January 30; therefore the observation of the temperature
of the water which has been conducted from January, 1879, to April,
1880, may be regarded as a continuous series.
The observations this year, as well as last, show that, as a rule, there
is a rather sharp limit between a colder and a warmer stratum of water,
while the mass of the layer increases and diminishes considerably in a
comparatively short time. This fall of temperature appears not to have
extended to as great depth as last year ; the lowest temperature observed
at 60 fathoms was 2.15, and, at 50 and 40 fathoms, 1.75, while this year
the temperatures were 5.25, 4.00, and 2.50, respectively. In February
and March a temperature as low as 2.25 has not been observed farther
down than 20 fathoms from the surface in 80 fathoms of water, and it
has been noticed only twice in the same depth of water 35 fathoms from
the surface. It is possible, however, that observations taken between
the 3d and the 10th of March would have given a different result; for
the water appears to have been coldest this year at that time, although,
because of the frequent and sometimes considerable changes at differ-
ent depths, it is difficult to arrive at a definite conclusion about the
subject.
Concerning the influence of the temperature of the water upon the
fishery, allow me to state the arguments for and against this assump-
tion.
The following statements favor the assumption :
1, This year the fish were always found either near the surface or in
comparatively shallow water, and since the temperature at these depths
was both rather uniform and rather high, at all events, in comparison
580 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [48]
with last year, it is not improbable that the fish have been influenced
thereby in their choice of locality.
2. Since fishing begun at Islendingen, the lower part of Sundstrém-
men, the temperature at 20 and 20 fathoms was 43 degrees. The float-
ing implements placed 25 fathoms from the surface, and the bottom im-
plements set in 25 fathoms, took plenty of fish, while nets placed on the
bottom in 60 to 80 fathoms, where the temperature was six degrees,
caught almost nothing. The same thing occurred in Ostnesfjorden
and Svolver during the fishing there. Many of the net-fishermen floated
only a portion of their nets, and allowed the rest to remain on the bot-
tom, and the catch was generally good in the floated portion, and ex-
ceedingly light in the bottom nets.
3. The excellent fishery at Stamsund and stations farther west at the
close of February was associated with a rise in the water temperature,
which, from 2.50 at a depth of 35 fathoms on the 21st, increased on the
25th to 4.50 in 30 fathoms, and 3.50 in 20 fathoms. The same was true
of the good fishing which begun in Ostlofoten March 10. The fishing
mentioned in Buksnzestjorden under “ Fishing at the different stations,”
and also the advent of cod which was noticed, March 17, between Stam-
sund and Skokkelvigéerne, occurred at a time when the warm stratum
of water had descended to 20 fathoms from the surface. —
The conclusion which I reach from these observations is, that the tem-
perature which appears best adapted to cod is between 34 and 44 degrees.
The circumstances which disprove the influence of the temperature of
the water are the following :
1. Since there were some fish in the seines, though in smaller and com-
paratively unimportant numbers, it follows that a temperature of 5 to 6
degrees is, at all events, not a barrier to the presence of cod.
2. Although the good fishing westward of Stamsund begun with a
temperature of 4 degrees in 30 fathoms, it remained good, and in the
early part of March it was even unusually good here as well as at Gem-
sOstrdmmen, though the temperature gradually decreased to 13 degrees
in 20 fathoms and 2 degrees in 35 fathoms—which again seems to indi-
cate that comparatively cold water is not prejudicial to the thriving of
cod.
3. The tishing, which was excellent at Sund March 10, was poor on the
11th, though the temperature conditions were the same on both days; so
this appears to be no assurance of a permanently good fishery.
It is shown by the combined observations also that some good fishing
has taken place in depths where the water temperature varied from 2
to 5 degrees. Since this is the greatest variation which has been ob-
served during the winter on the banks, and since the taking capacity of
a net is only 3 to 4 fathoms perpendiculariy, 1 conclude that the tem-
perature of the water does not play the role in the fishing that one would
suppose, at first consideration, should be ascribed to it. Examinations
of the temperature of the cod itself at different depths would have been
interesting, but 1 had no thermometer which was suitable therefor.
[49 | THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN _ 1880. 581
The observations this year have indeed been few, although they were
begun the same day or the day after the fishing commenced. Althou gh
the frequent and sometimes considerable and irregular falling and rising
of the warm water scarcely allow any hope of a practical result, and in
spite of the little encouraging conclusions whereto the year’s observa-
tions have led, it is my intention to continue these observations as far as
time allows.
Table XLVII shows how many livers made a barrel at different
times during the fishery. The numbers above the line indicate those
taken in. nets, below the line those caught by lines. Compared with |
the four preceding years the fish this year have been distinctly fatter,
and, especially, they have retained their fatness longer than usual.
The increased proportion of liver in the districts of Stamsund and
Sdrvaagen at the close of February was associated with the excellent
fishing there, and seems to indicate a new arrival (of fish). The stated
proportion of liver at the end of the first week of March to the quantity
of fish has not been so great in any of the four preceding years at the
same time; and one may possibly, from this longer-retained proportion
of liver, draw the conclusion that the East Loffoden fishery in March is
due to the incoming of new fish and not to an afflux from West Lofto-
den. The observations are, however, highly uncertain, and cannot be
otherwise; so it is difficult to base any decision upon them. On the
average 385 cod are estimated to have yielded one barrel of livers, or
78 pois (0.65 barrel) of oil. According to the inspection tables, the
proportion between fish and liver has been as follows:
Cod, | Cod.
TS60 es sees Pete ee ADO ASIO DAZ ch cee ee 440
‘SUC ata ep la a ane nee es 350) 1876.0. keh ee 415
FTES Eye el eae OAS Ne el ae aa ANON ISTT: 2h 2 Mee he 425
Ue eae ee ete S504 TSTS 2... a2sh cee oe 420
ENTS Ra igi eet i ee ed od oa SOM LST Os eZee Jaa 420
RCL ae elt: OS AO TS80°.! fsece eas Oe 385
An average of 400 to the barrel of liver and 600 to a barrel of oil.
TABLE XLVII.—Number of livers ina barrel.
i ; fone : se 2 3 B
Week ending— ot | is FA = . = A 2 5p
Bj 5 Ms er > 2 Zz ke 3
fissure 4 VEGei| Couseer tebe ci ome ae | oe
| b ad = > Lend C3 }
(Bie) le pain =H SRT <=
AUR SES G10 Oe eee oe eae Reese eee eens been beer 0 eae ea ee (tome nee
| | 300 300
SUN AT 1S eee eieinis i cincjs: ajo awebae cee |e wais/a'e UE Beepes| | aaace QS OB R250! Nosh cin) be teks | Soe sete ere
| | 3800 300 | 300 :
CLO SUOG 0 ik eS Ge Oe eee Sesser isascee Es 280R resus rosamalecssc _ 300 | 350 |..---- _ 200
300 | 300 | 350, 400 250
OR UGADY 4p on ceee pwetaiccl= ao me ono cles ae e300, a C00k) Rene 7300)|-.23-. s-- | 350'| 300}--...- 300
| 340 | 350 350 | | 400 | 350 | 350
| | | oF
RO PRUE VM ene eres ann see aainicios cals leierefere SOOM else eames E300 ee ee=s 2801). 4-01 iO sl ane,
| | 400 400 350 350 400
582 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [50]
TABLE XLVII.—Number of livers in a barrel—Continued.
“|
i=| | .
a ol
Be ts bi ° 4 ; . 2 Ls] : D>
Week ending ¥ | 5 g 3 , a E . :
BN | St Slee |) Se Bl glee
D | Senge a 3} oo Ss = a 5
Oo | m | > as x D p — Q
HIG nay Patek Se ao sopsos seeegeassenGos | 350 | 850 | 300 }...... 22 age S00 Koa = 2 ailtc acne 350 300
450 450 | 350 850 400 | 400
DrarchiG. <..-.0$:5¢)= $0 a. ates cee csesleeaeee (238535 aoe fa SAO Ts 1850 | oe Sa) ce aise Nees ee Se 300
| | 870 | 450 | | ~ $50
IWikyed Ai BiieoronS ebsbaosecscence ase leseaac [ese5a 350 | 350 |..-... 350 | 350 400} 400/ 400
| | | 400 , 450 | ~ 400} 400 | 450 | 500
Maroh 20. 2 pcaccousenseeeces-2-5]. 400) | 200") 400° | 400!)' 400114004) 200c] 2. ee nee | 500
450, 500 500) 550 | 500 | 500 | 350 | | 608
ETO 2, EO SOM 5 Oe ere Aare, Se cane nee Eee BOO cee | 480 | 350 | 450] 450 |...-..
| 500 | 550 | 450 | 500} 500 |
SNES ee ee ee ee 420) | s2450)) 22 tes 4004-2 500)|s222 28
| , 550 | 600° 480 550
JVs seonan sso sao ScOer SSE OOCUDSOSe lesSS55l 6 Sces sSoscc S800 een 480 cease ta Satrer 950) |< sess
a 600 | 600 |
| 1
Table XLVIII states the prices of net and line fish at different times
during the fishing. The average price is assumed to have been about
15 Gre for net fish, about 13 for line fish, 12 for deep-water fish, and in gen-
eral, 13.70. Since 1860 there has only once been a lower price; this
was in 1868, when the average was 13.33.
TABLE XLVIII.—Prices of jish (in dre).
a (abeoel | ae | Wf {
Fa| } | re) | |
i: bey cei@ta Ghee edt
| | > é | =
Week ending— | = 2 aoa ce! | i fe. : 3
? | @ R o a ; a fede a] 3
| & Bs > ¥ yale aq | g 3
=I = J on § 5 ny
5S r=) q x = a a | 2 = E
@ > ad s i) | o oe I CI 2
eS) ND 73) a coma as? am | & Q n
es re eee ee! ie as (Eee ee ae
CDEn A UP Sede So Sqdos secure ord (engi Naedoae es pars atl ana (Setceters 12) Pissses jee OF esr
| | | 12 |
OMUAPY, 2400 ate nse ricics(esiscalaraiacter- races \igeeieiss eae eae ee eae eaters Reeeee laeeacts esas eae
. | | fel Oo +
WEUTUAD Yip Le fareter-/-afelaselele sleraferenlel=j-iste'e's |seeee- 14 aa jopomasat WP Westase eae loBsoée [=--om=
= \ !
TO GTS0 5 9 an eee oe seme totiocicer sae suse se 16 | 22 LDN ede oe [ade | 88 to. 1 eee
ye IL 14 3) 13s 4 |
Been i | 16 16 18\ ugg | <a nae | 14
MaMMUAry Lae sce acess cece oes oe | 14 [eteeee | 79 14 16 fae youl de" cee | 32
HO DIMAL YG ol ses 37, ci= so se eosiees ae teenie | 1 H 17 | 7 | 19 pepood Ai. 5 | 16.15). ei ee
: | (ast) eae i) 15 17 | | 16 | 15.5
1, Sea | 18) ke 18 | 18 | 18 | 15 16
BDIVUALY 20 co aco sisecoae oo eaceiaecelece see Piiopss 167) ew a | 16 16 16 14 | 1g
MITC Die Ofete cata ajo si cinie «Seis sroei= smrclestell eee ree | 738 mele sta eicesaies 1 ae 15 A ea Vea
a aes | 16 16 | 13 13
10 | 15 17 | 14-16 | 17 14 18 14 15.5
INT AT CHS Neciccise tasiece coe coeisiciclcs Sen fsccd = es | etree = tN
. Boies eke) | O38) ars is. | 15° | 12 |e
Weare Wiebe bi=seilh oie aGy el atin 14 14
WENDY SSCS DOD SSE OUR OSE aCe eae ac a (eee a i ead = | e
a. 10 | 10 10) || LOS | 138 rs Tay | eacecre 13 12
| 16 14 as | TSI eds |Get al 15
sh 2' aalalaiaie@ininie ie e)e.aj\ticlale cjelsale cla si||elweta:ala | = | S|
eeorchet [ae | oiria| TO aa | ate Maat et8 iy | ade) Aloe | 33
12) | 18165) 16 | 14 13.5
13 ee se ee ——<—w= [eeeeeeleseece t
Tita i) | 10=1i 18 [ses 13.14) 12
; 14 0 14 12 16 ely 17
ARON Oe ape ec mn a le a Bat INS Alaa le fee eee yt Ue a eee a eee ea
aap 19.) fo2 a1! \i"12) 1), 10") | Taye) ap | iz
{ | | \
{51] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 583
Table XLIX gives the prices of the other fish products and of bait.
The prices of roe have been somewhat higher, of liver a little lower
than in the last few years. According to these prices the value of one
tish round has been 20.8 dre. Bait has commanded an unusually high
price.
TABLE XLIX.— Prices (in Ore).
Liver | Bait.
arr ss || hae
| | | | | Herring. |
Poh eee
Inspection district. ln, Bal | | . | : a a |
a Rilke z | ‘a @ | cat Vie
2 a | 8 a ke» ‘alia ih? 3 3
& | O-| & mS | & n | oO | A
| 3arrel.* | Millions. Barrel.
p 20 | 16 | | ji ull |
Skroven ....----------------++----- eg ie ea 55 | Became |n--<-- | 20, By eerste [cee
ioe 15. | 0. 50 12 | 14
OeU RO aaa RY ee ees Spatula ae a abe orice eae yas eas ies Peece: eo aee alee 5 30 16
| 18 12 16 0. 40 20 18
RWARPENG Ee cet Sane ssices oar wtaceee Senns tastes sete es meee ee ee Ale ee 16
ra aed 12 10 21 9. 50 28 A
Hopen ee ar 18 TO Ail, 2) | 0.50 | 16 16 10
DOO Fas Set ey ee ’ 12 ee TD, $2245. yOS7O” ji hi el 820 20 20
ARONMIN GS VL «oc < o:c'eis aw oniseleiw nigeria s osieiz a's gence a ie | ad foe = Be ie a 90. oe
fabs fais: |) 22 0.60 | 20
4 | 20 14 6| 18 | |
BACAMISUN bene je siecle 2p -c=ae i> s Mele elovais cetojee iz | We Woon: Ear Pee 14 1S Wee
Ur 18 | 0.60 | 16
Meee aa gc sase se Son cass ames n ogre esess sign 23 | 0.800 7 ; 30. a ee
0. 40 13
ier 15) a/b 21 | | | 19). eae
PT OIBLR ele ere ais aes scp wate in os Sa Steneieaisieee 1 060) Persp | 48 |
ae | 16 18 | 0.50 | | 14 | 18
OKA RO GMs msl aciasis.cle ait Aeels = tesa ciciccanans 2 |---| 99 | «660 | 20 | 2 16 |tt77-
* This probably means so many Gre per fish by the barrel and so many per head by the million.—Tg.
Table L gives the Loffoden prices and the export values since 1873.
Up to and for 1877 the export values are taken from the official statis-
tics; for 1878 and 1879 they are quoted from the generous communica-
tion of the supervisor of the merchants’ clerks in Bergen. According
to this statement the export prices have been—
Export prices. | 1878. | 1879.
Say ACD Ce eae el oe ai aide Saye eae EEN Tele = oa wisne cot ele cle ee ae pervog™.., $1 66 $1 27
Round fish .....-. DU ERS es eer hete Rs 48 eee ra cas Deen ale tenis deeclsee ee G02 ss 20 1 54 | 127
Coarse-cut :
LL) Tf a a Eee aia eae ae oe e aeons aoe glo... 1 88 1 54
Oe a ayn is eka ie warns nest alavantey » See fe bipte la [ante Salar pinto eswinjdinters Acar tate olay waar Ci ee 1 74 147
ISOS UNNLU Siete ses ese She Sint sins ree ce alfttcinicne bene Sas spine dee tomes ee oO sees: 67 64
Titling:
CALE Re RO te oe, Sys acc ie oa .alnnd Sele S ajefaie eal aetow ome ie mete settee kicieeketcinsce s do;3:.:;/: 1 81 1 61
Hug OCKANGROTORMIUG . ci2:- -250sece soc ona noc we, nope e neon ome ee eee (iC an eee 80 54
PAT CACODICHE DE see oc no: 2 sitet coe bok nice weiss sree s ae nee eee a ee dor... 94 87
WIGHITIIMICORL TSI) 4-2 -22os < Soo) owe tie ee eee esas camper oeniene ae 10: 2222. 86 59
PLU CONMN SIs fees Sei 5c. bsu.b2 se wleie cis ea bices aaeleis aie eres ieteisio/oe ete \sialeae isis do:.. 22 54 43
iNET GW eNO Nees 2 A = SE SR Re SORES COB CCH nDOUCBACop UCL orCR eee per barrel.., 13 53 11 79
Refined oil ....... d | 1313| 1126
Clear brown oil os Cee ae scace)) 12; 865y LONSS
RStRUC I OME ee ae ne eee ck nic oop ence ocak cee Cee Coe ene eee e asics ie weees =e/ne 10 99 | 9 92
Roe: |
Grreta Uae y meer ec ais ha sass Soe wants aioe meee Panne setae oh cake test dotss3 2 | 8 04 Pact
REC ONGICUALULY eee ee ao oin we a[nisisio eee eee eee jot aia cc,o ale ciats 54 d0 25225 | 5 36) 5 09
{
584 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [52]
Of the total export of roe 15 per cent. is assumed to be of the second
quality. The cost of split cod may be estimated at 8.8 crowns ($2.36)
per 1,000.
TABLE L.—Prices.
Fish. Roe. Liver.
|e aa 3 a OO te La ee Sie) sf Ee eee.
"| &¢ : | | 5 :
32 Export price. | Loffoden price. |
= 2 pede eee Loftoden. | Export 8 ee nor
ear. | 2a | rice. rice. | price.
ES Split | Dried | aie Le For medici- | For other | P™°°
bo cod. cod. | | nal oil. oils.
et SUR As : as [Sti
|
Per hundred. | Per barrel.
; aa i | os Z| |
STB area att Seer $6 21 | $9 29 | $5 91 | $9 18 | $13 18 | $6 48-$7 56 $6 48 $9 61
ASTAGE: Bah so 648| 972| 5 75 | $11 88-12 42| 15 23 | 756-864 $5 40-594 9 04
S15 acs see acess 5 94 875) ...-.- | 8 64-10 80 1145 | 6 48- 7,56 | 5 40 | 8 69
AST Osseo ck eu oas 5 40 11 34 | 6 45 | 864) 1196 | 7 29- 8 77 | 4 32-5 40 | 9 64
NST cece ne aes a 848| 618] 7 02-8 64 | a 6 21- 8 64 | 5 40 910
TSTB ances! 540| 929| *575| 439-4861 7721 486-756| 450-486| 9 4
TST teat e eS. | 468 | 713 | *475| 4 86-5 94 | 745 | 486-648] 378-486! 721
| | | | !
|
* Round fish only.
Table LI shows the yield of fish in the Loffoden fishery at the close
of each week for the last five years. In this, as also in the following
tables, certain items are wanting for 1878, since it has been hitherto
impossible to obtain a statement of medical taxes for this year.
TABLE LI.— Yield of Loffoden fishery.
1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. | 1879.
Month. hl Wareull ee 3
oe o wo y)
= 1,000 fish.} = |1,000fish. = 1,000 fish. $ 1,000 fish. = 1,000 fish.
Al A | | A A |
Mebruaary ep scase= - odes ase - | ois a lecere= eyee 1 | PANT USB Eee cherie RSL (MERU RN Ses
|e? | eae ee 5 | 600 | 3 | 130 | 2 | 360 1 | 1, 000
13] 2,500}11] 1,500| 10 | 500 | 9 | 700 | 8 | 2, 000
20} 3,750 | 19 2,500 | 17 1,500 16 2,500 | 15 2,750
| 28 6,000 | 26 4,200 | 24 3, 000 | 23 3,000 22 5, 000
March poe een Sete ees as RE: (NIST, | = Ae aa 3] 4.750 | 20M 5,500 | 1 6, 750
Fl BOVOOO NW 509) 07,5001 10%) 5 F805) 29h sss500 008 7, 500
14 13,500 | 121 9,000 | 17 11,500 | 16) 11,750 | 15 11, 000
| 21 16,500} 19 | 11,750 | 24 | 17,000 | 23] 17,750 ) 22 16, 000
> 28 18,500 | 26 | 15,500 | 31¢ 20,250 | 30! 22,250!) 29 21, 000
PAPE es orclsciscielsnia couse steel ania DN eer oc 201250), [hvaeve lice cetaevesis eae SE Nye Ieee Tha k. ae
4 QVOOON |WIN | 215/250) 7 24,250) 6 23,500 | 5 24, 750
11] 23,000 | 15 | 22,000 | 14 28,000 | 13] 24,750) 12! 25,500
| — — =} ae —— =.= | ———a — —— ne =
After deducting medical tax, 23, 000,000 | ~—-23, 000,000 | ~—-28, 000,000 | --.2.-2.- .--. 25, 250, 000
Caught after April 14....... 18v,.000 | 500, 000 | 1, 500, 000 | 250, 000 60, 000
Caught in January and Feb. |
PLUaTY ees eese cot Se a | 6, 000 6, 000 | A O00 SWE cee ene 6, 750
Caught in March ........... 13, 400 14, 600 LGH250 Nee sea eet ce Se 15, 250
Cadecht in April .....<25: 0... 3, 600 2, 400 Tiers Vi [feet SEI SR 3, 250
| {
Table LIT shows the combined yield of the different fish products
since 1873. The yield of fish in millions will be seen to correspond
nearly with the number of thousand barrels of roe. This year the in-
spection estimates 34 per cent. more roe proportionally than for the
preceding year. How far 1870 has been exceptional, or the estimate
of the inspection has been erroneous, can, however, not be determined
until the close of the year.
[53] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 585
TABLE LII.
Yield of Loffoden fishery, including the fishing after April 14.
Ls eS saeel aa haEe
Embracing — | | | Oil. |
: eel |
Year. Total. | Heads. | Roe. | | | Value
Split | Dried Medici- | Other | in
cod. | cod | males |e “oul: million
, en! ie iy melee | crowns-
| Millions. 1,000 barrels.
aeTT, a) er aC ear ae rer tt tana) at ] {
A BT2 seca etalorts sas 18. 2 10.7 | T5 4.7 19 0.7 33 | ar
WEIS ae sacle sas 19.5 124) | o Fes oees | 4.8 18 tl eee aeons 6. 0
Cy eer eRSneraaee 16.0 10.9 | 5.1 || 5.5 15 0.4 Pope) 5.1
Sto crer ea cese scene 23. 2 15.5 (bth 14,5 21 0.9 3 ghee
MS Gee ictetease encyclo 23.5 18.0 5.5 13.5 24 1.4 35 6.5
SU Ota ertateine cee are 29. 5 25. 3 4.2 | 15.0 29 | 4.4 36 8.8
WO SE ets acre mei sm acetic a4] se eie ac 3.7 SAO | Gesea= eee | 32.02). 2 .cee calc ee
Hews a teas 58} 816) 84] 21:0 | 27 36 6.0
Table LIII gives the yield of the rest of the fisheries in the districts.
of Nordland and Troms6. The fact that the quantity of oil in 1879 was
twice as great as in 1876, though the yield of fish from the summer and
autumn fisheries was the same, is due, in part, to the circumstance that
the home consumption of fish in 1879, because of the unsuccessful her-
ring fishery, was considerably greater, which, as a matter of course,
_has had its influence on the quantity exported; and in part to the very
small fishery at Finmark in 1876, which again affected the export of oil
from Tromsé, some of whose fishermen bring home livers.
prec ding table I have worked out fro
different fishery reports, and I believe t
errors of judgment, the statements may
in the main features and in relation
items.
TABLE
This and the
n a critical examination of the
hat even if there be found some
be regarded as tolerably correct
to the amount of the different.
LIIl.
| Yield of the fisheries in N
tee
|
|
ordland and Troms6 districts, excluding the
Loftoden fishery.
Summer and au-
Winter and spring fishery. | Gamukisneny
je Ee SoA Sree avira
Year. | Divided into— |
aes: ape |
Total. | Roe: |, pOUs |S gOilt Fish.
Split | Dried |
cod. cod |
| Millions. | 1,000 barrels. | Millions.
- --— -| aT ES cs A
1 -ccnobecose nee eee 5.5 0.5 | 5.0 || 6.5 11.4 | 11.0 6.7
TRV IE) pe ces en ae A. Dele cents | 4.0) 4.5 9. 0 7.5 7.6
IGE SSS 2e Se Ta ee ae Sn ee 2.3 0.3 | 2.0 || 2.5 4.5 9.5 10. 2
IESE ae ce ues See sare eee To 0.8 | 6.4 || 8.5 3.0 7.6 | 9.3
UN IDELE ATE or eee 8 Sea 8.0 1.4 | 6.6 || 10.0 14.0 6.7 | 9.2
ane eco ee eto. 11.2 | 2.5 | B.7)\| 16.0 19. 0 9.9 | 13.2
iISHAS slat See ec are are he penne 4.4 | 0.4 4.0 || 5.4 7.80) cco .-| Lape ae 3 Se
Ty 5 2 ene abe eee 7.0 | 0.9 6.1) 8.2 12.1 14.1 | 9. 6
| 6.2 0.9 | Bee Pf 11.3 | 9.5 9. 4
|
586 = REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [54]
Table LIV shows the inspector’s statement of fish, roe, livers, and
medicinal oil at the close of each week, also the number of fishing days.
In the quantity of liver is not included that portion which is used in
the manufacture of medicinal oil. Only aday on which there is fishing
throughout the Loffoden Islands is considered an entire fishing day.
The best yield in proportion to the number of fishing days and the size
of the fleet was during the week from March 7 to March 13 (the most
fish taken); the next best was in the week from March 14 to March 20.
In January and February there were caught 6,000,000 (22.7 per cent.);
in March, 18,500,000 (69.8 per cent.); and in April, 2,000,000 (7.5 per
cent.). The number of fishing days from January 11 to April 14 made
up 59 per cent. of the whole time.
TABLE LIV.—lVeekly statement of the yield.
| 1,000 fish. | 1,000 barrels. | Fishing-day
|
pee cnsine | Total | Week’s | i Medicinal eh, |
tani | Salted. Cnt oT Liver oil. | t08. | Whole. | Part.
| | ie Rey rane | |
January ..17 LOOM Seek eee wes Jet eomeneertieT esenoG cone es| bsreectosee Feosecs se. 5 eee
24 | 150 | Moe ei | ea ee 2 PS Ro woences | 1 ee ;
31 L7Z0y oso ae D1 Vc eae ak gee tale Pease at jd eel See uae ey
February... 7 tl Renae 330 16a: 14 | 1 3
14 | AGN eae es 8 1,100 5.0 0.2 | 3.7 3 2
1 3000 | 00.2. eer 1) 400 | 9.1 | 0.4 7.2 | 1 4
28 | Gi COON Ree ens ee 3, 000 18.0 1.0 14.0 | 4 1
March ... 6; 9, 250 | 6, 000 | 3, 250 25. 0 | 1.5 20.5 | 2 3
13 | 13, 250 | 9, 750 | 4,000 | 36.0 | 2.0 vase eee Mets 4
20 | 22, 500 | 18, 250 | 8, 750 54.5 | 2.5 34.0 | Olea
27 | 23, 500 19, 750 | 1,500 | 57.0 | 3.0 34.5 1 2
April .-. 13) 24, 500 | 20, 750 | 1,000 | HONORE Seeee es 35.0 1 1
“10 | 26,000 | 22, 250 1, 500 62. 0 SxThileee ae ee 4 3
14 | 26, 500 | 22,750 500 C800 see. a2 heal a cee | 2 1
| }
| | | | Oil, 41.0 31 2%
| |
Table LV shows the yield of fish, liver, medicinal oil, roe, and heads
used for the manufacture of guano in the different inspection districts,
TaBLe LV.—Distribution of the catch by inspection districts.
| 1,000 tish. | 1,000 barrels. ‘
| pias SESLy Uh eee 3
| = | 3
Tnspection district. | Salted. | 3 | 4
As | =. a
[SOS et ee ae 3
sh. @ = CRE Po a
|As .| 2a. | de S =
| Ashore | At sea Ss S | 3 3
Skroyon |e --92<f2.c:-<2....--022---.01) 2,000;| 280-11 0705| loos inde 0.350 | 1.8 Tes
MV OME aes sacs oo ac wictiwco dees eer 4, 000 390 3, 400 210 8.9 0. 330 | 3.4] 2.5
\WERNETET TG) es SO Naren RR ae Oy 4, 500 410 | 3,980 110 9.6 0. 815 3.3 8.2
lan 2 53sec JARS R BORA Cena een en | 3, 250 520 | 2, 660 70 628))|- =~ | 3.8 2.2
ONT TS Vier mers eee esen ste Ae. 4, 400 540 | 3, 360 500 10.3 | 0.800 | S55. |) 1San0
IORI SUNG e ewe ae ct siseeites eae 2, 570 640 | 1, 650 280 7.2 | 0.670 | 4.0 2.0
Of) ae ae oe See ene eae rn | 710 150 | 360 200 Wei) leis, tae { 1.4); 6.2
Bz nlstad J a.ddcade SS SH De eS eee a 1, 820 110 1, 080 680 4.2 0.100 | 3.3 H 1.5
NOLVARPONT ee see. oeaenc cece Sontsae 3, 200 290 | 1,310 | 1, 600 hp atl eee ee 5.5 | 1:5
Bota lean yee soten ant 1 Ad 26,500 | 3,330 | 19,420] 3,750 | 63.0| 3.065 | 35, 18.3
| |
‘Amount for Ostnesfjord..........-. | 1,230 110 930 | 190 Ed DR 1.2 |.....-
t Amount for Nufsfjord .............- 580 60 880) |" 1190 fe) dB) | eats ee | 0.8 ee
| |
yen te
{55] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 587
Table LVI gives the catch of fish by the different methods.
TABLE LVI.— Yield by the different methods.
1,000 fish
Inspection district. ie oom Pi
Trawl- Dee
Net. | line. | bait
2 ES = i es eel ieee 5
SSK COW OM esate amare le sins slat. cine oniajocin alaieials 02 s\n ejaieinitini=.s\5.s1e iain) sisieieloeis's SS Aeon 1, 320 570 160
SvolV@er.....--2---- eee ee eee ne cee eee eee et ene ee eee eee cee e ee cece ee eee 1,000 | 2,400 600
Vaageno ..-.-------- 22a ene ene en ccc eee e cece ne eee ne cece ee cece ee eeee | 3, 500 | 470 530
PION ~ . ~~~ oa a se ee een eee ie ce ote cence ee ene e cee e eee eee eases | 1,750 | 1,400 | 100
Henningsver ....----.----- 2-22 eee e cece een eee nnn eee ee eee eee eee | 2,330} 1,900 170
SURTIG ING Y eae eS SERRA SA BOS Soo Shon 566 cacrpecronctecre bob dedot Soareenoeee sar | 1,950 500 120
‘Oittin Se Se aS ae Sap Gr SoS S655. Jon COCOOC COCO CUCCCUOCOA CCAS OR OOr arias | 200 450 Bs)
Als cadence Sete tyes eee oc pice tn eeeces PER ee tay stent ces Me Hy, 1925071) 1.570 "le. eee
PIG OM alain /aieis mins 216 eln,ele, om meine o)ela) slelainjala/a\s/e (a ialeleicje= ale s\wis(aintn/a\=\='=\a\sl = 2jv,s/2.5\0.0 | 1,000 | 2,190 | Ww
Sy ates Oe Poa his 5, yl De SR OR UP Suge! ony, TS | 13,300 | 11,450 | 1,740
Fable LVII shows the proportion between the different kinds of fish-
ermen and the yield of the methods in the last five years. In the last
three years the use of lines has given proportionally the best yield. A
comparison of the last nine years shows that the use of lines has given
the most certain yield, since there were only two years—1876 and 1877
—wherein the catch was proportionally small in relation to the number
of line-fishermen, while the use of nets has furnished a relatively small
vield in six of the nine years.
TABLE LVII.
Proportionate yield of the various methods.
|
|
|
NGEREhiAe | Trawl-line fish-
Year. We Day-fishing.
| : | | :
Fisher- 4. |Fisher-| yp. Fishery,
men: Fish. Tene | Fish. | a Fish.
Perct.| Perct.| Perct. | Beret | Perct. | Pernict:
TZ eee ee Lee eee eee ee cemce:| 248.05) - "E200 sd 5n Ont dae 5a iT ONG 4.5
PSAP Pe eae nicia a ccitinss [sins tric naan Sas amelie ae | 50. 0 00:0, 41.0 | 35.5 9.0 9.0
JRUE! oo veo bee Saeetee Bebe Hen DOee cones iC Innes rome Ue r= r9L) 57.0 | 32.0 | 38.0 | 10.0 5.0
ES Oe ee Saini cee Sao cits eeeabiae eee eee aee oes | 56.6 3.0} 33.0] 52.0; 110 5.0
TOE) an ES Se ea Al re ES eae ee | 49.0} 50.0; 38.0 | 43.0 | 13.0 7.0
| |
Table LVIIL shows the yield of the guano factories in the last five
years. This year a factory was erected with English capital in Bret-
tesnes, while the Norwegian fish-guano company (Lerosen factory) was
dissolved.
588 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [56]
TABLE LVIII.
Yield of guano factories.
wes ~- _ i= | a Ba a
| Lyngver.
| La : Heads
Sauden. | Lerosen. l | Total. con-
Year. | ; | | sumed
| | Guano, | Fish meal. : i
—— | | — —-—_-——_--
|
. > 2-pound | 200-pound aaae
Sacks of 200 pounds. SHO AEGa. Saar Millions.
he ESE AS t : |
|
Detect Aevs Reith. chr Pees Cae eatin) | 11, 650 | 8, 000 | 4 O00 eeiattoeeseteerct | 28, 650 14.3
1ST Opes eee Ly St RONAN 4 10,000, 9,960; —-3, 100 1, 900 23, 060 14.0
TST fee ke Sco. te NRL ty Meee ea, | 9,880) 8630 4, 080 2, 420 22, 560 13.7
TEA oe eae oa 13,500 | 6, 150 2,210 1, 200 | 21, 869 13.2
LSD Moers eis, fae Rae eae oe a ee | 16, 700 7, 600 2, 340 1,500 | 26, 640 16.0
Averagon pees Mine EN |*"42}350|, “8,070 |. 8,440 (m.s..5.22-3| «28 BEOnL enna
Of medicinal oi] manufactories there are now two in Skroven, one in
Svolver, two in Kabelvaag, two in Henningsveer, and one in each of
the stations Stamsund, Stene, and Balstad. Altogether they can util-
ize about 500 barrels of livers daily.
For consumption during the fishery are used 750,000 fish. For use at
home fully 250,000 are sent. This million is not included in the forego-
ing statement.
According to the statement of the'treasurer of the medical fund, the
medical taxes for 1879 amounted, in the counties of Norland and Tromso,
to 95,129.33 crowns ($25,494.65), divided as follows:
Crowns. Dollars.
187,677 times 120 split cod, 22,521,240 fish.. 25, 023. 60 6, 706 32
26,370 vogs of salted fish in vessel .... ... 293. 00 78 52
715,013 vogs of dried cod,* 19,386,351 fish. . 23, 933. 77 6,414 25
Zig UO-DAETOIS HELTIn@ ss 2220 dau. of. 18, 113. 73 4,854 48
597 barrels other salted fish.... .......... 39. 80 10 67
Od-O00 DAVEE S Ollst cnc ese seu eae w ie yet 25, 959. 20 6,957 06
Boo 20 DATTCIS TOGie hee ae ep tek 1, 766. 23 473 35
95, 129. 33 25, 494 .65
For bait it is estimated that there were consumed 16,000 barrels of
salted and 40 barrels of fresh herring, 8,000 barrels of cuttlefish, and
1,300 barrels of mussels, the combined value of which was 400,000
crowns ($107,2C0).
The aggregate gross yield of the Lottoden fishery is worth a little over
5,900,000 crowns ($1,474,000).
Table LIX gives the average share which has generally fallen to the
different methods of fishing, also the greatest share, as far as known
to the inspection officers. The average share was 200 crowns ($53.60).
“Wherever dried cod are reduced from weight to number, 27 fish are calculated to
|
[57] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880 589
The average was, in 1874, 270 crowns = $72.36; in 1875, 390 crowns=
$104.52; in 1876, 305 crowns = $81.74; in 1877, 410 crowns = $109.88;
in 1878, 300 crowns = $80.40; and in 1879, 240 crowns = $64.32.
Wages of hired men were from 100 to 120 crowns ($26.80 to $32.16)
and expenses. In East Loffoden they were oc sasionally reduced to 80
crowns ($21.44).
TABLE LIX.
7 — —
Average share. Highest share.
" ‘ =) ' i=]
¢ ja | dt | ae wiles
Inspection district. te ey - re o =| 7
hee iE oa = iS od A
D ae n= ® ae 2/5
) «a rated SS a =¢8 Sig
SUN |e a: |e Soe
s | & e San Alyse
ey = A A a A
ero VOM eee ec Nia ds coed acces eee ssasre sss se ser | $64 32 | $48 24 | $26 80 |........|..------].-------
Roy aT as ta sc cincin be alee o/s siaeinre econ) | 53.60 | 4288, 37 52 | $96 48 | $85 76 |........
WHRRENGs 650. -2ectcnn-seees- ch sinnce salsa screens 75 04|.. ....| 3216 | 160 80 | 53 60 | $53 60
FLOpOn.. «2 -- onan evens e a eneeecreeree sn esenenn testes | 6432 | 48 24| 84 84) 134 00 | 107 20 |........
FLONNINGSVOL...--.2e5--- scan seen n eee cee ee nent sees: 53 60 | 42 88!, 3216 | 107 20! 85 761........
SPAT Eyre ee LE OE Oar eee hae Boe 58 96 | 56 28 |..*..... 115 24 | 69 68 |.......-
(ORNS): aoe oe eh Oe eee Sa BUN She 48 24 | 45 56 |.......% 15 04 | 8040 |es.ch cee
TEST TOP ETT ea ee Ue ee ECE I Sere 69 68.) 6968 |. ccece. | - \'): <n alc ey ee
Nufefjord...2.--. 0-2-0 eee seen sence sete n cence 80 40 | 72 36 |..-..-- 99' 16. | 107 20) |. 2 2sae
TTC ee Ree creme ard eeinnm eras eee aieisivis minieiaielatnre Bo oNO4d | HIB OE)! sccm 03.80: | 242: Od |e
PCIe ee ce oe eel wee cra chasers SND nus eminielswleale'sla’= 80.7410) nee ans | LAE snails O12" LOT 20k eae
SOrvaagen ...---....--.--o2- see ees r eee eens GIF 00 1.80) $0) |e e a. 88) 44/0 125:'960) voc. eee
MORONS ood eek wanna ce micew een se'eemesincinssjs es ge TG Odi ec ec mas : Be NPG Bees coor
FRE I at Ets Wate Boe os ca macmasies taen 58 96 | 80 40 |......-- 61 64 | 125 96 |.:...2--
|
The loss of implements has been distinctly smaller than last year,
especially so far as nets are concerned. In Skroven only one link was
lost, and in Hopen ten to twelve, while, on the other hand, an individ-
ual in Kabelvaag has lost two settings. The loss of lines has been
proportionally greater in Henningsveer and Balstad. The loss is every-
where attributed to a current, which set westward with unusual strength
in the latter half of February. In the beginning of March it set east-
ward. From many places comes the complaint that the implements are
too lightly weighted, both lines and nets, and a desire kas been ex-
pressed that the law-making power should interfere. In order that the
weights, which are at present insuificient, may be satisfactory they must
be so heavy as to materially increase the labor of the ordinary daily
business, so that it is doubtful how far they will secure any corresponud-
ing advantage. There was at one time an association in Stamsund
whose members pledged themselves to use anchor-stones of a fixed
weight; but, so far as I remember, it existed only one year, and [am
not aware that the experiment was repeated.
Of floating implements floating lines were used exceptionally in Kast
Loffoden and more commonly than before in West Loffoden. Floating
nets were used only a little westward of Storvaagen, and then nets
floated under water were always employed. Eastward nearly one-fourth
of the men used surface-floating nets.
The Loffoden fishery this year has been next to the greatest known,
590 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [58]
as the number of fish caught was at least 27,500,000, including what
were used during the fishing and carried in for use at home. | It exceeds
the catch of the preceding year by one million, and is only a little over
# million less than the catch of the rich year of 1877, when the yield to
April 14, was 28,750,000, For individual fishermen, on the contrary,
the yield was smaller than in any preceding year since 1869, if we except
1869, The average catch, excluding what was used during the fishing
or at home, was 970 cod for each fisherman, or 100 fish fewer than the
average from 1569 to 1579, both inclusive, while the average price, 20.8
ore for a round fish, is smaller than at any time during the period named.
In order that the fishermen, at the prices of the year, should have a net
profit of 100 crowns ($26.80), the catch should have been somewhat over
six millions greater, or 33,600,000 in all.
Table LX shows how the gross expenses of the fishery, 5,500,000
crowns ($1,474,000), were divided among the different items of expense,
TABLE LX.
| Division of expenses.
Itoms of expense.
’ Per
Total. Gant
Asicensen( 14-20) per fisherman) sess c snes meiceen cer ccc ace ssiee ee ra eo ee ee oe $385,920 00 = -26.0
OOd sess tmeee Sl (eine ate mie atmlatelatslotwleleiniaiaaiciers £ c\atats, eos le ahelniclon ie Gane niate amare are ee | 343,040 00 | 23.0
Leather goods . .-.. H : | 58, 960 00 | 4.0
Wood and lodging , ee 67, 000 00 4.5
Bed -ClOunin ri Br Se ass cp mePe eer ee oon one aoe Aunt nL ame eae Bees Sah | 13, 400 00 1.0
Kxpense of laying up 2 72, 360 00 | 5.0
Boat hire 91,120 00 6, 2
Interest and wear and tear .............-.....- | 259, 960 00 | 17.6
SOBs) ee eee oe Sood OpnU= sees e338 JooS 00 Gop ee Saco Oo COC CAD NO ARES Sonne oe onen ae 80, 400 00 5. 4
Jet DE Sa AAT ia Ae Seen RASH Spare on oe ny odie ke Uae Ci Ae ee pear oe By | 107, 200 00 V3
| 1,479, 360 00 100
The costs are divided as follows: For implements, 2,010,000 crowns,
or 36.9 per cent.; personal expenses of fishermen during the fishery,
4,070,000 crowns, or 37.5 per cent.; and only one-fourth part, 1,440,000
crowns, or 26 per cent., remains for the support of the family and other
expenses at home, partly during and partly outside of the fishing
season.
The course of the fishery was, in the main, as follows: As early as
the beginning of January a considerable number of cod appeared to be
present from Vaagen westward, particularly at Stamsund and west-
ward from Sund. Fishing was carried on, however, by several resident
fishermen. In the middle of January 900 boats had arrived; but bad
weather almost totally prevented work for the rest of the month and
during the early part of February. From the middle of February to
the 9th of March was the height of the fishing season from Henningsver
westward, and the fishing was partly good from February 24 to March
4, while it was poor eastward, except at Hopen February 27 and 28 and
March 1, when it also became to some extent good here, especially with
[59] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 591
trawl-lines. On the 8th of March exceptionally good fishing began at
all stations from Hopen eastward to and including Ostnesfjord; west-
ward there was good fishing, also, everywhere until the 10th, when it
became poor at stations from Balstad westward; at the remaining sta-
tions the good fishing continued until the 12th, after which date it was
poor everywhere. In East Loffoden there was an especially good fish-
ery from March 14 to the 20th, during which week 8,750,000 fish were
taken, the largest week’s catch known to have been made. The Eest
Loffoden fishing closed, so far as Ostnesfjord is concerned, on the 20th,
and at the remaining stations about a week later. At the close of March
fishing began again to be sufficiently good, though irregular, from Hen-
ningsvier westward. It was, however, not permanent, except at the
first-named station and in the region from Sund westward, where it was
quite good even until the middle of April.
A peculiarity of this year’s fishery was that the cod almost from the
beginning remained near the shore; besides, they were found near the
surface, and most of the fishing was done at depths of 50 to 40 fathoms,
and sometimes less. Their presence in not inconsiderable numbers was
proven, also, in many places inside the reef, where they ordinarily sel-
dom appear, as at Islendingen, near Sund, and in various coves of
Buksnesfjord. On a voyage from Stamsund to Balberg Islands, on
March 17, the inspection employés observed in many places, where the
depth allowed the bottom to be seen, fish as large as cod, all of which
were moving northward and towards the land.
Table LXI gives the percentage of fishing days on which there has
been good fishing in the different inspection districts.
TABLE LXI a.
Per cent. of good fishing days from January 16 to April 12.
Day fisher-
Net fishermen. Trawl-line fishermen. en
Inspection district. ee Sea
PALES tes A = a
Berane A rs =
et lh = : | = a . S 3
i r— = & = 5 = BP lates
eligi Pa a a = a ‘eo a sat
=| 2 =) = = = = Pn ee
5 > x ae x D ond Q, D =|
5 4 a = 5 fx a 4 yey
SUGISGRe Sane nice ne eee onan seeeaee a? peas: 27 1G ilissee = 1430 |
MKROVOMN eee ok a ooh eee ee eed 0 Sores 0 5
Vaagene .....-- Pe fe Sh) ees eee
opens ce cco sai | | 43 94') 14 50 80
Henningsvier | 85: ]) 7507) Mb OTe Grado
SSUAINS UN Oe ats cele ola, shal Sie sie Ss atcla's ae | set locas recta ee ee 59
NORMS eres eee stein ea is hota da cee cies [ace aee 90 G2a\aeeees 0 100
AUST Aaa ape oe oe se aia cin a ovis mole ainin sell ace sarsrelffe == sete TOO) 52 -.ctrs 67 69
LenitGl 3 2epey ASC eg ete arene ae ee a See | 89; 44! 100! 80 93 |
SSOKGWARO ONS Seo en Ne ce scnnine wniem be srs2yors)] SUR ceetee fen nena ease
!
* Not used from the middle of March. } Little used.
The course of the fishery this year appears at first view to indicate a
movement of the schools of fish first from east to west, then from west
to east, and finally again from east to west, since the fishing, which was
592 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [60]
tolerably good everywhere in the first half of February, was so in the
second half and until March 8, almost exclusively from Henningsver
westward; later, on the contrary, and until the close of the month, that
is, from the 15th, almost entirely from Hopen eastward. The following
facts, however, antagonize this opinion:
1. Fishing began at all the easterly stations on the same day.
2. It continued in West Loffoden with a good yield many days after
it had begun in East Loffoden.
3. It closed in West Loffoden at the same time at the majority of the
Stations.
If there was a marked advance from west to east this should have been
shown by an increased fishery from west to east, if only for a short time.
‘Of course from March 4 tothe 14th there was no common fishing day,
and four whole days were spent ashore, the 6th, 7th, 9th, and 13th,
so that it was difficult to follow the course of the fishery. An advance
should, moreover, have secured an exceptionally good catch for the im-
plements employed; but this was not so marked as to be conclusive.
No relation betweer the fishing at the different stations, therefore, can
be shown this year with certainty. In order to reach a conclusion, if
possible, in the future, I shall continue the detailed records of the fish-
ery which I begun in 1878. In the following table is given a synopsis
of the course of the fishery during the last three years:
TABLE LXI 8.
Time. 1878. 1879. 1880.
First half of Febrnary.| Eastward of Hennings- Henningsver to Bal- | Westward of Sund. Ordi-
ver, to and including stad. narily quite good line
Svolvier, Raftsundet. fishing everywhere.
Second halfofFebruary.| Eastward of Hennings- HenningsveertoStam- | Westward of Hennings-
| ver, to and including sund, and part of Ver.
| Svolveer. Skroven.
First half of March ....! Ure to Hopen..-......--. Good fishing every- To the 8th, westward of
where. Henningsver; from the
8th, eastward of Hopen,
to and including Ost-
| neesfjord.
Second half of March ..| Balstad to Vaagen ...-.- _ Westward of Hen- | Eastward of Hopen, to and
' | ningsver. | _ including Ostnesfjord.
BAW TI eso t ea nbe soc. | Westward of Stamsund. Westward of Balstad | Henningsver, and weat-
| ward of Sund.
| |
Since the conditions in Raftsundet, Ostnesfjorden and Gimséstré6mmen
appear to be, in a measure, similar, I have examined the fishery in these
places of late years, as far as there was any to investigate, when I have
had the materials to work upon. From the following table it will be seen,
meanwhile, that there is no regularity here, as one year there may be
fishing in all of the three places, during another year in only one of them.
As is well known, all experienced fishermen have fixed signs by which
they believe they can foretell the course of the fishery. Though sueh
rules of experience are generally based only on observations within an
extremely limited circle, they may possibly have some value, wherefore
I seek, as far as possible, to confirm their correctness or incorrectness.
[61] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. SIS
TABLE LXI c.
: Condition of the fishery.
Year.
Raftsundet. Ostnesfjorden. Gimséstrémmen:.
1866)55--- == Quite good during the first | Excellent from the end of
half of March. February to the end of
March.
(ieensead Almost nothing taken ...--. Good fishing from the end | Excellent from the Ith tm
of February to the end of the 28th of Mareh.
March.
TeVOe estes eo | excellent tishine fromthe tsssce. sseecsce ce clnciecenccsens Small fishery..
middle of February to
* past the middle of March.
AUST Gisieerteo Good, partly excellent, about | Small.in February ..-.....-- Nothing taken.
the middle of March.
Uy feSaqenee Good, partly excellent, from | Partly good line fishing dur- | Quite good in the middle of
the 5th of March to the ing the last half of March. March, especially from
beginning of April. Stamsund.
STB) s<ccions-: Quite good about the middle | Small line fishery in the | Good, partly excellert, fish-
of February. middle of March. ing some days in the early
part and middle of March.
VM) Se asec Nothing caught..........-.. Almost nothing taken ...... Good, partly excellent, § days.
from the middle of Mareh.
IEE IN Seceaee erernsves MO: cpisiepi-fosene se enjaaene Excellent fishing from the | Good, partly txcelNest, at the
| 8th to the 20th of March. close of February an& the:
beginning ef March.
Comparing the catch of each fisherman for some years past, we find
the following averages:
® Cod to each man.
USO ie estas. 2 2 Sih tee et Hale Sbewcccis end eect, ne aeons 820
ral StOe -.% os skfeials ed varsicte sess Siete ee aialeneiors Bowe Sieve senate hacia eee £17
1 [rt 73 Leos (a LA eae ae Dee Pema terete Sens ltn se aye, eee 1, 000
Tit 1S Ue ea ee ra ee Ec Sten 2k oe ee 1, 080
imp lS738 88. ESS eee ee ee eal ee ery 1,130
JUD RoC SR ae ee ear Ene ot een Meee cary ees & pce pate Sate son) Sow
foie Leese ee ee eng Bree Reo Seer Ba Veet sua ae) wre Shs) Gaus, ake eee eae 1, 260
Tha THES Te ai ee A eae seabed he tele ec eee 1, 080
| R TES (Caen eeavagh s-etR re ge. Ace deen el mg ele a taie ie ened ages eee Seen 1,310
FB San ee ee eee Moke ta fo! tet, iy 1, 090
TUE LE EEA Sd Ale iets seek i es 2 a meee OC 98(b
LTE, Te SNS Mt ik Pt ee gr) nie ot lee enn ne ee 940
An average of 1,060 cod to each man.
The difference between the highest and lowest catch was 490 cod..
From this number, however, we cannot draw any conclusion, as the
place where the fishing was done, the number of fishing days, the time
at which these days fell, and the time of the arrival of the fleet have
considerable influence upon the catch, and the data are accurately de-
termined for the last four years only. Of really excellent fishery years
there appear to have been only two during this twelve years period,
1875 and 1877; and of poor years there were also two, 1869 and 1874..
The fishing at the different stations was as follows:
Brettesnes.—Here there was no fishing.
Skroven.—Inner side (east side). In February there was, in part, &
good catch here with nets as well as with lines. There appears, how-
ever, to have been no important fishery. West side. In January the
S. Mis. 110——38
594 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [62]
fishing was exceedingly small. In February and in the beginning of
March it was irregular and light except with trawl-lines during the sec-
ond and third weeks of February, when these implements brought good
and occasionally even excellent results. From the 10th of March tothe
22d, on the other hand, the fishing was exceptionally good for all of the
implements. At the close of the month it declined, and in April it was
poor. The principal fishing this year was at ‘‘H6la.”
Svolver.—Traw]l-lines were first used December 30, and were hauled
on the day following with a catch of 15 cod. The next attempt was made
January 10 by three boats, which took 2, 8, and 11 cod respectively. At |
the close of January the catch amounted to 100 for each boat employed.
In February and March the trawl-line fishing was irregular and light as a
rule until the 8th, from which time it was uniform and good, sometimes
excellent, almost to the close of the month. In Aprilit was light again.
Nets were first used February 9. They were set on the 11th, and
caught from 100 to 400. On the 12th the catch of nets set at ni ight was
from 100 to 700. If we except the 19th, when nets set at night excep-
tionally took 800, the fishery was premular and light until March 8th,
from which time it was excellent until the close of the month.
— Deep-bait and day-line fishing were poor during the whole time ex-
cept from the 8th to the 31st of March, when the boats frequently got
two or three loads daily.
Ostnesfjorden.—Here the fish were found in January as well as in Feb-
ruary, and were caught at Langestrand, even in quite large numbers, in
the second week of February, especially with day lines. At the close
of February and in the beginning of March the fishing was extremely
uncertain until the 8th, at which date it became excellent, and continued
so until the 20th, when it suddenly ceased. Thus on the 19th the catch
in nets amounted to 2,000, and on night lines, 600; on the 20th these im-
plements caught 900 and 80 respectively. The 21st was Sunday. On
the 22d the fishing was extremely uncertain; on the 23d the nets and
day lines were not once attempted, and the catch on trawl-lines was
from none to 15.
Although the fish disappeared suddenly from Ostnesfjord, they re-
mained in the neighboring district of Svolver eight days longer; since
as late as the 27th as many as 1,200 were caught in nets set at night,
and as many as 400 on trawl-lines. The 28th and 29th were holidays.
On the 30th the fish here, also, suddenly disappeared ; the catch in nets
set at night was from 5 to 50. As usual, there were some herring in the
fjord.
Vaagene.—The lines set at night, six in number, were hauled for the
first time on the 9th of January, and took from 50 to 150 cod per boat.
In the first half of February this fishery became, towards the close, ir-
regular, but quite good. Later it was poor until March 8, from which
date boats as a rule returned with full loads until the close of the month.
In April again it was poor.
[63 | THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 595
Nets were first used January 16 by four boats, which caught 100 cod.
In February there was occasional good sea weather, as on the 7th, when
the average catch was 300, and from the 14th to the 21st. During the
remaining time the fishing was poor, except from March 8 to the 21st,
when it became good—in part excellent. On the last-named day the
nets took as high as 1,400; on the next sea-going day, April 5, 50-1,200,
being an average of 300; onthe 6th, on the contrary, from none to 150.
The deep-bait and day-line fishing in February were somewhat better
than in the districts previously named. In the plentiful period, from
March 8 to 31, there were, however, some days, for instance, the 20tb,
27th, and 31st, on which the fishing with this apparatus was poor, though
the other implements did well.
Hopen.—Traw]-lines were first used on the 7th of January with a catch
of 100 cod. During the rest of the month the catch varied from 20 and
30 to 150. From the 6th of February to the end of March, the trawl-line
fishing was uniformly good, often excellent, if we except certain days
in the beginning of the last-named month. Thus on the first of March
the average catch was 350 fish; from the second to the fourth, on the
contrary, only from 70 to 100, whereupon the fishing became uniformly
good again, sometimes excellent.
Four nets were first used January 22, and took from 8 to 150 fish.
In January and the first half of February the fishing was irregular,
mostly poor; during the rest of the month, on the other hand, though
generally irregular, it was mostly good. From March 8 to 31 it was
uniformly good, though not so excellent as in the more easterly stations.
Deep-bait and day-line fishing, with occasional short interruptions,
were next best from the middle of February to the close of March.
The rare occurrence on January 30 is stated of a great school of
large and small coal-fish (Merlangus carbonarius) inside of ‘+ Bikja.”
Henningsver.—Four lines were set for the first time January 8. They
were hauled on the 10th, when the highest catch was 150. In Feb-
ruary the fishing increased and continued uniformly good, especially at
the close of the month, until the middle of March, whereupon it be-
came irregular, mostly poor. In April it increased again, and remained
quite good until the middle of the month, when it ceased.
Nets were hauled for the first time, January 22, with a catch of 40 cod ;
the second time, January 28, with a catch of 250 cod. As the line fish-
ing increased in February, so also did the net fishing, but the latter was
more uniform. The best fishing occurred at the end of February and
in the beginning of Mareh. From the middle of March to the close of
the fishery it was, with some exceptions, rather irregular and mostly
poor.
Day-line and deep bait fishing became good, sometimes very good, at
the end of February and the beginning of March. The rest of the
time they were poor, and ceased in some places entirely from the middle
of March, when the majority of the boats shifted eastward.
Gimsostrommen.—Fishing was good here from the middle of Feb-
596 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [64]
ruary until near the middle of March, sometimes excellent during cer-
tain days at the beginning and end of the months named.
Stamsund.—Four lines set at night were hauled for the first time,
January 10, near shore with a catch of 30 to 80 cod. During the four
sea-going days which occurred in the week between the 11th and the
17th of January, the catch was uniformly good, up to 300 per boat.
Between the end of January and the middle of February there were
nearly two days of poor fishing; from the middle it remained good until
towards the middle of March. Later it was irregular and poor.
Nets (set two or three nights) were first hauled January 17, and they
took from 300 to 950 cod. If we except the close of the second week
of February, this mode of fishing was good until the middle of March,
whereupon it became poor, and so remained for the rest of the fishery.
Deep-bait fishing was good at the end of February and the beginning
of March.
Ure.—Lines (set at night) were hauled first on the 8th of January
with a yield of 40 to 50 cod, which catch on the following week in-
creased to about 100 on two to three tubs of trawl. From the beginning
of February to the middle of March fishing was uniformly good; later,
with the exception of a couple of days at the close of the last-named
month, on the contrary, it was poor.
One net set January 28 was first lifted February 4 and caught 12 cod.
On the 5th two boats hauled one which was set at night, and they took
8 and 13, respectively. From February the fishing was nearly as in
Stamsund, and likewise here during the last week of February and the
early part of March it was excellent.
Day lines, which went into use in the beginning of March, did well
until the middle of the month.
Balstad.—In the second week of February line fishing was variable
and poor, but after that quite good until the middle of March. At the
close of this month and in the beginning of April there was some good
sea-going weather also.
Net fishing begun with March and then became quite good, and for
a few days even very good, until the middle of the month.
In the middle of February cod were observed in Buksnesfjord, as.
the native fishermen caught on night lines as well as day lines from 5
to 30 fish. There was no fleet up there, however, before the middle of
March. Nets and lines set on the 16th in Gravdal Bay and Gjerstad
Cove were hauled on the following day with a catch of 100 to 150. On
the 18th the fishing was quite good, especially with nets, but extremely
variable. On the 19th and 20th many fishermen gathered and suc-
ceeded well with nets—on the 20th exceedingly well even with day
lines, while the night-line fishery was small. On the 22d the fishing
was ended. Since small herring were seen at the same time in the
fjord, the cod are supposed to have followed them. The cause of this
fishery can hardly be ascribed exclusively to the herring, since these
were present in large schools as well before the cod appeared in any
[65] _ THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 597
abundance as after the close of the fishing. The fishing took place in
from 16 to 30 fathoms of water.
Sund.—Lines were first used January 6, and caught from 50 to 100
cod. Later the fishing was done farther in, and the catch here appeared
to be somewhat more uniform. In February and until March 11 the
fishing was evenly good ; later it was poor, until the close of the month,
when it again became good. In April it was variable, mainly good,
until the 9th, when it began to be small.
Nets were first used by two boats January 28, with a catch of 200
cod. After that this fishery became about like the line fishery.
On the 6th of March fish were observed at “Islendingen” (the lower
part of Sundstrémmen). In the following week fishing was carried on
here by all kinds of implements; but the catch was extremely irregular,
because the weather was unfavorable to the business.
Sorvaagen.—Trawl-line fishing here was somewhat better, net fishing
somewhat smaller, than at Sund.
Table LXII shows the catch at the remaining cod fisheries which
were of any importance.
TABLE LXII.
Yield of the cod fisheries in 1880.
Fish.
. . Medici-
Place. Kinds. Liver. | jal oil. Roe.
Total.
Salted. Dried.
1,000 fish. Barrels.
MANMAPKEM: sec sect kes cee scciee cites etioe 3,400!) ches jee seeeeoceee
NOVORDEDZ). cceacatee sea Seen iicis secre | 700 24 300
MOAN EGS tee = wiscieisisicinis wninycnis slewixtocre miata sys | 2; 950" |e 50 ocmpecies 1, 400
BOR s ei nciceae os becccceen seuecccueecioceceel 2 BOON cess esicne 1, 200
ELSE A Se ey 1,100. |a2se2: Bose 450
OUD Osea ote cc ccineccece ee cisaisesisnistelia | 1700 Meee ceteict: 700
WieCrO| AN CEROSU sa1acre stele c emis cee eamisios See. | PART) Beetes ceed 1, 000
OntSIdO 2 osc wiccncclkiccuseceaeeems 10, 810 24 5, 050
BS ROLVOR ese cision us serie cls cies cele mice Seem 100} Gas 37; eel eee
MyM CN eme oe, sass c. Sane since se cen ecesat TOR Bose [ee nectemee
Bere ang eLOrskeMe sos ocean ca aim eleeisaeie 120 | Ses <tjore 3 70
PRPONMeNeS meses Gatees Acleace Sameemssee SOR SE eee see 36
PEPIN Oe eee elec ie WIL ea aicle stsierausaisiasioee LO conse | Westen scloce
Pela hoe Sak teet ec cues $030" lok. cece: 560
LOT Opes te se cine sisi s.cooS eile a\ceS os Wom joenan ac ae 120
AINILOR See cee anes aes ciscidcns scwwecieee 100) |) eeec4 awe 200
Rest of Nordland and Tromsé ..-.. 2, 400 Estonia) | 980
PNRINCM EN sass cetee ccc cde cceciccswisiccesis = Bene se on | ee CS
WNordmore:s-2 22. .0- Bee sme ectince cemeene 7000" ~.* 1) ttewecseee
MVOMISG MONEE e tees cccecsciecs Seimeriel *600 950 1, 100
MIONGIMOLO ee See rae cine ate tee ceicenistncrtete 112, 000 11, 000
SSOUUHEB Ore oONNUs ssa. cece cece ststeceses |e, AOU! feaen meee eal seccaciche|ocacce aec| ss eestisice-|aseis ast
* Oil. $4,500 barrels of this was medicinal oil.
Table LXIII gives the yield of the winter and spring fisheries for the
last five years, and the aggregate export, reckoning 50 fish to the hun-
dred-weight of split cod and 75 of dried cod.
598 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [66]
TABLE LXIII.
{In millions.]
Yield of the winter and spring fisheries.
Fishery. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879.
Split Dried Split Dried) Split Dried} Split Dried) Split Dried
cod. | cod. | cod. | cod. | cod. | cod. | cod. | cod. | cod. | cod.
Tbs (3) 0) GeoceaosnosonodoLdSooeEones QO89i)) 958) 202) ) 8.14) 85974 861643 5.67) ls2 Tok
Nordland (SVP roms6r ceteris ieee 16.5 | (23.2 | 19.9 | 20.7 | 28.3 BMW ecsicia llelemretere 22.5 | 19.4
Nama alene ete cetsac sesiscias sesicee seein ORS Hee ONO Moen LeOslnscece OL Rates OFS Peace
INGSOL ren eines steele Saale eee aeicie 39 eeease Ct a ese te aS Opes ONOR eee 0N8"|saeee
MINOT Ole: ves eos eseisecige ar eainsenicce PB ecioooe “EEE Sssee Qui plisisecice 24 eee 2.0 aoeaee
POMSCALEN oem sieee ee seiseele setae siereie!ai= ORO a aeterne OB eaaooe OF9 |esccse 059), [aces 029) -2eae,
DONAMOL soe ee eee ceie caeie a eeieinrele iste 228 Neca cis TiSsecse: 43 esse Bs) Waseca OsOu lees
DONG NOLG1 OPM era aietc else ej-'=iefee= 2 Ojon|Receris OS7sillescacc 0. Be |aiaetecin | 0048 Ossie cell Roe eres
Sondrepberc enhsiewsmetesce sactes ae cla eat sieicletai= lane oe | (ects isl|(saceletsl lle ara 0:03 ")2. 3.26) -2seseleeeees
SHOVING denccudnoobecupene sta ncoesd Boeeed setae lacoted |socee cl soceps|lassoor URES ESS ealisoccenl| choc
MO tale pens. Sa ce sacee ake sis'ais 359213320! | 2851282854809) | Besar eee eens 42.7 | 26.8
Hix porved eases sca meanness 36.8 | 31.3 | 33.0 | 29.5 | 45.9 | 31.7 |41.0 | 24.0] 44.7 | 31.0
Tables LXIV to LX XII show the export of cod from Norway, Can.
ada, St. John’s (Newfoundland), the United States, Iceland, France,
Scotland, and. Holland from 1872 to 1878. Thus from the fish-exporting
places returns are wanting from St. Pierre and Miquelon (Newfound-
land) and the Faroe Islands only.
In the report for last year the export from Canada in 1876 is errone-
ously stated.
In the United States the fiscal year is reckoned from July 1 to June
30. In the other places, on the contrary, from January 1 to Decem-
ber 31.
In the Scotch fishery statistics it is not stated specially to what coun-
try the export was made. After comparing it with the English trade
statistics, I believe that I have committed no important error in stating
that the export to “the continent” went exclusively to Spain, and that
to “places outside of Europe” to the British West Indies.
For Iceland, no official statistics are known to me, and I have taken
as the basis of my calculation the export to Denmark and statements
from a private individual for 1878 and 1879. According to an article
by Hen. M. Lindeman, in Dr. A. Petermann’s Mittheilungen, 60th part,
the total export was:
Pounds. Pounds.
AQTS Re eke Boss Ll oie nines alee eae a ke ee 6, 500, 000 230, 000
TER Ac Go a BTR Se oo SUF Leds, SUMS pan 8, 700, 000 270, 000
Ty A Siar Rae ee MR MS EOS R CTCL SOE E22 1 5, 900, 000 190, 000
My estimate was too high.*
* The fact that I have not undertaken any corrections in the tables is owing to their
having been worked out last autumn, and I have not had time tochange them, since it
was necessary for me to finish my report as early as possible, in order to be able to
attend the fishery exhibition at Berlin before its close.
Split cod. | Dried cod.
[67]
THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN
1880.
599.
Nor am I in possession of any official statistics for the Faroe Islands.
According to the author named above, the export was—
Split cod.
Dried cod.
2) 900; 000
2, 780, 000
Pounds.
150, 000
170, 000
140, 000
30, 000
20, 000
80, 000
100, 000
or not quite one and one-half million fish (1,465,000) yearly, one-third
of which were shipped to Denmark.
From Belgium was carried on a not unimportant bank fishery in the
North Sea, though of late years not to the same extent as formerly. The
catch, which for the most part was consumed within the country itself,
was—
/ Barrels.
RAE ere eter oe eteve spokes shee is eata al olote se Wise welt a gating ais ere oe 10, 400
APL Gene hime crete tie Seca S Aik a thats ase rateya tio. cihl ae ee a! ees. ele Stores 11, 500
MARSA way rey fata oid Sia) MaTS tLe NN ells est Berg Sl e'a'S obatote nine! nis Hee 11, 300
GRRE Aas aceite se istafc tava. s 2 aig eile thet \ <alese's aie ee op gle «'e) sis wists Site 9, 700
MS Opiate aioe ieee ga tedtal cis, oseltehyic:+ 2-915) 16 6 s.40ys asic eee 9, 200
UO ee a cee ernie ans Batons os el sy 'ndo wisinrc's Sa eehon eee 9, 400
BURRIS 9 oe ete 1 ia arn gies oe 6 ie Reine (6 S's iol s Sicie Bann 2 che bins w olgatlehaene 9, 200
a ete ee teat dst Asia tans aie = wombs aie ee ig a's oats ldaleule ab Oe 7, 600
An average of 9,800 barrels, or about one-half million fish yearly.
The export from Newfoundland must be greater than is given in the
tables from St. John’s. According to a statement received during the
negotiations on the occasion of the fishery treaty between the United
States and Canada the amount exported from the region extending
from the Rameau Islands to Cape Race, and therefrom northward to
Twillingate, was, in
Quintals.
Een pa So, oa tosa te ee, pS, Serer Noes aw 6 fs o.oo a's ss Sisal ol diel aah esteem 829, 000
STAD: RRA OEE 10" aOR re eR etre 791, 000
1 SSD 2 a ae? IS ER ON SR id Para 915, 000
TLS hoo a Eke SL Rd gl 928, 000
Tete a Pe os be oa ee as 847, 000
SW Me te ay oe ais. wiclals rote s eleyancleis sates wy otk 2 aie aes Se re rire ae 983, 000
Eee le aia, Som oo tact a ee eal tah acs.) al sibs pee tee ee Nee a ek is ds 183, 000
An average of 925,000 qntnrals: For the last three years the aver-
age was 1,004,000 duintls or 102,400,000 pounds, while the export from
St. John’s for the same time is oon by the Commercial Journal as
76,300,000 pounds; the difference, 26,100,000 pounds, must have been
sent out from other places on the coast. Since this discrepancy is con-
siderable, and since Newfoundland competes with Norway inthe English,
Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian markets, the accuracy of the statement
has considerable importance for Norwegian exporters, wherefore I ven-
G00 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [68]
ture to ask that inquiry may be made through the consulate as to whether
and to what extent there is opportunity to obtain statements of New
foundland’s total export.
According to French reports the participation of St. Pierre and Mi-
quelon in the Newfoundland fishery has increased not inconsiderably.
i have, however, seen no report of the amount exported, wherefore I
wenture to beg that information in this respect may also be procured,
‘so far as these places are concerned, through the consulate in Quebec.
The yield of the French fisheries is, for the greatest portion of the
amounts given, from the weight of fish in salt. The bulk of the exported
jportion, however, is dried.
The yield of the fishery of the U nited States for 1876 and 1879 is stated
ito be only one-half that of the two preceding years. To judge from the
number of incoming fishing vessels the reports for 1876 and 1877 can-
mot be eorrect.
TABLE LXIV.
[Times 100,000 pounds. ]
Export of split cod from Norway.
Where to.
1872. | 1873. | 1874. |. 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878. aoe 1879.
@Great Britain and Ireland.| 24.0 16. 2 2153 40.5 43.9 58.3 20.3 32.1 38.7
Hamburg and Bremen. .-- 20. 7 24.9 20. 5 36. 2 33.1 66.1 63.6 38.6 62.1
MOVtU Pal); 2c) sicseinecvaciee 41.2 27.1 16.1 55.3 58. 7 121.7 146. 6 66. 7 105. 4
DPAlB ioe. He o-oo ec Meee esSs 465. 5 422, 2 463.7 515.9 474, 2 582.8 531. 8 493.7 643.9
Italy and Austria.......... 15 0.9 0.7 19. 8 10. 6 29. 4 18.1 11.6 17.5
MVOUANG YY ee scec cscs aeeee 0.7 1.0 0.2 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.4 07 0.5
mWrestiindies) 225 7-4-2555: 39.9 54. 2 63.9 43.4 Biya 50. 5 32.0 45.6 23.1
TBS VAL I a eae i ee Bsa 10.9 5.9 OE Bi ore siererais 3.9 352 8. Lh eres
Other countries .........-- 12.9 2.1 26:2 5.3 4.5 3.5 3.4 4.8 2. 3*
Totaleaeeccncesnest 619.7 559. 5 599. 5 736. 6 660. 8 917.2 819. 4 701.8 893. 5
“Millen dish, estimating 50 31.0 28.0 29. 8 36.8 33. 0 45.9 41.0 35.1 44.7
per hundred-weight. |
* To France 1.8; to Denmark 0.2.
TABLE LXV.
[Times 100,000 pounds.]
Export of dried cod from Norway.
Where to. |
1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | 1877. | 1878 vee 1879.
|
SOWCGEM soc cccce ce cescans 69. 0 70.9 64. 4 | 70.6 | 79.6 80. 2 63. 2 (oal 45.1
MGNOAAUK eee es oss cece 3.9 4.8 9.1 7.5 52. 8.5 7.9 6.7 1.7
«Great Britain and Treland. 6.1 3.8 Cea GP) 4.5 Eyal 4.2 4.4 he
Russia and Finland........ 21,2 25.4 30.5] 38.9 34.3 26.4 32. 1 29.8 28.3
‘German perts on the Baltic. 0.8 1.9 2.6 1.4 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 0.9
HHambarg and Bremen..-... 3.3 4.8 4.1 7.0 6.0 6.1 6. 0 5.3 1331.
Moliand raters ee ieieisiais atcieiesa:s 48.3 69.5 57.0 61.5 (play 59. 5 57.0 60. 6 67.6
EDEL ON eee esis ctajeinsioisocie'= 15.9 22.0 19.2 24.4 18.9 21.6 14.7 19.5 18.1
France pasos HOOD 1.0) Bs Bil aceiaeer 3.3 3.0 4.7 4.3 2.8 2.0
SPAN. cee se a 4.5 3.8 16.7 9.1 1.2 6.1 12.6 | liced 7.6
ftaly and Austria . 173.0 151.2 176.8 187.4 166. 8 205. 1 114.4 167.8 220. 0
MnidedStates- sos... os. cn. |sce chess 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.8
West Indies....... 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 OF 0.6 0.5 0.4
achinalensoee esos 2.6 DisQN aces openehe S| Caceres |e a ee | ere oe Te eee
‘Other csuntries ......-.. 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.1 1.4 0.1 0.7 | 0.'5, |Sisse seer
4 Metal nc cns2sssecc ewes 350. 4 367.9 385. 6 417.4 393. 6 422.6 320.6 | 379.7 412.8
“Million fish, estimating 75 26.3 27.6 28.9 31:3 29.5 SHI 24.0 28.5 30.9
mer hundred-weight. |
4
THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880.
TABLE LXVI.
[Times 100,000 pounds. ]
Export of split cod from Canada,
Where to.
1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. 1877. 1878. rite 1879.
Great Britain and Ireland.| 21.9] 26.5 | 32.7| 20.1 10.7] 17.9 18.0| 21.1] 40.1
ontical @eceec scccsee =-=-- 20.2) 31.1] 35.5 8.0 14.0 12.2 10.7 | 18.8] 24.0
Spain Fe pa a SR ea 5.4 fot Mntetete tebe Erica ei eiataiows\e\cratore|| arcinte.n ee cae ona eee 158) easeere
[Ey EEE ge ey Bere brsce a PO 31.7 35.1 33) Bi cot. el aoe
52.2] 43.6 ASSO WOON Oh ese sco s'| oelects cists «|| cia oreeaae Gare 36)'2 4] eee
ASUSUTIB cose clo ssinsisetaaee bana 4 Resacccl Beocoos bee oe eae : 20 Q83)|b ose 2.3
United States ..--..--..... 19.9 47.6 70.6 44.7 43. 2 91.1 87.5 HY ers) 82. 2
Newioundlandess--e-secseesesecccloarccantlscsec es 1.2 7.3 1,2 18.2 4.0 6.3
British Wiest Undies. 2.22 <<] de cae MW scn cress lo cineice|| soos ees 216. 2 263. 2 265;9) |c acces |eeo eee
Spanishe Wi Ost UGesisees celles nel oscs ae -|ecemicec|=ieces< x | 154.9 Jo | 189.6 (er 3 eet |e
Hrenchiwostilntiese.-2-.|-2-o74-|eento-eleecceec|ae- ar ee bed Ole |S J 427 1555.91 ee eee
Hollandish West Indies...) 544.5 | 474.3 | 544.4 | 512.1 Gg | ------ = (a 0.1 | 504.7 | 583.7
Manishew est Undies... 22-4] sea |ssaecte Alene c ncis| spociciese xa |Ko Fie lal a ga Sal erent al Bee.
Ria Ciee e oee ee Psclecse sn Wook lems A eee 11.4 7.3 rey a 166
GNI AT eee are ore wie ciacie clara! mee sicine | sieosisicie Dis Die sas ciee 31.8 32.7 25:5 |' 16.8 | “2955
South America..-.....----.| 39.3 28.8 | 36.7 | 44.1 59. 0 71.8 (8.4 | £5123") 6826
IMC EIT a seco me sereceecacmac POSE [Pe tS ee oe le Se 3.0 6.4 3.4 1.8 0.3
AER Ca eres teen osncecae cil seecculeeosces Sy (tua ae 0.3 ORD io. awison |B Seer l|eecmee
4.5 11.6 4.0 2.6 Dy lia, nom amelack aeierener SoD |e
707.9 | 690.6 | 797.3 | 671.7 641.9 776.8 790.0 | 725.2 $81. 4*
35.4 34.5 39.9 | 33.6 32.1 38. 8 39.5 | 36.3] 44.1
41.0 | 44.9 | 40.7 38.1 42.3 41.6 46.0} 42.1 | 57.3
* 315.6 of these in the first 6 months, 565.8 in the last 6 months.
TABLE LXVII.
[Times 100,000 pounds.]
Split cod exported from St. John’s.
Where to. |
7 Aver-
1872. 1873 1874. | 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. age 1879.
uae a ee 5
Great Britain and Ireland . 24.5 47.7 42.3 | 24.9 24. 9 43. 0 39. 4 35. 4 48.3
IPOTGU CAL eee cc ssccc a ane ce 87.1 85. 2 109.4 | 104. 7 87.9 67.8 89. 6 90. 2 125. 0
SPAM) 2 Sera aiclaisecioinajee sinensis 180. 8 236. 2 222.6 | 1384.5 156. 6 112.4 79.5 160. 4 138. 1
MGA Vane wocc caiecaacuras cece als 10.1 13.7 49.0 25.9 27.3 22. 7 30.3 25. 6 43.2
United States .......------ 8.2 8.6 aypal Be Bats 5.3 10.3 8.1 17.8
Wanadde ie osee esos ence ees 2.3 21,3 15.4. | 0.5 Or see heteer. Zo 6.2 TaL
British West Indies ..-.--- 68.4 MOL 91.9 67.4 58.3 66. 5 50.4 68.3 57.6
1S VAlll Se ee eee 221.3 235. 8 285. 5 244.5 204.7 265.1 242. 0 242. 7 346. 6
Other countries ........--. 35. 2 43.6 61,5 49,3 13.3 26.1 19.7 34.1 15.3
MOtalicsace cos sccces 637.9 | 767. 2 884.7 | 654.8 | 578.3 609.0 | 563.3 | 670.7] 799.0
Million fish, estimating 50 31.9 38.4 44,2 32.7 | . 28.9 30.4 28. 2 33. 5 39.9
to a hundred-weight.
602 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [70]
s
TABLE LXVIII. :
[Times 100,000 pounds. }
Export of dried and smoked cod from the United States.
Where to.
1876. 1877. 1878. Average.| 1879.
Great Britain and Ireland)<< 2-2. -|-seescesces-5-6- 0.4 yo la eece 9.9
Ue aa ea SHdd|oaneccosorcnes af (ie Wa) SBS Seoscoucsd Ibeéascoscas|baatess- aa
ewfoundland and Labrador...-. ; )
Gineda So). so ree 21.3 11. 8 25. 6 19. 6 j 18.6
Colamibiave---ccscaceicesecccioe ISU eAnsdaeacououeD [sSooaodedassada||SoocnDace= 2.0
West Indies:
Honduras and British West 3.8 } } 6.5
Indies.
Danish West Indies......... 16.5 0.1 | 15.1 ¢ | 17.0 0.6
SE WOMINE Osan seis saie\aser 5.1 3.6
[ROLbOvRICO) eceee cence ceeeaae 150. 4 7.5) 9143.1 157, 2 150. 2)182.5< 1.3
JE Oy Aalies PA EA Bian e aia aes 81.5 63.8 94.7 | 74.0
(Inte a sesbaoutaccsngedousaceac 14.5 18.9 7.3 25.7
French West Indies-........- 19, 2 20.3 21.6 20. 8
Hollandish West Indies...-. 19. 1 2505 (16. 6 0.4
British} GMans- aces cece ele seiacele Wed | Frasier veisiaciciniers| eases siertore iets ail | cicreteisieieerere 0.9
ollandish' Guiana eeceetescssn ois | sic nc Sasi tance a= loeislee ee acemcme |e moment clecleeeetaleece seer 15.7
IBTAZAl oo osecmno-eee ee sacteee eases URS eae Goasccene - 0.3 0.2 0.5
Sonth, America... 2... 25 s-cccce2s 1.0 1.8 1.4 1.4 11.0
Other coumtries\. 55)-5<(s)- seca seve seca sets a casicim 4.9 8.0 4.3 8.2
Motel: #2 Sock. Mew 178.0/ —~—«161.9 193.6) 177.8; 200.0
Million fish, estimating fifty to a 8.9) 8.1 9.7 “8.9 10.0
hundred-weight.
Yield of the cod fisheries, in 728 735. 4 BOGS Ucscecesee 825.1
hundred-weights.
Numberof fishing vessels arriv- |......-...--...-- 461 LEP aogeca0ds 752
ing.
Dravnght in-tons 2 s.sscsseeeceee|Gececnces sesciseae 19, 000 265400 eecitce sacs 29, 900
TABLE LXIX.
[Times 100,000 pounds.]
Denmark—dried and dry-salted cod.
Vor. Imported.
= 4 Exported. | Consumed.
aroe reen- Other
Islands Iceland. land. | countries. Total.
UST 2 ieee acne cieiacta sc cecsee cae 9.6 21.0 0.4 2.4 33. 4 10. 2 23. 2
Si dtemmeasites sacs icercce es 8.3 OST Rank nee 2 5.2 33. 2 9. 2 24.0
ERTAN a Meistaccccicscas aoteese itch 22.8 0.3 6.7 37.9 12.6 25.3
STO meester ecole ces wcesee 13.9 18.0 0.5 3.0 35. 4 7.6 27.8
PO pete ne setae scissacioctacscce 10.5 S596] Meesesae 5.5 51.6 13.9 37.7
UOT Grmeenteilselsinas cle cice.s sacs 10.0 BONO 22 ie wleleloc|| sec wreie winleicloel| stelarswmietellesieieiats Sethe | mete te eles
REMARK. In 1879 there was exported from Iceland 200,000 pounds
of dried cod and 12,500,000 pounds of split cod, to the following places:
Pounds.
SCD 520 SSS eee earn eee ok ae eae nara ~s-+- 6,850,000
WONeMNAVeNN msde... sc 2c od cee Pete Dea wibiayets (ave a tera2 3,650,000
Great Britain and Ireland ................ aielejeyareke/cistercieneiarse! Con OUUntauae
12,500,000
From the Faroe Islands were exported in 1879 2,000,000 pounds of
split cod and 100,000 pounds of dried cod.
[71] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 603
TABLE LXX.
{Times 100,000 pounds. }
Salted and dried cod exported from France.
Destination.
1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. | Average.
Great Britain and Ireland ....-.-- (ed RaSnceool oceneorte aEeneers Or Diilicores se lecmacene 0.1
Sinai ee seen ae oe ce gl Bo) | ase eee 3.3 2.8
tealy, and Austria 2.6 BT ae 2iee 34.7 Ses
PAM OCT Sete emia cise eineiaiscicnice se Merk OL 10. 6 12. 0 9.4
( SERAC yoga 6.8 11.0 3.8 10.3 10. 2
Turkey and Egypt 4.5 4.0 2.8 3.9 4.7
West Indies ..-.- eens one : fe TSO ulrcc. cove Daal 1.6 2.8
NonthwAm erica. es ecicccecn iss cao Ge MMOL aes mcrae ta cece srccc.c cas Ile aetiaeeelaice,ceee 0.5
Other countries.....-.....-.-.- 5 0.0 He § 10.6 14. 1 | 7.4
Total: 23.2. ssc seaee ds 65.6 ak 69. 8 60.7 76.9 | 79. 2
Million fish, estimating 50 to a 3.3 Wellman 3. 3.5| 3.0 3.8 | 4.0
hundred- weight.
Yield:
NN alb oss s seieete es woes se cal 615.9 | 668.2} 582.6 | 558.1) 549.1] 589.3] 673.4 605. 2
Dp ed’ee sass se cceie se oee eet 148. 0 127.8 123. 2 87.0 101.0 83.1 81.8 107. 4
Other productsie-.--cscmne=2 18.3 18.9 23.1 22.5 17.5 19.3 22.3 20.3
MV Otaee ssesce cosmescme=mce 782.2 | 814.9] 728.9] 667.6! 667.6 | 691.7 | 777.5 | 732.9
TABLE LXXI.
[Times 100,000 pounds. }
5 ae cod, pepoet from Scot-
re
=|
f . : oe
; Destination. le
o
Year. re 5 ie
Bn | Bis a
As oie | Lotale |e
; ae By 2
ua) Sy 2 5 a
r= | Oe ok hi
s oR Om ie
© a Pao) t
4 x Ay A
SORE BU hpie, atalitersoee 53:6 -l\casne
38. 4 23, 1 8.6 TOE As eames
30.3 21.3 9.4 61.0 4.5
43.5 25.7 12.7 81.9 5.8
28.9 25. 0 5.9 59. 8 3.5
41.2 23.3 8.9 73.4 6.0
42.9 40.3 11.8 95. 0 0.2
LEC EPO NDE DOE AON, So hepP oa 37.5| 264| 95| 70.7| 5.2
Millions of fish, estimating 50 per bundred-weight ..........-. 1.9 1.3 0.5 Sioa oceans
TABLE LXXII.
[Times 100,000 pounds. ]}
Cod, salted, in barrels, ex- A
ported from Holland. A]
sar |
Year. = e
5 4 a {ect
En E 2 oe
o i) 3
a ob} H iS)
8.1 4.8 12.9 1.4
10.9 5.9 16.8 1.7
5.4 8.1 13.5 1.4
Oo. L 6.5 11.6 1.4
10.6 | 8.3 18.9 1.4
10.8 8.7 19.5 i Day fi
6.7 5.3 12.0 1.4
PAR OTAG OC Leer en cine ofa geri anisiclaisinae tiers sa malaaialamtetntelaiclo'e miele» 8.2 6.8 15.0 1.5
Fish, estimating 17 per hundred-weight...........--.--20.----e0- 139,400 | 115,600 | 255, 000 |.-----
a .
604 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [72]
Table LX XIII contains a summary of the annual export. Including
the Faroe Islands, the total was 154,500,000 yearly, of which 28,500,000
was dried cod, and 126,000,000 split cod. Of the whole amount, again,
75,000,000 were caught in European and 79,500,000 in American waters.
The amount exported was greatest from Norway, 63,600,000, or 41 per
cent.; next from Canada, 36,300,000, or 235 per cent.; next from St.
John’s, 33,500,000, or 213 per cent.; next from United States, 6,300,000,
or 44 per cent.; next from Iceland, 5,000,000, or 34 per cent.; next from
France, 4,000,000, or 24 per cent.; next from Scotland, 3,500,000, or 24
per cent.; next from Faroe Islands, 1,500,000, or 1 per cent.; finally from
Holland, 300,000, or 4 per cent.
7
TABLE LXXIII.
Total export in millions.
Where from. pee
1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. | Average.
Norway:
ried sCod 2 sass ecaeiows oles 26.3 27.6 | 28.9 31.3 29. 5 31.7 24.0 28.5
Grill ood saeco nee eta ~ 310| 280) 298| 368] 33.0] 45.9] 410| 35.1
Canada, costo censessakececeseeis 35. 4 34.5 | 39.9 33.6 32.1 38. 8 39.5 36.3
Mt OUNIS) ceaccen asteessceee aoc 31.9 38.4 | 44.2 32.7 28. 9 30. 4 28. 2 33. 5
Wnited States: sccsc~.cc steceses 5.0 5.0 | 5.0 (ial 8.9 8.1 9.7 6.8
Moelandeeeeee ac sce ences mee ns 4.5 4.5 | 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.6 5.6 5.0
MIAN COs sapere cc ace csicecenciecemes 3.3 4.6 5.17 3.8 Bh 3.0 3.8 4.0
colander. eter ces aun a aeeeremee 207, 3. 5 | 3.0 4.1 3.0 3.7 4.7 3.5
Holland, barreled fish -.......-.. 0.2 0.3 | 0.2 0. 2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3
Total split cod .......-.---. “414.0! 11a.8/ 132.8) 1223 | 1137| 135.8] 132.7 124.5
Motaltofitishte=2= --cwAsaece = 140.9 146. 4 161.7 158. 6 143. 2 167.5 156.7 153. 0
——" > . | | | |
Table LX XIV gives a summary by weight of the split cod imported,
and Table LXXV by number. The amount of dried cod imported is
stated in Table LXV. Theimportation ofcod during the last seven years
has varied as follows: In the West Indies, 4,900,000 (35,300,000 to
40,200,000) ; in Spain, 3,600,000 (35,500,000 to 39,100,000); in Brazil,
4,400,000 (10,200,000 to 14,600,000).
In Portugal, Germany, and Denmark the importation has been stead-
ily increasing. In most other countries the amount consumed appears
to be tolerably uniform year by year. When the amount imported ex-
ceeds the average one year, it falls below it during the next two. The
considerable increase in the manufacture of split cod which has taken
place in Loffoden of late years, namely, from 10,000,000 to 11,000,000 in
the beginning of the seven-year period to double that amount at the end
of the period, exceeds by acouple of millions the difference between the
lowest and the highest amount imported by the two countries (Spain
and the West Indies) which consume three-fifths of the split cod, and
one-half of all the cod in other forms which come upon the market.
The exports have varied as follows : From Norway, dried cod, 7,700,000
(24,000,000 to 31,700,000) ; split cod, 17,900,000 (28,000,000 to 45,900,000) ;
total, 22,000,000 (55,600,000 to 77,600,000). From Canada, 7,800,000
/
[73] THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880. 605
(32,100,000 to 39,900,000); from St. John’s, 16,000,000 (28,200,000 to
44,200,000); from United States, 4,700,000 (5,000,000 to 9,700,000) ; from
Iceland, 2,500,000 (3,100,000 to 5,600,000); from France, 2,700,000
(3,000,000 to 5,700,000); from Scotland, 2,000,000 (2,700,000 to 4,700,000) ;
from various countries, 26,600,000 (140,900,000 to 167,500,000).
TABLE LXXIV.
Total import (of split cod).
Times 100,000 pounds.
Destination. l |e
1972. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876. | i877. | 1978, | Aver | Sa
age. =a
a
152 714.7 803. 6 751.0°| 705.6 780.7 765. 5 753; 2 AYES
732.7 754. 4 772.6 746. 2 | 711.0 781.5 717.9 745. 2 37.3
234.4 246.7 291.4 264. 0 205. 0 269. 0 245, 5 250. 9 12.5
Rortncvale ces ecco sicecnss = 148.5 143.4 161.0 168. 0 160.6 | 201.7 246. 9 175.7 | 8.8
Great Britain and Ireland..-| 109.1 138. 8 138. 6 142.0 118.9 173. 6 154.7 136.5 | 68
Ttalwiand Austrias..5-2 2... 107. 2 96. 6 132. 5 127. 2 107.3 116.7 118.9 115. 2 5. &
Umited States ..-.-- -=-----. 28.1 56. 2 87.7 47.8 47.0 96. 4 97.8 65. 9 3.3
South AmMericarsssceac a. 22--: 42.1] 29.0 36.7 | 44.1 60. 0 73.6 79.8 52.2 | 2.6
Germ anyne se hecececicaereecs 22.3 26.9 28. 2 38.4 | 35.9 69. 1 65.4 40. § 2.0
WIENMAGKS = seen oeiscrs s ccate Seis 30.6 28.0 30. 9 35. 4 31.9 46.1 45.0 35.4] 1.8
BPG IAM Bas Sass kets Sic eos op edie ee eee Py Et ease a ae 33. 0 32. 7 25.5 29.8; 1.5
Mediterranean .....-..-..--- PAS 32.1 24.3 18. 4 24.7 V7.2 26. 2 24.3) 12
(Chit, 282 ssenbouEHeanesdede 2.3) 21.3] 15.4 OND 22585), 18s 27.7 te 45a sda;
INeGwiound land pee ss.c cial eeee cers See see s.a|lesie tape 1.2 10.0 1.2 18. 2 4.4) 0.2
Othericountries) 22.2 -2)-...-=- 62.5 68.7 71.1) 74.8 28. 2 51.6 45.6 57.5 | 2.9
Rota esses st scaecae 2298, 2 | 2346.8 | 2621.9 | 2459. 0 | 2301.9 | 2722.9 | 2660.6 | 2501.6 | 125.1
Millions of fish. ...........-- 114.9| 117.3] 1311| 122.9] 115.1| 1861 | 133.0] 125.1 |......
TABLE LXXV.
[Millions of fish.]
Total import (of split cod).
Country. | lita bees
1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875. | 1876, | 1877. | 1878. tees
Y=}
ae |
MWVICSUMMNGIGS .cheinccenecseehe sain asc nies 37.6 35.7 40. 2 37.6 | 35.3 39.0 38. 2 | BYE &
SME ack ni ecz ens ec hee eee 36.6 | 37.7| 386] 37.3] 35.5} 391] 360] 37.3
Ta Seen OCC e SEES DAC ae crrre DATA 12.38 1456) 18.25))) 10x25 Waxes 233 12.5
PLOT GIL UM sto fet— nya) ost ore, ioe ielefeinia ate = te 7.2 | 8.0 8.4 | Si08|) sd ORT lag 8.8
Great Britain and Ireland.-.........-. Dib 6.9 6.9 Tenis 5.9 8.7 6s7. 6.8
Tifalhyean ade ATISGLIA): << ajaciesiee sete acle ems 5.4 | 4.8 | 6.6) 6.4 5.4 5.8 5.9 | 7 5.8
Winttediotalosuesssetesnoccs-sanseeee = 1.4) 28) 44) 24 2.3 4.8) 4.9) 3.3
South America....... sisjainista sein seieintew 2.0 1.4 1.8 | 2.2 | 3.0 3.7 4.10" |S 236
German yaaa as esses cessehees USO A1-'3 14) 0 9) wed 8 3.5 3.3| 2.0
SIMIAN ee asia ciceeide cic as atiesicwics a yy 1.4 15 15al 1.6 253% Bue 18
PTGS OY ARTA Demo elsiete cin ia cin’ojo.c/oin cicta/aiaie}|tljaicjaintateh slo'e'sinte:a.e De Bl PS ge 1.6 | 1.6 1.3 1.5
IMGUITGTLANCAN se s<1<6<-/n1n.0~ 2525s 2 os 1.4 | 1.6 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.2 0.9 | DBs lie, Aetes
(OPT EG EW = es 9 0.1 | nla OSS a eee ial 0.6 1.4 0.7
NGWAOUN GANG Associa. ces cee oss Soll oe ee winih Ckielaaacis|| eeien sale 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.9 0.2
OThericOuNtLieS >.sc.c lessees ssecsse Seal 3.4 3.6 Sal! 1.4 | 2.6 2.3 2.9
MOtall cecece oases cs scet Leases 114.8 117.6 131.0 122. 7 14.8 | 136.2 133.0 | 125.2
Table LX XVI contains asummary of the total import. Of the whole
quantity exported, 57,600,000, or 37.4 per cent., went to America;
92,000,000, or 59.9 per cent., to Europe; and 4,000,000, or 2.6 per cent.,
to unknown places.
606 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [74]
The most important markets were: Spain, which received 37,900,000,
or 24.7 per cent.; West Indies, which received 37,700,000, or 24.5 per
cent.; Italy and Austria, which received 18,400,000, or 12 per cent.;
Brazil, which received 12,500,000, or 8.2 per cent.; Portugal, which re-
ceived 8,800,000, or 5.8 per cent.; Great Britain and Ireland, which re-
ceived 7,200,000, or 4.7 per cent.; Sweden, which received 5,300,000, or
3.4 per cent.; Holland, which received 4,500,000, or 2.9 per cent.
TABLE LXXVI.
Total average import
from 1872-1878.
Country. a ea!
Millions. | Per cent.
SPAM eeece acnieepeesicce cence csniniciceasSelsenesss << ci-tcceveeinas=nenic=saemicmecicmin= == 37. 9 | 24. 7
WWiGStMGIER eres ceee ce eeee eee ceeacte cc saccscpeience ar center eteeme meen 37.7 | 24.5
talyanavAuUStris rss sec ecaect cociacac cecasisetecisciaccsesasesaeeenl 18.4 12.0
IBTAZI se ccecacn cee et eeetenes 12.5 8.2
Rorbucal (oe wccsssicscisinowasice 8.8 | 5.8
Great Britain and Ireland .. Tole} 4.7
DWEGOM ccc wew ccs wcceeneceseecae 5.3 3.4
PVOMANG. 2s ess oe cis cesses ok came eoe ie eeawacie edie she cases bolas Se esescesa cine aimee 4.5 2.9
Wmited! States: 5.525 .co see betaccewe Sask aaeccnecd chines status ceuaie neeccemesecceise 3.3 2.2
SOUTH AMERICA hoe. se seamice a one cces sci nee wc ne ace oeseemiesceancemasisceece ae ee 2.6 1.6
Geri aniy 2 ah Se ces cca cecccinis| seaw eat esicpias wicsicmcnebissensicbecee seteiee cs esicoes 2.5 1.6
DENMAVk: o2 so. w ose was asses cle sleniacic Hascsacupe sec ones chbiwncatimaseneoneamcenee 2.3 15
USS anduMiniandas as. see. © See cine sats ae sume sete eciciscaceelbiescun ive esiceectela’s 252) | 15
Belov Se eee de Sue cme aie safe ccie comics sco Bae Sen sane eae cae oes eens pemeaes 1.6 1.0
Medi berTan@an costs oes seoed Cena wanccamtee ne cece See arencls sek ce weineee seme 1.4 0.9
IBRIDIS Ny GUIANG 22s eoeceaeca was Jens oe wcecn erie teceblcnt hace sete ceeoreemeaeeeer 1.5 0.9
WEHEriCOUNtTIOS: oc on Soles cee alee seca rs cee ee ee eres ae eee teens 4.0 2.6
JUG OR ee ere eae i eS Lie ARR re OE ee (Se Seine etal 153. 6 100
I shall furnish, toward the close of the year, to one of our newspapers,
tables of export in 1879, just as I did last year. With these statistics,
and a general abstract of the year’s fisheries as a starting-point, one
will have a tolerably accurate basis for judging the state of affairs in
1881. It will, therefore, be very useful if the consuls render, as soon as
the fishery in a country ends, and also concerning the autumn cod fish-
eries, a short report on its results—that is to say, whether it has been
unsuccessful, tolerably good, or good. According to the material which
lies before us, the exports for 1879 will presumably exceed those of all
preceding years. The effects hereof will be traced in 1881, and, since
the Norwegian fisheries have given an unusually good yield this year,
the prospects of fair prices during the coming Loffoden fishing are not
promising, even if the other fisheries should reach the results of an
average year.
Pier 6
Page.
Ney ny soe 5s «Soe ee pee eee 2, 26, 28; 57
PRA OT em etin cic e wanisees vases seem cesewe=== 19, 28
PARAL OST tune nico op sinioinion eiewamehivm cles 19, 28, 31, 32, 34
WASTICHS to ce ie ons.comarccnasias icec asic ceiiena n= 69
J NEI SEER CRABB OOD CORDIC ROR EEE CEC tape 71
PIS PAN ADO seis afb elem as cinin aisles eee alt= 19, 22, 25, 28
PAP REALS LOSS: Ola sien 2:7 5.010 cinim siv'sinineiciein's 57, 58
WAN O Of sanseesa sceea acces 58
Appropriation for fishery inspection -.... 1, 3, 16
PANTOSUS tec a a cine olmaiiia me aicive San oe .isin/e'e'= = == 4
PACTS TULA ee eet aa s.es.<.c si ciniewiaacieas 68, 69, 71, 73, 74
BAL PLICOS Olja =a 1n ale sem wale occ moe viciia => 51
Balberg (and Valberg) ...-.-..--..-. 2, 11, 19, 29, 59
Ast OPO ose deca ancscesamecminclosiaminm 19, 22, 28
IBSIStAC somes soc scsssleuenee 9, 11, 13, 17, 26-28, 30, 33,
37-39, 49, 50, 56, 57, 60
record of fishery of.........-.---. 64
inspection district of......--.---- 256) 17.
Mie We bees saeanaee nese enece cnr el 16
CAO S asses crcissccsiascscameines sien cenann 15
Bean, Tarleton H.......... b doidelee pace bcs 1, 50
Beer unlawial sale. OF .6c 5.0 ccecieeceeseone 4
Beieren (and Veieren) .....-.---00-0-+---- 19, 28, 29
ISCItSLAUQGH popes de nine oicienine cinna'mecinsissies s 19, 28
eli OLAEI ree ores asics s<se sie sie ae aia a ata ooo 28
Plea Me sa ctaaycereaios sos ats cincisaaletaale 67, 68, 74
POU Peteeetse oe oe winlawis slaicteleiavslo sialmioie caine slo 19, 29, 65
IBGVPOCN) Sc ccccncccnacssucenja'e's 14, 15, 19, 28, 31, 32, 34
Perens eases se sae a esineene nis caeseae ae 19, 65, 66
PS THO ALON os cones swta\njaisicinla(acve'swe oo misis'alcio'e/aia 19, 28
IBF OLUOL Sac oc awe ccivce cc uceeiein\siainwninnsisiasi2 19, 28
TE coe Oa See EEE C REE re De ncce bone a 19, 28
1G et a RED Same Ne ep 19, 29, 65
I OAUB RE eee tenes Saicwaee cess ocseite 2,17, 18, 19, 26, 40
cid Geese occ echnsertctsocuer 19, 22, 28, 31, 32, 34
BOLE Cen. acess sccs cosets ccssee sfewsicle oaicaes 19, 29, 65
ISFANOSHOMMONG) = sccieo scence caccivcise seas 2, 26, 27, 34
IBrazileisecccs SBA S ODA RODE DE AUCOEEC ae 68-70, 73-74
Bremer ees ci va a Shes ecdecsieccceecas ae 68
ISTOULOSNLOS «stoo'sins vos ceees's cass 2, 25, 26, 27, 28, 34, 39
record of fishery at......-.---- 61
ONO Pee e eis salsinie' vie = 5 sie nininie wee eelawicja'e 19, 22, 28
TEP aoe a aes ee 6, 19, 21, 22, 25, 29
SST OST OLUC Ua sea aees cccs ccesenw esse 48, 59, 64
WaT tee e ecco cece ccs cea wcci'aicsjes< ose 69, 70, 72, 73
MPASORTIUCICIA scents casin > sink cn saeiasic cass uie 5
Chapels .......---.--.0-2---0eeeee- 2-2-2 11
PIN ATOM PILE Otis erie tanec -cccee ccleneaes 68
Christianssund (and Kris-).........--- 19, 28, 32, 34
OHI CHES sae see eas cactus Sowissccucccccee 11512
Clearance, improper ..-....----+--------+- 4
Ce pnlefis hee eee eet ano ceiscase pis sase 63
Coasting Ci ee, 31
[75]
Page.
Cod catchiof, Per Mans scncesscincessaioeec 61
Onied 2s. seas tcesetenss 53, 54, 56, 65-68, 70-72
exports and imports of.............. 66-74
exports of, from Norway -.-....----- 68
MOVCMICUUS OF 65650100 nc cicesonsa n= 58, 59, 60, 64
PIICO Obese cle cae eas ca aiss soem ces oeee ar 51, 52
Cod fisheries, products of, in 1880.....-... 65
Headset ness taka. saeinee 51, 53, 54, 56
ViVverOUlst veactcesecicese sea 49-51, 53, 54, 56, 65
TOO pers soles sisiein[e sel wicinisee' = sicaan si 51-54, 56, 65
Salted reeecee nse areata eiale waa alsin ar 65, 71
eplite ess sos coset bee: 52-54, 56 66-69, 71-73
PLAGE OL THE WORMG sce nsccessniececeue 72-74
Commercial journal -2. 25.255 - Se ccececceee 67
Copenliagvenere-so-tosec soccer asieeuernae 70
Cost of fishery inspection .........------- 3
Wurrentepoc sao saes oe = meson ejeae ue <eiemies 57
Cuttlefish, price 0f-:.:-.2.2....csce-e0--. 51, 56
DAVIS Class sachs et see pee acter sence ae incr 19, 28
DD ayAline LSWOLY = cess casa aan —mieerines 59, 62, 63, 64
Weaths 22.620 26 oe aacbess esse seeutee 6, 7, 10, 38, 39
Deep-bait (hand-line) fishery. -..-.-. 17-19, 22-24, 26,
55, 57, 62-64
Deep-water fish .......062-205--s00s00-2-5 50
Denmark ess catciaw coisas apesiiec oe steeriewe 67, 68, 70-74
Digermulen .........----------+----+------ 13
Diseases among fishing population.....-.. 6, 7, 8,10
I ONNGCS 220 sa oo occ mececen see seeeeeacee 19, 28
DI VOLDOLD) = co teitoano = aan ewes hese ies means 19, 28, 65
Dr Wis oe sd cea dees ne rce sess aoe eu eae 19, 29
Hast Lofodens << <2 -j<cccccccn nn 13, 37, 49, 57, 59, 60
Faster holidays, fishing during........--. 18
WAU CatiON socce cacennacce,s toes seis aecteeminet= 5, 11, 12
Eger, O.Chi Chr... . 2c c.cc-n0 sennctenn ess 2,6
UL Y Pon's. - 2c Jcceecs a2 ensale oes emecemetenis 71
WOId Sock e cota sas Semen ere seem e eine 19, 28
Kngland) = 225cscsens cease tee tee te een on 66
Expenses of fisheries....-...------------- 3, 58
Export prices of fishery products .-....--. 51, 52
Exports, statistics of ..........20-22.---: 66-72
Raroe: Islandscsccmceee nants. ciecoe~- 66, 67, 70, 72
Parsuidien ccc cesococesesas saweiatcc=iccsaas 31, 34
POIN CG eee eae nin Bese eee ea siem ca ao alsietelel= 4,5
Binmarky se. 2. esses osce ces 17, 19, 20, 53, 65, 66,
Fisheries, condition of, in 1880. .17, 19, 23, 25, 26, 35,
38, 51, 54, 56, 57, 61-65
iE) rp 1 Ree ae 2, 17-20, 26, 30-34, 38-40
history of ..... 21, 23, 25, 26, 30, 32, 38-41,
49, 52, 53, 56, 60, G1, 67
Fishevies, influence of temperature on... 45-48
inspection of the ..-..--------- 1-6
WSNEKMEN 6 2 2n\c0csniescscenssccecme 4-12, 17-29, 38, 39
Fishery treaty ...-..-.----------- So cene 67
608 |
Page.
Fishing dates, successful. ...-.-.--------- 59
PTOOUNGS se ceecs eo nese seem 59, 60, 67
HOGS OD beeen cis sine eae aeeleeneleeialar 58
StAHONS 5 <)-< cc eecicle ee 2, 17, 20, 26, 28, 29, 33
detailed record of ....--- 61-65
HHSHAGLAOC caceaeciccs -cisas=enopeceeise ees 66-74
INE ENVS RES” se eeigondaepoossoesccncesoncr 19, 28
OAKS ta Cae cepsiec coc leciencisets 6, 9, 19, 21, 25, 27, 28, 2
Rleetsese: ve asses eee 2, 14, 15, 17-20, 26, 30-34
BOLO eet dae ssns ees sew sneene aes aya to ate 31, 34
OIG OM 6 weenie te Suleoetn ck So eeiceiees 19, 22, 28, 29
MOSER sem .jcahetss Sees Weseaciwesaeiee see 31, 32, 34, 66
IBOBNES ee sisc ome eaneesincitieceiacieenee se aoe 19, 28
IMeMO) 92S ane poneennnaaeanseoodncocseEse 68, 72
exports of cod from .......--..---- al
Future prospects of the Loffoden fishery. - - 74
Galeas: 25-46 o-cciaecieer cee cinisi ee tce cen seins 31, 38
Germany -..--- Ssandidcaoase SSaaqsecncaSess 68, 72-74
Guideskaalueeeecrecter seen eae cciner eee a- 19, 25, 28
AGI SO ee eee ie etree etoes ee sieistcis sininicion pines 19, 29, 65
Gimsostrommien -& 22 nec ccc ccc e ens Baaaiee 48, 60, 61
record of fishery at...--- 63
CEUStACK COVE .zieco cise oman sjseins Saini 64
(Ghlajaaain Whale S| Sees ceoooenoacsnone seceee 16
AGC le ietee site erate = lowe esceioiae eicieierei-isteletei= are 6, 11, 64
(Grea selohi ecsesosenosnescuseceaaec 68-71, 73, 74
GEO CO ee siere cise sicieisies silane ie ciseicisisini=sieie'=.~ 71
ASTI UOT ee cies alo ictelasialels|ataaie = siete'= nela\o. inl) i= 19, 28
GaraNOweee a= eee ie Soca mene re ccsisieisic es 54
factories, statistics of .......--.--- 55, 56
Guldvigen (and Guldvig) .......-.-...--- 1,2
HEGRE J Scuoccednedes) Hosecneeoneoe 19, 21, 22, 25, 28
amma yes ane aiicsiecisaitias oelesisiwaise Sse sic 14, 68, 70
MATMIMeLLeS bis sae ieisiincie si eecieeeno se 14, 19, 29
ETAMMETG! 2% — oe. oo.osre Sielersic wia's’s Saceciong sie 19, 22, 29
Hand Line wisheryAcsascesceasrcer eters 18, 19, 22
lard an CO) wam sereyece sai celal meelaiase 31, 32, 34
BERNER EL Bae Sanotebeobe ebeosee capeos 19, 28, 31, 34
Health regulations, violation of........-- 4
Helgeland .-....- eee sae sesesee 19, 21-25, 31, 32, 34
LOMN Sos wes ei se weweete cease se een seis 19, 25, 28
PVONMIN GSW PSRS sa aiclataeieisicin sere 4, 9, 11-18, 25-28, 30, 33,
34, 37, 39, 50, 56-58, 60
fishery Tecord® acc sccecs=- 63
hospital 52323242 2- ene eee 9
inspection district.......--- 2, 5,17
medical district 2322224--2-- 6,9
TESS Soe BEE ee Re A RARE oS 19, 25, 28, 65
18 IG eb NCA OS a Seti rear i . 51, 56, 64
PUG Oe este s/o oe ume cose eel ee a eeen ns 19, 28
PEM CSO ier ersiais/steisya\n isi seis cio sisie inte wiclemnieeaiate 19, 29
PINMECHIN ON eistecters cmiasisis cs +c ecow cis clue Setar 25
NR HONOUME Salis consi Aas sc ose once eee 19, 28
TE@UTG| ta coe eager ae SURO TOU SHOE MCE + 68, 71, 72, 74
HTONGUTAS cose cncnc Boe ele ie Scns eee emo 70
HO ponie see foes cebewca ce 11-13, 26, 27, 28, 30, 43,
34, 37, 39, 49, 50, 57-60
HTOp enti Shery, TCCOLd 25 e.cs2c cece ce noes 63
inspection district. ................ 2, 6, 17
Hos piialsgeacee ee eseeee cncee eek sac. 9
Mes bade cee cecicmee er cletcisiacicne sc 19, 22, 29
1K ERG Le oa eas eogacu CEOCODICOB OE mDEE 70, 72, 73
export) of cod frome-=..:---c2.--- 66
Mm portidwtiessacwisccecece se cweeoe sacle <cte 3
REPORT OF COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Page.
Imports of cod, statistics of...........--- 73, 74
1eTU EIA pane coma dep seocousbe ss260e 19, 28, 31, 32
Inspection of the fisheries....-..-...-.--- 1-6
CiStrictae--seee—ee eee eee 2, 17, 37, 57
Intoxicating liquors, unlawful sale of.... 4
Wrelande seas sce= see eee eee etee ere 68-71, 73-74
HIVES nb wyeut aero esopposesegssa 55> 45, 48, 59, 65.
Utell Wine see ceeee meee ee ene 67-69, 71, 73, 74
JACOUSCN He = ceemer see eee eeeeeseen eee 2
AIG INGE) Be aaeeiscnnocasean sodcosoonensasiac 1
Kabel waacic ec citeiacieeen secs 2, 25, 26, 28, 38, 56, 57
hospital @ascewesee cere seeeeeeeeee 9
RG a EY Neeeenip sae sbe dopo GSBoc srSSSsae seoUe 6 19, 29
Karkevaag .- 62. cccccnccecccmencicessineecice = 2, 11
ej elshberg wey ce seseeeere see cree seater 2
Kajels berg Mi cc cr eiciaiqmte semisteim eet eeinialn ie eee 2
(Rj enrin 2 Ole see ao) are omen latelee alee ie etote tetera 19, 29:
KO Bess. ocses see aeae erence eee see eee 43
Kil Vereldaretlesic sein wo sellers miata eieieet tects 19, 22, 28:
L@akpy ene a aeapSe nse does Bande soseatososs0ecds 14, 15
Kristianssund (and Chris-).-...---..--- 9, 28, 32, 34
Revised] or dae antes same cise seat ec ements 19, 22, 29
Tie 0 eeteee ee koe eee See eee 19, 22, 28
DOS yaled! Sas abet ascncnaaupooucecCacTt 11, 19, 22, 29
TiOVaN GOR osc crawielalsieleleinnim winelelatelvieitomoteets 31, 34
1b a Aes WEA See A a ShS05 Gee asa aoa aoeoodosdS so 19, 28.
DGillty PbO GTM ac anon eee oan Bo SeEpodecadcodesods 11, 12
License for fishin -.ce ese owns sereieviei=isimtel= 58
Licensed liquor dealers... ......-..---.<2se- 36.
Toi ON De eee ctor Calas cieeisecen teense 13, 41, 42, 45
Eivht-honses- ne sac secs aT efeinia sieeretets 15
Tindeman Hens Mien Sarjecnre voeis a cicie melee 66:
Line fisheries ........ 8, 17-19, 23, 26, 50, 59, 62, 63, 64
eoding eniss =e eeceoe = esa 12, 19, 22, 29, 41, 43, 47
Teofodeneec tt ween eee 1, 14, 15, 30, 32, 34, 47
and Vesteraalen .19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 34
PiSHENMON sels te ees eisieee eae 24
fishery, expenses of............--. 58:
fishery, gross yield of .........--.. 56
fishory.ini1880sesccemseeeeeee eae 58:
Lossof apparatus ssc... = xo co cisseinlajercieicicte 57
Lung disease, statistics of ......--...------ {fi
WiuNNON,. mis os cise see tee oeleaaoneertas aeete 2
IVC Aa ea BSE MeCsIGoOn 74poSsSo sce 19, 22, 28, 65
Dy At¥e4s) Wareeusmoceo nooo oes beaGoeSCCnS 19, 22, 29, 65
Minalselvient: 22 .cct2- nse ererccietetetele oictelneislerse eee 19, 29
Mia (Oia. 22:srcae ctastseineda ci consawistaia =e aleraatate 69
Malangen fsa sense siceteiase ESO RaseBodcacs 19, 29
Markets for Codes ernsce- cic eerie eae 74
Medical districts’. 42. 5-1-ee-q--5 snes telat 6
OMCe) setasicecise css ccing cin cieesoeeter 7,6
LAROS' sc se sccmlee eis otc oteieicleeiemiomaiats 59
Meek. 1h.) Aitooemesocecleas essence ssieen aac 11
SC SIC IN Ren eae UE Din atch eS Ne 11, 19, 28
Merchant vessels: 5 = <.-s-c > ecesi == sel - mein 30-34
Merlangus carbonarius..-.-...2.0--..-.--- 63
Meteorological Iustitute ..-..---..-...--... 45.
Methods of fishing....-....--. 19, 22-24, 26, 55, 61-65:
Miquelon’ *22.22cimessees= ene cesnseeiele anes 66, 68
Mittheilungen, Petermann’s ............--- 66
DN (eRe aR aS bie Duct 1 | neo aE 19, 22, 28
Mold ect sent tere cteemeee ce cei 19, 28, 31, 32, 34
Mooring's! cess sect nie eects as icmen eet 15, 16
Mortality. :...cso.5 0c eecseeCooee 6, 7, 10, 38, 3
[77]
Page.
Moskenes .-..---.--cccccn-cseee- 2, 11, 26, 28, 38, 57
MOVEMENTS OL COM coaccicescocece nese 58, 59, 60, 62
NIISSElSe ase ae iswie ae ciclel= isis ain stele sinlatel=ii= = nim 51, 56
PN oN Omer cree ne ccsisssanin Sisiebow se soneeaiess 19, 22, 28
Nesland ....... Ree em oeieaa alcjeina stele seinicl= 2, 26, 27, 34
WEES) An ananecene CROC CBOCODOUADOOUE 19, 21, 22, 25, 28
INGOs ON yee eccisecice = sie case ninine= 31, 32, 34, 65, 66
BNIB OSmismitiesiciscieie steno ce seejeelsatecin'=sin 28, 31, 32, 34
Nervous fever statistics......---.------.--- 7
iNetfishery — 0... 17, 19, 22-24, 50, 55, 57, 59, 62-65
Newioundland tcccsreees eccecisecceucscem== 69, 70, 73
: exports of cod from..-..-..- 66, 67
Night line fishery........----.------+-+---> 62, 64
ENGIBSSOMG So aiaaos ems nicicje siseceeissesine cietieraln'e= 11
Nordland) --'-2.<cee 6, 10, 11, 15, 19, 20, 31, 53, 56, 66
MAMA MOLOso. ck cieiemie = oaice stec iowa sina ainicl> 31, 34, 65, 66
Norway, export of cod from.....--..----- 67, 68, 72
INEST IOVS =o slonicicseis<.0,0 = 2, 11, 12, 27, 28, 33, 34, 39, 57
MaImerer races he ee selacaeaesa~s:ceccceese 26, 27, 34
Oilenses esse ee setceewecisiccncess cece esa. 4,5
Ofoten (and Ofotfjord).......----------- 6, 19, 29, 44
MICRA AG Petes me races ce cceataccccmcce ces 2
MilemantACvOLvies ac clsccsic'ssinescloecie rane caine 56
OI SCRE sa oe at nin Oe wewaleaicia acieeaanes-nieincie'e 2
Ommun SON; eicescsccecericcsesereacucesssm= 2,6
OVERCAME sstmas cs ccet oe osae set mc eaeence 19, 28
(Ovlandotiveaseces cethis = cosse sce eeeeiese 19, 28, 32, 34
Ors KOU cosisc sie ecaemicce= ames suisse elsrice == 19, 28
Orsnes (and Oksnes) ..-.-.------ 2, 26, 27, 28, 33, 65
Orsay eae eee sees ese csasescsnoseses 2, 26, 27, 28, 33
Ostnesstjord-.2s-e enc. secs 2, 12, 17, 26, 28, 33, 34,
39, 45, 47-49, 50, 59-61, 62
Ostlofoten (East Loffoden) ........-.-.----- 48
Parelius, Marcus Hegge.....2.-cesateccece 5
ABKOUL OLAVOSSOIS soc cinwiectaviccce na seeccencne 32, 33
Pay of inspecting force ........-....-- Sepoc 1
IPOLOMMAINPACE on eeepc en ccesscusseswacsceae 66
OODMONG ee ecamaccencecre cscs ssosensccsoses 5
OG m seh op Mneas « cee cqno maces ccactnccicns 2,6
Onn Caer anes eeaceacteasoscine see ene 67-69, 72-74
IROstmasbers; PBYl Ol ness ccc-seaccccneeceses 15
Preparation of fishery products..........49-56, 65
TICS OMUall) nase sac c co awsmib em enemienemeas 51
Prices of fishery products .............-50, 51-52
IPTOUUCTSTOLMISNOLY;.\sscne's'dcicinscos ence cncan's 52-55
Products of fishery for 1880........-.--.--- 65
Products of fishery, per man .....--..--. 26, 27, 61
Raftsund inspection district........--...-.. 17
Raftsundet (and Raftsund).--.-.. 26, 27, 33, 39, 60, 61
ASL ISOUB Cee Saisie nine ccrnisele entciaieiaaseite a uie ie 16
Reading room » .......2.-..2---cceeeee eee ee- 5,11
HROINOs see sec icizssce cece 2, 12, 13, 26, 28, 30, 33, 57
hospital. .....---.-.----0-0--e-eeeeeee 9
inspection district... ........0- seesiec=- 17
RSI CTONG se hiscisin sacies/ccn'e wale ess cecines vewane 11, 12
GVELSIOMO cera eclewcsccic css eedamnccdes cones 11
SINS OMME Ee ieee ete ccis's ccna cccisisiefe’s dnmsaleme 19, 28
RDU Ge hrete see a elonciseicsicane Seicecelicceswiens 2,6
PROdOM(ANO 000) esses asc niaccecssen cas 19, 21, 28, 65
PO KRONGSAN Ol samicite de oe sco clviewinc sense omns 2
ROMSO Altec cccss ces clas daca 19, 20, 31, 32, 34, 65, 66
SUG S Unease elena ceaia ane ajo sicin'wi,c.0 o copie ele 6, 9, 65
RII SOLO ecclissi swecasescs cic occa eannisa 26, 39
FURS MIAN ieee -cisscemecieccecceecuae 68, 74
SANTEE LORMAN ce ctelee «cele a. c'celse =,nlee ces 4
Sailors on fishing vessels ............------- 18, 19
S. Mis. 110 39
THE LOFFODEN FISHERY IN 1880.
609.
Page.
Saint John’s, export of cod from.....-.... 69, 72, 73
Saintebierres.socsces ese sees setae seer e cee 66, 68
Saltdalens.cschaceoctareceseseacsseeeeesicls 19, 28
Saltene etc ccw sce eae ones 19, 21-25, 28, 31, 32, 34
SaNG@ acess atios soo accse sebeeceereetee 19, 22, 29
Sand Ay dis -0ccs ceeceoesceeecewse ane cles 2,6 ‘
Sandsund isccoceccesice cece eet ce ee eco ones 2, 28
CHOOIB be cece c os cepece cite sicioaen asinine ll
SCHOONEGISR coma ssccccee setcces cee soceeees 31, 33
Schnmacher::D: Hs .c2cccks cone cevascehecaee 2,6
Scotlandee scot steele cote eaeen eee 66, 71, 72, 73
Season for fishery: << -<sc5.0c2s02cesccse eee 58
Bellear nO R:GAte sc choseCswcss cee ccemerecs as 6
SelQtesse eae see casa c ease sous esses oeess 19, 28
Benjeucec cscs cate c-coensie sctiseseee 21, 22, 27, 34
Senjen and Tromsd.............. 22, 28, 24, 25, 31, 34
SHIP WICCKSieccasceacccccnecisacsenccesce 7, 38, 39, 40
Sick snnMDER Offsa: 525-5 +secis- lanienae aioe alee 6
Skjerstad (and Skjerstad).......-.-..---. 19, 25, 29
Skjervé (and Skerv6) .....---..-.- ------19, 29, 65
SKOKKelyI SC OCINO..- cen ces) recnse oaicine = 2, 28, 33, 48
Skroven ..... 11, 12, 18, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 35, 37, 39, 49,
50, 56, 57
fiSHOrY-TECOLG ins seltctsoe ina cm slaseet 61-62
hospital sisson sess cs etc cacecslctete 9
inspection district....5<-:.225-: <<< 2, 17
medical district -.2-<5:.sc<-s.-cs= 6,9
Sloopseesescena-ee= o-oo cessor ceene roe 31, 33
SmackKsl sccocdsvccsceucscfoscscoccccs cease Bliss
DOSTONGRL ss meaceeis(-aaros cise ech seem eee 19, 28
Sondhordland\22*. 2: os. 1 a2 see ean eo aiesee 34
DONGMOLO Sees acc -neide caidas awe ones eeeeet 3, 65, 66
Sortland)-<-o:ohececcsnee oe ecsesecee eee 19, 22, 28
Sérvaagan ....2, 12, 13, 16, 26, 28, 30, 33, 37, 39, 41, 49,
50, 57
inspection district .............-. 207
record of fishery at .......-...--. 65
SouthwAmerica:=-242 oc osceaceeceesees 69-71, 73, 74
SPaALbOON se. 2 joes siche sees jac mnceeereeee 19, 28
SiadsbyPdense-o-cncsceceeee esas eee 22, 25, 28
Stamnes se -cAeasace: sooerncacesesseeceeee 19, 25, 28
South Helcelands .<2- 26 255ce- teses sees 19, 21-25, 32
South Trondhjem:.<.... 5-2-2 sce<-n0 19, 21, 23, 24,25
SSP BUN oe aco tise cielo onesie eels eine ieee 66, 67-74
Stamsund. ...11, 13, 25, 26, 28, 30, 33, 37-39, 45, 47, 48,
49, 50, 56, 57, 59, 60
fishery record\<.-2-- sae ecease cece 64
inspection district ............... 2, 6,17
Stations, fishin (ss. < co salen alictem sists emriete 2
Statistics; note One=2s- acseecs acess cee e secs 1
Statistics of apparatus -.....-...-.. 19, 22, 24, 27, 59
badi weather senccssosnccsacen'es 37, 38
chapel expenses and debts..... 11
disease and mortality -......-- 6,10
expenses and profits of fisheries 57, 58
exports ..-.-. Mal Saeeeac ce oases 66-72
fishermen .......-...21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28
guanotactories +=. .-<.--c0s.- 56
MU POLS aa = os ensse'on ane an ee 73, 74
industries dependent on fisher-
AGGs.o 2 ste wok Anne's some ecicecer 35, 36
inspecting force ......-.-----.- 2
judicial proceedings...-...---- 4,5
marine disasters ..-----..----- w, 40
production... 26, 27, 49, 52, 55, 59, 65, 66
telegraphic business. -.....-.-.- 13, 14
610 REPORT OF COMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Page. |
Statistics of vessels and boats. .-.-. 14, 17-19, 30-34
SLCHI OAT) SOSB eee ose saaoconons as cascod= 19, 28
SON EMYED Re abe oeodoue posooSucnaccourse 19, 31, 34, 66
StGAMOIS ore ene cases So canecccs seueeeeeerete 1452133
Btepen acess cme ceiancis cee naeaeteaer 11, 19, 29
Stenepececniase see sceiceeseee 2, 11, 12, 26, 28, 33, 56
HOS pital een soca dtactoeee eee eee eee eee 9
MediGal GistLicG. «sek sess ese 6,9
SVG fs eae ama seen oucacpddsdcuecaode 19, 28, 31, 34
LOM et cerse ae maes ceeccetsicte eer eoes eran 19, 28
Stérdalent 22. 5... scctesiecwaseiscesieeesigesicee 19, 28, 32
SLOMV Aan. seem secese ees 2, 26, 28, 33, 45, 47, 57
SGrOMSO weeks ete c aae cee bee eeeneeece cc 2,27
Sund (Sénd and Lund). -2, 13, 16, 19, 26-28, 33, 37, 39,
48, 57, 58, 59, 60, 66
Sund, record of fishery at ..-...........---- 65
HSUNASLLOMMEN eee semenee ssc seclses secs =< - 48, 65
SUNG tee Nertsascecsoce wes eel ten sete cc's 38
SUL COUS seein eislectea alates saleraainiels peimieinics= 2
Svolver..-.-- 11, 12, 13, 16, 25-28, 30, 33, 37, 39, 40, 45,
47, 49, 50, 56, 57, 59, 60
FIShErysNECOLd eericctejse ceca <iceele feces 62
inspection district ............-.-.- 2,17
MECCA CIStLiCt. sass <cissccecses cic 6,9
SEU OM er cist staciicte sos mcisinve celts isle erciaisise we 68, 74
FISAN OMS af cl cists wciassiaidiaia Sioiats a's c/a\s.a(c ia iajeisicis te.» sisis 19, 29
PU AXaCUSOS esas eae eclee seeriocncmnice Hesse 5
SUBSE) Oy eGGe AE ODS EROO ME SESS Coe pon Se eeCeceaer 56
PGE OMAING yeisete tose ieyleleiseisiee te cieleiatscice esi 13, 14, 16
MolepraphicOLps sce cm-ico soe ete me ate a lisinia ate 0i< 12
Temperature observations .....-...-------- 40-47
Phottisseectcser-caaes Nelocistsceese nace meric 5
EEN OLMOMELOLS enc): oases seen raisisieieeicecie 45
Time spent in fishery inspection ....-...--. 1
pL OLO Series eet ce sciw ne eee eeeoee acces 19, 25, 28
DTA Geen asians c--smieecie= aeiionecee ce aces 19, 29, 65
Monseth dicsiscascsecsensscosce eae esser ses 2
Tradesmen, statistics of .-...-....------- 35, 36
Trawl-line fishery....-. 19, 22-24, 26, 55, 57, 59, 62-65
Troms6......- 13-15, 19-25, 29, 31, 34, 41, 42, 53, 56, 65
[78]
Page. i
TONGEN BS: oe < so casera vclewelne wise i 19, 22, 29, 65
rondhjeMmseesee eee e 19, 21-25, 28, 31, 32, 34
AUTRES caoeoSounnoddoodcacsoSagsoedssdoccdc 7pl
Dy Sh Ordenitc.saeese- esag eee eee ee ee 19, 29
United States).< $2 .-iscesccecsececene 68-70, 72-74
cod fishery, Of. osc. ---se= 68
export of cod from. .---..---. 70
Wrescees 11, 12, 13, 26, 27-80, 33, 34, 37, 39, 49, 50, 57, 60
fisheryprecord: s.2 552 ce cesccuee nese 64
Inspection isbtrict)-~o--224-ceece seas RI ey ahy/
Wrebjerie na. sos ase aerial 27, 28
Vaagene... 11-13, 19, 22, 25, 27, 29, 30, 35, 37, 39, 49, 50
57, 58, 60
inspection district ....-.52.-.---- 2,17
M Odi CAalGistrict eases soo ese 6,9
record of fishery at ..........-.-- 62, 63
WiceRGalenhs sane cisiselte oalcmssisies = elses 19, 28, 32
RE) (RRS eS Sect pe Sa aeee Ee ocesedosnadmacoced 6, 65
Vero and Rost medical district .......-..--- 9
WiteTants =) ic cp isicete gencig-lsicei ie sismercsteerane 4
Valberg (and Balberg) ..........-..- 2,11, 19, 29, 59
Value of products)22722- cee sees e eee 52, 53, 55
Vard sae see ees aa tease eer 14, 15, 19, 29
Vefseni(and! Wiessen) aces sacs eeeeere eee 19, 25, 28
WViecon2-- 06: Set RcSte Shes eh ceeeeeeee 19, 25, 28
Velfjordens-s-cccsiceree eesciencss eee eeetee 19, 28
NAGI oC ee paece cancun oUsaapeacnDace doscsc 2, 30-34
Vesteraalen.-....-.---- 14, 15, 19, 21-25, 30, 31, 32, 34
ARNON ns ee secs cc sis\<secce ciee tae moet 2
A a Wee eaaghias Sannned corso se sdesascisSciaSe 57
Wredther PECOlrGs.s ccicaeece << ccccee ce seacee 37, 38
Wiest yordieac.seeceacscctece snes cotee 1,16
IWiestilndiesersaasc cease me scios 66, 68-71, 72, 73, 74
Wrest Lottoden een ccccecitsoseceacece es 37, 49, 57, 60
Whisky and wine, unlawful sale of ......-- 4
NAGI Gyre 0 Naga aes ee eecaacancanacccace 2
Wionund-yarnish!\—o.ocescecssenectes os ssicemece 8
WAROCKS)- scce cater cinsisielatstacie steno ceeeitsion 38, 39
Wacht iid cca.cccceccccmmccoes dicsbwccaeceses 31, 33
YtterGen ......... aleisinie(eislsiecivia cleo mjeieieintsentets 19, 28
“> 8a9
——
VI.—EXTRACTS FROM NORWEGIAN OFFICIAL STATISTICS OF
FISHERIES FOR THE YEAR 1880.*
By Boye Strom, Clerk.
A
As the introduction to the fishery statistics for the year 1878 furnishes
a full summary of the results of the Norwegian fishing industry during
the decade from 1869 to 1878, I shall on the present occasion confine
myself to setting forth the most important data presented by the sta-
tistics for 1880 as compared with those of 1879 and with those of the
above-named decade.
The total money value of the Norwegian coast fisheries, the fishing for
home use excepted, on the basis of the prices paid at the fishing-stations
in 1880, was 22,579,000 crowns [$6,051,172]. _ 1n 1879 the yield was some-
what less, namely, 21,340,000 crowns [$5,719,120], but in the decade from
1869 to 1878 the average annual yield was 23,211,000 crowns [$6,220,548].
The values here quoted, which represent the annual gross receipts
which the industry has yielded the fishermen, are thus divided among
the different kinds of fisheries :
1880. 1879. Average 1869-1878.
Fisheries. ane et ae 5
Per er er
Value. cant Value. daniti Value. | rants
|
COd ete ca esas 6 tae ae ins cciclincsieimerssaieaiere= $3, 360, 452 55.5 | $3, 666, 776 64.1 | $3, 731, 096 60.1
Matherring si 2.220 .26eneessecc FE fae) oe 1,534,568 | 25.4] 1,038,232 | 18.1] 1,008,484 16.2
Sprat and other small herring..-.-...-.-- 138, 288 2.3 69, 948 1.2 90, 048 1.4
Marea Orrin gy -ssce da ncecee cetine sacs sal sais accel fatnarctaieie las Sen Becer “liSece 349, 472 5.6
SPLINE MELTING. 22252. c sce cciecsaccicee n= = 230, 748 3.8 210, 380 3.7 272, 556 4.4
Goro) el metaeeettnt SCR RE ATL AR JOA 186, 528 3.1 182, 508 3.2 194, 300 3.1
Summer fishing for pollock, ling, &c ..-.. 388, 064 6.4 367, 428 6.5 406, 556 6.6
Salmon and sea trout ...--.------.....-. 102, 376 aay 90, 048 1.6 90, 048 1.4
NGOS terse ss seen em oe csisiinasleleee 108, 540 1.8 91, 656 1.6 75, 844 1.2
OV ROO ease soa cetaceans Same alii 1608) |2-2%=..2 24a sede | hp WE eal aes Pare
———— | —_— —— — —_ | ———_—__-____—
otal te ete Oe eee a Ue Se 6,051,172 | 100.0 | 5,719,120| 100.0| 6,220, 548 | 106. 0
Of the total money value in 1880, the sum of 5,734,000 crowns
[$1,536,712] was produced by the cod fishery in the Loffoden inspec-
tion district, which sum is a little less than the average result of this
fishery, which may be estimated at about 6,500,000 crowns [$1,742,000].
As regards the catch in numbers, the cod fisheries in 1880 furnished
a total yield of 68,273,000, which not only considerably exceeds the
average of the above-named decade, this having been only 49,200,000,
* Norges officielle Statistik. Ny Rakke. Udgiven i Aaret 1862. C. No. 9. Tabeller
vedkommende Norges Fiskerier i Aaret 1880 samt Beretninger angaaende deres Drift m.v.
Udgivne af det statstiske Central Bureau. Kristiania. I Kommission hos H, Aschehoug §
Co. Translated by TARLETON H. BEAN.
611
612 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
but even surpasses the catch of the year 1877, which, until now, was the
largest known. ‘The fishery in the Loffoden inspection district yielded
27,500,000, while in 1879 26,300,000 were caught there, and the aver-
age annual catch from 1869 to 1878 was about 21,800,000, with, how-
ever, a maximum in 1877 of 28,400,000. The fat herring fisheries, which
ever since 1876 have been decreasing, and which in 1879 did not yield
more than 443,000 hectoliters [1,257,0124 bushels], increased greatly in
1880, and yielded not less than 720,000 hectoliters [2,043,000 bushels].
Of this amount 440,000 hectoliters [1,248,500 bushels] were taken in
Loffoden and Vesteraalen inspection districts alone, and the great
majority of these—about 420,000 hectoliters [1,191,750 bushels |—were
caught in Hidstjord.
For information concerning the prices of fish at the fishing stations
is given the following tabular synopsis:
1880 1879 | 1869-’78.
Cod fisheries (excepting with capelin)...-.........--. per 1,000 round fish..) $58 96 | $65 39 $84 15
apelinnisheryi(tOlM COG) ie sciseaner ac ecilens eee secinisecissseej\aeaea aioe doy == 30 55 | 387 25 52 26
MAtihOrrin peel cee ease Sawin se ods sais sinesinctin siesicnn os stele per hectoliter*..| 214) 2 33 } 1 54
Sprat and other small herring fishery ..........-..-..-----..--.------ do..-. 64 54
PIDIIN CeHOLLIN Otigh OLYeecel-men macros cise e soem sins as saleersnianio= isola staier= (: (ee Ge 6) 2 36 1 49
AGKELO MSI SNOMVeee sneer ere ones trees serie ceere aaa per 1,000-round fish..| 32 43 | 30 02 30 82
salmon and sea'trout fishery... 2.5.6.2 2- sees cece ec wneen per kilogramft.. 29 28 29
HeObsterstishenygecereerec em eeene cee ee clese sence seat sete eee per 1,000..| 90 05 | 81 74 $79 86
RO VALI SHOR 2 semen sectemaonine cet iscrm ee rinainettaae aces sine per hectoliter*..| 6 70 6)16)|/ ose cee
* One hectoliter equals 2 bushels, 3.35 pecks, or 26.417 wine gallons.
tOne kilogram equals 2.2046 pounds avoirdupois.
{In the years 1876-’78.
The number of men engaged in the fisheries in 1880 was as follows:
The capelin fishery (for cod) employed 17,084 men against 18,996 in
1879, and 14,200 on the average during the years 1870-1878. In the
remaining cod fisheries 63,357 fishermen took part; the number in 1879
was 64,593, and in the decade 1869-1878 the average was about 52,000.
In the fat herring fisheries 35,130 fishermen were engaged this year as
against 32,476 in 1879. During the years 1876-78, on the contrary, the
number of these fishermen was as high as 41,000.
The average catch which fell to each fisherman for the year 1880,
compared with 1879, was as follows.
Quantity per Money value
man. per man.
Fish yield.
1880. 1879. 1880. | 1879.
Wodwmisheriess(except with capelin). /-.... 02... cl.cceeee sb ncemiose cece 707 708 | $41 81 | $46 36
Wapelingishery (fOr Cod). ose sot loess ds oe canon eeue weenie cee 1, 376 923 | 41 81 34 57
Wa tghennin CHG eLvayeci-ms ja cics.<ccixe><ied cudga machetes: bushels... 58 38.8 | 43 68 31 89
Mackerel fishery withidrag nets..-25.....2.ssscenssccetuacecsese sees 1,618 | 1,948 | 52 53 53 42
In conclusion, several tables, compiled principally from trade statis-
ties, are given, which show the exportation of fish products since 1856
and the prices obtained for them during the years 1871-1880.
CHRISTIANIA, September 29, 1882.
s
613
STATISTICS FOR 1880.
OFFICIAL
NORWEGIAN
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[4]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
614
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[5] NORWEGIAN OFFICIAL STATISTICS FOR 1880. 615.
TABLE IJ.—Table of export prices 1871-1880.
Average. Annual average.
Fish products. a
1871-'75. | 1876-’80. | 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880.
Spring herring ...-...-- per hectoliter..| $4. 33 $5.05 | $4.97 | $5.31 | $4.62 | $4.56 $5. 82
Greatiherring .--....2..2-6<..- doee25- 4, 82 5.49 6. 01 LSS Yan tae eeie|) AUS2. Ili 5536
HHOLMING esis seas selneisiees esis GWWwSsase 3. 06 3. 07 SEB8? TN seanc oie SHO} (ose asec | 4.29
A DPHOLTIN Peer e sci. cloie= s/o 5 (Oy poanee 3. 94 4. 60 5. 08 4.71 3.47 4. 69 5. 07
Plate ote cease se scmisiowcsiciet dol 2222s 1. 88 1. 83 1. 85 1. 85 1.57 1. 96 1. &8
Mriedicode fz. 222 -c6e 25% per pound.. 04 038 044 041 038 033 033
DUDCOM sane toca seiactsciciceree dowecccs = 04 - 039 05 . 038 . 042 034 28
Cod-liver oil...-....--. per hectoliter..| 12.71 10.56 | 12.69 | 11.97 | 10.76 8. 99 8. 45
OC mere es oe ccsmeisulen tetra dojes-e2- | 9. 91 6.79 | 10.23 6.12 6. 35 5. 87 5. 36
HISHjOMANG 22 6.-< ass see per pound.. - 023 . 019 022 - 018 . 019 . 019 . 018
Hresbisalmony.. <3-5: 2-5-2... Onscteue - 192 .19 eal .18 . 194 . 194 . 194
Fresh mackerel, &¢.......----- Goeetsc. . 023 . 027 - 028 . 029 . 025 . 025 . 025
NGODSGBEB anc oeeeacine cnce per hundred... 8. 38 10.34 | 10.18 9.38 | 10.72 | 10.72 10. 72
RECAPITULATION.
Herring fishery.. products per pound. . 022 024 - 027 - 024 018 . 024 . 027
Wodlfishory22es.cec so eee e.-8 oc dO.Sss- 55 . 04 .085 | .044] .036] .038 . 032 . 028
Other fishery:. =< <2 ss o-o5 Ove -scn- . 039 . 057 062 - 064 - 057 - 051 . 054
Average per pound........2...+-- .03 | .032|- .035| .033| .03 | .029] .028
TABLE III.—Statement of the number of men engaged in the cod, fat herring, and mackerel
Jisheries in 1880, and of the yield of the combined coast fisheries, excepting the catch for
home use, based upon the prices paid at the fishing-stations,
Fishermen engaged—
nuCodgisheries- ca. meemcccscclece haven si\cccie teed ce sedncocaivecese 80, 4.41
Inetateherrin Pp aish Cries -aencs sine Saisce siecies So eeiscice enc sss cpiese ics 35, 130
Tmmackerel fisheries =... .s2ccoecesk face cece eke aa AS LEAN 4 3, 719
Value of the coast fisheries:
COdleeeeeee ssciccccas eo secusscecsesse se busiewosmen Sabine an sesianeeles $3, 360, 526 00
Ma trherring 22 525.5 o> snicts<icce Bieee e eicinters nic wleb je aivc « siseise ssieceisioeie 1, 534, 654 00
Sprat and other small herring -... 20... 22-0 cscccs cccccccscones 138, 343 00
SpLimowh erin Oy eeacrasiseeteeisisiaiiesineinis siaisiecie Soc eieicc os sienicle caviemi= 230, 700 00
NMaCKerelneper cence ero ccc tcrcinnic cess sciciocemsciciccee sense 186, 558 00
Summer fisheries for pollock, ling, &c*...........-.---2--- SGCORE 388, 1&0 00
Salmonrand sea troutzsseeeccosecisc ne Scio ce ecimaceccscce vaicceerenets 102, 403 00
NEQD SOI eens isiawin sais een Soe oe cis wince case deisel Secie Secwics en se see 108, 455 00
ON SUCU ee ae cia aeeociow owls Selaias canine siciel=ial 5 <i>) om 's|ainiainininjn ini aininleiwieinin inal 1,506 00
MOtalesee sea ces cts Nessa aoa cio= mina) cle wls\e ceinseln viele seimiaecinta 6, 051, 297 00
TABLE 1V.—Detailed account of the cod fisheries in 1880, giving the number of fishermen
and boats, and their equipment.
oOcaleniimper OL tiSNeOrMeN = .c.ccc, cc clscicei,n1cjcler > ove cleisonielpeijeecisicc els cais< < 80, 441
Fishermen furnished with— yy
ING USOT Fea as =, 5. nin lnsirw sieie.ciers Roce see acee eee sere eercee cs 25, 809
TAWA SOMlive ces 2 ac sajecmeesicoaciscieaen= Bobon SSoCRoEe SUAS OnGHOOr 16, 865
Mookspands lines ONLY 2.2. cis ociviee sce viclelelwininletalslae sel eja\=lolo ole ninin eine’ 16, 806
Bophmets angsvtrawls'-2., cc ocee ese coulis aaciecieiee s cece ce cntlo cane 3, 094
INGtSIanaehooksyand JineS).2.5=<2.c.ceceicec ss scieiesiscicae= <0. eee he oes 2,518
rawisrandsNOOKG:ANG [INOS sco is' cei cwcecomccewissslcns Soclecccccic= 12, 258
Nets, straws. and hooks and lines.<.22 ccc s-cucn acc cows aces ceceee 3, 091
MolennMDOr OLDOALS tess cias cose roses ce aelee metic ae ele Sele.cances concise 18, 475
* Including only the portions sold.
616 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
Boats furnished with—
ING ENON Ly pobeapbodoSsotes obs coc cad SH BASCOO COsO SSS eRCOEAG000 CS Sc 4, 156
TIRE AR ON \yisooe dase So55 060555 C565 o4 00 cou OBC BO SDs CSTD Ee co GObaS 4, 633
Hooks and lines only ..---. . 22-2. 2. 2025 cccc cece cone cone seco cces 4,309
INetsiand brawls sence se cleseeemetiociee ccise once lo ees «semecteameanianl= 725
Nets and hooks and lines ..- 2... ..2. 22. eee ee oo oe cece e cee nee one = 383
Trawls and hooks andlineés: 2222 02).5. 50-5 soc cone ence cass aces = 3, 663
Nets, trawls, and hooks and lines.....-..-.--.----- ---+ ----02 eoee 601
TABLE V.—A statement of the yield of the cod fisheries in 1880, giving the number of fish
taken.
FROENL CERTOLN sos bG aco oSCO GS 5000 CocHSo SH CCOS DEO BS OOU OURO ETO Lone Donéa5 68, 272, 800
Taken by—
ING USB toca nen cine cecelececececsmacincicceces cscs Cosceccleccuionce 25, 003, 000
Mrawilsesssesceccae oseaes Mncciucalcuew ccvicsiecese's sescccecacieease 23, 989, 000
HOok#and@linOpeeeseces seeceets secscatcecelecccceleocaisicncetoe sees 19, 281, 000
are lOmliverses cocci ccestcicseclocecinciccowlsce cesionieacelsets slawiesioseate 166, 626
Balto INO LOO toscana cn cmssces nc ecm nc tam DOE BEB Cee SRR ASS S555 = 60, 860
Mish-headsisolduemeamececeeciscciacicisiscise cele citesiecwnieecalesell asic eel 45, 578, 300
TABLE VI.—Statement of the yield of the winter and spring cod fisheries in 1880, giving the
money value and the prices paid at the fishing-stations, from which the value is reckoned.
Money value:
Motalev alae ceca ccacs cnicane meceoelacc cet nccesisemtadeccelanss shaccec ceo fCOU Toca
Value of the different products:
Fish, without liver and roe...-........---.0- musicitclecwatoceicce 2, 303, 093 00
WaIVGES ee cmicecee tte tine cose ecole siecle caclee cejpecclsiscemicsceccecs see 674,619 00
OOS eee eiacte sectors ccc ecice soncmele ae asclesioec teoclsama ees 313, 633 00
Bish-heaasisol deem steers smiscceetscacisecatoccclscmete catcicsisciecla 69, 180 00
Average price at fishing-stations:
OfMO0 COs a ewetscetesme cele scaiceeecsmeceleoselacieneinieneclesiseysaete 3 38
Oi@livers ;perbarrelcescae cc sca s see sees clceeciemesiacmicieencesitaee 4 05
Oftroespersbarrela semaine se eseceels ce scianececicicelencatesacieceeecte 5 15
Of 100Hish-heads2.sc- wee ceee sits ecisnasems toa dc area tes ce aeeemeee 16
Estimated price'of 100 round fish) 2255220. sca ce ace ceccevas esac nace as ee 4 93
TABLE VII.—Detailed statements concerning the persons, §-c., engaged in, and the yield of,
the fat-herring fisheries in 1880, and of prices paid at the fishing-stations.
a. Men, &c., engaged in the fisheries:
Whole numberof fishermon'.cc-2.\cecss tos oes cose coae ies eeeeec ee 35, 130
Division of fishermen:
ING Gio Ne reise ss aac ice ate eee ee ee Oe oe en cinee Eee eee 17, 261
DOING) Roc. seca census benccctsocseceeeence eet ecee Cea eee 17, 869
Number ot boats using nets.....v2-c.ccccssnees waeaeueae meeeseee ees 6, 443
Numberotsclners ~-- o)5<. 5 ck eos oe mree eee ee 1, 258
6. Yield of the fisheries, and prices:
MOtAICALOW oa. cnc, <1. nn a'ocusleincres slouuensicee erent ee Arrolae: 517, 874
Taken in— °
INGtS cece eras cee sSc.ce oe bac cccec sete teeeee SHoOHobS barrels. . 148, 900
Seinesiesoceoe ese Dalded'siatelsictesibalees celghoe une soetes dosss- 368, 974
Waluete sc tp csaeeccetieaccas 65s ses boos ose ne cee oe eee $1, 534, 654 00
Average price per barrel...........«. aiatele aie aia sjawomietinoeatmsine este 2 97
[7] NORWEGIAN OFFICIAL STATISTICS FOR 1880. 617
TABLE VIIJ.—Detailed statements of the operations and the yield of the mackerel fisheries in
quantity and value in 1880, and of the prices paid at the fishing-stations, from which the
value is reckoned,
shGtalmim per OLdishenmen'-22 -eey ee cei seis s= oles oa Sees os cece saealeee 3, 719
NMP SEAS ONT AON CUM eats cle stecwetse an ao siniin wie wo- ob mscoin store sicis eisai 3, 477
Niomiberiof boats USING ATag-NGtsceciece ciocicc wocieiccwe se 25 Seen De ce seein 966
Wlotalmnomberor ish, Caurhtsennssects sac ss onesies ccc ccc sis ease selcmaice 5, 743, 884
Nombericaughtawath drag-nets;socccc cece «ein nnieinc=4wwee cesses s7as orice 5, 627, 384
Monevavalueotithe fisheryecas esses cs cocccesciece sivcies cc eecmciowe $186, 558 00
AV Eralo PLIGG: Per LOO NSH cdccs teceesices oases sncwem deca saint vscine sale 3 24
TABLE IX.—Statements concerning the yield of : 1. Thesprat and other small herring fishery ;
2. The lobster fishery; 3. The salmon and sea-trout fishery, and 4. The oyster fishery,
in 1880.
1. Sprat and other small herring:
Totalscatch, in. .Darrels:ssacace sels cselsscsiciccas ve seoceciaacsjae 152, 898
Moneyovaliie:s sich cd gndesacese ones tess spencnct<kuceecwoees $138, 343 00
Average price per barrel. 22 jacccieconsscoccisscaeegececess soec 91
2. The lobster: é
Rotalicatch) sass soiswicassioecacleeckias wea ceeees eeoece eae oiesice 1, 205, 616
Money values: 1s 9.t8stccscedenscsdet cess engatat ewdwsieces eden’, (9108,450700
Average: priceiperd0Ot. cieseicecicsnccces cbiecelesecicses ce cice css 9 00
3. Salmon and sea-trout:
Motalecatchsy in barrelsscc sesiccucssse terse cceeeoccss ccesleclse ese 57, 085
MONE VavaAlUG csi tenet rans ceaeecsatccct tees es Seewaseecteeceeo eke aUONUG
iAverare price per barrel "<5. sc. c0S= se sacs once close esos onesie 1 80
4, The oyster: ;
otal catch: aN IWALTOIS sccoselec cs cect aceseeccinacejssccsscees cis 164
MONO VAlUG! S525 o2tinciss oh soil ecaoditetas aden aslet 2s soem peinces $1,506 00
Averaf © price per DALlely, <casjcaseiccccscecdescsiscesccssienes ces 914
* At the fishing-stations. t At the place of capture.
we
+4 0 tha 4 eee
i i ne) Fig “) é
VII.—ON THE EARLY SHAD FISHERIES OF THE NORTH BRANCH
OF THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER.*
By HARRISON WRIGHT.
History.—There can be no doubt but that the Indians, for years
before the white people thought of settling at Wyoming, caught their
shad there in large quantities. Their net-sinkers, though they have for
years been collected by archeologists, are still very plenty, and can be
found anywhere on the flats along the river in quantities, and the frag-
ments of pottery show unmistakable markings with the vertebra of the
shad. These, together with the fact that the early settlers saw the
Indians catching shad in a seine made of bushes (called a bush-net),
point to the fact that shad on the North Branch were taken in quanti-
ties by the Indians.
The Connecticut people who settled here over a hundred vears ago
had, in the very start, their seines, and took the shad in numbers. As
near aS we can learn they were the first white people who seined the
shad in the North Branch.
During the thirty years’ war which the Connecticut settlers had with
the Pennsylvania government for the possession of this valley of Wyo-
ming theshad supply was a greatelementof subsistence. For this, unlike
the fields, barns, and granaries, couldnot be burned by the Pennamites.
An old settler says: ‘‘When we came back to the valley we found
everything destroyed, and the only thing we could find to eat were two
dead shad picked up on the river shore; these we cooked, and a more
delicious meal was never partaken of by either of us.” One of the most
bitter complaints made against the Pennamites, in 1784, was that they
had destroyed the seines.
After the Revolutionary war had ended, and the troubles between the
Pennsylvania claimants and the Connecticut settlers had been quieted,
the shad fisheries increased in numbers and value yearly, until about
the year 1830, when the dams and canal were finished and an end put
to the shad fisheries.
Run.—It would appear from the statements hereto appended that
the male fish preceded the female fish by some eight to ten days in their
* This paper is condensed from the report of acommittee of the Wyoming Historica}
and Genealogical Society, Harrison Wright, chairman (Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne Co.,
Pa.), which was published inthe Fish Commission Bulletin for 1881, p. 352.—C. W. S.
619
620 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
ascent of the river, and between the ascent of the former and that of
the latter there was generally a perceptible rise in the river, and imme-.
diately following it came the large roe-weighted females in great
schools.
A map of the Susquehanna River from the junction of the West
Branch at Northumberland to Towanda, near the New York State line,
has been prepared. Upon this are noted the localities of the fisheries
with as much accuracy as was attainable from the accounts received by
us. Some have probably been omitted, especially in the stretch of river
from Danville to a point four miles above Bloomsburg, where we were
unsuccessful in our inquiries.
At Northumberland, or just below, was Hummel’s fishery; between
Northumberland and Danville there were eight fisheries, in order from
Northumberland up as follows: 1. Line’s Island lower fishery; 1. Line’s
Island middle fishery ; 3. Smith’s fishery ; 4. Line’s Island upper fish-
ery; 5. Scott’s fishery; 6. Grant’s fishery; 7. Carr’s Island fishery ;
8. Rockafeller’s. The next fishery of which we have a record was the
fishery of Samuel Webb, located about four miles above Bloomburg.
Above this point about four miles, and six miles below Berwick, was
the fishery of Benjamin Boon; the next was located just above the
town of Berwick, and about a mile and a half above Berwick was the
Tuckahoe fishery (this last is the same as the Nescopeck fishery men-
tioned in Pearce’s history); the next was at Beach Haven. Between
this latter place and Nanticoke Dam there were three, viz, one at
Shickshinny; one just below the mouth of Hunlock’s Creek, and one,
called the “‘ Dutch ” fishery, on Croup’s farm. Above Nanticoke there
was one belonging to James Stewart, about opposite Jameson Harvey’s
place, one at Fish Island, and one at Steele’s Ferry, called the Mud
fishery. The next was on Fish’s Island, three-quarters of a mile below
the Wilkes Barre bridge; the next was Bowman’s fishery, immediately
below the Wilkes Barre bridge; the next was the Butler fishery, a little
above the bridge; the next was at Mill Creek, a mile above the bridge;
the next was the Monocacy Island fishery; the next Carey’s; the next
was on Wintermoot Island, this last landing on the left bank above the
ferry at Beauchard’s; the next was at Scovel’s Island, opposite Lacka-
wanna Creek; this and the Falling Spring fishery next above belonged
to parties living in Providence, away up the Lackawanna. The next
above was at Harding’s, in Exeter Township; the next above was at
Keeler’s, in Wyoming County; the next was at Taylor’s (or Three Broth-
ers,) Island; this latter fishery was no doubt the one referred to by P.
M. Osterhout as being opposite McKune’s Station, on the Lehigh Valley
Railroad ; the next was at Hunt’s Ferry, circa five miles above Tunk-
hannock; the next was Grist’s Bar, about a mile above Meshoppen; the
next was at Whitcomb’s Island, about a mile below Black Walnut
Bottom; a half a mile above this fishery was the Sterling Island fishery,
and the next above was Black Walnut, and half a mile further up was
[3] EARLY SHAD FISHERIES OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. 621
the Chapin Island fishery; the next was at the bend at Skinner’s Eddy;
the next was at Browntown, in Bradford County; the next was at Ing-
ham’s Island; the next was at the mouth of Wyalusing Creek; two
miles further up was one at Terrytown; the next and last that we have
any record of was at Standing Stone, about six miles below Towanda.
Thus it will be seen that between Northumberland and Towanda
there were about forty permanent fisheries.
MONEY VALUE.—Our county records only go back to 1787. We
spent a whole day in searching the first volumes, in hopes that we might
find some entries of transfers of fishing rights, but our search was
fruitless. We have, however, found among the papers of Caleb Wright
a bill of sale of a half interest in a fishery between Shickshinny and
Nanticoke, called the ‘Dutch fishery.” The price paid was £20, “lawful
money of Pennsylvania,” equivalent to $53.33.*
Jameson Harvey says that Jonathan Hunlock’s interest in the Hun-
lock fishery was worth from five to six hundred dollars per annum; it
was a half interest. Henry Roberts saysa rightin a fishery was worth
from ten to twenty-five dollars. Major Fassett’s father was one of
eleven owners in the Sterling Island fishery, and his interest was valued
at $100.
Mr. Hollenback’s information on the money value of the different fish-
eries is by far the most valuable. He says the Standing Stone fishery
was worth from $300 to $400 per annum; the Terrytown fishery was
worth about the same; the Wyalusing Creek fishery was worth about
$250 per annum ; the Ingham Island fishery $50 less; the Browntown
and Skinuer’s Eddy fisheries about $150 per annum each.
Jameson Harvey says: ‘‘ The widow Stewart, at the Stewart fishery,
used often to take from $30 to $40 of a night for her share of the haul.”
The data bearing upon this point are decidedly unsatisfactory, as they
would only give to the forty fisheries an annual value of about $12,000,
a large amount for those days, yet one we believe to be too small. The
next topic, the “catch,” should be taken with this one to form a basis
for calculation.
CatTcH.—At the eight fisheries near Northumberland large numbers
of shad were taken; three hundred was a common haul; some hauls
ran from three to five thousand. The Rockafeller fishery, just below
Danville (about the year 1820), gave an annual yield of from three to
four thousand, worth from 124 cents to 25 cents apiece.
Mr. Fowler says that the fishery just above Berwick was one of the
most productive, and that he has assisted there incatching “thousands
upon thousands,” but does not give the average annual yield. He also
says that at the Tuckahoe fishery ‘‘ many thousands were caught night
and day in early spring,” and at the Webb and Boon fisheries the hauls
were immense. At the latter they got so many at a haul that they
*Caleb Wright’s son received as his share of one night’s fishing at this fishery
1,900 shad.
622 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
couldn’t dispose of them, and they were actually hauled on Boon’s farm
for manure.
At Hunlock’s fishery the annual catch must have been above ten
thousand. At the Dutch fishery in one night thirty-eight hundred were
taken. At the Fish Island fishery, at a single haul, nearly ten thousand
shad were taken. Mr. Jenkins recollects of seeing a haul at Monocacy
Island—just before the dam was put in—of twenty-eight hundred. At
Scovel’s Island the catch was from twenty to sixty per night; at Falling
Spring fifty to three hundred per night; at Taylor’s Island from two
hundred to four hundred per night. At Wyalusing the annual catch
was between two and three thousand, and at Sanding Stone between
three and four thousand. The daily catch at the Terrytown fishery was
about one hundred and fifty. Major Fassett says that at the Ster-
ling Island fishery ‘‘ over two thousand were caught in one day in five
hauls.”
It is a plain deduction from the above facts that the fisheries down
the river were much more valuable than those above. Above Monocacy
we hear of no catch over two thousand, while below that point they
were much larger; and while from three to four hundred dollars seems
to be the general annual value above, we find the fishery at Hunlock’s,
12 miles below, was worth from a thousand to twelve hundred per an-
num. The shad farther up the river appear to have decreased in num-
bers, yet to have increased in size, and that brings us to the next head.
SizE.—The opinion seems to be general that the great size attained
by the Susquehanna shad was attributed to the long run up the fresh
water stream (carrying the idea of the survival of the fittest). That they
were of great size is beyond doubt; nearly every one who recollects them
insists on putting their weight at almost double that of the average
Delaware shad of to-day.
Mr. Van Kirk gives as the weight of the shad caught at the fisheries
in Northumberland and Montour Counties as from three to nine pounds.
Mr. Fowler says he has assisted in catching thousands weighing eight
and nine pounds at the fisheries in Columbia County. Mr. Harvey,
speaking of the Luzerne County shad, says: ‘‘ Some used to weigh eight
or nine pounds, and I saw one weighed, on a wager, which turned the
scales at thirteen pounds!” Major Fassett, speaking of those caught
in Wyoming County, says: “The average weight was eight pounds,
the largest twelve pounds.” Dr. Horton says of the shad caught in
Bradford County, that he has seen them weighing nine pounds; ordi-
narily the weight was from four to seven pounds.
PRICE.—The price of the shad varied, according to their size, from
4d. to 25 cents, depending of course upon their scarcity or abundance,
and as some of our correspondents remember the price in years when
it was high, and others in those when there was a great plenty of fish,
there arises what appear to be conflicting statements in their letters.
At the town meeting held at Wilkes Barre, April 21, 1778, prices
{5] EARLY SHAD FISHERIES OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. 623
were set on articles of sale, inter alia, as follows: Winter-fed beef, per
pound, 7d.; tobacco, per pound, 9d. ; eggs, per dozen, 8d.; shad, apiece,
6d. At one time they brought but 4d. apiece. A bushel of salt would
at any time bring a hundred shad. At the time the dam was built they
brought from 10 to12 cents. On the day of the big haul Mr. Harvey:
says they sold for a cent apiece (Mr. Dana says 3 coppers). Mr. Isaac
S. Osterhout remembers a Mr. Walter Green who gave twenty barrels
of shad for a good Durham cow. Mr. Roberts says that in exchanging
for maple sugar one good shad was worth a pound of sugar; when sold
for cash shad were worth 124 cents apiece. Major Fassett says the
market price of the shad was $6 per hundred. Dr. Horton says the
shad, according to size, were worth from 10 to 25 cents. Mr. Hollen-
back, in calculating the value of the fisheries near Wyalusing, has put
the value of the shad at 10 cents apiece. In 1820 they were held in
Wilkes Barre at $18.75 per hundred. Mr. Fowler says they were worth
3 cents or 4 cents apiece.
COUNTRY SUPPLY AND TRADE.—Every family along the river hav-
ing some means had its half barrel, barrel, or more of shad salted away
each season, and some smoked shad hanging in their kitchen chimneys ;
but not only those living immediately along the river were the bene-
ficiaries, but the testimony shows that the country folk came from fifty
miles away to get their winter supply, camping along the river’s bank,
and bringing in payment whatever they had of a marketable nature.
They came from the New York State line, and from as far east as Easton,
bringing maple sugar and salt, and from as far west as Milton, bring-
ing cider, whisky, and the two mixed together as cider royal, and from
down the river and away to the south towards Philadelphia, bringing
leather, iron, Xe.
Mr. Isaac S. Osterhout says when quite a boy (1822~23) he went with
a neighbor to Salina, N. Y., after salt, he taking shad and his neighbor
whetstones, which they traded for salt. The teams hauling grain to
Easton brought back salt. In good seasons the supply of this latter
important item always seems to have been short of the demand.
The shad, as far as we can learn, appear never to have gone up the
West Branch in such quantities as they did up the North Branch, and
the same may be said of the Delaware, or else the fish were of inferior
quality, for the dwellers from the banks of both of these streams came
to Wyoming for their supply of shad.
Mr. P. M. Osterhout tells of a firm (Miller & McCord) living at Tunk-
hannock which did quite an extensive business in shad, sending the
eured ones up the river into New York State, and far down the river.
Mr. Fowler says: ‘“‘ No farmer or man with a family was without his
barrel or barrels of shad the whole year round. Besides furnishing
food for the immediate inhabitants, people from: Mahantango, Blue
Mountains, and, in fact, for fifty miles around, would bring salt in tight
barrels and trade it for shad.”
624 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
Mr. Harvey says: “Boats coming up the river used to bring leather,
cider, whisky, cider royal, salt, iron, &c., and would take back shad.”
OTHER FISH.—We do not find that any other deep-sea fish (with the
exception of eels) ever came up the river above Northumberland. The
“Oswego bass,” “ Susquehanna salmon,” “ yellow bass,” “striped bass,”
‘Susquehanna bass” spoken of by the different correspondents ap-
pear to be the same fish, which is also sometimes called the wall-eyed
pike, an excellent fish introduced into the river many years ago from
Oswego Lake. They are not now as plenty as formerly, though within
the past few years they have been increasing perceptibly. The other
fish mentioned are nothing but the common river fish.
EFFECT OF DAMS.—There is no question that the building of the
dams necessary to feed the canals put a stop at once to shad fishing;
all our correspondents agree that after the Nanticoke dam was finished,
in 1830, no shad were ever caught above it. As to the effect of the
dams on the shad fishing, the following extracts from Hazard’s Regis-
ter are of interest :
1829, May 9, page 304. ‘ Lewistown, Pa., May 2. It is stated that
shad are caught in much greater abundance below the dam at North
Island, in the Juniata, than has ever been known at any previous time.
It is supposed that the dam in the Susquehanna immediately above the
mouth of the Juniata has the effect of directing their course up the
Juniata. The dam at North Island retards their farther passage, and
the consequence is that the people farther up the Juniata are deprived
of the luxury of fresh shad, which soabundantly falls to the lot of their
neighbors a few miles lower down. But we must be content with these
little deprivations by the promise of the immense advantages which are
to accrue to the country from the canal.”
1830, May 8, page 304. The Sunbury Beacon of Monday the 26th of
April says: “ Not less than from four to five thousand shad were caught
on Saturday last within a quarter of a mile below the dam. Upwards of
five hundred were taken by one dip-net, and several others averaged
two and three hundred each. We understand that several hundred
were caught with dip-nets yesterday.”
1831, May 14, page 318. From the Wyoming Herald: ‘Wilkes
Barre, May 6, 1831. While the raftsmen complain of the Nanticoke dam,
the boys find in it a source of amusement. The bass which ascend at
this season in great numbers, stopped by the dam, offer fine sport.
Indeed, hooks, half a dozen at a time, without bait, are let down and
suddenly drawn up often with two or three bass hooked by the side.”
And on the same page, from the Susquehanna Democrat: “A short
time since great quantities of bass were caught in a small eddy formed
in the river directly below the abutment of the Nanticoke dam. The
fish apparently lay there in schools, and by drawing hooks through the
eddy numbers were caught. On Thursday and Friday last a number of
fine shad were caught in the same way. One man drew out nine in one
[7] EARLY SHAD FISHERIES OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. 625
day, and sold them for 50 cents each. This is the first instance within
our knowledge of shad being caught with a hook. We mention the fact
as one altogether new, as well as to say to the down-river folks our
market has not been altogether destitute of shad, though many a gen-
tleman’s table has.”
We are informed that to-day the shad manage to get over the Co-
lumbia dam only to be received in nets spread for them at the head of
the sluice-way by a pack of scoundrels, among whom, if we hear cor-
rectly, are parties connected with our State fish commission. If it were
not for this we would have shad in small quantities as far up as the
next dam atallevents. The cutting off of this staple of food from tens
of thousands of people in this section of country could not but be a great
loss, and it has been questioned if it was not greater than the benefits
derived from the great internal improvements. Some slight improve-
iments in the sluice-way of the lower dams and a regular ladder-way in
that of the Nanticoke dam; good protective laws, well enforced (with
a double-barreled shot-gun for Columbia’ dam); certain days set for
fishing along the river, and one good stocking with young shad would,
we believe, give us shad in fair quantities all the way up the river.
We do not believe the expense would be very great, whereas the ben-
efits would be incalculable. There is no doubt that the experiment is
well worth trying. Luzerne County will contribute her share towards
the necessary improvements.
WILKES BARRE, May 27, 1881.
1. Statement of Joseph Van Kirk, Northumberland, Pa., May 25, 1881.
My recollection of the shad fisheries dates back to the year 1520; in
that year, and the succeeding two or three seasons, I fished at Rocka-
feller’s fishery, near Danville. In our party there were six of us; we
fished with a seine 150 yards long, and caught somewhere from 3,000 to
4,000 marketable shad, weighing trom 3 to9 pounds. At that time there
were eight fisheries between Danville and Line’s Island, located as
follows: Rockafeller’s, just below Danville; next Carr’s Island; next
Grant’s fishery; next Scott’s, near where my residence was; next Line’s
Island upper fishery; next Smith’s fishery; next Line’s Island middle
and lower fisheries. At all these points large quantities of shad were
caught, and they were sold from 124 cents to 25 cents apiece. I have
heard of hauls containing from 3,000 to 5,000, and 300 was a very common
haul. People came from 12 to 15 miles for shad, and paid cash ex-
clusively for them.
Salmon, rockfish, pike, eels, suckers, and a general variety of fish
were caught in addition to shad, and we always had a ready market for
them for cash. No shad have been taken since the canal was built, and
all other fish have sensibly decreased since that time.
The cutting off of the shad supply was a great and serious loss to this
community, from both a monetary and economic view, since this fish in
S. Mis. 110——40
626 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
its season was a staple article of food, and employed in the taking and
handling quite a large proportion of the inhabitants. This industry was
wholly abolished by the erection of these dams, and thousands of dollars
of capital invested in the business were instantly swept out of existence.
The first fishery below this place was known as Hummel’s fishery, and
its reputation was good. I never fished there myself, but was well ac-
quainted with it by the speech of my neighbors. In fact all of these
fisheries were profitable investments, and the Joss of them to this sec-
tion of the country was inealculable. All of the fisheries mentioned
above, except Hummel’s, were between Northumberland and Danville.
Any mention of those good old times brings up a flood of recollections,
and the difficulty is, not to remember what occurred in those days, but
to sift out what would be useful in this connection.
2. Statement of Henry Roberts, Falls, Pa., March 24, 1881.
I reply to your inquiries regarding shad fisheries in the Susquehanna
between Tunkhannock and Lackawanna Creeks, that, according to my
recollections, the first was at the head of Scovel’s Island, opposite
Lackawanna Creek; not many shad were caught here, say from twenty
to sixty per night. The next was at Falling Spring; same seine as that
used at Scovel’s Island; the number of shad caught here ran from fifty to
three hundred per night. The next, above Falling Spring, was at Kee-
ler’s Ferry (now Smith’s). This was a small fishery, and only used when
the water was too high to fish at other points; the seine was hauled
around adeep hole to bringin the shad. Thenextand only fishery between
this and Tunkhannock Creek was at the head of Taylor’s Island, or the
“Three Brothers;” this was an important fishery; more shad were
caught here than could be taken care of, on account of the scarcity of salt.
I can speak of this fishery from experience since 1812. The catch per
night ran from two to four hundred. The shareholders attended to it as
closely as to their farming or other business, as it was our dependence in
part for food. Shad were oftener exchanged for maple sugar than sold
for cash—one good shad for a pound of sugar; large shad were worth 124
cents apiece. <A right in a fishery was worth from ten to twenty-five
dollars. Shareholders made a practice of salting down more or less
Shad during the season. An incident in connection with shad-fishing
presents itself to my mind, related often by my grandmother. A party
of Indians returning from a treaty at Philadelphia landed their canoes,
came to her house to borrow her big kettle to cook their dinnerin. After
building the fire and hanging over the kettle they put in the shad, just
as they were taken from the river, with beans, cabbage, potatoes, and.
onions. My grandfather, David Morehouse, one of the early Connecti-
cut settlers, then owned the same farm I now own and occupy. Iam
now in my eighty-seventh year.
=
[9] EARLY SHAD FISHERIES OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. 627
3. Statement of H. C. Wilson, Mount Vernon, Ohio, March 19, 1881.
An article in the Union Leader in reference to the old shad fisheries
of the Susquehanna River has brought back to my memory many
things that happened in my boyhood days, among which were the old
fishermen and the knitting of the shad seines. The seines were knit in
sections by the shareholders, each one owning so many yards of the net,
and each one receiving his share of fish according to the number of
yards owned. I lived one year with Mr. Pierce Butler, where I learned
to knit seines, and have never forgotten it. We used to knit on rainy
and cold days and evenings, and when the sections were all done, Dick
Covert, with the help of John Scott, would knit them together and
hang the seine, put on the corks and leads; this was considered quite
a trick, and but few would undertake the job.
I remember I used to go over on the beach on the line of the Butler
and Dorrance farms and help the fishermen ick up the shad, and when
the luck was good was always given one to take home. 1 remember
seeing the shad put in piles on the beach, and after they were all equally
divided some one would turn his back and the brailman would say, ‘‘ Who
shall have this?” until they all received their share, one pile left out for
the poor women. The boats with the seine shipped would row up to
the falls, and then hauled out down by the riffles opposite where Dick
Covert used tolive. I think it was a bad day for the people along the
Susquehanna when the shad were prevented from coming up the river;
the fish would be worth more to the people than the old canal. You
had better buy the canal, put a railroad on the towing-path, burst up
the dams, and increase the value of all the flats above the dams, and
you would not have as high water at Wilkes Barre, and there would be
less damage done to property; then you would have plenty of shad and
all other kinds of fish, and then I think you could afford to send some
to your friends out West. I got an old fish-dealer here to send to Bal-
timore for some shad last week, but they had been too long out of water
and too far from home to be good. It used always to be said that there
were no Shad like the old Susquehanna shad.
4, Statement of Alvan Dana, Kansas City, March 22, 1881.
I have no remembrance of any shad being taken at or near Sheshe-
quin, but at Wilkes Barre I have seen them caught in seines before any
bridge was built there. The nets were drawn out on the north side of
the river. I don’t remember to what extent was the catch, but I have
often heard my mother say that immense quantities were taken in the
vicinity of her father’s, who lived about a mile below the old “Red Tavy-
ern,” in Hanover; that at one haul 9,999 were caught; that when they
had got all they could procure salt to cure, or sell for three coppers,
they gave to the widows and the poor, and hung up their nets, though
the shad were as plenty as ever. In 1816 [ went to Owego to live, and
628 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
there became acquainted with a Mr. Duane, who was one of the men
who drew the net. He said the actual number was 9,997, but two more
were added to make the figures all nines.
When the Nanticoke dam was built the shad could not come above
it, and men were in the habit of fishing there with a three-pronged
hook, sinker, and stout line and pole. This was sunk, and after a few
minutes quickly jerked up. I caught two in that way; others had bet-
ter luck; and it was reported that one man caught seventy in one day,
but I think a large reduction would come neater the truth.
Probably E. Blackman, of Pittston, could give some information re-
garding shad fishing at Towanda and Sheshequin. Jesse Brown, long
a resident of Sheshequin, and in his youth a resident of Wyalusing, I
think—also Chester Park, of Athens, I presume—could give information
upon the subject. The Park family kept the ferry at Athens at an early
day. Both of the above named, I think, are over eighty years of age.
{ have been examining some old Gleaners of 1811 and 1812, but don’t
find any of the spring numbers. Some years ago I gave to my son-in-
law, L. B. Wyant, of Harford, McHenry County, Illinois, a roll of Glean-
ers of 1811 for his museum, which he opens at ‘‘ Kay’s Park,” on Geneva ,
Lake, Wisconsin, in summer.
5. Statement of Alvah Fassett, Scottsville, March 10, 1881.
In regard to shad fishing, I referred to father, and received the fol-
lowing answers: 1st. There were two permanent fisheries, one at Ster-
ling’s Island and one below Wyalusing Falls, besides other places where
they sometimes fished, viz, Grist’s Bar, Chapin’s Island. Whitcomb
Island was also fishing ground, but not permanent. 2d. Sterling’s
Island was the best ground. 3d. Over 2,000 were caught in one day at
five hauls. 4th. The market price was $6 per hundred. 5th. The aver-
age weight was 8 pounds, the largest 12 pounds. 6th. They also
caught suckers, yellow bass, and sunsbitches (what we eall carp). 7th.
None were caught after the canal and bridges were constructed, to my
knowledge. 8th. The first fishing was done by the Connecticut people.
Father says that in 1806 his father had a share in the Sterling fishery ;
there were eleven shares, valued at $100 each. Says his father was not
much of a fisherman. . S
5. Statement of C. Dorrance, Hot Springs, Ark., March 24, 1881.
Ist. ‘Fix the number of fisberies and their location as far as is now
practicable.”
My memory carries me back to the fishery at Monocacy Island, the
one below the falis, near the mouth of Mill Creek, one at Plymouth (in
part a night fishery), one at or immediately below Nanticoke Falls. No
dam obstructed the shad at that point then.
The fishery near Mill Creek was regarded as the main or most reliable
fishery, as it could be fished at stages of water when some of the others
[11] EARLY SHAD FISHERIES OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. 629
could not, and much the largest number of shad were taken there, sweep-
ing as the fishermen did from the foot of the falls, nearly the entire river
to the bar—drawing out upon the lands of my late father, where it was
my business as a lad every evening, after school, to be with horse and
wagon to receive our share of shad. No unpleasant duty, for well do I
remember as they came sweeping in to the beach, the net in rainbow
form. The corks indicating the position where “Captain” Bennett
(father of the late John Bennett, esq.), would discharge his men from
the sea or large boat with the outer brail, and passing out and along
the net, on the discovery would shout, ‘ Here’s shad, boys; hold down
the lead line; here’s shad.” ‘True to the word, long before the main
_ body of the net was drawn up to the shore we youngsters would take
up the ‘‘captain’s” ery, as the large shad darted back and forth between
the incoming net and the shore. What think you, would not a return of
such scenes start a shout from older heads?
2d. ‘“‘As to the money values or rental of the fisheries.”
Of this I have no data from which to form an opinion. - As the fish-
eries were established by the first settlers, joining their limited means
with the land owners, forming a company there by common consent to
their children, none were rented as far as my knowledgeextends. Own-
ers of rights would allow men who had none to fish for them on shares,
thus extending the benefits as far as possible. Good feeling pervaded
the community in those days.
od. ‘Were other fish taken in any considerable quantity ; if so, what
kinds?”
With the exception of an occasional striped bass, or, as they were
then called,‘ Oswego bass,” of large size (supposed to have been intro-
duced to the headwaters of the Susquehanna from that lake), none of
value were taken, as the nets were woven for large shad only.
I cannot better illustrate the value and importance of the shad fish-
eries at that early day to the people on the Susquehanna River than to
repeat an anecdote told me long years after by a genial gentleman of
New England, who in youth visited my father at his home in Wyoming.
Leaning on the front gate, after breakfast, as the little children were
passing to school, each with a little basket, the universal answer from
their cheery, upturned little faces was ‘“‘ Bread and shad,” “ Bread and
shad” (corn bread at that).
Had that fish diet anything to do with the known enterprise of that
generation? If so, would it not be well to make a strong and united
effort to again introduce so valuable an element of brain material. Iam
greatly pleased that our society is agitating the subject of restoring the
shad to the people on the North Branch, not as a luxury for the few,
but for all, cheap and faithful, and coming at a season of the year when
most desirable as food, for nowhere on this continent were finer shad
found than those taken from the North Branch of the Susquehanna
River. The long run of the pure, cold, spring-made waters of the Sus-
quehanna made them large, hard, and fat, nowhere equaled.
634) REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12]
7. Statement of Hon. P. M. Osterhout, in the Tunkhannock Republican,
April 15, 1881.
The first shad fishing in the Susquehanna River was by the early set-
tlers of the Wyoming Valley, who emigrated thither from Connecticut.
The food of the early emigrants was, in the main, the fish of the streams
and the game on the mountains. The first seine in the valley was
brought from Connecticut, and upon the first trial, in the spring of the
year, the river was found to be full of shad. These emigrants had
settlements along the Susquehanna from Wyoming to Tioga Point, now
called Athens, and each neighborhood would establish a fishery for
their own accommodation. It was generally done in this way: Say ten
men (and it took about that number to man a seine) would form them-
selves into a company for the purpose of a shad fishery. They raised
the flax, their wives would spin and make the twine, and the men would
knit the seine. The river being on anaverage forty rods wide, the seine
would be from sixty to eighty rods long. The shad congregated mostly
on shoals or the point of some island for spawning, and there the fish-
eries were generally established. Shad fishing was mostly done in the ©
night, commencing ,soon after dark and continuing until daylight in
the morning, when the shad caught would be made into as many piles
as there were rightsin the seine. One of their number would then turn
his back and another would touch them off, saying, pointing to a pile,
‘¢ Who shall have this ?” and ** Who shal! have that?” and so on until all
were disposed of, when the happy fishermen would go to their homes well
laden with the spoils of the night. Between the times of drawing the
net, which would be generally about an hour, the time was spent in the
recital of fish stories, hair-breadth escapes from the beasts of the forests,
the wily Indian, or the Yankee production, the ghosts and witches of
New England.
As early as 1800 George Miller and John McCord moved from Coxes-
town—a small town on the Susquehanna about five miles above Harris-
burgh—up the river in a Durham boat, and, bringing with them a stock
of goods, located at Tunkhannock, where they opened a store. They
were both young men and unmarried. In the spring of the year they
dealt quite largely in shad, the different fisheries of the neighborhood
furnishing them with large quantities for curing and barreling. Shad
were plenty but salt scarce. There was no salt except what was wag-
oned from the cities or fromthe salt works at Onondaga, N. Y., and it was
not unusual that a bushel of salt would purchase one hundred shad—
in fact, it was difficult to procure salt to cure them. At this time the
German population in the lower counties of the State had not learned
the art of taking shad by means of the seine.
There were then no dams or other obstructions to the ascent of the
fish up the river, and large quantities of the finest shad in the world
annually ascended the Susquehanna, many of them when taken weighing
from six to eight pounds each. The distance being so long (about 200
[13] EARLY SHAD FISHERIES OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. 631
miles) from tidewater to the Wyoming Valley, the flavor of the shad
was very much improved by contact with fresh water. The Susque-
hanna shad were superior to the Delaware, the Potomac, the Connect-
icut, or the North River shad. The reason generally given was their
being so long in fresh water, which imparted to the fish a freshness and
richness not found in theshad of other rivers. Then, nonebutthestrong,
healthy shad could stem the current and reach the upper waters of
our beautiful river. o
Miller and McCord cured and put up annually shad for, the market.
They boated down the river a large quantity for the times, and sold to
the people on the lower Susquehanna. They also boated shad up the
river as far as Newton, now Elmira; from thence they were carted to
the head of Seneca Lake, a distance of twenty miles, and from there
were taken to Geneva and other towns in what was then called the lake
country, and sold.
There was a fishery on theupper point of the island opposite McKune’s
Station, on the Lehigh Valley Railroad. This island was known by the
early settlers as one of the Three Brothers. There was also an impor-
tant fishery at Hunt’s Ferry, about five miles above Tunkhannock. Here
large quantities of shad were caught every spring. This fishery was
owned by twenty rights, ten fishing at alternate nights. There was
also anotber fishery at Black Walnut, below Skinner’s Eddy. At all
these fisheries more or less Oswego bass were caught, called down the
river Susquehanna salmon, a most excellent fish, but they are now
nearlyextinct. The river ought to be restocked with thatsame species.
They are a fine-flavored fish, solid in meat,and grow to 12 or 15 pounds
in weight. The late George M. Hollenbeck, esq., of Wilkes Barre, told
me that this bass was brought from the Oswego Lake and put into the
Susquehanna at Newton, now Elmira. They were called. by the old set-
tlers swager bass. Since the building of the dams acruss the Susque-
hanua there have been no shad caught above the Nanticokedam. These
dams also largely obstruct the passage of bass and other food fish up
river. The Susquehanna is really one of the finest streams for fish in
the United States—the water pure, the bottom rocky and pebbly, afford-
ing abundant means for spawning and rearing the young fish. The
obstruction to the free passage of fish up the river ought to be re-
moved,
Maj. Jobn Fassett, of Windham Township, one of the oldest citizens
of that town, as wes his father before him, was written to on the sub-
ject of the early shad fisheries from Hunt’s Ferry to Wyalusing. He
mentions the one at Hunt’s Ierry, also at Black Walnut, and others
at different points up the river as far as Wyalusing. He says his father
owned aright in the fishery at Black Walnut, which he valued at $100;
here were large numbers of shad caught, which were valued at 6 cents
each, and would weigh from 6 to 12 pounds each. The largest one he
saw weighed was 12 pounds; the writer hereof thought he had got it
632 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
pretty steepas to weight, but he was beaten by Jennison Harvey, esq.,
an old resident of Plymouth, Luzerne County, now of Wilkes Barre,
who says that he saw a shad weighed—on a bet—that was caught in
the river in the valley, and that it weighed 13 pounds. Some folks will
think it a fish story. Harvey has decidedly the advantage of Major
Fassett, as he had the last say.
8. Statement of Gilbert, Fowler.
‘ BERWICK, PaA., February 23, 1881.
I was born February 23, 1792, in Briar Creek Township, Northumber-
land Couuty, now Columbia. I write or dictate this letter on my eighty-
ninth birthday. Ihave lived near the Susquehanna River ever since I
was born. My knowledgeand recollections about the shad fisheries extend
from Wilkes Barre to old Northumberland. The first shad fishery near
my home was Jacob’s Plains. This was located just above the town of
Berwick, and one of the most productive fisheries on the river. Here I
have assisted in catching thousands upon thousands of the very finest
shad, weighing 8 and 9 pounds, The next nearest was Tuckahoe
fishery, situated about one and a half miles above Berwick, on the same
side of the river. At this place many thousands werecaught night and
day in early spring. The next was down the river about six miles from
Berwick. This was the fishery of Benjamin Boon. At this fishery I
have known so many caught that they were actually hauled out by the
wagon loadon Benny Boon’s farm for manure, so plenty were they. The
next fishery was that of Samuel Webb, located about four miles this
side of Bloomsburg. This was an immense shad fishery. From the
banks of the river at this fishery could be seen great schools of shad
coming up the river when they were a quarter ofa mile distant. They
came in such immense numbers and so compact as to cause or produce
a Wave or rising of the water in the middle of the river, extending from
shore to shore. These schools, containing millions, commenced coming
ap the river about the 1st of April and continued during the months of
April and May. There was something very peculiar and singular in
their coming. The first run or the first great schools that made their
appearance in the early spring were the male shad—no female ever ac-
companied them. In about eight or nine days after the male had as-
cended the river then followed the female in schools, heavily laden with
eggs or roe. Those were much the largest and finest fish, and com-
manded the highest price. Those shad that were successful in eluding
the seine and reached the hatching ground at the headwaters of the
Susquehanna, after depositing their eggs, returned again in June and
July, almost in a dying condition, so very poor were they. Many died
and were found along the river shore. The young shad would remain
at their hatching places till late in the fall, when they would follow tlie
old shad to the salt water. During the summer they would grow from
three to four inches in length. The Susquehanna shad constituted the
[15] EARLY SHAD FISHERIES OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. 633
principal food for allthe inhabitants. No farmer or man with a family
was without his barrel or barrels of shad the wbole yearround. Besides
furnishing food for the immediate inhabitants, people from Mahantango,
Blue Mountains, and, in fact, for fifty miles around, would bring salt in
tight barrels and trade it for shad. They would clean and salt the shad
on the river shore, put them in barrels, and return home. The common
price of shad was three and four cents each. Besides shad there were
many other kinds of food-fish. The most noted among them was the old
Susquehanna salmon, weighing as high as fifteen pounds. These sal-
mon were considered even superior to the shad and commanded a higher
price. They were caught in seines, on hooks and lines, and were the
sport to the giggerat night. Nescopeck Falls, directly opposite Berwick,
near where the Nescopeck Creek empties into the river, was anoted place
for salmon fishing with hook and line. Menstanding on the shore with
long poles and lines would often, in drawing out the fish, lodge them in
the branches of the trees, giving them the appearance of salmon-pro-
- ducing trees. The shad fisheries which I have alluded to were not com-
mon property. The owner of the soil was the owner of the fishery, and
no one was allowed to fish without a permit. The owners of the fishery
also had the seines, and when not using them they would hire them out
to others and take their pay in shad. The seiner’s share was always
one-half the catch. Shad were caught both night and day in seines.
At the Webb fishery I have known eleven and twelve thousand shad
taken at one haul. These fisheries were always considered and used as
a source of great pleasure, value, and profit, and everybody depended
on them for their annual fish and table supply. It was considered the
cheapest and best food by all. Immediately after the erection of the
river dams the shad became scarce, the seines rotted, the people mur-
mured, their avocation was gone, and many old fishermen cursed Nathan
Beach for holding the plow, and the driver of the six yokes of oxen, that
broke the ground at Berwick for the Pennsylvania Canal. The people
suffered more damage in their common food supply than the State prof-
ited by her “internal improvement,” as it was called. Althougheighty-
nine years old to-day, I still hope to live long enough to see all the ob-
structions removed from one end of the noble Susquehanna River to the
other, and that the old stream may yet furnish cheap food to two mill-
ions of people along its banks, and that I may stand again on the shore
at the old Webb fishery and witness another haul of ten thousand shad.
9. Statement of Nelson B. Hollenback, Wyalusing, March 14, 1881.
Commencing at Standing Stone, about 10 miles from Wyalusing Vil-
lage, and reaching down the road from that point to the Wyoming
County line, there were five ‘ old shad fisheries,” viz:
(1) The Standing Stone fisheries. William Hank, Benjamin Brown,
Cornelius Ennis, and Benjamin Bennet owned this. It was a valuable
property, worth at that time from three to four hundred dollars a year.
634 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16]
There were from three to four thousand shad caught there annually.
They caught no rock or striped bass, sturgeon, or herring there or at
other fisheries in this vicinity.
(2) The Terrytown fishery. This was owned by Jonathan Terry,
William Dodge, Edmund Dodge, Samuel Wells, and John Taylor, and
was of about the same value as that at Standing Stone.
(3) The Wyalusing fishery, owned by John Hollenback, Benjamin
Stalford, Joseph Stalford, and John Stalford. This fishery was worth
about $250 a year, with a “catch” of from two to three thousand shad.
(4) The next was the “‘land” fishery at the head of Ingham’s Island.
Joseph Ingham owned this, and it was worth about $200 a year.
(5) Next was the Brown Town fishery, owned by Humphrey Brown,
Allen Brown, and Samuel Brown, and was worth about $150 per annum.
(6) The next and last was called the ‘ Bend fishery,” and was located
near the line between Bradford and Wyoming Counties. James Quick
and James Anderson owned this, and it was worth about $150 a year.
The stoppage to the emigration of shad to this vicinity was a great |
loss to the people. For ngarly two months every year the people for
from 15 to 20 miles from the river, were bountifully supplied.
10. Statement of George F. Horton, Wyalusing, March 3, 1881.
I spent many a pleasant day in my boyhood with the men who ran
the shad fishery in the Susquehanna, near where I now live. This fish-
ery was about two miles above the mouth of the Wyalusing Creek, at
the place we now ¢all Terrytown; formerly all was Wyalusing along
here. There were other fisheries above and below us, but this the only
one I have any personal knowledge of. The proprietors were Jonathan
Terry, esq., Maj. John Horton, sr., Maj. John Taylor, Edmund Dodge,
Maj. Justus Gaylord, Gilbert Merritt, William Crawford, and William
Wigton. Year after year, for a long time, these men operated this fish-
ery, generally taking the month of May and a part of June of each year,
always regaling themselves with a little good old rye, and having a fine
sociable every night when counting off and distributing the shad caught
during the day. Occasionally they sent substitutes, but the fishery
never changed proprietors. Some seasons they caught largely; others
not so many. I well recollect one draught or haul when they caught
500, but ordinarily 20 to 50 at one drawing of the seine was considered
good. The average per day, according to the best of my recollection,
would be about 150.
People came from the eastern part of the county, then just settling,
up to Wyalusing, as far or nearly as far as from Montrose, to buy shad.
The trade was quite large. Some of the time maple sugar was quite a
commodity, brought down to exchange for shad.
Very few of any other kind of fish except shad were ever caught.
Occasionally a striped bass, large pickerel, carp, sunfish, mullet, sucker,
[17] EARLY SHAD FISHERIES OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. 635
or a bull-head was taken; no small fish, as the meshes of the seine were
large enough to let them through.
The shad were worth from 10 to 25 cents each, according to size. I
have seen them caught here weighing nine pounds; ordinarily their
weight was from four to seven pounds. If we could have that old shad
trade here again it would make us all, if not rich, merry again. But
very few are now left among us who saw those glorious old fishing days..,
The fishing for black bass ef these days does not begin to compare with
those old fishing days.
I can recollect of but one fishery between Wy alusing and Towanda,
and only two between Wyalusing and Tunkhannock.
11. Statement of S. Jenkins, Wyoming.
The present inhabitants of Wyoming have but a faint idea of the
‘value of fish to the early settlers. They performed as important a part
at Wyoming as they have in the history of all new settlements. A care-
ful study of the advance of immigration and the settlement of new re-
gions shows that those settlements have been guided and controlled by
the streams and waters in which fish abounded, and hence were made
along their shores. Fish furnished the people a plentiful and healthful
supply of food, easily attainable, until the forests could be hewn down,
clearings made, crops raised, and cattle could increase and multiply.
It is unquestionable that the early progress made in settling up of
our country was due in a large measure to the presence of fish, which
furnished food in absolute abundance in the midst of desert lands; and
it would be as idle to attempt to disparage the value in the economy of
those times as it would be to prove the value now beyond the mere
mention of the fact.
The fish that attracted the most attention and were the most highly
considered in the early times were shad. The knowledge of these excel-
lent fish in the Susquehanna, at Wyoming, has become almost entirely
historical, if not entirely so. But few persons now resident at Wyoming
have a personal knowledge of the shad fisheries there and their value
to the people in the early days; and hence some of the stories told of
the immense hauls of them made in ‘ye olden time” seem to the present
generation more fabulous than real.
That we may the better understand the subject I will give extracts
from the writings of strangers, and then conclude with an account or
two of our own people and what I myself have seen.
In 1779, when General Sullivan passed through Wyoming on his
western expedition against the Indians, a portion of his advance were
located at Wyoming from May to the last of July. Many of his offi-
cers kept diaries, in which they noted their movements from day to day
and touched slightly upon such objects of interest as attracted their at-
tention. I will give a few extracts from these diaries relating to fish at
Wyoming.
»
636 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18]
Dr. Crawford in his diary, under date of June 14, 1779, says:
“The river at Wyoming abounds with various kinds of fish. In the
spring it is full of the finest shad. Trout and pickerel are also plenty
here.”
George Grant, under date of June 23, says:
“The Susquehanna River affords abundance of fish of various kinds
,and excellent.”
Dr. George Elmer, under date of 23d June, says:
‘“‘ Spent chief part of the day in fishing. Salmon, trout, suckers, bass,
and common trout are plenty in the river, of iene we catched a number
with a seine.”
Daniel Gookin, under date of 28th June, says:
“The river Susquehanna, on which this lies, abounds with fish. Shad
in great plenty in the spring, as they go up to spawn. ‘The shores are
covered with these fish which have died up the river, through their too
long stay in fresh water.”
There were some twenty-five or thirty what we called shad fisheries
within the bounds of old Wyoming. Every available point for casting
out and hauling in a seine on the beach, whether on an island or on the
mainland, was used as a fishery, and had its owners and its seine. The
average number of shad taken at each of these fisheries in a season was
from 10,000 to 20,000, beside other fish which were caught before and
after the shad made their migration.
It is given on good authority that 10,000 were caught at one haul at
the Stewart fishery, about midway between Wilkes Barre and Plymouth, ;
about 1790. This was called the widows’ haul.
The settlements, after the massacre of July 30, 1778, had so many
widows and fatherless children among them that they made special pro-
visions of bounty for them on many occasions, which were wrought out
in such a way as neither to give offense nor to convey a sense of undue
obligation.
Among the arrangements of this character was that of giving one of
the hauls at each fishery every year, to the widows and fatherless of
the neighborhood, and hence called the widows’ haul. By common con-
sent it was agreed that the widows should have a haul made of the first
Sunday after the season of shad-fishing commenced, and they were to
have all caught, whether more or less.
This big haul was made on Sunday. -
At the rate I have given, which is made up more from general infor-
mation upon the subject than from statistics, the number of fish caught
annually was about a half a million, which at 30 cents each would make
$150,000.
Were the Susquehanna as well stocked with shad to-day as it was a
hundred years ago our keen and hungry fishermen would easily double
the catch, and still, like Oliver Twist, ‘“‘ery for more.”
I recollect seeing, in the spring of 1826, a haul made in a cove at the
[19] EARLY SHAD FISHERIES OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. 637
lower end of Wintermoot Island, west side, numbering 2,800 shad. When
thrown out they whitened a large space upon the shore.
Being the first haul of the season, the fish were largely distributed
among the people, and even after that my grandfather had a half barrel
for his right as owner of the seine and fishery.
About 1831 or ’52, in the fall, an unusual catch of eels was made ina .
weir on the east side of Wintermoot Island. During one day and night
2,700 of them were caught, while many escaped from want of means to
handle them and take them away as fast as they came in. Another day
and night 900 of them were caught, when the basket floated off with the ©
high water.
I herewith give you copies of two papers in my possession bearing
upon the shad-fishery question. It will be seen by one of them that the
price of shad in the early times was 4d. or 44 cents each; quite a different
price from what they sell at in our day. Tear the dam from the Sus-
quehanna and we shall have plenty of shad, if not at 4d. each :
‘“‘ Be it known that I, Peter Shafer, have sold all my right in and unto
all my right in the Dutch fishery, so called, below the Nanticoke Falls,
so called; for and in consideration thereof I, Jacob Cooley, do promise
to deliver Seventy shad, unto William Miller, on account of me, the said
Peter, on or before the 20th May instant; or otherwise settle with said
Miller for what I am indebted for my part of said Seine, and likewise
the said Cooley is to deliver Six gallons of Whiskey unto the said Peter,
between this date and Weat harvest.
‘¢ Witness our hands this 14th day of May, 1800.
‘¢ PETER SHAFER.
“ JACOB COOLEY.”
‘¢ James Fox holds an order for 725 shad drawn by George Frazer on
James Stewart, date April 27.
(Indorsed on the back in these words:) Credit for 350 shad received
by me. David Morgan.
(Indorsed:) Copy of Frazey’s order. Henry Thomas charges the
Kstate with 4s. 8d., paid in Rye. Paid. :
No. 40—725 shad, less received, 350, leaves 375 shad, at 4d.=125s.=
£6 5s., or $16.67. Add interest on same $9.50=$26.17. (£=$2.67.)
12. Statement of Elisha Blackman, Pittston, March 22, 1881.
I see that G. Fowler, of Berwick, tells a big fish story. I incline to
think, however, that it is true. Irecollect when I lived with my grand-.
father, in what is now South Wilkes Barre, perhaps 1798 or 1799 of last
century, the great haul of shad at Nanticoke was made. I believe there
were nine or ten thousand taken. A number of seines were engaged
in it, and lawsuits were the consequence. Salt was scarce and dear.
Northampton men came with pack-horses loaded with salt, and returned
loaded with shad. I bought and kept the public heuse that fad been
638 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20]
kept by John Courtright on the Plains, Wilkes Barre Township, in
the spring of 1815. There were then two fisheries between us and the .
Pittston Ferry—one at Monocacy Island landing, on the shore of Mr.
Samuel Cary’s land, the other starting at or near the Wintermoot Isl-
and and landing above the ferry at Blanchard’s. That season I got my
supply at the upper fishery; the first day’s attendance was a “ blank”
day—few or no fish. The large schools of Mr. Fowler’s times were
dwindled greatly, undoubtedly because of the numerous fisheries that
existed below, and the destruction of the young shad by the many eel-
weirs in their descent to the ocean in the fall. My time was too valu-
able to attend on blank days. I left money with Mr. Joseph Arm-
strong, and he sent me my supply when successful. The next season
(1816) the difficulty that had existed between the fishermen at Monoc-
acy (twelve in number) and Mr. Cary, the owner of the land, was set-
tled by giving him the thirteenth share, and ever after I got my supply
from the fishery until the canal dams cut off our supply totally. It was
a Serious damage and inconvenience to us, as markets for fish and meat
did not exist then as now. The Susquehanna shad had a far more de-
licious flavor than any we get now.
General Isaac Bowman, Samuel Moffit, and some of our Plains neigh-
bors, having secured a landing on the Nommock, at the foot of Monocacy
Istand, fitted up a fine seine and necessary boats (canoes) and caught
half a dozen shad, having fished twice as many days. I shared two, hav-
ing found the whisky (before my temperance days); others outbid me,
determined to taste the good of their labor. I amin my ninetieth year.
13. Statement of Isaac Thompson, Lee, Lee County, Ill., April 12, 1881.
I was born at Pittston in 1796. My father’s farm lay along the side
of the Susquehanna River. I lived on the farm fifty-one years. In re-
gard to the shad fishing, as | grew up to manhood I fished many days
in the shad-fishing season of the different years. The first run was the
male shad—not near as good as the female. After catching the first
run then if we could have a rise of water then came the female—a far
better quality. The female put for the headwaters of the river, and
there would spawn; then the old fish would come back down the river,
and the wind would often drive them on the shore, and they would lay
there rotting till they stunk. People used to come down from toward
Easton, Northampton County, and bring whisky and salt, and trade for
fish ; also from the upper part of old Luzerne County, bringing maple
sugar to trade for shad. One man by the name of Taylor bought fif-
teen and put them in a sack after they were cleaned, shouldered them
and walked off with them. I have known upwards of a thousand caught
in one day on the point of the island. As to the localities of the fish-
eries, there was one at Falling Spring, about four miles from where I
lived, another on the point of Wintermoot Island, and the next on the
side of the island between two and three miles from where I lived. They
Z oF
,
[21] EARLY SHAD FISHERIES OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. 639
drew out on the beach of Samuel Cary’s farm; another just below that,
I think, drew out on the farm of Crandall Wilcox; another just below
the falls. Please excuse me now, as I have done as well as my memory
will allow me to. We have done no fishing since Nanticoke dam was
built.
14. Statement of Steuben Butler, a son of Col. Zebulon Butler, who led the -
patriots at the batile and massacre of Wyoming, 1778.
I was born 1789; remember the old shad fisheries in the river here
very well; was nota fisherman myself; after the runof shad had started
I used to get in a boat and row up to the fishery and purchase my sup-
ply of shad and bring them down and salt them away. The price varied
according to the abundance of the shad, some seasons being less expen-
sive than others. As I recollect it, the Pettibones used to have charge
of the fishery above Wilkes Barre.
15. Statement of Dr. Charles F. Ingham.
I remember the old shad fisheries in the North Branch, particularly
the Butler fishery, which was on the bar opposite and a little above
Union street, Wilkes Barre. Nanticoke dam was commenced in 1828
and finished in 1830, and I recollect that that ended our fishing. Al-
though 1 saw shad caught below the dam by hooks attached to poles—
think it was the year the Shamokin dam went out—yet I have never
heard tell of or seen shad being caught since that time above the dam.
The shad, as I remember them, were very fine and particularly large. I
have seen the beach, after the drawing of the seine, for a hundred feet
absolutely alive with flapping shad, each one reflecting the sunlight like
a burnished mirror. I recollect having the salted and smoked shad
during the fall and winter, and fine delicacies they were.
After our shad fishing was cut off a great number of salt shad were
brought from Philadelphia and other points, meeting with ready sale,
on account of general knowledge of their delicacy. I believe that at one’
time the people knew more of salt shad than they now know of salt
mackerel, and more of smoked shad than now of smoked salmon.
I believe that a proper shad-way could now be put in the Nanticoke
dam at an expense not to exceed $10,000, and probably for less, without
interfering with navigation.
16. Statement of Mr. Isaac S. Osterhout.
In 1820 or 1821 we caught shad in very large quantities at Black
Walnut Bottom. I remember well I went with a gentleman to Salina,
N. Y., after salt, as we had run out of that article very early in the sea-
son; he had a load of whetstones and I a load of shad. I could have
easily gotten rid of my shad on the first day had it not been that he and
640 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22]
I had agreed that the whetstones should sell the shad, and vice versu.
So it was several days before we got our loads of salt, as the whet-
stones went terribly slow.
In 1822 and 1823 I was at Hunt’s Ferry, where the shad were plenty,
I came to Wilkes Barre in 1830, the early part of the year—the same year
the Nanticoke dam was finished; do not recollect of any shad being
caught after that. I recollect of a Mr. Water Greens, who came from
“New England and settled at Black Walnut Bottom, giving twenty bar-
rels of shad for a good Durham cow.
17. Statement of Miss Mary Coates.
I was born in 1803; came to Wyoming Valley to live in the year 1823.
I remember very well the catching of shad in large numbers by the in-
habitants and the cleaning of them along the river shore. I remember,
too, that the country people came in crowds during the season from
miles away and returned home laden with fish. I remember the anger
of Gildersleeve’s negress one day, when it was said that Gildersleeve had
made her wade out into the river after shad heads. The circumstance
was as follows: While cleaning the shad she had cut off the heads and
placed them on a board, saving this most delicate part of the fish for
herself, and while she was busy the board, covered with shad heads,
was either pushed by some one or drifted out into the river, when she
waded out to get it. Do not know anything of the numbers caught.
The people had shad from spring to spring. I do not remember of any
shad being caught after the Nanticoke dam was put in.
18. Statement of Capt. James P. Dennis.
I remember the old shad fisheries in the river. There was one just
below the bridge at Wilkes Barre, drawn out on the opposite shore;
this was called the Bowman fishery. I recollect once holding the shore
brail of the seine at this point, when William Alexander held the river
brail. There was a fishery on Fish’s Isiand, about three-quarters of a
mile below the bridge.
19. Statement of Jameson Harvey.
I was born in 1796. I remember the old shad fishing in the North
Branch of the Susquehanna River very well. James Stewart had a
fishery opposite my place. The big haul was made at Fish Island fish-
ery. I recollect it very well; they didn’t know how many they caught.
After all were disposed of that could be the rest were thrown on the
fields, and pretty near stunk us to death; they were landed on the
point of the island. There were two seines on Fish Island, one owned
by Nanticoke parties the other by Buttonwood parties, who took turn
about fishing. The Mud Fishery was at Steele’s Ferry; they drew out
on Shawnee side. The Dutch fishery was below the dam on Croup’s
place. Below Hunlock’s Creek was another, that was called a Mud
fishery. There was a fishery at Shickshinny. When the big haul was
[23] EARLY SHAD FISHERIES OF SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. 641
- made the shad sold for a cent a piece; they sold as many as they could;
there wasn’t salt enough. In those days they didn’t salt down so much
pork; they depended upon the shad they caught; they gave the poor a
chance after they got all they wanted. People on the West Branch
used to own an interest in the Hunlock fishery, and a Mr. McPherson
used to come in a boat to get their fish and take them back. They used
to come from Easton bringing salt, with which they used to buy fish;
you could get one hundred shad for a bushel of salt. Nanticoke dam
was commenced in 1828 and finished in 1830. I only recollect of one
shad being caught above the dam since it was put in, and that was on
the flats after a big freshet. The people used to go off the bars with
as many shad as they could carry; they came in from all around in
crowds; they used to camp, and salt their fish down on the banks of the
river. Mr. McPherson used to take his boats back to the West Branch
loaded. He traded off cider, oil, and whisky. At the time the dam
was put in shad were selling for 10 cents and 12 cents each. Widow
Stewart used often to take in $30 or $40 of a night for her share of the
haul:
Hunlock’s, Dutch, and Mud fisheries were night fisheries. Stewart’s
and Fish Island were day and night fisheries. Farmers hauling grain
to Easton often hauled back hundreds of bushels of salt. Boats com-
ing up the river used to bring leather, cider, oil, salt, and iron; going
back they would take shad.
McPherson and Hunlock owned the Hunlock fishery and had a large
fish-house. Hunlock got as his share from five to six hundred dollars
per year, besides all the shad he could use. We used to have shad un-
til shad came again.
The owners of fish-houses used to have arrangements so that when
they ran out of salt they could dry and smoke the shad, as they now do
herring and salmon. Some of the shad used to weigh 8 or 9 pounds. I
saw one weighed, on a wager, turning the scales at 13 pounds; about
seventy or eighty would fill a barrel. The shad improved very much
coming up the river, those caught in this valley being very much larger
and finer than those caught at Columbia. I remember when Shamokin
dam went out the shad came up to our dam and were caught.
20. Extract from Miner’s History, p. 209.
April 21, 1778.—At a town meeting prices were set on articles of sale, &c.:
Winter ted Deel Orbs. sccecle cen ccs ss «inc pacino seme ea eerste ase cehces oeee 7a
S10@G) QNIG eS) econ. ceeeo Boo sea Reber ane netecococe, boonoS Conde Ges co AE Raa emEE Baar 6a
MODS CCOmPCl Dresses ac asm Vena nelsia am aser ie cepee eer eee seas alas a coco 9d
Eggs, per doz ....-.------ +--+ - +--+ eens eee e cee eee cee cee eee eee cee eee eee 8d
21. Extract from the Susquehanna Democrat.
1818, April 17.— Newark, N. J., April 7th, shad fishing. On Wed-
nesday 3 shad were caught in the river Passaick. A pair of them
weighed eleven pounds, and were sold to one of our public innholders
S. Mis, 110-———41
642 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [24]
at a shilling a pound. <A solitary one was caught about 2 weeks before
and sold to the same innkeeper.”
1819, May 14.—“ Shad are this season taken in unusual numbers;
they have been sold in Philadelphia as low as $4.50 per hundred and at
the Potomac fisheries as low as $3.”
1820, April 21.— At Alexandria shad is selling for $2.50 a hundred
and Philadelphia they are selling for $3. In Wilkes Barré, notwith-
standing the scarcity of money, they are held at $18.75.”
1822, April 26.—“‘ We congratulate our friends on the prospect of soon
obtaining a supply of fresh shad; about sixty were caught here on
Wednesday (24th), and yesterday (25th) upwards of. three hundred.
We learn that at Berwick they are caught in abundance.”
The above was all that could be found in a file of fourteen years,
1810-1824, bearing upon shad. In the Federalist, printed at the same
time, nothing was found.
22.—Deed by Silas Smith of half his shad fishery.
Know all men by these presents that I, Silas Smith, of the township
of Newport, county of Luzerne, and State of Pennsyivania, have sold
unto Caleb Wright of the district of Huntington, in the county and
State aforesaid, one equal half share of a fishery on the lower end of my
farm, for the consideration of twenty pounds ($53.33) lawful money of
Pennsylvania to me in hand paid, the receipt of which I hereby own
and acknowledge. I hereby bind myself, my heirs, executors, adminis-
trators, or assigns, and every of them, by these presents, to warrant and
forever defend unto him, the said Caleb Wright, his heirs, executors,
administrators, or assigns, the one-half of said fishery to the only proper
use and benefit of him, the said Caleb Wright, his heirs, executors, ad-
ministrators, or assigns.
In witness whereof I have hereunto put my hand and seal, this four-
teenth day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred
and four—1804.
23.-Hatract from Miner’s History of Wyoming, p. 141.
“The month of February, 1773, had so nearly exhausted the provis-
ions of the Wilkes Barre settlement that five persons were selected to
go to the Delaware, near Stroudsburg, for supplies. * * * The dis-
tance was fifty miles, through the wilderness, &c. * * * The men
took each an hundred pounds of flour, and welcome was their return to
their half-famished friends at Wilkes Barre. Never was an opening
spring or the coming of the shad looked for with more anxiety or hailed
with more cordial delight. The fishing season of course dissipated all
fears, and the dim eye was soon exchanged for the glance of joy and
the sparkle of pleasure, and the dry, sunken cheek of want assumed the
plump appearance of health and plenty.”
VIII.—THE FISH SUPPLY OF LONDON.
ro)
[From the LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW.*]
1. Report of Spencer Walpole, esq., Inspector of Fisheries to the Home Office, on the destruo~
tion of fish at Billingsgate, in consequence of the alleged inadequate accommodations at
Billingsgate Market. (Ordered by House of Commons to be printed July 20, 1881.)
2. Report to the Common Council from the Fish Supply Committee appointed by the Corpo-
ration of the City of London. (October 31, 1881.) °
3. Minutes of evidence taken before Special Committees of the Lords and Commons upon the
London Riverside Fish Market Bill. (Session of 1882.)
Nearly thirty years have passed since the publication in our pages of
an article which produced no ordinary impression at the time of its ap-
pearance. In that article, having for its subject ‘The commissariat of
London,” we ask our readers to imagine that the principal meal of the
day was proceeding in a well-to-do metropolitan home, and we endeav-
ored to trace to their sources the various edibles consecutively put upon
the table—the fish to its ocean-bed; the flocks and herds to their downs
and pastures ; the wild animal to its Jair; the game to its covert; the
fruit to its orchard; the bread to its parent cornfield—in order to point
out how they are fattened, netted, trapped, captured, bagged, gathered,
harvested, and conveyed to their ultimate destination, “the great red
Jane of London humanity.”
It was natural under these circumstances that we should begin with
fish. Although we devoted no more than nine pages to chronicling the
operations then carried on in “Mr. Bunning’s new market at Billings-
gate,” it could hardly have escaped the notice of an intelligent reader
that ‘‘the harvest of the sea,” being, as Mr. Spencer Walpole and Pro-
fessor Huxley assure us, “ practically inexhaustible,” could not be
thoroughly described, or, indeed, be more than glanced at within so
brief a compass. We told our readers what fish are ordinarily brought
to Billingsgate at that time; but of the fish which, were it not for the
limited area and inaccessibility of London’s only market, might be
brought there, we said nothing. The total supply of fish sent annually
to Billingsgate about the year 1853, as given in Mr. Horace Mayhew’s
“London Labor and the London Poor,” seemed to us so enormous,
that we submitted the table to an undeniable authority, who assured
us that it was no over-statement. What would he now have said if
*No. CCCVIII, October, 1882. pp. 231 to 242.
643
644 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
told that the volume of fish sent to Billingsgate was nearly three times
larger in 1880 than in 1853; that within the last six years it has increased
from 95,000 to 130,000 tons per annum, and that this latter figure means a
supply of 400 tons of fish for every working day, being, according to
Mr. Edward Birkbeck, M. P.,, equivalent to a drove of 1,000 fat oxen
entering London upon every one of 313 days in each current year?
Surprising as this statement may appear to many, it is nevertheless
beyond a peradventure that of the cheaper and coarser kinds of fish
which would enter directly into the consumption of the poorer classes
an absolutely illimitable supply might be poured into the metropolis by
river if a suitable market, open at all hours and accessible at all states
of the tide, were available to receive it. Before showing what sort of
fish market it is absolutely necessary that London should have, we
propose to revea! what, at this moment, Billingsgate is. The materials
for describing it lie close at hand. They may be gathered in abundance
from Mr. Spencer Walpole’s report to the home office; from that of
the fish committee appointed by the corporation of the city of Lon-
don, to which Billingsgate belongs; and, passim, from the evidence
given before the two special committees of the Lords and Commons,
_which sat last session, to consider the *‘ London Riverside fish market
bill.” Better, however, than any description would be the practical
experience gained by a Londoner who had sufficient energy and curi-
osity to pay Billingsgate a visit between the hours of 5 and:9
upon a Friday morning, the best day in the week for seeing it to ad-
vantage. There is an Eastern saying, to the effect that the distance
between the ear and the eye is very small, but the difference between
hearing and seeing very great. Reading is but another form of hear-
ing and to those who care to understand what the Billingsgate monopoly
means, we would recommend a visit to the famous market upon the first
morning of a week-day that may suit their convenience.
Billingsgate market (concerning the antiquity of which there is a dif-
ference of opinion between those who hold, with Mr. Walter Thornbury,
that it owes its origin to Belin, a king of the native Britons, who flour-
ished 400 years B. C., and others who maintain, with Stow, that a man
called Billing, or Beling, owned a wharf upon the same spot, presuma-
bly in Queen Elizabeth’s reign) is now and has been the property of
the city of London for so long a time that it is not easy to calculate the
amount of revenue already brought in by it. It has a frontage to the
river of 200 feet, and a superficial area of 40,000 square feet, which area
affords sites to seventeen shops and two large public houses, although,
since the “ Riverside fish market bill” came before Parliament, the
site of one of these public houses has been voluntarily thrown into the
market.
The interior of this metropolitan emporium of fish, being obviously far
too narrow for the business transacted there, is divided into spaces or
forms placed in such close contiguity to each other that the customers
"eee THE FISH SUPPLY OF LONDON 645
purchasing at one form interfere with those who would fain approach
its neighbor. The price charged for the forms is excessively high, being
at the rate of 9d. a square foot per week foreach. Billingsgate is situated
above that portion of the river call the Upper Pool, which carries
more floating traffic than any other reach of water approaching it in
size upon the face of the globe, so that the dangers of navigation to
which cutters and steamers approaching the market by night are ex-
posed exceed description. The width of the portion of the river oppo-
site to Billingsgate left open for navigation does not exceed 200 feet.
In front of the market, on the water side, there is a large floating pon-
toon, but the steamers are not allowed to come alongside it in order to
unload, being compelled to lie off at a distance of nearly 100 feet from
the market quay, and to land their fish along planks thrown out from the
steamer to a barge, and from this barge to the floating pontoon. Every
pound of fish brought by steamer and landed from the river at Billings-
gate is carried along these planks upon men’s heads. Only two roads,
one from and one to the steamers, are permitted to exist, and as the men
have no choice but to follow each other it is evidently impossible to land
a large quantity of fish before the market closes at nine in the morning.
The result is that fresh fish is often thrown away, because it will not
keep until 5 o’clock upon the following morning. This being the plight
to which fish-carrying steamers are reduced, the trials and difficulties
awaiting sailing cutters entitle them to still greater commiseration.
Being sharp-bottomed vessels they have to lie out in the stream, and to
land their fish, at considerable expense, in barges. There were once some
piles in the river to which the cutters could make fast, but the market
authorities drew them. It ought, in addition, to be mentioned that the
work of landing fish along the planks which we have just described is
dangerous to the men engaged in it, and all the more so because during
half the year it is done in the dark. Accidents happen frequently, and
occasionally there is a loss of life. The unnecessary expense entailed
in this manner upon those who consign fish to Billingsgate may be in-
ferred from the fact which came out in evidence that the largest firm
in the trade had in 1880 to pay £4,321 9s. 4d., and in 1881, £4,854, 8s.
7d. for landing their cargoes, an outlay which, had it been possible for
their steamers to moor at the market quay, would have been entirely
avoided, and which, of course, came ultimately out of the pockets of the
consumers.
The approach to Billingsgate market from the land side is along Low-
er Thames street, a thoroughfare which is from twenty-eight to thirty
feet wide, and along which not more than two vans can pass abreast.
It follows, therefore, that only two streams of traffic can flow along it
at the same time, and thus, if a van is being unpacked at the market,
one of the two streams is temporarily blocked. If an accident of the
most trivial kind should occur the whole of the traffic is brought to a
stand still. Six vans, and no more than six, can unload side by side at
'
646 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
the same time. The market opens at 5 o’clock a. m., before which hour
no fish is allowed to be sold. As there are no vacant spaces or “lay-
byes,” for carts, for costermonger’s barrows, and for vans, the streets
adjoining the market are completely blocked as the hour of 5 a. m. ap-
proaches. The scene is of a nature to fill the spectator who witnesses
it for the first time with wonder that, in the largest and most civilized
capital upon the face of the globe, such a disgraceful anachronism
should have been tolerated for so a longa time. ILvery lane and street
leading to Lower Thames street is choked with costermonger’s bar-
rows and with fishmonger’s carts, which extend as far as Cannon Street
Arch, King William street, Monument Yard, Hast-cheap, and“ Tower
Hill. The market, as we have already laid, closes at 9 a. m. When
the clock strikes nine the police interfere and clear all the closely-packed
vehicles, sometimes amounting to nearly four thousand in number, out
of the city, in order to make way for the ordinary day traffic of the
streets. A
The market being open for four hours only, it follows, as a matter of
course, that there are many customers who cannot complete their pur-
chases before their barrows and vehicles are driven away. The nearest
points to which they can retire are Tower Hill, Tooley street, or some
other convenient spot outside the city bounds, where they wait until
the fish is brought to them upon the heads of porters who charge heavy
fees, and waste, into the bargin, no small amount of precious time.
So far as costermongers and fishmongers are concerned, the Billings-
gate trade ceases at9 a.m. After that hour the reign of the middle-
man or “bummaree” commences. It is of little moment to inquire how
old this word may be, or whether, as suggested by Mr. Walter Thorn-
bury, it is of Dutch origin, but at least it is certain that bummarees.
were known to Robert Burns’s friend, the antiquarian and wag, Cap-
tain Grose. We find in Jonathan Bee’s Lexicon Balatronicum, or
Slang Dictionary, published in 1823, that ‘“‘bummaree” is defined as
“the man who at Billingsgate takes the place of the salesman, and
generally after 8 o’clock a.m. buys the last lot. Derived partly from
mare, the sea, to which most of them have been addicted.” Writing
in 1853, Mr. Mayhes says: “The market opens at 4 a. m., but for the
first two hours it is attended solely by the regular fishmongers and by
bummarees. As soon as these are gone the costers’ sale begins.
Many of the costers who deal usually in vegetables buy a little fish, es-
pecially if it is cheap, on the Friday, which is the fast day of the Irish;
not to mention that the wives of mechanics run short of money at the
end of the week and are compelled to eke out their dinners with fish.”
Since Mr. Mayhew wrote these words there has been a slight change
in the conduct of the market. At present the bummaree is the first
to reach and the last to leave the market. He is still of great use, but
not so necessary as in 1853. At that time fish were sold in large lots,
which the bummaree, as a member of the Billingsgate ring, bought, and,
[5] THE FISH SUPPLY OF LONDON. 647
having broken them up into smaller lots, sold to little buyers. Now, how-
ever, the large factors sell by auction, offering only one package or box
containing at most 1 cwt. of fishat atime. This lot fetches from 1s. up
to £7., according to the description and quality of fish contained in it.
Thus the fishmonger and coster have a fair chance of bidding against
what is called “‘ the trade,” but it is the bummaree’s province to sort
and divide the contents of each box into fish of different sizes for the
convenience of the retailer. After 9a. m. the auctioneers are obliged
to sell or throw away the fish still left on hand, and the bummarees,
acting in concert, have it in their power to fix the price at which it is
knocked down. Theresult is that many lots are “for a song,” and that
occasionally large quantities are thrown away, which, if retail fishmon-
gers and costermongers could make their way to the market at any
hour of the day, would infallibly be sold at fair prices, instead of being
sacrified or wasted as is now the case. \
In his interesting evidence before the Lords committee, Mr. Spencer
Walpole defined the position and occupation of the bummaree as fol-
lows:
‘““The ordinary course of business is for the wholesale salesman to sell
fish to the retailer; butin Billingsgate the bummaree steps in between
thetwo men. He buys the fish after market hours from the wholesale
salesman, and takes the chance of selling it in the course of the day ata
profit to the retailers. Therefore, as I understand the matter, he occu-
pies very much the same position as the man who used to be called the
‘forestaller’ or ‘regrater’ in the corn market at the beginning of the
century.”
Far be it from us to rail against the bummaree. As the matter
now stands he fulfills very useful functions, but it cannot be denied that
his very existence is due to the deficiency and inadequacy of the market
in which he conducts his operations. When a new wholesale and retail
emporium has been established upon the river side we trust that the
bummaree may emulate the example of that sagacious guard to the
Edinburgh mail who got himself converted into a stroker, and thus found
a new vocation to engage his attention. At present the bummaree
stands between the costermongers, who represent the poor of London,
and the fish for which they are clamoring. Billingsgate has bred and
nurtured him, and with the Billingsgate monopoly it is to be hoped that
he too will be improved off the face of the earth.
Two efforts, according to Mr. Walpole, have been made to divert the
fish-trade of the metropolis from Billingsgate. In the first place a
market was established at Hungerford Stairs. Being too far up the
river and too remote from the East end it had but a brief span of ex-
istence. When we mention that a line drawn north and south across
the center of London Bridge leaves a population of about one million
six hundred thousand souls who live below the bridge, and about two
million four hundred thousand souls who live above it, it will be seen
648 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
at a glance that Hungerford Stairs are not easily accessible to coster-
mongers engaged in supplying the dense masses of poor people who
dwell at the the East end. The second attempt to supplement Billings-
gate was due to the generosity of Lady Burdett Coutts, who caused a
superb building to be constructed in East London, and gave it the
name of Columbia Fish Market. It had a still shorter lease of life than
its predecessor at Hungerford, the consequence being that the ancient
tyrant flourished with greater vigor than ever. As time advanced the
inconveniences of Billingsgate, always considerable, were enhanced by
the increasing magnitude of the trade and by the altered conditions
under which it was conducted. The railway soon began to supersede
the river, and fish, instead of coming to London by water, found its
road there in fast trains. It was bad enough for smacks, cutters, and
steamers to thread their tortuous way to the metropolitan fish market
along a river which is always choked with traffic, and through the
mazes and intricacies of the “Upper Pool;” yet, while the market could
be reached somehow or other by water, it had become almost unap-
proachable by land, and it was by land that two-thirds of the fish sup-
ply of London now came to Billingsgate.
The following table of the quantity of fish delivered at Billingsgate
market, or its immediate vicinity, between the years 1875 and 1880 will
show the proportions of railway-borne to water-borne fish, and we shall
have something to say presently as to the comparative cost of the two
modes of carriage:
1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880.
Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons.
Delivered: by. railway..+-----sss-a-sssee 71,367 73, 919 82, 771 94, 566 92,474 87, 884
Landed at wharves..-...----25+2.2.-.02 1, 473 1, 259 1, 698 4, 903 4, 338 5, 487
Water-carriage fish landed at the mar-
MOG Ieee cei shi ooae = cetcnies obee eonbeee 22,109 24, 247 22, 799 27, 300 30, 080 37, 258
i ipad ese: oth) Ooh Sey ee 94,949 | 99,425 | 107,168 | 126,769 { 126,892| 130,629
How bad the land approaches to Billingsgate have always been we
have already shown, but their badness was of comparatively slight im-
portance so long as the bulk of the fish was brought thither by water.
When, however, it became necessary to deal each year with some 90,000
tons of railway-borne fish, and to deliver them at Billingsgate through
choked streets and narrow laries which would disgrace a town of 50,000
inhabitants, the difficulties were so augmented that fish vans sometimes
took eight hours to get from the Great Hastern or Great Northern Rail-
way terminus to the market where they had to uiiload. Each succeed-
ing year the block increased ; and, moreover, it was still further aggra-
vated by the development of the trade in dried and fresh fruits. The
fruit salesmen, says Mr. Walpole, like the fish salesmen, naturally con-
gregated at the riverside. The fruit arriving in the docks were landed.
and carried through Thames street to Pudding Lane, where most of the
— ss
fal THE FISH SUPPLY OF LONDON. 649
fruit salesmen took premises; and the unfortunate street, which was
altogether too small for the fish trade alone, was required to accommo-
date the fruit trade also.
It must not be supposed that the city fathers were blind to the grow-
ing inconveniences of their solitary fish market. Without going back
further than twenty years we may notice that in 1862 Mr. Horace Jones,
. the city architect, suggested the only practicable scheme for making
Billingsgate more accessible by land that has yet been laid before the
common council. At an estimated cost of £838,000 he proposed to con-
stract a new Street from the corner of East-cheap and Fish Street Hill
to Thames street. The common council approved, but allowed. the
proposition to lie on the table} and when, twelve years later, the im-
provement committee of.the city of London sought to give effect to
the city architect’s plan it was found that in the interval between 1862
and 1874 the estimated cost had risen from £88,000 to £525,000.
Time went on, and matters at Billingsgate proceeded from bad to
worse. At length, in 1578, Colonel Fraser, the chief commissioner of
city police, reported to court of common council that, in the phrase so
much dreaded by Lord Melbourne, ‘‘ something must be done.” Colonel
Fraser protested emphatically that “the commerce had far outgrown
the capacity of the streets forcarrying it;” adding that “an overgrown
business is carried on in thoroughfares or rather in lanes not wide enough
to admit more than two lines of traffic,” the consequence being “ that
the stoppage of one vehicle for any purpose brings the rest to a stand-
still.” The only effect produced by his energetic remonstrance was that
Monument Yard was paved as a street, so that many of the fruit vans
and some of the fish vans were able to find standing room there.
Nothing else of a material nature was done or attempted with a view
to improving the approaches until, in 1881, the corporation of the city
of London resorted, not for the first time, to the evasive measure which
is invariably adopted by the House of Commons when in perplexity.
They appointed a committee to inquire into the fish-supply question,
and about six months later the home secretary instructed Mr. Spencer
Walpole to report upon the handling and distribution of fish at Billings-
gate. Both reports are now before us, and between them there is sub-
stantially no difference, although Mr. Walpole’s is the abler and more
searching of the two. Both agree in stating that Billingsgate is far too
small and too difficult of approach by land to fulfill the duties imposed
upon it as the sole wholesale and retail market for supplying fish to a
population of from five to six millions, resident within 7 miles of the
Royal Exchange—that is to say, upon an area which embraces about 150
square miles of ground.
A few brief extracts from each of these important documents will be
of service in elucidating the bearings of the question. From the report
of the corporation’s fish supply committee let us select the following
passage :
“ We now come to the question which directly affects the corporation
4
650 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
as the market authority, viz, the sufficiency or otherwise of the present
accommodation of Billingsgate market, and of the approaches thereto, to
meet the requirements of the present day ; and when, as regards the ap-
proaches, we plainly record our opinion of their absolute insufficiency, we
make nonew admission, but simply indorse the oft arrived atconelusion of .
this court. The prior question, however, as to the market accommoda-
tion is on a different footing. On three separate occasions, within lit-
tle more than a generation, the market has been enlarged or entirely
reconstructed, and therefore in this direction the corporation has given
practical proof of its desire to keep pace with the requirements of the
metropolitan fish supply; and yet, incredible asitmay appear, not only
the weight of evidence in this inquiry but the prior action of the court
and a pending reference to the markets committee alike go to prove
that even now additional market accommodation is absolutely neces-
sary.”
So far from it “ appearing incredible” to us that additional market
accommodation should be necessary, it would indeed be strange if a bit
of land about twice the size of the site upon which Exeter Hall stands
sufficed for the purposes to which it is now put, even if the land ap-
proaches to it were as ample and unobstrneted as those which lead to
Albert Hall or Kensington Gardens.
Reverting, however, to the report, we desire to call special attention
to the following words:
‘¢ We now approach, not without diffidence, the crucial point of our
duty, viz, the course of action which we deem it wise and right to rec-
ommend to the court. The whole of the information gathered together
has received our closest attention, and we have the satisfaction of re-
porting that we have unanimously, though, as regards some members,
not without altering a previous impression, arrived at the conclusion
that one whoiesale market is calculated to meet the requirements of the
trade and the interests of the public. We are also of opinion that
such market should be at the waterside; and, as a general principle
we are further of opinion that there should be ample and sufficient ap-
proaches from all parts of the metropolis to the site of any wholesale
fish market. We beg further to state that, although in our judgment the
fish market ought to be at the waterside, yet, should the court be of
opinion that an inland market for the reception and sale of railway-borne
fish is also required, we in that event suggest either of the two sites,
one in Farringdon road, to the north of Charterhouse street, and the
other the site of the present Farringdon market, as appropriate for the
purpose. Of the market itself, we are of the opinion that it should be
one based upon the same system as that at present in existence in
Paris, viz, a wholesale, a semi-wholesale, and a retail market, all under
one roof. We recommend that no restriction whatever should be made
as to hours of business, but that the market should be free and open at
all reasonable hours calculated to facilitate the reception, sale, and dis-
[9] THE FISH SUPPLY OF LONDON. 651
tribution of fish. Finally, we are of opinion that, taken in connection
with our earlier remarks as to destruction of spawn, and the taking of
immature fish, and also the present rates charged for railway carriage,
the following have, amongst other causes, contributed to the unsatisfae-
tory state of the fish supply, viz:
‘1, The small size of the market at Billingsgate.
“2. The utterly Inadequate approaches thereto.
‘3. The arrangement at present existing for its management.
‘““We have spoken frankly, and we fully realize that our recommenda-
tions involve important and costly changes, which, however, are called
for by the present condition of things.”
Before proceeding to show how utterly incompatible the recommen-
dations of the corporation’s fish committee are with the further exist-
ence of the Billingsgate monoply, it seems desirable to repudiate with-
out further delay any agreement with the allegations of this report as
to “ the destruction of spawn and small fish, and the taking of imma-
ture fish.” With this end in view we cannot do better than quote the
words spoken at a meeting of the Society of Arts, upon the 10th of
May last, by Professor Huxley, who is perhaps the highest authority
in England upon such matters. In reply to a not very wise speech,
complaining that the fish supply of London'was falling off and the re-
tail price of the article increasing, and attributing the mischief to the
wholesale system of trawling now in vogue, *“‘ which destroys millions
of small fish, and ruins no end of spawn,” Professor Huxley rose and
said that—
“He experienced much the same sensation as Rip Van Winkle must
have felt when he awoke after his long sleep; for the speech he just
heard was identical in spirit and almost in words with a great multitude
of speeches which came before him about twenty years ago, when he
had the honor of being a royal commissioner to inquire into the condi-
tion of our sea fisheries. That commission arose in this way: Mr. Mil-
ner Gibson, who was president of the board of trade, sent for him one
day, and told him that a member for a northern county meant to move
for a commission of inquiry into the destruction of the fisheries on the
east coast by trawling, and asked him what he thought about it. He
ventured to say that he thought it was all nonsense, and that Mr. Mil-
ner Gibson had better refuse the commission. He did so, but the mem-
- ber beat him in the House of Commons, ana he sent for him (Mr. Huxley)
next day and told him he must serve on the commission. He served
on it for two years, during which time a larger body of evidence came
before him than had come under the eyes of most people. The com-
plaints then made of trawlers were precisely those they had just heard;
that the damage done by line fishermen was destroying a great source of
the supply of men tothe navy; that it was destroying the breeding of fish
in the North Sea, more especially cod, whiting, and haddock ; and, not
only so, but it was rapidly destroying that upon which the trawlers
652 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
themselves subsisted. It came out in evidence, first and foremost, that
the fishing population supplied no appreciable contingent to Her Maj-
esty’s navy. It came out, in the second place, that the charge made
against trawlers, that they would destroy the spawn of the fish ordi-
narily caught bythe long lines, had no foundation; for, although it might
appear strange for him to say so, yet he believed there was no body of
men more absolutely ignorant of everything relating to fish, except the
eatching of them, than fishermen. The first complaint which came be-
fore them was that trawlers were bringing up an enormous quantity of
spawn every day in their trawls; but, upon inquiry it turned out that
what was supposed to be spawn was nothing but gelatinous inhabi-
tants of the sea, which had just about as much to do with fish as
cocks and hens to do with Jumbo. With regard to the charge made
against trawlers of destroying spawn, he might mention that such fish
as haddock and cod did not lay eggs at the bottom of the sea; their
eges floated at the top, so that it was impossible for the trawlers to de-
stroy thespawn. Since that time there was abundant evidence to prove
that, while trawlers had gone on steadily increasing, there had been no
dimination in the number of cod, haddock, and whiting caught, Lastly,
as to the supposed injury that the trawlers were doing themselves, there
Was no question that up to the present moment the amount of capital
invested in trawling vessels had steadily increased, and he could not
understand shrewd and clear-headed people like thé last speaker put-
ting their money into a business if it did not pay expenses. He could
not describe the audacity of the statements made at that time with re-
spect to trawl fishing. Witnesses came before the commission and stated
that trawled fish were unfit for human food ; that they were poisonous ;
and one man summed up all the demerits and atrocities of trawl fish by
saying that they were ‘ mashiated,” though what he meant by the re-
mark it is impossible to say. Beyond all doubt, if anything were done
to stop trawl fishing on the enormous scale on which it was now carried
out in this country; it would no longer be acase of complaining of the
price of fish, but ninety-one out of one hundred would not be able to
buy any fish except herrings and the like, which were caught in the
open sea by nets. He could not give the figures now, but he recollected
it being stated some time ago that 800 trawlers hailed from the port of
London, and therefore it was preposterous to talk of interfering with their
fishery. No answers had been put forward to the arguments adduced in
the report to which he had referred, namely, the constant increase of
capital put into the trawling business and the constant increase in the
tonnage of the vessels employed; and to such patent facts as these,
that a town like Brixham was absolutely built out of trawled fish, and
the trawlers who caught the fish had trawled over a comparatively
small area close to Brixham for the last 70 or 80 years, but the fishing
was going on now as weil as ever.”
In these words Professor Huxley was but echoing ake opinions of his
a Be THE FISH SUPPLY OF LONDON. . 653
former colleague, Mr. Spencer Walpole, whose views we shall presently
have occasion to quote. Before doing so, however, we invite our read-
ers to observe that the recommendations of the corporation’s committee
require Billingsgate, as the sole fish market of the metropolis, to pos-
sess properties which are absolutely impossible and unattainable under
the circumstances. In the first place, its land approaches could never
be made sufficient without spending a sum of money which would
stagger even the city fathers, and throw their yearly budget into inex-
tricable confusion. Secondly, the approach by river through the Upper
Pool will always present insurmountable difficulties. Thirdly, the
area of the market is far too small, and cannot be increased unless the
custom-house be given up to the city, which the Government has no
thought of doing. So hopeless, indeed, did the retention of Billings-
gate as the sole metropolitan fish market appear to be in the eyes of the
civic committee that they were induced to turn their attention to other
river-side sites, and specially to one near Blackfriars Bridge, the esti-
mated outlay upon which would have entailed an expenditure of from
£900,000 to £1,200,000, not to mention that the conservators of the river
would be certain to forbid its selection, on the ground of the encroach-
ment it weuld make on the water-way. Lastly, the committee avow
their opinion that neither the enlargement of the area of Billingsgate
nor the establishment of additional markets at Farringdon road or else-
where ‘would supersede the necessity for providing betfcr approaches
for facilitating the traffic in that locality.” Amore damaging denuncia-
tion of Billingsgate than is supplied by the report of the corporation’s
own committee it would indeed be utterly impossible to conceive.
Mr. Walpole is equally explicit to the same effect. His report says:
“Wishing in the North Sea, the greatsource of the London fish sup-
ply, is carried on in two ways: (1.) By boats working in fleets on the
Dogger Bank, on the Silver Pits, on the German coast, and on other
favorable fishing grounds ; and (2), by boats working grounds usually
nearer home, either singly or with only one or two companions. When
the boats work singly and near home they are rarely away for more than
twenty-four or forty-eight hours; when they work in fleets they are away
for weeks and even months at atime. In the former case the boats re-
turning to port to unload the fish sell them on the fish quay; the fish are
then packed by the buyers and sent to London by train. They are more
or less exposed to the sun on the boat, and they are exposed on the fish
quay; they are then packed, in ice it is true, in a truck which has per-
haps been standing in the sun for some hours ; they are brought up in
a railway van to town and then carried in a van through the streets of
London. But when the fish are caught by boats working in fleets fast
steamers attend the fleet to carry the fish back to London. They are
removed almost as soon as they are caught to the hold of the steamer,
covered with ice, and never unpacked till the steamer reaches Billings-
gate.
654 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12]
‘Tt does not require much reflection to conclude that fish dealt with
in this way are more likely to reach London in good order than those
which are removed from the boat to the quay, from the quay to the rail-
way van, from the railway van to the street, and from the street to the
market. In fact I believe I am right in saying that no fish coming by
water would be condemned if it were not for two reasons: (1.) It occa-
sionally happens that the fleet has moved its position before the steam-
ers arrive, and the steamers in consequence fail to findit. (2.) It also
occasionally happens that the catch is so large that the steamers are
unable to store the whole of it in their holds, and are forced to carry
some portion of it on deck.
‘It is obvious then that, except from accidental circumstances, there
is and there need be no loss among the fish which reach London by
water. Water-carriage is cheaper than land-carriage. A box of fish
carried direct by water to Billingsgate costs 2s.1d.for carriage. The
same box carried by land costs 3s. 94d., viz, 1s. 7d., its carriage to
Grimsby, and 2s. 24d., its carriage to London. It is not surprising,
therefore, that as the cost by water is less and as the fish arrive in
better condition, the London salesmen should prefer water-borne fish,
and should look for the solution of every difficulty by a further develop-
ment of the water traffic.”
Mr. Walpole proceeds to give his reasons for thinking that, despite
its superior cheapness, water-carriage will never entirely supersede the
land-carriage of fish. He states that with a view to discouraging the
land-carriage of fish some of the merchants who came before him as
witnesses went so far as to propose that single-boat fishing should be
prohibited by Government, and the men forced to fish in fleets. This
suggestion seemed, in Mr. Walpole’s eyes, to be impracticable. Fisher-
men are influenced by the same motives as other men. They naturally
object to a system of fishing which keeps them away from their families
for weeks at a time, and prefer to it a system which enables them to re-
turn home once in every twenty-four hours, even though the result may
be that their fish cost a little more for carriage to London and arrive
there in rather worse order. Is it possible, asks Mr. Walpole, to pro-
vide that railway-borne fish shall reach London so that a very small
proportion shall be in a condition to necessitate condemnation? The
witnesses who appeared before him at Billingsgate were of opinion that
if inspectors were appointed at the various ports to prevent the sending .
forward of fish which were already bad this highly desirable consumma-
tion might be attained. But where are these inspectors to reside?. If
at the principal ports the fishermen would certainly resort to other ports
where there are no inspectors. If, however, inspectors were established
at every port and village where boats can land the expense would be
out of all proportion to the end aimed at. Nor could it be expected that
the Government would consent to bear the charge of a duty which
would primarily be of advantage to the metropolis alone. It would be
‘ey ee THE FISH SUPPLY OF LONDON. 655
still more hopeless to ask local authorities to incur expense for a pur-
pose diametrically opposed to the trade of their neighborhood. The only
possible course seems to be to condemn in London the fish which are
bad when they reach Billingsgate, and to trust to the effects of this con-
demnation to prevent salesmen from wasting money by sending other
bad fish to London.
“Tf this conclusion be correct,” adds Mr. Walpole, ‘ then the state,
not of Billingsgate, but of the approaches to Billingsgate, must, in my
judgment, be held responsible for some portion of the loss which arises
from the necessary destruction of condensed fish. I have already en-
deavored to deseribe what those approaches are. The vans arriving
from the railway station, the carts of the retail dealers arriving to buy,
make them almost impassable, and the system on which the traffic is,
perhaps unavoidably, conducted, makes confusion almost hopeless. On
general grounds it would apparently be desirable that the vans which
reach the market first should be unpacked first, and should then pro-
ceed as empties to their destination. But in practice this is never uni-
formly done. The vans which arrive first may contain fish for which
there is no particular demand, while the vans which are perhaps in the
rear of the line may contain other fish for which there is a great de-
mand. The vans, therefore, instead of being unpacked, are forced to
move on, and thread their way through the crowded thoroughfares of
London till they are able to obtain a fresh place in the line. One van,
whose case was exceptionally unfortunate, returned in this way, not
merely time after time, but day after day, and for eleven days. The
fish which it contained were of course ultimately condemned.
“¢ How, then, is the difficulty to be obviated which at present exists?
I believe it to be impossible to obviate it till the approaches to Billings-
gate are reconstructed, or the market is itself removed. A market
does not deserve the name which does not afford (1) accommodation for
buyers and sellers; (2) standing room, and, where perishable articles
are concerned, standing room under covered ways, for the vans which
- are being unpacked ; and (3) easy access. Billingsgate fulfills the first
of these conditions. It wholly fails to fulfill the second and third of
them. A market without approaches is, in fact, as inconvenient as a
house of many stories with-out a staircase. It is said that the amateur
architect is apt to forget the staircase when he builds the house. I
should very much regret to call the corporation of London an amateur
architect, but it has undoubtedly committed the mistake of reconstruct.
ing the market and of forgetting the approaches.”
We have said enough to show that Billingsgaie is past praying for;
nor can much sympathy be expected from the public with the efforts
made last session by a portion of the common council to save its life by
defeating the London riverside fishmarket bill before the special
committee of the House of Lords. Thanks to the refusal of Lord Sal-
isbury and of the Duke of Richmond to sustain the two mischievous
656 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
clauses imported into the bill by the Lords’ committee, and thanks also
to the energetic speech of Lord Shaftesbury, these clauses were with-
drawn, and there is at length a fair chance that London will shortly
have a riverside fish market worthy of the largest and hungriest city
in the world.”
It remains for us to inquire what are the attributes and properties
thata metropolitan fish emporium should possess, and to see how far they
are supplied by the site at Shadwell, where it is understood that the
new market authorized by the two Houses of Parliament is about to
be established. What these essentials are was clearly laid down by the
fish committee of the common council when they arrived at the follow-
ing conclusions:
1. That one wholesale market is calculated to meet the requirements
of the trade and the interests of the public.
2. That such a market should be at the water-side.
3. That there should be ample and sufficient approaches from all parts
of the metropolis to the site of any wholesale fish market.
To these three very obvious conclusions a fourth might have been
added to the effect that the market should be established at a point where
the river is sufficiently wide for the sailing vessels and steamers moored
at the market quay to be out of the way of the stream of floating traffic
which passes ceaselessly to and fro along that crowded highway of na-
tions. ;
That the site at Shadwell conforms to these conditions is evident from
the following arguments which were deemed irrefutable by the special
committees of the Lords and Commons when brought before them last
session.
1. The London riverside fish-market bill authorizes its promoters to:
take about eight acres of land in the parish of St. Paul, Shadwell, four
acres of which they bind themselves to appropriate for the new fish
market and its approaches.
2. The site, like that of Billingsgate, is on the north side of the river,
to which it has a frontage of 600 as against that possessed by the Bil-
lingsgate of 200 feet. It lies nearly two miles below London Bridge, at
a point where the Thames is 1,100 feet wide, and being situated on the-
edge of a bay, out of the influence of the tide, and 500 feet clear of the
ordinary traffic of the stream, it enables vessels approaching it to avoid
the difficult and dangerous navigation of the Upper Pool, which is no.
ordinary advantage when we remember that the fish craft for the most
part arrive in the dark.
3. The shore can be leveled so as to sdinit vessels of thirteen feet
draught alongside the wharf at half tide. Vessels will lie next the whart,
and unload direct into the market, thus avoiding the expense, delay,.
and danger of the present system of discharging. There is a boat ferry
at either end of the site, and a steam ferry is about to be reopened at a
short distance to the west. This steam ferry can make from seven to
—s
[15] THE FISH SUPPLY OF LONDON. 657
ten trips in an hour, and can take from seventy to ninety costermongers
barrows at a time.
4. As regards the access to the market by land the streets and roads
leading to the selected site at Shadwell are wide, unencumbered by or-
dinary traffic, and of easy gradients. Out of the eight acres acquired
the market proper will occupy 75,000 square feet, or one acre and three-
quarters, and the rest of the property will be laid out in ample ap-
proaches and in ‘‘lay byes” for carts and barrows, and also in the erec-
tion of the necessary shops, warehouses, and buildings connected with
the market.
5. On the three land sides of the market there will be a broad street,
so that four-and-twenty vans can lie side by side and unload simulta-
neously. Not a single fishmonger’s cart or costermonger’s barrow will
be more than 150 yards away from the center of the market, so that the
vorterage will be reduced to a minimum and no time will be wasted.
The market will be open all day, and accessible from a very early hour
in the morning until late at night to ships approaching it by water and
to costermongers approaching it by land. The maximum tolls fixed by
the bill are very much lower than those charged at Billingsgate.
It will thus beseen that the Shadwell site fulfills all the conditions
required by the reports of the corporation committee and of Mr. Wal-
pole, who, having examined the spot, gave evidence in its favor before
the House of Commons’ committee. It should also be mentioned that
no steps were taken by the promoters of this bill to get permission from |
parliament to make a new fish market at Shadwell until the corporation
of London and the metropolitan board of works had been repeatedly
urged, but in vain, to take the matter up. The want of additional mar-
ket accomodations being admitted on all hands, what, it may be asked,
is the corporation of London doing to supply it? With the exception
of attempting to convert the fruit market at Farringdon into a fish
market nothing has been or will be done; and it is admitted on all
hands that an inland market of this kind will do little towards cheap-
ening and making more abundant the coarser kinds of fish, which do
not come to London by costly railway carriage but can only be brought
by river.
These details can hardly be deemed uninteresting when we remem-
ber the stake at issue and the degree to which they affect it. There is
and has long been a popular impression that many of our sea-fisheries
are less fecund than of yore, and that the ocean is growing more and
more to deserve the epithet of “barren.” which Homer was so fond of
applying to it. How far this is from being the case let the following
passage from Mr. Walpole’s speech, delivered before the Society of Arts
upon the 10th of last May, suffice to attest:
‘Yon are all acquainted,” he said, “with the North Sea. You know
that it is a comparatively small sea. It is fished by English, Scoteh,
Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, German, Dutch, Belgian, and French tish-
S. Mis. 110 42
658 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16]
ermen, and I think I could prove to you (only it is unnecessary to go
into statistics) that the fish which these fishermen are drawing from the
North Sea is worth at least £25,000,000 every year. That sum, if I
may translate the figures again into an intelligible language, is more
than equal to the whole interest of the national debt of this country.
This evening I am not concerned with the fisheries of Europe, but with
the fish supply of London; and what I wish to point out to you, and
what is very imperfectly understood, is the proportion of fish consumed
in London which is drawn from the North Sea. I have tried to analyze
the return as far as I am able to do so, and I find that, out of the 130,000
tons of fish which were received in London in 1880, in round numbers
100,000 tons came from the North Sea; that is to say that, out of every
four fish which we eat in London, three came from the North Sea. Now,
if this is the case, it is really essential to the subject for us to consider,
however shortly, what is happening in the North Sea, because I know
there is a prevalent impression that the North Sea itself and the seas
of this kingdom generally are being over-fished, and that they are in
consequence in danger of approaching exhaustion. I am bound to say
that you will hear this allegation supported on good authority in Bil-
lingsgate, and that you may also hear it in many fishing villages on the
coasts of England. Now I will give you my reasons for thinking that
the North Sea and the seas of this country generally are not in danger
of exhaustion. In the first place the prophecy of approaching exhaus-
tion is not a new one. It has influenced the legislature for centuries,
and it may be found in our literature since the days of the Tudors. I,
for one, think that when you find a series of predictions which have
uniformly proved false you may pretty well afford to disregard the same
predictions when they are made in our own time. You can hardly enter
into a drawing-room—you certainly cannot go into any company inter-
ested in fisheries—without hearing complaints of the scarcity of soles ;
and I do not deny that soles were exceptionally scarce last year. But
I recollect that I was told myself at Scarborough forty-five years ago,
in the year in which the Queen came to the throne, that a fisherman
landed at Scarborough with a pair of soles, which he placed on the pier
and said: ‘There are the two last soles in the North Sea.’ I do not
deny that scarcity may occur again, as it undoubtedly occurred last
year. But I regard such scarcities as temporary accidents and not as
any permanent failure of the great source of fish supply.”
Mr. Walpole then reminded his hearers that, likeall other animals, man
included, fish have a tendency to produce their numbers in greater ra-
tio than their food is generated, and consequently the natural waste
which is always going on in the sea is far more exhausting than any effect
that multitudes of fishermen produce upon the fish. In the same way
a warm oracold summer has an enormous influence upon theabundance
or upon the searcity of animal and vegetable life. Some years, for in-
instance, we talk of a plague of flies, of caterpillars, or of gnats. The
[17] THE FISH SUPPLY OF LONDON. 659
same thing goes on in the sea, and the minute forms of life upon which
the fish feed are affected by the warmth or cold of particular years.
When there is a defective production of these forms of alimentary life
the fish are obliged to scatter in search of food, and are not collected to-
gether so as to be easily caught by the net or trawl. In conclusion,
Mr. Walpole pointed out that, although man is singularly deficient in
statistics bearing upon fish, it is possible to reason in some measure
from the particular to the universal by examining the details of the her-
ring fishing, with which we are more or less acquainted.
‘¢We know,” he continued, “that the Scotch fishermen on an aver-
age take one thousand million herrings a year. We know also that the
Norwegian fishermen take from the North Sea another one thousand
million herrings per annum, while | am sure that other fishermen whe
work the North Sea take at least another one thousand million. There-
fore we may assume that the fishermen of Europe draw three thousand
millions of herrings annually from the North Sea. I think it beyond
doubt that the predacious fish and birds kill as many herrings annually
as fishermen do, and therefore man and other enemies draw six thou-
sand millions of herrings a year from the North Sea. Now Ido not sup-
pose that any one with the least acquaintance with the subject would
say that all these enemies of the herring catch one in every hundred ;
but, to put myself beyond all possibility of error, I will assume they
catch one in every two. Then at the end of the year the account must
be, six thousand millions of herrings taken and six thousand millions
left. Assuming that of those left half are females it is obvious that to
maintain the stock these females must produce two herrings apiece to
make twelve thousand millions next year. Buta female herring does
not lay two eggs; she lays from 20,000 to 50,000. Assuming that she
lays 10,000 eggs, it is obvious that nature intends out of every 5,000 she
lays that 4,999 should die. Ifit were not so the whole sea would be
full of herrings.”
The conclusion at which Mr. Walpole arrived is that ‘+ the North Sea
is practically inexhaustible.” These are encouraging words, and they
are borne out by the evidence of Mr. Robert Hewett, who is the man-
aging director of Hewett & Co., a limited company which owns eight
steamers and sixty fishing smacks of its own, and has in addition nearly
one hundred other fishing smacks under mortgage, and about thirty
more associated with it. Mr. Hewett deposed that since 1864 the com-
pany which he manages—
‘‘ Have brought much more wet trawl fish to Billingsgate than any
other firm or company; that the fleet under his control consists of 183
smacks; that the fleet fish during the night and in the morning put
their catch, which is packed in boxes containing about ninety pounds of
fish each, on board the steamers which wait upon them ; that the boxes
when taken on board the steamers are immediately put into the hold
and buried in ice, and are thus brought direct to Billingsgate; that on
660 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18]
arriving at Billingsgate the fish, on the opening of the market at 5a.
m., is taken out of the hold, carried ashore, and sold box by box; that
the amount realized by Hewett & Co. for wet trawl fish sold at Billings-
gate during the last seven years amounts collectively to £1,210,409 ;
that in the trade wet trawl fish are divided into two classes, prime and
offal; that the prime consists of turbots, brill, soles, John Dorey, and
red mullet; and offal of plaice, haddock, cod, skate, roker, whiting,
sturgeon, hake, dabs, thornback, and gurnard; that a very large pro-
portion of the offal brought to market by Hewett & Co. could not have
been sent by rail, as it would not have fetched the rate charged for car-
riage; that if there was no water-carriage for fish to market nothing
but the prime and the best of the offal would be sent to London at all.”
The evidence of Mr. Hewett is deserving of special attention, because
it is to him and to his father that Billingsgate is indebted for many
valuable suggestions and improvements of the conduct of its trade.
His father was the first to bring fish by water from the fleet in the North
Sea direct to Billingsgate, and for this purpose he caused a line of fast-
sailing carrier cutters to be built in 1843. Up to that time, and for
many years previously, it was the custom to land considerable quanti-
ties of fish at Yarmouth, which were sent up to London by rail, while
other lots were brought by river to Gravesend and despatched thence
to Billingsgate by hatch-boat. From 1843 to 1864 the swift-sailing cut-
ters worked with great success, but in the latter year they were “ run
off the road,” not by the railways but by steam carriers which were then
started. The first ten sailing carriers were built and put on by the
elder Hewett in 1843 and 1844; the first six steamers by the younger
Hewett in 1864 and 1865. There are now not less than twenty-one
steam carriers running to London. They belong to several companies,
each of them distinct from the others, and they work in connection
with five large fleets in the North Sea. Nor ought we to omit mention-
ing that the bulk of the fish came to Billingsgate packed in baskets
until 1856, when boxes were for the first time tried by Hewett & Co.
Four years later baskets had entirely died out, and in 1860 all trawl
fish came to market, as they do now, in boxes containing from ninety
to a hundred pounds apiece.
Enough has been said to show what weight attaches to Mr. Robert
Hewett’s testimony, when he affirms, ‘‘ as the result of many years expe-
rience,” that double the quantity of fish now sold in London could read-
ily be disposed of if there were but proper accommodations at the river-
side to receive it. It is well known, he adds, by all who deal exten-
sively in the coarser kinds of fish, that however large the supply the
demand more than keeps pace with it, and that the price is never low-
ered. There can, in fact, be no doubt that if, as he anticipates, Mr.
Hewett and his company can pour three or four hundred tons of roker
every day into the metropolis through Shadwell market they will be
conferring a benefit upon the poor of which it would be impossible to
overstate the magnitude. Roker—by which all fish of the ray fam-
nS THE FISH SUPPLY OF LONDON. 661
ily, excepting skate, are meant—is a favorite food of the working
classes, to whom it could be supplied retail at three pence or less per
pound. There are medical men, among whom Sir Henry Thompson and
Dr. Priestley are, we believe, included, who hold that for delicate di-
gestions nothing is so healthy and invigorating as a diet consisting
almost exclusively of fish. But it is not in the interests of the rich
that the enterprise was conceived which is about to give us a fish mar-
ket with all the merits and none of the defects for which Billingsgate
has long been noted. How can the value of a constant supply of fresh
fish, obtainable at about one-fourth or one-fifth of the price exacted
from him for fresh meat, be estimated and appraised by the working-
man? The question is more than ever significant when it is borne in
mind that there are many shzgns presaging a considerable rise in the
price of beef, and still more of mutton, before the end of next year.
According toe the “ Balance Sheet of the World,” compiled by Mr. Mich-
ael G. Mulhall, F.S.S., Europe consumes annually 853,000 tons of meat
beyond what she produces. From whence is Hngland to derive her
supplies of this precious commodity, which she produces at the rate of
1,205,000 tons and consumes at the rate of 1,800,000 tons per annum ?
To make up our yearly deficit, amounting to about 600,000 tons, the
United States have, until lately, been the most liberal of our many con-
tributors. But beef is at this moment as dear in New York as in Lon-
don, and the power of the United States to supply England with meat
is obviously declining. The rapid growth of the American population
is enough to explain that, in a country already numbering about
55,000,000 inhabitants, 32,000,000 sheep and 13,000,000 bullocks are not
much in excess of that country’s own wants.
Doubtless we shall receive large consignments of frozen mutton from
the Australian colonies; but years upon years will have to expire be-
fore the contributions from that source, added to others from Brazils,
the Argentine Confederation, the River Plate, and possibly from Rus-
sia, will begin to make themselves sensibly felt in this country. The
greatest perpiexity, in short, with which statesmen can be threatened—
a deficiency in one of the most essential staples of the nation’s food—
seems to be impending over Great Britain and Ireland. How is it to
be met ?
Lucan tells us in one of the finest passages of his Pharsalia, that
Cesar, upon returning to Rome, dismissed all thoughts of war from his
breast, and addressed himself to the task of providing ample supplies
of food for the fickle populace, conscious that it is famine alone which
lashes cities into revolt, and that a “starving people knows no fear.”
Far be it from us to suggest that England is threatened, ever so re-
motely, with famine. But that beef and mutton are likely to rise in
price is the undoubted opinion of our most competent authorities, and
in the face of a serious deficiency in meat we can conceive nothing
more useful or more welcome than a large and sustained addition to
the fish supply of London.
IX.—THE EXTENT OF THE USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER.
By Cuas. W. SMILEY.
In the fall of 1879 the inquiry, ‘Is fish guano in any of its forms
used by your farmers?” was addressed to every postmaster in the
United States. From 30,022 returns, the following facts have been
ascertained :
I. Fish guano is not used in any of the following twenty-one States
and Territories: Alaska, 1; Arizona, 34; Arkansas, 435; Colorado, 161;
Dakota, 184; Idaho, 45; Illinois, 1,154; Indiana, 792; Indian Terri-
tory, 46; Iowa, 836; Kansas, 749; Reese 515; Missouri, 835;
Montana, 64; Nebraska, 373; Nevada, 62; New Mexico, 54; Oreen
211; Texas, 752; Utah, 113; and Wyoming, 46. The Ter given
with each political ieSio denote the Peter of negative replies re-
ceived to the question, the total being 7,462, and covering every county
in the divisions named.
Il. In the following ten States and Territories there are indications of
a very slight use of fish guano. In some cases the reporters may not
have carefully distinguished between fish guano and other kinds, while
others have evidently spoken of unmanufactured refuse of the fish-
eries. <All reports that are believed to point to the use of fish in any
form as a fertilizer are here quoted :
1. CALIFORNIA.—‘ Shrimp shucks from San Francisco are used by
Chinese gardeners to a considerable extent:” Grass Valley, Nevada
County. ‘Tosome extent in vegetable and strawberry culture:” Santa
Clara, Santa Clara County.
The following statement by A. W. Saxe, M. D., of Santa Clara, is
of interest: “I know of no one in this vicinity using fish as a fertilizer,
except Judge D. C. Thomas, who was induced to try it by Mr. A. Bar-
stow, of San Francisco. The material is mostly dried shrimps and
waste of codfish and salmon. On strawberry land he uses from 300 to
400 pounds per acre. It pays well in the increased yield and finer
quality of fruit. In 1879 he used ten tons on his extensive strawberry
plantation, and would have used more if he could have gotten it. He
sows it broadcast on the land after the first plowing and cultivates it into
the soil. It stimulates vegetation wonderfully. It is gathered by the
Chinese fishermen at or near Point Arena, in Mendocino County, put
up in bales after being sun-dried and shipped to China, probably to be
Ll] 663
664 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
used as a fertilizer but possibly as food, as there is nothing of organic
nature the Chinaman will not eat. These bales weigh from 300 to 400
pounds each. The farmers in the vicinity of Point Arena have used it
to some extent on wheat lands, and report it as increasing the crop from
30 to 50 per cent. At one time they used all they could get at the
original price demanded by the Chinese; but the latter soon raised the
price from $8 to $12 per ton, and it has not since been in as general
use there as formerly.”
‘*¢ Nearly all farmers in the valley use it, obtaining it from Sacramento
and San Francisco”: Etna Mills, Siskiyou County. The foregoing con-
stitute the affirmative reports. There are 486 negative reports on file
from this State.
2, KENTUCKY.—‘A very little used, which is obtained at our county
seat, being brought from New York, Cincinnati, and Louisville”: Wade’s
Mill, Clark County. “A little for experiment”: Frankfort, Franklin
County. ‘Very little is used, being obtained from Baltimore, Md., and
Savannah, Ga.”: Pulaski, Somerset County. There are 594 negative
reports from this State.
3. LOUISIANA.—‘** Three hundred tons, obtained from Charleston,
S. C., were used in 1880, principally by the Ames plantation”: Gretna,
Jefferson County. There are 205 negative reports from Louisiana.
4, MICHIGAN.—“‘ What we use we manufacture ourselves, but are
ignorant of the true way of doing it”: Skanee, Baraga County. “A
small amount, obtained at Grand Rapids and Jackson, is used, and by
15 or 20 men”: Morgan, Bay County. ‘Fishermen use fish guano on
their gardens somewhat; none bought or sold here”: Mackinaw City,
Cheboygan County. ‘ Winegar, Miller & Co. use it on their farm at
Martin’s Island, Delta County”: Escanaba, Delta County. ‘Only when
fish are found dead on the lake shore, as is sometimes the case”: Bear
Lake, Manistee County. “ What little is used here is bought by our
farmers at Grand Rapids, 16 miles distant”: South Blendon, Ottawa
County. The number of negative reports from this State is 819.
5. MISsissrpp1.— The fish is used as a fertilizer”: Bay Saint Louis,
Hancock County. “Salt water sardines are used for guano and are
very plentiful”: Scranton, Jackson County. There are 332 negative
reports from this State.
6. OH1IO.—‘‘ Not in any quantity; $150 per year is about the limit”:
Powhatan Point, Belmont County. ‘They use fish for fertilizer on
the lake shore”: Dover, Cuyahoga County. ‘Offal from fish house and
worthless fish are used on the fields”: Vermillion, Erie County. ‘ Fer-
tilizers are used quite extensively, fish guano forming a part”: Barlow,
Washington County. ‘ Yes”: Toledo, Lucas County. The number of
negative answers from Ohio is 1,228.
7. TENNESSEE.—“It is”: Asbury, Knox County. ‘ Yes, it is being
used of late by quite a number of farmers. I suppose that at least 500
farmers, averaging to use 800 pounds each, and living in this vicinity,
[3] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 665
employed it in the year 1880”: Cash Point, Lincoln County. ‘In ex-
ceptional cases ; it has not been introduced extensively”: Muddy Creek,
Loudon County. “It is; farmers buy it at Knoxville,” Unitia, Loudon
County. ‘Yes; four farmers used 80 tons in 1880; they bought it at
Knoxville”: Wave Hill, Union County. ‘Yes; about twenty-five men
used 500 pounds in 1880; it was obtained at Richmond, Va.”: Fain’s,
Washington County. There are 589 negative reports from Tennessee.
8. WASHINGTON.—‘ It is by those living near the sound”: Kamilche,
Mason County. ‘‘Careasses of dogfish and the refuse of herring fish-
eries are used by gardeners on F[illalgo Island”: Artondale, Pierce
County. ‘Yes; a little”: Sumner, Pierce County. ‘In some cases”:
Lowell, Snohomish County. ‘In some cases; as a rule, our farmers
have not utilized fish guano”: Olympia, Thurston County. ‘In limited
quantities; from Cypress Island fisheries”: Anacortes, Whatcom
County. ‘There has been little fish scrap used by afew with good .
results”: Fidalgo, Whatcom County. “It is”: Semiahmoo, Whatcom
County. There have 121 negative reports been received from Wash-
ington.
9. WEST VIRGINIA.—‘“A little from Delaware”: Capon Bridge, Hamp-
shire County. ‘About two tons were used in 1880, being obtained fron:
Winchester, Va.”: Dillon’s Run, Hampshire County. ‘About one-
fourth of all guano used here is fish guano; nearly all farmers use some
kind of guano; it is obtained from Winchester, Va.”: Hanging Rock,
Hampshire County. At Mutton Run and other places in Hampshire
County there is also evidence of the use of fish guano. ‘ Fish guano is
but little used here, though I have seen it occasionally in the market:”
Kendalia, Kanawha County. ‘In 1880 six farmers used about five
sacks each of fish guano obtained in Baltimore”: Racoon, Preston
County. There are also affirmative answers from Crump’s Bottom,
Summers County, and from Kanawha Station, Wood County. There
are 381 negative reports from all parts of the State.
10. WisconsIn.—“ There has been considerable fish guano used in
this county; it is a valuable fertilizer in Bailey’s Harbor, Gibraltar,
Jacksonport, and Sturgeon Bay; they have used the culled fish with
great success for several years past, but in 1880 the fishermen found
market for most all kinds of fish:” Ellison Bay, Door County. ‘ Yes:”
Naugart, Marathon County. ‘The offal of the fisheries is utilized to
some extent by the farmers near by”: Menekaunee, Marinette County.
Seven hundred and forty-two negative reports are on file from this
State.
III. In seventeen States a somewhat extensive use of fish guano is
reported. Assuming that the percentage of Territory corresponds with
the percentage of affirmative and of negative replies to the question,
the use of fish guano would extend over—
1. 18 per cent. of the territory of Pennsylvania.
2. 24 per cent. of the territory of New York.
\
666 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
30 per cent. of the territory of New Hampshire.
32 per cent. of the territory of North Carolina.
33 per cent. of the territory of Vermont.
36 per cent. of the territory of Alabama.
45 per cent. of the territory of Virginia.
. 46 per cent. of the territory of Maine.
. 46 per cent. of the territory of Georgia.
10. 48 per cent. of the territory of South Carolina.
11. 50 per cent. of the territory of Maryland.
12. 51 per cent. of the territory of Florida.
13. 58 per cent. of the territory of New Jersey.
14. 60 per cent. of the territory of Massachusetts.
15. 69 per cent. of the territory of Delaware.
16. 79 per cent. of the territory of Connecticut.
17. 86 per cent. of the territory of Rhode Island.
OH AD OP ow
Taking up each of these States by the nine sections into which they
have been divided by the Post-Office Department, and specifying the
number of counties in which this fertilizer is used, the percentage of
territory on which it is reported would be exhibited by the following
tables:
1.—PENNSYLVANIA.
Fish guano is used in 58 of its 67 counties and on 18 per cent. of its
territory :
NORTHWESTERN, WESTERN, AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
mn) 4%or the: 5 morbh western) COUNTICS cc see cee cee eae aoe eae nee eerie 1133
in the 8 westerm'counties)-222 sco sccm sere cl ah eRe ce te SR ee reae eee ee 9
Ini the:6southwesterncounmbiesieoss =e cess ce oe eee ee eee eee eee 8
10
NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
InsbroL they northernscountiestss eeeteetee ne po eee eee eae ee eee eee 11
Ing? of the: 16: central: counties sse- sete ee ee oe er eee eee eee eee ee eae 12
Anes. Orsbhe six southern counbles: soe se cee ees (cee eee ee eter eee 92
15
NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
An thes morpheastern-COUNTtICS: =. ss: occas a eee cee ee ieee ster erekeee re eree 8
Ine 7Aotethe eveastern, COUNTIES:..2.2c+ es coee een e ae ee eee eae nL O
in chersimsoutheastern) COUNTICS|.<5. +. saeeeseeemee eee cheese hereon 40
[5] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 667
2.—NEW YORK.
Fish guano is used in all the counties of the State except Lewis and
Warren, and on 24 per cent. of its territory:
WESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES. !
Per cent.
rial Onwiesterm COUTMLICS ese aaeree eer Patcrs.< jos ees eos a. 2 nb ec eee 5
my orsoutliwesterl eC OUNCES ee see te cieas/-s cveelc cco seniewee aocusegeee ee 13
19
NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
Ingsrorbhe 4 morbhern.cOuntlesr as. esc acss6 daeiicisie sc otjoes - coe scce eee 15
nyo centralkcountlesice scans sees mt oseie eee ece ot sek Sele ook eco e ees 17
ned southernvCOUNDIECS 62s street sisse ks cece wes bobo sce ne Seheeeeenes ale
15
NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
in Atot the > northeastern COuMbICS <<. csc cscs sce tacwiapicw sists seam cece eee 09
in SreasternwcOunbies ss ae ee sioce tee cee eae Ssac.oo 5 shat amen ckiceeeeceser 23
inal 5isoutheastern/icounties 2 ea deeeiee ices cece een scree sceae cere emiee 40
24
3.—NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Fish guano is used in all the counties of this State, and on 30 per
cent. of its territory:
is)
SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
Ineosouthwwiesterm GOumtles' oe 2 8c- sean ates = occ sccc ce cows cee co seeeels 30
NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
AnelenorgherniCOUMby ew | se aaheals a ciere ims wo esie emis Sees eee a2 see aeee 30
Inks Contnalecountless sce we oe pe occ wns cao eeuasins eee et cn ee ee eel
{nie SOULHENNEC OUNMULOS aca ecieiee ote Ge tee o cs as cele sies cc seins steers Lee 28
29
SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.?
Per cent.
MOIS Oth eASteriuCOUMilesacaces ce csses cece cle Gs salscemie sedsiseele=iane = 3D
4.—NoORTH CAROLINA.
Fish guano is used in 75 of the 94 counties of this State, and on 32
per cent. of its territory:
NORTHWESTERN, WESTERN, AND SOUTHWESTERN OOUNTIES.
Per cent.
THeciohGhe Gmorth western. COUNtIOSS<<. Ace seek ee sls cae en ots essed AO
Naso & plieno weSteLl COUNDIOSS 5 -.cncyceeemee eres eat ome cice es cs cese- 19
in-OotthedG southwestern counties. ..2..- 2... 5.5 2. - Jscees 2 ---- == 18
15
1 There are no northwestern counties.
2 There are no northwestern nor western counties.
3There are no northeastern nor eastern counties.
668 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
Inst herd? northernscOuntiesas eerste = tec ee eee a a eee ere 30
Ines of thew 4ycentralscoumilesns: aaa ate os 5s ciacsae e le eeneeeer eee oe 38
in; the: 7 somthernvcountiess eee tee eee oe as seeicc oe Dee ae meee fut
37
NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent
Imaiiokithel 2 mortheasternkcoumblessce <4 5222 tesco eerie eee eee 60
Ins Ovor then Ove asternicommblesyern aie ele sas oa ane See Sees eee eee 45
In 2 of the 3 southeastern counties Be Be kW a nce pe a Pes a 21
42
5.— VERMONT.
Fish guano is used in all the counties of this State, and on 33 per
cent. of its territory:
NORTHWESTERN, WESTERN, AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
Imeeoteihe vo morthwesterns COUNMLES! 02525. << ce eeis theca eee er ee eee Wi
has ORWES LOTMiCOUMULCS emaeice eas a ae ve teary ne icra a oe eee es ee en eg te ee 14
ny PSOmUbh western COMMON re onsite eevee a slapteate terete reyes ae rete 28
19
NORTHERN AND CENTRAL COUNTIES.?
Per cent
MEM OLENELTECOUN GIES ee eee ae ee eee ae acetate nae ers a eer a (p
implecentral: coumbyea a a eet pee Er eee mic ena eens Waves min sye eae Bo
36
NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
In@inoriheasternycounblessscas secs eee eee cee ee eee Cee ee eee OS
Ins? eastern \COUN GIES Ca esheets octets fr ate pose wlewe nyele ici, ote cere eee
In’ lsoutheasternrcountiy cases cies sen ans fe lat Soe eo ncle an tassios eee 55
6.—ALABAMA.
Fish guano is used in 55 of the 66 counties of this State, and on 36
per cent. of its territory:
NORTHWESTERN, WESTERN, AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
Incyot the 9 northwestern countiestese sa... 2 eee eee eee eee ae 16
Inthe oewestern! counties: 22/ss.7o2 a.ck eons eek ce el eee ee ene 29
Imiprorther/ southwestern: counties’: -o sco oe sees ee ee eee ree ere ee
19
NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
Inithevcmornunernscounvies..2 6-5. ae oe cee el ee ole ae eee ete eee see 47
InveotstheO centralicounties, 5<./n.cescisee ees ee ee ee eae eee 38
Ineo theo southern: COUNLICS 2.52.02 oe oe eee eee ee eee eeene ae Q7
37
4 There are no southern counties.
[7] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 669
NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
Insp hHeomorbheasterm, COUMtLeSsseacc soso <2 osce secci--coeeend soccce cee ce uNae
Unpthe 7s CAasbermiGOUN bless see Aelcse vc lc sccs.oe cs cseslacae Coa ctetes cae ceee 71
im, 7rot thee southeasterm counties/.22 2 .o<cs055 ccogsccs coce lene cces cles 52
51
7.— VIRGINIA.
Fish guano is used in 84 of the 99 counties of this State, and on 45
per cent. of its territory:
WESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES.®
Per cent.
Im'5 Of phe western COUNLICS 5.225. co cece Sh fninc 2 <ocwc ven ecn scccce caccce 26
In 9 of the 17 southwestern counties ......-..2-2. 2.22 e oe cece ee wee eee eee 9
17
NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
ine 47or thewl>:northern: countiCsa.0 ss Jeo. 2s wo sce, adeecs oc wee Sec ee ee 42
InlSrot the:20 central Counties’ s..< css sic Scien cents se coe ac ee ce cee cee 45
im thes southermcountiCSr-s2- o> ss fs .sh ccs oee oc hose. necaes esiceechons 49
45
EASTERN AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.§
Per cent.
inva otatherl Oeastern (COUNTIES!.6 5. > > ots nc Sow sow Soe tole sm iminleiwaie oeceeele 88
inathe-sisoupbeasterm: COUNbES*. =—2) 45-5. 22 stecce Secces cece selec ee we cee 67
#7)
8.—MAINE.
Fish guano is used in every county of Maine, and on 46 per cent. of
its territory. In some parts of this State lobster shells are used as a
fertilizer:
WESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES.7
Per cent.
Hine Se WESUCLIU Net ee oe ee ie a i Sins, hc be aoe esa babe Wem ch eeee eee eee 26
HMUOISOULUWeSTOTMEess- cee cer ee sek t bos Sed oe ecco eee 49
SY
CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.®
Per cent
IN OCONUrAINCOUN GES ma jacto hate- cosa acted once ecu eies, octree see ee areeteee maces 745)
Ines sOUtHeEMMCOUNLICS <4 4.0.00 osc. «cubs ccckieceies cece oeneeen eee ee ose 64
44
NORTHEASTERN AND EASTERN.
Per cent.
Insienorpheastemcounby 22 2-2-.<- <% o's cose see Seem eisai << cine clceieeie 3
TmelkeasbernncOUMty ies. cae cack cate coe eset dass ste cicwleasicaceienieecl 76
39
6Tbhere are no northeastern counties.
7There are no northwestern counties.
8 There are no northern counties.
9There are no southeastern counties.
670 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
9.—GEORGIA.
Fish guano is used in 99 of the 137 counties of Georgia, and on 46
per cent. of its territory:
NORTHWESTERN, WESTERN, AND SOUTHWESTERN.
Per cent.
im 1of-the 12 monrthwestermcounbies.-a.-- 22. .- os. sees eee eee ee eee 45
in“t7 of the 2 lowestermcounbiesma ee. kann once eee eee 54
In 7 of the 16 southwestern counties........-- Seb sie Se ee en: eee 48
49
NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
Inv 47on thes Oimorthernucountiestse+oe.) oo sen< occ s ee ee eee cee ee eee 40
Ind sion thers cenibralecoumibleseee nese celta eeu ce sane ct ease 55
Imvevor thems southern COunmrles a. (2.0, cs eae aoe se hee eee enone 37
44
NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
iIiney-ot the: lOmortheasternecoun ties. csos.. sae see eee See eee ee 39
Inycotsthe WMseastermecOunbles asses cence sawine cae s eee eee ee eee 43
InjtOlok the 12 southeastern counties” 2/5. 2 = eels ake sens seein ie sere 45
42
10.—SoutH CAROLINA.
Fish guano is used in all the counties of this State except Chester-
field and Georgetown Counties, and on 48 per cent. of its territory:
NORTHWESTERN AND WESTERN COUNTIES. !°
Per cent.
Im Omornthwestern GOUNbICS oc see ete - cee ma cs fe cyare seine ce ele sates eyereieerele ore 53
Int AswiesternvCOUNntles: sc.sncc aaa elses Ceratetet « & apaic cucyers eieteue ware Seman Sane ere 52
52
NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.
Per cent
In'6 northern: counties! s2o20e een eee ae eens, Se erie ae eeeeisei aes 47
Rr Sh centrale COUmMbLSS yes oes ees ache ree ee eee ae ee eee ee tee ceeds 43
In-4 southern Countless: sso. cee ees pe eee eee a eee nae eee eae eee 38
42
NORTHEASTERN AND EASTERN COUNTIES. }!
Per cent
Invomortheastermcounbies: coe eee eee os eis eee nee ee eee 44
Inyo eastern (COuDLICS::! < sein Slee See a 2 lr ee en ene 45
44
11.—MARYLAND.
Fish guano is used in all the counties of this State except Alleghany
County, and on 50 per cent. of its territory:
NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES. !?
Inga MorthiwestermicOunties 22. Sis tye ee ee eee ey ears set
There are no southeastern counties.
12 'There are no western nor southwestern counties.
[9] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 671
NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
Iie MVOnCHELMECOUMPIOS see eee ee encercis a tecohe eee ae soca ee. 43
PACE MGh a eC OUNTIES see ee ee eee SS he aoe oe ee ee 39
IMPS FSO HernKcOUNiCSwe eee ren tae oie Uae ue) A hae ee a eet a 71
dl
NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
IMe2MOrEHheAasterny COUMbI CS se meets cele. Sof Sic wesc be un oe oe eee 52
Ming sreaStenme COUNTIES meee ee eee as oe Ie a ow oe See ene Ses ach rN bo,
Nina sougheaslernvcoumiles sas seems sacee bce c este arc Sate ccc eckee Nee 93
65
1¥.—FLORIDA.
Fish guano is used in all but 11 of the 39 counties of this State, and
51 per cent. of its territory:
NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES. !”
Per cent.
Ineo the 10 northwestern Counties. .2-5- eo. eo bo leeoc on. sacl baceek a7 AO
NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
Inn Otcherloinortiierni countless as: 2ses2-eemcitccaF oon. ce seee een cee Sik
lnvo om bhe vacentralecounblessos sans sae soeees bcc cmedec cesccemes eoue se 60
im lof the? southwestern counties. 2--. 22... os ee te ow ll ee 27
39
NORTHEASTERN AND EASTERN COUNTIES. !4
Per cent.
neh mortheasternncOmunbles. -- -- ses ole be sce = os costes See eee 65
Ie KE ARGErN COMMBES nasties eiecte ts oie eae Shc cree is Fee eernclo Sasha oie 76
70
13.— NEW JERSEY.
Fish guano is used in all the counties of this State, and on 58 per
cent. of its territory:
NORTHWESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES.?®
Per cent.
InP ononinwestern COUNTIES Aas = acceso oces .csces,cot.cca se eeccemene mancee 32
Im“dssouchwesterl COUNTICSs..s28. 0 cc... coco cu, cee cca ccloeeieeeeinc eee Gee 84
58
NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES
Per cent
APO MMOLUNELNGCONMUES Hae 25. 5 2.02: gajsiseey ces aes Cie eee eee 24
niGrcentral COUNDICS oz.c ck was ess cae See ae coe see eee re ea bees eae ae 74
Ins SsSOUtNern! COMNbIES A. 'c.ac. paces asics ae acmennee eee coee ye eas ocr 100
66
NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES. !6
Per cent
Imedsnoruleasvern COMNtICS: 25.065 semes cheese ee bie ciclinac atievicecaseen 31
13 There are no western nor southwestern counties.
14 There aro no southeastern counties.
15 There are no western counties.
16 There are no eastern nor southeastern counties,
672 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
14.—MASSACHUSETTS.
Fish guano is used in all the counties of this State, and on 60 per
cent. of its territory:
NORTHWESTERN, WESTERN, AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
Ini morthwesterncountyee es ec. ose. se ccee See see ae see ete asses 73
EMD Westerns COUNTIES ates ne ech rc she 2 ale win.c'e, eisjeisisisetecieus Seimei eS 48
In south westernic oui crassa ccc cee ems = ose) see semen meee eer 80
67
CENTRAL COUNTY. !7
Per cont.
Ingitcentrallicountyemesy ate at ace se ose aii vek ee Scie Bains seem meleemtere 38
NORTHEASTERN, EASTERN, AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.
Per cent.
Inglenorbheaslermicounby i. ae esac ooo ow ol eee mehr sere eee 69
[MoFOASLeLMyCOUMDICS passa) saeco esis oc eins cee eee eee eee eee 55
Imes OUtHeaASsvernvCOUNtES eels sec weiss ie Woke cers hoe ielsvec tle nea mieateere see 74
66
15:—DELAWARE.
Fish guano is used in all of the counties of Delaware, and on 69 per
cent. of its territory:
NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.!8
Per cent.
Inalimorthernscounby.2oee es oc see seesaw ee see we eee es Hears wiciie Gane wees 56
Ing centralicoumbypecec case a2 aie, cate sie neieiel= seta cie seis Jerevosteieiajersatoe re Seer 78
Trial SOME HST SC OUMM bye step tere reo eae eee a fee ny echt here ae Be eee 75
69
16.—CONNECTICUT.
Fish guano is used in all the counties of Connecticut, and on 79 per
eent. of its territory:
NORTHWESTERN AND SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES.!
Per cent.
een. lnorthwestern County :tcmecssse=-.2 sees tes seers eens see 56
Invlsouth western Co uM by oe ee wee ae OUST Ge See Seats ai em Oe ea ante 66
61
NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.2°
Per cent.
INS 2M OVEMEL-COUDULES 25% oe ee elon yee ao ect a Ane rg Rane re ae Iie 88
MIS SOUNeTM COUNTIES. be Siete ee ee eee ee Cee ee en ae 100
94
17 There are no northern nor southern counties.
'sThere are no northwestern, western, southwestern, northeastern, eastern, nor
southeastern counties.
19There are no western counties.
20There are no central counties.
[11] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 673
NORTHEASTERN AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.2!
Per cent.
DormpleoT DORSLCTO CONTE << iafe cleiatenieia Sisinje.a clos Seicin «aie ace cudelsoacecaedece (DG
Are ROM UNOABLOENMLCOUNDYyae cei et ainlas oa ss oe5's'sa, cts cs cenins oa asd gesine ee eO
73
17.—RHODE ISLAND.
Fish guano is used in all the counties of Rhode Island, and on 86
per cent. of its territory:
NORTHERN, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.”
Per cent.
Ta MOrGnern: COUN Y. -2 ee at amine ce ws tae soe 2a cidseces nsvestedcseeucsees BO
nelgcentralCountygesser saeco aeeicwc tees oe cc's sane sata ceces sees eeu
Trp AOUuHORnecCOUNGY a samen seme serene teeta =sco saSare aoc sehee eae 92
; 82
EASTERN AND SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES.®
Per cent.
HMC astenCOUNb Ys ccen eee eeea nee seen ce scl apascsaesae asses LUO
inwesoutheastern counby7..--.- les tase 2c acios eects ac lcisen nesses mansceecee 100
100
For the purpose of exhibiting in full the data from which the fore-
going percentages were derived, tables will now be given showing the
exact number of affirmative and of negative answers received from each
county in the seventeen States under consideration and arranged by
sections:
1. PENNSYLVANIA.
a .
- = Number of replies.
o
2 3, Counties.
# z Yes. No. Total.
°
CENTRAL COUNTIES (16).
Bon PLA Teese aks cS accesdalcoccieeccGwcscassceecsactcoceesstes af 20 21
30 | Cambria 2 16 18
AGT C Gnberkesacccicciccuul-Rejsesiseemactselecie sc 2 27 29
Fa (ek OU REG a eT) Ci ee en ee ee as 3 380 33
BoMmU OUT Ia setae Se ee eee ee esc e ocecn cece lon ca'ecowaucs 7 10 7
SMM AUD NIM cane wesas aoe aee Sach nnsoccanccacccceeasesincsiccnacse= 6 15 21
Can cee ee eee ee eee aoe aie ices ccc een cena tcesessecae|ouenéacmne 9 9
BS wean in gdons. - osc ce sec secie sec cea cs Sols s soecs aecnensernccccnse 1 28 29
om ene aee eee ea ete ea aa a ates socwctocls cake Samide Senet 3 12 15
DSR Ply COMIN Teoh. sorece ce mace ec ce nose eccnis deca amencneseesescenelscnesanans 25 5
Day || ACOH Te Sa Se eee ee ne een ee eee Pe ee re 11 oe
Tf || MN 2k RS eee eer error A il 4 5.
; AGT BNOnttUM DORIAN’ ose see ee ce kccc cc dtc Seecnnsaccdsernscosiooms 7 21 28
, SOMME OLG YA mee se nee bese ane ce se wna ceidows Gais sence oneserewnms -nisemms 2 16 18
OOM ROMY AOL re acho 8 = = ele hs ecacec coo cance eee seicce et aiemetiocns sapiens} arseipcenae 14 14
OM MLO L OTR Rees Be ett a, no a dicta wa S wciadinwowisem nine darceislarta 2 11 13
562 37 | 269 306
NORTHERN COUNTIES (7)
GE STATON oe ey yen rot cascades weecesd enesitele nes smeeeeece 8 | 48 56
RENO aInerON ee eae Ben nce ota dosiccet caeecsencdewsminetic ea aae ae 1 6 u
SR) GUAT in 2348 ee ee eee reer ee ete 4 13 an
PAA IVI RC GTNE Poe te ee he aac gon c cine ccmin ecco s peas me/s Soumualewactiesees= 2 24
AOR IE ORO ae ens 5 5. ca wsaciscwcads scene seen ee een Coot need sees cancen 14 +;
OM EStilavaneee eee an scans baceeocckammesdeaaaccecns | sc cseecss 10 ae
BOE PTO Oneee ee eee occ ano occ owe clocwiacccsesisetmuinessinnescmss 3 33 | 3
322 | __ 18 148 | 166
There are no eastern counties.
2 There are no northwestern, western, nor southwestern counties.
23 There are no northeastern counties.
S. Mis. 110—-43
674
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12]
1. PENNSYLVANIA—Continued.
Offices inter-
rogated
Number of replies.
Counties.
NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (3).
WGaNCAS COL c aed eace ceecdoasane aeicceee aa BOSOM GAAS POO Teatests
TEbanon eee owe essa senescence siawulciessccacciaiatcemaceeetcts
ING TUPEERD INET AVE OO Sb SEDO nS BUC SOD CEICO OE CROUDOCABOHOCEDIOL DCS CUDOOG
IPniladel phiaeseee osce es cle casei cue ceemcaseamowoacnceen cece asese
SOUTHERN COUNTIES (6).
PACAMB ie oe siceins aiieisainieidin oa <(clieicins< Sabine cccicecies Pipciocabocuiscrice
IBediordeessescecrendcsccmocss nee meccaes cnaascnetcese wae ee a acne
Cumboertlandesctes sere cece cate ceenenes
Hranklineosscscsenkes cos ences cceascericdaccees eduseccscedae cetores
Fulton..... Se este selene aisicla wnvaletiice Bina ee ce uicicccmeeeelleaacisisiae ae
SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES (6).
Alleghenyirs-setecs cccicmecr cee neomencs ssuse nescence GeEeEC ni | 26 20
WaVEtlorse tas secs seers osccee emer ee ect eee ee ecanccsuce semanas es 24 26
Greenei ss eee reese es eee ete eee eee cs tecwnne caomedieecoces 18 21
DOMELSOb 2.25 ee ceeeee eee eee ee tactet bcoGececalseeeesrine 24 25
Washing tones soos cscs cee poe taoeincsercne cucceecacemeccnales | 26 29
Westmoreland. = ..025.4 ct esken seccoeure at Mocekusoresoure Se eeebon | 48 51
166 181
—
WESTERN COUNTIES (8).
| IAT MBLLONGE 2 \occcscscon soccsseedswlces steacaceeeneecees SAS AYS 2 30 32
IR GA VOLE oe cates sate ae cre CO tt to ae See ene 2 19 21
PBOGLOLS ocrecisiss Soci tas tale ee ee ES AO RR OR 1 22 23
ClATIONS seis se eoca cies ee re eee Ce aE cs oo ne es 2 26 28
ANGIAND ese co cicnjee's bee ode Nee ee a one noel oerenaueeecoen 4 26 30
COMOTSON Ss a oie soca bc cca sae Seen See ae ee oe aan ee eee 1 16 17
MG AWTONCO Soo oe scien coca oo eee eee eee Sa ee 1 6 7
IMT ON COD saiaias Hicin is asic ce cia othe dio Se ee ee eee ae ULE a ee 3 22 25
16; ‘167 183
NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES (5).
OrawlOrd seccrese et cauecsews Cece oe cine ane coe cabelce fee 6 31 37
VIO n ee eee sae celts cen es baste c rade sueeeueeeneeee eos eee 5 24 29
MORER bese mee cities wialamaleisla oes cee cine ase a een eee a eoEetileaeseserie 10 10
MODAN PO ccemicjcececs ticles ccasccacet cacbacntoscaneencrceceas Peete 2 23 25
IW alrONcensseeessancedeasic saidsccetavepeuenonee eee en ON OP Te 3 20 23
——————
‘
[13] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 675
1. PENNSYLVANIA—Continued.
il
£3 Number of replies.
2 Counties.
g S Yes. No. Total.
Ow
RECAPITULATION,
SOE EC OMtraAl CONNUIOS. «tence oaseenesenenasijcecccesesisiecsnes vacacnrs 87 269 306
SOOT NOTDHer COUNTIOS ~cxaeaivnnise etacecaicce sieve sccwen=ecunes saunas 18 148 166
THQI OLUNEASCOLN COUNUIOS Sc ciciccsicec scale c ticlcesincce sca seuc caciowecee 7, 81 88
BION MMBSteMn COUNDCS cscs -Gisccise cece ncmisiucclessices|ccecusse Seeer ene 32 172 204
Gon SOUbLHeSStCLM, COUNTICS ces cusccccitcn ses eee ce ciccesew sna nciecier seine 130 197 397
PUM ESOUTNEIMICOUNLICS cos ceccanccclac=ncsoccacteecaceeccusdeesse cas 34 118 152
408 | Southwestern counties............ Bc aasmsiorcenectome cacee'sse cunt 15 166 181
BUOMIMVVORLOXLN COUNTIES. <ccocicccacnicccd cossccuciccsmvicceedevecsasiceces 16 167 183
226)| Northwestern COURWECS ..cccceenccoceccccordsceres Sucecemmneceen 16 108 124
3, 381 305 1, 426 1, 731
2. NEW YORK.
CENTRAL COUNTIES (9).
58 13 22 35
49 3 25 28
34 3 12 15
51 1 24 25
85 7 32 39
15 5 35 40
76 7 31 38
63 6 86 42
25 2 16 18
516 233 280
NORTHERN COUNTIES (4).
BOM PELOCEGIN ON socheciseicie Sa heoioccawce ve ceisins ceecee seca teceescesce = 18 23
GOR MUIGRerSON: SUMEee te eticle 1 ~csieis hou daciecsevasceccceccseeessiccecs 33 40
BAM ISO WIR to 9 ae cicicine wis Aaisle ciwieien wie ees emcteamccacseks cascades cclsouiscceces 20 20
Gr |POaIN > MeaWTENCCswnccccccccco-caccececcesevenseess eee aaah wineate a 33 40
231 104 123
NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (5).
ADA CIA LON Ge sineieesaceceee teehen cee cscmmeneioaies ecisie cre ee manne 21 23
a EEO RSG Ketan tete Sintra tals afer aimiets/ aisicis bitin snes eae ce ecm na nroie u.6 wreiercsjo‘es 19 20
She PANE 6 somes screw cleriaise Cosccess sinsceseecdcecceon pea ueetcmameee 14 17
TU aN LON so 2 aac coscaeeSacteecdstemuaistcobccecaeccsecscecwsnesoes 5 6
SGMIMVV ALTON seen cm ciclsinsccclicisace os woccssiccec cen ece lees ce ecasescaccessc|secssmeccs 13 13
153 72 | 79
EASTERN COUNTIES (8).
DAMES DAMVateea ce cece ete ee aaicewereciasiabecisiewisc sv oncccstscc= wos 5 15 20
om MRULLOM ci \eeeminiocis a's nici inieletain ace waitaleciticweiccee cows eccs cunemacmn’ 6 14 20
SPM PVMONLOOMORyeeacceeses sseetect ea assscceetenccs as poccmccee sce =n 3 15 | 18
DAG MRCHBSOLBOR wasicisseee sects otcceee cles wecacescccccswaceceeecias 9 21 30
DOMPSALAOU Mec cece ces scisce acess scores scnciseeacececscs beisececsccp sare 5 24 29
13 | Schenectady ...... est titacede Serer e ache ea vdesuanencnce saemed 1 4 5
BAM SSCUON AN Ostiesaawsemeesesadeeaceesnclensboceseccoutenesseswae 6 15 21
B7s | Wiashington) .s0....ccsscee 4 23 27
342 39 131 170
OZ URC OLIN DLA sect rtecits see ee oe cccic cece cbaslesssncoceemce cmeeicias eas 6 25 31
712)\\\ Delaware -...0% <s.cccecels 7 34 41
102 | Duchess . 19 33 52
41 | Greene ... 2 13 15
AS GING Siesta che ea iss cSt vecs ee scceticucccc se 10 1 1
IMINO WM WORKEEEEE: Sone tn wos occu cca cebeecle aceccecs cuecculeceseces| Seine ociseaclencace sa -s|saeeeuemee
BOM BOLAU POR ieee tele ete h eos ccccraccscscesestacectescouscesetcececue 8 26 34
18) Putnam... 2.1 2 9 Il
59 | Queens ......... Pee es os Seause ceeteecaeae RE sotcotc SEcece =e 27 7 34
DW PRICUMONG erate cc occc ccncceccccotcc soe vsescasceneccerene seus 6 5 11
25 | Rockland ........ eae: D a eadeucecswesecoeescscescesceeuneecesoss 4 11 15
SOMIANUILO Keen ce ebccces accsceeecce cess cicusvoncacccccees ceueceescsees 2 61 3 64
6GnitSullivan: ooo cccc cee Pee ae Ben pabeadiencnee ee reececee ceicees 1 38 39
UMAUIStOD se sec tase sccccens ee coon wet snaeae 2Sycgena beeeeanoe 5 | 29 34
68 | Westchester....... Sabncuews seencucennes eecdiccscsenecasccccccoes 14 24 38
782 | 172 258 430
—— —| —————
676 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
2. NEW YORK—Continued. .
a i
2 a Number of replies.
2 8 Counties.
83
eF
SOUTHERN COUNTIES (4).
Bi Broome wosccn chee tenner a saceasebinceccsinesinecca accuse neare selects
26) (Chemung inns. omecenenaiece sede cae aba conenaocsonenecacosoaccdane
SGN iO Case eeep eet caceeemareeeeaancee cece scccenceccsse SBEMIOIO0NOL
427) LOM Dp KiNS ease eee ein aateel< wwieic=\s ia iciale'ae'= SAoAooudecedt
161
SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES (5).
DS pl PAUL OPANY i = ccige see etien ciceelalas oncinca n= sininacein cn oecceneewanseuleim=
OSs SC attarau Cus toes. .-~scceceecccve acc onaneces aces S00dcn¢ eee
Gla RChatauguaesesceores sncestce sss ascassewcces clans voececccue moodcnt 28 33
DIM SCOUV ORE semtcnee n(n tsisci cle meleleialelciusinaioe sec eweecaseivecnacieniee 8 12
SleEStenbolinsccseeceeeseeseenc cc secsecwecccnessses Dave cascccuseaces 40 45
294 141 162
WESTERN COUNTIES (10). ro
91 8 32 40
32 4 11 15
40 6 22 28
51 7 21 28
49 2 19 21
43 a 13 20
37 3 11 14
44 12 13 25
38 5 20 25
26 5 11 16
451 "59° 173 "232
RECAPITULATION.
O1GW lL Contrali countless scccesceccccaccescbeccccebecceuss Beiaootecsosoc 47 233 280.
QaLs Northern COUNICS «252. -cccwececccccecececicencucc PbO Sdaadod once 19 104 123
153 | Northeastern counties .............-- Somecsccecsss Srececeneceses 7 72 79
342) |SHaSterm COUNMES soco2c coccemcccocscccccececcescscas cesccenseecess 39 131 170
TS2c Southeastern COUNOS =~ oiacisccaeceuiecccacivciacassceccucwceccs 172 258 430
LGLS Soathern Counties! -scsey cose soc cae se cis wae nceaeeeececseensieces sn 11 71 82
294 {South wWesterh COUNTIES cc ccs sacs cececaec cocccSecceeetonoewesaues 21 141 162
A5l WAW. CSPOLDCOUNLIOS Sccccac s cas coal oes cc cess ale ceese eee cesceescen 59 173 232
2, 930 375 1, 183 1, 558
3. NEW HAMPSHIRE,
i]
: CENTRAL COUNTIES (3).
Zou PBOLKNAD -.2.c oc ose eee keen Sas Sane meaas owaclncsecntae ceeeenaee 4 9 13
Lol COE Sy 1) ) (eae Se Be ehh a CER seen eeeeee 14 23 37
GAG TALON aoc o5 Sl atea cine sone eee ee eee ae oe nilec ce aemeeee Ssoiee 11 33 44
141 29 65 94
NORTHERN COUNTIES (1). ew fee ;
BIE COOS een ce- 2 ase own ls cocge caste ee acoso cee toa eesaaece wees 6 14 20
SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES (2).
Gbllghockingham jo2. 0. .<2.-secnacne tepnasheaeeccccausncete ce Snes 12 28 40
BOM ULATOL cress Sinlais wie aisiae's aoc Soo cake eat can eenee tec teceenes 7 8 15
epee ter Uaioe ESE | ee
91 19 36 55
SOUTHERN COUNTIES (2). Bri cs
51a PHAN SPOTOUS Hie seas cata /cc sec cane Sook ee eee ee eee ’ 10 29 39
Owe OLTEM AG Kier aime elaine meee caa’s a's a/n a seca oe ee eae See ne 11 26 37
109 “21 55 716
|
[15]
USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 677
3. NEW HAMPSHIRE—Continued.
Offices inter-
rogated
ae!
OW DWA10ONRHOORNDO
Number of replies.
Counties.
SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES (2).
GHESNI Gs cco cece cc ccs cicisa cscs ae oie cece ce basa deve te deccceess
Sullivan scesmctase sce eas eecaceete aaccc ce cases cSeseceeeeeccce
Central Counties: Jc saeco qatsenace cue ce ccansecs ccotcseceusceacss
INGLUNOLM COUNLIOS secacaiceeuecoucce te ccckccces stacteticceccecccews
Sontheastern counties ...-....-...----.e0e AAS ee eS
Southernicounties ....2...csccecessosen' onde swcccine saiscca vee?
Southweartern-countics:...cscccsceccsseeccesccuccuesccccaseeccs
4. NORTH CAROLINA.
CENTEAL COUNTIES (14).
Chathanosanccsleuncre ts seeciscs concen es eccansjssaecee erica osaee x
Wnmperiand encs cst cee usec ee ese ceca caacsiocaisee Soe oe ccne.cc+|easaceicleme
WD AVISOMMee Rees occ cc miem ces Seen cnicle ates ce cmmienlc ac camels sec ace
Wumlinsecsiacesc ceceecsoeeoc ees oae cee cee ecieameusincewss scea cence
ASCAaac
ROUTISLONG cee ceases see oie satan acne cance scmenenccnassmiescatae Scocael( =~ 1G) seen
MONDO OMOL Yc 4- or closes ssinacca soca ase econ seen cce= ce sco eee esen's
INLOOLO Meee cine ee Ac apen cls osices comine See es nik ciacae mecca seeotes
SOAR Aon
ee
3 me OOD
mR OP CO
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16]
4. NORTH CAROLINA—Continued.
rogated.
| Offices inter-
Counties.
Total.
EASTERN COUNTIES (12).
ow bow 9 DO tO GO DO
SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES (3).
ING WHEL ANOVOliee sccescessciscecnahenapnnisesnnietoemen'e wbdlocsnce comnleswerenitest
OnglOwiere soc ee eee eesenscascceeccciaas Saemeiceatceeeeanscac acces
PON CL eee aracninne sconces sie sinannan neers casnasmajjammimereicistre
Columbus
Richmond
CRDRTTUSGeatceiecmanielwanicceeccsltacesespeccice acess anicnesaninamnc's
Cherokee ates seme rees ease ee cote ee neces cimsn aiajemalniciela siajsinin tela settee eee
Clay -------ncnce enn e ncn ne cere en een en ccm ene enn cena ne cn cree nne|enecreeeee
Cléaveland case emcees: secs cieet emails ceeseeciatesre PR eonne mn ocod
Haywood -....0.-.. wocepes cues ceweckes canine siatals cilia a sualemcuicael tisiesasiieee
Mend 6rsona-s-encaceneine sence comin Pecretens Ebr cetmesttencaasccece
IMRCOM seek ice sewieccuccceteciciceceewcmcccrastisaae ese namamiece mnclaiaminace acts
Mecklenburg) .-ecccescatee concen csereseneatesasices enece=sscee sin
OK tess ccicn ale BES PAraa See gee emcees Levetinnewanvowe et oncmeatlscdenemeres
RUGHROTLOLG fac cemeccacisecenseee aeelion Meas ssicaecicmiawma amnicelseletelas
Swalleccssccice saneccenaceut sclerecenene Salil cineca (is cmncicmimelsia star
H
AWSSOMNDAAWOWONW COR AD
=
So
ot =
SUNCOM Gan le vin cine enaccccuaeccentenenateth esse tcesecachistre tet
Ft at pe
«1
Ul
8
5
4
CatawDaecocdasessacclostccuc 4 10
IDR ViOse et ccaitesaacienccen 1 | 8
WreGellvess ssscm ean aaaics 5 14
MGW GO Well Recs sac dasccaeecwocenc covenant podenschescuscenubecneenlsteeseeaee 5
Madison .......-... 3 9
IMAtCHE Mae scecauece cnet ecsccccucwandcecanscebocace pees nabeee neal boecte S550 11
ROWaNee sec ese sana ccs cas 2 10
MONCOVs amiss aici 3
18 94
|
|
|
|
[17] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 679
4. NORTH CAROLINA—Continued.
K
iy Number of replies.
a & Counties.
ge Yes. No. Total.
o
NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES (6).
OnPAtethany. a. on wcccomcacecsscemecieotan=s amas wo <mnic cern ccscccs|-conccesss 2 2
DARIPARNOte oes eene denn cecmcmnsicscmeniacis(saseisicwacccecnesiscarecocee|Ccccoasees 17 17
OMS ULU Vgc s eniemcie cc accicetcn tesa sa ecincm=stescnsncscs wcccenacsisanes 2 li 13
DOR MNVGUAU PS) Seae cnc ccoceecuoccsiemcateessmncieissscccesaasccceccesecn 1 5 6
SIM MWALKOB aco ce ee one ene mectact ee coenncdassrebadcscccccaccwesis| Succceass 14 14
MVNO KIM e re So aeiensitanio cee cmies se sinice ee encsiescricienciecmels cismeacs 3 4 7
123 6 53 59
—— —_—_——————
RECAPITULATION |
DGsa LC ONtraAlCOUNUOCS << cose coc cetecececctoccaoasmacesabeceesccccce 52 85 137
DOSa|PNOrUhern COUNIOS.. 2. cscs. can cacesees nat sense aecbcovecancwense 35 72 107
Oo ONortheastern COUNLION...-.osccceccccececc oscesccceueccesseccecs 37 25 62
OSS SMASLOMN COUMMOS! = oc on ce co ccm aude dacs sosetwomesaass base oosicia Se 28 34 62
Soulesoutheastermi Counties: .--.-scecccccccece .coneclscwscecctocdcn~wce 3 11 14
186)|"Southern counties:.....--<-2.cccsocneseee Caen ae we dee wacesosceo 26 38 64
Dds PBOUtM Western: COUNIOS.. co.cc auceccccecotosesesecesulerenascsese= 18 83 101
BLOB NV ESLOIN: COUNUWCS= «cose cece scusctoccoce cevocssccenseecsscoscces 18 76 94
1232 PNorthweatern COUDUCS:. << ccceccccsceccccsveccsoncsebecesosacas 6 53 59
1, 395 223 477 700
5. VERMONT.
NORTHERN COUNTIES (2).
Meamowlowscecasetcoeecicsee a csuaccctccsas ceeseelces Root Cusacevcees
Orion kee se ce se cee cece oceeecer ence cccasccceecebtnseunescesenns
EASTERN COUNTIES (2).
OTANI CG ee aaes ce en tinae somes ene cece te necoe cccncsecsbewacnessosencs
WWANUSORS en aooe case ene eccicisecceelcconcsccdcceen sepew ae aaeneae
SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES (1).
680 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18]
5. VERMONT—Continued.
£3 Number of replies.
a 2 Counties.
32
we Yes. No. Total.
Oo
RECAPITULATION.
Spel Central GOUNLOS ee er see eec ee anisiele tino n <!ne'snw © vldloleenin els s/eieloiie 8 16 24
GOR PNorth ern COUnvICS) sere ste cee enee emcee clnccicic = sc osme cntecicelatete 18 27 45
Dill MNOLEReASLOFNICOUNTIOS) acne ener ntsics cs-sslerccencosncs a secuemees 13 21 B4
OTM AStOrnICOUNLIOS eee et eee tet temccencicc se ser osc <'e/ o> cnis oem el eieieele 28 37 65
AT Alesoutheasterm COUNUCSacesenosen aces cnicic cis <vecccnsioseecalscsiniele 17 14 31
3D.4| SHOULD WOStELD COUNELOS et erecscce ecicsrinncn~ secs oclcseasins cetnee i 18 25
OO} MWiesberm COUNtECS oe - eters eee eect siemens ce ccccnoncecenescer 7 42 49
Os | NOLELWeSLOrN COUNUOS Eset eet sins ciclo cwicielcecelce sccnisciclesiciaicior uf 35 42
497 105 210 315
6. ALABAMA.
CENTRAL COUNTIES (9).
8 | Autauga 1 1 2
NaN eBibbees-cecsas cela 4 4 8
LOn| {Chilton -.s.5./055--- 3 3 6
TOMBCOORS sects meesocee eclices cures cc's seme cichiwia(aceccmesincasesincie's 4 6 10
78} || TH yi eG Ss Cat eS Kester acAOcOneeCECcOOCaCOCUCEUCO EAL OpBOSddood boca sodede 2 2
an MeOUCTAOMG joes ce eaaite sca) easing salsincue cs ovcciocelcneecelecicisciioie 5 ll 16
SM Pee Oleic ee mieten wired eae ale mana wlnlm nla loa miele clo mie mia lo mi mialwciee weal lee oi eialelmate 4 4
MSMIESNOLD Yeeros cee eieata cena tala cisinee minis lacicinwscclccae cicemit cincmios 5 4 9
OM Mead OS Beate nea cetelaisinrelelniaee(cisiot mnie yslnin's)sinlani ano a alo'ninln/alaisie\s ernie sels[ele 3 6 9
148 25 41 66
Pins + NORTHERN COUNTIES (8). Poe) Ri lac) ea ar
oa PB lOUNU eae makisce caciecercosimcee sia ecle cs cece aaa eeienemasic chal a clciee 9 6 16
OAC OM aN oe a see eee sins = ate eee lnisins cis o cie'slow ols wig winislowalcaisiciee icles 1 3 4
NG bowie ares ce lene cise t steele woe lec c lam ein laine = Adlcie winlalarels clulaisfyrcioicta/efclaisis 2 2 4
Niall PLANO STON eee sae cen icles cslote siete wines icicc walla he oie wie side ainicieiaisiacietets 5 4 9
DAG NESTS OMe ane sate mateo n eisai ccte eam nema ceinaln sis(cwaiiecjelcesicia ele aereiats 5 8 18
Lovie Marshalleecccscmsccccsacce secret cenn cca cs te sepals clasionc comet capes 6 2 8
2a MOT Palins coe sme soars obalecinlewelesia weeminnice (ccs vee lisias aiaveeavnjcisino 2 il 13
DBNE Sainte bain Meine Meee note Cees eons Mae ue se ie 6 5 rh
151 36 41 97
NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (5). Ta
Wi E$CAIHOUN! cc ccce cease cdocieescs dcaranisescincecsce cecmesbacisamanes 4 6 10
Rai Cherokee stones) os samcleseescccouteoceemescecee sit clc cesses ece per 8 10 18
19) nCleburné) sc. cesee onc hace seca nee ae aw eee ee cesinlsicls sem agaieemee 3 3 6
265): Detkialbis . cca cace denn ot ce meee ce ceesce set ce Saibenenes aime cieeeemee 2 5 7
1 15 16
18 39 57
3 8 6
Siileeccconeeed 5
3 2 5
2 2 4
RR 3 8
Bloc cence 3
6 1 4
27 1 38
4 5 9
6 5 it
2 1 3
4 2 6
3 i ‘
al
13 Mone onters ee acesuta sc nas decossaetes Nelteceeootees ceeee SUE pesesee oes a 4
V5 PTO ie ee Ol Cees tae cits oles cctiotovt usc ae ob ucced suildmasen coments 2 4 6
108 25 23 48
[19] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 681
6. ALABAMA—Continued.
By
a3 Number of replies,
o
as Counties.
© bo
a i} Yes. No. Total.
SOUTHERN COUNTIES (8).
t 12) |) Butler . 5... - -.c,0 0.22 cee e ccs e s+ see w ne ene n ee cere none ecceetees ne. 3 3 6
V4 | Conecth 2 occ cao cite nsec cnencceencnnnceecercsesceescconecescense 5 2 7
aR @OvAn o LON ee seca cei eat eacaewefinisenac(slaueia Se Se00.0 w:66.ccinceie|od cacaecine 9 2
15 | Crenshaw : 3 4 7
PAD ALIAS Noccwic.cis sejsew cemce oensiemcls erin inieiniomn ninja nininjanidieeanniceec sence e 1 12 13
12 | Escambia 1 8 9
12 | Lowndes .- 2 9 lu
TS WilCOke se aeese saa eae ee we ecesiSacinesisoceusiceciciescasicnissececscess 2 7 9
17 awl 47 64
——— Sd
VAG ees St WIN pas ets ofaim orotate oie wtcteiateta sic Ieee ioe mint“ samp elmivinici=miewwieicie(els slelsis sais 1 8 9
Ga RC HOCtAW AE sse-e aac a- aap eccnecs sememinine tnoralsiemivicw nace <iccccn|enacicnele sel 8 8
OMIA ATK Oise met tate vysiclcicle:aialsleiaisicis ete «]o\e seclaatn ae cipeleelsia e's weiss sala <eie\eicie 2 8 10
oe VUATONE Ol ccs weiss sin nisinneninosieie = ome isanicimlniaeieieiewi=isi= = SeSecewececloss ees aaaa esis 10 10
TOM NLO DLO Sac eee niacin oaeos ticle cisicina Semnieaianisieme ms nmalsaelleamina seins /s.cie a1 9 10
ML ONIN Ones Saat) ncaie Sea scie sinmslantew ae vinia'=(vials/r'oaicissieac.sa'elaiatsc.ce 1 6 7
PVUAS DID SCONE 22 cccies.s = cca mieien ci Sala aae inc «mine ce wae wae sane rae i 1 J 9
109 6 50) 66
WESTERN COUNTIES (5). a em eas as
10 | Greene 1 3 | 4
GR PHOS. ecm. acc osama tees ccs raceseccasioe 1 7 8
19 | Pickens 2 6 8
13 | Sumter 1 9 10
Balen Ss Gal OOSR.s sees waa Seria sicwia/s eiseusGeic cule ssibioecwe-c Se otaiente Aes 7 4 1
86 1 29 rt
———— Pn
NORIHWESTERN COUNTIES (9).
SWING OlDOlimesee + seciccicciciee ioicieeeo asic e en on ee aon scscoeicisecc ac 9 10
21 | Fayette. .-...-..-2-- 2-2 enna cee eee eee een n ccc ece Tet 12
12 | Franklin 3 3
Am aM tree ten eae aay se cin ein a eieisacine wie oc Salcia comune cleteeeeec| sips caee ous 4 4
| NPP MEAT OLU A Olas. ocetisis cee sincic cise swicsloc ven Bante tnes ceceaccce vewmae T 8
15 | Lawrence 7 9
16 | Marion .. 5 5
11 | Winston ; tees 2 2
mA OTE meh ae ee eters ac aciats saa sclene amie ansetcenccceccsmanc cies coc osccemeee 4 4
136 9 48 57
— eens =————S—=_E
| RECAPITULATION.
PASM UONtTaL CONNUGS ee seiticccn- cieccc sc sn- cic wor sino cosecntecwe gens awelne 25 41 66
VOIP IN OT ENETIMCOUMIOS sie set oe cele eiscin eon cnic.cinccincs cree ceicineieneceaa's 36 41 77
4 127" || Northeastern counties ....- - --.--2.--n- oo occ cccccsesceccsce= 18 39 57
) OGM eMAShernrCOUNGMCH) Shs lucsesc2 once cccec hccccecceccbaeseueassensees 27 11 38
HOSE ESOUtNeASLOIMICOUNDICS fo sc c- cata caeacwceccccseccswces'sicacle cosine 25 23 48
DUM SOUGHOrN COUNMER oc ccc-c cece c ccc cecocwiecerscc+scecs seeeences 17 47 64
HOSP |PSouth western COUNTICS. 1c. 2 26ec2+ sce ccc scnsws ccwesccnnsccessans 6 50 56
HOM ENV ESLCENUCOUNLICS: ccescicoceec co.cc occc ct towccececewccsiccins soles 12 29 41
TGs NOLS WEStELD CONNOR 2.56.1 o. oc. cect cccascaceencaceneseenese 9 48 57
1, 091 175 329 50+
. 7. VIRGINIA.
. |
CENTRAL COUNTIES (20). |
Bon PATH OManl Olas cccce ce «. c'oc nee ae caebeccc-ccemoncpeiwertocwers ces 4 12 16
TORING listers ne Sains snk owse ocbaubuninencciecandeacecececmcecee. 3 2 5
220) (| AGT eS FO ee eee ee en eee 2 2
NOM AP POMALLOKo 62s isccc:s -oca5- eacwes asemancpeisesisceecwesveseeersa- 2 3 5
AQMIBBE COLUM Tat 22) des <n soca cee seasesescacseeceeeeees becieceesce 4 11 15
GUNMAN HNOI. < 05-1 5 cc. 2c acca cece astedstabacssccacecancasse=: 7 7 | 14
Be || (Csite eral. See as a te ae Ste Ee eee 5 7 12
PU MEGOLOINOG Pete ieee sacs csc hcakesaceeemes ceaeseee acre rkenseeisone 6 lScedet. eee | 6
682 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20]
7. VIRGINIA—Continued.
Number of replies.
Counties.
rogated.
Total.
Offices inter-
CENTRAL COUNTIES—Continued.
Fil Chesterfield: sooo cee ado mete ce ener es tonne ccc cvecwenice upiseiecies
14a pCaumberiand s.s-cecscses eee mereccsen cee noe sche cnt ccceccescmsicmiats
HORI AVANNS ceeeoceme rer acme cae timer eects cee Leccacsesec acme matents
AQSOhRhH A
iM ROUANS Cuesta mada n ceca apacacascencnisns tae sciecseecesreccsese==n
Te OW Hace searetalseee acm amisecinicis clea newiancle'ssicieisiewicvlein cisieieleisie cence
ZUR DOLLS YW an enemas neem cocsnicesmapnurlceswecicericinmiaencasecieele
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OME TECGLIC Ke seat eee cites cisielstecincicmisecacsenisic mess heiscacames sem atels
CGN PMOUCOUN teasers coca ee cnc lcce co cltcnieeatis scccee minis cukiceu vedas sete
13 Pagers. codecs SG EDBOROOC SOAS EE DO CE ODE IC SDC CUSSED aSse
2
1
4
0
a4 |) LOT ATED? Saipstin tee cco KnO ES SOO Boe OOS EEODEOREOo Coo ECooSennes Oe 4
9
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QGHIMETINCGe WUMAM ees ecece se cmcsinime escent 7
et et
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Si wasp tan
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Bly PA CCOMACK ce cak sens Scan cclsis sm wis we eles w be sles Caisioem cies cieiciceeisals
7 | Charles aay SS eee eee ase cisco mncisien & AbodescSacadodadssodaonds
Selmi zabethiCityeectecececcesecccticecicsececsienwecmce cn cctsisiacscnaee
Gr PH SSOX eee soso cece caan BO Gas Bag Sao cod OSocoD Bas HeceboscsosecsedeD
TOR MG LONCOSLOM sacs aincciccc cane ticce- tems etn cere stesso ese seme cee
Aa AMES Ciba eet ee mae cetera cieee ae ee sien mace seminia sea cei
L2G eine and Queen's -cscemseessieccc css eene cn ace marca’ ses sceecicce
14 | King George.....--....-------0- een ee eee ne renee enn e ence nen ne
12) | King William 2.2552. 2. .c<-02 eee eee tea saoeeneceesccscccacecine
UR MU ANCABtOLS.. cc ccaccemescseeaeceeseniectamecte cute sem scenemameae
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MANGO W:NONG ssc 2 ton ccc coe shee cece se meberacem ane canes ellvcceeicee eee eaeeemeee 3
LON Northumberland: 20.0 chose ce eee nen eweenen ANE a ee aS cea Gree kur
9 | Richmond ...... eT cou eta ae ADS SOE INTO ARN A aE OE le Wilsctcniate cise
THD ARYES 670.00) el a a a Ae ee pes One cine 0 0
DR COTHee es Ae got i 2k SRE SER Oa ae ee Ce Sie ine 2 1
TMU Sle Of Pt Dbascecicec aunt sconce esteaeloae A a nN ce io oe ee ee 3
14m BN ANSSINON Go lowicwoccceccccacccucuca to uees Benen teaese 7
AR NOLO Ker aseee neck ce sincccae cle tes ca cocnee oe ee taco cae tetas 5
NOs erin Ce GOOLt Ohio tosis caesc aise coercoc see Coe oes oneaeee | 4
MAlMeiN COBBANNE Geb c/cacis valccis nace scewa sc enoncenoenaen mete ssatte meres
5
2
SOW SSOUtHAMPtON tr ecaacacanvecwasceca sae cess ocee cere cee eee a eteee
LOB NS ULiyen ee ee ace ac cs cca na p
1) | Sussex4se. . <5. Kdlewees eect Ses ee Seton wine sclera icicle wietas
*
[21] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER.
7. VIRGINIA—Continned.
of
Counties.
Offices inter-
rogated.
ee —
SOUTHERN COUNTIES (13).
TOP Bruns wiCkeckcs-oocceen= = =seececescinen<'-eewseincresscsaceccon=
DOMUOHATlOttOls fence cecescnsnern=asaceninw-encnan'os-cinseinenescccsccecs
1G) |) Dinwiddie -<.~20-~--2r-=-esinannescoenen-=-onso-scnessseaseneees
23 Tame bareh pd eee cee toe anecacieceseese=besinine> = s5=saees
96 | Mecklenburgh ...--..-0s-0e---ceecern nner n nts n ners nee reenter
WAN OLLO WAY ness es cas eees-==-=odannene~—ase cen eauersicosseonseesscr
SOM bPatrickwerc: « aesccoescicsaccecapenesennss n= seem cnn siscanio sents:
41 Pittsylvania oo Bead acnitn toe Gece cecaskincn/twmsivicnenes onae nace se
7 | Prince Edwatd .....----2-ceenensccecce nes cceneccccesecccees oie
276
SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES (17).
372 | Central counties .....-----0+eeecenceennecnnn ce cernn ener sa ee”
312 | Northern counties ....------------ cen nn eer ee seer enn”
198 | Eastern counties.......----- ------ scons eenncocoeescerennsnnenes
93 | Southeastern counties .....-.--------- eee eeceseen errr te
276 | Southern counties ........2----22eeeeees con ecocceenecoencnereens
992 | Southwestern counties...---..-------------eenrren teens
142 | Western counties..--.-.------------e--ereeere rset a meaweacaeeee
8. MAINE.
ee Ee
CENTRAL COUNTIES (2).
TIDE MP GNODROOL «occeces coo -o= ctcnee neo nawenectndecnenncienheseecnrer
SO) | PIRCAtAQ WING ss soc - ome tenn: san sena<e oe cwsmaersebecneseccineres:
144
7 NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (1)
GL | Aroostook .-..00-css--ccnneen ens cnccnmanesccsnenecensccanencoers
683
Number of replies.
Yes.
CO
HeoHPHAaIawNe
2
No. Total.
4 a
9 ty
3 9
12 16
1 2
5 17
3 6
4 9
3 10
4 5
if 8
Ph 16
2 3
64 125
5 6
5 i
8 9
Wf 9
6 6
13 15
12 12
3 4
6 6
3 5
12 12
9 9
8 1)
9 9
14 15
4 5
4 4
128 140
2 3
16 23
6 6
5 9
4 5
6 6
7 10
&
91
31
,
-
684
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22]
8. MAINE—Continued.
ae Number of replies.
Ao
2 3, Counties.
ke S Total.
2)
EASTERN COUNTIES (1).
58 | Washinton. 2) cece cee cees es meene cc ccc caandeclecessccaauenae 41
SOUTHERN COUNTIES (4).
SOT PM aANCOOK. eee ses see ee enna tances los Ucleccwcewcck ce scnlueceas 59
BSN IKNOK eee se isco sae cose aS ainal ae ceca ctigae 22
42 | MAN COM eaten seec tet een ae nen eancaccdcsccaceedieudeesseoncacees 29
OSM MV GLOO Maas case ace o Soccte Scie tecnico cecsecccevscetccdetevcicuceae 42
213 Weer)
am SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES (6). Remora tare
ASUNPANIGLORCOLPIN cap ccaronaccwocesecescsscoecescs Sansdeovsseesanes 32
SOM PCumberland ee eee cose ce teccte eclcincacws ecicl celcleciceise coe painieceete 54
Con KENNODEO sac ose ce te cae cealec seas ete wes eccsiqecescuclies sccmoseness 37
GE RORPOTO Ne coe omet oc ctina cies soclclei\ccees cediwiesdde ted Heeeesacaerenae 45
I SACAOAAR OO ssencleneesse-sianneoteosasncesenesacacisets caqconeaso? 10
70 ON ee eee eerie erica a Salcine cde cinlclstwiniels cicaca cision nina scomacicc on 44
356 | 222
WESTERN COUNTIES (2).
Con Eran kins eccreeu eileen iaiae eiselajecsisicictesieisiccissieccnicnacsecies dose cae 19
DIM MSOMETACGse eee seeeie ras ce casamicces cniccs coccuccoslistecciecuate 35
90 54
| RECAPITULATION.
144 | Central counties ........-. Bane seas cette Sante eae etiesoces 91
G4 PNortheastern COUNTIES i escce ce Seniocciieacotacdeccecccecees 31
Sal GAS LOT COUNMOS mse oct eto cee ceiecadedscee sede ccsccccccetonesce 41
ASH PSOUTMErNICOUNLLOS ete eclcececis once cciccans crssecciswces<cccesbeccice 152
SOOT HOUtH Western COUNTICS <2 cccnct ccec ccs ccisocecaceat ces cccecscocce 222
SOT AWrestern COUNTIES eo cecic sac ee eee ecicsinctens ceome sianicel swmmee sats 54
925 591
9. GEORGIA.
CENTRAL COUNTIES (23).
APB AI OWA: a2 ae cis cen ceyetisic eal aoliac atutom sloielelejtaraine|<ie'a' <le\e siclo/aiajzaicine el eelaticctoreits 1 i!
DElMBID Dibiscco con veccdeee cee ccisedeccacnecettsies Be euen ce abiss cle oeeeee 2 1 3
Ge PBUCtS oa. cas ccs nee Oconee meena ce ceminelociels temaciecicece ce vacua meas 1 1 2
SayCrawiord).2.--..-.. BEE REE AEE CROC AGRE OS SBODE CAFE ECCB EEE AC atc Billsecteneee 2
WA CDONPO 2c co cceccaccsscianscecasieuodeccecses RebOnonononoBeack Bab Beteseeucues 8
MENG TOON) Usicesc -.c secs sac scnbaces sanateaincideohiecese se Sesaccaneubad 2 2 4
WM@leanCOCKs.c-ccce sot eeneesees Sudocasacocestece Dasecesacoss eter us 3 2 5
MMIPELOUStOR cn cinaiotecce succnccs Gocen a eamnatacie ee wacae nals accel tale Pi 5 2 if
HOBIRIASPOL co ccccicisc tees seceae laectvacosledeweuecedesicnce esinous Saeliee 3 2 6
AM PONNSOM 22a sc'cssccenccceocedsas SiaceudeiccdaccasecnS ceeweccueced i i 2
OR POONER ose som sess oo roe ecco scbccesoevaaseoecene Ssscesdedocoecseese 4 1 5
SE MEANLONS Were c estan Scce woe cone sowusbececcscoeee ee ceecnsns Seeas 2 2 4
Ue PMVONTOO see js seins sce cecmee cic reasone curceteecetesene eee gece Becers 4 2 6
TAVENTONtCOMECLY,-- =. <-cesc.n<se Be Scr re Ce Cc EE COSC HEnccal oobbne ace 2 2
AMMMOLCaM ea csjetcccsccscccuecs eae one Moceaoonerod 1 2 3
DO eNO WHOM se ceca sce cess cw ceca cess ete ce eee cease Bo ccewende 1 2 3
AG TAR Kites mace ascicie cca ee onle clare coals eae ea oben eee meee Besa einSaooccad 1 L
PAP ntnaN ee cso cswcsecescoseceauce beiebe Date eee an ean cee coe | MMMM Gl aimctele stelsiers L
DA PIROCKO al Oiecotectiscs os cise cick sikiecicwc ocicasceuen un sets oe ems cae nocea| tdeieielsiees 1 l
Ale Mai AterrOlccesns ccces does cseleweeccscw cas ueace ade ames cme cucmeenldeceecesas 2 2
Ou Dwigeee nessa ees Soke cece DURES RNR OS De aha ream 1 4
SiieWashineton cesccscccecossccece ce Pe eed nears 2, 4
alWalkcin sone oen tes aieoe mee toe. acc coc cone e eee eee eee nes 3 4
143 33 74
= SSS SSS SS
[23]
Offices inter-
rogated
ry
ADO
_
Om wor
=
ar
— for)
Burke .--
McDnfiie -
Richmon
Screven.
Appling
Bryan
Pierce
USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 685
9, GEORGIA—Continued.
Number of replies.
Counties.
No. Total.
ee
NORTHERN COUNTIES (19).
3 6
Saaiaineiniotme 1
2 6
5 7
3 5
6 6
3 bs
2 7
5 5
2 4
3 6
al 5
1 nl
sebieeusoiate 1
ul at
2 2
4 5
eee See 2
5 6
48 81
3 6
6 7
2 6
5 7
2 5
3 3
2 4
2 2
1 1
d.
See ae caeldia wals.cuelnieainesninieiee's se oe s'sje'ale =m 56/0 n it Tan
ea everett ST
8
Tor WNOANWOH DY
~
tb
bo
Oro GO
686 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [24]
9. GEORGIA—Continned.
me .
a3 Number of replies.
ne Counties.
® &
io)
55 i
SOUTHERN COUNTIES—Continued.
6 4
9 3
3 1
5 2
9 5
8 2
12 5
5 4
9 5
96 46
3 2
6 1
2
7 5
6
Ae MAP e oe eciacaseat cleclececceccecc sd tembewe sect caawsaaceccicie saeeel cesses eae | snsicenc ae | hee eee
5 3
BoP MUillonwnere es encivcislasa cules Senmcicacanscieccliclecequaccnecaiccinsceen | MME UkGulesectace cet 3
3 2
SE ROUIMN ATS esseaae see ese ee taccicccosccccccctoes cocumacac cee tee oee | ie tile CLM seeatnateee 1
BaP LAaNGOLD Me aia cicteinials eles ew alaleniccacaesicescscwiccicemenentamm=apeiancn sis 3
MMPS LON ALG eae nnn conse s eens = cacsancdt secre sect csecrenscecacdsaese| i mlm Ollsseceeeees 3
Gee SONI Tele aen oe cciieacace cece cones tetas testo sesc ce cecmemeee onal tin Maul oc ca maeerrs 1
el Pherrelleete ccs Meta cers snes cecteeee hemor te haaeamase recs cus cette emaneuaeee 2
alRNOMAS esac seemee cocecc os ce acc westwacccnmemescemeescceeecswas smeneaaee 3
NM MWiCDSteD ere co teceucccasa tent cries testo eaasiccse acca Gee neil s ef 0
68 14 15 29
— << a |)
WESTERN COUNTIES (21).
GHeCampbellsscsceccesweccucta searceclreseerioseeccscasccecccccncsaas 1 3 4
UMC arrollsera y= cete cca nemccee deeccescstecenee sathce ccecetacesces 6 1 7
5 |(Chattdhooche@ic..-c-osecessscrcnes elas ate ott ite tae wis aici wie wleiateveloicrel leita ate sarees 2 2
ROEIRCOWelaeo acces cre ue reete emcee soccasiacae orients se ccantecswers Sulpaacaseeae 8}
We WOU PIAS et atcmanecieesoncicce OSS ocaaped ho cet Sochanscropsncbedscy Bétasdsose 1 1
BaP OY CULC teases tener eran enaeateeeas sneer nnaeses<saaee anes esaee= 1 2
Sujearalson con sscoscn scene clan esstemaseeacnnas Bacdindidicdasudeeiios 2 3
DOW PELATPMISe ee soos cctacekose Sonat est bakeaeaee cee eee a SR ppoenoadace 1 2
LOD SHOAL ess: sane cen mtee eet tia ace e eee eee Sake cue oe seat eiisetaee 3 5
OO PEON cee evince ceipicala sim con cla sano aeiasisameaseneaicce se aeseaasee| tu) MN OUl abet ine ster 3
WAEMSCON So ccaccctaceceascccubeesanianbe teas vanacennausetuccesmasean 1 2
Gi) Marion. jh. oes aScc aa cannes siecioeaceencee ener cot ocumwacsccblesacews oak 2 2
145 |p Moriwether..ccscccccestsaseneseetesss 3 8
25 |"EMUSCOPECO. - <2. Sa skc oc onesoe ociboneecace al u
NOMMPPI KOS Soc cece acco a eec ch te scenes oon eee eee oe seco een were ect Meme Uy ital sPtacten mate 3
DSC OY aoa oi dere ncatere ee eee ore at aya 5 Grea nan 1 5
Ma Spalding so0cceesses ces ee Seen ee ee une Deka Say enemas 2 3
IPL ADOb ss conc week see uiceee cae eee ee een maces cwccmuccamanions 1 3
Sy MEBYVIOL ssc macecane cise scclstcaicteecanieneusls ces soo ccaccue su talasecen|Seec 2 2
ISL TOUD) s aoc ace cccicas acasemae dood ace bee cae ce anee cou aemen eee 3 4
GR MUPSOM so ao Sco saccccc Uo cuunbeee sec cocaine se cspeecebeocemcueee 2 5
164 32 70
ON BSATCOWiisiicicce eo ccc enc weed nc'ocnicctisne cee ncelne aoe abate oes 4 6
Oe MO RLOOKA ea aol cain ac ciwinicis cluieiuc bbc ocleee Sen ee eee eee eee eee eeee 2 3
ST CNAGLOOLD cence cmenecis'n'clea's'c'es eee a Ae ea Gee ree a esees 2 5
AGI BCISVLOMEr coat ce oct cas cos Boo oe ean cee aCe eee eee eee ee 3
Mel PD ade ee eacre ccccs ccc ots SebocescececoesUeCate een ee ee eee eeeeeelos pEaneane 4
1 OR HOV Guniwem nisiawiete Se isinelsic\sialnlzlo si scisinaMinteeceiaen meee eevee senaemeeseas 7
NAS KGOrdOneestcocccsccccccescsccsacsuce cece ce cen eect aseaeaee 8
ON Mura ycenscepecctmsccsccicars cacbaacccesceeeenseceeteenee seeee 3
Sipe aniding ey ccoecesucerccs oe tae Saweatseecnceeue enue tee etoee wae 5
Bel Polcmmes see ueeneaue OCCURS ECC EE EA eee sche ae sath So LRU 2
V7) Walkers es oc2seaseccogase Tei ae ene Lee ane scnaaeouses Bemc 5
LAs WRG Old ees eescstanemeaciccwanecselcceccacceaseunee Sawacaeater 9
126 60
[25] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 687
9. GEORGIA—Continued.
E a) ’ Number of replies.
ce Counties.
2 &0
P= 9 Yes. No. Total.
°
RECAPITULATION.
143 | Central counties ....-.--------2--e-neece re ceest creer es ceceseeee 41 33 74
164 | Northern counties ..-...---------e-ceer cess eres cseer rrr sr se es 33 48 81
91 | Northeastern counties .-..---------+ssecesceeeer resets ster tt ee 17 26 43
83 | Eastern counties......---------e-s seer reeset erst ssere serene 16 21 37
69 | Southeastern counties -..---------------oreesenrr rere rer 19 23 42
96 | Southern counties ..-..---------sseeee ec serr eerste seer crete 17 29 46
68 | Southwestern counties. -...-------++-e-eeee eer enr enters ete 14 15 29
164 | Western counties. ....---.-------0-- een nec ee en nercerernrereer ees 38 32 70
126 | Northwestern counties ....--------------eeer ener rere 27 33 60
1, 004 222 260 482
10. SOUTH CAROLINA.
CENTRAL COUNTIES (5).
12; | Clarendon ..--.-----.220 seseescesemecasc ce seseceserwemecsenengh: 5
22 | Lexington ...-.--------2+---sseer senses co rneees aR OABSocoecon: soe 6
16'| Oxangeburgh ...-..-.--.2-<-esceness enn ceenraccccessennscesccn= 7
Olli Richlands -22vcee ve seece ees + naccivee acarrpcmcn- Stacie ences oroo* 4
15) | USumter cesccce soc ccc ofeee cere cece tnwiseensncn sa cssaaneceweccrees 6
74 28
14 | Chester ..-----..--0-- eee escnee cena ie ce sgianniae vse ea= senses 5
14 | Fairfield 8
9 | Kershaw 2
16 | Lancaster. --- 5
21 | Union ......... 9
O30 WOK. concer asconleocsccsceescaenswencn-ssieiesecseaascre= 7
97 36
Ta G@hesterticld:-c.cccseco---<ssse c~a--scvsnerie—o—inciesesenconneteerimnsccccs 6
14 | Darlington 3 8
11 | Horry .-----.---------2-----2-2-° 5
27 | Marion ...-----------+-- eer eee reer 15
8 | Marlborough 2
73 36
EASTERN COUNTIES (3).
19 | Charleston.-..-.------ Fa ide dadescweswannlecisedccmesscenscessrennse 5 10
6 | Georgetown 2-24 .-0csee- oon cnntnnacien ces sscsinws cnnnns serossecisere i ange 2 2
16 | Williamsburgh .....-..-------22e-eee secs en essere Gaeuecaees 4 4 8
| 41 9 u 20
SOUTHERN COUNTIES (4)
OOUIMBATT WELL snc asccicewacserensa- sos enwm ee ccineisnes ne sesesscnacelecs 3 8 ll
JOM MB GaLOLbs ccous «ecco scic wsim sriscenssenesecemse'sueisite ce civcivaiciics pl 4 5
95 | Colleton ..--<00---c20c coe scenes cnccescsesense sidaisbie oe ceeaence 6 8 | 14
AD i|ietamptoN:. ss sccss ea" - os sess sersshese- prec torecsercacneos> 4 3 7
69 14 23 37
WESTERN COUNTIES (4)
27 | Abbeville........------------s2e02°* Jepecieee net decdwesanssiece's 7 7 14
DOs WARM sons scude a cecuceneceescouacewenise -acesacmuccasinrinccetessi== 5 5 10
40 | Edgefield ....-..-------+--+ eicicecleeacceuerele ae ORAS A Eee 9 9 18
14 | Newberry .....--- Scaceese sumaesonccos ceca ccneanm Sa Se OnE : 6 4 10
103 27 25 | 52
688 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
10. SOUTH CAROLINA—Continued.
Offices inter-
rogated
(e]
i=}
5
g
25 IMANGELSON Ss osc ce cee ee a tes eee wtaciice callccdwcadecauenee
344 Greenville tse wese istry eiais eet me te ae ecletoe cciseics secsoeclesidecieeace
294 | EAUTONS enon eee ee ae enced we voneccccteseccccssereos
AISIROCONCO eee esate ee ete oe oe eee cles wace Gucaceacdeatccescceaee
Ny pe OK OD Aaa actrees Soe eee aes remo cn cite dkcnccowoccedeaiscoace
Sul Spartan bureheeee ae cesmemcssrecesscasoseiee ce dunes ooaekne sate
160
FG? « RECAPITULATION.
AD BO ONUPaIICOUNMMOS eee to teeanie cece fo. twice scm Coedenericccere sen
VIM PNOLLDERMICOUNLION tee coecmcls soccer oc siioteadntisiece acu aacecitscicer
Taal PNOLLDOASCELI COMUNUOS to<sisics\cin sans siciacie comin ce ccewecsenjoelececcoe
AMATO ICOUNLIOS s-- aces cacscoceesaatesscasus cence mceceeeccacwoce
69 ESontherncountles os2.ucc, casocs lnc ccmescenctccvecicccuacsenccecse
LODMIEAVVOS LOXMICOUNUOS recta satcicctissctecces: catccue delecicttecioa motscrats
GOW Northwestern COUNMOS <2. -ccscccsccocecccoscceuce ceateas aoseee
617
ll, MARYLAND.
CENTRAL COUNTIES (4).
Boul PATNGPA TUNGE! Recseetcins aamcisee Some seise cen ewe aiiente soes arc memes
21 SELOWATO <2 5<aee=m Se ate Seino cine eetaiejone tare cae see an ees
AA MONE ZOMELY,. cameciceciiees seclsccsccsisceccsccatcceusscceedeceseer
AW PrinceiGeorge Aa. -accseccesccodtscnssccstessseesnessecsssecances
145
86:3" Baltimoresos2-. os sccee ssn ccc ciciwcccsicceoes soscnsccacecticsiciedele
ASH Carroll =o. ..22 cnee scene belo en see ecc tc canes cemeece eet asbectcclcneee
ZL Caroline'-<= < .cisccs cwtepisieiseecieweesem ace aciss a acicenis SHe BAG oaSeat
11 | Queen Anne
AT el DObe-sene + ceeoecanaseene Jo ei atele els oe oetele te sae aie wiawie tae oe wee
i ee eee eee eee ee ee
eee ee ee ee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee
ee eee ee ee eee ee ee eee eee ee ee ee)
Sh eCalvertincscesseseeewescecsuScescomts otocen ee BDO cbeeroercoci coos
2olACharles ose sesewte mesa ces ce seopets seuse cose eee MOOS SCHESOoC
2D Ste MATA iene eeanineiasicssacsccecenicesmaeneemeine Apehdosqeace
68
[26]
[27] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 689
11. MARYLAND—Continued.
£3 Number of replies.
_ eo :
ae Counties.
2
P= S No. Total.
jo)
NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES (4).
a6) Alleghany 2... ..2c<scescsss0 @esnccecameseccscen Senicwessenbessecie|cceccane se 11 11
OOH METCAOTICKS ..soSakiwact coe arocceeweceeeouceacdscses SOS Sc COHNenBSHee 16 29
NGHIMGALTOtt cacote a wwcweweceeceneeeceesaase ese ccs cicseSecscevececos 5 6
34 | Washington ........... Owen ccasccnvecccanes seenecccecccccescnns 15 20
125 47 66
RECAPITULATION,
1451) Contral counties. c<sasscnccccccescsnecece SUIS EE ACHTOC CSSA ee 35 58
180 | Northern counties ..............-... SOCEBORC COS SA CeD AS OSM OAr 50 87
AOR Master COUNTIOS 2 osockt tne pote ee ec eee ete cuir cece mest ooo. 13 27
ACh eNortheasterm'counties:s.- 5 st cecheceesese ets posewe ss ebececoscce 14 29
NOU SOUGNOASLEL COUNTIES! 2 anc secesaceteenoeoes tec esenccncs secccnce 3 48
G8sltSoutherm counties: °.-5solltocscceesacsscac telco ess ee tecccwccus 10 34
120 |H NOL WOSUOIN COUNLION ic -cccencecocte ete sesscccseccescotccdeses 47 66
683 172 344
12. FLORIDA.
CENTRAL COUNTIES (7).
Sy Herman dOvoc sc ccasccnsccnaciceecccescnessceos Basses cincncecae wens 4 2 6
13 | Hillsborough 6 3 9
WalPUCWNicsoateoeoes som see ose toners secoceetacecs onte seat couse ens 2 2 4
.15 | Marion 3 6 9
32 | Orange... 6 5 pt
Sy eolk s2c. i 1
9 | Sumter 4 8
87
a PPAUSONUD ace scccetencctadesacesccctemascewsssocveececsaecencewas's
DA PDA KOD ecu coctacctnmmrtacowccnacebe wesc ce eeenecsesoaececdocenes
MM ECACLOLGehe cen ass ect e eae toca cease mse sone cicauanea aan sneer cceslcmoeess aes
LOR COMMMDIS cweaseeiscisec cae kaa cckedmacm\sccise'cam sansa cmemeweewweacs
MeIPELO MTOM arene owe eet eacenloonesanateeSmaweseceseuassscasstesesclecetcene ce
Gal PONOCTSOM sacs Saice cates cat weacwnnsctwescccacaeceeweececucasanescce
Me st AVOULO ce sowccisic<wecacnismecnecesenecesccecmescccnccccencnades|acenscenae
DI MGODecwsietcccosaecasaoesccs ca ce ceescaccecanwccncocs baimscaaewicios
4 :
12
7
7
92
—_—
VM hyieeeeeniseeae sana nes andes oaade nod ccastcescsetncascnsaaeoees
NOR OIG A rennin Menaa sacs sons cuusalcaele ccs cleside oso ocscecissimosiecioaeie
IRIN ASSOU see pete ecesic since code sacecnc cleweacuicc~cccevedeoatcace cece
om ee RaMaee = Aten nas acc ai, palniee wes aciviowiascecssisa cose ce camientings
Dale Stee Oln Sasa ceenne oto c cekecwadieceesaacsease ccs otnecaeeneecae
60
6 | Brevard ......
VM IMVOLURI Basen can coc accesceccescctcctaadsmeccetcecueue
23
SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES (1).
Bia Oleaccsssenceosas gaecarasdee dnaceuddsusaseact case sncaiaunnel seesicccccc| oJccdacens|soeeuanace
—— —— os
5. Mis. 110-——44 .
690 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [28]
12. FLORIDA—Continued.
8.3 Number of replies.
Lal 2 .
‘@ os Counties.
@ &h :
P= S Yes. No. Total.
°
SOUTHERN COUNTIES (2).
9 | Manatee ....... wea ws enemcinarstaiste etter date a sisisaieisieccices sasineraa
3 | Monroe
12
a) NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES (10).
Gh Calhounivsesccicsacnencacceccsccdcnocees a. ele naa So ascenisclelssleseaae 2 4
OE SHSCAMDAieeeeraetcece cies scte seccmisiccccwe/nsc wsiocscane poe manla meena 5 if
4) SBranklingnasaciese ces cciee al 2
8 | Gadsden ..... pCaE 2 6
3 |\PHOIMES case ste cate cicae 1 1
MME SOCISON ce eeeeetcae acct con cm\cwes welsie omic clviceece cane cass ccecnecsnene 1 3
Ae ED OLtVanee ocean cote celee cise daicisisicie a’ Galen's sslclon'e a a Cle(slanalele/aciae on aiaawiow sap 3 3
BaP SATIERBELOSEL Mae ee eas See aac cnc waosecnen en coc cneceteenmeennael cece cones 3 3
Gra ON ee sce cites aioe scines Cocsicecies cortisiacic valsicaicinisewinicivemaate 2 1 3
a \ VIER OI CON e eal cicm a sisa'coa ccc cicisie ss celsasciesicnam nals osiecawe caine I. 2 3
59 14 21 35
RECAPITULATION,
Sig RO ONCAMCOUNDOS pcos tai oeciec's ci wsisieittesecsccapoisccciocasmewesmielr 35 23 58
927 ENOrtherniCOUntleS!ss-n2- 220 cece ects e eee cece ecesceeeteesceess 15 33 48
60) Northeastern COUNtICS 2 << s<.Jac <'s00.c nisin ces ca cinwan cin abe vacesieas 26 14 40
254) SHAStOLNcCOUMUES 5-22 2 taceielariste Nanni eioe acineloesnsels come Sieeie here 13 4 17
Bal SOULHEASLELMNCOUNUICS ee cncnceccce cemcecimescsiasecenessiaine BODO IO EES oon aaa jepsaoopsadioce ennai
2G PSOUCK OLN COUNLICS scewinsiceccescucamossceneue cece tseee ach monue 3 8 11
59 PN OTLMWOeStOrn COUN LIES ioc sian sisie asic ino aw neice able eles se wmeicienee 14 21 35
335 106 103 209
13. NEW JERSEY.
CENTRAL COUNTIES (6).
DAR PBUTINGtON a ccstccasec cence sccme seal seemanise anes nanoteseee 34 3 37
DOR MerC enters ae cisisiiee stem eriomeciccinte amines cota cinoma aicinitefemee cisisccicee 9 4 13
25) MUGOLESER scenes ce cine ciaisaremiema-Jaweouaiensacmeaiegmaciaaaaseis 15 tf 22
CLF Monmouth ss prot cise mamnictaacsaiandeaactie esas sane cater eaaeke 36 9 45
DN OCCA 2te5.c asian oat secis aslo a Gnieelonie mona eamaisiee eas ca cenaacaeeene 20 2 22
BAN MSOMELSOL sic Se te casise s satriaeais geleis amccciciasialuus x cnslbcleisia ceiseimieteesiana 5 17 2.
221 119 42 161
gi NORTHERN COUNTIES (38).
Dea Morrie ss: 2 s8 seo tees cece eee a eee Sey eee 13 24 37
Don MARSA Gicwc eas crew caseenee oe cee ena aoe cen ceaacis cs ceme aes 3 6 9
Ate! ISUSSOX « owie.c. 4b sacle alee sinle oea e eat ee etat late alsate wictelo ui son ae man 2 26 28
121 PRT: 56 74
NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (4). cae
SOA BOLP OM sic canis cic ncculeninwcce cujcuseeue ne weviscawse resem ousesien cone 7 12 19
DLA IMEISROX 1 Sou jose cee swede pase e oe eee natn anon eine cae eee 4 9 13
LGR IAMG'SON. casi cite ccee ciae's cihisyeth a aealaigia see agannleclaicemiancait eames 3 4 7
TEU IT) Giy eb 10) « Uae a ne pea em Ren oa LAE TY a oe Ae 1 8 9
97 15 33 48
SOUTHERN COUNTIES (2). ida |
ONMIPAT IAN ULC eee c dors cic cclssccicoes 1s Aca Maer e pattie een Ce nena eerie AG ise eece See 16
ZOMMCADCVNELY aon cc's cnioet cloveuieonaanvee scsidtusisnse cue cuanacunenesonme NYS eric 17
41 BB a aeeaties Bere 33
SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES (4).
OW @amd Cnieseses cceeineidtecsisicass<ccce conencctanaeeaanc ceeaatceeaee 1 tee cerieees 12
ZO LC am bDErlan diss cecmicasicwisis a ecccccdew sic con gnacnoerene esse eeenes 15 5 20
DlisiSalemie ate saiccilac casein slscciewesec oo cen ocee seu e ete Bane 6 2 8
BGs CGlONCOstELsmece ec ceciseseriaitine aces Reaeeners poasiancolien Sica aietaereees 19 3 22
105 52 10; ees
[29]
Offices inter-
rogated.
18. NEW JERSEY—Continned.
Counties.
NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES (2).
iM tend ON tisessiccncna te cces ceceeseeseenince cccecccwccccueceeess
WURUTE II eee nee seca cae anccunteatecreecccceats actos vaneteesses
RECAPITULATION.
Gentralicounties ..s-scssceece cece] comes sce sec cnccmncesteceesse
NONE nNCOUNTICS scl ceeseeen tees sac ccine seman ecise seme scene
INOntneastern COUNDIOSt oo. mee see se eeiccieacelveenmicieeeciccice ccs cine
Southern counties .......--.--- ee yatenta men coocnd tecs sacs
Southwestern COUNUCS cecacceocseccsece <scseciiciascsocis<aieswace
INO western) COUNTICS. -as-nssasscecss ce sasececcecs senceces asco
14. MASSACHUSETTS.
107
CENTRAL COUNTIES (1).
Worcester coc cote. eee aeceae ewes ecneaesmeaciacseeeesiocsaocas= +
NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (1).
BS SHOmaeaesian sesciee suc ceca cssacissmsisimusisenincloseecrlesncewees
EASTERN COUNTIES (3).
IMA OIOSOX 22 occas cccisicincssioacicassirie-ssenecaucoeues Bee e aan wieewane
INO TO Kee eter coinitec ec oetemncicm etme ss Sate cinslasiaiaisae ciccleisiate sewn
STittoligeneen paces waiete ec sccieoecarniancoees aces cosccrscnsncoceeor.
Pam PA CN aejeswass soci isipescleisionininic aalemina necesita s ssnennecinenseesse
IBOLESNIT@te Sete s cane ne eeecmenccin sa acicewsenia cscs vbisecss enamels
Hampshire
NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES (1).
SHPATUICL Note See ace a eciciotn aie nae loen'a < aiiolacina'sieisc ja welsvawiersietelsio weer
RECAPITULATION.
enteral COmmiesicce «cameccccncc.ceconcudcsesbeasssbicenssecsmesine
INONUNEARLERIICGUNTIOS o<ccac scaceccoscoceescectecosteecionsas .
HRStOLUCOUNMES eons cccsche cccnamsccnosessceseccsesecceuemcs's
Southeastern: counties .... ceccccncccccanaccocccaaceecs ccnaccons
Southwestern counties ......--.-- cuccaseseetaasew on estecoaeess
Western counties...-... ps Sus cat esdomtdecebeatoemetabt Sastedieces.
NOTH WEStOrD COUNTICS foc ccc cccdccctewecunccissesieccecaceen sess
USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER.
691
Number of replies.
Yes.
No.
56
13
Total.
42 161
56 74
33 48
mans sete 33
10 62
46 68
30 11 | 41
35 56 91
29 13 | 42
66 54 120
95 34 129
20 5 | 25
33 36 69
30 11 | 41
692 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [80]
15. DELAWARE.
5 Number of replies.
a
z = Counties.
s oo Yes. No. Total.
[o)
CENTRAL COUNTIES (1).
44qONGwiCagtlemeceseceneeree enone chore ce nacecccccee satan waco ascicce
BONE SUSKOX tence ene see eee cee meen cenit ence wece cc cien cece ccuicececseas se
SOM mGentralcounblesieecer oteueecccaclsc:s cece cisicclesiaciccwicisisclceceaecsis
44 | Northern counties
33 | Southern counties
16. CONNECTICUT.
NORTHERN COUNTIES (2).
MOM PHAGMOd sec eemiesaciner moss esses sciacsl= sawccsancece welt sceeoneias 47 6 53
BOM mLOlUANGe re nmensseseeccecasacee see acseeessccsssanscecnes emeecce 18 8 21
112 6. ol 74
NORTHEASTERN COUNTIES (1). [ae |
DOMMWANGL AM eens eeeeeneeeeearicoe ce eciek eae ee es Seneca rene seinesiee 18 14 32
ae SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES (1) oar ‘aa
508 PNG Wa sONGON Seeceieseleiaate alalaicle/ainlelnraleleiaminielnieint cleistelslainieleincela’a sattelaie' 35 4 | 39
=o SOUTHERN COUNTIES (2). ares: 7 a
BON PMI dlesex. Joe seesessicsaicnccie ce snidaeleeleiceicieioseisineisniersiotewiciewis coke 10 | Pecesssees 19
58 INGWeRHaVON: Sac cheswe cecicssiciecnmiscmidesisennicmeacissecweceersinss STs |eeteien ees 37
88 eee, ejaialatetatetereys ete
al SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES (1) Weasel
GOul Mairfield'.; \. Becasce=ssseeicces soeee meee semciscmscecisisiccaeestoe 29 15 44
ae NORTHWESTERN COUNTIES (1) Re
82 loitchfield....2.isSsccsscceancennssesemeecceaciciose cesececneeseae 27 21 48
| RECAPITULATION, ol) an
FIP WeNorthern countiés...<< <i scecoe- soecceecee sss cise sec cscccsescesce 65 9 74
bommeNortheastern counties::...2 scaeceseeeeseeee ee eae eae ae ete. 18 14 32
90) | Southeastern ‘counties's..csie<. sseemecm see sais oeiclele soe cma ecicte ee 35 4 39
Sslsouthern: counties /. 2.5 so-csesese eee ee aes seo o tem peemaeeee SO tececttswios 56
GGclsouthwestern ‘counties: «<2 cSte eee oem ale atcteesiaaslelaem ele rccietsiets 29 15 44
82 NonthwesterniCounties) ...226 chose ckriceee ein eatodae moar eeees 27 21 48
454 | 230 63 | 293
17. RHODE ISLAND.
CENTRAL COUNTIES (1).
18 | Kent ......-2. 22222 -- cence eee e een ee eee ecw eee nc ceee neces us 8 4 12
ie NORTHERN COUNTIES (1). rapa ae pation wi
ASWIPETOVIGGNCO Mm aceemeeee eee aeascciee mene <isomieciacisesicee secenaameaete 30 5 35
al a ee a
[31] USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 693
5 17. RHODE ISLAND—Continued.
ra A
3 Number of replies.
_ 2
ad Counties.
se
P=i] Yes. No. Total.
jo)
EASTERN COUNTIES (1).
GAPE ISbOl tere ce cncceccieeesacseo ste mecs ase Samcteiencccansces conn en sc 3
=——
SOUTHEASTERN COUNTIES (1).
EON PNOWDOLU! cscice a ncecicdsiacm aeons see mea aces ariese inal mn eee etn =< 5i | csisceisces 5
So i SOUTHERN COUNTIES (1).
Baa VS CNS CONs eae sco sae sate tesa ene tee aimee a aee siamese ce niniteain ic 24 2 26
—_— —— —=—<—
RECAPITULATION.
TSH POeNUrAlCOUNUMECS in ccuiotn abeslcia cee sa once eimtcese-cesicccisisiseasie. 8 4 12
ASE PNOLLRELNICOUNUICS 2c aacinicse was ce cee clea a elie seca a aieietecs/etea eine a'e 30 5 35
Ga AS Ler COUNMONN= <5 cr scence sitceace = erie e ceo sae. emiaiceisexiciccciss Bil seesmee ces S
OH ISOULNCAStELM | COUMULES:sswcosceccs coche soSsicccsics cco clcdcsnbess a Bin eds fe aya 5
SAM PSOULHELTICOUNTICS Ssicie onic nies Sei cisiecie cileieciece i msisaie ae lcisisicle sis 24 2 26
110 70 11 | 81
Recapitulation of the seventeen States that use fish guano.
bs 3°
oy Number of replies. Late
AB te
» § States. ee
oO
s 2 Yes. No. Total. 7 € 3
2) Ay
SSS LE Pal WE ONNSVIVANINs <2 se os scwc cect oclsteboce nedceseenas 305 1, 426 1, 731 18
2, 930 QeMNIO Wi ODE aie sete ciccinamocmn wee eee seca Phas 375 1, 183 1, 558 24
ASG NOW. ELAMDSNILGl sss ccs. mcccecescasadcecceeaccec-s 91 208 299 30
Nea VON ees NOLLO RC ALOMND te coccnatceesccwecletece csisvcicisaaci's 223 477 700 Be
497 BP MVICNIN OM Gases ce sec eee wae ee weak ess ccientoncacews 105 210 315 33
1, 091 GAINS DAM Biss Sous sce ctamoaa scot eeeeins os ewivcecicce cee 175 329 504 36
1, 685 ar NALPINIA = sawicslciauamce tease teecodeelececricctes cmc 377 452 829 45
925 Srp Ma nore sac citcwcs wis coc cinwccc cies beedesicecceoosis 274 317 591 46
1, 004 OU GBOT PIG sea. sictowctae ssccuelee ssisebaniowsccscccskccas 222 260 482 46
SL AOs South (Caroling) soc cscssececeseesecacciewcecccoseas 136 150 286 48
Cooter NMaArVviand <acciccace acieisionicet acieeeaescccietcecsen cia 172 172 344 50
BoD el eed I OTICR se Sacens Lowa es nea sent nese Sedeccn co ceueceecee 106 103 209 51
G86 IS New JOlsOY. . <aweseoncacicisceccivccecccacencccssece 259 187 446 58
16964 MBSSACGHKTISCELE. cca cces Sac coc acececcesaaccscccecsee 308 209 517 60
NOT LOD Ola WALG on ness cose oso comcckiccccccweccawedbic sec 39 17 56 69
Ayam OmCONNECUCIUR cece oot ace coscancuccceaacecascees 230 63 293 x4
NON Line NOOGMSland socsacetess ectaksctes cecccenes ceec cows 70 11 81 86
17, 124 3, 467 | 5, 774 9, 241
SPECIAL AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS FROM DELAWARE.
For the purpose of testing the matter further in a State largely re-
ported as using this fertilizer, special questions were sent out, in answer
to which the statements quoted below were obtained. Time prevented
prosecuting the inquiry in other States.
“The fish guano used here is obtained out of town, and amounts to
very little.”
J. M. Martin, Cool Spring, Sussex County.
“Mr. J. F. Price and about four others use 30 tons annually, which
they obtain in Baltimore.”
County.
P. B. Alrich, Summit Bridge, New Castle
694 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [32]
“The small amount used has been obtained from W. N. Needles, 42
South Delaware avenue, Philadelphia.” William G. Herring, P. M.,
Milford, Kent County.
“Only used here in small quantities and obtained from Philadelphia
mostly.” J. A. Lynch, P. M., Robbins, Sussex County.
“Several thousand tons are used in this region by hundreds of
farmers and truckers who sell vegetables in the city. Nearly all dealers
in fertilizers in Pennsylvania and New Jersey sell it. They buy it from
ourselves and others who prepare it. It is made on the coasts of Long
Island, Connecticut, and Maine. It is shipped to us in bulk, by ves-
sels, after which we grind and bag it.” Walton, Ham & Co., Wilming-
ton, Del.
‘About one hundred tons are being used by forty farmers, among
whom are W. Phillips & Bro., Phillips Hill, Del., G. P. Hickman and
J. Single, Frankford, Del. Wilgus, Derickson & Co., Roxana, Del., and
Gum & Bro., Frankford, Del., are dealers who buy it from a manufac-
tory at Fenwick’s Island, near Roxana, Del.” J. T. Long, P. M., Frank-
ford, Del.
‘Fish guano is not much used. The farmers buy spoiled salt fish in
Philadelphia, and manufacture it for their own use to some extent.”
L. W. Lattomus, Townsend, New Castle County.
‘‘One hundred and fifty tons are used by seventy-five farmers, among
whom are Spencer A. Phillips, Millsborough, Del., John Wilgus,
Roxana, Del., and Horace Hickman, Frankford, Del. Holland, Wilgus
& Co., E. Townsend, and John A. Gum are dealers, who buy mostly at
Fenwick’s Island, Del.” J. E. Lynch, Roxana, Sussex County.
“There are two or three seines between Indian River and Fenwick’s
Island light-house that are hauled for fish to be used as fertilizer.
Henry Hudson and William 8S. Evans have built a house for making the
fish into guano, but the farmers here are so anxious for the fish that
they go to the beach and buy them for manure before there is time to
make them into guano. The fish we call ‘old wives.” They are called
moss bunkers, North. Ihave used them on my land and they are better
than any guano I ever had.” P. M., Ocean View, Sussex County.
‘“T used half a ton on strawberries last fall. It was made by the New
Jersey Chemical Company, Camden, N. J., from alewives or mud shad,
which are caught on the New Jersey shore.” John T. Jakes, Wyoming,
Kent County.
‘Tt has been used on three farms, especially by Alexander Guthrie.
It is brought from Wilmington.” Jasper C. Way, P. M., Hockessin,
New Castle County.
‘Hive tons are used annually by Thos. E. Woolens, George B.
Dougherty, and seven or eight other farmers. They buy it from J. J.
Allen’s Sons, Philadelphia, Pa., and from John A. Wilson, Wilmington,
Del.” Charles Green, jr., Rockland, New Castle County.
[33 | USE OF FISH GUANO AS A FERTILIZER. 695
“J. M. Arthurs and W. D. Wilds, Kenton, Del., sell to a few farmers
here.” J. B. Messick, Down’s Chapel, Kent County.
“H. A. Murray, Dover, Del., formerly made it, but has engaged in
other business. Those who formerly used fish guano here have discon-
tinued it, finding by experience that other fertilizers were preferable.”
Julia S. Bradley, P. M., Canterbury, Kent County.
“Four or five tons. are used by from five to ten persons, among whom
are EK. D. Hitchens and H. Hickman. T. E. Records and E. D. Hitchens
deal in it, and buy it in Philadelphia and New York.” D. W. Brereton,
P. M., Lewes, Sussex County.
FERTILIZING PRODUCTS.
The following statement is by Mr. A. M. Wilcox, secretary of the Fish
Bureau, Boston, Mass.: “ During the past few years more attention has
each year been given to the fertilizing qualities contained in the large
amount of fish waste and scrap that was formerly, constantly being
thrown away. Three of the numerous factories in and around Boston
use any fish products, making a specialty of this line, utilizing all the
scrap and waste from the numerous boneless fish factories, menhaden
chum, and the large amount of refuse from the market fishermen, such
as fish heads, all kinds of unmarketable fish, in fact everything con-
nected with the fish that was formerly thrown away is now utilized at
the fertilizing factory, the fishermen receiving quite asum for the same.
‘“‘The process of manufacture is simple and varies but little in any of |
the factories, fish scrap, bone phosphate, and sulphuric acid being the
main ingredients used by all. The use of this fertilizing material has
shown such favorable results, the demand is constantly on the increase.
Dealers give the following as the distribution from the various factories
of New England during 1879:
Tons
Py NRE Resta ee iateiaee She ala aieelaarn =< n 2 Sins sacle 606 2's sien elemte 40, 000
Te OVEN O21 0) 1 Ia A oe 2 a ar 20, 000
South Carolina.......... Seat Scie 6 banes he ence ee ee eee 20, 000
MG ORM Ai cise ee wc aies sic iba Si @ ead oa nny eee eae ee eee 45, 000
SCOR A cig Steines alee es Ree pce ek ake se cae eee econ 45, 000
New England... ....0.26...-s Jose beds eas Ge eR eee eee 10, 000
‘“Maryland and New Jersey take a less amount. The newer States
of the West as yet care for but little if any fertilizing compounds. A
large amount is also exported to the West Indies. Fourteen thousand
tons were manufactured by the three factories here during 1879. The
price rarged from $25 to $35 a ton.”
The proportional part of the capital and products to the credit of the
fishing industry is as follows:
Re UME INS 512s eG wilnseln Rarsinsle RIO Malte cia ie sine a nies on.e.e $100, 000
NEN GI PlOVOO sis... seestie bees Sec wes winiode aos ale 90
Value of product ..-.... eee eile isis sa caine xe ene Se $140, 000
APPHN DEX .C.
NATURAL HISTORY AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH.
697
iy
fetes ne ght oS Week)
X.—THE ANNELIDA CHATOPODA FROM PROVINCETOWN AND
WELLFLEET, MASS.
By Pror. H. E. WEBSTER AND JAMES E. BENEDICT.
The annelids on which this paper is based were collected from June
to September, 1879, by the Summer Zoological Expedition of Union
College. Of the 90 species found, by far the greater number live
between tides. Not much dredging was done, and none at a greater
depth than thirty fathoms. Two visits to, Wellfleet procured a number
of forms not found at Provincetown. Three genera and sixteen species
are described as new. Of the genera, Thawmastoma seems not to be-
long to any described family. Eighteen species have their northern
limit extended, having been previously found only to the south of the
Cape. WNerilla antennata Scumipt and Trichobranchus glacialis Malm-
gren are European forms not previously found on our coast. Syllides
Cirsted is also new to our coast, and is represented by a new species.
Capitella capitata has not previously been reported from the United
States, though found further north. The figures, except figs. 95—97,
were made by H. E. Webster.
Family APHRODITIDA.
APHRODITA (Linn.) IKinberg.
APHRODITA ACULEATA Linn.
Aphrodita aculeata LINN. Systema Nature, ed. xii, vol.i, p. 1084. 1767.
KINBERG. Eugenies Resa, p. 3, pl.i, fig.2. 1857.
SELENKA. Das Gefiisssystem der Aphrodita aculeata, ex Nieder-
liindisches Archiv fiir Zoologie, pls. iii-iv. 1873.
VERRILL. Invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound, in Report of
U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Part i, p.580. 1874.
No large specimens were taken; 20 to 28 fathoms, sand and shells.
Family POLYNOIDA.
LEPIDONOTUS (Leach) Kinberg.
LEPIDONOTUS SQUAMATUS IXinberg.
Lepidonote armadillo LErpy. Marine Invert. Fauna, R. I. and N.J., Ex. Jour. Phila.
Acad., series ii, vol. iii, p. 16, pl. xi, fig.54. 1855.
Lepidonotus squamatus KNBG. Fregatten Eugenies Resa. Zoolégi, Annulata, p. 18,
pl. xv, fig.15. 1857.
iii 699
700 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
_
Lepidonotus squamatus VERRILL. Invert. Animalsof Vineyard Sound, etc., p.581. 1874.
WEBSTER. Annelida Chetopoda of the Virginian Coast, in Trans.
Albany Institute, vol. ix, p. 204, pl.i, figs.1-5. 1879.
Annelida Chatopoda of New Jersey, in the Thirty-second report
of the N. Y. State Museum, p.101. 1880.
Specimens not large but abundant from low water to 29 fathoms.
NYCHIA Malungren.
NYCHIA crRROSA Malmgren.
Aphrodita cirrhosa PALLAS. Miscell. Zo61., p. 95, pl. viii, figs. 3-6 (teste Malmgren). 1766.
Lepidonote assimilis OrsTED. Annulatorum Danicorum Conspectus, p. 18, figs. 3, 6, 14,
32, 33, 37, 38, 45, 46. 1843.
Nychia cirrosa MALMGREN. Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, p. 58, pl. viii, fig.1. 1865.
The foot of this species is not correctly figured by Malmgren. The
upper ramus is not shown in the figure (I. c. fig. 1 B), but the lower
ramus is represented as bluntly rounded externally. In fact the out-
line of the foot is very nearly that of Eunoé Orstedi Mem. (1. c. pl. viii,
fig.3 B). The lower margin of the upper ramus and the upper margin
of the lower ramus are drawn out into conical, finger-shaped projections.
Not common; 29 fathoms, sand and shells.
NYCHIA AMONDSENI Malmgren.
MALMGREN. Annulata Polycheta, p. 131, pl. ii, fig. 4. 1867.
The same defect exists in Malmgren’s figure of the foot of this species
(1. c. fig. 4 B) as in the previous species.
Only one specimen was taken. Sand and shells, 29 fathoms.
EUNOA Malmgren.
EvuNoA NoDosA Malmgren.
Polynoé nodosa Sars. Christiana Vid. Selsk. Forh., p. 59, 1860.
Eunoé nodosa MALMGREN. Nord. Hafs-Ann., p. 64, pl. viii, fig. 4. 1865.
Eunoa nodosa MALMGREN. Annu. Polych., p. 132. 1867.
Only half-grown specimens of this species were found. They differ
in some particulars from Malmgren’s description. The elytra are less
distinctly emarginate and not so nodose. However, there can be no
doubt as to their specific identity.
Not common ; 12 to 30 fathoms, sand and shells.
LAGISCA Malmgren.
LAGISCA RARISPINA Malmgren.
Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, p. 65, pl. viii, fig. 2. 1865.
Common; 12 to 30 fathoms, sand and shells.
13] ANNELIDS OF PRINCETOWN, MASS. 701
HARMOTHOH (Kinberg) Malmgren.
HARMOTHOK IMBRICATA Malmgren.
MALMGREN. Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, p. 66, pl. ix, fig. 8. 1865. Annulata Poly-
cheta, p. 134. 1867.
VERRILL. Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound, etc., p. 582. 1874,
Common, from low water to 30 fathoms.
LEPIDAMETRIA Webster.
LEPIDAMETRIA COMMENSALIS Webster.
Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, p. 210, pl. iii, figs. 23-31. 1779.
Annel. Chet..of New Jersey, etc., p. 103. 1879.
At Wellfleet we found Amphitrite ornata VERRILL quite common in
coarse gravel and mud. As usual, L. commensalis occurred in the tubes
of this species, but sparingly. Most of the specimens taken were young,
from one-half inch to one inch in length. In these the stout, single-
pointed seta of the upper bundle, lower ramus, had not yet appeared ;
the attachments of the elytra were very prominent; otherwise they did
not differ trom the adult form. ;
Family SIGALIONID.
SIGALION Aud. and M. Ea.
SIGALION ARENICOLA Verrill.
Proceedings of the United States National Museum, p. 167. Nov., 1869.
This species has a close superficial resemblance to Sthenelais picta
VERRILL, and occupies the same stations.
Not common. Sand; low water.
STHENELAIS Kinberg.
STHENELAIS PICTA Verrill.
VERRILL. Invert. Animal of Vin. Snd., etc., p. 582. 1874.
WEBSTER. Annel. Chet. of the Virginia Coast, p. 213. 1879. Annel. Chet. of New
Jersey, p. 103. 1880.
Common at low water, in sand.
PHOLOK Johnston.
PHOLOE MINUTA Malmgren.
Aphrodita minuta O. Fas. Fauna Grénlandica, p.314. 1780.
Pholoé minuta MALMGREN. Nordiska Hafs.—Ann., p. 89, pl. xi, fig. 13. 1865.
? Pholoé tecta StrImPSON. Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p.36, 1854.
Only young specimens were found. They agreed in all respects with
Pholoé minuta, save that the elytra completely covered the dorsum.
F
702 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
This is also the case with Stimpson’s Pholoé tecta. It is probable that
Pholoé tecta* is the young of Pholoé minuta.
Not common; low water; sand.
Family NEPHTHYDIDA.
NEPHTHYS Cuvier.
- NEPHTHYS INCISA Malmgren.
Nephthys incisa MGRN. Nordiska Hafs.—Ann., p. 105, pl. xii, fig. 21. 1865.
Nephthys ingens VERRILL. Invert. Ann. of Vin. Snd., etc., pl. 583, pl. xii, figs. 59, 60,
1874.
Nephthys incisa VERRILL. Check-List. 1879.
Common ; 12 to 20 fathoms; mud.
NEPHTHYS BUCERA Ehlers.
EHLERS. Die Borstenwiirmer, p. 617, pL xxiii, fig. 8. 1868.
VERRILL. Invert. Animals of Vin. Snd., p. 583, pl. xii, fig.58. 1874.
Not common; found in sand atlow water. Very fine specimens were
taken at Race Run, near Provincetown.
Family PHYLLODOCIDA.
ANAITIS Malmgren.
ANAITIS SPECIOSA Webster.
Annel. Chet. of New Jersey, p. 104, pl.i, figs. 8,9. 1880.
When first examined we regarded the specimens collected at Well-
fleet as distinct from Anaitis speciosa ; subsequent comparison of speci-
mens has shown that the former must be regarded as a variety of the
iatter. As compared with specimens from New Jersey, these have the
head a little narrower; the anterior emargination of the buccal seg-
ment, with the corresponding backward curvature of the posterior mar-
gin of the head, not so well marked.
The color is variable. In front of the eighth segment the color is
yellowish-white ; a dark-brown band covers the eighth segment and the
anterior half of the ninth; behind this band the color is yellow or
brownish-yellow; the middle third of the anterior margin of each seg-
ment is brown, while on the posterior segments this brown band runs
entirely across the segment; the branchie for their inner two-thirds are
yellowish-brown, outer third white; the brown band of the eighth and
ninth segments includes the branchie, and is faintly perceptible below ;
body and branchie with numerous flake-white specks ; head white with
brown specks ; or the general color may be white, green replacing the
* Examination of many specimens at Eastport, Me., has fully established the iden-
tity of P. tecta with P. minuta.
[5] ANNELIDS OF PRINCETOWN, MASS. 103
brown everywhere; the general color of the ventrum is the same as on
the dorsum, though the brown or green is not so distinct.
Wellfleet ; low water; on tubes of Diopatra cuprea CLPD.
PHYLLODOCE (Sav.) Malmgren.
PHYLLODOCE GRGNLANDICA Orsted.
No adult specimens of this remarkably fine species were collected.
A number of half-grown specimens were taken.
A minute, nearly spherical median papilla was seen in fresh speci-
mens on the anterior projecting margin of the buccal segment; not
visible on alcoholic specimens.
The transverse ridge between the segments is densely ciliated, and a
line of long cilia runs down the outer face of the branchie near the pos-
terior margin.
General color, dark green, with irregular brown markings; branchize
brown, with light-green margin.
The anal cirri are,about the length of the last five segments.
Low water, sand, to 25 fathoms, sand and shells.
PHYLLODOCE ARENA: Webster.
Annel. Chet. of New Jersey, p. 105, pl. ii, figs. 10-12. 1880.
Low water, sand, to 25 fathoms, sand and shells.
EUMIDA Malmgren.
EUMIDA MACULOSA Webster.
Annel. Chet. of the Virginian coast, p. 215, pl. iv, figs. 38,41,1879. Annel. Chet. of
New Jersey, p. 106, 1880.
In the original description the anal cirri are said to arise from ‘ stout
basal articles, constituting one-third their entire length.” This is a
mistake; they have no basal article. Only two specimens were taken
in Virginia, and but one of these had anal cirri, and these seem not to
have been normal. Near the front of the head there is a slight con-
striction.
Low water, sand, common.
EULALIA (Sav.) Malmgren.
EULALIA GRACILIS Verrill.
Invert. Animals of Vineyard Sound, etc., p. 586. 1874.
Probably gracilis; though, as no figures accompany the original de-
scription, one can hardly be certain without comparison with the typical
examples.
Both males and females have very long and delicate capillary sete
developed in addition to the ordinary sete, not, as in the SYLLIDA,
704 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
as a distinct bundle, but mixed with the ordinary sete. They begin
from the twenty-fifth to the thirtieth segment, short at first, but soon
becoming as long or longer than the width of the body, while the or-
dinary sete are quite short; they extend nearly to the posterior end.
In the males the posterior two-thirds of the body is rounded, much
swollen by the contained spermatozoa. After the twenty-fifth segment
the body of the females is filled with numerous large eggs; these are
very dark green, and determine the color of the body wherever they
exist. The anterior part of the body has the same color as in the males
and in asexual forms. This is gray, with lateral brown bands, one on
each side, and with a darker brown spot at the base of each foot, both
above and below.
There are three anal cirri on all forms, the odd one being median,
ventral, and quite small.
Common on dredged shells, 20 to 30 fathoms; sand and shells.
EULALIA DUBIA 2. 8p.
(PL. VIII, Frias. 101-105.)
This species we at first referred to Hulalia annulata VERRILL, but
when the specimens were submitted to him he decided that they did
not belong to his species.
The head (fig. 101) has the lateral margins evenly rounded, with a
constriction just back of the origin of the antenne. The inferior antennz
are concealed by the superior, but are similar to them in every respect.
The median antenna is a trifle less stout than the anterior, otherwise
the same. Eyes two, moderately large, circular, black.
Tentacular cirrus of the first segment and the lower cirrus of the
second segment equal in length; about one-half as long as the other
cirri; these reach about to the fourth setigerous segment.
The branchie are all acute, growing progressively longer and wider
from the first segment (fig. 102) to the middle of the body (fig. 103),
after which they continue to increase in length, but diminish in breadth,
becoming very long and narrow on the posterior segments (fig. 104).
The ventral cirri undergo similar changes, but not to the same extent.
The segments of the posterior half of the body are crossed by a narrow
raised band.
The sete have very short terminal articles (fig. 105); the stem ter-
minates in a series of minute teeth, with one much larger slightly curved
tooth. The proboscis is long, cylindrical, densely covered with cylin-
drical papille. Segments, deeply incised.
Body, dark green ; branchize, dark brown, with green margin; a dark
brown spot at the base of the feet, both above and below.
The specimen from which the figure of the head was made had the
head retracted, so that the first pair of tentacular cirri seem to originate
beneath the head; in extended specimens the first segment is plainly
(T] . ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 105
visible. Some specimens had four eyes; in this case they are all on the
same straight line, the outer pair smaller than the inner.
_ The transverse band crossing the segments is densely ciliated, and
there is a line of cilia on the posterior face of the branchie (after the
first few segments), near the inner margin.
Common. Low water to 20 fathoms.’
ETEONE (Sav.) Orsted.
ETEONE ALBA Webster.
Annelida Chetopoda of New Jersey, p. 106, pl. ii, figs. 13-16, 1880.
We found this species in New Jersey, associated with Streblospio
Benedicti WEBSTER, for the most part in mussel beds, in about 15 feet
of water. We found it at Wellfleet, associated with the same species,
but near high-water mark, in firm mud.
Not common.
ETEONE CINEREA 2. sp.
(Pu. I, Fias. 1-5.)
Head convex above, flattened below, constricted just back of the or-
igin of the superior antenne, sides and anterior and posterior margin
convex. (fig. 4.)
Antenne stout, conical, white, one-third as long as the head.
Eyes two, minute, black, hardly perceptible in alcoholic specimens.
Buccal segment a little more than half as long as the head ; from the
middle of its anterior margin a small rounded papilla projects. —
Tentacular cirri short; the lower a little longer than the upper, and
with a sudden falling off in diameter at the outer third; inner two-thirds
fusiform.
The dorsal cirri (branchiz) have nearly the same shape throughout.
On the anterior segments (fig. 1) not quite so large as on the middle
segments, and closer to the foot; ou the middle segments (fig. 2) re-
mote from the foot; on the posterior segments (fig. 3) smaller even than
the anterior, but not in contact with the foot; they are all thick, flattened,
with nearly straight sides and bluntly rounded end. The ventral cirri
are like the dorsal, but smaller.
The sete are numerous, quite short; the stem (fig. 5) terminates in
two sharp, elongated points; the appendix, three times as long as the
stem, is wide at base, but narrows rapidly to a minute capillary termi-
nation.
Anal segment smooth, cylindrical, as long as the four segments pre-
ceding it, without cirri, they having probably been lost.
The anterior and posterior segments are crossed by a distinct im-
pressed line ; the middle segments by two lines. Along the middle third
the segments are longer and wider than elsewhere; the body tapering
S. Mis. 110 45
706 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8}
a little forwards, rapidly along the posterior third; the posterior seg-
ments are about one-third the length and width of the median. The
general color is light-gray, with a few scattered brown specks ; anal seg-
ment, light-green; antennz and tentacular cirri, white.
Greatest width, 2™™. Length, 28™™.
Single specimen, dredged; 20 fathoms ; era and shells.
Family HESIONID.
PODARKE Ehlers.
PODARKE OBSCURA Verrill.
VERRILL. Invert. Animals of Vin. Sound, etc., p. 589, pl. xii, fig. 61, 1874.
WEBSTER. Annel. Chet. of the Virgn. Coast, p. 216, 1899. Annel. Chet. of New Jer-
sey, p. 107, 1879.
Provincetown and Wellfleet. Not common. Low water; sand and
mud.
PODARKE CHCA n. sp.
(Pu. I, Fires. 6-8.)
We found a few specimens of Podarke differing much from Podarke
obscura VERRILL; it may be found to be the young of some species.
The head (fig. 6) was evenly rounded in front and at the sides;
nearly straight behind; length to width as two to three; slightly con-
vex; no eyes; antenne arising from nearly cylindrical basal articles;
posterior unpaired antenna, arising near the posterior margin, not quite
so long or so stout as the others; upper (anterior) pair close to each
other, near the anterior margin of the head; length (without basal ar-
ticles) about equai to the length of the head; lower pair arise from
the under surface of the head, just outside the upper pair; a trifle more
delicate than the latter.
The first segment encroaches laterally on the head, reaching about
to the middle line; it is nearly as long at the sides as the following
segment, elsewhere about one-half as long.
The tentacular cirri are six on each side, not at all crowded, a single
pair from each of the first three segments; they have stout and rather
long cylindrical basal articles; are very variable in length; taper uni-
formly to a bluntly rounded apex. The feet (fig. 7) are quite large,
pointed externally, much swollen at base, owing to the origin of the
basal portion of the dorsal cirri.
The dorsal cirri do not extend beyond the feet, are delicate, conical ;
base a little swollen.
Ventral cirri given off at about the outer fourth of the foot; extend
about to the end of the foot.
The segments are deeply incised, much wider than long, slightly con-
vex, both from side to side and from before backwards.
[9] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 707
On our specimens there were no sete in the dorsal rami; as they were
not in good condition, it seems probable that these sete had been lost,
as is often the case in Podarke obscura. The ventral setz have the
usual form; one in each bundle is very long, both in stem and appendix,
those above and below it proportionately shorter as they are more re-
mote; from 4 to 8 in each bundle.
The general color is yellowish white, crossed above and below by
many transverse bands, made up of irregularly shaped, yellowish-
brown spots and specks.
Width, without feet, at ninth segment, 2™™,
Length of first 10 segments, 10™™,
No entire specimen was found.
Low water; sand.
HESIONE (Savigny) Quartrefages.
HESIONE AGILIS n. sp.
(Pu. I, Fras. 9-11.)
‘he head of this species is very peculiar (fig. 6); anterior margin
with a slight median convexity, otherwise straight; outer angles very
broadly rounded; lateral margins concave; posterior margin very con-
cave; posterior angles prolonged far backward, forming wide, obtusely
rounded lappets.
The length of the head along the middle line is one-third the width
of its anterior part, while the distance from the anterior to the poste-
rior lateral angles is a little more than two-thirds the same length.
The posterior antenne arise from rounded projections (basal articles),
half way between the eyes and anterior margin of the head; they are
conical, a little swollen at base, in length about double the length of
the head along the line on which they stand; the anterior antenne arise
from the front margin of the head in front of and a trifle within the
posterior antennee; they have stout cylindrical basal articles, are con-
ical, a little longer than the posterior pair.
There are two pairs of eyes, lateral; bright red; anterior pair oval,
oblique, large; posterior pair a little within the anterior, in contact with
them, more or less regularly crescentiec.
The tentacular cirri have the form shown in the figure, but their length
was not even approximately the same onany two specimens. The long-
est one figured would reach about to the fourth segment, but in some
specimens one of the cirri reaches to the eighth or even to the tenth
segment. Out of half a dozen specimens taken we could determine no
law for the relative length of the cirri; nor could we even say whether,
as a rule, the upper were longer or shorter than the lower.
It would seem that they are normally very long, from two to four
times as long as figured, but readily lost and renewed. They have long
708 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
and stout cylindrical basal articles, and taper uniformly to a bluntly
rounded apex. ‘The feet, dorsal cirri, and sete are all very long, and
increase in length from the first segment to the middle of the body, and
then as regularly decrease. The superior ramus (fig. 7) bears a dorsal.
cirrus, which is as long or even longer than its foot; and a bundle of
very delicate capillary sete, as long as the cirrus, and quite numerous;
the ventral ramus is just below the dorsal and projects beyond it, form-
ing nearly one-half of the foot; it ends in a minute conical cirrus, is
obliquely truncated below, and bears on its lower posterior margin a
conical ventral cirrus, which projects beyond the apex of the foot’ by
about one-half its length. The ventral ramus has a fan of compound
sete (fig. 8) which decrease in length uniformly from the upper to the
lower part of the fan; the appendix of these setz is about one-third the
length of the stem.
The anterior enlarged part of the digestive tract extends through
the first four segments ; itis nearly cylindrical, tapering somewhat along
the posterior third; is finely but distinctly transversely striated ; has
a deep median dorsal longitudinal incision or depression of varying
width. The transverse striz can be seen passing to the bottom of this
depression in front, but behind it seems to be carried completely through,
giving two bluntly rounded posterior terminations to this organ. Back
of this the intestine has a yellowish, granular appearance, and for six
segments sends diverticula into the feet, one-third as long as the feet.
One, two, or three segments preceding the anal have rudimentary
appendages. The annal segment is much like the others, bears two
anal cirri, in all respects similar to the dorsal cirri. Body slightly convex
above and below; colorless, except as colored by the contents of the
digestive tract; tapering uniformly, but gradually, from the first seg-
ment to the last.
The largest specimen had 18 setigerous segments.
Length, 2.55™"; width of middle segment, 0.25™™; length of foot from
miniddle segment, 0.36™™,
Found near high-water mark in sandy-mud, Wellfleet, Mass.
The width was about the same in all the specimens, but in most a
number of the posterior segments had been lost.
According to the diagnosis given by Ehlers (Borsten., p. 187), this
species is a Hesione. Ehlers does not mention a definite number of
tentacular cirri. Grube, in his Annulata Semperiana, speaking of Fal-
lacia QUATREFAGES, which is established as a genus because it has four
pairs of tentacular cirri on each side, says that this is also the case with
Hesione SAVIGNY, as is plainly stated in the preliminary description of
the genus, Systeme des Annelides, p. 9. Grube further claims that the
figure of Hesione splendida (I. ¢., pl. iii, fig. 3) shows six tentacular cirri,
and the basal joint of another, on each side, and remarks that the loss
of tentacular cirri is common in this group.
Quatrefages has examined the specimen from which Savigny made
[11] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 709
his description. He regards it as having but six pairs of tentacular
cirri, and succeeds in complicating matters by saying that the cirri of
the feet are retractile (‘ Pedes longiusculi, cirri retractiles”), whereas
Savigny says that the tentacular cirri are retractile, a thing sufficiently
hard to believe. Langerhans (Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zodlo-
gie, p. 306, 1879) adopts Grube’s view as to Hesione and Fallacia, and
refers Hesione Steenstrupti QUATREFAGES to Halimede RATHKE; but
Halimede is regarded by Malmgren as a synonym of Castalia (SAv.)
SARS, though on what grounds, if Rathke’s description is in any way
valid, it is hard to understand. The genera of Hesionidz seem to be
badly confused. Our specimens differ from most of the described genera
in having the feet distinctly biramous, with two entirely distinct
bundles of sete. However, this is also the case with Podarke BHLERS,
though expressly placed by Quatrefages among the uniramous forms.
Our specimens, though differing somewhat from the diagnoses, seem
to belong to Hesione SAVIGNY as understood by Quatrefages; and to
Halimede RATHKE as understood by Langerhans; while if regard be
had strictly to the original descriptions of these genera, they could
hardly be referred to either.
Orsted, in his diagnosis of Castalia, assigns to it maxilla, and figures
the maxille of Castalia punctata (Annulatorum Danicorum Conspectus,
p. 23, fig. 65). It will be seen that similiar structures exist in our spe-
cies, but they do not seem to be hard parts. We could spare only one
specimen for this examination, but the parts in question appeared to
be neither chitinous nor calcareous.
Family SYLLID.
SYLLIDES Orsted.
We accept the genus Syllides on the authority of Professor Langer-
hans, never having seen the original description. Marion-Bobretzky
have described a species of the same genus, referring it to Anoplosyllis
CLAPAREDE. Before seeing Langerhans’s work on the Syllide we pro-
posed to refer our specimens to Anoplosyllis, though we were doubtful
as to the propriety of so doing.
SYLLIDES CONVOLUTA, n. sp.
(Pu. II, Figs 12-16.)
Head (fig. 12) with anterior and posterior margins slightly convex ;
sides well rounded; length to breadth as three to two; eyes six, bright
red; anterior pair very close to the anterior and lateral margins; of
the posterior pairs, those in front are largest, and external, the eyes on
either side being almost in contact.
The palpi are longer than the head; coalesce along their inner third;
outer margin convex; inner margin concave; apex bluntly rounded.
710 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12]
A short conical cirrus, arising from the lower face of the palpi at about
the middle point, extends directly downward. ‘This is a peculiar feat-
ure, which seems not to have been previously described in any species
of this family. The antenne are claviform; the median longest, about _
twice the length of the head and palpi together, arising between the
posterior eyes; the lateral antenne arise very near the anterior margin
of the head, just outside of the anterior eyes; they are about two-thirds
as long as the median.
The tentacular cirri, in all respects similar to the lateral antenne,
arise very near the anterior margin of the segment; the lower cirrus is
a little shorter than the upper.
The buccal segment is as long as the next segment.
The dorsal cirri of the first two setigerous segments are a little more
slender than the tentacular cirri, but in other respects similar to them ;
those on the remaining segments are distinctly articulated; they vary
in length from two to four times the width of the body. There are three
anal cirri, two lateral articulated, a median not articulated. The
pharynx reaches to the middle or to the posterior margin of the third
segment; we did not make out clearly the structure of its anterior end.
The stomach is a little longer than the pharynx, very large, nearly fill-
ing the segments, which it occupies; it has the structure common to
this group, but in front shows a peculiar organ, as to the character of
which we made no notes in the living specimens, having probably failed
to observe it. This organ is transversely oval, convex in front, concave
behind, and crossed by numerous waved lines, which radiate from the
middle point behind. The feet are very long (fig. 16), and bear a long,
conical, or finger-shaped ventral cirrus, which points either directly or
ante backward.
The setz are from five to seven in each foot, a6 of two kinds: one
(fig. 14) compound, with the appendix delete elongated ; the other,
of which there is but one in each bundle, simple (fig. 15), with a small
terminal button. The longest of the compound sete are about as long
as the foot, the others from one-half to two-thirds as long.
The body is much wider in the middle than at either extremity; seg-
ments deeply incised, especially along the middle third. Two of the
median segments are shown in fig. 13; these are from the same speci-
men as fig. 12, and are magnified to the same extent.
Body slightly convex above, nearly flat below, colorless; intestine
brown, yellowish brown, or reddish brown.
Dorsal cirri and antenne readily lost. This species throws itself
quickly into a coil, very much as is the habit of Glycera (Rhynchobolus).
Length, 25™™.
Grcteen width, 0.2™™ (about).
Number of segments, 45.
Number of segments varies from 35 to 50.
Low water, sand, Race Run, near Provincetown.
{13] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 711
Marentzeller figures the sete of Syllis ochracea as bidentate; Marion-
Bobretzky represent the same sete as ending in a single point, and
both writers give additional simple sete, which do not exist on our spe-
cies, but which, as figured by these authors, do not agree with each
other. The compound set on our species do not seem to be bidentate,
but this may be owing to our object-glass not being sufficiently good.
Marion-Bobretzky also show a peculiar destitution of the margin of the
stem, near its end, not shown by Marentzeller, and not seen in our spe-
cies.
STREPTOSYLLIS, n. g.
Antenne, three; tentacular cirri, four; dorsal cirri, partly smooth,
partly articulated ; cesophagus unarmed, with a circle of papille at its
anterior end ; stomach passing directly into the intestines; sete of two
kinds, simple and compound, both kinds covered by a membrane exter-
nally ;* palpi united for most of their length, turned downward so as
not to be visible from above.
It will be seen that this genus agrees in some respects with Amblyo-
syllis GRUBE (Pterosyllis CLAPAREDE), but the head is not ‘“ winged”;
the sete are very peculiar, and the dorsal cirri cannot be described either
as smooth or moniliform, since both forms occur on the same specimen.
It would, perhaps, be well to include the peculiar form of the sets in
the generic description. Unfortunately, we found but one species, and
it seems better not to multiply characteristics on such a narrow basis.
STREPTOSYLLIS ARENA, 2. sp.
(PL. II, II, Fias. 17-23. )
Head convex, sides and front regularly rounded (fig. 17), posterior
margin curved forward, posterior angles bluntly rounded. Eyes, six;
anterior pair small, crescentic, just behind and outside the origin of the
lateral antenne; outer posterior pair largest, irregularly oval, in con-
tact with the inner pair, or sometimes merged with them; inner pos-
terior pairs small, circular.
The antenne and tentacular cirri are never annulated, but are more
or less regularly wrinkled. They vary much in form. They may taper
quite regularly from base to apex, or only along their outer third or fourth,
or they may be somewhat clavate. The lateral antenne arise very close
to the anterior margin of the head; they are from three to four times
as long as the head. The median antenna, longer than the lateral, arises
a little back of the eyes, near the posterior margin of the head.
The buccal segment in alcoholic specimens, or in living contracted
specimens, is about one-half as long as the next segment, but in exten-
sion it may nearly equal the length of that segment. The upper ten-
tacular cirrus is a little longer than the lower cirrus, a little shorter than
the lateral antenne.
*Stem of compound set terminating in four teeth or lobes.
(12 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
m3
The palpi are large, swollen at base, united along their inner two-
thirds, then becoming somewhat flattened, and with their outer angle
prolonged into a delicate conical cirrus (fig. 18). As noticed above,
they cannot be seen in a dorsal view, being always turned directly down-
ward.
The dorsal cirri are exceedingly variable in form, structure, and length.
They may be conical or clavate; wrinkled irregularly (fig. 17); artic-
ulated with each article divided longitudinally (fig. 20); articulated
without the longitudinal division; or nearly smooth (fig. 19). Their
length may be less than the width of the body, or three times the width.
All these variations occur on the same specimen, and without any ap-
parent order.
The ventral cirri arise near the end of the foot (fig. 21), are short
(relatively) on the first foot, but lengthen rapidly, becoming very long
on the fourth segment. They are irregularly wrinkled, often with a deep
constriction at the outer third or fourth. They are larger at base than
the dorsal cirri of the same segment, and taper regularly to a bluntly
rounded apex. They usually are directed backward, but often are coiled
(fig. 20). They retain their length even on the posterior segments, and
are there longer than the dorsal cirri. There are three anal cirri (fig.
19); a median, which may be as long as the ventral cirri, and two lateral,
three to four times as long.
The anal segment is much narrower than the segment preceding it,
convex above and below, margin regularly rounded.
The setz are of two kinds. In every bundle there is one long simple
seta (fig. 23), straight or slightly curved, bluntly rounded at its apex,
where it is covered with a membrane, which is prolonged along the seta
for nearly one-fourth of its length. This seta is always in the upper
part of the bundle; in length it is about the same as the stem of the
compound sete.
The compound set are numerous, crowded, the terminal part of the
stem divided into four distinct processes or lobes, between which the
appendix is inserted (fig. 22). The length of the stem is always about
equal to the length of the foot, and as the anterior feet are shortest, so
also are the stem partsof the anterior sete. The appendix on the anterior
segments is very short, about one-half as long as the one figured, but not
differing otherwise. In all the bundles a few of the short forms occur,
but do not make up the bundle, as they do on the anterior segments.
The appendix is covered with a membrane, which is prolonged down the
sides. The csophagus and stomach have about the same length and
diameter, occupying together twelve segments. The cesophagus is
strongly convoluted. The “glands” of the stomach are hexagonal, the
rows very humerous; a small part of the anterior end of the stomach is
without them. There are no special glands back of the stomach, but
it is simply reduced in diameter, and prolonged into the intestine. The |
body is strongly convex above; less so below. The first segment is |
i ah
15 ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. tbe
9]
about one-half the width of the 10th; from this segment the diameter is
nearly uniform, save that the last few segments fall off somewhat rapidly.
Body colorless in front; cesophagus light brown; stomach white; back
of the stomach the body is yellowish, or light brownish-yellow, with
numerous white specks.
Length of largest specimen, 8™™,
Greatest width, 0.5™™.
Number of segments, 55.
Low water; sand.
GRUBEA (Quatrefages) Claparéde.
GRUBEA DOLICHOPODA Marentzeller.
Grubea dolichopoda MARENTZELLER. Zur Kentniss der Adriatischen Anneliden, p. 26,
pl. av, fied, 1874.
Grubea tenuicirrata WEBSTER. Annelida Chet. of New Jersey, p. 109 (corrected in
foot-note, p. 110, to G. dolichopoda. )
Prof. Langerhans, in his monograph of the SYLLID2 (Zeitschrift fiir
Wissens. Zodl., p. 564, 1879), identifies G. dolichopoda MARENTZ. with G.
clavata CLPD., and regards G. tenwicirrata CLPD. as a distinct species.
If this conclusion is based only on the descriptions and figures given
by Claparéde and Marentzeller, and not on examination of the type
specimens, it would seem hardly tenable. On the other hand, the differ-
ences indicated by Marentzeller between G. dolichopoda and G. tenuicir-
rata are very slight; so slight that it seems probable that these forms
are identical. There is nothing in the text to indicate that Langerhans
examined specimens of G. tenuicirrata CLPD., and the differences be-
tween this species and G. clavata, as understood by him, refer mainly
to the terminal points of the compound set and to the position of the
pharyngeal tooth. As to the fine points of the seta, Claparéde’s figures
in the Glanwres are certainly not reliable; and the position of the pha-
ryngeal tooth was not regarded as of so much consequence when he
wrote his description as at the present time, when it is regarded not
only as a good, but as a sufficient, generic character, at least by Lan-
gerhans in his monograph (l. ¢., p. 526, SYLLIS. —, p. 541, OPISTHOSYL-
LIS). It may be further noted that Langerhans gives G. clavata four
anal cirri, while G. dolichopoda Marentz. has but three.
Common on stones, shells, &c., at low water.
SPHAROSYLLIS Claparéde.
Langerhans, in commenting on the genus SPHA2ROSYLLIS, says that
Claparede did not sufficiently insist on the coalescence of the buccal
segment with the head. He therefore adds as one of the important
generic characteristics this union of head and buccal segment. The
species described below, from Provincetown, have the buccal segment
quite distinct; this is also the case with S. fortuita Webster, from Vir-
714 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16]
ginia. Claparéde regards the form of the cirri and antenne, swollen,
spherical at base, as a generic characteristic. That this is not valid is
shown by S. fortuita and also by one of the new forms described below.
SPHZROSYLLIS BREVIFRONS, n. sp.
(Pu. III, Fies. 24-30.)
This species belongs to the typical SPH4ROSYLLIS in the form of
the dorsal appendages, in the presence of numerous papill#, and in
general structure, but differs from any heretofore described in the short-
ness of the palpi, and from all save S. fortuita in the presence of a well-
marked buccal segment, visible from above.
The head (fig. 24) is short, very wide, almost completely fused with
the palpi in front, sides rounded; middle third of the posterior margin
convex, encroaching on the buccal segment; the margin, external to the
middle third, slightly concave. Eyes, six; the posterior pairs widely
separated; those on each side close together; the external pair seme-
times crescentic, sometimes oval; the internal small, circular; the ante-
rior pair minute, situated just external to the bases of the lateral
antenne.
The palpi are short, coalesced, slightly emarginate in front.
The antenne have a swollen, globular base, and a short cylindrical
outer part.
The tentacular cirri are like the antennze, but a little longer.
The buccal segment, according to the state of contraction, may be
from one-third to three-fourths as long as the next segment.
The dorsal cirri have also a swollen base, which forms about one-half
the entire length. Sometimes the base passes gradualiy into the outer
part; in this case there is usually a single constriction (fig. 26); or the
base may be separated by a well-defined constriction from the outer part,
in which case the appendix may usually be regarded as composed of two
articles (fig. 27).
The anal cirri (fig. 25) are stouter than the dorsal, much swollen at
base, without constriction.
The ventral cirri (fig. 26) are slightly flattened, sides nearly straight,
apex bluntly rounded, about one-half as long as the dorsal cirri.
In each bundle of sete is one simple, straight, or slightly curved, seta
(figs. 29, 30); the others are compound, and practically all of one kind
(fig. 28), differing only in length of stem and appendix.
Pharynx occupying about three segments; stomach a little shorter
than the pharynx.
Body, colorless; eyes, red.
Length, a=.
Wadth Osta:
Number of segments, 22.
{17] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 15
Other specimens were larger and with more segments; in no case did
the length exceed 1.5™™,
Low water; sand.
A number of specimens, which we are quite unable to separate from
this species, were collected by Mr. Benedict at South Norwalk, Conn.
They differ only in the length of the buccal segment, which is harJly
visible dorsally. This is probably due to different states of contraction,
though it seems curious that all of the Provincetown specimens should
show the buccal segment plainly, and that none of the specimens from
South Norwalk should show it.
SPHAROSYLLIS LONGICIRRATA, 2. sp.
(Pu. VIII, Fries. 95-100.)
Head with the anterior and lateral margins (fig. 95) regularly rounded,
posterior margin very slightly convex, nearly straight. The posterior
part of the head, bounded in front by a curved line drawn through the
bases of the antenna, is elevated, convex, the part of the head in front
of this line being thin, depressed; sometimes the depression is prolonged
backward between the eyes for a varying width, giving lateral eleva-
tions, on which the four posterior eyes are found.
Eyes, six; the two posterior pairs large, circular, nearly on the same
straight line; the anterior pair very small, just in front of the origin of
the lateral antenne.
The antenne are somewhat fusiform, irregularly constricted, bluntly
rounded at apex; median antenna one-third longer than the head and
palpi; lateral a little shorter.
The tentacular cirri, dorsal, and anal cirri have the same structure as
the antennez. The dorsal cirri originate some distance within the foot,
and are very long for the genus; there is usually a deep constriction
at the outer third or fourth, setting off a fusiform appendix. The anal
cirri may be double the length of the dorsal.
The buccal segment, in extension, is as long as the second segment.
The palpi are large, convex externally, concave internally, apex
bluntly rounded, anterior third free, connected by a thick membrane
along their posterior two-thirds; this membrane emarginate in front,
and divided into lateral halves by an impressed line, which runs back
to the head.
The pharynx occupies four segments, the stomach two.
The feet (fig. 97) are stout, nearly cylindrical, truncated externally.
The ventral cirri, bluntly conical, are about one-half the length of the
foot in front; behind, as long as the foot.
In each foot is a fan of compound sete and one simple seta (fig. 100).
The compound sete are very delicate, differing from each other only in
length (figs. 98, 99).
Body, colorless; stomach, white; intestines, brown or yellow.
716 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18]
Length, 4-5™™.
Number of segments, 33.
Sexual (capillary) sete on the male appear at the twelfth segment,
and exist on all save the last 3-5 segments.
Common at low water on shells, &ec.
PADOPHYLAX Claparéde.
PADOPHYLAX HEBES, 2. sp.
(Pu. III, Figs. 31-36.)
In this species the head (fig. 31) is very short, the width being more
than double the length; the anterior angles are very broadly rounded;
the anterior and posterior margins but slightly curved. Eyes, six; the
anterior pair mere specks; the posterior pairs on each side very close
to each other, sometimes in contact; large, circular.
Palpi very large, without indication of division above; below, a nar-
row sulcus; their length is more than double the length of the head.
The median antenna arises close to the posterior margin of the head,
and reaches to the middle, or a little beyond the middle, of the palpi.
Its form seems to be variable, but in general the inner third is narrow;
the middle third somewhat enlarged; the outer part narrowed, but not
so much as the basal part. The lateral antenne are mere buds, about
the size of the tentacular cirri.
The buccal segment is about one-half as long as the second segment ;
its cirri very short.
The pharynx, in one specimen, occupied the first five segments; the
stomach three to four. In another the stomach occupied the eighth and
ninth segments.
The dorsal cirri are a trifle larger than the tentacular cirri, but very
small; and although the posterior cirri are a little larger than the an-
terior, they are always smaller than the ventral cirri. These last are
conical, minute, arising from the body, within the foot, and reaching
about to the apex of the foot. The feet are short, stout, fleshy.
There are two kinds of sete, simple and compound, with certain slight
form variations in each series. On the anterior segments the sete are all
compound (figs. 33, 34), short, with short appendix. At about the begin-
ning of the middle third the simple sete appear. These are, at first,
straight, single pointed sete (fig. 35), placed dorsally, one to each bundle,
Ona few of the posterior segments these are replaced by shorter setz,
which have a second sharp point developed below the terminal point
(fig. 36).
The anal segment is a little longer than the segment preceding it; it
bears three anal cirri—a short median and two lateral—which are
double the length of the median antenna. They are more or less fusi-
form.
[19] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. T17
The body is widest in the middle; the length and width of the median
segments are about equal; length of the anterior segments much less
than the width.
Body gray or flesh color; According to the notes made on the living
forms, one specimen had dark red eyes; another black eyes.
Length of largest specimen, 7™™.
Number of segments, 44.
In confinement very sluggish, not at all inclined to move about.
From low water to 25 fathoms; sand and shells.
AUTOLYTUS (Grube) Marentaeller.
AUTOLYTUS CORNUTUS A. Agassiz.
A. AGassiz. Journal Boston Society Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 392, plates 9-11. 1863.
VERRILL, Invert. Animals of Vin. Snd., ete., p. 590, pl. xii, figs. 65, 66. 1874.
Wellfleet, low water, in sand.
Provincetown, 25 fathoms, sand and shells.
Not common.
NERILLA Schmidt.
(Family not determined.)
NERILLA ANTENNATA Schmidt.
Nerilla antennata SCHMIDT. Reise nach der Firér, p. 38, pl. iii, figs. 8, 8a. 1848.
GRUBE. Fam. der Ann., p. 62. 1856.
CLAPAREDE. Beobachtungen, etc., p. 48, pl. xii, figs. 16-20. 1863.
Dujardinia antennata QUATREFAGES. Hist. Nat. des Annelés, vol. iii, p.69. 1865.
We found this species quite abundant in sand at low water. Itis
unquestionably Schmidt’s species.
Family NEREIDA:.
NEREIS (L.) Cuvier.
NEREIS VIRENS Sars.
Nereis virens Sars. Beskrivelser og Jagttagelser, p. 58, pl. 10, fig. 27. 1835.
Nereis grandis STIMPSON. Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 34, fig. 24. 1853.
Nereis Yankiana QUATREFAGES. Histoire des Annelés, vol. i, p. 153, pl.17, figs. 7-8.
1865.
Atitia virens KINBERG. Annulata Nova, p. 172. 1865.
MALMGREN. Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, p. 183, et Annulata Polychata,
p- 56, pl. iii, fig. 19. 1867.
Nereis virens EHLERS. Borstenwiirmer, p. 559, pl. xxii, figs. 29-32. 1868.
VERRILL. Invert. Animals of Vineyard Sound, p. 590, pl. xi, figs. 47-50.
1874,
WesBsTER. Annel. Chat. of the Virginian Coast, p.235. 1879.
TURNBULL. Anatomy and Habitsof. Trans. Connecticut Academy, vol.
iii. 1865.
718 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20]
This species we found, both abundant and large, between tides, °
ranging nearly to the top of high water.
At Provincetown it was the only shore Nereis, the N. limbata, so
common everywhere south of the Cape, not being found at Provincetown
at all, though found at Wellfleet.
NEREIS LIMBATA LHhlers.
EHLERS. Die Borstenwiirmer, p. 567. 1868.
VERRILL. Invert. Animals of Vineyard Sound, etc., pp. 318, 590, pl. xi, fig.51. 1874.
WesstTER. Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, p. 235, pl. vi, figs. 70.75. 1879.
Annel. Chet. of New Jersey, p. 111, pl. iii, figs. 21,22. 1880.
We found a number of specimens of this species at Wellfleet in sand
and mud. All small. Not found at Provincetown at all, though care-
fully looked for. At Wellfleet, on some oysters lately brought from
Chesapeake Bay, we found a living specimen of JN. limbata.
NEREIS PELAGICA Linn.
This widely distributed species was common at all depths below fif-
teen fathoms. For synonomy up to 1868, see Ehler’s Borstenwiirmer,
p. 511.
Nereis pelagica LINN. Syst. Nat.,ed. x, p. 654; ed. xii, p. 1086.
VERRILL. Invert. Animals of Vineyard Sound, etc., p. 591, pl. xi,
figs.52-55. 1874.
MARENTZELLER. Siidjapanische Anneliden, parti, p.14. 1879.
NEREIS TENUIS ”. sp.
(Pu. III, IV, Fries. 37-43.)
The width of the head (fig. 37), in its widest part, nearly equal to
the length; posterior two-thirds convex, with convex sides; anterior
third much narrowed and flattened, and with a median depression run-
ning back to the convex part of the head.
Hyes lateral, not quite so regular in outline as shown in the figure;
posterior pair a trifle larger than the anterior.
Palpi long, and with long terminal articles, the basal part being a
little longer than the head.
Antenne conical, delicate, close to each other at base, half as long as
the head.
The proboscis (fig. 38) has the basal and maxillary rings of about the
same length. Paragnathi small, conical, black, arranged as follows:
I, wanting; II, single curved series; III, a transverse series, near the
posterior margin of the ring; IV, curved line; V, three at the angles
of a triangle; VI, wanting; VII and VIII, merged, forming a series, in
part single, in part double.
The jaws were not completely exposed; on the part seen there were
five stout, rectangular teeth.
[21] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 13
Buccal segment a little longer than the second segment.
Tentacular cirri with long cylindrical basal articles, the posterior
superior cirrus reaching about to the fourth segment, the others shorter,
as shown in the figure.
The dorsal cirri arise from the base of the lingula. On the anterior
segments this cirrus is as long as its lingula; it grows progressively
shorter to the tenth segment (fig. 59), after which it again lengthens,
becoming longer than the lingula on the middle and posterior segments.
The superior lingula and single lip of the dorsal ramus are alike in’
all respects; stout, conical, close together on the anterior segments,
shorter and more divergent behind.
The ventral ramus has but one lip, is shorter and wider than the
dorsal, somewhat flattened in front, with the lower margin concave
near the apex, but further back tapering regularly.
The ventral lingula is a little shorter than the upper lingula, in all
other respects similar to it; on the posterior segments (fig. 40) turned
downwards.
The ventral cirrus arises from a small elevation at the base of the
ventral lingula; on the anterior segments fusiform (fig. 39), further
back (fig. 40) more regularly conieal.
The sete are of three kinds (figs. 41, 42, 43). Those of the upper
ramus are short, hardly reaching beyond the ramus, appendix very
delicate, terminal points of stem of same length (fig.41). Those of the
lower ramus in two bundles; in the upper part of the upper bundle the
sete are the same as those described above (fig. 41); in the lower part
of the same bundle a few with short appendix (falcate), curved near the
end, apex bluntly rounded (fig. 43); in the lower bundle, anterior seg-
ments, many like fig. 43, a few like fig. 42; further back the falcate sets
become less numerous. In the single specimen found the setz of the
dorsal rami, after the first few segments, had all been lost. At first
there is a single black acieula in each ramus; further back a second
acicula, Slender, uncolored, appears in the aera ramus,
The eas was colorless except as colored by the blood, which showed
through very plainly; bases of feet opaque white, this color being due
to glands within them.
Length, 45™™.
Width, 1,2,
Posterior third tapering a trifle. This is the most delicate Nereis
described from our coast. It is easily recognized by its extreme nar-
rowness as compared with its length.
But one specimen was taken, off Race Run, near Provincetown; 20 to
25 fathoms, mud and sand.
720 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22]
Family EUNICID.
DIOPATRA Quatrefages.
DIOPATRA CUPREA Claparéde.
Nereis cuprea, Bosc. Hist. Nat. des Vers., Vol. i, p. 143 (teste Claparéde). 1802.
Eunice cuprea QUATREFAGES. Hist. Nat. des Annéles, vol. i, p. 331. 1865.
Diopatra cuprea CLAPAREDE. Annel. Chét. du Golfe de Naples, p. 432. 1868.
VERRILL. Invert. Animals of Vin. Sound, p. 593, pl. xiii, figs. 67, 68.
1874.
Wesster. Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, p. 236. 1879. Annel.
Chet. of New Jersey, p. 115.
Found sparingly at Provincetown; very common at Wellfleet, in the
harbor, at low water; sand and sandy mud.
NINOE Kinberg.
NINOE NIGRIPES Verrill.
Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound, p.595. 1874.
Dredged in from 12 to 20 fathoms; sand, shells.
LUMBRINEREIS (Blainville) Ehlers.
LUMBRINEREIS FRAGILIS Audouin and M. Edwards.
Lumbricus fragilis MOLLER. Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 216, n. 2611 (teste Malmgren).
Zool. Dan. vol. 1, p. 22, pl. xxii, figs. 1-3. 1788.
Scoletoma fragilis BLAINVILLE. Dict. des Sci. Nat., Article Vers, p. 492 (teste Aud. and
M. Ed.).
Lumbrinereis fragilis AUDOUIN and M. Epwarps. Littoral de la France, vol. i, p.
170. 1834.
QUATREFAGES. Hist. Nat. des Annéles, vol. i, p. 365. 1865.
Lumbriconereis fragilis ORstED. Consp. Ann. Dan. p. 15, figs. 1,2. 1843. Daniels-
sen, Reise, p. 50. 1857. Reise, p. 116. 1858. (teste Malmgren).
MALMGREN. Annulata Polycheta, p 177, pl. xv, figs. 83-83 D.
1867.
EHLERS. Die Borstenwiivmur, p. 395. 1868.
VERRILL. Invert. Animals of Vineyard Sound, p. 594. 1874.
LANGERHANS. Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zodlogie, p.
297. 1879.
' Lumbriconereis borealis KiNbeRG. Annulata Nova Ofvers af K. Vet.-Akad Férh, No.
10, p. 568. 1864.
Lumbriconcreis madeirensis. KINBERG. 1. ¢., p. 559 (teste Langerhans).
Very fine large specimens were dredged. Its resemblance to Ninoe
nigripes Verrill is very striking.
Twenty to thirty fathoms; sand and shells.
LUMBRINEREIS TENUIS Verrill.
Jnvert. Animals of Vin. Sound, ete., p.594. 1874.
This species was not often taken. Sand, low water.
[23] _ ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 121
DRILONEREIS Claparéde.
DRILONEREIS LONGA Webster.
Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, etc., p. 240, pl. vii, figs. 84-88. 1879. Annel
Chet. of New Jersey, p.116. 1880.
Quite abundant in sand at low water.
ARABELLA (Grube) Ehlers
ARABELLA OPALINA Verrill.
Inumbriconereis splendida Leipy. Marine Invert. Faunaof R.I.andN.J., p.10. 1855.
Inumbriconereis opalina VERRILL. Invert. An. of Vin. Sound, p. 594, pl. xiii, figs. 69, 70.
1874.
Arabella opalina VERRILL. Proc, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, for 1878, p. 299.
Wesster. Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, p.242. 1879. An-
nel. Chet. of New Jersey, p.116. 1880.
Very common at low water in sand.
STAUROCEPHALUS (Grube) Ehlers.
STAUROCEPHALUS PALLIDUS Verrill.
VERRILL. Invert. Animals of Vineyard Sound, p.595. 1874,
WEBSTER. Annel. Chiet.of the Virginian Coast, p.242. 1879. Annel. Chet. of New
Jersey, p.116. 1880. .
Very rare. Only two specimens were taken. Sand; low water.
STAUROCEPHALUS CAICUS 1. sp.
(PL. IV, Fias. 44, 44a-48.)-
The head of this species is constricted just in front of the origin of
the antenne, the widest part being back of the antenne, where the width
exceeds the length; the anterior part is regularly curved, obtuse (fig.
44). There are no eyes. —
The antenne are quite long, composed of about fifteen articles; in-
creasing slightly in diameter from origin along the inner third, then -
tapering gradually to the end; the last three or four articles elongated.
The palpi are stout, tragsversely wrinkled, canaliculate; terminal
article fusiform, bluntly rounded at apex, forming nearly one-third the
entire length.
The first two segments are about equal in length, a little longer than
those following them.
The dorsal cirri (fig. 45) have a terminal article shaped like the cor-
responding part of the palpi; they are nearly cylindrical, reach just
beyond the foot.
The ventral cirri are short, fusiform, arising near the apex of the foot
and reaching a little beyond it.
S. Mis. 110-——46
722 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [24]
The foot ends in three rounded lobes, of which the upper (fig. 45) is
very large, the two lower small and projecting beyond the upper, diver-
gent. The anterior feet are in length about one-half the width of the
body, growing progressively longer along the anterior third, from which
point their length equals the width of the segments to which they are
attached.
The anal segment is about double the length of the segment preced-
ing it. There are three anal cirri; the lateral cirri are made up of from
three to five nearly cylindrical articles, each one slightly less in diame-
ter than the one preceding it, and in length equal to the anal segment;
the median cirrus is in all respects similar to the basal article of the
lateral. ;
There are two kinds of set in the upper bundle; in the upper part
one to three very delicate capillary sete (fig. 46) minutely denticulated
along one edge for some distance; below these, two or three having a
very peculiar form (fig. 47); these are about two-thirds as long as
the first form, inner three-fourths of uniform diameter, near the end
denticulated, external tooth sharp pointed, prolonged nearly in the line
of the main part of the seta; external to the base of this tooth the seta
becomes suddenly very delicate, capillary. These setz may be curved,
as in the figure, or straight. In the lower bundle only compound setz
(fig. 48) are found. These are arranged in a fan, growing progressively
shorter from the upper to the lower part of the fan, the shortening, for
the most part, affecting the appendix. With such magnifying power as
we had the appendix of these seta seemed to have the apex bluntly
rounded, without tooth.
The body was convex above and at the sides, flattened below; the
segments distinctly separated from each other by well-impressed lines
of segmentation.
The general color was white.
Length of largest specimen, 8™™.
Width, 0.5™™,
Number of segments, 51.
In young specimens the antennzx and palpi appear as mere buds. The
head is larger relatively than in adults. The dorsal cirri have no basal
articles, but arise, like the ventral cirri in mature forms, from the side
of the foot, near the end. They moved with a perfectly uniform gliding
motion, due, no doubt, to the action of cilia, without any apparent effort
of the body or feet. In a more advanced stage the palpi were club-
shaped, lacking the terminal article.
Very common insand at low water. The young forms were especially
numerous.
25 ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. firs:
?
Family GLYCERID.
RHYNCHOBOLUS Clapareéde.
RHYNCHOBOLUS DIBRANCHIATUS Verrill.
Glycera dibranchiata EHLERS. Borstenwiirmer, p. 670, pl, xxiv, figs. 1, 10-28. 1868.
GRUBE. Jahres-Bericht der Schles. Gesell. fiir vater lin Cultur, p. 64. 1869.
Rhynchobolus dibranchiatus VERRILL. Invert. An. of Vin. Sound, etc., p. 596, pl. x,
figs. 43,44. 1874.
WEBSTER. Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, etc., p. 245. 1879, Annel.
Chet. of New Jersey, p. 117. 1880.
Very common in sand at low water.
GONIADA Audouin and M. Edwards.
GONIADA GRACILIS Verrill.
(Pu. V, Fies. 49-52.)
Hone gracilis VERRILL. Invert. An. of Vin Sound, ete., p. 596. 1874.
Goniada gracilis VERRILL. Proceedings U. 8S. National Museum, p. 174. 1879.
We found in the fine sand of the harbor, at about half-tide, a number
of specimens evidently referable to Goniada, and which we regarded as
undescribed. Professor Verrill, however, regarded them as belonging
to the species described by him as Hone gracilis, since changed to Gont-
ada gracilis, as above.
The apex of the head (fig. 49) is nearly hexagonal.
The antenne are composed of three articles, of which the inner forms
over half the entire length; the outer articles are about equal in leugth ;
the diameter decreases progressively ; external article very delicate.
The first and sixth segments of the head bear each a pair of minute
eyes; those on the sixth segment not always demonstrable in alcoholic
specimens.
The dorsal cirri on a few of the anterior segments and the ventral
cirri back of the middle of the body are rounded ; elsewhere they are
somewhat flattened, as is, also, the lower lip of the lower ramus.
The dorsal ramus appears at the 27th segment.
The sete of this ramus are short, simple, a iittle curved at the apex.
From the 26th-30th segment the long compound sete of the ventral
ramus become much elongated, the appendix, especially, being very long
and delicate. (Compare fig. 50 with fig. 52.)
This may be a sexual peculiarity; but, as all the specimens taken were
sexually mature, we had no means of determining this point.
The normal color would seem to be yellowish-white; this changes to
pure white in the males after the 50th, and to flesh-color, varying from
light to dark, in the females, after the 20th segment. The eggs are
724 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [26]
large, crowded, flesh-colored, determining the color of the body, in the
females, given above.
In confinement they were very active, moving about rapidly, and
throwing themselves into coils, after the manner of Rhynchobolus.
Length in contraction, 35—50™™,
Greatest diameter—1™,
They taper rapidly along a few of the anterior and posterior segments ;
otherwise the diameter is uniform.
Found sparingly, burrowing in the finest sand of the harbor; half-
tide to low water.
Family ARICIIDZ.
ARICIA (Savigny) Audouin and M. Edwards.
ARICIA ORNATA Verrill. .
Invert. An. of Vin. Sound, etc., p.596. 1874.
Not common. A few very fine large specimens were taken at extreme
low water, in sandy mud.
SCOLOPLOS Orsted.
SCOLOPLOS ROBUSTA.
Anthostoma robustum VERRILL. Op. cit., p. 597, pl. xiv, fig. 76. 1874.
Wesster. Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, p.258. 1879.
All the specimens taken were small. Sand; low water.
SCOLOPLOS FRAGILIS.
Anthostoma fragile VERRILL. Op.cit., p.598. 1874.
WesstTeER. Annel. Chet. of Virginian Coast, p.258. 1879. Of New
Jersey, p.121. 1880.
Common, especially at Wellfleet. Sand; low water.
Family OPHELIITDZ.
OPLILIA (Savigny) M. Edwards.
OPHELIA LIMACINA Sars.
Ammotrypane limacina H. RaATuKE. Noy. Act. Nat. Cur., vol. xxi, p. 190, pl. x, figs. 4-8.
1840.
GruBE. Fam.der Ann., p.70. 1851.
Koren. Nyt. Mag., vol. ix, p. 94 (teste Malmgren).
JOHNSTON. Cat. Brit. Mus., p.217. 1865.
QUATREFAGES. Hist. Nat. des Ann., vol. ii, p.279. 1865.
Ophelia bicornis OrstTED. Grénlands Annulata Dorsibranchiata, p. 32, figs, 104, 105, 115,
116,121. 1843.
[27] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 125
Ophelia bicornis Sars. Nyt. Mag., vol. vi, p. 207.
Ophelia limacina Sars. Nyt. Mag., vol. vii, p. 381 (teste Malmgren).
Ophelia borealis QUATREFAGES. Hist. Nat, des, Ann., vol. ii, p. 273, 1865,
Quite common in the sand, at low water.
AMMOTRYPANE JZ. Rathke.
AMMOTRYPANE FIMBRIATA Verrill.
Invert. An. of Vin. Sound, etc., p. 604, pl. xv., fig. 79. 1874.
Only one specimen was taken. Sand; low water. Wellfleet.
Family THELETHUSID 2.
ARENICOLA Lamarck.
ARENICOLA MARINA Malmgren.
Lumbricus marinus LINN. Syst. Nat., ed. xii, vol.i, p. 1077.
Inmbricus papillosus O. FABRICIUS., Fauna Groénlandica, p.283. 1780.
Arenicola piscatorum LAMARCK. Syst. d. An. sans. Vert., p.324. Hist. Nat. An. sans,
Vert., 2d ed., vol. v, p.580 (t. Malmgren).
Aup, AND M. Epwarps. — Littoral de la France, vol, ii, p, 285, pl.
8, figs. 8-12. 1834.
JOHNSTON. Cat. Brit. Mus., p.287. 1865.
uN
Arenicola marina malmgren Annulata Polycheta, p.188. 1867.
The specimens of this species were all collected in one locality, at
Race Run, in coarse sand. We did not tind it in Provincetown harbor
or at Wellfleet, though the conditions seemed to be favorable, and we
looked for it with care. At Race Run were obtained numerous speci-
mens, but they were all small.
Family CHLORAIMIDA.
TROPHONIA MM. Edwards.
TROPHONIA AFFINIS Verrill.
Siphonostomum affine Lrtwy. Marine Invert. Fauna of R. I. and N. J., p. 16, 1855.
Trophonia afinis VERRILL. Op. cit., p. 605, pl. xiv, fig. 75. 1874.
Only two specimens were collected. Low water; sand.
Family STERNASPIDZ.
’ STERNASPIS Ofto.
STERNASPIS FOSSOR Stimpson.
Stimpson. Marine Invert. of Grand Menan, p. 29, fig.19. 1854.
VERRILL. Invert. An. of Vin. Sound, p. 606, pl. xiv, fig. 74.
Abundant; dredged; 20-30 fathoms.
726 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [28]
\
°
Family CHAUTOPTERIDZ.
SPIOCHATOPTERUS Sars.
SPIOCHZTOPTERUS OCULATUS Webster.
Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, etc., p. 247, pl. vili, figs. 98-102. 1879.—Annel.
Chet. of New Jersey, p.118. 1880. '
We found this species in great numbers at Wellfleet. Here a great
area of sand-flat is exposed at low water, drained by swiftly running
streams. It is along the borders of these streams that this species is
most abundant. Often 6 or 8 could be obtained from a single “dig” of
the spade. It occured under the same conditions in Virginia and New
Jersey, but much more sparingly. These three localities are the only
ones reported up to this time.
Family SPIONIDA.
SCOLECOLEPIS Blainville.
SCOLECOLEPIS VIRIDIS Verrill.
VERRILL. Invert. Animals of Vin. Sound, ete., p. 600. 1874.
WEBSTER. Annel. Chet. of New Jersey, p.118. 1880.
Wellfleet. Rare, only one specimen taken. Sand, low water.
SCOLECOLEPIS CIRRATA Malmgren.
Nerine cirrata Sars. Nyt. Mag., vol. vi, p. 207 (teste Malmgren).
Scolecolepis cirrata MALMGREN. Annulata Polycheta, p. 199, pl. x, fig.54. 1867.
VERRILL. Invert. An. of Vin. Sound, p.602. 1874.
Not common. Dredged in from 20-30 fathoms; sand.
SPIO (0. Fabr.) Orsted.
SPIO SETOSA Verrill.
VERRILL. Op. cit., p. 602, pl. xiv, fig. 71. 1874.
WEBSTER. Annel. Chet. of N.J.,p.119. 1880.
_ Provincetown; low water to 25 fathoms.
Wellfleet; low water, sand.
Common.
(Sp1o RATHBUNI, %. sp.
(PL. V, Fias. 53-59.)
Head oval (fig. 53), length about double the width, sides very slightly
convex; anterior end divided into two rounded lobes; posterior end a
little narrower than the anterior; the anterior third of the head, together
*
[29] ANNELIDS ‘OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. (27
with a narrow lateral space, depressed, flattened; the remaining part of
the head somewhat elevated.
Eves small, black; variable both in number, position, and form; not
the same in any of these respects on any two specimens.
Tentacles of the form usual in this group, rather stout, reaching back
to the eighth segment, tapering slightly, the diameter at the apex be-
ing about one-half that at the base.
The buccal segment is very large, reaching in front to the anterior
margin of the head; at the sides and behind extending far beyond the
head; it has both dorsal and ventral rami, of the same form as those of
the next segment, but not quite so large.
The dorsal rami of the non-branchiated segments consist of an ante-
rior, low, rounded, lobe; and a posterior, somewhat elongated and flat-
tened, cirrus.
The ventral rami of the first ten segments do not differ materially
from the dorsal rami; after the tenth segment the ventral cirri grow
progressively smaller and disappear; the anterior lobe, now become
lateral and transverse, is lengthened and depressed (fig. 55).
On the branchiated segments nothing remains of the dorsal ramus
but a conical elevation from which the setx arise.
The branchiz begin on the thirteenth segment (fig. 55). They are
slightly wider at either extremity than in the middle, apex very widely
rounded; outer margin with a wide membrane reaching from base to
apex; inner margin, as well as an elevated membranous ridge uniting
the bases of the opposite branchiz, with very long, densely crowded cilia;
on the largest specimen taken there were 23 pair of branchize followed
by 15 non-branchiated segments.
The sete of the first eight segments are all capillary, mostly long and
delicate; those of the dorsal rami longer than the ventral. In both
rami are a few shorter sete, somewhat wider along their inner two-thirds
(fig. 56).
The dorsal sete of the branchiated region are a little shortened, but
back of the branchie grow long again, and are even more delicate than
in front.
On the 9th segment the ventral sete are changed to hooks (fig. 58),
of which there are from 4 to 7 in each rami; they project but slightly be-
yond the setigerous lobe, and are covered by a delicate membrane.
The anal segment ends in four short, stout, bluntly conical lobes (fig.
59). The body is flattened above, convex laterally and below. Im-
pressed lines, running along the ventral surface, include the middie
half of this surface; these, being crossed by the lines of segmentation,
furnish median ventral plates.
The extended proboscis was not seen.
The posterior margin of the mouth is crenulated; the anterior margin
of the buceal segment is divided by a longitudinal median incision into
two rounds! lobes, which may be widely separated or closely approxi-
mated.
728 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [30]
Largest specimen.
Length, 10™™.
Width, 0.5™™.
Number of segments, 49.
This species lives in delicate sand tubes; low water.
PRIONOSPIO (Malmgren) Sars.
PRIONOSPIO (species not determined).
A single specimen, too much injured for identification, was dredged
in the harbor. Bottom muddy, covered with dead eel-grass.
STREBLOSPIO Webster.
STREBLOSPIO BENEDICTI Webster.
(Pu. V, Fias. 60-64.)
Annel. Chat. of New Jersey, p. 120, pl. v, figs. 48-50. 1880.
The head (fig. 6) is emarginate in front. The lobes of the dorsal and
ventral rami do not disappear as stated in the original description, but
become much smaller; the error arose from not studying transverse
sections.
We found this species in great numbers at Wellfleet, above the har-
bor, living in soft, black mud, which formed a layer, two or three
inches thick, over compact sand. The tubes were placed vertically in
the mud, very close together. They were not as large as the specimens
found in New Jersey.
The anal segment has a shallow sucker (fig. 64), with thick, rounded
margin.
SPIOPHANES Grube.
SPIOPHANES VERRILLI 2. sp.
(Pu. VI, Fias. 65-72.)
Head (fig. 66) resting on the buccal segment; posterior half raised,
presenting somewhat the appearance of a carina; anterior half rapidly.
widening, thin, depressed, with anterior angles much prolonged. Eyes
four, small, black, lateral; anterior pair about on the middle line; pos-
terior pair half way between the anterior pair and the posterior margin
of the head. .
We were unable to find the minute posterior antenna represented as
belonging to this genus.
Tentacles (fig. 65) reaching back to the eighth segment; canalicu-
late, margins of canal rounded and scolloped.
The dorsal cirri on the anterior segments are wide at base, narrowed
at about the middle, with their outer half conical (fig 67); the base grad-
ually becomes more swollen, the apex more attenuated, until the middle
[31] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 729
line is reached, when the basal part becomes smaller, the outer part
longer, with a slight increase in its diameter. Back of the dorsal cirri
of the anterior segments is a thin plate, with convex margin, in front of
which the set arise. This plate exists on all segments, but after a
few of the anterior becomes narrower, longer, conical (fig. 69).
_ The ventral cirri of the first four segments are a little smaller than
the dorsal cirri; they have a straight upper, a convex lower, margin ;
behind them is a plate or lobe similar to the dorsal ramus; back of
the fourth segment the cirrus disappears, and the ventral ramus moves
gradually towards the ventral margin (fig. 69). After the fourth seg-
ment a projecting, arched plate, similar to the ventral ramus, is found
about half way between the two rami.
From the sixth segment a membranous densely ciliated ridge (fig. 68)
connects the bases of the opposite dorsal cirri. At first this ridge is
quite low, but afterwards becomes well marked.
The dorsal sete of the anterior segments are very long (fig. 70), deli-
cate, margined on one edge; they shorten a little backwards, but behind
the middle again increase in length.
The ventral sete (fig. 71) are shorter, more curved, and a little wider ;
in other respects similar to the dorsal setz. On the sixth segment the
ventral sete change to uncini (fig. 72). These project very slightly.
_ There are a few capillary sete at the lower end of each series of uncini.
The anal segment is bluntly rounded, with two delicate filiform cirri.
On the anterior segments the dorsum is flat; the sides and ventral
surface convex; further back the dorsum becomes convex; the sides
nearly straight; the ventral surface flat, or slightly convex.
General color of the body red; head, sides of body, and feet, white.
Only two specimens were found.
Length of largest specimen, 21™™.
Width, 1".
Number of segments, 82.
Found at Wellfleet, in sand, at low water.
POLYDORA Bose.
POLYDORA LIGNI Webster.
Annel. Chat. of New Jersey, etc., p. 119, pl. v, figs. 45-47. 1880.
Our specimens were found living on the valves of Pecten irradians,
their tubes occupying the spaces between the ribs.
Low water; not common.
POLYDORA CONCHARUM Verrill.
Proceedings of the United States National Museum, p. 174. November, 1879.
This large and peculiar species was very common, from near high
water mark to 30 fathoms.
730 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [32]
Family CIRRATULID.
CIRRATULUS Lamarck.
CIRRATULUS GRANDIS Verrill.
VERRILL. Invert. Animals of Vineyard Sound, etc., p. 606, pl. xv, figs. 80, 81. 1874.
WessTER. Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, ete., p. 258. 1879. Annel. Chat. of
New Jersey, p. 122. 1880.
Specimens rare, not large. Found under stones, at low water.
DODECACERIA Orsted.
DODECACERIA CONCHARUM Orsted.
Orstep. Ann. Dan. Consp., p. 44, fig. 99. 1843.
JOHNSTON. Catl. Brit. Museum, p. 212. 1865.
QUATREFAGES. Hist. Nat. des Ann., vol. i,, p. 464. 1865.
MALMGREN. Annulata Polycheta, p. 206. 1867.
VERRILL. Proceedings United States National Museum, p. 178. 1879.
One specimen only. Twenty to twenty-five fathoms; sand and shells.
Family CAPITELLIDA:.
NOTOMASTUS Sars.
NOTOMASTUS FILIFORMIS Verrill.
VERRILL. Invert. An. of Vin. Sound, ete., p. 611. 1874.
Wesster. Annel. Chet. of New Jersey, p. 123, pl. v, figs. 51-54, 1880.
Very abundant at low water, in the sand.
NOTOMASTUS LURIDUS Verrill.
VERRILL. Op. cit., p. 610. 1874.
WEBSTER. Op. cit., p. 123. 1880.
Quite common at low water; sand.
CAPITELLA Blainville.
CAPITELLA CAPITATA Van Beneden.
ZIumbricus capitatus Fabricius. Fauna Gron., p. 279. 1780.
Capitella Fabriciti BLAINVILLE. Dict. des Sc. Nat., vol. 57, p. 443. 1828 (teste Clpd.).
Lumbriconais capitata Frey and Leuck. Beitriige z. Kenntn. wirbelloser Thiere, p.
141. 1847.
Capitella capitata VAN BENEDEN. Bull. Acad. de Belg., vol. iii, 1857, teste Claparéde
CLaPaRrDE, Rech. Anat. Annélides des Hébrides, p. 42, pl. i, figs
9-14. 1861. Annel. Chet. du G. de N., part ii, p. 10, pl. xxvii
enoc tis L868.
Capitella capitata MALMGREN. Annulata Polycheta, p. 207. 1867.
McInrosu. Annelida of the cruise of the Valorous to Davis Strait,
p- 507. 1877.
Valla ciliata JOANSTON. Cat. British Worms, p. 67. 1865.
LS
~ “Se ae
|
[33] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. (31
We found a few specimens of Capitella, which we are not able to sep-
arate from (. capitata. Sexual set on the eighth and ninth segments;
all segments before the eighth with capillary set only; after the ninth,
with uncini only. On one young specimen capillary sete were found
only on three segments. Another had five segments with capillary sete ;
still another had capillary seta on seven segments, but there were a
few uncini in the seventh ventral ramus.
Near high water mark, in sand.
Family MALDANIDZ.
NICOMACHE Malmgren.
NiIcoMACHE LUMBRICALIS Malmgren.
Sabella lumbricalis O. Fabricius. Fauna Groén., p. 374. 1780.
Clymene lumbricalis Sars. Fauna littoralis norvegiz, vol. ii, p. 16, pl. ii, figs. 23-26.
1856.
Nicomache lumbricalis MALMGREN. Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, p.190. 1865. Annulata
Polycheta, p. 209, pl. xi, fig. 60. 1867.
Dredged, 12 to 28 fathoms.
PRAXILLA Malmgren.
PRAXILLA ELONGATA Webster.
Annel, Chet. of New Jersey, p. 124, pl. vi, figs. 55-59. 1880.
We found this species quite common both at Provincetown and Well-
fleet, living in sand and gravel. At Wellfleet associated with Amphi-
trite ornata VERRILL.
CLYMENELLA Verriill.
CLYMENELLA TORQUATA Verrill.
Clymene torquatus LEIDY. Marine Invert. Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey,
p. 14, 1855.
Clymenella torquata. VERRILL. Invert. An. of Vin. Sound, p. 608, pl. xiv, figs. 71-73.
1874.
WEBSTER. Aunnel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, p. 258. 1879.
Of New Jersey, p. 123. 1880.
Very abundant, low water, sand and gravel.
Family AMPHICTENIDA.
CISTENIDES Malmgren.
CISTENIDES GOULDII Verrill.
Pectinaria Belgica GOULD. Invertebrata of Mass., ed. i, p. 7, pl. i, fig. 1. 1841.
Pectinaria auricoma LeErDy. Marine Invert, Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey,
p. 14. 1855.
Cistenides Gouldii VERRILL. Op. cit., p. 612, pl. xvii, figs. 87, 87 a. 1874.
WEBSTER. Op. cit. (N.J.), p.127. 1880.
Common and very large. Low water. Wellfleet and Provincetown.
732 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [34]
AMPHARETID i.
MELINNA Malmgren.
MELINNA CRISTATA Malmgren.
Sabella cristata Sars. Fauna littoralis Norvegia, vol. ii, p. 19, pl. ii, figs. 1-7. 1856.
Melinna cristata MALMGREN. Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, p. 371, pl. xx, fig. 50. 1865.
Ann. Polych., p. 215. 1867.
VERRILL. Op. cit., p. 613. 1874.
Phenacia cristata QUATREFAGES. Hist. Nat. des Ann., vol. ii, p. 377. 1865.
Single much injured specimen. Dredged; 25 fathoms.
Family TEREBELLIDZé.
AMPHITRITE (Miiller) Malmgren.
AMPHITRITE ORNATA Verrill.
Terebella ornata LEIDY.—Marine Invert. Fauna of R. I. and N. J., p. 14, pl. xi, figs.
44,45. 1855.
Amphitrite ornata VERRILL.—Invert. An. of Vineyard Sound, etc., p. 613, pl. xvi, fig.
82. 1874.
Amphitrite ornata WEBSTER.—Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, p. 262. 1879. Annel.
Chet. of N. J., p. 127. 1880.
This species was very rare at Provincetown, but we found it in great
numbers at Wellfleet, in coarse sand and mud, very near high water
mark.
AMPHITRITE BRUNNEA Verrill.
Terebella brunnea St1mPSON.—Marine Invert. of Grand Manan, p. 31. 1854.
Amphitrite Johnstoni MALMGREN.—Nord. Hafs-Annulater, p. 377, pl. xxi, fig. 51.
1865. Annulata Polycheta, p. 216. 1867.
Amphitrite brunnea VERRILL.—Check-list.
Professor Verrill regards A. Johnstoni MALMGREN as a synonym of
T. brunnea STIMPSON. Stimpson’s description, however, is very im-
periect. We found two specimens which agree in most particulars,
though not in all, with Malmgren’s figures of A. Johnstoni. They have
twenty-four segments with capillary sete. A very fine large species,
dredged in deep water by the Fish Commission, and regarded at first
by Professor Verrill as A. brunnea, has twenty-five segments with capil-
lary sete. Our specimens of A. brunnea were found under stones, at
low-water.
NICOLEA Malmgren.
NICOLEA VIRIDIS n. sp.
(PL. VI, Fras. 73,74.)
The frontal membrane is very large; the tentacles numerous and
long, some of them as long as the body.
[35] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 733
The branchiz are divided from near the base, flattened, ending in
short blunt subdivisions (fig. 73). The anterior branchiz are much
larger than the posterior.
The uncigerous tori on the segments bearing capillary set«e are
large, projecting, convex externally; then follow eight segments, on
which the tori are much smaller, and square; then three segments,
apparently without set; then a short anal segment, with crenulated
margin.
No lines of segmentation can be made out in living specimens on the
dorsum and Sides as far back as the last segment with capillary sete ;
on alcoholic specimens they are faintly perceptible.
The cirri of the third and fourth setigerous segments of the male
form are small, flattened, quadrangular.
The uncinate seta have one very large tooth at the apex (fig. 74).
The body tapers very gradually, the diameter of the last segment being
about one-half that of the anterior segments.
The general color is green; anterior two-thirds with numerous irreg-
ular black specks on the dorsum and sides; these become larger and
confluent on the posterior segments, forming spots or blotches. Tirst
segment erossed by a band of dark reddish-brown specks (? eye specks),
closely crowded ; tentacles light flesh-color ; branchia with dark-brown
center.
A single specimen, a male, was taken in sand, at low water.
Length, 9™™,
Greatest width, 1™™.
PISTA Malmgren.
In the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard Sound, etc., Professor Ver-
rill has described a new genus, Scionopsis, which he says is closely
related to Pista, differing from that genus in the extent of the mem-
brane on the third segment, and in the structure of the branchie. We
found at Wellfleet a form which seems to be intermediate between
Pista and Scionopsis. In the form of the uncinate sets and in the
lateral membrane on the second and third, segments it agrees with
Pista; until closely examined the branchie seem also to agree with
Pista, since, owing to the arrangement on the stem, they present the
same peculiar form. However, in the method of branching they agree
with Scionopsis. It seems best, for the present at least, to refer both
this new form and Scionopsis VERRILL to Pista.
PISTA INTERMEDIA 2. sp.
(PL. VI, Fias. 75-78.)
The branchiw in this species arise from an elongated central stalk,
the basal portion of which is naked (without branches) for a variable
length, depending upon the size of the branchie. The branches are
given off from the stem very close to each other, and appear to be ar-
(34 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [36]
ranged in a very slowly ascending spiral. Each main branch sub-
divides close to its origin, and again divides; there is a strong tend-
ency to terminate in a short bifurcation, one branch of which is a little
longer than the other (fig. 75). The lowest main branches are the
largest. They are convex externally, concave internally, directed up-
ward and a little outward. The main branches grow rapidly shorter
from base to summit, and tend more directly outward. The result of
this arrangement is an egg-shaped branchia, the small end outward.
There would appear to He normally four branchiz, but none of our
specimens show more than three.
The tentacular cirri are short, numerous.
The lateral membrane of the second segment is short but high; outer
inargin convex; the corresponding membrane of the third segment is
lower, but extends from the dorsal to the ventral surface.
The anterior ventral shields are very short; the others are variable
in form; they may be square, or their length may be more or less than
their width.
There are two series of capillary sete (figs. 76, 77), the sete not dif-
fering much from each other except in length.
The uncini of the anterior segments (fig. 78) do not differ much
from those further back, and will be seen to closely resemble those of
Pista cristata, as figured by Malmgren. The elongated inferior process,
said by Malmgren to exist on the uncini of the first six uncigerous seg-
ments in this species, we found on all uncini. It does not seem, how-
ever, to be a process of the uncini, but a tendon or cord, derived from
a membrane, which, in part at least, covers each uncinus. We were
able to trace this membrane to the extent shown in fig. 78. On all the
species of this family which we have had an opportunity to examine
we have found a similar membrane and similar cords, when sufficient
care has been taken with the preparation of the uncini for examination.
It may further be noted, both as regards this species and Pista palmata,
that the uncini are not simply flattened with a single series of terminal
points, but that the apex is much widened, with transverse series of
points, each series composed of from three to five points, corresponding
to the single series seen when the uncinus is viewed from the side.
The notes on color were made by Professor Verrill. Anterior region
dull olive-green dorsally, sometimes tinged with reddish, and usually
with more or less distinct transverse lines of reddish between the seg-
ments, these lines less marked in front. On the sides each torus is sur-
rounded by a broad band of dark blood-red, and above each setigerous
fascicle, except in front, there is a red spot. On the sides, between
the segments, are narrow pale-olive sutural bands. Ventral surface
pale-olive or yellowish-green. Each ventral shield with a conspicuous
red spot on the lateral borders, those on the posterior shields being con-
nected with the lateral bands. Feet, pale greenish. Posterior portion
Ee
[37] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 735
of body plain yellowish-green or olive green. Branchiw greenish, or
yellowish, or flesh-color with bright red blood vessels showing through.
Length of largest specimen, 75™™.
Tube formed of coarse sand.
Found at Wellfleet in sand at low water.
Not common.
PISTA PAIMATA.
(Pu. VII, Fie. .79.)
Scionopsis palmata VERRILL. Invert. Animals of Vin. Sound, p.614. 1874.
Scionopsis palmata WEBSTER. Annel.Chet.of the Virginia Coast, p. 262, 1879. Of
New Jersey, p. 128. 1880,
Found sparingly at low water.
The considerations that lead us to unite this form to Pista have been
stated above.
TRICHOBRANCHUS Malingren.
TRICHOBRANCHUS ?GLACIALIS Malmgren.
Nord. Hafs-Ann., p. 395, pl. xxiv, fig.65. 1865.—Ann. Polycht., p.220. 1867.
,
We found but one specimen of this genus, and that without branchia,
and otherwise much injured. Depending mainly on the sete, we refer
it with some doubt to Malmgren’s species.
Sand; low water.
POLYCIRRUS Grube.
POLYCIRRUS EXIMIUS Verrill.
Torquea eximea Leipy. Marine Invert. Faunajof R.I.and N.J., p. 14, pl. xi, 51, 52,
1855.
Polycirrus eximius VERRILL. Invert. An. Vin. Sound, etc., p. 616, pl. xvi, f. 85, 1879,
WeEBsTER. Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, p. 263,1879. Of
New Jersey, p.128. 1880.
ENOPLOBRANCHUS Verrill.
ENOPLOBRANCHUS SANGUINEUS Verrill.
Chaetobranchus sanguineus VERRILL. Op. cit., p. 616, 1874.
Enoplobranchus sanguineus VERRILL, Check-list (advance sheets).
WessTEeR. Annel. Chet. of the Virginia Coast, p. 263. 1879.
Found only at Wellfleet. Sandy mud; low water; abundant.
Family SABELLIDE.
SABELLA (Z.) Malmgren.
SABELLA MICROPHTHALMA Verrill.
VERRILL. Invert. Animals of Vin. Sound, p. 618. 1874.
WeEBsTER. Annel. Chat. of the Virginian Coast, p. 275. 1879. Of New Jersey, p.
128. 1880.
Not common. Found at low water.
736 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [38]
POTAMILEA Malmgren.
POTAMILLA NEGLECTA Malmgren.
(Px. VII, Fics. 80-84.)
Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, p. 401, pl. xxvii, fig. 84. 1865. Aunulata Polychsta p.
222. 1867.
The specimens, which we refer, without much doubt, to this species,
were pure white, very beautiful. The ventral sulcus, contrary to the
generic diagnosis, was continued on the dorsum, although seen with dif-
ficulty in alcoholic specimens. The branchial cirri were readily lost.
Length, 60™™.
Diameter, 3™™,
Length of branchia, 9-13™™.
Length of first eight segments, 9™™.
Dredged in 25 fathoms; sand and shells.
POTAMILLA RENIFORMIS Malmgren.
Sabella reniformis LEucKART. Archiv. f. Naturg., p. 183, pl. 3, fig. 8. 1849 (teste
Malmgren).
Sabella oculifera LEIDY. Marine Invert. Fauna of R. 1. and N. J., p. 13, pl. xi., figs.
55-61. 1855.
QUATREFAGES. Hist. Nat. des Annéles, vol, ii, p. 461. 1865.
Sabella aspersa KROYER. Bidrag till Sabellerne, p. 19. 1856.
Sabella oculata KROYER. Bidrag till Sabellerne, p. 22. 1856.
Sabella reniformis Sars. Christ. vid. Selsk. Forh., p.123. 1861.
Sabella ( Potamilla) reniformis MARION-BOBRETZSKY. Annales des Sci. Nat., vol. ii, p.
91, pl. xi, fig. 22. 1875.
Potamilla reniformis MALMGREN. Annulata Polych., p. 222, pl. xiv, fig. 77. 1867.
Potamilla oculifera VERRILL, Invert An. of Vin. Sound, p. 617, pl. xvii, fig. 86. 1874.
Potamilla renifornis VERRILL. Check-list.
We collected but one specimen of this species. Dredged in 25 fathoms;
sand and shells.
OTHONIA Johnston.
OTHONIA FABRICII Johnston.
Othonia Fabricii, JoHNsTON. Lond. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, 181, fig. 19 (teste Malm-
gren and Claparéde).
Fabricia Leidyi VERRILL. Op. cit., p. 619. 1874.
For the remaining synonomy of the species see Malmgren, Annulata
Polycheta, p. 225. Also Claparéde, Annel. Chet. du Golfe de Naples,
p. 151. Malmgren’s rejection of Fabricia seems to be valid, and Clapa-
réde’s claim for Othonia, as opposed to Amphicora, seems equally sound ;
but his retention of Fabricia is not desirable. On decaying wood, near
high water mark. .
“1
wo
“1
[39] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS.
MY XICOLA (Koch) Malmgren.
MYXICULA STEENSTRUPI Mréyer.
Myzxicola Steenstrupi KROYER. Bidrag til Kunds., oni Sabellerne, p. 35. 1856.
MALMGREN. Nord. Hafs-Ann., p. 408. 1865. Pl. xix, tig. 90.
Annulata Polycheta, p. 227. 1867.
Myzicola Sarsi KROYER. Op. cit., p. 9. 1856.
Sars. Christ. Vid. Selsk. Forh., p. 130. 1861.
Body white or yellowish white. The anterior segments, 3-6, may be
brown, or white, or mottled. After the fourth segment there may be
one, two, or three circular brown specks on the sides of each segment.
These spots fail on a few of the posterior segments, but on the sides
of the anal segment they are numerous, from four to twelve on each side,
according to the size of the specimen. The branchi# are greenish yel-
low at base, with their outer two-thirds reddish brown, or they may be
greenish white throughhout; branchial cirri of the same color as the
branchie.
Dredged in 25 fathoms; sand and shells.
Family SERPULIDZ.
HYDROIDES Gunnerus.
HYDROIDES DIANTHUS Verrill. ;
Serpula dianthus VERRILL. Invert. An. of Vin. Sound, p. 620. 1874.
Hydroides dianthus VERRILL. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 300. 1878.
WEBSTER. <Annel. Chet. of the Virginian Coast, p. 266. 1879.—
Of New Jersey, p. 128. 1880.
Not common. Low water, on shells, ete.
SPIRORBIS Daudin.
SPIRORBIS BOREALIS Daudin.
Very common at low water, on sea weed, ete.
Genus incerta sedis.
We collected a single injured specimen, which we have so far been
unable to refer to any described family. It presents, however, so many
peculiarities that it seems desirable to describe it as far as possible.
THAUMASTOMA n. g.
Head rounded behind, flattened and elongated in front; without ap-
pendages. Proboscis protrusible, digitate at extremity. No jaws. First
segment with median cirrus. Dorsal sete of first segment much elon-
gated, directed forward. Ventral sete of first two segment in two series;
S. Mis. 110 -——47
738 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES [40]
one capillary; the other stout, spinous ; all other sete capillary. Hach
ramus, after the first segment, furnished with a transverse plate, thin,
lateral, projecting, outer margin lobed. All segments biramous.
THAUMASTOMA SINGULARE 7. sp.
(PL. VII, Kies. 85-94.)
Head composed of two parts; anterior two-thirds flattened (fig. 85),
nearly quadrangular, slightly emarginate in front; posterior third
rounded, convex, bearing two pairs of minute black eyes; destitute
of appendages.
The proboscis was seen extended to a length about equal to that
of the head; the incisions dividing it into lobes were observed to run
back about one-half this length. In alcohol the proboscis was nearly
withdrawn, showing only its anterior end (fig. 86); its inner surface
was densely ciliated.
The dorsal ramus of the first segment is composed (fig. 85) of two
stout, conical cirri, longer than the head; the upper of these points
forward ; the lower forward and outward; between their bases rise two
distinct bundles of capillary seta, which are directed forward, and reach
beyond the head. The lower ramus of the first segment consists of a
transverse, convex, fleshy lobe, terminating above in a short, stout,
blunt, rounded process ; in front of this plate are two rows of sete; those
forming the anterior series (fig. 93) similar to the posterior (fig. 92), only
longer and more delicate, but still having rather the form of spines than
of capillary setw, these anterior sete are very light colored, nearly
white; the posterior series is composed of 6-8 stout yellow spines (fig.
92).
The second segment has its dorsal ramus composed of a depressed
fleshy lobe (not seen in the figure, which is a front view), from which
arises a fan of capillary sete (figs. 87, 94), whilein front of this lobe is
a thin, projecting plate, divided aJong its outer margin (fig. 87) into six
unequal, bluntly rounded lobes.
This lower ramus is much like the corresponding ramus of the first
segment, but lacks the superior process. In this ramus is a posterior
row of black spines, similar to those of the first segment, except in color,
and an anterior series of very fine capillary sete, much shorter and more
delicate than the capillary sete of the segments behind, shorter even
than the spines of the same ramus. Behind the second segment all the
seta are capillary and arise from more or less well-marked rounded
lobes.
On the third segment a digitated plate runs down the side of the
body, in front of both rami. It has twenty-one lobes (fig. 88) along its
outer margin, and runs from above the dorsal ramus to below the ven-
tral. On the fourth segment there are two such lobes (fig. 89). After
the fourth segment the dorsal lobe steadily shortens, till on the seven-
[41] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 739
teenth segment (fig. 91) it is reduced to a single, flattened, tapering
projection. Meanwhile the ventral lobe retains about the same size on
all segments, but shows great irregularities in the number and depth of
the incisions forming its lateral lobes. From the eighth segment the
dorsal rami and sete have an upward direction; on the eighth they are
even directed inward, but as this does not occur on the segments behind
the eighth, it may be due to accidental distortion; in like manner the
ventral rami of the eighth segment are turned (displaced ?) upward ;
on all segments behind the eighth the ventral setz point directly out-
ward, instead of obliquely downward, as on the preceding segments.
After the first two segments the sete of both rami are much alike,
but those of the dorsal rami, after the fourth segment, are much more
numerous, forming a stout, closely crowded bundle.
The general outline of the body is shown in figs. 87-91, which are
half seginents; it is depressed with slightly convex dorsal and median
fields as far back as the sixteenth segment; here the dorsum becomes
more convex (fig. 91). It is possible that this change may take place
somewhat more gradually than this statement would indicate, as the
dorsum is somewhat injured for a few segments anterior to the sixteenth.
No color notes were made, but as we remember it the general color
was dirty white.
Length of 22 segments, 15™™.
Greatest width (at twelfth segment), 5™™. This width diminishes a
httle forwards, the width of the first segment being 3™™.
Dredged on a sandy bottom in about 20 fathoms.
i
(ahaa
; een antl
aloe Pavel
Fia.
Fic.
FIG.
Fic.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE I.
ETEONE CINEREA n. 8p.
1.—Aunterior foot, x 16.
2.—Middle foot, x 16.
3.—Posterior foot, x 16.
4.—Head and buccal segment, « 16.
5.—Seta, X 300.
PODARKE CECA f. 3p.
6.—Head and anterior segments, X 70.
7.—Eighth and ninth segments, x 70.
8.—Seta, x 450.
HESIONE AGILIS n. ap.
9.—Head and anterior part of alimentary canal, x 45.
10.—Foot, from middle of body, x 45.
11.—Compound seta, x 400.
PLATE II.
SYLLIDES CONVOLUTA 2%. 8p.
. 12.—Head and anterior segments, X 85,
13.—Outline of middle segments, X 85.
14.—Compound seta, X 75U.
15.—Simple seta (acicula), X 750.
16.—Foot, * 150.
STREPTOSYLLIS ARENA n. g., %. 8p.
17.—Head and first two segments, X 65.
18.—Ontline of under surface of head, x 85.
19.—-Posterior segments, X 35.
20.—Foot with articulated jointed cirrus, X 85.
21.—Foot, to show ventral cirrus, X 85.
PLATE III.
STREPTOSYLLIS ARENZ n. g., nN. ap
22.—Compound seta, x 400.
23.—Simple seta, x 400.
[43]
Fie.
FG. «
FIG.
FIG.
FIG.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
SPHZROSYLLIS BREVIFRONS Nn. &p.
24.—Head and first two segments, X 130.
25.—Posterior segments, X 130.
26.—Foot with cirri, x 230.
27,—Single dorsal cirrus with double constriction, xX 230.
28.—Compound seta, x 750.
29.—Simple seta, X 750.
30.—Simple seta, x 750.
P2DOPHYLAX HEBES 1. 8p.
. 31.—Head and anterior segments, X 85.
32.—Posterior segments, X 85.
33.—Anterior compound seta, x 750.
34.—Posterior compound seta, 750.
35.—Ordinary simple seta, x 750.
36.—Posterior simple seta, X 750.
NEREIS TENUIS n. &p.
7.—Head and first two segments, X 25.
PLATE IV.
NEREIS TENUIS 7. 8p.
38.—Proboscis, ventral view, X 25.
39.—Foot from tenth segment, posterior view, X 50.
40.—Posterior foot, posterior view, X dU.
41.—Seta of dorsal ramus and upper part of ventral ramus, X 750.
42.—Seta of lower bundle, lower ramus, X 750,
43.—Seta of ventral ramus, X 750.
STAUROCEPHALUS CECUS 2. ap.
44.—Head and first two segments, x 130.
44a,—Lower jaw, X 130.
45.—Foot from large specimen, X 130.
46.—Seta, upper part of upper bundle, x 750.
47,—Seta, lower part of upper bundle, x 750.
48.—Seta, lower bundle, x 750.
PLATE V.
GONJADA GRACILIS Verrill.
. 49.—Head and first segment, X 50.
50.—Anterior foot, X do.
51.—Foot from twenty-seventh segment, x &.
52.—Middle foot, x 85.
Sp1o RATHBUNI n. sp.
53.—Head and first two segments, without tentacles, x 65.
54.—Foot of second segment, anterior view, x 160.
55.—Branchiated segment, x L60.
56.—Short sete, found sparingly in both rami, x 750
51.—Ordinary dorsal seta, X 750.
58.—Veutral uneinns, X 750.
59.—Anal cirri, x &.
[44]
[45] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 743
STREBLOSPIO BENEDIcTI Webster.
Fic. 60.—Head and first segment, without tentacles, showing origin of branchix
side view, X 1380.
61.—Head, dorsal view, x 130.
62.—Fourth segment, transverse section, X 85.
63.—Posterior segments, transverse section, X 85.
64.—Posterior segments, with anal sucker, xX 130.
PLATE VI.
SPIOPHANES VERRILLI 1. ap.
Fig. 65.—Head with tentacles, « 25.
66.—Head without tentacles, x 25.
67.—Fourth segment, transverse section, < 25.
68.—Sixth segment, transverse section, X 25.
69.—Fifteenth segment, transverse section, X 25.
70.—Dovsal seta, « 450.
71.—Anterior ventral seta, x 450.
72,—Ventral uncinus, X 450.
NICOLEA VIRIDIS 7. 8p.
Fig. 73.—Anterior branchia, xX 70.
74.—Uneinus, 750.
PISTA INTERMEDIA Rn. 8p.
Fic. 75.—Single branch of branchia, X 35.
76.—Long capillary seta, x 130.
77.—Short capillary seta, « 1380.
78.—Anterior uncinus, X 450.
PLATE VII.
PISTA PALMATA ( Verrill).
Fic. 79.—Anterior uncinus, < 450.
POTAMILLA NEGLECTA Malmgren.
Fries. 80, 81.—Anterior capillary sete, x 230.
82, 83.—Anterior pointed uncini, x 230.
Fig. 84.—Anterior uncinus, X 2350.
THAUMASTOMA SINGULARE W. g., 2. 8p.
Fig. 85.—Head and first segment, X 15.
86.—Anterior end of proboscis, X 15.
87.—One-half of second segment, transverse section, X 15.
&88.—One-half of third segment, transverse section, X 15.
89.—One-half of fourth segment, transverse section, X 15.
90.—One- half of eighth segment, transverse section, x 15.
91.—One-half of seventeenth segment, trausverse section, X 15.
Figs. 92, 93.—Setie from first segment, X 85.
Fig. 94.—Ordinary seta, x 85.
744
’ Fic.
FiG.
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
PLATE VIII.
SPH EROSYLLIS LONGICIRRATA 2. 8p.
95.—Anterior part of body, x Rb.
95.—Posterior segments, < L380.
97,—Foot with cirri, xX 215.
98.—Long compound seta, terminal part, * 750.
99.—Short compound seta, x 750.
100.—Simple seta, x 750.
EULALIA DUBIA n. ap.
101.—Head and first two segments, X 18,
102.—Anterior foot, < 50.
103.—Middle foot, x 50.
104.—Posterior foot, X 50,
.105.—Seta, x 500.
[46]
Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Webster. Annelida Chetopoda. PLATE I.
PLATE II.
a
Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Webster. Annelida Chetopoda. PLATE III.
Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Webster. Annelida Chetopoda. PLATE IV.
\ PLATE V.
Report U.S. F.C. 1881.—Webster. Annelida Chetopoda.
Report U.S. F. C. 1881.—Webster. Annelida Chetopoda. PLATE VI.
Report U. S. F. C. 1881.—Webster. Annelida Cnmtenola. ad!
\\it "
be ee ee i
. “ — s
‘ : =
b , = is
— . ~ a -
x a ;
5 7 ¢ 5 a
a . i =. : 5 - ks
r Fr : 4 ;
= = . : . e
i| 7 ‘ ~ —
1 ie - =
= : = ;
2 - 7 w ind - - =
- —_ - “ - : ~ ~
‘ 4 = - . ui \
. S x
7 4 = ;
ra
- re ; J
‘ rr: . a = sy
: - \ ‘
a : x = / - ~
Report U. S. F. C. 1881.—Webster. Annelida Chetopoda. PLATE VIII.
to, Se
Hi A aR
iDAy) .
, te
i i H 1h ‘i r a 5 in
ye TA oie ae ees p Rey an rng
AIG Te), Xe
[47]
Pace.
PAB AEI ZA CLOOU eae eat era cleintsieineeislaetsiatels 19
Amblyosyllis, description of genus ...... 13
Ammotrypane fimbriata ................. 27
limacina, synonym........ 26
Ampharetids, family: <2. 2 o5e.- sicc es 34
FAnYp MICOLUS)- CONUS a2 see = = oases oo ee os 38
Amphictenidxy, family .............-.---. 23
‘Arnphitrite | DPUNNGS << 52 <5 ses aati eclee 34
johnstoni, synonym........-.. 34
OTMAta eects cai atatelosisieiztsis oats 3, 33, 34
Anaitis speciosa, description .....-.-..-- 4
Anoplosyllis; Gonus..-4 2) = 522s 2s2se seco. 11
Anthostoma fragile, synonym.......--..- 26
robustum, synonym....-...- 26
Anhrodita aculeata.... 2.2. ..222:2.2-6 <n 1
cirrhosa, synonym .......-.... 2
Minuta,, synonym: -.-:<--2-2<- 3
PAphroditidee family: xc <...s260scecs ss acee 1
Mirabellavopalimay= ss js5. 0, cass cleletsoaes 23
Arenicola marina ..-..-. Wet eee cera orate 27
piscatorum, synonym.......-.-. 27
PACEICLALOUN Uy aiate wicisicis sx closes) amie eee esse 26
PA IOLIC ATOLL Ys mo orescence sie sees cisic< = 26
Atitta vVArens; SYNONYM --.....0025-0.05.6- 19
PATI COUN (CLEOO S sia'cs Seale Blowso Seieicieisierare 22, 25, 27
PARLOLY GUS COMMULNS 5. .<%.6ece nc we osces ess 19
IDENEAICE | SAMOS Hh: <2... <r cae ocrecie sanis.cio 17
BlainVillecited: <.cscsncsecesncscecese 2 22, 28, 32
IBODIOtZ Ky, CLtOM! 128 S25, wise Semis eaiscseertslee 11, 18, 38
Wapitella capitate... cs. 004.020. 2-8s eece ck 1, 32, 33
fabricii, synonym............--. 32
Capitellidss, family. .2.. 2.2.2.5 ...2c-ce-<0 32
Captalian GONUs) -s2.cx0s Ss. Sees sashes sic 11
PUNCTALA Cece cae weenie mesa csi 11
Cheetobranchus sanguineus, synonym ..- 37
Cheetopteridxz, family -.-...............- 28
Chloremida, family .....................- 27
Cirratulide, Mamilyi cosas: aacisce ose sss 32
Cirratulus grandis ..-...-.. rane nes 32
me@istenides! ouldii... 2.5. 25% sxie0 Ss cec.ce ne 33
Claparéde cited.5, 11, 18, 15, 16, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 32, 38
Clymene lumbricalis, synonym. .....----- 33
torquatus, synonym ..........-. 33
Clymenella torquata ........-............ 33
Wavaeneited a6 82s as Ssetiek Se seas deisel 19
PAUCINECILE Ro senna os Neer ais acl cies aie 2 39
Miopatra CUPLOA 2.) - =<. 5/. lescsecsa =. 5% 22
Dodecaceria concharum......-..-......-- 32
Mrilonereis longa: <=. - 2 esenceecssces es 23
Dujardinia antennata, synonym.......-.- i9
Eastport, Me., specimens from -......--. 4
Edwards, Mr., cited ........-- bss 3.22, 25: 26.27
Weilorsrcited secs so 55 4s a= 5 4, 8, 10, 11, 19, 20, 23
Enoplobranchus sangnineus.....--..--.-- 37
Page.
Eone giacilis, synonym ..........-.....-- 25
HMteone albaic<s. 5-252). 25. ncccsnaaseeee 7
CINCT6A a= 5. Sthusscaee ee eee ee 7
Bulalia amnulata . 222.002. 2.22 s2accccee +s 6
dubia, description................ 6
gracilis, description .-............ 5
Eumida maculosa, description ......... s 5
Eunice cuprea, synonym ................- 22
Hinivides familly 2222 22¢.ieeee eouekacae 22
Eunoa nodosa, description ............-.. 2
HOMOGOLSLOCE Geiss. en aaa eee eae 2
Habricia led yal. Base oe: so asen eens e ake 38
| Mabricius,'O:, cited. 4..<-...ss.0ss2sec8 ZT 20a. On
Hallacia Venus. 2a Pieces 2 sess um oe oe cece oe 11
Frey cited ...... Mee fe ee Sea 2 By
Glannrest-worlion =..." |): 22 2.05.2 0ce 15
Glycera, habit mentioned ................ 2
bibranchiates:-4e. G-seess sees : 2
Gly.ceridz family: «22222-22022 Seeceees 25
Gonladapracilis.c.. 222026252 % scene 25
Gouldicited --2 282.6... 222. secesse see eeeee 33
Grube cited..... .......-- 10, 11, 13, 19, 23, 26, 30, 37
inGrubéa clavatae.<..-2-.-ca.-hes role ssc 15
| dolichopoda...--. -.s0a-cssseeeue 15
tenuicirrata, synonym .......-...- 15
| Gumnerus'¢lted! 22-2 2255-22 cece eee aee 39
Halimede, genus of annelida ..... ...-... 11
Harmothoé imbricata:....-...-...220..5.2: 3
Hesione, genus of annelida .............. 10
agilis, description.......-.....-, 9
splendida«..:<.<ss656:. sissies sacs 10
StEONStLO PI) see ey see e eer eee 11
Hesionidse, family ...- 2265... --eete eee eee 8
Fiydroidesidianthus << <<< s-ce6-2eseeeoee 39
dJiohnston cited ....s< 22-4222 ssscecee ses 3, 26, 27, 32
ANDER CICILEO! a area eee ne ts gel le ciee tae eee see 1, 3, 19, 22
Koren cited .........- GMs Seo eee eee 26
| aKrO ven ClLGGs ees —tye ear ee eee 39
Lariscairarisping: o22s.2e-e ee eee 2
Lamarck cited). s..22.2245.08esst) Bash sss 32
Langerhans cited ....-.-.-- Minee a ach’ se ee eee . oe
MOach Cited! Jscs ccc nse eece Goshe ee eeee ee 1
Leidy Cited 's222 ec sse eee PUPA RE DYE. Oy ete)
Lepidametria commensalis, description. . . 3
Lepidonete armadillo, synonym ....-...-. 1
assimilis, synonym .....-..--. 2
Lepidonotus squamatus .........--..----- 1
en CkaricteW@ensa-wsseh<s, Soe= ss esesas 38
DINNBUSicltedien pecs eee eee 1, 19, 20, 27, 37
Lumbriconais capitata, synonym...-..--- 32
Lumbriconervis borealis, synonym ...---. 22
fragilis, synonym...-.--.. 22
madeirensis, synonym... 22
OPAlina 42 occ cwesinwyees ler 23
745
746
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,
Page.
Lumbriconereis splendida. ----- Bcpeobnode 23
Lumbricus capitatus, synonym .--..-..-.- 32
fragilis, synonym..-...---... 22
marinus, synonym -.--...----- 27
papillosus, synonym ..-----.. 27
MGOMprINeLeis drag iis’... 22 oes ~ = -ticnine ae 22
CONUES eer see areca 22 |
McIntosh cited. ..--- Vee e apne te Beata se 32
Maldanidw, family ...--.-.-- 3 as Bai |
Malmgren cited ......--.-- 23, 4, 15, nL 19, “29, 26, 27,
30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39
Marentzeller cited -.-.--- SAU ents 5.13; 15, 19; 20
Marion-Bobretzsky cited ....-...-.------ 11, 13, 38
Melinna cristata .....-.---.- -+--.------- 34
NOH ericitedgnaeees acai sine me eclon ie sects 22, 3
Mey XA COLA: ISALSL so .areopels sedate tee alt inin) = 3 39
SLOCNAONUP een essay ee ele co 39
Nepththydidaw, family -- Bee F 4 |
Nepththys bucera ....----. See 4
TOGO sondage i |) tounodlenadaue 4
ingens, SyNONnym .--...---..--. 4
INTC nen ceoaaeede Satan ee\aisiaiaists fs cle ie 19 |
Nereis cuprea,synonym =... .....---.--- 22
grandis, Synonym ....-.-<-.----- 19
i mbatasseeee yee ore yee eect. 20
Ea. eae nGadot | LaRGOnGeEoaneste 20 |
tenuis, description™, -.2.-.--!..-2. 20 |
VALONS ere etce el iatore ty aatain cies ena era'ele 19 |
yankiana, synonym ......-.-...-- 19
Nemllaantennata oes. 2- sarc. ste cien anes 1,19
INGriNe CILTaAba ooece a= ata es! ce eceielar ce eiela= 2
INGIWae CNLOM Aas cletancs fae tats 1 nie! letatelcleyeectayei= fare 1, 13, 39
SPOCLOS see heer e]-'2 1), 6.7, 85 9520, 13,16;
17, 18, 20, 23, 28, 30, 34, 35, 40
New Jersey, specimens from.....-..-. 4, 28, 30,37
Nicolea viridis, description ... ..-....--- 34
Nicomachelumbricalist™. 4.23 ss.ccscsnem: 33
Ninoe nigripes ........--- 22
Notomastus filitOrmis: - 2-5. ace ctseo ee 32
Wt iit ee Soe en ee Serer 32
Nychia amondseni ...--- SLA cia 2
cirrosa, description .........----- 2
Ophelia bicornis, svnonyim..-.--.----. 26, 27
borealis, Synonym ..-.-.5.....--. oT
LiMACIn a een oaetstae cs meaeesieac 26, 27
Opheliidefamailiyi yes. Slee fo <-lerate oa leeicie 26
@pisthosyllis; Senus). <2. «ce - cejaisi='=-einje'e 15
rated cited’. -. =. ..22-60 eee 2, 5, 7, 11, 22, 26, 28, 32
ANTHOMIAMAD LICH ton scien cise dt eles 38
Ottorcited(. 22 225-5. ss bial erect 27
Pedophylax hebes, Gepopear Oh Ras 18
pallasicitedmyes: sos eo yes hea eee ee 72
Pectenirradians (35,22) |<. sss safe dee se 3h |
Pectinaria auricoma. synonym ..----.---. 33
belvica. synonym: i= 2. .)s. 2. 33
Phenacia cristata, synonym ..........'--. 34
IPHOlOGMMINUtAL es csc eens oon encle Se 3,4
COCLA MAY MOWY UN 6 oe fa a ce crecisice 3,4
Phy llodocelanemie: ee once eric t aie't aeicine 5
groonlandicals.-.--.c-<--sc2-2- 5
Phiyllodocidtays(yei- seca oe ncinscie ose selsa's 4
Pista. description of genus -.-....-----... 35
OMstatara ce sate sea ceeiaie ales Sas 36
intermedia, description .....-...-. 35
Palm ata esq wre cis srarteteenvalet Neale aero 46, 37
17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27 7, 28, 33, 34
Pterosyllis, description of genus ...-...-- 13
Quatrefages cited ..:......--....- 9, 10,11, 15, 19, 22.
26, 27, 32, 34, 38
Race Run, specimens from ..-.....----- 4, 12, 21, 27
Rathke. Ho vcited, | S25: 0eeeese see 11, 26, 27
Rhynchobolus, genus of annelida ...... 12, 26
dibranchiatus .._--. Saas 25
Sabella aspersas synonym ............-.--- 38
cristata, Synonym’... <5... <\-/. ss! 34
lumbricalis, synonym ...........- 33
microphthalmay-s-s4- seca seo 37
oculata, synonym ~-.... .-......- 38
oculifera, synonym. .--...--.--..- 38
reniformis, synonym ..........- , 38
Sabellide, familys. 2.222522 2.--5222255.0 37
Sars cited .-...-. . «-=-2, 11, 19, 26,27, 28,30, 32; a6
Savion yicited soe res see nope ocee SON LOn eo
Sehmidtienteds: -ccmearssecee ease eae 19
Scionopsis, referred to genus Pista ..-... 35
palmata, synonym ........... 37
Scolecolepisicirrata; -so-\ccssece neces eae 28
WIPIGIG = voice rane aoe oe 28
Scoletoma fragilis, synonym ..........-.-. 22
scoloplostrapilis! = sasccct-einc sce aoe 26
MODUStay- so: -csceeer se saree mete 26
Selenkarcited osc c- cease mee eater ates 1
Sorpulacdianthus ye sees cre s-ceee ete 39
Serpulides; familys 4.25. seen ete ete le 39
Sigalion arenicola, j5-220-2--6- #-s9-- o= a 3
Sigalionidw family: osc cose ise sees 2 3
| Siphonostomum amine|s.jsace=cssoeeh seme 27
South Norwalk, Conn., specimens from .. ry
Spherosyllis, description of genus. ..--.. 16
DreviiLons eee a asco cee eee 16
LOTUULCA en cieteinya sre aerate eee 15
lon@icirratalsssjcsceeee eee 7
Spio rathbuni, description ......-...----- 28
CUE Mea Boonae | See sho) Gosarooho. des 28
| Spiochetopterus Renin octal Tekan Aeros 28
Spionidzes familly. 32 ce wre aeeteelel-i- seteletre 28
Spiophanes verrilli, description .....--. me 3
Spirorbis) borealis seecec = cee 22 aceon 39
| Staurocephalus cecus, description....... 23
pallicg eye erer.valser erate 23
Sternaspidas; familys seis otele w stel-r= molto iar 27
laSternaspis fOSsOLe sesce eer tises eee cea 27
Sthenelais' pictais:-- See escmecnces con cles 3
Stimpson cited .....-..--.--.-....--. 3, 4, 19, 27, 34
Streblospio benedicti. - seuaaeees 7, 30
Streptosyllis, descninaen of ZeOnusi a seaec 13
Page.
Podarke .-\- :.62cccecisse ssciascer saw daeas sie 11
cwca, description .--....-=--..--. 8
Obscura free tere cae ose eens ac 8,9
Poly cirrusiexa Mins sos se see eels eee 37
Polydora'concharum=s...202 =9-)s2 eer eeeee 31
ligmie as. esecs = oes coe as dese 31
Polynoé nodosa, synonym.... .....-..--. 2
Polynoidiacis ec bt ee resale sent cere 1
‘Potamilla’ neglectas--e-- see tee ee 38
oculifera, synonym .........--- 38
reniformis|-=5./--to=-1 See Seer 38
Praxillajelongatan-a.--2s ed oeasee see sees 33
Prionospios Bp) ace) Geen cases esees = eee 30
Provincetown, Mass., specimens from ...1, 3, 8, 12,
[49] ANNELIDS OF PROVINCETOWN, MASS. 147
Page. Page.
Streptosyllis arene, description...-....-. 13 | Torqueaeximea, synonym .............-. 37
SoTG aga ke ae ee 5,11,15 | Trichobranchus glacialis.......... a eae 1, 37
DSyllides,(PONUS .-<- => wscesc<-wec cr ancennne AT Erophonia atinisessce. sees ae snes se cee 27
convoluta, description .......... DVS a Purnbulliciteds:...2cs-sses ee eee 19
Gate seooemonacedeio- - dan5oe 1 | Valla ciliata, synonym -..............-.--- 32
SyllisyPenuse anes =e ccotise sae ame eee 15") Vian Beneden' cited 1.24. -2e.sce 2s see eee ee 32
OCHYT ACOA ae camera anita cacao s teleiere 13 | Verrill cited --1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27,
Terebella brunnea, synonym..........--- 34 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39
ornata, synonym..-... eels 34 | Virginia, specimens from ................ 5, 28, 37
Menenollidso coo sicsce ects ceemecccs neseer as Sas WiObStery Prot. dks .ccc use tents eee 1
Thaumastoma, genus, unassigned......-. 1 | Webster cited........ 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25,
description of genus...-... 39 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37
singulare, description .... 40 | Wellfleet, Mass... .1, 3, 4,7, 8, 19, 20, 22, 27, 28, 30, 31,
Pehelethusidws; family... os... aces iesiees 27 33, 34, 35, 37
r
Pe
‘ eae r ce
i
‘
'
; i
;
4 1% .
, /
‘ i, Ni iv
XI.—BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF THE SALTS CONTAINED IN SEA-
WATER FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE MAINTENANCE
OF MARINE ANIMALS,*
By H. A. COUTANCE.
[ Professor ai the schools of naval medicine, pharmacist in chief to the Navy, and President
of the Academical Society of Brest.)
Marine animals are organisms of excessive sensibility, and are sub-
ject to the varied influences of the element in which they live. The
disposition of the fauna of the sea is dependent on the composition of
the salt water, the nature and quantity of the gases dissolved, and the
temperature, force, and operation of the currents. The succession of
species of marine animals in geological strata, little different from each
- other in the nature of the deposits, shows plainly that influences which
appear to us but of slight importance, have governed this succession
itself.
I wished to ascertain the influences which the modifications in the
nature of the salts dissolved might have on the marine animals, and
with this view I entered upon a series of researches for the purpose of
establishing a biological parallel between these salts. My experiments
have been solely devoted to the molluses of our shores, especially those
which form articles of food for our population.
The sea water contains for every 1,000 grams an average of 35 grams
of different salts in solution, among which chloride of sodium appears
to exercise the most important influence on animal life. The supposi-
tion is doubtless permissible that the other substances are useful to a
certain limited extent, and have, apparently at least, no hurtful in-
fluence. :
*« Action biologique des sels de Veau de mer au point de rue de Ventretien des animaux
marins.” From Bulletin mensuel de la Société nationale d’ Acclimatation de France, 34
_ series, vol. X, No. 2, February, 1883. Read at the 19th meeting of the learned socie-
ties, in 1882, in general session. Translated from the French by HERMAN JACOBSON.
[1] 749
750 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. (2)
I have prepared cight solutions containing 35 grams per 1,000 of dis-
tilled water, of the fellowing substances: |
Solution Wo, 1: Chlonidever sodium: Sai: sees ee ener oe
No, 2: Chlorideothmeacnesinm .-Yi22222°5 2c heroes aa
No; 3:Sulphateot magnesia. .: ose oseos-cecr > es Sie Bets
No.4: Bromide.o potassium: —c2- feet 2 see Be
No.5: Loduretof potassium ..:. 2.422.212 2ee2e a
No; 6\:Chiorde of potassium. =. 42 2.6. 22s a2 5 cee ee
No: 7 Sulphatesor soda... 5) 25024 oes Soe oon
No. 8: Sulphate of potash .....2..2..:.. an
Here we have eight solutions, each containing one of these natural
elements of the sea-water, in the proportion in which it contains all of
them. The sulphate of soda alone does not belong, properly speaking,
to sea-water, although its elements are contained in it.
Three other solutions have been prepared, in which all the elements
are found united, but in which the quantitative preponderance which in
the water of the sea belongs to the sea-salt, is given (1) to chloride of
magnesium, (2) to chloride of potassium, (3) to sulphate of magnesia.
The following is the composition of these solutions :
Solution No. 9:
COL G708 maoneSiUM..05 22a. 2 tt ayes fel ss eee 27. 00
Chloride Of potassigMy * 2) a2. 2 Gso sets oo seek ae eee - 0.75
Chloride Orcsodimmir <.c0 Ae eee ta idee een, Acoma 3. 70
Sulphate Ol macneslays 22 ose ool ae ae eslaeaneee nee 2.30
Sulphate ots lime.) see fo eet bts a tare te erties USE ee 1.50
Bromide of potassia@Mm yi - 25-155 = cad -el-e sete oeeds ha e 0. 02
Distilled water. oa ne ee. eats re ei nee ee ales, cher ie eee 1000. 00
Solution No. 10:
Chloride of potassium ............. eat el aiLGx Goat anaes 27.00
Chioride-of magnesium: 2s {5.42.35 .-suies tp = ee 3. 70
Chloride: of sodium... 03a ibs ne ee ee eee ee 0. 75
Sulphate of macnesia, noe -ijoc.. jaidn se ee ie erete cyanea 2. 30
Sulphate oflimen.. St ure Aa casks eee ope eee ee 1. 50
Bromide, of potassinmyyc.- 2 eee oc eet een 0. 02
Distilled wateri2iy hee wes <a heat ees Sy hte ae 1000. 00
Solution No. 11:
Sulphate of ‘magnesia! 22.42. 4.42.40n see eee ee = eee 27. 00
@hioride of magnesinmMaen sobs 2. Cases eae ee eee 3.70
Ghioride: of potassium <sa.- seus. eee eee ; 0. 75
Whioride:of ‘sodium: #262 22) oe eet wo ee ee ee eee 2. 30
Sulphate OF Lime.) 5.) AEBS Goer epee ene 1. 50
Bromide-of. potassium), ... ss dostiace cs Se ee ee ee 0. 02
IDIStUN SO Water ey ct,/sie cb Sie eae ct ett iene ee Ns 1000. 00
{3] BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON ANIMALS. 751
Another solution was composed as follows :
Solution No. 12:
en lOniel © Ol SOGIMTIT erie a ed. ee! oa Sh Jae a a 258
Chronde ohapotassig mu qa. oye es 2 oh d Oo ee a De ee 8
Chloride of magnesium. ALA Se ee RRS Tete AEG Saati 8
Chioride of ¢aleium 252.5 2 =! ee Ry a nes iy elk eae RAL Orr ee 8
Besides these solutions, or means of experimentation, there were also
employed :
Solution No. 13: Natural Vichy water (Célestins).
No. 14: Common water (springs at Brest).
No. 15: Natural sea-water (roads of Brest).
No. 16: Atmospheric air.
The Vichy water represented an aqueous element different from the
sea-water, but rich in salts of soda. It was also necessary to compare
the action of the artificial elements with that of the natural element,
the sea-water, and to observe whether mollusks, well enclosed in their
shells, could not live for Some time in fresh water, or even in the air.
METHOD OF EXPERIMENTATION.—The above solutions were poured
‘into porcelain capsules, placedin the light at an average temperature of
12°. Every two days the evaporated water was replaced by distilled water,
so as to keep thesolutions in thesame state of concentration. Evéry day
these solutions were strongly aérated and shaken, with the view of
maintaining conditions analogous to those of sea-water. Mollusks re-
cently caught were placed at the bottom of the capsules at a distance of
20 centimeters from the surface of the liquid.
SUBJECTS OF EXPERIMENTATION.—A very small number of species
have been subjected to these physiological experiments.* They are:
The reticulated venus-shell ( Venus reticulata).
The common mussel (Jytilus edulis).
The palourde ( Venus decussata).
The common periwinkle (Littorina vulgaris).
The buccin of the British Channel (Tritoniuwm undatum).
By reason of their different organization these mollasks have given
very different results. The bivalves, mussels and venuses, which can
shut themselves up between their valves, have as a general rule showed
greater resistance than the opercular spiral-shelled mollusks, peri-
winkles and bueccins. Of these the periwinkles, whose operculum can
close entirely, prudently retired into the remotest coils of the spiral, and
were thus better protected than the buccins, whose opening does not
shut tightly, and into which the water can easily enter by the canal at
the mouth of the shell.
The bivalves, which can resist external influences, whilst inclosed be-
tween their valves, do not by any means act in the same manner. In
* Oysters, subjected to the same experiments, have shown great variableness of im-
pressions, and have generally succumbed very rapidly in the different solutions.
752. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
artificial elements the mussel resists less than the venuses; and among
these latter the reticulated venus or clovisse shows less resistance than
the palourde (Venus decussata), which exhibits a remarkable degree of
resistance. In the solution of sulphate of magnesia, for instance, the
mussel succumbed after ten days, the reticulated venus-shell after fifteen,
whilst the palourde was still alive after sixty days. These proportions
were very nearly maintained in the other solutions relatively to the
duration of life in these mediums.
Below is given the result of these experiments as regards the palourdes
( Venus decussata). Five specimens of this kind were on the 10th Janu-
ary, 1882, placed, under the same conditions, in each of the different
solutions mentioned above. The same care was bestowed on all of them,
and they were properly aérated every day. At the same time a certain
number of these mollusks were placed, near to the former, in vessels
containing natural sea-water.
January 10. Experiments commenced with the palourdes.
25. They succumbed in the ioduret of potassium.
February 10. They succumbed in the chloride of potassium.
15. They succumbed in the air.
18. They succumbed in the sulphate of potassium.
18. They succumbed in the common water.
20. They succumbed in the solution No. 10.
20. They succumbed in the bromide of potassium.
20. They succumbed in the chloride of magnesium.
25. They succumbed in the Vichy water.
22. They succumbed in the chloride of sodium.
22, They succumbed in the solution No. 12.
24. They succumbed in the solution No. 9.
March 10. They succumbed in the sulphate of magnesia.
10. They succumbed ip the solution No. 11.
15. Some palourdes are still living in the sulphate of soda.
15. The palourdes placed in the sea-water are alive.
OBSERVATIONS ON THESE FACTS.—It appears from these experi-
ments that, in spite of the possibility of shutting thems-Ives up between
their valves, the venuses yield to the action of the surrounding mediums,
since their power of resistance is not equal.
Salts of potash seem much less favorable than the salts of magnesia,
and especially than salts of soda. Life ceased first in the ioduret, the
bromide, the chloride, and the sulphate of potassium, and in solution
No. 10, the prevailing element of which is chloride of potassium.
The salts of soda and magnesia still maintained life when the animals
had succumbed in the salts of potash. Solution No. 9, for instance, the
principal element of which is chloride of magnesium, preserved its in-
habitants alive much longer, and the same applies to the sulphate of
magnesia alone and in solution No. 11.
The resistance of the palourdes in the Vichy water shows the favor-
‘eee ad,
[5] BIOLOGICAL ACTION OF SEA-WATER UPON ANIMALS. 153
able action of salts of soda on the preservation of life in marine ani-
mals; for forty days the palourdes lived in this mineral water !
It was in the sulphate of magnesia and the sulphate of soda that life
was sustained longest, the latter excelling the former. On the 12th
March I tasted some of the Venus decussata which had been kept in sul-
phate of soda for sixty days, and found their flavor excellent and with-
out any trace of a bitter flavor. This observation might prove useful
in alimentary economy, as the palourde isa highly prized shell-fish, and
sulphate of soda can be bought cheap.
‘It is a fact worthy of remark that it was only in the solutions of sul-
phate of soda and sulphate of magnesia that green alge commenced to
make their appearance at the end of sixty days. The conditions favor-
able to marine animal life are then apt to develop vegetable life. There
is nothing surprising in this parallelism, but it receives from the pres-
ent circumstance a curious confirmation. One singularity appears:
the solution of chloride of sodium (impure marine salt) did not sustain
life as long as the solutions of salt of magnesia and sulphate of soda,
and yet salt is an essential element of the sea-water. This proves that
the mollusks are adapted, not to pure salt, but to that peculiar mixture
which constitutes the natural sea-water; and that the secondary ele-
ments, as regards their quantity, play an important part. This gives
us reason to suppose that the accidental modifications of the water of
the sea during the different geological periods must have had a great
deal to do with the extinction of various species. .
The venus remained closed in most of the solutions, the nature of
which they doubtless learned to know by opening their valves a very
little. Meanwhile they occasionally put their siphons outside the shell,
for instance in the sulphate of magnesia and in the sulphate of soda.
In the solution of chloride of sodium and in the sea-water they had their
siphons out nearly all the time.
The palourdes can live for more than a month in the air in a cool
place. For about twenty days they remain shut; later they open their
valves and protrude their siphons. At the least touch they draw them
inand close their valves. Then comes the moment when the striped
muscles which bring the valves together have no longer the strength
to do this, although the smooth muscles which retain them will still do
so, when one closes the valves. In all the solutions in which these
mollusks have lived these same phenomena could be observed.
The weakening of the muscles showed itself first in the striped part
of the adductors, which draw the valves together, and later in the
smooth part of the same muscles, which held the valves artificially
closed for a constantly decreasing period.*
The Venus reticulata, or clovisses, Showed the same phenomena; the
order of extinction of vitality in the different solutions was the same;
*See De Vénergie et de la structure musculaire chez les mollusques acéphales. [On the
energy and muscular structure of the acephala.] By J. B. Bailliére, Paris.
S. Mis. 110-——48
754 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
but these mollusks did not live as long as the preceding ones. They suc-
cumbed a month after they had been placed in the solutions, first in the
salts of potash, then in the salts of magnesia, and finally in the salts of
soda.
The periwinkles resisted longer than the bivalves, and showed less
repugnance to sulphate of soda, in which they lived forty days.
The great buccin succumbs much quicker, as it cannot close its shell
hermetrically like the periwinkles. At the end of twenty-four days it
died in most of the solutions employed, especially in the salts of potash.
Its life was prolonged forty-eight hours in solution No. 12, in the sul-
phate of magnesia, and in the sulphate of soda, but soon came to an
end.
During all the time these experiments were going on, from January
10 to March 15, the palourdes and the periwinkles lived in the sea-water
of the laboratory, the Venus reticulata and the mussels not quite so
long, and the buccins only a few days.
It is a very important fact, to which we direct special attention, that
the salts which constitute the sea-water and the different solutions
which we employed gave to the water the faculty of dissolving variable
quantities of atmospheric air. We proved by direct experiments that
the solutions of salts of soda retain more air when agitated byit than the
solutions of salts of potash. This would, therefore, prove that the
poisonous character of the salts mentioned in our experiments is caused
in part by the circumstance that they do not let their solutions be-
come sufficiently aérated; their action produced asphyxia. Thisexplains
why the sulphate of potash and the sulphate of soda, neutral salts to
which the mollusks are by no means adapted, act so differently upon
them, the salts of potash killing them quickly and the salts of soda
preserving them for some time.
From these experiments the following conclusions have been reached:
1. The saline elements of the sea-water act very differently on mol-
lusks.
2. Every modification in the composition of the sea-water finally be-
comes fatal to the life of these animals. :
3. Their greater or less resistance depends on their organization. Bi-
valves resist better than spiral shells, and in these two groups the re-
sults vary according to the different species.
4. Salts of potash are less favorable to the life of mollusks than salts
of magnesia; and salts of magnesia are less favorable than salts of
soda.
5. Outside of the salts dissolved in sea-water the sulphate of soda
seems to possess a well-established preserving neutrality.
6. The death of the bivalves is caused by a general weakening of the
muscles.
7. As the muscles can no longer either draw together or open the
valves, the animal is exposed to the unfavorable or poisonous action of
the element. |
XIL—THE PROTOZOA AND PROTOPHYTES CONSIDERED AS THE
PRIMARY OR INDIRECT SOURCE OF THE FOOD OF FISHES,*
By JOHN A. RYDER.
In the course of observations made during the last few years the
writer has been more and more impressed with the importance of the
Protozoa and Protophytes as an indirect or primary source of much of
the food consumed by man. This is notably true of what is known as
fish and shell-fish food. As very striking instances of the truth of thes«
propositions we need only to allude to the various edible species of
the herring family, the shad, herring, and sardine, the gill-rakers of
which are modified so as to enable them to strain the minute living or.
ganisms out of the water which is passed through the mouth in respi-
ration; the menhaden or Brevoortia, which is of the same family and
swarms along our coast, and which in its turn furnishes a large propor-
tion of its food to the edible bluefish, and so serves this tyrant of the
Sea as a strainer, elaborator, and accumulator, as it were, of the minuter
life of the oceanic wastes which it inhabits. The oyster, in like manner,
subsisting as it does entirely upon Protozoa, Diatoms, minute ciliated
larvee, &c., reminds us forcibly that for some of the most savory luxu-
ries of the table we are indirectly indebted to the existence of countless
hosts of living marine beings which can be rendered visible only with
the help of a microscope.
Comparatively few fishes appear to be able to utilize the Protozoa
directly as a source of food. The most remarkable exception to this
rule was first made known by Professor 8. A. Forbes, of Ilinois, whe
found the intestines of certain young suckers or Catostomide packed.
with the shells or tests of Diffugian Rhizopods. In the Proceedings of
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1881, Professor
Leidy states that upon examining two slides containing some of the
intestinal contents of young Myxostoma macrolepidotum and Hrimyzon
sucetta submitted to him for examination by Professor Forbes he was
able to distinguish the shells of six distinet species of Rhizopods or test-
covered Amceboid Protozoa. The habits of the fishes in question are,
however, mud-loving, and since they are provided with a more or less
suctorial mouth it is easy to understand how they might readily con-
* Second edition, revised.
[1] 755
756 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
sume large numbers of these Protozoans where the surface of the ooze
of the bottoms of the streams and pools inhabited by the fishes was
favorable to the propagation and healthy existence of the former.
In order to render the vast multitude of Protozoa available as fish-
food it is necessary that they be consumed by larger organisms, which
in their turn may be consumed by the fishes. Upon investigating the
literature relating to the food of the smaller crustaceans, especially of
the Entomostraca, which enters so largely into the food supplies of most
young fishes and very many adult forms, [ find that the almost unani-
mous testimony of various observers is to the effect that these creatures
are largely carnivorous, and subsist mostly upon Protozoa, or the low-
est grade of animal existence. In proof of the foregoing the following
extracts are here introduced.
In his Natural History of the British Entomostraca, page 6 of the
introduction, Dr. W. Baird remarks: ‘ I have no doubt that most of the
Entomostraca are essentially carnivorous, and I have frequently seen
specimens of Cypris in their turn, as soon as dead, attacked immediately
by quantities of Cyclops quadricornis, which in a few minutes had fast-
tened themselves upon the dead animal, and were so intent upon their
prey that they were scarcely frightened away from it by being touched
with a brush. In a short time the Cypris might be seen lying at the
bottom of the vessel, the valves of the shell separated and emptied of
its contents. Leeuwenhoek and De Geer not only maintain that the
Cyclops quadricornis lives upon animalcules, but that it even preys upon
its own young, a fact which I have also noticed myself. Jurine asserts
that the Cyclops quadricornis is carnivorous from taste, and only her-
bivorous from necessity ; while the Daphnia pulex he distinctly affirms
lives upon animalcules. Place a few Entomostraca, such, for example,
as the Daphniw, Chirocephali, Lyncet, ete., in a vessel with pure, clear
water and only some vegetable matters in it, and they gradually be-
come languid, transparent, and finally die; but mix with this water
some which contains numerous Infusoria, and the Entomostraca will
then be seen speedily to assume another aspect. They become lively
and active, and the opacity of their alimentary canal testifies sufficiently
the cause of it. When, indeed, we consider the amazing quantity of
animals which swarm in our ponds and ditches, and the deterioration of
the surrounding atmosphere which might ensue from the putrefaction
of their dead bodies, we see a decided fitness in these Entomostraca
being carnivorous, thus helping to prevent the noxious effects of putrid
air which might otherwise ensue; whilst they in their turn become a
prey to other animals which, no doubt, serve their purposes also in the
economy of nature.”
“The food of the Lynceide,” says Baird, “ consists of both animal
and vegetable matter, and while they prey upon animalcules smaller
than themselves they in their turn are devoured in great numbers by
insects larger than they are.”
[3] AN INDIRRCT SOURCE OF THE FOOD OF FISHES. 157
According to Pritchard the Chyodorus sphericus is the choice food of
a species of a fresh water Nais which he calls Lurco. ‘So great is the
voracity,” he says, ‘‘ of this creature that I have seen a middle-sized one
devour seven Lyncei in half an hour.”
Referring to the Daphniade, our author again observes: ‘The food
of these animals, according to Straus, consists of vegetable matter, and
not animal; but I have found that of two groups placed in separate
vessels of clear water, the one having only particles of vegetable mat-
ter placed beside them, while with the other there were also introduced
infusorial animalcules, the latter were much stronger, more active, and
throve better than the former.”
This appears to be very strong evidence in favor of the animalcular
diet of these crustaceans. Other evidence, too, of quite as convincing
a character is not wanting. Those who have been in the habit of col-
lecting quantities of microscopic material from ponds and ditches have
frequently observed very large schools of Entomostraca in such places
where the water as a rule is not absolutely. stagnant, but where an
abundance of duck-weed, fresh-water alge of many kinds, as well as
various water plants of the higher orders make a splendid nidus for
all kinds of Monads and ciliated and Ameeboid Protozoa. These are the
places where Cyclops, Daphnia, and allies flourish inland in fresh water.
The writer has also noticed them particularly abundant in the wide
river flats near the mouth of the Susquehanna at Havre de Grace, where
there are large areas many acres in extent which are covered with a
luxuriant growth of Potamogeton, Anacharis, and Vallisneria, making a
deuse mat of delicate stems and leaves upon which countless multi-
tudes of Protozoa may fix themselves and abide. If in rowing through
such masses of aquatic vegetation one will stop the boat and stir care-
fully among the plants with the hand over the side, and cautiously
watch the result, one will often notice that great numbers of Entomo-
straca have been frightened from their leafy retreats. These are the
places where young shad ought to be liberated; in such places they
would find an abundance of food at an early period, or as soon as they
are fitted to partake of nutriment by swallowing.
Just as we find the fresh-water forms of Entomostraca take to the
shelter of aquatic vegetation at the mouths of rivers, so it appears that
many of the marine forms seek protection, and probably food, under
cover of the fronds of marine alge. Here is what their most recent
monographer says in relation to this point: “ A large number of species
haunt almost exclusively the forests of Laminarie which grow on rocky
coasts at and below low-water mark ; the fronds of Laminaria saccharina
in particular are the favorite abode of many species.” (Brady, Monog.
Brit. Copep., Introd., i, p. 7.) Again, on page 9, he remarks ‘“ The
washing of the fronds and roots of Laminarie, which may be dragged
up by means of the hooked grapnels used on many coasts by kelp
burners, often affords multitudes of Copepoda.”
758 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
They appear in many cases to be surface swimmers. I have myself
seen schools of several thousands of Daphniade of a greenish yellow
volor in the ditches south of Camden, N. J., swimming at the surface of
the water at midday in the bright sunlight. In the vicinity of Wood-
bury, in the same State, my friend Mr. W. P. Seal has taken great
numbers of abright-red colored Copepod, apparently related to the genus
Pontella, and perhaps undescribed. They were sufficiently abundant
in some cases to impart a red tinge to the water.
Brady (Monograph British Copepoda) observes in his introduction,
vol. i, page 9: “‘ The beds of fresh-water lakes seem to be very sparsely
populated with Copepoda, and as to swimming species it may, as a
reneral rule, be said that the weedier the pool and the smaller its ex-
tent the more abundant in all probability the Entomostraca. |
*¢ Many of the marine species pass their life apparently near the sur-
face of the open sea, and some of these, such as Calanus jinmarchianus,
Gunner, and Anomolocera Patersonii, Templeton, are frequently found
in immense profusion, the first-named species having been said to form
a very important part of the food of the Greenland whale, and it is re-
markable that in the Arctic seas not only do the Entomostraca attain
an enormous development in point of numbers, but also in individual
size, Arctic specimens, for example, of Calanus jfinmarchianus and Me-
tridia armata being many times the bulk of those taken in our own lati-
tude.” (I. ¢.)
According to H. Woodward, in his article Crustacea, Encyclopedia
Britannica, the fecundity of the Copepoda is truly surprising. ‘ Cyclops
quadricornis is often found with thirty or forty eggs on each side, and
though those species which have but a single ovisac do not carry so
many, their number is still very considerable. Jurine isolated speci-
mens of Cyclops, and found them to lay eight or ten times within three
months, each time about forty eggs. At the end of a year one female
would have produced 4,442,189,120 young! Cetochilus is so abundant
both in the northern seas and in the South Atlantie as to serve for
food to such an immense animal as the whale. They color the sea for
many miles in extent, and when the experienced whaler sees this ruddy
hue upon the ocean he knows he has arrived at the ‘pasture of the
whales.’ They are to be seen in vast quantities off the Isle of May, in
the Firth of Fo th, during the summer months. Many Cetacea are at-
tracted thither, and vast shoals of fish also come to feed upon them.
One anomalous type of free Copepod is the Notodelphys ascidicola, de-
scribed by Allman, which is found swimming freely in the branchial
sack of Ascidia communis.”
The writer, in passing, would remark that he has frequently met with
Copepoda swimming freely in the ventral part of the branchial space
of Mya arenaria, in which the animals were probably not parasitical or
commensal, but had been drawn from without into the respiratory space
of the mollusk through the incurrent part of its siphon.
[5] AN INDIRECT SOURCE OF THE FOOD OF FISHES. 759
In the same article as previously quoted Woodward observes: “The.
Cladocera are chiefly fresh water, and are distributed over the whole
world. Of this order the Daphnia pulex, so abundant in our [British]
fresh waters, is a good example. So numerous are they in our ponds in
summer as frequently to impart a blood-red hue to the water for many
yards in extent. In order to realize the wonderful fecundity of this and
allied genera, it is necessary to realize that when a Daphnia is only ten
days old eggs commence to be formed within the carapace, and under
favorable conditions of light and temperature it may have three broods
a month, or even a greater number, the larger species having as many as
forty or fifty eggs at once.”
The remarkable fecundity of the Copepoda explains the extraordinary
abundance of the free-swimming species upon the high seas, and even
bays, where vast schools of these crustaceans become, in turn, the food
of vast schools of herrings, menhaden, and shad. Doubtless, the move-
ments of these fishes on the high seas are determined by the abundance
of their favorite food in various localities; that, like the whale, they
seek their marine pasture of crustaceans, as argued by Mobius. Even
larger forms of fishes, such as the huge basking shark (Cetiorhinus maa-
imus), have their branchial apparatus adapted to capture small pelagic
organisms in the same way as the Clupeoids. (The prodigious numbers
of herrings and menhaden is a proof of the abundance of the minute
pelagic organisms upon which, with scarcely a doubt, it may be sup-
posed they subsist. It is also not improbable that the vast schools of
pelagic Entomostracans are in pursuit of still smaller protozoan prey,
upon which they subsist and maintain their marvellous reproductive
powers. Mosely, in his ‘‘ Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger,” ob-
serves: ‘ The dead pelagic animals must fall as a constant rain of food
upon the habitation of their deep-sea dependents. Maury, speaking of
the surface Foraminifera, wrote, ‘The sea, like the snow-cloud, with its
flakes in a calm, is always letting fall upon its bed showers of micro-
scopic shells”” Mosely records that he estimated, from experimental
data, that it would take four days and four hours for a dead Salpa to
fall to the bottom where the sea was 2,000 fathoms indepth. The deep-
sea fauna is probably well supplied with food from such sources. The
researches of Mr. John Murray, of the Challenger, fully confirm, and
greatly expand the significance of the views of Lieutenant Maury in
relation to the destiny of the marine foraminiferal shells. Wyville
Thompson, Voyage of the Challenger, I, 210, observes: “ Mr. Murray
has combined with a careful examination of the soundings a constant
use of the tow-net, usually at the surface, but also at depths from ten toa
thousand fathoms; and he finds the closest relation to exist between
the surface fauna of any particular locality and the deposit which is
taking place at the bottom. In all seas, from the equator to the polar
ice, the tow-net contains Globigerine.” Some of these surface Forami-
nifera are relatively large, Orbulina universa being as much as a fiftieth
760 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
of an inch in diameter, and hence of a sufficient size to be preyed upon
by a larger arthropod. The remarkable Pyrocystis noctiluca, discovered
by Mr. Murray, and nearly a millimeter ‘in diameter, is another inter-
esting surface form, as is also the P. fusiformis, which is allied to it.
Both are phosphorescent surface swimmers, and fall within the reach of
other surface animals as a probable source of food. To these may be
added the curious group of the Challengerida, together with the whole
of the Radiolaria, with their siliceous shells, which, in the warmer parts
of the high seas, actually tinge the surface when some of the highly-
colored forms are abundant. From the surface of the mid-Atlantic the
Challenger crew obtained stalked infusorians fixed to tbe shell of Spi-
rula ; also an abundance of large radiolarians. Haeckel, Monograph of
the Radiolaria, says the largest living Radiolaria measure only a few
lines in diameter, but most of them are much smaller, and attain
scarcely a tenth down to a twentieth of a line in diameter. At Saint
Jerome’s Creek, Maryland, in one of its arms which is now used as an
oyster park, the writer found an abundance of a fresh-water Heliozoan,
not specificially distinguishable from Actinophrys sol. They were found
in great abundance at times on the surface of the slate collectors Which
had been put down for the purpose of enabling the free-swimming fry
of the oyster to fix itself. This raises the question whether the fresh-
water protozoan fauna does not overlap the marine. The water in the
situation mentioned was not simply brackish, but positively salt. In the
same place great numbers of stalked and tube or test building ciliate
forms of Protozoa were also found. The magnificent bottle-green Freia
producta was found in the same locality inthe greatest profusion. Some-
times several hundred might have been counted on a single square inch of
the surface of oyster shells, slates, or boards, giving such surfaces a dark-
greenish or speckled tint from their numbers. Very small species of
nudibranchiate mollusks (AVolis and Doris) were found creeping amongst
and over the forest of Protozoa, pasturing off of them. Amongst the
tubes of the Freia, and attached to them, a small operculate Cothurnia,
with a rich brown-colored test, was found in abundance, and, rarely, a
very curious form of Tintinnus, with a tubular, subulate test, to the
inside of which the stalk of the inhabitant was attached, at one side,
about half way up from its base. The open or mouth end of the per-
fectly hyaline test was very strongly toothed, or serrate. The species
may be named Tintinnus Fergusonii. Another species of Freia has been
detected on the coast of New Jersey, by Professor Leidy, and, from a
verbal description given me by Dr. H. C. Evarts, a species occurs in the
vicinity of Beaufort, N.C. So abundant was Freia producta in Saint
Jerome’s Creek that I apprehend that in its free-swimming young state,
previous to the time that it commenced to build its test, it afforded not
an inconsiderable proportion of food to the oysters planted in some
parts of those waters. Besides the Freia there were innumerable indi.
viduals of Vorticella observed. One of these had a very thick brown-
[7] AN INDIRECT SOURCE OF THE FOOD OF FISHES. 761
ish cuticle; but for numbers these were again very greatly exceeded by
the compound stalked genera of bell-animalcules. Upon the very com-
mon alga, Laminaria, these were abundant, and upon the fronds of
another alga, the Grinnellia, in three or four fathoms of water, near the
middle of the Chesapeake, their number was truly astounding. In a
few such places where these alge were dredged up from the bottom,
covered with innumerable colonies of protozoans, it would doubtless be
much within bounds to state that there were 1,000 individual protozoan
zooids to the superficial square inch of frond surface. At this rate
there would be 39,204,000 zodids found to populate a single square rod
of frond surface. Estimating the number at only 100 per square inch,
which is low, and which would, I think, represent a fair average over
considerable areas where the conditions of life were favorable, there
would still be a stalked protozoan population of nearly four millions to
the square rod. The most abundant of these compound forms was one
which very much resembles Zodthamnium alternans, Claperéde, found on
the west coast of Norway. The same form was again found in vast
abundance upon alge in Cherrystone River, near the mouth of the
Chesapeake, during the season of 1881. Upon one occasion I found it
in great abundance growing on the parts of the body of a Pinnotheres
which was living in the gill cavity of an oyster, its swarmers, or young,
as they were thrown off, in all probability forming part of the food sup.
ply of the mollusk.
I have been interested upon several occasions to observe that the very
minute stalked, collared monads, Salpingwca and Codosiga, are frequently
to be found attached to the stems of the compound colonies of bell-ani-
malcules, or gathered about in the vicinity of the point of attachment
of a single one. In such cases the monads appear to derive a benefit
from the currents or vortices set up in the water by the waving of the
ciliary crowns of their giant neighbors, which bring particles of food to
their very doors as it were. On one occasion I found individuals of a
species of Vorticella fixed to the egg-membrane of the ova of the cod-
fish at Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts, as had been previously observed
by R. E. Earll, and in their vicinity were several colonies of acompound
stalked monad,: resembling the Dinobryon of Ehrenberg. On another
occasion I found something like Poteriodendron on the Zodthamnium
which covered a Pinnotheres inhabiting an oyster; but the chain of par-
asitism did not stop here, for on the monad as well as on the bell-animal
there were rod-like bodies attached which were presumably bacteroid,
as has been supposed by Stein. Stalked monads are probably much
more common than has been supposed, which reminds me that I have
detected the occurrence of Rhipidodendron splendidum in the bogs and
ponds of New Jersey, a form which was described originally by Stein
from Bohemia. Minute as the stalked monads are, they must live on
still minuter beings, probably upon Microbia, or Schizomycetés, a group
of fungi, now known to be the active agents in putrefactive changes
762 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
and proven in some cases to be at least the vehicles of infection in cer-
tain diseases. These organisms, which are very minute, are the first
to appear in disintegrating or putrefying organic infusions. If small
Protozoans, such as Paramecium, are left to die in improperly aérated
water, or water otherwise hurtful to them, they are, under favorable con-
ditions, immediately attacked by these Microbia,* which then in their turn
become an indirect source of supply of food for the grades next above
them, such as the free and fixed ciliate Protozoa, which feed upon
monads which have themselves fed on Bacteria or Bacillus-like organ-
isms, and so onward the matter of life takes its upward way.
The process of swallowing of many ciliate infusorians is as peculiar
as itis interesting. An opening, oftenest at one side of the body, is the
mouth, from which a short blind canal passes into the soft substance of
the animal’s body. The rapid vibration of rows of cilia in the vicinity
of the mouth creates currents which set in the direction of the throat,
the lower end of which is dilated into a globular space by the force of
the currents produced by the cilia, in which the particles of food are
rotating in the contained water. This space enlarges gradually until
eventually its connection with the throat is suddenly broken by a col-
lapse of the walls which join the globular space with the former. In
this way food-vesicle after food-vesicle is taken into the body of the
animaleule, from which the creature will abstract whatever is useful
and cast out near the mouth whatever is contained in the food-vesicles
that is indigestible. The writer has seen the process in a number of
forms, and it is not unusual to observe a dozen or more food-vesicles in
the body of a single Protozoan. Many parasitic forms, however, are
mouthless, such as Opalina, Benedenia, Pyrsonympha, Trichonympha, etc.,
where the nourishment is probably obtained from their hosts by transu-
dation through the body-walls. In other forms again comparatively
large objects are swallowed with apparent ease, judging from shells of
other protozoan types which are found within their bodies. Such a
form I encountered in a slightly brackish water pool near New Point
Comfort, Virginia, during the summer of 1880. It was apparently a
very large species of Prorodon of an irregular cylindrical form which
had in a number of instances swallowed five or six large Difflugians,
Arcella vulgaris, the shells of which remained within the animal to tes-
tify to the nature of the food it had been devouring. Some other mode
of swallowing such large prey is probably practiced by this large ciliate,
very different from the method first described. In the same pool a very
* Or Schizomycetés, the germs of which are abundant in the surrounding air, and
from which the infection in such cases is derived. In some eases it may be observed
that the body of the dead Protozoan is attacked at one side, which becomes the cen-
ter of multiplication, from whence the putrefactive organism multiples by germina-
tion, gradually invading and appropriating the dead protoplasm of the organism
upon which it feeds. These forms seem to have little or no power of forming living
matter de novo from ammonia, carbonic dioxide, and water, but, like animals, appropri-
ate pre-existing living matter, or such as has ceased to manifest vital phenomena.
es lila al
ey Se a
[9] AN INDIRECT SOURCE OF THE FOOD OF FISHES. 163
peculiar form of hypotrichous Infusorian was detected, which was
clearly very nearly allied to Chilodon cucullulus of Ehrenberg, but the
dorsal, non-ciliated side of its body was not gently rounded, but flat,
with a prominent crenate rim surrounding it. From this peculiarity it
may be called Chilodon coronatus.
The mode of swallowing their food adopted by the fresh-water Rhizo-
pods has been elaborately described in a few instances by Professor
Leidy in his splendid monograph of this group, published by the Geo-
logical Survey of the Territories. Their food appears to be mainly veg-
etable, and consists, for the most part, of diatoms and desmids, though
a ciliated Protozoan or Rhizopod was occasionally met with in the body
of Ameba. The marine Rhizopods appear to be herbivorous as well as
carnivorous, remains of both Protophytes and Protozoa having been
detected in their bodies. Vampyrella has been described as almost
parasitic upon the clustered frustules of Gomphonema.
Some aberrant ciliated forms, like the Gastrotricha and Coleps, are
somewhat peculiar in their organization, and we know little of their
feeding habits.
The Suctoria or Tentaculifera, which are abundant in some places,
both in fresh and salt water, appear to be indiscriminately herbivorous,
as well as carnivorous. In fresh water I have met with them infesting
the back of the common water leech, Clepsine, the species being appar-
ently Podophrya quadripartita. Of marine forms I have seen but two
that I could regard as distinct from each other ; the one, a very common
form, is the old and well-known Acineta tuberosa of Ehrenberg, with two
clusters of suckers. This form I have frequently seen with diatoms .
which it had seized and from which it was abstracting nutriment. The
other form was much larger than the preceding and appears to be iden-
tical with the species described under the name Podophrya gemmipara
by Hertwig. It has the same robust stalk, with the same close trans-
verse annular markings, the same taper, and is similar in the form of
the tentacles, which are often irregularly bearded or swollen. I was
enabled to observe in part its development, which is also similar to that
of the Helgoland species of the North Sea, above mentioned. They
were found in great abundance on the surface of the fronds of Laminaria,
together with the Acineta tuberosa; not as abundantly, of course, as
the Zodthamnium, but in sufficient numbers to make them a very con-
siderable factor in the protozoan life found in the vicinity of New Point
Comfort.
The majority of the free Protozoa and many Monads, such as Nocti
luca, have scarcely been considered, but enough has been said, I think,
to give some idea of the actual importance of the minute animal and
vegetable life of the sea to make it clear that there is a most intimate
relation of dependence existing between the lowest and the interme-
diate forms of life. Why is it, for example, that we should find the
Copepoda so abundant among the Laminariaalong the sea-coast ? Have
764 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
we not shown that on the fronds of these algz there exists, in most
instances, almost a forest of protozoan life upon which these creatures
may be supposed to pasture? We do not find the Laminaria itself
eaten. Again, the foraminiferal and radiolarian fauna of the high seas
appears to be in great measure, a surface fauna, according to the evi-
dence of a number of investigators. This fact appears to have an im-
portant relation to the vast shoals of Copepoda observed at the surface
of the sea by various naturalists and expeditions. It is not to be sup-
posed, however, from what has been said, that the Copepoda are the
only consumers of this vast array of individual Protozoa. Cross sec-
tions through the oyster, which the writer has prepared and mounted,
show the tests of various genera and species of diatoms mixed among
the indigestible earthy matters and sediment which has been swallowed
along with the food. It isprobable that the oyster swallows and digests
many of its own embryos, and not improbably many embryos of such
forms as Bryozoa and Sponges, besides the Diatoms, Desmids, and Pro-
tozoa which make up the most of its food. Ordinarily the contents of
the stomach of the oyster are too much disorganized to learn much
about what it has recently swallowed, hence we are at a great loss to
know just exactly of what all of its food consists. Just so with the
Copepoda; they themselves are doubtless eaten by other Crustacea,
these in turn by others. We saw that Doris and dolis pastured upon
the forests of fixed Protozoa, just as Planorbis, Lymnaeus, and Physa
pasture upon the Protozoa, Alge, Diatoms, and Desmids, in fresh
water. The great abundance of Copepoda and Amphipoda is, however,
_the best evidence of the abundance of still smaller forms adapted to furn-
ish them with food. What multitudes of forms besides Copepoda must
largely subsist upon the Protozoa and Protophytes? Of such groups
we may name the Lamellibranchs, Pteropods, Worms, Bryozoa, Por-
ifera, and, doubtless, many Coelenterata. Some of these, notably the
Lamellibranchs, could probably not exist wereit not for the numerous
Protozoa and Protophytes, upon which, from necessity, they are com-
pelled to feed.
What is true of the fauna of the sea appears to be in an equally great
measure true of the faune of fresh water ponds, lakes, and streams.
Recently I investigated some Daphniade which had been kept for some
time in an aquarium; to my surprise I did not find any recognizable re-
mains of animal food in the intestines. The latter were, however, entirely
filled with a sarcode-like material, doubtless in part a digestive secre-
tion, together with what might have in part been animal food. The
vegetable food, consisting of Diatoms, unicellular Alge, spores of Fungi,
fragments of Oscillatoriz, were so sparingly mixed with the intestinal
contents that they could not be regarded as contributing much to the
nutrition of the animal. The black or brown material, sometimes filling
the intestine of Entomostraea, I find to consist in great part of humus,
particles of quartz sand and earthy matters, which are of course indi-
{11] AN INDIRECT SOURCE OF THE FOOD OF FISHES. 765
gestible, being thrown out of the vent, as in Chirocpehala, in the form
of cylindrical casts.
The most valuable contribution to our knowledge of the food of the
fresh-water fishes of the western United States has been made by Pro-
fessor 8. A. Forbes, in Bulletins Nos. 2 and 3 of the Illinois State Labora-
tory of Natural History, for the years 1878 and 1880. With the most
painstaking care the results of a vast number of examinations are re-
corded. He finds that the Darters, Perches, Labracide, Centrarchoids
or sun-fishes, Scizenoids, Pike, Bony Gars, Clupeoids, Cyprinoids, Suck-
ers, Cat-fishes, and Amia, both the young and adults, consume large
numbers of small aquatic, and occasionally small terrestrial organisms,
notably the smaller Arthropods. While many of the more voracious
species, both young and adult, feed on their immediate allies, the dietary
of the fishes of Illinois, according to this observer, includes Mollusks,
Worms, fresh-water Polyzoa, Hydrachnide, insects of both mature and
and larval forms; Crustacea, embracing Decapods, Tetradecapods, Am-
phipods, Isopods, and Entomostraca of the groups Cladocera, Copepoda,
and Oscracoda; Rotifera, Protozoa, vegetable matter,and Algz. In his
first paper he also gives a list of the organisms found in the stomachs
and intestines of the Pirate Perches, Gasterosteida, Atherinide, Cyprin-
odontide, Umbride, Hyodontide, and Polyodontide. Both are accom-
panied by elaborate comparative tables, and, in an economical sense,
are of the greatest practical importance in their bearing upon fish
culture.
It has, however, been known long ago that fishes consume large quan-
tities of small Crustacea, as will be seen from the following extract from
Dr. Baird’s work :
‘That the Entomostraca form a considerable portion of the food of
fishes has long been observed, and it is very probable that the quality
of some of our fresh-water fishes may in some degree depend upon the
abundance of this portion of their food. Dr. Parnell informs me that
the Lochlevin trout owes its superior sweetness and richness of taste
to its food, which consist of small shells and Entomostraca. The color
of the Lochlevin trout, he further informed me, is redder than the com-
mon trout of other localities. When specimens of this fish have been
removed from the loch and conveyed to lakes in other places the color
remains, but they very soon lose that peculiar delicacy of flavor which
distinguishes so remarkably the trout of Lochlevin. The experiment
has been repeatedly tried and always with the same results. The ban-
stickle (Gastrosteus trachinus) devours them with great rapidity, and I
have seen two or three individuals clear in asingle night a farge basin
swarming with Daphine and Cyclops, ete.”
The writer would also refer to articles on the food of fishes in the Reports
of the United States Fish Commission for 1872 and 1873 by Professors
Milner and Smith, and to papers by Widegren and Ljungman on the
Copepodan food of herring. Also a paper by Dr.C. C. Abbot in the same
766 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12]
report, for 1875 and 1876, on the winter habits of the fishes of the Del-
aware. Mobius has found pieces of Algz, besides Shells, Snails, Crabs,
and fishes in the stomach of the cod. The writer has found the stomach
of the sheep’s-head filled with the remains of the shells of mussels and
large quantities of the slender branches of the common bright red sponge,
Microciona proliferum, bitten off in short fragments by the incisor-like
teeth of the fish, and with the red sponge sarcude partly digested out of
its skeleton. It is presumed that the sponge feeds upon protozoan life,
and on account of its peculiar dentary armature the sheep’s-head is
singularly well fitted to pasture upon sponges and thus indirectly ap-
propriate Protozoa as nourishment. The same remark applies to the
molluscan food of this fish.
In young shad from Capehart’s fishery, Albemarle Sound, said to have
been three weeks old, I found the remains of a number of adult Tipuli-
de, or crane-flies, in the intestine. This reminds me that in examining
the larve of crane-flies some years ago I was struck with the fine comb-
like fringes which garnish the edges of their wide oral appendages, and
which are so extended in life when the larva is in motion as to consti-
tute a sort of basket which opens downwards and forwards apparently
to strain out of the water the small organisms which constitute its food.
Here again we have young shad feeding upon an arthropod which has
passed its larval existence feeding in great part upon Protozoa. West-
wood (Introd., ii, 511) I find makes a similar observation in regard to
the larve of the gnat or mosquito family. He says: ‘The head is dis-
tinct, rounded, and furnished with two inarticulated antennae, and sev-
eral ciliated appendages, which serve them for obtaining nourishment
from their food.”
The fixed Tunicates are probably as dependent upon the microscopic
lifé swimming about them in the water as the Lamellibranchs. The
Barnacles in like manner, immovably fixed during their adult existence,
kick their minute food into their mouths with their filiform legs, as
remarked by Huxley. In Pedicellina americana, abundant in Saint
Jerome’s Creek, I have observed that there are rows of vibratory cilia
continuous with those of the tentacles around the edge of the lopho-
phore, which appear to lie in grooves, which blend on either-side of the
excentrically placed mouth. In this manner the microscopic food of
this curious Bryozoan is conveyed in ciliated grooves to the mouth
from all points of the oral disk. With these we may close our survey
of the modes in which the protozoan grade of life is appropriated the
smaller Arthropods, Pteropods, Polyzoa, Annelids, and Tunicates, but
we must remember that upon these again the larger forms subsist,
which are either food for each other or for man. AS we pass in succes-
sion the larger forms, we may note the Lameilibranchiates, with this
garniture of vibratory cilia covering the gills and palps, and which
carry the particles of food and sediment suspended in the water used
in respiration to the mouth to be swallowed. The Clupeoids and Cetio-
[13] AN INDIRECT SOURCE OF THE FOOD OF FISHES. 167
rhinus with their branchial sieves are particularly noteworthy for the
perfection of the apparatus of prehension, but we must not forget that
the gill-rakers of all fishes, whenever developed to any extent, probably
subserve a similar function. Lastly, the right-whales, with their closely
ranged plates of baleen suspended from the upper jaws, forming in
reality a huge strainer or filter for the large volumes of sea-water which
pass through the mouth, and from which the food of these marine giants
is so simply obtained, will enable us in a measure to comprehend the
importance of the minute life of the world, and its indirect but impor-
tant economical relation to man.
THE FOOD OF THE YOUNG SHAD.
The periods of yelk-absorption.—In a previous paper by the writer on
the retardation of the development of the shad it was stated that the
yelk-sack disappeared on the fourth to the fifth day after the young fish
had left theegg. Although this statement is in a broad sense true, I find
upon more accurate investigation that there is a small amount of yelk re-
tained in the yelk-sack for a much longer time. It appears in fact that
there are really two periods of absorption of the yelk which may be very
sharply distinguished from each other. The first extends from the time
of hatching to the end of the fourth or fifth day, according to tempera-
ture, during which time the most of the yelk is absorbed. The small
quantity which remains after this time is not visible externally, being
contained in a small fusiform sack, all that remains of the true yelk-
sack inclosed by the abdominal walls, and causes little or no visible
prominence on the under side of the young fish. Viewed as a living
transparent object from the side, we see it in the young fish lying below
the cesophageal portion of the alimentary canal immediately in front of
the very elongate liver, and behind the heart, with the venous sinus of
which it appears to communicate by a narrow duct formed of the an-
terior portion of the yelk hyboblast, which formerly covered the dis-
tended yelk-sack. The appearances presented by the living transparent
objects are fully confirmed by the evidence obtained from transverse
sections of embryos from ten to twelve days old. It appears that the
yelk-sack of the California salmon probably behaves in a somewhat
similar manner as indicated by transverse sections. I even find this
slight rudiment of the yelk-sack in shad embryos fourteen to sixteen
days old, but this seems to be about the period of its disappearance.
The second period of the absorption of the yelk therefore extends in the
shad over about twice that of the first, or about ten days. The first
period extends to the time when the yelk-sack is no longer visible ex-
ternally, the second from the time the remains of the yelk-sack become
inclosed in the abdomen until its final and complete absorption. The
function of the yelk-sack during the first period appears to be to build
up the structures of the growing embryo; during the second, not so
much to build it up as to sustain it in Vigorous health until it can cap-
768 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
ture food to swallow and digest, so that it may no longer be dependent
upon the store of food inherited from its parent.
The appearance of the teeth.— Minute conical teeth make their appear-
ance on the lower jaws and in the pharynx of the young shad about the
second or third day after hatching. Sections through the heads of em-
bryos show that these teeth are derived from the oral, hypoblastic
lining of the mouth. There are none on the upper jaw; there are four
arranged symmetrically on the lower jaw, or rather Meckel’s cartilage.
in the throat, in the vicinity of the fifth and last branchial arch, there
are two rows of lower pharyngeal teeth, the first of six, three on a side;
the last of four, two on a side. These teeth are of the same form and
size as those on the jaws.
The age at which it begins to take food.—Although peristaltic contrac-
tions of the walls of the intestine of young shad may be observed soon
after hatching, I have never observed food in the alimentary canal
until ten or twelve days after the young fish had lefttheegg. At about
the beginning of the second week considerable may be seen in living
specimens. But the intestine is often not yet very densely packed with
food even at this period. At the age of three weeks an abundance of
food is found in the intestine, that portion which becomes the stomach
and which extends from the posterior extremity of the liver to near the
* vent being greatly distended with aliment.
Upon investigating the nature of this food material we learn that it
consists almost entirely of exceedingly small crustaceans, in reality for
the most part of the very youngest Daphniada and Lynceide ; only once
did I find what I thought might be very small Ostracoda or Cypride.
In some instances the undeveloped larve of Daphnie were noticed. In
a few cases green cellules were observed in the intestines of shad larve,
resembling Protococcus, but as this material appeared to be accidental
itis probably not an important element of shad food. In the young
fishes the dark, indigestible remains of the food of the Daphnie always
remained, together with the hard chitinous parts, as long-curved cylin-
drical casts which preserved the shape of the intestines of the crusta-
ceans. In one young shad, twenty-two days old from the time of im-
pregnation, measuring 14 millimeters in length, I estimated from a
series of sections through the specimen that it must have consumed
over a hundred minute crustaceans.
The oldest specimens of artificially reared shad which came into my
hands were some that had been overlooked in some of the hatching
apparatus at Dr. Capehart’s fishery in North Carolina, where they re-
mained for three weeks after hatching. In that time they had grown
to a length of 23 millimeters, or almost one inch. The air-bladder was
more developed and the stomach was more decidedly differentiated
than in any previous stage. In the intestines of these I found, beside
black, earthy, and vegetable indigestible matter, the remains of the chit-
inous coverings of small larval Diptera, and the remains of a very
[15] AN INDIRECT SOURCE OF THE FOOD OF FISHES. 769
small adult crane-fly, besides Entomostraca allied to Lynceus. In these
specimens the dorsal fin had the rays developed, the continuous median
larval natatory folds having by this time disappeared.
The mode in which the young fish capture their Entomostracan prey
may be guessed from their oral armature. Most fish larve appear to be
provided with small, conical, somewhat backwardly recurved teeth on
the jaws. Rathie, in 1833, described the peculiar hooked teeth on the
lower jaw of the larve of the viviparous blenny, and Forbes has ob-
‘served minute teeth on the lower jaw of the young Coregonus albus. I
have also met with similar teeth on the lower jaw of the larval Spanish
mackerel. ‘
THE FOOD OF THE ADULT SHAD.
The mouth of the adult shad, as is well known, is practically tooth-
less, and in the throat there are no functionally active teeth, as in the
larve, so that the latter, in reality, have a relatively munch better de-
veloped dentary system than their parents.. The adult, moreover, prob-
ably feeds in the same way as the generality of the Clupeoids, that is to
say, by swimming along with the mouth held open, as I have frequently
observed is the habit of the menhaden in its native element. In this
way the water which passes through the branchial filter is deprived of
the small animals which are too large to pass through its meshes and
be swallowed.
It is a common remark of the fishermen that it is seldom that one -
finds food in the stomach of the adult shad in fresh water; indeed,
from personal observation, it is rare or exceptional. The writer has
heard many fishermen express their belief, based on this singular fact,
that this fish did not feed at all in fresh water during the spawning
season. With this unreasonable opinion I cannot coincide, and I have
no doubt but that the shad feeds in fresh water, as well as in the sea,
upon such small animals as are liable to be captured by its prehensile
apparatus. That it does probably capture large numbers of small
crustacea in fresh water the following observation will show: A spawn-
ing female, captured about twenty miles from Washington, down the
Potomac, when the stomach was opened, was found to contain about
a tablespoonful of Copepoda, apparently a Cyclops, and very similar to
the common fresh-water species. This is the only instance in which I
found a large amount of food which appeared to have been recently
captured, since the carapaces and joints of the antennae and body were
still hanging together, with the soft parts partially intact, showing that
they had probably been recently swallowed and but partially digested.
Upon examining the intestine, however, I invariably found the remains
of Copepoda imbedded in the intestinal mucus, the most conspicuous
and constant evidence of which was the presence of the hard chitinous
jaws of these creatures. This was the invariable rule, even where there
was no food discernible in the stomach. Besides the remains of Cope-
8. Mis, 110-———49
770 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16]
poda observed, there were almost invariably present in the intestine
green cells, apparently of algous origin; occasionally there were also
seen the remains of large crustaceans, possibly shrimps or Amphipods,
but these were so mutilated and disorganized that the evidence of their
presence is founded only upon the occurrence of single joints or frag-
ments. The tests of rotifers and the shells of Diatoms of both discoidal
and naviculoid forms were also observed.
Upon the foregoing facts the writer bases his conclusion that the shad
does feed in fresh water.
If it were of any advantage we might speculate upon the relations
subsisting between the smaller and larger aquatic and marine forms of
life, but perhaps enough has been said to show that there is an exten-
sive basis of fact to support what is implied by the title of this paper.
The manifold adaptations and contrivances by which food is obtained
by organisms which prey upon others, and how the tendency to accu-
mulate the vast amount of the *‘ physical basis of life,” represented by
the existing Protozoa and Protophytes is practically realized by the
hordes of Entomostraca and other small animals with which both fresh
and salt waters teem. How these again are accumulated in apprecia-
ble quantities so as to furnish an important source of food is shown by
the immense numbers, amounting to many thousands, which may be
taken from the stomach of a single fish. In the case where the large
quantity of Copepoda was obtained from the stomach there were prob-
ably more than 100,000 individuals of these crustaceans, which would
average a fifteenth of an inch long and a fiftieth of an inch wide. This
fact will serve to show how fine the meshes of the branchial sieve must
be to prevent the prey of the shad from escaping from this remarkable
collecting apparatus. The soft parts, too, of the individual crustaceans
were so well preserved that one could distinguish the pigment of the
eyes, the muscles, and intestine with its contents, while the vast num-
ber of their eggs mixed amongst their bodies testified to the multitudes
of females which had been swallowed. These facts would appear to in-
dicate most positively that the fish had captured its food quite recently
and after it had reached quite fresh water,
XIH.—THE FIRST FOOD OF THE COMMON WHITEFISH.
(Coregonus clupeiformis, Mitch.)
By S. A. ForBEs.
In a very large lake the conditions of life are remarkably uniform.
The volume of water remains, of course, constant from season to season
and from year to year, and the extremes of summer heat and winter
cold have but a moderate effect upon the temperature of the lake as a
whole. Consequently both plant and animal life exhibit there a regu-
larity and stability which are in remarkable contrast to their fluctua-
tions in smaller bodies of water and on the surrounding land. Not
only do the relative numbers of individuals in the varjous species re-
main about the same, but the absolute number of each must necessarily
change but little, as a rule.
Such a state of affairs is eminently favorable to an exact and econom-
ical balance of supply and demand, of income and expenditure, of mul-
tiplication and destruction, among the inhabitants of the lake. Here
_ every species of animal, whether predaceous or vegetarian, must find,
—
in the surplus products of growth and reproduction among the species
upon which it depends for food, a far more constant and unvarying
supply for its needs than elsewhere; and the species fed upon must be
subject to a far more regular drain upon their surplus numbers or un-
essential structures. Where there is little fluctuation there is little
waste.
A system of life like this, running on with relatively even tenor for
centuries, must of course be much less flerible than one where wide and
violent fluctuation and continual readjustment are the rule; and a spe-
cies in any way deeply affected will here have within itself far less re-
cuperative power than one which has been forced again and again—
each year, perhaps—to rally against the most destructive attacks as the
price of its continued existence. Disturbances of the natural balance
of life, of the primitive and spontaneous system of reactions by which
the different groups of organisms are related, will therefore be unusu-
ally serious and lasting; and where such disturbances result from hu-
man interference, as by the yearly capture of large numbers of any
important fish, it is especially desirable that artificial means of com-
pensation be taken to restore the disturbed balance as nearly as POSSI-
ble. Excessive loss will be made good by natural reactions far more
1] 771
772 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
slowly than if it occurred to a pond or river species, accustomed, as
most of the latter are, to fill up rapidly enormous gaps in their numbers.
On the other hand, to multiply wnduly by artificial measures any spe- —
cies naturally abundant in such a lake will have scarcely a less dis-
turbing influence than to diminish its numbers in the same ratio. The
relatively nice balance between the demand for food and food supply
which here naturally obtains is such that an extraordinary increase in
a species must soon react to diminish greatly its food resources—a fact
which will then take effect on the species itself, reducing it below its nat-
ural original level; and if both excessive capture and excessive multi-
plication go on side by side we shall have this result finally aggravated
to an extreme degree.
As fishes are caught before the end of their natural lives, but planted
by the fish-culturist when young, it is evidently the food of the young
which will be first and most seriously affected by overproduction.
Only a part of the adults, perhaps a small fraction, will live a life of
ordinary natural length, many being captured before they have attained
even the average size; but a far greater number, perhaps nearly every
one, must survive the earliest period and must consequently draw most
heavily upon the earliest food resources of the species when these dif-
fer from those of the adult.
The above considerations are brought forward here to show the espe-
cial importance to us of a study of the system of natural interactions
by which-the animals of our great lakes affect each other, if we would
avoid the necessarily injurious consequences of our own interference
with the natural order there obtaining, and above all to show the extra-
ordinary value of a knowledge of the food habits and food capital of
the young. They apply perhaps more forcibly to the whitefish than to
any other species in the lakes; because this is for several reasons the
most important purely fresh-water fish of the Great Lake region, and
proves to have a distinctly different food when young from that upon
which it is dependent later.
According to the recent census report,* more than twenty-one mill-
ion pounds of whitefish were taken in the Great Lakes in 1879, valued
at over three-quarters of a million dollars, and representing nearly half
_ the total sum derived from the lake fisheries of all kinds. These fish-
eries employ over five thousand men, and a fixed capital of one million
three hundred and forty-six thousand dollars. When we reflect that
this enormous drain upon the number of the species is necessarily, to a
-considerable extent, an addition to the natural tax levied upon it by its
enemies other than man, we see that there must be an artificial supply
provided, or the fisheries will gradually fail.
The importance of the knowledge of the food of so valuable a species
[3] THE FIRST FOOD OF THE COMMON WHITEFISH. Cts
with what has been said above, it may not be difficult to overdo the
work of propagation.
If the whitefish were to be multiplied indefinitely, without any atten-
tion to the character or abundance of its food supply, it would soon
reach such a number that it must infringe upon its own food capital,
diminish the average number of the animals upon which it depends for
subsistence, and so finally indirectly cripple itself. Then the money
and labor expended in its culture would be principally lost, and the last
state of the species would be worse than the first. An acquaintance
with the food of the young is especially necessary, because they are
planted by the fish-culturist when, having already absorbed the egg-sack
(the supply of food by which they are under natural conditions sup-
ported until they have time to scatter themselves widely through the
water), they are in a peculiarly helpless condition, unable to wander far
in search of subsistence, and compelled to find food speedily or perish.
One would say, therefore, that their alimentary resources and habits
should be well and thoroughly known, that the range, period, and
abundance of the organisms upon which they feed should be carefully
determined, and that each locality where the young are deposited should
be closely searched for the purpose of ascertaining whether their food
species occur there at the time in sufficient quantity to prevent imme-
diate starvation.
Previous studies of the food of young fishes of a variety of families,
reported in the third paper of this series, had shown that, with excep-
tions presently to be mentioned, the earliest food of all the families
studied consisted almost wholly of various species of Entomostraca and
some equally minute and delicate dipterous larve. When that paper
was prepared, I had, however, no opportunity to study the food of the
young of any members of the family Salmonidz, to which the white-
fish belongs, neither could I learn that any such studies had been made
by others; and I could only infer the same fact with regard to this fam-
ily from the general character of the results obtained by the study of
the other groups. Even this inference, however, was rendered doubt-
ful by the discovery that the youngest individuals of two of the tooth-
less families (Catostomide and Cyprinide) were not strictly dependent
upon the food elements above mentioned, but were likewise able to
draw upon much smaller organisms, namely, the minutest Protozoa
and unicellular Alge ; and as the adult whitefish is likewise destitute
of teeth, it was not by any means certain that their young would not
fall under the latter category. Upon looking up the literature of the
subject, I found that, although the food of the adult had been very well
made out in a general way,* only two items had been published respect-
ing the food of the young. In the report of the United States Fish
Commission for 1872~73, an assistant commissioner, Mr. J. W. Milner,
made some experiments on young whitefish hatched artificially, sup-
* Report of the United States Fish Commission for 1872~73, pp. 44-46.
T(14— REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
plying them with a number of articles of food, in the hope of finding
something suitable for their nourishment.
‘““A few crawfish,” he says, ‘‘were procured and pounded to a paste,
and small portions put into jar No. 1; the young fish ate it readily.
They were fed at night, and the next morning every one of them was
found to be dead. Jar No. 2 was supplied with bread crumbs, and the
fish were seen to take small particles in their mouths; they did not die
so suddenly. Jar No. 3 was supplied with sweet eee but no evi-
dence was afforded that the occupants fed upon it. A quantity of rain-
water was exposed to the rays of the sun for the purpose of generating
minute forms of life, and a teaspoonful was poured into jar No. 4,
morning and evening, in the hopes that their proper food was of fue
character. In jar No. 5 a variety of food was provided—dry, fresh beef,
milk, boiled potato, and bread.. The crumbs of bread and the scrapings
from the beef were all that the fish were seen to take into their mouths.
They died, one after another, very rapidly, and in a few days all were
dead.” He further remarks: “This: difficulty of procuring a suitable
food for the young whitefish has been the experience of the few fish-
culturists who have hatched them.”
With the hope of ascertaining the natural food of these fishes, a few
specimens, representing young captured in the Detroit River, and others
from the hatchery, were submitted by Mr. Milner to Mr. S. A. Briggs,
a microscopist, of Chicago. Four examples were examined by Mr.
Briggs, two from each of the above situations. Those from the hatchery
contained nothing whatever, while those from Detroit River contained
numerous specimens of two species of Diatomacee, viz, Fragilaria ca-
pucina and Stephanodiscus niagare. The only fact at that time known
would consequently indicate that the earliest food of the species con-
sisted of Diatomacee.
The whitefish, as is well-known, lays its eggs in the open lake in
autumn, the young not appearing until early in the following spring.
At this cold and stormy season, in the exposed situations where
they are to be sought it is practically impossible to find the young
fish; a fact which rendered the study of their earliest food a sub-
ject of unusual difficulty. There seemed, in fact, no practicable way to
reach satisfactory conclusions upon it except by experiment upon indi-
viduals artificially hatched.
In December, 1880, I made an arrangement, through the kindness of
Professor Baird, of the Smithsonian Institution, with Mr. FI’. N. Clark,
superintendent of the United States fish hatchery at Northville, Mich.,
for a supply of young whitefish to be sent me at intervals from the
hatchery under his control. The specimens furnished were taken from
two lots. The fishes of one lot, hatched January 18, were kept in a
tank in the hatchery, where Wee were supplied oan water from a
spring, which had been cooled by exposure to the air in artificial ponds
before entering the hatchery, in order to retard the development of the
[5 | THE FIRST FOOD OF THE COMMON WHITEFISH. 175
fry. The ordinary range of temperature in the tank was from 35° to
39°. ‘These fishes were fed daily with a paste made by grinding small
amphipod crustaceans (Gammarus) in a mortar.
The second lot, hatched January 20, was kept, unfed, in a perforated
tin box, in a rivulet flowing from a spring, about 60 feet from its source.
The water had a uniform temperature of 47°.
Those in the spring, being in warmer water than the others, develop-
ed much more rapidly, and it was believed that the character and source
of this water was such as to furnish them at least a small supply of sueh
food as young fishes are accustomed to appropriate.
Ninety specimens were received from the hatchery February 9, at
which time they were three weeks old. They were thirteen mm. (half
an inch) in length by one in depth. The egg-sac was but partially ab-
sorbed in most of the lot, but in those: most advanced was represented
by an oil globule back of the head. The pectoral fins were well devel-
oped, but no trace of the ventrals had as yet appeared. The single
median fin extended well ir front of the vent, and forwards on the back
nearly to the head. The opercles did not fully cover the gills. The
most highly developed specimens—those whose gill-sacs had nearly dis-
appeared—had, at a short distance on either side of the symphysis of
the lower jaw, a sharp, strong, raptatorial tooth, curved backwards and
slightly inwards. The base of this tooth was very broad, and the point
acute and slender. At a point behind each of these teeth, about half
their distance from each other, was a second much smaller tooth, direct-
ed almost exactly inwards. The upper jaw was, however, wholly tooth-
less.
These fishes were all passed under the microscope, after having been
rendered transparent, but only four of them contained anything what-
ever; three a little dirt, and the fourth a minute fragment of the crust
of the Gammarus, with which they had been fed.
Of one hundred and eleven specimens received February 17, seven-
teen had taken food. I dissected nine of these and found fragments of
Gammarus and nothing else. Ninety specimens from the same lot were
examined February 25, and food was found in fourteen. Four of these
had eaten Gammarus fragments; two, larve of gnats; one, a small
Cypris, and eight contained small fragments of the leaves and stems of
vascular plants, including a bit of a netted-veined leaf and a little piece
of pine wood. Thirty-nine specimens, the last of the lot, were received
March 15, and food was found in fourteen. I dissected nine of these,
finding fragments of Gammarus in four, a larva of a gnat, a Chironomus
larva, a larva of some undetermined fly, a minute vegetable fragment,
a Cyclops, a Cypris, and an undetermined Entomostracan each in one.
Three hundred and forty fry from the hatching-house were examined in
all, in forty-seven of which (fourteen per cent.) more or less food was
discernible. Of the thirty-five dissected, eighteen had eaten Gammarus
776 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
fragments; five, minute insect larve; four, Entomostraca, and eight,
small particles of vegetation.
Only four lots were received from the spring, on the 9th, 14th, 17th,
and 25th of February, after which all died of starvation. In the first
hundred only one was found which had taken food, and this had eaten
a trace of filamentous Alge and a minute fragment of the parenchyma
of some higher plant, with a few diatoms. But one of the second hun-
dred contained even a trace of food, a minute quantity of some thread-
like Alga, the cells of which still contained a little chlorophyll. In the
third hundred likewise, food was found in but one. This consisted of
a few particles of vegetable parenchyma, doubtless derived from the
decaying plant structure in or around the water. In the third lot of
only forty-two specimens, six showed traces of food, consisting almost
entirely of a few filamentous Algz (including a fragment of Oscillatoria)
and a little vegetable parenchyma. Desmids and diatoms were observ-
ed in trivial numbers.
The total number received from the spring was two hundred and forty-
two, of which but eight were found to have eaten anything (a little over
three per cent. of the whole), and these had taken only Algez and veg-
etable fragments.
An example of the water of the spring sent me contained many Algz
but no animals larger than rotifers. The water of the hatchery, being
exposed in ponds of considerable size, afforded a better opportunity for
the development of animal life, to which fact was doubtless due the oc-
currence of insect larve and Entomostraca in the intestines of the fishes
reared in it. The situation of the spring, on the other hand, was par-
ticularly unfavorable, as it was under the hatchery, and consequently
in the dark.
The observations above described on the specimens kept in spring
water have but little value, for the reason that evidently very little food
was contained in the water flowing through their cage. The vegetation
in the streams being chiefly filamentous Alge and the number of Ento-
mostraca apparently trivial, very little of either vegetable or animal
food could reach the little prisoners. It is not surprising, therefore,
that, notwithstanding their greater age and the higher temperature of
the water in which they were kept, a much smaller ratio of the speci-
mens had taken food than of those captured in the hatchery. From the
contents of their intestines we can only inter that these fishes, reduced
to a desperate strait by starvation, will snatch at almost anything con-
tained in the water. The result obtained by a study of those from the
hatching-house was more significant, but still unsatisfactory. It seemed
to indicate that in confinement whitefish fry will feed upon both ani-
mal and vegetable structures to some extent, and that they can be ‘in-
duced to take minute fragments of the higher crustaceans, but not in
sufficient quantity to keep them alive. The fact that animal food was
more abundant than vegetable in this last lot indicates nothing of their
[7] THE FIRST YOOD OF THE COMMON WHITEFISH. caret
natural preference, since it was doubtless also more abundant in the
water containing them.
More light was thrown upon the earliest food habits of these fishes
by the discovery of raptatorial teeth upon the lower jaw than by these
dissections of their alimentary canals. All the families of fishes which
I had previously studied, whose young were provided with teeth, were
found strictly dependent at first upon Entomostraca and the minuter
insect larve; while only those whose young were toothless fed to any
considerable extent upon other forms. The discovery of teeth in the
young whitefish, therefore, placed this species definitely in the group
of those carnivorous when young. The fact that the adult was itself
toothJess interfered in no way with this inference, because other tooth-
less fishes (Dorsoma) whose young were furnished with teeth had been
found carnivorous at an early age.
The inconclusive character of the results thus far obtained made it
necessary to attempt to imitate more closely the natural conditions of
the young when hatched in the lake. In February, 1881, I obtained,
through the kindness of Mr. Clarke, twenty-five specimens of living young
whitefish, saved from a lot which he was planting in the waters of Lake
Michigan, off Racine, Wis. I succeeded in conveying these to the labora-
tory without loss, and there kept them for several days in a glass aqua-
rium and supplied them with an abundance of the living objects to be
obtained by drawing a fine muslin net through the stagnant pools of
the vicinity. These consisted of many diatoms and filamentous fresh-
water Alge, of two or three species of Cyclops, of Canthocamptus illinoi-
sensis, and Diaptomus sanguineus among the Copepoda, and of two rather
large Cladocera, Simocephalus vetulus and S. americanus. These little
fishes were kept under careful observation for several days, the water
in the aquarium being frequently aerated by pouring. Many of them
had, however, been injured by handling, and eleven of the specimens
died without taking food. It was soon evident that the larger Entomos-
traca (the Simocephalus, and even the Diaptomus) were quite beyond
the size and strength of these little fishes, and that only the smaller Co-
pepoda among the animals available could afford them any food at
first. These they followed about from the beginning with signs of
peculiar interest, occasionally making irresolute attempts to capture
them. Two days after their arrival, one of the young whitefish had
evidently taken food, which proved, on dissection, to be a small Cyclops.
During the next two days nine others began to eat, dividing their atten-
tions between the Cyclops above mentioned and the Canthocamptus,
and on the 22d two others took a Cyclops each and a third a Cantho-
camptus. Oneof these fishes contained still a large remnant of the egg-
sac, showing that the propensity to capture prey must antedate the sen-
sation of hunger. On the 25th the fourteenth and last remaining fish
captured its Cyclops and was itself sacrificed in turn. As an indica-
tion of the efficiency of the raptatorial teeth, it may be worth while to
778 = - REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
note that L saw one of the smallest fishes make a spring at a Cyclops,
catch it, give three or four violent wriggles, and drop it dead to the bot-
tom of the tank. i
Asa general statement of the result of the observations made on
these fourteen fishes, we may say that eight of them ate a single Cyclops
each, that one took two, and another three of the same, that one took
a single Canthocamptus, that two specimens captured two each of this
genus, and that finally a single fish ate Cyclops and Canthocamptus
both. The final conclusion was a highly probable inference that the
smallest Entomostraca occuring in the lake would prove to be the nat-
ural first food of the species.
In order to test this conclusion with precision, I arranged a similar ex-
periment on a larger scale and under more natural conditions. Through
the generosity of the Exposition Company, of Chicago, I was allowed
the use of one of the large aquarium tanks in the exposition building on
the lake shore, and by the repeated kindness of Mr. Clarke, of North-
ville, Mich., I was furnished with a much larger number of living white-
fish. Five thousand fry were shipped to meinacanof water, but through
unfortunate delays in changing ears at intermediate points, about two-
thirds of these were dead when they reached my hands. Those living
were immediately transferred to the tank through which the water,
taken from the city pipes, had already been allowed to run for several
hours. As this water is derived irom Lake Michigan at a distance of
two miles from the shore, and had at this time the exact temperature
of the open lake, the conditions for experiment were as favorable as
artificial arrangements could well be made.
Sending a man with a towing net out upon the lake with a boat, or
upon the remotest breakwaters, immense numbers of all organic objects
in the water were easily obtained. After inclosing the exit of the tank
with a fine wire screen, to prevent the escape of objects placed in it,
we poured these collections of all descriptions indiscriminately into the
water from day to day, thus keeping the fishes profusely supplied with
all the various kinds of food which could possibly be accessible to them
in their native haunts. From this tank one hundred fishes were taken
daily and placed in alcohol for dissection and microscopic study, to de-
termine precisely the objects preferred by them for food. These were
examined at a later date, and all contents of the intestines were mounted
entire aS microscopic slides, and permanently preserved. <A careful
study was of course made of the organisms of the lake, as shown by
the product of the towing net, and when the experiment was finally
ended an equally careful examination followed of the living contents
of the water of the tank at that time.
These fishes, like those previously described, had already reached
the age and condition at which it is customary to “ plant” them in the
lake. The ventrals were still undeveloped, the egg-sac had nearly dis-
appeared, the four mandibular teeth were present, and the median fin
[9 | THE FIRST FOOD OF THE COMMON WHITEFISIL. 779
extended from the tips of the pectorals on the belly to a point opposite
the middle of the same fins on the back. In most the egg-sac did not
protrude externally, being reduced in some to a droplet of oil, but re-
maining in a few of a size at least as great as that of the head. The
alimentary canal was, of course, a simple straight tube, without any dis-
tinction of stomach and intestine.
The sufferings of these fry in transit had doubtless weakened the
vitality of the survivors, and although every care was taken to keep the
water of the tank fresh and pure, about one-third of those remaining
died during the progress of the experiment. The aquarium in which
they were confined was built of glass, and had a capacity of about one
hundred cubic feet. The temperature, tried repeatedly, stood at 42° F,
A steady current of the water of the lake was maintained through
this tank, entering through a rose, from which it fell in a spray, thus
insuring perfect aeration.
By far the greater part of the organic contents of the water of
the lake, as shown by the product of the towing-net, consisted of
diatoms in immense variety, which formed always a greenish mu-
cilaginous coating upon the inner surface of the muslin net. In this
were entangled a variety of rotifers, occasional filamentous Algz, and
many Entomostraca, the latter belonging chiefly to the genera Cyclops,
Diaptomus, and Limnocalanus among the Copepoda, and to Daphnia
among the Cladocera.
As the Entomostraca proved to be far the most important elements
of this food supply, the particulars respecting them may be properly
more fully given. The smallest of all was a Cyclops, then new, but
since described by me under the name of Cyclops thomasi.* This little
Entomostracan is only .04 inch long, by .011 wide. The next in size,
and by far the most abundant member of this group, was a Diaptomus,
likewise new, described in the paper just cited, under the name of
Diaptomus sicilis. This appears in two forms, one evidently young in
the stage just preceding the adult. Full-grown individuals were .065
inch long by one-fourth that depth. The Limnocalanus was a much
larger form, evidently preying, to a considerable extent, upon the two
just mentioned. All the Cladocera noticed were Daphnia hyalina, an
elegant and extremely transparent species, occurring likewise in the
lakes of Europe. <A single insect larval form (Chironomus) should
likewise be mentioned in this connection, since it had about the same
size and consistence of the Entomostraca, and was consequently equally
available for food.
The specimens of each of the above species from a certain quantity
of these collections were counted, in order to give a definite idea of
their relative abundance in the lake. The Diaptomus numbered 225,
the Cyclops 75, Limnocalanus 7, Daphnia 3, and Chironomus larvee 1.
*On some ete cores ry: Lake Seance and ae ae waters, American ‘Natv-
ralist, Vol. XVI., No. VIII, August, 1882, pp. 640 and 649.
780 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
It was a curious fact, however, that when the water was drawn off at
the end of the experiment, more than half the Entomostraca were
Limnocalanus ; a fact partly to be explained by the predaceous habit
of the latter, and partly by the facts relating to the food of the fishes
themselves, which are presently to be detailed.
The fry were placed in the tank and supplied with their first food on
the evening of the 12th of March. On the 14th, one hundred specimens
were removed, and twenty-seven of these were dissected. Twenty
were empty, but the remaining seven had already taken food, all Cyclops
or Diaptomus. Three had eaten Cyclops only,and six Diaptomus,
while two had eaten both. Fourteen of these Entomostraca, seven of
each genus, were taken by these seven fishes. From those captured
the next day, twenty-five specimens were examined, of which nineteen
were without food. Of the remaining Six, three, had eaten Diaptomus
and three Cyclops; five of the former being taken in all, and ten of the
latter. Three specimens were next examined from those caught on the
19th of March, two of which had devoured Diaptomus and a third a
single Cyclops thomasi and a shelled rotifer, Anurea striata. The
character ot the food at these earliest stages was so well settled by
these observations that 1 deemed it unnecessary to examine the subse-
quent lots in detail, but passed at once to the specimens taken on the
23d. Twenty-six of these were examined, and found to have eaten
thirty-three individuals of Cyclops thomasi, fourteen of Diaptomus sicilis,
and fourteen of the minute rotifer already mentioned (Anurwa striata).
Two had taken a few diatoms (Bacillaria), and one had eaten a filament
of an Alga. Cyclops was found in sixteen of the specimens, Diaptomus
in nine, and Anurea in eight, only two of them being empty. The
amount of food now taken by individual fishes was much greater than
before, one specimen dissected having eaten two Cyclops and six
Diaptomus sicilis, male and female. Another had taken five Cyclops, °
one Diaptomus, and five examples of Anurea striata. Still another
had eaten four of the Cyclops, four Diapotomus, and one Anureza.
Twenty five specimens were examined from those removed on the
24th of the month, at which time the water of the tank was drawn
off and all the remaining fishes bottled. Four of these had not eaten,
but the twenty-one others had devoured fifty specimens of Diaptomus
sicilis, forty-seven of Cyclops thomasi, fourteen of Anurea striata and a
single Daphnia hyalina, the latter being the largest object eaten by any
of the fishes. A few examples of their capacity may well be given.
The ninth example had eaten six Diaptomus, two Cyclops thomasi, and
one Anurza; the tenth had taken eight Diaptomus, two Cyclops, and
an Anurea; and the twentieth, seven Diaptomus and three Cyclops
thomasi. In two of these examples were small clusters of orange glob-
ules, probably representing unicellular Alge.
Summarizing these data briefly, we find that of the 106 specimens
dissected sixty-three had taken food, and that the ratio of those which
[11] THE FIRST FOOD OF THE COMMON WHITEFISH. 781
were eating increased rapidly the longer the fishes were kept in the
aquarium. Only one-fourth of those examined on the 14th of the month
had taken food, while more than five-sixths of those bottled ten days
later had already eaten. The entire number of objects appropriated
by these sixty-three fishes was as follows: Cyclops thomasi, ninety-seven;
Diaptomus sicilis, seventy-eight; Anurea striata, twenty-nine; Daph-
nia hyalina, one. Seven of the fishes had eaten unicellular Alge, two
had eaten diatoms, and one filamentous Alge.
From the above data we are compelled to conclude that the earliest
food of the whitefish consists almost wholly of the smallest species of
Entomostraca occurring ip the lake, since the other elements in their
alimentary canals were evidently either taken accidentally or else ap-
peared in such trivial quantity as to contribute nothing of importance
to their support. In fact, two species of Copepoda, Cyclops thomasi and
Diatomus sicilis, are certainly very much more important to the main-
tenance of the whitefish in this earliest stage of independent life than
all the other organisms in the lake combined. As the fishes increase
in size, vigor, and activity they doubtless enlarge their regimen by
capturing larger species of Entomostraca, especially Daphnia and Lim-
nocalanus.
A few words respecting the relative abundance of these species at
different seasons of the year and their distribution in the lake will have
some practical value. We may observe here an excellent illustration
of the remarkable uniformity of the life of the lake as contrasted
with that of smaller bodies of water already referred to in the intro-
duction to this paper. While in ponds minute animal life is largely
destroyed or suspended during the winter, the opening spring being
attended by an enormous increase in numbers and rate of multiplica-
tion, in Lake Michigan there is but little difference in the products of
the collecting apparatus at different seasons of the year.* There is a
slight increase in the number of individuals during spring and early
summer, but scarcely enough appreciably to affect the food supply of
fishes dependent upon them. They are not by any means equally dis-
tributed, however, throughout the lake, my own observations tending
to show that there are relatively very few of these minute crustaceans
to be found at a distance of a few miles from shore, and that in fact by
far the greater part of them usually occur within a distance of two or
three miles out. Indeed, the mouths of the rivers flowing into the lake
are ordinarily much more densely populated by these animals than the
lake itself, as has been particularly evident at Racine and South Chi-
*For definite assurance of this fact, I am indebted less to my own observations
(which are, however, consistent with it as far as they go) than to the statements of
B. W. Thomas, esq., of Chicago, who, while making a specialty of the Diatomacew
of the lake, has collected and studied all its organic forms for several years, obtain-
ing them from the city water by attaching a strainer to a hydrant many times during
every month throughout the year,
*
782. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12]
cago. Neither are they commonly equally distributed throughout the
waters in which they are most abundant, but, like most other aquatic
animals, occur in shoals. In the deeper portions of the lake many
species shift their level according to the time of day, coming to the
surface by night, and sinking again when the sun is bright.
These facts make it important to the fish-culturist that the particular
situation where it is proposed to plant the fry should be searched at
the time when these are to be liberated, to determine whether they will
find at once sufficient food for their support. A little experience will
easily enable one to estimate the relative abundance of the Entomos-
traca at any given time and place, and they require nothing for their
capture more complicated or difficult of management than a simple ring
net of cheese-cloth or similar material, towed behind a boat. This
may be weighted and sunk to any desired depth, so that the contents
of the water either at the surface or at the bottom may be ascertained
by a few minutes’ rowing.
In conclusion, [ wish again to express my great obligation to the
United States ish Commissoner, Prof. 8. F. Baird, and to Frank N.
Clark, superintendent of the United States hatchery at Northville,
Mich., through whom, as already stated, the specimens were derived
upon which these studies were made. My best thanks are also due to
the Exposition Company of Chicago, and especially to their secretary,
the Hon. John P. Reynolds, for the use of a tank in the Exposition
building, and for many courtesies received while the experiment there
was in progress.
XIV.—REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS FOR DETERMINING THE
SMALLEST AMOUNT OF WATER IN WHICH YOUNG SHAD AND
EGGS CAN BE KEPT.
By FRANK N. Ciark.
June 8, 1880, I was requested to conduct a series of experiments at
the shad-hatching station at Washington navy-yard, and to use as small
a quantity of water as possible both for the eggs and young fish. I ac-
cordingly arranged one of the cones with an aérator attachment for Ex-
periment No. 1.
June 9.—In the morning I placed in Cone No. 1 a portion of the eggs
taken the evening before (125,000), and also placed in Cone No. 2 the
same number. I commenced on Cone No.1 by running 35 gallons of
water per hour. On Cone No. 2 there were 218 gallons per hour. The
aérator attached to No. 1 was doing the same work the larger amount
of water was doing in Cone No.2. In the course of the day I reduced
the amount of water in Cone No. 1 to 23 gallons per hour, and found the
eggs had equally as good a motion as with the larger amount of water,
The motion of eggs in Cone No. 1 was considered as good as in No. 2.
June 10.—Kggs were examined in both cones and found to be equally
as good in Cone No. 1 as in No. 2.
June 11.—Eggs were examined in both cones. In Cone No. 1, with
aérator attachment, I found more fungoid growth on the unimpregnated
eggs than in No. 2. They were, however, kept free from the good eggs
by the force of air and water. In cones of eggs I have worked for the
last few years [have frequently-found eggs with the fungoid growth
to attach themselves to the good eggs. It was especially so when the
water was quite warm. I have always found it necessary in such cases
to add a greater flow of water.
June 12.—The fish were all out and appeared in as healthy a condi-
tion in Cone No. 1 asin No. 2. So far I have been unable to note any
difference in the eggs or in their hatching other than is mentioned in
this report. Inthe evening of this day I removed 25,000 fish from each
cone, leaving 75,000 in each of the cones, with same amounts of water
(23 and 218 gallons). I find the fish in Cone No. 1 are not forced against
the perforated tin edges as in Cone No. 2. Accordingly it is not neces-
sary to attend to them as in No. 2, where it was absolutely necessary to
brush the fish away from the edges at least once in an hour to keep them
from filling the perforated tin and running over the top of the cone.
This I think one great advantage.
June 13.—Fish were examined ; found them equally as good in No. 1
asin No. 2. The foree of air in Cone No. 1 seems to be rather violent
72! >
[ 1) 7
)
784 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]|-4
for the fish. I took the wire cloth frem bottom of cone. It made a
slight change in the air-bubbles, they were in finer particles.
June 14.—The fish appeared in a healthy condition. At12 m. larranged
one of the cylinder cans with an aérator attachment for conducting air
and water to the bottom of the can. The water and air passed down
through the pipe, and the overflow was through fine perforated tin at
the top of the can into the overflow chamber, where the water passed
out.
After arranging the can I immediately put into it 50,000 young shad
48 hours old. It had not been running more than ten minutes before I
discovered fish were running out the overflow in consequence of the
perforated tin at the overflow being too small a surface. I immediately
removed the fish and informed Major Ferguson of what had occurred,
and gave him my idea of what was wanted for the can. He had the
cover of the can made with a larger surface of perforated tin, and
this, after putting the 50,000 fish back in the can, I found held the
fish.
June 15.—In the morning I discovered the fish in Cone No. 1 appear-
ing weak, in consequence, as I thought, of the violence of air and water
forcing them to top of cone, where the air-bubbles would break and
throw the fish to one side. In the course of the day I found the fish
were dying. In the can, which I shall designate as No. 3, I drew from
the bottom of the can about 50 dead fish. The balance of the fish were
looking well. -
June 16.—There was a thorough examination made of all the differ-
ent experiments. The fish in cones were found to be in about the
same condition as the day before. The can, however, I did not find
the same. During the night there had been a stoppage of the water,
in consequence of which the fish were found all dead.
June 17.—The fish in Cones Nos. 1 and 2 were five days old. In Cone
No. 1, with aérator attachment, the ‘fish were dying quite fast. My
opinion is still the same, that the violence of air-bubbles is too severe
for the young fish, and weakens them or wears them out.
June 18.—I arranged another cone (No. 4) with aérator attachment,
and immediately placed in it 100,000 eggs taken the evening before.
There was an effort made to use a smaller quantity of water on this
cone, but without success.. As soon as the water was reduced below
23 gallons per hour the aérator would not take in air. Thus it will be
readily seen the aérator will not supply the quantity of air with a less
amount of water than 23 gallons per hour. This lot of eggs was ex-
amined from day to day until all were hatched, and nothing of note oc-
curred different from No. 1.
June 19.—This morning I found the fish in Cone No.1 all dead. The
probable cause was the violence of water and air. The fish m Cone
No. 2 were still doing nieely. They were turned loose in the Potomac
at 6 p.m. There were 40,000 young shad put in Can No. 3 to again
try the aérator. The fish in Can No. 3 did very well until the third
[3] EXPERIMENTS WITH SHAD EGGS. 785
day, when I found them dying very fast, probably from the impure
water caused by the can being closed.
June 22.—I arranged Cone No. 1 with the aérator attachment, and put
in 125,000 eggs taken the evening before. The same amount of water,
23 gallons, was used on this occasion as on the others. Cone No. 4 all
hatched and appeared in a very healthy condition. Out of the lot of
eggs in Cone No. 4 there were about 90,000 fish, making a very good
percentage. I took one-half of these fish and put them in Can No. 5,
running a smaller quantity of water than on any of the other cones.
There was no aérator attached to this cone. There were 18 gallons of
water per hour running in this cone. These cones were kept running
and were examiued from day to day until June 25, when the fish were
deposited in the Potomac in good condition.
June 26.—On this morning I found the eggs in Cone No. 1 all hatched.
The eggs had been examined from day to day; found to be about the
same as the cones hatched before. On this day I was directed to dis-
continue operations at the navy-yard station, to move what fish I had
on hand, about 100,000, to the Smithsonian Institution, and to continue
my experiments there. The young fish were moved to the Smithsonian
on the morning of June 27, where they were placed in cones and cans.
In Cone No. 1, with aérator attachment, I placed 20,000; in Cone No. 2,
20,000; in Can No. 1, with aérator attachment, 20,000; the balance were
placed in Can No. 2. My experiments consisted of one cone with aérator
attachment, running 23 gallons of water per hour; Cone No. 2, with no
attachment, running 15 gallons of water per hour. This was afterwards
reduced to 10 gallons per hour. In Can No. 11 ran 15 gallons per hour
until the rubber hose conducting the water burst, during the night of
June 27, when, of course, the fish all died. In Can No. 2 there was no
change of water during the night. The next morning I found the fish
all dead. The cones were examined from day to day, and at this writ-
ing, July 3, the fish in Cone No. 1 are nearly all dead. The fish in Cone
No. 2 are looking well. They are seven days old to-day.
From my experiments I have come to the following conclusions :
When a small quantity of water is to be used in hatching it is abso-
lutely necessary to use the aérator to introduce the air with the water
at the bottom of cones in order to give the eggs the motion desired.
In every case where the aérator was in use, apd they were kept until the
fifth day, they commenced dying, and in twenty-four or forty-eight hours
all weredead. My opinion is that the violence of air-bubbles and water
weakened or wore them out. When it is desired to keep the fish in cones
for any length of time, and to use a small quantity of water, I should
advise that » small quantity of water be run in the cone, as when it is
desired to use a limited supply of water a smaller quantity can be used
than with the aérator. In every case the experiment tried with the can
in which no change was given the fish proved disastrous in from six to
ten hours, according to the quantity of fish in the cans.
WASHINGTON, D. C., July 3, 1880.
S. Mis. 110-———50
786
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
[4]
Record of temperature observations made at Washington, D. C., from June 9, 1880, to July
3, 1880, by Frank N. Clark.
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Norr.—The cones were moved to the Smithsonian Institution Saturday evening, June 26.
} Fish released.
* Fish all dead.
tNew eggs.
XV.—EXPERIMENTS UPON RETARDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF
EGGS OF THE SHAD, MADE IN 1879, AT THE UNITED STATES
SHAD-HATCHING STATION AT HAVRE DE GRACE, MD.
By H. Ji. Rice, Se: D:
The report hereby submitted gives somewhat in detail the methods and
results of the experiments in retarding the development of impregnated
shad-spawn which were carried on by Mr. F. N. Clark and myself dur-
ing themonth of June, 1879, atthe United States Fish Commission barges,
near Havre de Grace, Md. These investigations were instituted princi-
pally for the purpose of ascertaining the possibility and practicability
of transporting shad-spawn across the ocean, with a view to introdue-
ing American fish into European waters, and all of our efforts were
made with that end in view. Normally, as is well known, or as is gener-
ally considered at the present time, shad-spawn requires for its develop-
ment a constant although slight motion, and a continuous exchange of
fresh water. Under these conditions, whether produced naturally or
artificially, the spawn after impregnation will proceed in its develop-
ment, and the young shad come to maturity, quickly or slowly accord-
ing to the temperature of the water in which they are placed. With a
temperature of 68° to 74° the ova will hatch out in from three to five
days. Ifthe water is of a lower temperature, or about 56°, the develop-
ment will be much prolonged and the hatching take place in about
eleven days. Upon an ocean voyage the great difficulty to be sur-
mounted would be the lack of fresh water. Motion can be given to the
eggs, and the temperature can be kept at any point which may be desired
by means of ice, but all the water used with the eggs must be such as
ean be taken on board at the beginning of the trip.
The questions to be answered, then, in regard to a shipment of the kind
proposed were, ‘‘Can shad ova be carried, and will they go on in their
development, in stagnant water, or in water which, although changed
as often as thought necessary, is not absolutely fresh; or can they
be carried in some other manner, as for instance in an ice-chest, as is
done with some other kinds of fish-spawn, as that of the white-fish of
the Great Lakes for example?” It is quite evident that if it could be
shown to be possible, even with considerable care, to carry shad-ova
in either of these ways, it would not be very difficult to transport any
quantity which might be desired to the other side of the Atlantic, and
[1] 787
788 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
thus introduce there a species of fish which upon this side of the water
is considered one of the table delicacies of the season. We began our
experiments by endeavoring to solve the second question first. For
this purpose an ice-chest was constructed under the supervision of Mr.
Clark. It consisted of a covered wooden box (Fig. 1, a) about 3 feet in
F each dimension, within which
was a second box or well, b, of
about one-half the size of the
outer one. This well opened
upon one side of the chest
by a box-door, ¢, about 5 inches
in thickness, and so arranged
with slats, 1, 2, 3, 4, upon the
inside that a large or small
quantity of ice could be packed
init. The well was free from
the other sides of the chest all
around and on top by a space
of about 8 inches, and beneath
it was a drawer d, of about 6
: inches in depth. The well could
a ed aeciesttie shad-eges. thus be entirely surrounded with
ice, and the temperature regulated by the amount of ice
placed in the chest, and by more or less completely clos-
ing the door of the well and the cover of the chest. In
practice it was found that with a small amount of ice
around the sides of the well and in the drawer and door,
and a large cake upon the top of the well, an even and
moist temperature could be maintained throughout the
ion 2 TY for Chest with very little trouble.
Within the well a series of trays (Fig. 2) were placed one above the
other. They were made with wooden frames about 1 inch in thick-
ness, and were covered upon the bottom with cotton-flannel. When
wanted for use the cotton-flannel bottom of the tray was thoroughly
moistened, and about 7,000 to 8,000 freshly impregnated eggs placed
upon it and carefully spread out with a feather. The temperature of
the eggs was then lowered very gradually until it was the same as that
of the well of the chest, the chest having previously been partially filled
with ice. The tray was then placed in the chest and kept at a uniform
temperature during the time of the experiment. The first lot of eggs
was placed in the chest on the evening of the 7th of June. This lot
consisted of about 25,000 eggs which were taken fresh from the spawners
and distributed upon three or four trays. The temperature was reduced
very gradually to 37° when they were placed in the well, and kept at
37° and 38° until about 8 o’clock p. m. of the 9th of June. At this
time they appear to be all dead, and the temperature was allowed to
[3] RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 789
rise to 55° which was about 10 o’clock p. m. same date, when a second
lot of freshly-taken eggs, of about the same number as the first, was
placed in the chest.
The temperature was then allowed to sink to 48°, and kept there, not
running below 47° nor above 49°. About 10 a. m. of the 12th the eggs
of the first lot were found to be all dead and were thfown away, but
those of the second lot appeared to contain some good ones, and one
trayful was placed in a cone of fresh running water at a temperature
of about 75°. On the third day after, or on the 15th of June, about 20
or 30 young fish hatched from this lot.
At 12 m. of the 12th, after the irayful of eggs had been transferred to
the cone, a third lot of eggs was placed in the chest. These eggs had
been taken on the night of the 11th and kept in a cone of fresh running
water until the segmentation cap had entirely covered the yelk and the
young fish could be seen as a dark band along the side of the vitellus.
The temperature was now allowed to sink to 48°, and kept at about 45°
until 6 p. m. of the 14th, when all the eggs of both second and third lots
were found tobe dead. Forty three degrees is thus undoubtedly too low
a temperature for shad-spawn; otherwise we ought to have had some
live eggs in either the second lot, which furnished live ones at 48°, or
in the third lot, which had been subjected to the low temperature for
only about two days. On June 17th, 10 p. m., a iourth lot of freshly-
taken eggs was placed in the chest, where the temperature showed 64°,
and on the 20th a fifth lot was consigned to the well. In these latter
ova the young fish were so far advanced as to show the eyes, protover-
tebra, ear-cavity, and the heart as a single-chambered pulsatile organ.
When these were placed in the chest the temperature was 55°, and it
was kept at this point until the 23d, when both eggs and young fish
were found to be dead. In order to keep the temperature at 55° or 56°
very little ice was necessary, and it is possible that the eggs did not
have moisture enough to maintain them in good condition, since they ap-
peared to melt down into a mat-like mass after being in the chest for a
day or so. This was not noticed, or but very slightly, in the other cases.
Our only success, or partial success, with the ice-chest, then, was with
that portion of the second lot of eggs which was kept at a temperature
of 48°, The young fish which were hatched from these eggs were ex-
eeedingly vigorous and hearty, and when we broke camp on the 24th,
or nine days after they had escaped from the eggs, they were about five-
eighths of an inch in length, with the rays of the dorsal, anal, and caudal
fins well advanced, the end of the notochord turned up very promi-
nently, and the caudal fin slightly forked. They were about one-third
larger than some older fish which were in another cone and which had
been hatched out in the ordinary manner. In the stomachs of all of
these young fish I found a great many shells and remains of daphnize
and other small animals, and saw them, and especially the older ones
above mentioned, eat the dead of their own species.
@.
790 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
The trials which we have thus made seem to indicate that it is imprac-
ticable to carry shad-spawn in an ice-chest, as can be done with many
kinds of spawn, especially such as is laid in the fall or winter season.
But it is possible that more trials and greater precautions are necessary
before we can be positive in this respect, particularly as IT am informed
that Mr. Welcher, now of the Michigan fish commission, has kept shad-
spawn in an ice-chest for a considerable time, and afterwards hatched out
amr ill i a
Fic. 3.—Apparatus for using the same water over again in hatching shad.
young shad from such spawn. I am not conversant, however, with
his method, nor do I know to what extent he was successful in such ex-
periments. But judging alone from our efforts, the results seem to show
that an ice-chest is seriously detrimental to the integrity of shad-ova.
So far, then, as our experiments have been carried, and as regards the
ice-chest, the question would have to be answered in the negative.
Our second set of experiments were then begun for the purpose of test-
a) RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 191
ing the feasibility of using the same water over and over again when
its temperature is kept below the normal condition.
Our apparatus, Fig. 3, as arranged for these experiments, consisted of
two reservoirs, a hatching-cone, and a steam-pump, and their connec-
tions. The first or supply reservoir (Fig. 3, a), was a small hogshead
elevated about three feet above the floor or just above the level of the
hatching-cone J, which was of the ordinary pattern, with a rim of wire
sieving around the inside at the top with a gateway in it for the purpose
of letting dead eggs pass off into the gutter, which ran around the top
of the cone outside of the sieve rim and so into the escape-pipe. The
cone was swung on braces attached to the side of the wall, and was con-
nected with the supply tank by means of a rubber pipe, c, passing from
the bottom of the reservoir to the bottom of the cone. The second res-
ervoir, d, was smaller than the first, and was placed under the floor and
below the hatching-cone with which it communicated by means of an
escape-pipe, €, passing from one side of the gutter at the top of the cone
adlown and over the edge of the reservoir can.
The apparatus was completed by placing the two reservoirs in communi-
cation by means of along tube, /, passing through the steam-pump g and
entering the top of the first reservoir. Water being placed in the large
reservoir a flow would take place into the cone, and the cone when full,
would overflow into the second reservoir, from whence the once-used water
could be pumped back by the pump into the supply-tank, again to run its
circuit through the cone. In this manner we hadaconstant flow of water
in our cone, and as the end of the escape-pipe from the cone into the
lower reservoir and that of the supply-pipe from the pump into the
supply-tank were considerably above the level of the water in their
respective reservoirs, there was also a slight amount of aération from
the falling water.
The temperature of the water was regulated by keeping ice in greater
or less quantity in the supply-reservoir. Our first trial of this appara-
tus was begun on the evening of June 8 The supply-reservoir and
cone were filled with water from the bay and 50,000 freshly-taken eggs
placed in the cone. The temperature of the water was reduced to 45°,
then allowed to rise to 52°, and kept at that temperature until the
morning of the 11th, when the eggs were found to be dead and were
thrown away, and the apparatus thoroughly cleaned. It is probable
that the low temperature of the water had its effect in destroying this
lot. At 10 a.m. of the 12th the reservoir and cone were refilled and a
second lot of eggs placed in the cone. The temperature was 67°, and
was gradually reduced to 56°, and kept for the most part at that point, al-
though on the 15th it rose to 64°, for lack of ice, consequent upon our
change of locality, but was brought back to 56° on the 16th. These
eges had been taken on the night of the 11th and kept until 10 a. m.
of the 12th in fresh running water, at 77°, before being placed in the
<one. When placed in the cone the segmentation cap entirely covered
>
the yelk, and the young fish, as was the case with lot No. 3 which was
792 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ft}
placed in the ice-chest, could be seen as a dark band around one side of
the yelk. These eggs continued their development, or at least a goodly
proportion of them did, up to the middle of the fourth day, when they were
well developed, showing eyes, protovertebra, ear-cavity, and the heartas
a single-chambered pulsatile organ. They appeared to be healthy and in
good condition; but gradually the water became filled with sloughs and
decomposing animal matter, and early in the fifth day, or by the morn-
ing of the 17th of June, the fish were all dead. The eggs were accord-
ingly thrown away and the apparatus again cleaned and placed in readi-
ness for a third trial.
It had become pretty evident that the trouble was in the water, and
we determined to try the next time the effect of more thorough aération
upon it. Accordingly at 10 p.m.of June 17 a third lot of about 50,000
eggs was placed in the cone, with the water in the supply-reservoir at
72°, By 7a. m. of the 18th the temperature had been brought down
to 64°, and by 12 a. m. to 53°. It was kept thereafter during the trial *
at an average of 54°. At intervals of two to three hours after the
water had commenced running, the water in the supply reservoir and
that in a second cone, Fig. 3, h, which had been arranged to receive
the outflow of the first before the water passed into the second reservoir,
was thoroughly agitated for five to ten minutes. This was accomplished
by the use of a dipper, running the dipper down deep in tbe vessels and
getting the water from near the bottom, then lifting the dipper high
above the vessels before pouring it back, so as to give the water as
much of a fall as possible. In addition to this method of purifying the
water a certain quantity was taken two or three times each day from
the surface of the hatching-cone. In this manner it was intended to
take of that water which had just passed over the eggs about the same
quantity that would be added to the supply-tank as fresh water by the
melting of the ice, and in taking it from the hatching-cone any sloughs
or dirt which had accumulated around the top of the cone could be in-
cluded. Under this treatment the eggs progressed in their develop-
ment and appeared in fine condition up to the middle of the fifth day,
or one day longer than those of the second lot. At this time they were
at the same stage of development as the second lot upon the fourth day ;
but it is to be borne in mind that the second lot was started in warmer
and fresh water before being placed in the cone, while these passed
through their entire development in the stale water. On the afternoon
of the fifth day the water, despite the constant aération, began to
have a rank, fishy odor and to foam slightly in the supply-reservoir.
Notwithstanding this the eggs appeared in a good and healthy condition.
On the morning of the sixth day, however, or the 23d of June, the foam
on the water was very considerable in amount and the eggs were quite
noticeably affected. As much of the water as could possibly be spared
was then taken off through the hatching-cone, together with as much
of the slough and dead material as could be separated from the good
eggs, and a filter of charcoal placed under the supply-tube of the supply-
|
|
|
|
[7] RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 793
reservoir. But this did not seem to stop the death of the eggs, and in
order to save the remainder they were transferred at noon of the sixth
day to a cone of fresh water at a temperature of about 73°. The stale
water had, however, apparently been too injurious to them and they all
finally died. It appeared to be pretty evident from this trial that while
artificial aération would increase to a certain extent the time during
which the water could sustain the eggs in good condition, yet four and &
half or five days were about the utmost limit of time the same water could
beused over and over again. When used for this lenethof time the entire
vitality appeared to be taken from it. This was probably from the using
up of the oxygen contained in it, although the decaying organic mate-
rial, sloughs, and dead eggs, of which there are always more or less
mixed with good eggs, may have played a very important part in render-
ing the water unfit for sustaining life.
The end of the season was now at hand and good spawn was very
difficult to obtain. We were thus prevented from trying other methods
ef using the water. The next method would have been to take enough
water on board at the beginning of the experiment, in addition to that
in the reservoir and cone, to enable us to give the eggs a complete
change of water, drawing off the old and putting the other in its place
once every three days.
If unused water—water which contains its normal amount of oxyger
and which has not passed over the eggs so as to become tainted with
decaying organic material—is all that is required to replace the used or
partially exhausted water of the cone, then there would be no difficulty
in keeping the eggs in good condition for a voyage of twelve or tifteen
days, for it would be an easy matter to carry suflicient water in extra
casks to make complete changes every three days for this length of
time, or even longer. But as a trip can be made in from eight to nine
days, or as that would be the length of time which would elapse before
fresh water could be obtained, it would hardly be required to make over
two, or perhaps three, changes. From our experience this year it seems
highly probable that such an attempt would be entirely successful, and
that a good proportion of eggs thus treated could be hatched out and
the young fish distributed wherever it was desired to take them. In
such an experiment the larger the amount of water passing over the
eggs the longer the time required to exhaust it or render it foul. If the
experiment should be tried again and for the same purpose, that is,
transportation across the ocean, the apparatus should be just such as
would be employed on ship board, and with the supply-reservoir made
as large as could be conveniently carried. Then, by changing the water,
aération, and the use of a filter for the used water before it re-entered
the supply-tank, it would seem as if success could be assured. At least,
if this method cannot be made to avswer the purpose it is very ques-
tionable whether any can. Several cones instead of one could be used,
if desired, by simply connecting one cone with the next, each cone tak-
ing the outflow from the one preceding. In this case it would be neces-
794 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
sary to have the cones arranged in a series, each one with its top or
outlet considerably higher than the one into which it flowed, as in Fig.
.3 with the two cones, so that there should be sufficient motion in the
water to keep the eggs stirring.
It may not be out of place to notice the fact that the eggs kept in the
stale water were almost entirely free from any fungoid growth. Why
these eggs should be favored in this manner is hard to say, and may be
@ question worthy of farther research. As regards the influence upon
the development of the germ, there was a very marked difference in the
two methods employed. In the ice-chest, in the case of freshly impreg-
nated ova, segmentation would go on until the “mulberry” stage had
been reached, or until a small limb or protuberance of small cells had
been formed upon one side of the vitellus. After this there appeared
to be an entire cessation of all development as long as the egg remained
in the chest or until the vitellus disintegrated.
In most cases disintegration or death did not take place for two or
three days, and up to this time the eggs had every appearance (other-
wise than that they did not develop) of being alive and in fair condition.
In the cone, however, development went on regularly and slowly from
_ the very first, and contiuued until the water became of such a nature
as to fail to longer nourish the embryos.
This development was such that in about two hours the “mulberry”
stage had been reached; in sixty hours the segmentation cap entirely
surrounded the yelk, and the young fish formed a prominent welt along
one side of the vitellus; in seventy-two hours the eyes commenced to
show; and in one hundred and eight hours, or four and one-half days,
the tail portion, or that part free from the yelk, was as long as the por-
tion attached to the yelk, the eyes very prominent, with the crystalline
jens formed, the ear-cavity forming a semi-circular depression upon the
side of the body above the yelk, the protovertebre numerous, and the
heart a small, single-chambered body, situated just back of the head,
between the yelk and anterior end of the central canal, and just begin-
ning to exhibit regular although somewhat spasmodic beats. In an
embryo developed in fresh running water, at a temperature of 68° to
74°, those stages would be passed through, respectively, in four, ten,
twelve, twenty, to twenty-six hours, showing a retardation in the case
of the embryo kept in water at 56° of from three to three and one-half
days. Atthis rate the young fish in the colder water ought to hatch
out in about eleven to twelve days, and would probably, from their
slower growth, be more hardy than those hatched in three to three and
one-half days. It is to be regretted that these experiments could not
have been begun earlier in the season, thus giving plenty of time for
thoroughly studying the questions and arriving at some definite results,
for although it would appear as if the method last suggested might
be successful, yet a trial seems to be absolutely necessary before under-
taking an ocean voyage.
WASHINGTON, D. C., July 3, 1879.
XVI.—ON THE RETARDATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
OVA OF THE SHAD (ALOSA SAPIDISSIMA), WITH OBSERVA-
TIONS ON THE EGG FUNGUS AND BACTERIA.*
By JOHN A. RYDER.
Several series of experiments at different times were undertaken by
persons connected with the United States Fish Commission having for
their object the solution of the following problems: ‘Is it possible to
lower the temperature of the water in which shad-eggs are incubated
so as to greatly retard and prolong the process?” ‘Is it possible to
prolong the period of incubation so that large quantities of embryo-
nized ova may be carried for long distances by land or water, so as to
effectively stock distant or foreign waters?” These two queries, I think,
clearly state the objects of the experiments, and also tacitly indicate
the important results which would follow in case practical results should
be attained.
That a decrease in temperature would impede or retard the develop-
ment of ova has been known for a long time, and, without encumbering
this essay with references it may be asserted as a truth based on phys-
ival reasons and facts. Physiologists and biological philosophers, such
as H. Milne-Edwards and Herbert Spencer, have recognized and dis-
cussed the influence of fluctuations of temperature on physiological
processes. Every genus and perhaps even every species of fishes, in
the course of the early development of its ova, appears to present some
idiosynerasy of behavior which demands that its characteristics shall
be studied before it is ventured to proceed with experiments of this
character. Practically the peculiarities of the ovum of the shad are
perhaps as well known as those of any species we are called upon to
deal with.
Shad-eges after impregnation are relatively large, measuring from
one-eighth to one-seventh of an inch in diameter. When first extruded
from the parent fish they measure about one-fourteenth of an inch in
diameter, are somewhat flattened and irregularly rounded in form ;
the egg-membrane, a true zona radiata, is wuch wrinkled and lies tm
close contact with the contained vitellus. Immediately after impreg-
nation this membrane becomes tense, is filled with water which has
found its way through the membrane from the outside, and is now per-
* Second edition, revised. _
[1} 795
796 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
fectly spherical, having apparently gained very much in bulk. This
gain in size is, however, delusive ; it is only the wrinkled egg-membrane
which bas been distended with water; the vitellus or true germinal and
nutritive portion has gained nothing in size. The latter now lies in
contact with the lowermost part of the egg-membzane when the whole
ovum is at rest, and is always more or less depressed from above in the
form of an oblate spheroid. After the germ has been developed, which
is discoidal in form and placed on the surface of the vitelline sphere, it
usually also occupies a lateral position on the vitellus when the ovum
is at rest.
The vitellus rolls about and changes its position inside the egg mem-
brane as the latter’s position is altered. The vitellus is heavier than
water. <A large space filled with fluid now exists between the vitellus
and membrane. No adhesive material is found on the outside of the
membrane, as in the eggs of the white perch and herring, as may be
readily demonstrated with the microscope, although when first extruded
they are covered with a somewhat sticky ovarian mucus. The ova are
heavier than water and rapidly sink to the bottom of the vessels in
which they are undergoing development. All of the hatching appa-
ratus now used for their incubation in water is operated on the prinei-
ple ofa continuous flow, which keeps the ova constantly in motion. So
much for the physical behavior and constitution of the shad-egg, which
is necessary for the comprehension of what will be said subsequently.
It has been the experience of those intrusted with the work of look-
ing after the artificial incubation of the eags of the shad that when the
temperature of the water was highest the process was completed soon-
est, and when lowest it took a disproportionately longer time. In illus-
tration of this fact the subjoined data, supplied by Mr. W. IF. Page, are
of interest, from the records which were kept at the station on the Po-
tomac during the present spring (1881):
Lot No, 3.
Average temperdture Of ait... 21. oo. = s Sosa c ee ese
|
saan : are Car
| Lot No. 1. | Lot No.2 |
hime nmihatOhing As ce cess ereoes cote epee eee eaelels | 148 honrs. | 109 hours. 70 hours.
Average temperature of water.........-....---+.---- 57. 2° F. | 64. 5° FB. 74° BF,
| 61° F. | 66.1° F, 76. 25° F.
|
This series of data shows that with a fall in the temperature of the
water down to 57.2° F. it took six days and four hours to complete the
development in the egg; with a rise in the temperature of the water
to 74° F. the process was complete in a little less than three days.
The difference in the times of hatching between lots No. 1 and 3 is 78
hours; the difference in the temperature of the water used is only
16.8° F. Is there a limit to the possibilities of retardation? Experi-
ment has shown that there is. The temperature of ice-water, 38° F.,
was found to be fatal at the morula or germinal disk stage of develop-
ment of the shad egg, in the course of experiments made at Havre de
[3] RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 197
Grace, Md.,in 1880. The cells of the germinal disk became brownish, the
cleavage furrows obliterated, the disk tended to spread out and become
larger across. These phenomena indicated stagnation of development
and death. The second series of experiments, conducted by what is
known as the “ dry method,” in a refrigerator box provided with canton
flannel trays, devised by Mr. F. N. Clark especially for these experi-
ments, gave better results. We found that the ova merely kept damp
on the trays in an air temperature of 52° appeared to develop quite
normally, the only serious drawback being the rapid and more or less
fatal development of fungus, the myceliim of which would soon grow
over the eggs, penetrate the membranes, cause them to collapse, trans-
form the protoplasm of the vitellus into fungus protoplasm, and kill
the ova.
The following abstract from my note-book, recording what was ob-
served in watching the results obtained from a trial of Mr. Clark’s
apparatus, speaks for itself, though it would facilitate the comprehen-
sion of the matter if a series of explanatory figures could be introduced :
“ Eggs taken June 8 and put into refrigerator at 9 o’clock p.m.; exam-
ined June 9 at 9 o’clock a. m.; exposed for 12 hours to a temperature
ranging from 54° to 60° F. Cleavage has advanced to the morula stage;
¢. e., the germinal portion of the egg is still discoidal, lies on one side
of the vitellus or yelk, and has not advanced beyond the condition ordi-
narily reached in three hours with the temperature 72° I’.
‘Same lot, June 9, 2.30 p. m., advanced but a little beyond the stage
just described above; the germinal disk still maintains its character-
istics ; development normal ; temperature 54° F.
“Same lot, June 10, examined at 9.30 a. m.; segmentation cavity de-
veloped and blastoderm forming ; incipient embryo making its appear-
ance at one side. The blastoderm, however, does not yet cover more
than half of the upper hemisphere of the vitellus, a condition ordinarily
attained in six hours with the temperature of the water at 72° F.
Temperature in refrigerator box now ranging from 52° to 54° F. Eggs
of the same age, 36$ hours, in a hatching-jar, have the vitellus com-
pletely inclosed by the blastoderm, the embryo formed, with eyes, ears,
and brain distinguishable, and the tail is budding out as a small,
rounded knob at the posterior end of the embryonic axis, which curves
around one side and now extends from one pole of the egg to the other,
embracing an arc of 180°.
“Same lot, in refrigerator, examined June 10, at §.30 p. m., or nearly
forty-eight hours after impregnation, shows that the blastoderm has
grown down half way over the vitelius, like a hemispherical cap; the
keel or carina has been developed. Temperature 53° F, in refrigerator
allday. Eggsin a cone of the same age, temperature of the water 65°
F., have the embryos well advanced, with the tail free and as long as
the portion of the body still in contact with the yelk, but the natatory
fold is not developed.
798 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
“Hggs which had progressed a considerable way in development, so
that the tail was somewhat more advanced than the stage last described,
and which did not yet have the eyes pigmented, were also experimented
upon at this time. In consequence it was learned that such might be
suddenly transferred from the water in which they had previously been
undergoing development to the damp cotton-cloth trays without injury
from such sudden and continued exposure to an air temperature of 53°
F. <A most striking fact was that in such as had the choroid or pig-
mented coat of the eyes in prgcess of development had the formation of
the pigment arrested in correspondence with the general arrest of de-
velopment observed.
‘“ Returning to the eggs of the Sth June, these were examined June
it, 9.a.:m. Development is still normal; the eyes are perfecting, but
the perfectly normal blastoderm does not yet quite cover the vitellus,
the diameter of the opening at the caudal pole, where the vitellus or
yelk is still exposed, being equal to about one-seventh of the circumfer-
ence of the egg. Temperature during the night 49.5° F.
‘“‘ Other lots of ova, taken on the 6th and 7th of June, and removed from
the hatching-cones and put on the cloth trays in the refrigerator box,
have been greatly retarded, but the development is normal, no abnor-
malities whatever having been observed. The lot taken on the 8th and
put into the refrigerator on the 9th, after having been in the water for
twenty-four hours, are well advanced, the tail being twice as long as the
portion of the embryo’s body attached to the yelk, and the fin-folds being
nearly fully developed dorsally and ventrally.
“The eggs first put into the refrigerator on the evening of the 8th
June now show a disposition to wrinkle, 7. e., part with the water
inclosed between the egg-membrane and the vitellus, and are collapsing.
Perhaps this is due to evaporation.”
Afterwards I abandoned the view that evaporation was the cause of
the collapse and wrinkling of the egg-membranes. Jam now fully con-
vinced that it was due to the invasions of a fungus.
‘Same lot of eggs of June 8 examined June 11, at 7 p.m. Blasto-
derm not yet quite but very nearly closed over the vitellus. Only a
very small round opening at the tail of the embryo marks the point
where its closure is about to take place. Temperature 53° F. in refrig-
erator. Development normal in those which are not collapsing, after
remaining seventy hours on the trays.
“ June 12,11 a. m., eggs of June 8 in refrigerator for the most part
still alive. Temperature 52° F. Development has been normal up to
this point; the blastoderm has closed over the vitellus, and the tail is.
just beginning to bud out as arounded knob, as in twenty four to thirty-
six hour embryos hatched in water ranging from 80° to 72° F.
“ Kggsof June 7, partially developed, have commenced to collapse in
the refrigerator box. This appears to be due to the growth of the fungus:
on the ova.
[5] RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 199
“‘ June 13, 10 a. m., examined the eggs put into the refrigerator on the:
night of the Sth. They are now nearly all dead. Those not affected
with fungus mycelium still plump and normal in development ; caudal
knob but a little more prominent than when examined on the 12th, at
ll a.m. Temperature in box 53° F.”
We may sum up the result of these experiments as follows:
After a little more than four and a half days the ova of the shad exposed
on cloth trays to a temperature of about 52° F. have not advanced further
than they would have done in water at a temperature of 80° F. in 24 hours,.
or in 30 to 36 hours in water at a temperature of 74° to 68° F.
But after four and a half days ourembryos have not yet passed through
half of their development, so that it would be safe to say that the period
of incubation at this rate could be prolonged for nine days, or a period
long enough to readily admit of the transportation of ova so retarded
across the Atlantic to England, France, or Germany. The bar to our
complete success, however, was the rapid and fatal development of the
fungus, which is probably a saprolegnious form identical with the one
commonly productive of more or less loss in hatching ort ova in water
in all the forms of apparatus which I have seen used. If attention were
directed to a means of destroying the germs of these organisms I think
success might be very confidently anticipated. To effect the complete
destruction of the spores in the water used, and to prevent their ever
coming into contact with the eggs, updn which they lodge, germinate, and
grow, are the preventive measures to be adopted. These measures are,
I believe, feasible, but may involve some trouble in their execution. The
experiments of Tyndall and Pasteur have taught us that it is possible to
sterilize any fluid and render it absolutely free from all forms of organic:
germs by energetic boiling, taking care afterwards to exclude the germ-
laden air by means of stoppers of cotton wool, or by hermetically seal-
ing the vessel. Such a method would, of course, not answer in this case,
as in sealing up a vessel containing the eggs in sterilized water they
would be smothered. The precautions which are practicable, however,
are these: (1) Take care to scald and thoroughly sterilize the pans into
which the fish are spawned; (2) take care to wipe the spawning fish
clean, and, above all, avoid rubbing off the scales or to allow these to
drop into the spawn or milt; (3) use only sterilized water to “ bring
up” or water-swell the eggs; (4) take care to scald out the refrigerator
and cloth trays, so as to sterilize these of any germs; (5) it would alse
be necessary to boil and sterilize enough water to keep the eggs and
cloth trays moist during the process of retardation ; (6) the sterilized
water should be kept tightly covered in a clean vessel; (7) in managing”
the refrigerator care should be taken in opening and closing it, and in
order to ventilate it the opening in the upper part of the chamber for
the admission of air should be provided with a filter of cotton-wool ; (8)
it would be necessary to scald and sterilize new cotton cloths, since
these are almost always laden with germs. These precautions observed:
800 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
with scrupulous care would insure success, as far as the danger from
fungus is concerned, in conducting this mode of retarding development.
The second series of experiments were conducted at Washington, in
association with Col. M. McDonald, this gentleman having kindly
undertaken to aid in the work of experimentation, by means of various
ingenious forms of small and convenient hatching apparatus of his own
devising, mostly made of glass. The method pursued consisted partly
in treating the eggs for some time on the dry principle on trays, com-
pleting the incubation afterwards in the glass apparatus fed with water
from a coil of tin pipe kept under ice in a refrigerator. This enabled us
to maintain the temperature of the water supply at a pretty constant
point, ranging from 60° to 63° I’. It was necessary, on account of the
distance which the eggs had tobe transported, to use trays covered
with damp cloths, on which the impregnated, water-swollen ova were
sarried in transit from the spawning grounds. The experiments were
conducted in the basement of the Smithsonian Institution, where some
of the trays of eggs were placed in a refrigerator and others put directly
into the water at the temperature stated above, using the McDonald
apparatus. The results of these experiments were of great interestand
of considerable value, as giving us data for certain precautions to be
observed in the conduct of future work and experimentation, as may be
learned from the account of them which follows.
Colonel McDonalJd found it necessary to devise some ready means of
transporting the ova from the spawning grounds over a score of miles
down the Potomac. This necessity for an expedient proved that the
transportation of ova by the dry method immediately after they had
been water-swollen was possible, and that it would answer for long dis-
ances. To illustrate: some were kept on the trays in good condition
for seventeen hours, in the ordinary temperature of the air, 70° to 80°
F’., prevailing at that season of the year (July). When the temperature
of the air was up to 90° F. it was found that the ova carried on trays
and allowed to remain on them would tend to spoil quickly, as Bacteria
and Vibriones were distinguishable on all the spoiled putrescent ova eare-
fully examined under the microscope. It is therefore evident that in
warm weather, in transporting ova by the dry method for long dis-
tances, it would be necessary to take certain precautions to prevent the
access of the germs of such putrefactive organisms totheeggs. Essen-
tially the same method of procedure recommended to guard against the
introduction of the spores of the saprolegnious fungus to the eggs would
apply here. Such precautions, however, would only be necessary where
it was desired to retard the development for a long time, in case it was
desired to transport the ova long distances. I think it would be found
practicable to carry eggs on trays on damp cloths for a period of twenty-
four to forty-eight hours without the least difficulty, provided a refrig-
erating apparatus was constructed in which the temperature could be
kept at 60° to 65° F.; below this teinperature it would not be safe to go
[7] RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 801
for the ordinary purposes of transportation from the spawning grounds
remote from the hatching stations. An important matter to attend to in
the application of the above plan will be to effectively scald the cloths
which are laid in the trays each time before they are again used, or else
they will become the nidus of untold myriads of putrefactive germs
which will lodge from the air in dust, and the retention and development
of which would be favored by whatever of mucus, dead eggs, egg-mem-
branes, and blood might adhere to the cloths from one time to another.
The putrefactive germs always liable to be conveyed in the impalpa-
ble dust constantly suspended in the air of houses in this latitude are
consequently much more insidious in their approaches than the germs
or spores of the saprolegnious fungus, which ordinarily causes a considera-
ble loss of eggs in the hatching-cones. The eggs attacked by the fungus
in the water first turn white; the egg-membrane then shows a disposi-
tion to wrinkle or become flaccid; the mycelium or growing stage of the
fungus is now in active progress. The mycelium is simply a felted mesh-
work of branching fungus cells, which appropriates the substance of the
egg and completely envelops its membrane. In thisystage it is com-
paratively harmless. Afterwards from the felted mycelium threads club-
shaped cellular prolongatious grow out, which radiate in all directions
like the seeds on a dandelion seed-head. In time each one of these club-
shaped heads of the fungus, to the number of hundreds on every affected
egg, develop a large number of spores or germs on the inside; directly
the end bursts open and the minute spores swarm out of the club-shaped
spore-case in great numbers. Each of the spores is capable of independ-
ent movement by means of long vibrating filaments attached to it at one
end. These wander about in the water, lodge on healthy eggs, and grow
on and destroy them, so it is important that infested eggs should be
removed as soon as they make their appearance in the hatching appa-
ratus. Kiihne and Cohn have shown, however, that a temperature of
140° F. is sutficient to kill the germs of Bacteria and other putrefactive
organisms, and it is very likely that such a temperature or less than the
boiling point of water, 212° F., would be quite sufficient to clear oft and
kill any fungus germs which might adhere to the pans, trays, and cloths
used in the transportation of ova.
The preceding account of the development, destructive growth, and
maturation of the spores is from personal observations made on eggs
infested with fungus in the hatching-cones on the barges at Havre de
Grace in 1880, and it is only introduced here to direct attention to some
possible means of staying or mitigating its ravages. I do not pretend
to know the species by its botanical name. I leave its identification for
the cryptogamic botanists; practically a knowledge of its life-history
suffices for our purposes.
The following record of the most salient features of my observations,
made in association with Colonel McDonald, is on the whole not as en-
couraging as the experiment made at Havre de Grace, Md., but it is of
S. Mis. 110———51
802 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
value on account of the pathological changes or deformities which it
was found were induced in embryos when they were subjected to too low
a temperature. Only in the very late stages did they appear to be com-
paratively free from this influence tending to the production of de-
formities.
A lot of eggs which had the germinal disk biscuit-shaped and _ nor-
mally developed were placed on trays in the refrigerator in the evening,
in an air temperature of 45° F. They were found in apparently normal
condition after twenty-four hours had elapsed, but had made little or no
progress in development. After twenty-four hours more, or after expo-
sure for forty-eight hours to an air temperature of 45° F. on damp cloth
trays, the germinal disk was found to be deformed and dead, being hel-
met-shaped, with one or two constrictions or furrows running round it.
The vitellus or yelk still retained its normal appearance, however, the
vitelline spheres being clear, with the protoplasmic mesh-work envelop-
ing them ina normal way. Of the same lot, those which were taken out
of the air temperature of 45° F. and put into water at 74° F. hatched
out normally in,a good percentage, without deformities, showing that
a sudden transfer to water at a much higher temperature was not at-
tended with difficulties. The prolonged stay of forty-eight hours of the
the same lot in the refrigerator at 45° F. showed that complete arrest
of development and death would supervene, and that a profound abnor-
normal change in the form of the germinal disk would result.
Another series of experiments with eggs kept in a temperature of |
64° F. showed the same tendency to retard development as was shown
by the Havre de Grace experiments. Embryos of the same age in water
at 74° I’. developed nearly twice as rapidly.
Other experiments showed that eggs which had been retarded in de-
velopment at a temperature a little below 52° F. for two days exhibited
a tendency to develop abnormally. The abnormal phenomena which
were noticed principally affected the notochord or embryonic axial car-
tilaginous rod, which had a tendency to become bent and twisted, while
constrictions were also apt to appear, giving it an irregular, beaded, and
generally misshapen appearance. Such deformities seemed to affect
only the caudal portion of the notochord, the portion toward the head
end of the embryo being normal in its appearance. In this way great
deformities of the tai] arose, so that in a microphotograph of an embryo
two-thirds developed the tail, instead of being gracefully bent flatwise
to one side, is abruptly bent downwards and then upwards, so as to be
approximately V-shaped as seen from the side.
Sometimes the deformation of the tail would only be noticeable at its
extremity; at others the deformed portion of the notochord would ex-
tend some way forward over the yelk beyond the point where the tail
originated, as it budded out from above the point where the blastoderm
closed. In no instance was it observed that any deformity or disturb-
[9] RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 803
ance of the structure of the yelk took place, or that the epiblastie or
hypoblastic coverings of the latter were distorted.
The epiblastic coverings of the tail, however, showed a tendency to
crumple and become distorted. It was also commonly noticed that the
epiblast showed a tendency to proliferate or throw out masses of cells
in the form of irregular knob-like clusters. These increased rather than
diminished in size as development progressed. No other structure of
epiblastic origin took part in the tendency to become misshapen. The
eyes, nasal pits, and ear capsules were normal in every respect. The
heart pulsated more slowly than in embryos hatched in water of the
usual temperature. This was probably due to the benumbing effects of
the low temperature.
When deformed embryos were transferred to water of 74° F. they
showed no signs of regaining their normal shape, but, on the contrary,
the deformity seemed rather to be aggravated as development pro-
ceeded. This was the case also when transferred to water ranging from
a temperature of 60° to 64° F. Once established, any deformity in de-
velopment seemed irremediable by any further stages which might be
necessary to complete the developmental processes undergone in the
egg.
In the light of these researches, taken in their entirety, it would
therefore appear that 55° to 53° F. is about the limit to which we can
with safety reduce the temperature in which the ova of the shad will
undergo their normal development. This temperature would give us,
approximately, nine days as the longest period of incubation attainable,
time sufficient, added to the four days required for the young toabsorb the
yelk-sack, or thirteen days inall, to take embryos to be incubated on the
route all the way across the Atlantic, or even as far as the Danube or
Black Sea. Even this, period may be somewhat extended, since it is
possible to retard the absorption of the yelk-sack of the young fish by
keeping them in water of 60° to 65° F. A temperature of 55° F. would
probably not be injurious at this stage. I have kept the young in water
at 38° F.for half an hour without apparent injury. They had been
hatched only a short time before. The cold would benumb them, and
they would lie quietly at the bottom of the vessel until restored to ae-
tivity as they were warmed up in water of over 70° F., to which they
were at once transferred without harm. The muscular masses at the
sides of the body were benumbed, as indicated by the quiescent behav-
ior of the embryos. Tissue metamorphosis would be hindered by such
a fall in the temperature of the water. We saw that the cold caused
the pulsations of the heart to diminish in rapidity. This abatement in
the activity of the forces concerned in the transformation of the stored
protoplasm of the yelk into the structures of the growing embryo would
be very marked in consequence of subjecting young shad to a tempera-
ture of 55° F. By this means, reasoning from what we know of the
other phases of development when exposed to like temperatures, the
804 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
absorption of the yelk might be retarded so as not to be completed for six
or seven days. This would give us, added to the maximum period of
incubation of nine days at 53° F., a total of fifteen days, a period cer-
tainly long enough for all practical purposes in the transportation of
young fish for stocking purposes.
I would take this opportunity to remark that it must, however, be
borne in mind that the growth of an embryo in the egg is different from
the growth of the young animal after it has been hatched and begins
to feed. The fish embryo has a store of food, which is inclosed in the
yelk-sack, which can scarcely be said even to be transformed; it only
suffers a change of place, as particle after particle of the yelk substance
is removed and built up into the structures of the growing embryo.
This transfer is effected through the blood, and also by apposition from
below. The young growing animal in feeding must truly transform the
protoplasm which it eats; it must digest it; it is carried into the blood
as chyle, and so to all parts of the body to repair the waste incident to
the exhibition of life. The two processes, upon careful Comparison, are
wholly unlike. A fall in the temperature diminishes the rate at which
this transfer of the yelk substance to the structures of the growing em-
bryo takes place. The frequency of the pulsations of the heart decreases ;
consequently the yelk substance which is in contact with vascular sinuses
below the embryo is not taken into the blood as rapidly. The result of
all this is that the absorption of the yelk is impeded and made to min-
ister to the development and growth in size of the young fish for a
longer period.
A few other points and I have done with this part of the subject for
the present. Most steamships now use fresh water distilled by an appa-
ratus specially constructed for the purpose. This water, provided the
most ordinary care was exercised in the storage, would be well fitted
to use in the process of retardation. The eggs carried on the trays
ought to be occasionally sprinkled with pure sterilized water. The
distilled water suppled aboard steamships answers this description
fully, and almost everything is accordingly ready to our hands. To
reduce the temperature of the water used in the latter stages of devel-
opment, when it would be necessary to transfer the eggs to water, say
on the eighth day, or after they had been for eight days on the damp
trays, it would be desirable to avoid contamination of the water from
the ice. To avoid this the water should pass through coils of block-tin
pipe, placed in tubs, and kept filled with cracked ice; thus we could
lower the temperature to at least 60° to 58° F. The same water might
be used several times over, because with care it would be so slightly
contaminated with organic matter that putrefactive processes could not
go on to any hurtful extent. The low temperature would also tend to
arrest any tendency to putrescence. How to maintain a uniform tem-
perature in the refrigerators, so as to guard against dangerous fluctua-
tions of temperature, appears to me to be a matter of some difficulty,
[11] RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 805
because sudden meteorological changes, such as we sometimes experi-
ence in this latitude, would influence the working of the apparatus.
The best regulator would probably be a faithful attendant. The con-
trol of the temperature of the water flowing through coils surrounded
with ice is, in the light of experience, a comparatively easy matter, as
it has been found that ina coil of a given length the fluctuation in the
temperature will not vary more than three or four degrees, if a little at-
tention is bestowed in regulating the flow and keeping a good supply
of ice packed around the coils.
The prevention of leakage or loss of water from the apparatus would
be entirely overcome, both on board cars and steamships, by the adoption
of the closed glass hatching-jars, of various forms, devised by Colonel
McDonald. They appear to be cheap, and are very economical of room.
There can therefore be no objection to the introduction of the apparatus
into vessels and railway express cars on the score that it makes objec-
tionable slop and slush on the floors or decks.
The foregoing, it appears to me, is an approximate solution of the
problems which we set out to answer. Whether we are right another
season’s work ought to enable us to decide practically and finally, as we
can now take up the subjectintelligently. The preliminary experimental
work has been completed.
LATER OBSERVATIONS ON THE RETARDATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE OVA OF THE SHAD.
The following data supplement and confirm in a somewhat remark-
able manner the arguments put forth above. The facts there recorded
were the results of experiments carried out with the help of apparatus
specially designed to artificially lower the temperature of either the air
‘or water in which the eggs were hatched. The value of the present series
of observations depends entirely upon the fact that no artificial means
were resorted to for the purpose of lowering the temperature, but that
the eggs experimented upon, obtained, as they were, as early as the 9th
of April, were, in consequence of the then prevailing low temperature
of the water, subjected to no extraordinary or artificial condition arising
from the use of a complex water or air cooling apparatus. The temper-
ature of the water of the Potomac during the progress of the incubation
of the eggs in question was at times as low as 48° F., but asarule the
water then in use in the McDonald hatching-jars, the apparatus utilized
in the experiment, fluctuated only between 50° and 56° F., and even
then very gradually, as the variation during any one period of twelve
hours was rarely more than 1° F. There was a gradual but very
slight rise in the temperature of the water from the beginning to the
end of the experiment, which covered seventeen days. This grad-
ual rise was covered by 6° or 7° F., as already stated. The average
temperature of the water for the whole period was 533° F., which,
806 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12]
aS we see, was only a little above the ‘ danger point,” 52° F., if we
may so call it, as indicated by my observations made in association
with Messrs. MeDonaldand Clark last year. The results of this experi-
ment have shown us that it is possible to retard the development of
shad ova so as to prolong the period of incubation for a period five
times that normally occupied in the process in the height of the spawn-
ing season, or for almost fifteen days. During my somewhat extended
observations on the eggs of this species no such length of time of in-
cubation has been recorded, nor has any one, to the best of my knowl-
edge, recorded the fact that under such conditions of temperature the
progress of the evolution of the embryo was perfectly normal, as was
the case in the instance now to be described. Several persons have in-
sisted that shad ovadeveloping in too low atemperature would be found
te be imperfect, especially the eyes, which, it was said, did not ap-
parently develop at all. The lowest temperature in which I have seen
shad-ova develop normally was 49.5° F., as recorded in my report of
the experiments during the spring of 1881. Neither in those nor in the
embryos which are the subject of this paper was any abnormality ob-
served in the development of the eyes or optic vesicles.
Now for the history of the progress of the experiment and the ova.
The latter were taken at one of the Potomac stations organized upon
the plan proposed by Colonel McDonald. They were impregnated on
the 9th of April at 7 p. m., and brought to the Armory on trays and
spread out on damp cloths by Spawntaker Jones. They were placed
in one of the MeDonald jars on the morning of the 10th of April, but, un-
fortunately for the fullest fruition of our hopes, during the night, ow-
ing to an accidental occurrence or to the meddlesomeness of some irre-
sponsible busy-body, too large a supply of water was turned on, caus-
ing the largest proportion of the eggs to be thrown out by way of the
escape-pipe of the jar. What were then left, amounting to probably
two or three thousand, had to suffice for the material for this account of
their development.
On the 11th of April the temperature of the water was 57° F. It
had been about the same or a little lower on the 9thand 10th; the water
of the Potomac, from which they were obtained at Ferry Landing, was
on those dates as low at 48° F. On the 12th the thermometer in-
dicated a temperature in the hatching apparatus ranging from 509°
to 51.5° F. On the 13th the temperature ranged from 51° to 52° F,
This was the fourth day, and sketches taken from the eggs at this
time showed that the blastoderm was just about to close, a condition or-
dinarily attained ina temperature of 74° F. in somewhat less than twenty-
four hours. On the 14th of April the temperature was 52° to 54° F.;
on the 15th, 53° Fahr. ; on this, the sixth day, the tail began to bud out.
On the 16th the temperature was the same as on the previous day, and
the tail had by this time, the seventh day, grown to about one-third
the length of that of the just-hatched embryo. On the 17th, the tem-
[13] RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 807
perature was 53.59 F.; on the 18th, 51.5° to 52° F.; on the 19th,
53° to 53.59 F.; development still normal. On the 20th the tem-
perature ranged from 53° to 54°; on the 21st, 55° to 55.5° F., and
about this time, or on the twelfth day, the eyes began to show the first
signs of pigmentation, becoming a shade darker than hitherto, verg-
ing toward brown. On the 22d the temperature of the water was 56°
falling to 55.59 F. On this, the thirteenth day, a few began to hatch ;
the eyes were now fully pigmented and normal in their development.
On the 23d the temperature of the water was 55.5° to 54°F. On
the 24th the temperature was from 54° to 54.59 F. During the
23d and 24th days of April the hatching continued, most of the em-
bryos having ruptured théir inclosing membranes on the 24th of April,
or the fifteenth day of incubation. On the 25th the temperature
ranged between 54.5° to 55° F., and on this date, or the sixteenth
day, a few of the ova still remained unhatched. On the 26th the tem-
perature was 55° F.; all of the ova were now hatched, and no ab-
normalities of any sort were noticed. The embryos, however, were for
the most part lost, owing, as I think, to the circumstance that the water
was allowed to flow too rapidly and violently through the hatching-jar.
The behavior of the hatching-jar was most admirable, but would
have been still better had there been a larger quantity of eggs put into
the apparatus. The most meritorious feature of the apparatus is the
almost entire non-development of the saprolegnious fungus, which
causes So great a mortality in some other formsof hatching contrivances
in which all of the ova are not in continual movement. The very grad-
ual, gentle, and continual rolling movement of the ova upon each other
in the jar apparently prevents the spores of the fungus from adhering.
The cleanliness of the apparatus is also to be commended, whereby the
use of skim-nets for cleaning is dispensed with, while the material
of which it is made—glass—enables one to watch the progress of devel-
opment very satisfactorily from the outside of the jar with a hand-glass
or pocket lens of moderate power.
On the seventeenth day of the experiment the hatched embryos were
in the condition of those normally developed at 70° to 75° F., the
yelk being ovoidal, clear, and plump. At the rate at which the develop-
ment progressed it would take five times as long to absorb the bulk of
the yelk of an embryo in a temperature of 53.75° F. as at 75° F.,
or about twenty-five days. This period, added to the prolonged time of
incubation at 53.75° F., would cover a space of forty days, or more
than twice the time required to carry embryo shad to the farthest con-
fines of Europe. The probability therefore, is that we have exceeded
the lowest temperature practically required for this purpose, 55° F.
being a much more favorable and less dangerous temperature than that
prevailing during the successful experiment of which we have just
given a detailed account.
808 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
ON THE RATIONALE OF RETARDATION.
Every developing ovum is made up of certain cellular elements, each
one of which is provided with a central nuclear body, which appears in
the light of recent researches to be the directive dynamic center of all
further changes involved in the successive cleavages undergone by the
cellular elements constituting that portion of the egg immediately con-
cerned in the formation of the embryo. The assumed disappearance of
the nucleus of the egg has been proved not to take place in the act of
impregnation, in not only invertebrate ova but also in vertebrate ones
as well.*
The hypothetical assumption of a Cytode or Moneron stage of develop-
ment in the ova of all forms by Haeckel does not, therefore, appear to
be sustained by facts. These and other known facts, such as the recent
observation of the metamorphoses of the nuclei of RhizopodsAn the
act of division (multiplication) also throws doubt on the existence of
the Monera themselves, as Hensen has suggested.t Nuclear networks
inside of cells, as well as intranuclear networks, seem to be of almost
universal occurrence, according to the researches of Flemming, Klein,
the Hertwigs, Pfitzner, Fol, and others on animals and man, and by
Strasburger on plants. Indeed, so strikingly is this true that Stras-
burger has been tempted to utter the dictum omnis nucleus e nucleo,
which in English means thatall nuclei originate from pre-existing nuclei,
just as formerly Schwann expressed himself to the same effect in rela-
tion to the genesis of cells. Such intracellular granular networks ex-
tending outwards from the nucleus through the protoplasm enveloping
it may be seen well developed in the coarse vesicular connective tissue
cells of the American oyster, of which I have mounted preparations.
Vastly more complex intranuclear reticuli are found in the nucleus of
the unripe eggs of the common slipper-limpet, Crepidula glauca. I have
seen the granular threads in these undergoing the most wonderful active
changes of form. Spindle-shaped nuclei, the opposite poles of which
were joined by granular threads, have been observed in the eggs of
Elasmobranch fishes by Balfour. These were in the act of division, or
in the diastole condition spoken of by Flemming. Q#llacher has seen
granular threads radiating from the nuclei embedded in the cells of th.
germinal disk of the trout in its early stages of development. These
*This disappearance is more apparent than real, and while the nucleus may disap-
pear temporarily it soon reappears, showing that nuclear matter still exists in the
cell in a concealed or disguised form.
+ A. Brass has recently demonstrated the presence of a denser central body in some
of the so-called Monera by the use of reagents; this central body he regards as answer-
ing to the nucleus, while his studies also show these organisms to be far from homo-
geneous. Huxley, in 1877, had doubts as to the constancy of this distinctive character
of the Monera; see p. 73 of his Anatomy of the Invertebrates. The Hertwigs have
since shown the Faraminifera to be nucleated, aud Leidy has shown that a nucleus is
not always absent in some types, as in Biomyxa, for example.
ae
[15] RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 809
nuclear transformations consequently occur in the cellular elements of
fish embryos. These observations are further supported by the fact
that both Brooks and myself have observed undoubted evidence of the
rythmical nature of segmentation in fish-ova, which ought to be the
fact, since it has been shown that the metamorphoses of the nuclei are
likewise rythmical in character.
The metamorphoses or changes in the form and strueture of the
nucleus, are in large part connected with the genesis of new cells, in
the successive acts of cleavage or segmentation; their metamorphoses
doubtless also play an important part in the functions of rejuvenescence
and depuration of cells, or in the general functions, repair and waste, as
well as in the excretory and secretory functions of organs. But in re-
tardation we have nothing to do with these latter kind of nuclear
metamorphosis; we are only concerned with the alternate elongation
and contraction of the nucleus attendant upon the process of segmen-
tation or the fissiparous genesis of new cells, in which the pre-existing
nucleus of a cell, about to divide, elongates, becomes severed into two
parts, which become, respectively, the nuclei of two new cells. In the
process of cleavage it has been shown that during the act of cleavage
the nucleus of the cleaving cell elongates, becomes spindle-shaped; that
the opposite poles of the spindle become, respectively, the nuclei of the
two new cells resulting from the completed process of segmentation.
During the active stage the two poles of the spindle are joined by a
barrel or spindle-shaped series of granular threads. When the seg-
mentation is about to be consummated these threads, half way between
the poles, are found to have developed nodes or swellings; these mark
the point through which the segmentation furrow will pass, so as to sep-
arate the old cell into two new ones. The segmentation furrow, accord-
ingly, passes at right angles across the long axis of the spindle-shaped
nucleus. As soon as the segmentation has been effected the granular
threads are withdrawn from the nodal points at the place where the seg-
mentation furrow severed them, and are finally retracted into what were
formerly the two poles of the spindle. These poles are now the nuclei
of the two new cells, and as soon as the granular threads are withdrawn
towards these new polar nuclear centers the latter become globular and
pass into the resting stage. Afterwards they both elongate and go
through the same process as here described in the course of subse-
quent cleavage. This alternate elongation of nuclei into a spindle-
form and contraction into a spherical form in the process of cleavage
has been called by Flemming the diastole and systole of the nucleus.
They accompany the rhythmical phenomena of segmentation and give
us a rational and philosophical interpretation of the phenomena of seg-
mentation. It must, I think, be plain to any one that this is essentially
a dynamic process, in which the Artisan of organization almost makes
His methods of work visible.
It also affords a scientific explanation of the phenomena of retarda-
~
810 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16]
tion. Inasmuch as we have lowered the temperature of the air and
water, the media in which the ova of the shad underwent their devel-
opment, and find that it is retarded in consequence, we must naturally
conclude that the rate of segmentation, upon which the rate of develop-
ment directly depends, has been in some way interfered with or impeded
in its progress. Since we also saw that the rhythmical metamorphoses
of the nuclei were directly concerned in the process of segmentation—
that in them the vis essentialis, essential force of segmentation, really
resides—it appears to me that we are also really bound to conclude
that the fall in the temperature has affected the activity of this vis essen-
tialis of the nuclei, which are retarded in their metamorphoses, in con-
sequence of which the rate of segmentation and development is retarded.
This fully and clearly accounts for the resulting prolongation of the
normal period of development when the temperature of the media in
which the ova undergo their evolution is lowered as much as is consist-
ent with their regular, healthful incubation.
If retardation is possible it ought also to be possible to accelerate de-
velopment. For centuries it has been the practice to accelerate and
maintain the growth of plants in hot-houses and forcing-pits during in-
clement seasons of the year. Thisis proof enough, as far as the vegeta-
ble kingdom is-concerned, that acceleration of the processes of growth,
which simply means that the acceleration of fissiparous cellular prolifer-
ation or segmentation is here possible. Its philosophy is the same in
principle as that of retardation; acceleration is the converse or recipro-
cal principle as opposed to the former. According to a table given by
Mr. R. E. Earll, in his paper on the development of the cod, in the
United States Fish Commissioner’s report for 1878, page 724, we learn
that the minimum time of incubation for the ova of this fish is thirteen
days, temperature of sea-water 40° F’.; the maximum time, aceording to
the same authority, is fifty days, temperature of sea-water 31° F. Our
own experience at Wood’s Holl last winter taught us that the develop-
ment of the ova of the cod was capable of being accelerated, for those
in a glass cone near a warm stove hatched out in a shorter space of
time sixteen days) than any others. Our power to accelerate the rate of
development of the cod may be of use, as we may thereby be enabled to
hatch out a large percentage of ova in a very few days. Whether the
young would be as vigorous as those incubated in the natural way re-
mains to be learned. :
Acceleration, like retardation of development, is accomplished by in-
fluencing the rate of the rhythmical metamorphoses of the nuclei of the
cells of the embryo. Accelerate the rate of these metamorphoses and
segmentation is hastened so as to cause development to proceed more
rapidly. The stimulus is heat, a mode of motion, and we are forced to
believe from what has preceded that the nuclear metamorphoses are
simply the specific modes of motion of the cellular life centers. The
molecules of the nuclear spindles, reticuli, &c., are made to move more
[17] RETARDING DEVELOPMENT OF SHAD EGGS. 811
or less actively in obedience to the fluctuations in the activity of this ex-
ternal stimulus. All this goes without saying, however, that the pro-
toplasm, which in the case of every cell invests the nucleus, may not
also share in the process; it is but natural that it should, because free
nuclei, independent of any investment of protoplasm, are unknown to
histologists.
Inasmuch as the granular particles of nuclear fibers and reticuli ex-
hibit certain modes of motion which appear to be characteristic in the
course of segmentation, and since we find that heat, admittedly a mode
of motion, accelerates or retards the motion of living nuclear matter in
its segmentational metamorphoses, are we not warranted in assuming
both of these kinds of motion to be ina degree correlated and interdepend-
ent? The significance of the views here set forth in their bearings upon
general physiology and pathology would appear to warrant the belief that
we may yet be able to solve some of the knottiest problems in biology.
Their practical significance in relation to the problems which have pre-
sented themselves for solution to the Fish Commission will also be ap-
parent.
pany
PROD TALC)
At De
nan
DaNnce ae |
APPENDIN D.
, oo
PROPAGATION OF FOOD-FISHES.
ih
—>
XVII.—REPOPULATION OF THE WATER-COURSES IN BELGIUM.
By Baron DE SELYS LONGCHAMPS.*
(Member of the Royal Academy of Belgium and president of the Senate. ]
Belgium has finally decided to attempt the repopulation of her wat er-
courses. Our river fisheries, formerly so rich, especially in salmonoids
and crawfish, are in greater danger than those of almost any other
country. The causes of destruction are manifold, and they can be par-
tially overcome only by great and persistent efforts.
Our two great rivers, the Meuse and the Scheldt [Escaut], differ in
their character, and consequently produce different fish. From Ant-
werp downward the Scheldt becomes an arm of the salty sea, and the
tide can even be noticed above that city. In this portion of the river
the existence of fish does not seem to be endangered by the pollution
of the waters. They catch there, at the proper seasons, the Alosa
Jinta, the Osmerus eperlanus, and the Coregonus oxyrhynchus ; but the
last-mentioned fish cannot be very common, for in the Brussels market
I have only found it in rare cases, and mixed with the Osmerus eper-
lanus.
The eel (Anguilla vulgaris) and the small plaice (Plewronectes flesus)
are very common there at alltimes. The sturgeon (Acipenser sturio) as-
cends as farup theriver. Inits upper parts and its tributaries towards
Flanders, Hainault, and Brabant the Scheldt is fearfully polluted by
the factories of Roubaix, Turcoing, Ghent, and Brussels. Formerly it
was full of fish, although the fish suffered greatly from the pollution of
the waters caused by the retting of flax in those parts of Flanders
where this industry is carried on.!
The Meuse was celebrated for its salmon (Salmo salar), which ascended
this river in order to spawn in its fresh-water tributaries which flow
into it from the Ardennes and other mountainous regions on its right
bank. The shad (Alosa communis) used to ascend the Meuse in spring
* “ Reneuplement des cours @eau en Belgique,’ par M. C. Baron de Selys Longchamps.
[From Bulletin mensuel de la Société ad’ Acclimatation de France, 3d série, tome x, No. 3,
Mars, 1883, Paris.] Translated from the French by HERMAN JACOBSON.
1Under the title “‘ Suppression totale du rouissage putride par Vapplication dex systéme de
M. Lefébre” (Total suppression of putrid retting by the application of Mr. Lefébre’s
system) an important pamphlet has appeared, which was read at the meeting of the
Central Society of Agriculture of Belgium, June 13, 1881. (Brussels, E. Guyot, 1881.)
The practical results of this method are given in detail.
fi} 815
816 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
in enormous numbers, but rarely higher than Huy. Mostof the rivers
which flow into the Meuse, the Vesdre, Ourthe, Hayoux, Bocq, Lesse,
Semoi, and their tributaries, were full of trout (Salmo fario) and ombres
(Thymallus vexillifer), not to mention other food-fish which are found
throughout the whole middle portion of Western Europe.
This paradise of fishermen has well-nigh been destroyed. To meet
the needs of boating and navigation towards France great river im-
provements have been made along the entire course of the Meuse. The
dams in the river prevent the greater part of the salmon from ascend-
ing it. Those fish which succeed in clearing these obstacles are scarcely
able to do it except by favor of high tides and occasional inundations.
As regards the shad, which not long ago gave rise to truly miracu-
lous fisheries near the city of Liége,? it is stoppéd by the dams found
farther down the river; and I do not think that it will be able to clear
the salmon ladders which are going to be established, let us hope under
better conditions than those which have hitherto been tried. We may
not indulge in the flattering hope of seeing the waters of the Vesdre
again rendered sufficiently pure to support fish. They have been too
strongly poisoned by the washing of wool and the dyeing establish-
ments and cloth manufactures of Verviers.
It might not be impossible, however, to arrive at a satisfactory solu-
tion of the question by leading the polluted waters of Verviers as far
as the Meuse through channels running parallel with the Vesdre.
Works of this kind are now constructed, at a moderate expense, for
leading the juice of the beets from the places where they are grown and
first ground to the sugar-refineries, a distance of several miles. Asa
work of this kind on a larger scale we may mention the collecting channel
of the Senne, at Brussels, and also the works constructed in England
to lead the refuse water of London into the sea. This last-mentioned
work has been so successful that recently trout have been caught in the
Thames, where they had long since disappeared. In the water-courses
of the right bank of the Thames, where the water has remained pure,
trout is found, but unlicensed fishing is there carried on on a large scale.
As regards the tributaries of the right bank of the Meuse, the indus-
tries which there kill the fish are manufactures of chemicals, sugar-
refineries, and to a less degree distilleries.
Excellent laws have been made for regulating the fisheries and for
suppressing the mischievous destruction of fish, but as it is out of the
question for us to restore the salubrity of the waters by taking meas-
ures which would render industry impossible, we must appeal to science
if we wish to obtain the means for rendering healthy the poisoned waters
of our rivers.
When pisciculture came into vogue, almost forty years ago, it was
*At the end of April and in the beginning of May I remember to have seen taken
near Liége, at one haul of the net, as many as two hundred and fifty and even three
hundred large shad.
iam
[3] REPUPULATING BELGIAN WATERS. 817
‘thought people had solved the problem of the repopulation of our rivers.
The founding of the Society of Acclimatization in France, and the estab-
lishment of the piscicultural station at Hiiningen gave the first impetus.
Prior to this the King of the Belgians, Leopold I, had successfully en-
gaged in fish culture on his estates in the Ardennes, following the old
methods of the German foresters.
In 1853 M. Ernest von den Peereboom had spoken in favor of fish-
culture in the Chamber of Representatives. Experiments which were
made at the time, but in waters very little suited to the purpose and
with defective apparatus, did not prove successful.
Some time afterward a more important society of fish-culture was
formed, and serious efforts were made. This society, however, only
existed a short time. The mistake had been madeto embrace in its
work too many branches of this new science, and to attempt, moreover,
the culture of oysters and salt-water fish at Nieuport, which place did
not possess all the conditions necessary for such culture. People finally
entertained the idea, which was widely spread at the time, that trout
and even salmon could live in all the pure waters of the country and
prosper, even when shut up and in a state of confinement. Hence the
mistakes and finally the dissolution of the society, which was composed
in great part of persons whose property was not in the region where
salmonoids can live.
Although for twenty years the question may be said to have slept,
from a practical point of view it has at least not been buried, for sev-
eral times during this period it has given rise to public discussions and
various publications. It is necessary to give a brief historical sketch of
the phases through which this question has passed before its active
awakening.
In 1865 and 1866 the provincial council of Brabant appointed a com-
mission whose duties were to study the best means for purifying the
water-courses, and to find means for repopulating our brooks. Thelate
M. de Gronckel prepared the report of this commission, and stated in it
that in this matter the most powerful interests centered, which it has
became the duty of the authorities to protect, to harmonize, and concili-
ate as much as possible, above everything the interests of health and .
security from inundations. To this must be added, he says, a question
of alimentation and national wealth, viz, that of preserving and multi-
plying the fresh-water fish.
The “Free Society of Emulation ” of Liege, at the instance of my re-
gretted friend, Theodore Lacordaire, professor of zoology at the Uni-
versity of Liége, set a prize for tue best answer to the following ques-
tion: * To determine the causes which for the last twenty years have brought
about a degeneration of fish in the rivers of the province of Liége, and to
indicate the means for remedying this state of affairs.”
The prize essay, which was printed, came from the pen of the late
Charles Lehardy de Beaulieu, a well-known and highly esteemed en-
S. Mis. 110
52
818 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
gineer and economist. He attributes the decrease of fish to the excess
of consumption over production. He strongly recommends pisciculture
and a proper regulation of the ownership of water-courses, the use of
which he would like to see placed in the hands of associations whose
interest and perseverance would finally succeed in discovering the vari-
ous causes by which the water becomes impure. He thinks that, forced
by sheer necessity, people would endeavor to utilize as manure, or in
some other way, the hurtful substances, which at present they find
convenient to throw into the river. He cites the example of the city of
Reims, where the soap water which has served for cleaning wool is used
in the manufacture of gas’.
In the same year (1866) I was a member of a commission appointed
by the Government for studying on our coasts various questions relat-
ing to the sea-fisheries. This commission expressed the wish that a sim-
ilar inquiry might be made relative to the fresh-water fisheries. In De-
cember, 1866, I read, at the meeting of the division of science of the
Royal Academy of Belgium, an essay On the River Fisheries in Belgium,
which was published, accompanied by notes and documents.‘ It would
be useless to give an analysis of it in this place, for it would only be a
repetition of a statement of facts, which are but too well known to the
public, relative to the causes of the depopulation of our rivers and the
means to lessen their evil effect. The portion of the evil which must be
attributed to the pollution of the water has grown considerably since
that time.
The draft of a fishery law which, as I announced in a postscript, had
been prepared by the Government, had to wait for fourteen long years
before it was discussed and voted on by the Chamber of Representa-
tives.
In 1879 M. Emile Gens, doctor of natural sciences and professor at
the College of Verviers, published a very interesting little brochure on
the protection of fresh-water fish in Belgium (De la protection du pois-
son Weau douce en Belgique). The author, after having sketched in brief
outline the deplorable condition of our river-fisheries, proposes the fol-
lowing measures for remedying the evil: (1) Prohibition of fishing in
all rivers and canals during the months of April and May ; (2) prohibi-
tion of fishing from September 15 to January 1 in all water-courses on
the right bank of the Meuse (it is here that the salmonoids live), per-
mitting, however, the fishing of salmon after November 15, the spawning
having then taken place; (3) severe fines for employing dynamite and
Cocculus indicus ; a systematized supervision of the rivers. (4) prohibi-
tion of the sale of Cocculus indicus in drug-stores; (5) prohibition of
all night fishing; (6) prohibition of fishing in streams by means of
8The memoir of M. Lehardy de Beaulieu, preceded by the report of M. Lacordaire,
was published in 1866, in vol. iii (new series) of the Wémoires de la Société libre d Emula-
tion de Liége.
4 Bulletins de UV Académie royale de Belgique, 2d series, vol. xxii, 1866.
[5] REPOPULATING BELGIAN WATERS. 819
weirs or dams which lay dry for a time a portion of the bed; (7) regu-
lating the size of meshes so as to allow all fish measuring less than 15
centimeters to escape from the nets; (8) establishing salmon-ways
wherever obstructions exist of such a nature as to prevent the migra-
tion of fish ; (9) prohibition of fishing with the hand, &e.; (10) meas-
ures to prevent as much as possible the pollution of the waters by
manufactures established on their banks; (11) serious efforts at organ-
ized fish-culture ; (12) committees of surveillance, furnished with the
necessary authority to prohibit fishing locally and temporarily, in the
interest of the repopulating of the rivers.
In the following year (1880) M. Gens was commissioned by the Gov-
ernment to visit the Berlin Fishery Exposition, and attend the Piscicult-
ural Congress which opened its sessions in that city in April. His re-
port was published in the Moniteur belge for September 19, 1880.
Our honored eolleague M. Raveret-Wattel has in the Bulletin Mensuel
dela Société @ Acclimatation de France produced such an excellent and
complete work that I deem it unnecessary to give an epitome of M.Gens’s
work on the same subject. I will confine myself to pointing out some
of its details. The author mentions the fact that several essays had
been written on the problem of rendering the water from manufactures
harmless to the fish in those parts of the river where such waters are
emptied. It is well known that the King of Saxony had set a prize for
the answer to this question, which is of great interest to us in Belgium.
M. Gens also mentions a simple means, which had been spoken of at
the congress, of rendering small water-courses, such as those which
drive mills, pure. If the dam is constructed on an inclined plane, it is
sufficient to place a beam obliquely across this place, which is certainly
inexpensive, and should be done in all cases. In chapter 4 he takes up
the principles laid down in his pamphlet of 1879, mentioned above, and
supplements his former statement by giving a list of nearly all fresh-
water fish found in Belgium, which he, according to their nature,
classes in three groups: those which are common to our two regions,
those which are found in the mountainous region, and those which are
found in the plains.
In a special chapter M. Gens treats of piscicultural establishments.
Belgium did not possess a large sheet of water combining purity, cold-
ness, and depth, where it might be hoped that the salmonoids of the
Swiss lakes could be acclimatized. To-day this is different. In order to
check the temporary inundations of the Vesdre, and at the same time to
supply water to the city of Verviers, which at certain seasons suffered from
the want of it, there has been constructed from one mountain to the
other, near the mouth of the Gileppe, at the height of 241 meters above
the level of the sea, a gigantic dam, 47 meters in height, which when
filled holds 12,000,000 cubic meters of the waters of that sub-Alpine
river, which receives all which flows into this dam from a forest of
about 4,000 hectares called the “ Hertogenwald,” and from the marshy
820 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
regions called the ‘“ Hautes-Fagnes,” which at their highest point rise
to a height of 700 meters. The Lake of Gileppe, which has thus been
formed, has an area of 800,000 square meters, and the waterin the dam
has a depth, varying from 25 to 45 meters.
Here I would advise the introduction of the great lake trout (Salmo
lacustris) and the trout of the Alps (Salmo salvelinus), of the Coregona
Jera, and of certain American salmonoids which do not go into the sea,
and which would find all possible levels for spawning from the dam to
the river flowing in its pebbly bed and feeding the lake.
Our minister of public works commissioned M. de Clereq, chief engi-
neer of bridges and roads, to prepare some propositions as to the best
mode of repopulating the navigable rivers. The remarkable work of
this skilled engineer was published in 1881.
The propositions which he makes for remedying the depopulation of
our waters are classed in the following order:
(1.) To prevent the pollution of the waters.
(2.) To prohibit the destruction of sedentary fish during the spawn-
ing season, and to regulate the catching of migratory fish.
(3.) To construct fishways at all dams in the Meuse and its tribu-
taries which are too high for the salmon to leap over.
(4.) To arrange spawning-places where the fish find all the conditions
favorable to reproduction.
(5.) To engage in practical fish-culture as far as the salmonoids are
concerned.
These various points are carefully treated by a man fully competent
to do justice to the subject. I will quote what he says relative to the
pollution of the waters, because this is, in my opinion, the principal
obstacle in the way of repopulation :
‘There can be no question of prohibiting industries which are closely
interwoven with the general welfare of our country, but it isimportant
to prohibit the throwing of substances into the water without having
been treated in the most efficient manner for freeing it from those sub-
stances which are hurtful to fish, and at least as much so to other
animals which drink this polluted water. The pollution cannot be con-
sidered as sufficiently weakened unless the waters are rendered fit for
fish to live in.”
There is another chapter in this work which will repay careful perusal,
the one in which M. de Clereq describes in detail the construction of
good salmon-ways, and indicates the defects which make some salmon-
ways worthless. We must here point out,in a humbler sphere than the
management of great rivers and the interests of the salmon fisheries,
the obstacle which many water-mills present to the repopulating the
small streams. I refer to those mills which are placed near small water-
courses in plains which have but a slight grade. When the mill is not
placed on a channel branching off from the river, but blocks the river
entirely, it interrupts the circulation of the fish. The level of the water
will under these circumstances vary constantly: sometimes, when the
[7] REPOPULATING BELGIAN WATERS. 821
mill is at rest, it will be very high ; at other times, when all the water
is utilized by the mill, it will be so low as almost to lay the river dry.
Under these conditions the reproduction and the very existence of fish
becomes impossible, If one takes account from another point of view,
of the enormous harm which is done to rivers by the fact that the water
in these water-courses is nearly always kept at too high a level, thus
making the rivers marshy; if furthermore it is remembered that miils
render temporary inundations more dangerous, that great damage is
done to agriculture, and finally that public health is endangered, it is
to be desired that the water-mills of which I have spoken should as
soon as possible, be replaced by wind-mills, or, still better, that they
should obtain their motive power from a small steam-engine.®
By the provisions of the ‘ Law of the river fisheries,” passed by our
Chambers towards theend of the year 1881, the supervision and preserva-
tion of these fisheries is placed in the hands of the administration of forests.
The right of fishing in navigable rivers and canals belongs to the Gov-
ernment, which farms out the fisheries, thus deriving a profit there-
from. Fishing with a line held in the hand, however, is free to all citi-
zens. In other water-courses than those mentioned above the people
living on the banks possess the right of fishing. The season when fish-
ing is allowed and the implements to be used are determined by the
Government, which also regulates the sale of fish. Fishing is allowed
at all times to proprietors of ponds and reservoirs whose waters have no
natural communication with the rivers. Boatmen are prohibited from
having on board any fishing apparatus but lines. As regards the throw-
ing into the water of hurtful substances, when not done with the object
of destroying fish, it is regulated by the “ Law on water-courses,” pre-
viously passed by the Chambers. As, unfortunately, the carrying out
of these regulations is in the hands of provincial and communal author-
ities, which are elective, much remains to be desired. In my opinion
the central Government ought to have charge of this supervision.
After the law on river fisheries had been passed a member of the di-
vision of science of the Royal Academy of Belgium thought that a fav-
orable time had come for encouraging scientific researches and practical
experiments in repopulating the polluted water-courses. He placed at
the disposal of the Academy the sum of 3,000 francs as a prize to be
given, in 1884, to the author of an essay which would indicate a satis-
factory solution of this problem.
At the end of this article I shall give the conditions of this competi-
tion as they are found in the transactions of the Academy, with the
view of directing to it the attention of scientists and practical piscicult-
urists who might feel inclined to compete for the prize.
Although the conditions mention certain local questions which spe-
5 This last-mentioned system has recently been recommended in a petition of the
inhabitants of the banks of the Geer, a tributary of the Meuse on its left bank, in
which petition they ask the Belgian Government to order the suppression of all water-
mills, as a measure of public usefulness.
822 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
cially concern Belgium, it is my opinion that any one capable of answer-
ing the principal questions could easily put himself in possession of the
necessary information. I am moreover convinced that many parts of
France are situated like Belgium as regards rivers whose depopulation
is caused by the pollution of the water.
It was on the Ist of April, 1882 (a very appropriate day for discuss-
ing the fish question), that the Academy, by a great majority, passed
the resolution to invite competition for the prize referred to above. It
was not a public session, but I believe that I shall not be guilty of an
indiscretion if I state in a general manner the principal objections raised
against this proposition by conscientious men of science. One of them
thought that this would draw the Academy into an administrative
sphere, which was not, properly speaking, its domain, and that it would
look as if the Academy was under the impression that the laws of the
land were not properly executed, especially that of May 7, 1877, ‘on
water-courses not suitable for navigation and rafting,” which imposes
fines on persons who throw into the water substances liable to pollute
or change it. The law also provides that owners of water-courses who
have in this manner had their property injured may bring the matter
into court.
Another member of the Academy remarked that he had made many
researches with the view of finding a suitable and practical method for
purifying the waters from manufactories, but that all these researches
had failed to lead to a satisfactory end. He mentioned the evaporation
of polluted water which certain manufactures are compelled to intro-
duce, which process, however, produces a smoke having an odor which
becomes almost unbearable for persons living in the neighborhood. He
moreover thought that with our elective system few persons would
dare to strictly carry out the necessary measures. He finally felt cer-
tain that the question was full of dangers on account of the exigencies
which would arise if the present condition of the waters was made
widely known, and it was stated at the same time that so far no remedy
had been found for this deplorable condition.
A third member asked that statistics be prepared showing the amount
of capital invested in the industries in question, and that this sum should
then be compared with the value of the fish destroyed by waters pol-
luted by manufactures. The author of the proposition has answered,
in substance, that the scientific solution of this. problem comes very
properly within the province of the Academy; that there is no idea of
finding fault with the administration, as, on the contrary, it was in-
tended to call science to its aid to furnish it with the practical means
of attaining the object for which the law was intended. He calls atten-
tion to the fact that the programme invites research for the purpose of
finding means of purifying the water, which would make it possible for
fish to live in it, with the express reservation that these remedies shall
not endanger the existence of manufactures. In his opinion the value
of the manufactures and that of the fish which they destroy by render-
[9] REPOPULATING BELGIAN WATERS. 823
ing the water impure are not, strictly speaking, comparable, because
manufactures are private enterprises whilst water-courses and fish are
of general use to all the inhabitants of the regions through which the
rivers flow.
Soon after the Academy had passed the resolution referred to we re-
reived the programme of the Great International Exposition of the
Products and Apparatus of Fisheries which was to open in London on
the Ist May, 1883. It has given me great satisfaction to find in this
programme two paragraphs which agree entirely with the demands of
the Belgian Academy. Under Class IV (pisciculture) we read (division
39): It is desired to show a system for destroying the hurtful effects
to fish of rivers and streams impregnated with water from sewers,
chemical and other products, a system illustrated by models and de-
signs.” In division 40 we read the request for the solution of a problem
intimately connected with the one just mentioned, viz, ‘‘ physico-chem-
ical researches of the quality of fresh and sea water which is hurtful
to aquatic aninals,” &e.
The Belgian Government, recognizing the necessity that our country
should not remain behindhand in this great movement which is going on
everywhere, has appointed a commission of six members to study the
questions relating to the repopulation of our water-courses.
This commission is composed of Lieutenant-General Baron Goethals,
president: Baron de Selys-Longchamps, president of the Senate and
member of the Academy; Willequet, member of the Chamber of Rep-
resentatives from Ghent; Edouard von Beneden, professor of the Uni-
versity of Liége, member of the Academy; De Clercq, inspector-general
of bridges and roads, Brussels; Emile Gens, doctor of natural sciences,
professor at Verviers; Leyder, professor of the Agricultural School of
Gemblous; Mousel, inspector of waters and forests, Arlon; Denis, mer-
chant pisciculturist, Brussels; and Bernard, chief of division in the
department of the interior, secretary. This commission, appointed Oc-
tober 27, 1882, has already held several meetings, at each of which dif-
ferent communications have been made, and have led to discussions
having for their object the study of the proper measures which should
be taken to satisfy the wishes of the Government. We have reason to
believe that this activity will not relax, and that active work will soon
be begun.
Here follows the programme for competing for the prize, adopted by
the Academy :
ROYAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, LITERATURE, AND FINE ARTS OF
BELGIUM.
Class of Sciences—Euxtraordinary competition for 1884.
The Government has proposed and the Chambers have passed a law
which has for its object the preservation of fish and the repopulation
of our rivers.
824 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
The principal obstacle in the way of attaining this end is the pollu-
tion of the water in the small streams which are not suitable for navi-
gation or rafting, which are corrupted by solid or liquid substances
thrown into the water by various manufactures, and which are hurtfal
to the reproduction and existence of fish.
The Academy appeals to science to aid in the accomplishment of the
objects had in view by the authorities. Accepting the proposition of
one of its members, who has generously placed at its disposal the sum
of three thousand frances, it requests that a thorough study should be
nade of the following questions, both chemical and biological:
(1.) Which are the special substances in the principal industries which
when mingling with the water of small streams render them incom-
patible with the existence of fish and unfit for the use of man and
-beast.
(2.) Prepare a list of the Belgian rivers which have become depopu-
lated from this cause, indicating the industries peculiar to each of the
rivers, and give a list of the food-fish which used to live in these rivers
before the establishment of the manufactures.
(3.) Indicate practical means for purifying the water before it leaves
the manufactories, so as to render it fit for fish to live in, without en-
dangering the industries, by combining the aids afforded by the con-
struction of clearing-basins, by filtering, and by the employment of
chemical agents.
(4.) Make special experiments relative to the substances which in each
industry cause the death of fish; and also relative to the degree of re-
sistance which each kind of food-fish can offer to its destruction by the
causes above mentioned.
The treatises must be written legibly, and should be addressed, pre-
paid, to M. Liagre, permanent secretary, at the Palace of the Academy,
not later than October 1, 1884. The Academy requests that all quota-
tions should be exact. Authors will, therefore, indicate the edition and
the pages from the works quoted. Illustrations will only be admitted
when drawn byhand. Authors will not sign their name to their treatise,
but will simply sign by some mark, which they will reproduce in a
note containing their name and address. Failure to comply with this
formality will prevent a person from obtaining the prize. Treatises
sent in after the above-mentioned date, or those whose authors make
themselves known in any way whatever, will be excluded from the com-
petition.
The Academy deems it proper to call the attention of authors send-
ing in treatises to the circumstance that from the time when such
treatises are submitted to the Academy they are and will remain de-
posited in its archives. Authors, however, can have copies of their
treatises made, at their own expense, by addressing their request to the
permanent secretary.
XVIN.—A STATISTICAL REVIEW OF THE PRODUCTION AND DIS-
TRIBUTION TO PUBLIC WATERS OF YOUNG FISH, BY THE
UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION, FROM ITS ORGANIZATION
IN 1871 TO THE CLOSE OF 1880.
By Cuas. W. SMILEY,
[Chief uf the Division of Records, Statistics, and Publications. }
The following tables were prepared with a primary view to furnishing
the Tenth Census with suitable summaries of the work done by the
United States Fish Commission. The data have been obtained from
the records of the United States and State Commissions and by official
correspondence, in the name of Prof. Spencer F. Baird, with the persons
to whom he ordered eggs or fish to be sent. The tables have been pre-
pared with great care and labor. They are as full and accurate as possi-
ble under the circumstances, and may be considered as very exact. Much
of the clerical work upon these tables, as well as upon the index thereto,
which follows, has been performed, under my careful supervision, by Mr.
Carl Brandes, Mr. 8. 8S. Alden, and Mr. C. E. Latimer, each of whose
honest and painstaking labor I desire to make public mention of.
These tables consist of four series, marked A, B, C, D.
PRODUCTION.
A. This table gives the statious operated for shad-hatching from 1872
to 1880, inclusive. It shows a total of 41 stations operated in the 9 years,
with a total production of 102,388,350 shad, of which nearly 44,000,000
were released where hatched, and nearly 54,000,000 transported to other
waters. /
B. This series of three tables relates to the production of California
salmon. The first table shows the disposition made of 50,761,000 sal-
mon eggs, 4,000,000 of Which were sent abroad, 15,000,000 hatched and
returned to the McCloud River, and 51,000,000 sent overland to the
Eastern States. The second table shows the success in hatching these
31,000,000 eggs, the data being arranged by years, while the third table
shows the same data arranged by States. These show an average loss
of 25 per cent.
DISTRIBUTION.
C. This series of six tables summarizes by States the distributions of
(1) shad, (2) California salmon, (3) Schoodie salmon, (4) Penobscot sal-
mon, (5) whitefish, and (6) California trout, during each year from its
commencement to 1880, inclusive.
D. This series of six tables corresponds to the precedings series of six,
and gives in detail the items which are summarized there.
[1] 825
[2]
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000 ‘Sze ‘Z 000‘00F | 000 ‘000 ‘T | 000 ‘ose 000 ‘ong 000 ‘00F 000 ‘ez wooo BgOsA COAL
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000 ‘oso ‘T 000 ‘O0T 000 ‘00F 000 ‘OST 000 ‘0g3 000 ‘08 000 ‘og igh ne eae Recigacg eS. SLOUITIT
QOOMOLPSEe 23> == mae oa 000 ‘00g 000 ‘ORF 000 ‘008 UU Sa Role qnorqoouM0g
000 ‘G9g Sa as yaa Week 000 ‘008 000 ‘OFZ 000 ‘ca geo te Sallenme noose sees’ “OpBsofoy
‘SALVIS JO SHANOISSINKOD OL CANDISNOO— IT
000 ‘09% ‘st | 000 ‘018 ‘2 | 000‘00¢ ‘2 | 000 ‘009% | 000‘ocL'% | 000‘008‘T | 000 ‘ose Z 0 QO0t0GE MN eco seo a arena etter oo Teo
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PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION
“ELSVOO OIMIOVd NO GHLINVId GNV (HHOLVH— I
‘aaisnjour “QRaQi-eLez ‘way, fo apom woyrsodsip ayz pup ‘nrutof
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[6]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
830
000 ‘T9L ‘0g | 000 ‘008 ‘¢ | 000 0¢9‘9 | 000 ‘OTe ‘OT 000 ‘60 ‘s | 000‘c9¢'9 | 000'896‘2 | 000 ‘c00‘¢ 0008008 | 000 008 000 ‘og per ta Pas Saeco ay (ry
—— — |—_—_____., Se
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eee 5 Fe EUG OR
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GOO T9 - Iesebee sabe leceano Sal esas Soe ne es 000 ‘og Soecere ae cas, Ee Ce eee Spuvysy TOIMpurg
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(1) Meni eS Pee as Coats epoecsaere: “| 000 ‘002 000 ‘00¢ |: 000 ‘o0F 000 ‘ez purlvaz Mo
000 ‘0gs 000 ‘ose 000 ‘00T 000 ‘ogz (QO) UNI | I pee eB eRe ee eneccs ) sccprlabedacs eet Ameuto 4)
000 ‘o0¢ 000 ‘00z 000 ‘OOL 000 ‘OO 000 ‘00T puro
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000 ‘S16 | 000 ‘og 000 ‘OOL 000 ‘00g 000 ‘OST 000 ‘01 “*->- epyurg
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ces,
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 831
[7]
B.—TaBLeE II.—Zuble showing the success in transporting and hatching 31,193,000 eggs of
California salmon (Salmo quinnat) taken from McCloud River, California, and con-
signed to commissioners of Eastern States, 1872-1880.
I.—ARRANGED BY YEARS.
1872.
Py F
Tossuharohine
Number of ; ee ats Young actually in-
eggs sent | Received | ters. troduced.
State to which consigned. from at State
McCloud |hatcheries.| 37 ymper
River. Todt Per cent.| Number. | Per cent.
New Jersey .-----------+-220-7° 30, 000 30, 000 24, 000 j 80 6, 000 20
cv _ ee Ges
Motallees sce -aecs = -(clel\)se ==: 30, 000 30, 000 24, 000 80 6, 000 20
1873.
Connecticut -------------------- 130, 000 110. 000 89, 000 89 21, 000 11
INAaNOl oe octets ce cieicinsiniw= sien '= = 50, 000 50, 000 5, 000 10 45, 000 90
Massachusetts. ----.------------ 50, 000 48, 000 21, 000 44 27, 000 56
Mactan ees eeesnaes tase. 120, 000 80, 000 2) 000 3 78, 000 7
New Jersey. ------------2+20777" 600, 000 600, 000 50, 000 8 550, 000 92
ENT aVOTIC ee Mcrae ee cececaece 220, 000 220, 000 20, 000 9 200, 000 91
Pennsylvania. .---------++------ 170, 000 170, 000 169, 000 99 1, 000 1
Witahiea caceecas oceecr os cccine nin 40, 000 40, 000 2, 000 5 38, 000 95
UAT eee eee 1, 380,000 | 1,318, 000 358, 000 27 960, 000 73
1874.
Colorado..-------+------++--92°- 25, 000 25, 000 2, 100 9 22, 900 91
Connecticut ..----------+-------- 300, 000 300, 000 60, 000 2 240, 000 80
TINOI8s. es ose aces ns 0 += we s'2'= 50, 000 50, 060 15, 000 30 35, 000 70
TOWitesceeet sone sin ni= Benenue see 300, 000 300, 000 41, 300 14 258, 700 | 86
Maine! 5. cies docce nse see <2 150, 000 100, 000 70, 000 70 30, 000 30
Maryland...-.-------- BSC AIEEE E 375, 000 250, 000 106, 000 42 144, 000 58
Massachusetts. .--------------- : 200, 000 200, 000 193, 000 96 7, 000 4
Michigan, I.--.---------------- 750, 000 750, 000 150, 000 20 600, 000 80
Michigan, Il...-.---------------- 150, 000 150, 000 25, 000 zy 125, 000 83
Minnesota, I...-..------------- 150, 000 160, 000 110, 000 69 50, 000 31
Minnesota, IT! ..-..------------- 925 000) |Scaseaacsene| ---nieses-e=r|e7e= => git re ene eer
New Jersey .-----------+------ 77> 225, 000 225, 000 60, 000 26 165, 000 74
New MOrk hy oli eeetesseeesate 400, 000 400, 000 80, 990 20 319, 010 80
New York, ID’...--------------- 95,000 |.-----------|--+--2--20- Udanienee joes ea ere! cele reeene
Pennsylvania..-.---------------- 450, 000 360, 000 55, 000 15 305, 000 85
Rhode Island ..-.--.------------ 100, 000 100, 000 35, 000 35 65, 000 65
Witah Bee cients occ lislnic- <\wisreleinvens cin! 200, 000 200, 000 14, 000 7 186, 000 93
Virginia? ....---+------e--2-- 2+: 50, 000 50, 000 25, 006 50 25, 000 50
Wisconsin .«.--.--------------« 80, 000 100, 000 39, 000 39 61, 000 61
Motaleeenasseccseccce ose 4,155, 000 | 3,720, 000 1, 081, 390 29 | 2, 638, 610 71
ae
1875.
nS yale dee Ae 940,000 | 240,000 | 40, 000 17 200, 000 | 83
Connecticut ..------------------ 480, 000 480, 000 20, 000 4 460, 000 | 96
Mlinoisesosee ceeaccse1= =a. 80, 000 80, 000 21, 300 | 7 58, 700 | 73
VOW. < occ wesc cnn ccicccceesecsesse 300, 000 300, 000 16, 000 | 5 284, 000 | 95
Maryland.....-.------+---+++-+- 560, 000 560, 000 291, 236 | 52 268, 764 48
Massachusetts. ....------------- 80, 000 | 80, 000 | 5, 000 | 6 | 75, 000 94
Michigan, I....---------------- #00, 000 | 800, 000 | 32, 000 4 768, 000 96
Michigan, II*.....--.----------- 988, 000 988, 000 235, 300 24 752, 700 | 76
Minnesota .....----------------- 400, 000 400, 000 | 100, 000 | 25 300, 000 | 75
INO WRMOL Keer eee ov aasa= = =<! 400, 000 300, 000 27, 000 9 273, 000 91
Pennsylvania ..-----.----------- 480, 000 | 515, 000 | 2, 000 1 513, 000 | 99
Rhode Island ....-.---------+-- 240,000 | 120, 600 | 5, 000 4 115, 000 | 96
LOR, ace Sent aro ObUUeapaEr Gr 160, 000 | 160, 000 | 40, 000 25 120, 000 mn)
Wireinis .-2 2. sea. -- see sone eee 320, 000 | 320, 000 | 160, 000 | 50 160, 000 50
IWASCONSIN rer cata ace csm-s =e 80, 000 | 80, 000 40, 000 50 40, 000 | 50
GUA ges eee 5, 608, 000 | 5,423,000 | 1, 034, 836 | 19 | 4,388, 164 vl
1Consigned to David Day, Saint Paul, and by him to Seth Green.
2Consigned to H. H. Thomas, Randolph, N. Y.
3 Loss in hatching estimated. :
4By F. N. Clark, on account ef U.S. Fish Commission.
832
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
[3]
B.—TaB Le I].—Table showing the success in transporting and hatching 31,193,000 eggs, §:e.—
Continued.
I.—ARRANGED BY YEARS—Continued.
1876.
ss in hatching anc E
Number of ! wortreacete ae and Woung actually in-
. eggssent | Received | ters, troduced.
State to which consigned. from at State | _
McCloud | hatcheries. Nahen
River. = ieee Per cent.| Number. | Per cent.
@oloradOptene- een scence ee eee 300, 000 300, 000 50, 000 17 250, 000 83
C@onnechicutie-s-cesaacese ee eer 500, 000 500, 000 22, 214 5 477, 226 95
MIINOIS MI, Co ecere ise ieetee coe eee 100, 000 100, 000 80, 0009 80 20, 000 20
MMlinois LP a7. So essen t semecs 150, 000 150, 000 12, 600 8 138, 000 92
IXentueky: 22:-522-escsee 52.25 200, 000 200, 000 153005 76 . 46, 225 24
MWikhaslitil. & 6 voles squeeseseqse 1, 210, 000 1, 100, 000 148, 600 13 952, 000 87
Massachusetts, I ...........--.- 200,000 200, 000 20, 000 10 180, 00° 90
Massachusetts, IT! .......-..-.. 1), GUO) goo. esepad| boosts .sosisn lsadocoosstllacos® et Gall pemeereeee
MChiAaN 2 as oe seis staves seieiicre= 500, 060 500, 000 99, 100 20 400, 900 80
IME NNOSOUAT aectemiesice semeieriserisie 300, 000 300, 600 152, 900 51 147, 100 49
NeW MOEN. cis aasetge seb sssens 90, 000 60, 000 16, 800 28 43, 200 72
(Pennsylvanisiesce cms. ecbiee eee: 515, 000 515, 000 38, 000 uh 477, 000 93
Tennessees 3225 s/s )sjerseaseeis's TOOFO0 01 eee een a tl eee pil stein loge Sases eto alba apes
Witale cnc Semscepiscctic ciscie'ys. mice 50, 000 50, 000 12, 500 25 37, 500 75
IWASCONSIN': oeeettee ce cesel=ccisicle 100, 000 100, 000 22, 600 23 77, 40 V7
MO tallies se esis: ciniereisisisrersje 4,325,000 | 4, 075, 000 828, 389 21 | 3, 246, 611 79
1877.
AUTO SNAG ease Seenecsncie ce ele cae 50, 000 50, 000 5, 000 10 45, 000 90
Tinos lpn ee eae ce eee teas 50, 000 50, 000 20, 000 40 30, 000 60
Miro a SU Ly se ec ee ween ue 50, 000 £0, 000 2°, 000 58 21, 000 42
MOND Socios iets csiziete cle wiveieisieniceracin= 100, 000 100, 000 10, 000 10 90, CUO 90
IMATISAB Us co lero sis seoeeeincise net isr=| 100, 000 100, 000 1, 000 1 99, 000 99
Mon tue kiy, Wooten ssc icinsfereies 150, 000 150, 000 78, 500 52 71, 500 48
Mente kya Wie rttoe iscieee seca SHOOON|icecces ec le. sratated ayatarsictallls sieiswicis. © |Site sioen men vylleteeiesteeion
Maryland eeiejnia interes ie (aleiefelevefaeine 400, 000 380, 000 91, 400 24 2-8, 600 74
Massachusetts. <2.) 5+ =. 200, 000 200, 000 20, 000 10 180, 000 90
IMU GHG antes aasscicncet- saeco = 150, 000 100, 000 16, 000 16 84, 000 84
MAMNGSObA Coscee ceo seisaceste oe 250, 000 167, 500 28, 850 17 138, 650 83
INIGDTABK A Ce ee melee ccisersceiateciae HOSOOO ar et Oe abil cGerenees Scitiees Obete ceil em cictease irene heen
New, ElampSbixre'. << <2 secs. sla. 105, 000 100, 000 8, 500 9 91, 500 91
ING WrJlOTe OVA sacnienisserisctemiac- acts 250, 000 250, 000 25, 000 10 225, 000 90
Worth Carolinayect.asss cis -ce 350, 000 350, 000 116, 000 33 234, 000 67
OMOPee.t2 25s Bila sycliaia icici 250, 000 250, 000 25, 000 10 225, 000 90
Rennsylvanta, Ts. <i - atc =< 211 75, 000 75, 000 37, 500 50 37, 500 50
IRennsVivania, Lie cecenc. ci. + exe =. 200, 000 200, 000 | 60, 000 30 140, VO0 70
Utah ee ae he ees eats seis hereto. 100, 000 100, 000 25, 000 25 75, 000 75
Wartiniatccoscccieecacek iecinscoces 100, 000 100, 000 8, (00 8 2, 600 92
IVGStOVANGINIA) 526. /\eicce ci sive 10, 000 10, 000 125 1 9, 875 99
AWASGCONSIM see tet eee sislecciniesicicier 820, 000 320, 000 120, 000 37 200, G00 63
Rotals. shee tts ecco chise cet 3, 275, 000 8, 102, 500 724, 875 23 2, 377, 625 77
1878.
MTA OT See arf cie ctechetawitere sis os == ee 100, 000 | 100, 000 10, 000 10 90, 000 90
ATE MOTS ML oes ne Cesar se stasis ate 1005000) ass ates sls onscubea etal tae stele es [sete er ise ree | oreteteterees
MM OLS PL ye eae screens sees ee 200, 0U0 | 200, 000 160, 000 80 40, 000 20
OW Ree sci cticieincinisas cesta see 300, 000 300, 000 18, 500 6 281, 500 94
DKGAINVSAS eaters ae AS wie Ges wicte dees 100, 000 | 100, 000 5, 000 B 95, 000 95
MTG Weeer sic mcs class seis steete ene 15, 000 | 15, 000 2, 800 15 12, 700 85
Maryan ier ee tac cS- ct eecinceiee 1,000,000 | 1,050, 000 | 386, 264 37 663, 736 63
MCI Pan oleteiss one cit's<cic sie cise 250, 000 250, 000 | 34, 579 | 14 215, 421 86
Michi man wists os cceecccecel 200, 000 250, 000 25, 000 10 225, 000 90
Minn paotayiete pee ssc-b<.6 5 yo. 1, 000,000 | 1,000,000) 959, 0v0 96 41, 000 4
IMNSSO UME eer eeie sia a/inicinin, c's cin'S 200, 000 200, 000 | 50, 000 25 150, 000 75
Nebraska see cece cccteess clue 100)000) sae cess titecsea bow she us| ceta ue atee aeeiiioe ran Seer
IN@V Adal waseaneeciletncissecs sees 250, 000 | 250, 000 | 50, 000 | 20 200, 000 80
New Hampshirecics-3--.---. 5, 450, 000 367, 500 | 29, 460 8 358, 040 92
ING Wad OLSON. Skclccccscecite cies ecs| 575, 000 525, 000 70, 800 13 454, 200 87
North Carolinatectessocceite acne: 350, 000 | 867, 500 | 67, 500 18 300, 000 82
Onion see oe Le Re Sete se cieisien 50, 000 | 50, 000 | 2, 500 oD 47, 500 95
Pennsylvania, lessee sec clin. 100, 000 100, 900 | 25, 000 25 75, 000 75
1 Boston Aquarium, for exhibition.
2 By F. N. Clark, account of U.S. Fish Commis-
sion.
3 Consigned to M.S. Rodgers, Knoxville, Tenn.
4 Consigned to W. D. Andrews, Rockford, Il.
5 Industrial Exhibition, Louisville, Ky.
6 Consigned to J. G. Romaine, South Bend, Nebr.
7 Consigned to Dr. W. A. Pratt, Elgin, Il.
8 By F.N. Clark, account U.S. Fish Commission.
° Consigned to J. G. Romaine, South Bend, Nebr.
833
B.—TAaBLE II.—Table showing the success in transporting and hatching 31,193,000 eggs, f¢.—
Continued.
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
I.—ARRANGED BY YEARS—Continued.
{ 187S8—Continued.
| | | Loss in hatching and |
| Number of | re Hae _| Young actually in-
| eggssent | Received | ae PROTMRE PO We troduced.
State to which consigned. from | atState | eo ee |
McCloud | hatcheries.) x pep | Cae
| River. | | lost. |Percent.| Number. | Percent
—— ——— — ——-— — -— ' — = _
Pennsylvania, II.............--. 150,000 150, 000 14, 000 9| 136,000 | 91
WGA etc ctac nsec occ saimesia ac 50, 000 75, 000 21, 000 28 54, 000 72
WAT PUN mete sia seiso- ace = | 300,000 | = 315, 000 39, 000 12} 276,000 | 88
Wiest Virpiniac.:.s..2--2----- << 500,000 | 525, 000 25, 000 5 500, 000 95
NVAIBCONEIN oo seecicctc ~~ sercele acts 220, 000 230, 000 30, 000 13 200, 000 87
PROG sae te ee Ne cis Mat eins 6, 560,000 | 6,420,000 | 2, 024, 903 32 | 4,395, 097 88
1879.
FEO WA ele cine emicislaicsa ciatinte os 50, 000 100, 000 1, 000 1 99, 000 99
IKONS RS ee tceiaeanio sis oo nino, co esi | 100, 000 100, 0600 10, 000 10 90, 000 90
Maryan Cele chicccisscesscsce 500, 000 500, 000 62, 724 12 437, 276 88
Mi panydamd eee eet ta (s|Acomicc sess s 200, 000 200, 000 43, 400 21 156, 600 79
Minnesota SES Soe DROOR CONS | 400, 000 400, 000 576, 000 g4 24, 000 | 6
INGDITASKAY 5) ae vlelse - cis cesermicis 200, C00 200, 000 10, 000 5 190, 000 95
ING WiHOLSONE <6 = ene cee sees sce 500, 000 500, 000 80, 000 | 16 420, 000 84
North Carolina 200, 000 200, 000 146, 000 73 54, 000 | 27
(Qty 8s Gee ena 200, 000 200, 000 100, 000 50 100, 000 50
PREnnS VIVA AN a5 sete coc t mes 100, 000 100, 000 23, 000 | 23 77, 000 iT
Pennsylvania, I ..2...<-2.c.0<2 200, 000 200, 000 60, 000 | 30 140, 000 70
South Carolina... .. 2. .5....2-2: 50, 000 33, 000 8, 000 24 25, 000 76
VAT OMA Ts = <a )a'sisioie oisie aicie's oe: } 400, 000 | 400, 000 112, 000 28 288, 000 72
VAT IMI AS Tee ee ol sos ccc olsen 100, 000 100, 000 14, 500 | 14 85, 500 86
West Virginia BESER CSARD CoE ene 150, 000 125, 000 11, 250 9 113, 750 91
BWARCONSING Se sccm ose o cto s cs 300, 000 300, 000 48, 800 | 16 251, 200 84
SUA EAD OAe ok ae er 3, 650,000 | 3,658,000 | 1, 106, 674 | 29 | 2, 551, 326 71
|
1880.
MUMONS ec sa etc ecat alone 100, 000 100, 000 | 10, 000 10 90, 000 | 96
IKangaae eee iene toe 100, 000 100, 000 4, 000 4 96, 000 96
[Maryiinds ce soe ee he ee 400, 000 400, 000 | 46, 577 12 353, 423 | 88
MsnNOSObaL esse hoses tek oe oe 200, 000 200, 000 25, 000 | 12 175, 000 88
INGciyr ia al Cg a eee 200, 000 200, 000 | 14, 000 7 186, 000 93
PMISSOULL-OLE? foo ock Selok acess HOADOOs| ee eeee fase Veit. cz 25) So vacuee orescence | aaa aa
Niebraakeigen es stewie secesce coe 400, 000 | 400, 000 | 100, 000 25 | 300, 000 | 75
ING WiWOrseyn fo-- 52 oa neta as 300, 000 300, 000 20, 571 7 | 279, 429 | 93
North Carolina...............--. 200, 000 200, 000 40, 000 | 20} — 160, 000 | 80
South Carolina...............--- 200,000 300,000 | ~—«:113, 000 37 187, 000 | 63
DWiestpVarginiascsos2.loscccece.s 150, 000 125, 000 | 11, 250 9| = 118, 750 | 91
Motels cases casccecscciodescs 2, 260, ead 2, 325, 000 | 384, 398 17 1, 940, 602 83
RECAPITULATION BY YEARS.
Loss in hatching and | : i
Number of | | Hag Sea Young actually in-
i Pp = troduced
| eggssent | Received | ters, .
Years. | from ‘ at beet i. | ae
| McCloud | hatcheries. |
River. | Number ay Per cent.| Number. Per cent.
R 2 é 2 joa S28 ee
30, 000 | 30, 000 24,000 | 80 6, 000 20
1, 380, 000 1, 318, 000 358, 000 | 27 | 960, 000 73
4, 105, 000 8, 720, 000 1, 081, 390 | 29 | 2, 638, 610 | {fi
5, 608,000 | 5, 423, 000 1, 034, 836 | 19 | 4,388, 164 | 81
4, 325, 000 4, 075, 060 828) pale 21 3, 246, 611 | 79
3, 275, 000 | 3, 102, 500 724, 23 | 2,377, 625 | 77
6, 560,000 | 6,420,000 | 2, 024, 903 | 32 | 4,395, 097 | 68
3,650,000 | 3,658,000 | 1, 106, 674 | 29} 2, 551, 326 | 71
2, 260,000 | 2, 325, 000 384, 398 | 17 | 1,940, 602 | 83
| ——_ ——_—_—— ——
| 0 | 7, 567, 465 | 25 | 22, 504, 035 75
| t
31, 193, 000 | 30, 071, 500
1 Hatched in Iowa for State of Missouri. : ; : / ‘
2 Consigned to J. Ed. Humes, Versailles, Morgan County, Missouri; all lost in transit.
S. Mis. 110———53
|
q
834 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] |
B.—TaBLeE III.—Table showing the success in transporting and hatching 31,193,000 4
eggs, §¢c.—Continued.
7
Il.—ARRANGED BY STATES. ;
Nramiboadll | Loss Ae pe ae | Young actually in-
SSSIRGAE Wick od transporting to wa nasal
; eggs se | Received | ters. :
Years. | trom | at State me Sele
| McCloud | hatcheries.) 12 | |
River. | } N Fare Per cent.| Number. | Per cent.
we ee ht he EE = == weet |
1.—COLoRaADO. | | | | cs
iN Poi ropa deleted iat ee tank | 25, 000 25, 000 | 2, 100 | 9 22, 900 91
USI AGN 2 Bee eS re A gees ants | 240, 000 245, 000 | 40, 000 17 200, 000 83
TBS ds jl ae ae aos ae | 300, 000 300, 000 | 50, 900 17 250, 000 83
day 72) de es Uk | 565, 000 565,000 | 92, 100 | 16 472, 900 84
2.—CONNECTICUY F | a
INSPEC oh ay arn RG Dea | 130, 000 110, 000 89, 000 89 21, 000 1
TSS, AI el Rees Ripa Sc ' 800, 000 300, 000 60, 000 20 240, 000 80
MST ie ieee erer tras eter el lela tavorke cis avai | 480, 000 480, 000 20, 000 4 460, 000 96
OG eee tepetcnes an eeeaieier ste eae ne ech | 500, 000 500, 000 22, 714 5 477, 286 95
| —— SS ee
Mo taleassste ce seer h Sl: | 1,410,000 | 1,390,000} 191,714 13 | 1,198, 286 87
3.—ILLINOIS. Te | ary
POT ace eee ai weil we Parsi Sets 50, 000 50, 000 | 15, 000 30 35, 000 70
[eChece tna oe eee nee Brae 80, 000 80, 000 | 21, 300 | 27 58, 700 73
NOLO mle seer eeine sa sic ie ais ace 100, 000 100, 000 | 80, 000 | 80 20, 000 20
STO MU meee eee erec siete nieces rane 150, 000 150, 000 | 12, 000 8 138, 000 92
Lith Moe Se sodden se acbop on Seeeetse 50, 000 50, G00 | 5, 000 10 | 45, 000 90
MST LS erie eam tetera cys soot cae eae | 50, OVO 50, 000 | 20, 000 4() 30, 000 60
TUSIArG a Wl Ol es ee Ca ee See ese eae 50, 000 50, 000 | 29, 000 58 21, 000 42.
TESTES a wea eee 100, 000 100, v00 | 10, 000 10 90, 000 90
eg Sep 2 eee eon ee oa ae eerie TOONO00N Pence Len | eee ey in| ra Sree eee. | 5
Tie eee eee ec ese cee 200, 000 200, 000 160, 000 80 40, 000 20
WSSU siccersete ee cceeee ee cicineme | 100, 000 | 100, 000 | 10, 000 10 90, 000 90
motel sae aae see ee / 1,030,000 930,000 | 362, 300 39 | 567,700 61
—— er =e See | a na
4.—Iowa
STA epee a ae enemy siete eave ators | 300, 000 | 800, 000 41, 300 14 258, 700 86
TST 5 eee Se ecu : 300,000 | 800, 000 16, 000 5 284, 000 95
BU did erecta a totat= tay \araVar= Acie tetas eh Acietere | 100, 000 100, 000 10, 000 10 90, 000 90
HBUS seer ee ssarsscie cise ices Le bl) 300, 000 300, 000 18, 500 6 | 281, 500 94
TOT QS sey clacteie sie aia Sas ates Sie eerie 50, 000 100, 000 1, 000 1 99, 000 99
Motel en stoc Aes stance er 1, 050, 000 | 1, 100, 000 | &6, 800 8 1, 013, 200 92
5.—EKANSAS. |
Wy Let aisfersicinte/s esata aimsreaye Mrasie cise 100, 000 100, 000 | 1, 000 1 99, 000 99
EVA case a Stee tee ee See eee 100, 000 100, 000 | 5, 000 5 95, 000 95
TIERRA ei taba Se Seis Seas se ee tener 100, 0U9 100, 000 | 10, 000 10 90, 600 90
TRS tee eee eats ae renee 190, 000 100, 000 | 4, 000 4 | 96, 000 96
em Re ad S| ya SA ok nl Da Re ea AEA er bl eee | eerieek'
HOM es cceciincssstece seed | 400,000 | 400, 000 | 20, 000 | 5 | 380, 000 95
6.—KENTUCKY. | | i
TIEEW Sa eA ly ae RE fee We 200000 200, 000 153, 775 | 76 | 46, 225 24
TSH Are 1 ea LN 65 Aa ek pe Ra | 150, 000 150, 000 78, 500 | 52 | 71, 500 48
TASH Ca Seater neces seen B00! | stineideeae Gestion nieces Pe ow's Feo 12a Sanus eibieoa le ee
AM ofball 2 anaes ee | 355,000 | 350,000 | 282, 275 66.| 117,725 | 34
7.—MAINE. Gee Fae EM au ene MD | rie eine | ie
ROR eee oats oo oe ee rea cee a 50, 000 50, 000 | 5, 000 10 45, 000 90
11ST. t 3 ao RRR eee 150, 000 100, 000 | 70, 000 70 30, 000 30
DRStieeIae etn. ore aoe sie wise cremate sateinr | 15, 000 | 15, C00 | 2, 300 | 15 12, 700 85
sa telliee sate. tec es ek ae 215,000 165, 000 77, 300 | 47 87, 700 53
8.—MARYLAND. iF i | we e
[BTA eee ae nn 5 ee Ss 375, 000 250, 000 106, 000 42} 144, 000 | 58
Iie hes Skeet ah ee ee ae 560, 000 560,000 | 291, 236 | 52 268, 764 | 48
ISG csece HS ed Oe ee ee 1, 210, 000 1, 100, 000 | 148, 000 13 | 952, 000 | 87
| EST PR OSES es SOU ne ae Ree 400, 090 880, 000 91, 400 | 24 | 288, 600 | 74
Uist e the Ree ee | 1,090,000 | 1, 050, 000 386, 264 | 37 | 663, 736 63
RE Dh eres O5 4 eS SOR SE eee 500, 000 | 500, GOO 62, 724 | 12 | 437, 276 88
BROS Tiles Se See ope remer ec socck 200,000 | 200, 000 43, 400 | 21} — 156, 600 | 79
1RGO SN ate ee Aaee es si 400,000 400, 000 46, 577 | 12 353, 423 88
Mo talise oo er ae eee eae | 4,645,000 | 4,440,000 | 1,175, 601 | 29 | 3, 264, 399 val
'Consigned to W. H. Cushman, Georgetown, Colo. 3 Hatched in Lowa for State of Missouri.
2Consigned to Dr. W. A. Pratt, Elgin, Ill. 4Industrial Exhibition, Louisville, Ky.
‘ ; :
Pjii| PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 835
At
eggs, se.—Continned,
IL—ARRANGED BY STATES—Continued.
B.—TAaBLE III.—Table showing the success in transporting and hatching 31,193,000
|
: | Loss in hatching and F
Number of ; | rnaperaaie to we | Young actually in-
eggs sent | Received | ters. troduced.
Years. Stats : at State | : iF
eCloud | hatcheries. | |
River. | uate Per cent. | Number. | Percent.
| ost.
9,.—M ASSACHUSETTS. | |
ees eee fied oats sins ccs 50, 000 | 48, 000 21, 000 44 | 27, 000 56
Hey eee ee ee | 200,000 | 200, 000 193, 000 96 7’ 000 | 4
GE once pete nA peas aarenaae 80, 000 | 80, 000 5, 000 6 75, 000 | 94
ia G Wee ee oes hoes oo = 200,000 | 200, 000 20, 000 10 180, 000 90
Tags, LD eee le aes Brisas Heine MO! OOO tte Meee S-. | Sh2s een ense| -a2cenaet|Popese see aod lerermacm
Fi Te ee tne eet ina, > 200,000 200, 000 | 20, 000 10 180, 000 | 90
Segoe See eee 740,000 728,000 | 259, 000 36 | 469, 000 | 64
10.—MICHIGAN. | til
Gy Bis SRO ACR Ean ee oneness 120, 000 | 80, 000 2, 000 3 78, 000 97
Tye Oe ee ee et 755,000 | 750, 000 150, 000 20 650, 000 80
STAT ee te soe eees emis can cis 150, 000 | 150, 000 25, 000 17 125, 000 83
TGV, 19 ne co ORE ee oer r 800,000 , 800, 000 32, 000 4 768, 000 96
AGTH co alesse e252 === 988, 000 | 988, 000 235, 300 24 752, 700 76
TRO Ret. sae aceR eee ne acer 500, 000 | 500, 000 99, 100 20 400, 900 80
TST ee eS cos aie saeseiclsis 150, 000 | 100, 000 16, 000 16 84, 000 84
MQ Seeeeee eeceec scenes: 250, 000 250, 000 34, 579 14 215, 421 86
ATO V2 oe east tees nce sess 200,000 | 250, 000 | 25, 000 10 225, 000 90
a SSS | -
Motalee eae ecco aca-= === ee 3, 908, G00 3, 868, 000 | 618, 979 16 3, 249, 021 84
11.—MINNESOTA. Wh '
[RGD ieee eee eee 150,a00 160, 000 110, 000 69 50, 000 31
Tv 0 (eh Shee Ree eee P95 O00. | S09sejeee << |-Beecteane co] eve mob a8- [+S 2 Pet anos looser,
ST eens neia lee misloiseisi= Sissel aie 400, 000 400, 000 100, 000 25 300, 000 75
TET, See cue he oan Eanes 300, 000 300, 600 152, 900 51 147, 100 49
TLV eo Seep eee Soe ere 250, 000 | 167, 500 28, 850 17 138, 650 2
ey hn Gee Eee e see Soenene 1, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 959, 000 96 41, 000 4
STO MM ae ee ae Moi eis asec > 400, 000 * 400, 000 376, 000 94 24, 000 6
ORO ee ee SE ccf Sti asa 200, 000 200, 000 25, 000 12 175, 000 88
Sr Cite eee 2, 825,000 | 2,627,500 | 1,751, 750 64 | 875, 750 36
12.—MIssouRI. | |
“Cr: 6a ee 200, 000 | 200, 000 50, 000 25 | 150, 000 5
PESO wlke new seas = - cnc see cies = | 200, 000 | 200, 000 14, 000 7 186, 000 93
ABSOMMIO. . 2 schoo ses 2s + -5= = | CT esa ei tre asda
otal eee es oe) Seana 410,000 | 400, 000 64, 000 16 336, 000 84
13.—NEBRASKA i
AQT Gr eee Se See we stiactoc sate ctsis ois TOKOO0\ [sd axceniecies-|>+sSheess2—u]> mm -2aenm ee merece sash aaa
Tey foe, Se ee anne eae 00: G00): -== =. 4s fern ers noo ou: =c
G7 ees Secs Soitei: aeinis eS “fei | 200, 000 200, 000 10, 000 5 190,000 95
TEE ea eee eee eee 400, 000 — 400, 000 100, 000 25 300, 000 — 75
e | ———— | ——$$— ———e
Motaleentsiea acest eeesath ei | 710,000 | 600, 000 110, 000 | 18 490, 000 82
14.—NEVADA. | ; |
ASTab eas at ee eenmccs nce eeniee tens 250, 000 250, 000 50, 000 | 20 200, 000 80
Motels case sissisce sce s.ce 250, 000 250, 000 50, 000 20 200, 000 | 80
105, 000 100, 000 8, 500 9 91, 500 91
450, 000 367, 500 | 29, 460 | 8 338, 040 92
555,000 | 467, 500 37, 960 8 429, 540 92
30, 000 | 30, 000 24, 000 80 6, 000 20
600, 600 600, 000 50, 000 8 550, 000 92
225, 000 225, 000 60, 000 | 296 | 165, 000 74
250, 000 250, 000 25, 000 10 225, 000 | 90
575,000 | 525, 000 | 70, 800 13 454, 200 | 87
500, 000 500, 000 80, 000 16 420, 000 84
300,000 , 300, 000 20, 571 7 279, 429 | 3
2, 480, 000 | 2, 430, 000. | 330,371 14 | 2,099, 629 86
1 Boston Aquarium, for exhibition.
2By Frank N. Clark, account of Wis
3 Consigned to David Day, Saint
4Hatched for Missouri at Anamos
5Consigned to J Ed. Humes,
6Consigned to J. G. Romaine,
Versailles,
South Bend, Nebr.
S. Fish
Paul, Minna., and by
a, Iowa.
Morgan County, Mo.;
Commission.
him to Seth Green.
all lost in transit.
~
836
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
9
[12]
B.—Tas.e IIl.—Table showing the success in transporting and hatching 31,193,000
eggs, §e.—Continued.
Years.
17.—NEW YORK.
1
Number of,
T1.—ARRANGED BY STATES—Continued.
| Loss in hatching and | Y
oung actually in-
eges sent | Received eae Loa troduced.
Rs at State Tig Us 200 LA ua et ns
cCloud | hatcheries. + 7 |
liver. ae | Percent.| Number. | Per cent.
Po a
|
220, 000 220, 000 | 20, 000, | 9 | 200, 000 | 94.
400, 000 400, 000 80, 990 20 319, 010 | 88
ZHHOOO este iis. ce UMM nse TEN) uae Ta a ere as
400, 000 300, 000 27, 000 9| 273, 000 91
90, 000 60, 006 16, 800 28 43, 200 72
1,135,000 | 980,000 | 144,790 15| 835,210 85
4 i) e
350, 000 350, 000 116, 000 33 234, 000 oF
350, 000 367, 500 67, 500 18 300, 000 82
200, 000 200, 000 146, 000 73 54, 000 Py
200, 000 200, 000 40, 000 20 160, 000 | 80
1,100, 000 | 1, 117, 500 369, 500 33 748, 000 67
= ~~ Ife SS =o inne
250,000 | 250, 000 25, 000 10 225, 000 | 98
50, 000 50, 000 2, 500 | 5 47, 500 | 95
200, 000 200, 000 100, 000 | 50 100, 000 | 50
500, 000 500, 000 127, 500 | 26 372, 500 | 74.
sole it oe: ae =
170,000 | 170, 000 169, 000 99 1, 000 | 1
450,000 | 360, 000 55, 000 | 15 305, 000 85
480, 000 515, 000 2, 000 1 513, 000 99
515,000 | 515, 000 38, 000 | 7 477, 000 98
75, 000 | 75, 000 37, 500 50 37, 500 58
200, 000 200, 000 60, 000 30 140, 000 | 70
100, 000 100, 000 25, 000 25 75, 000 | 7
150, 000 150, 000 14, 000 9 136, 000 91
100, 000 100, 000 28, 000 23 77, 000 | 77
200, 000 200, 000 60, 000 30 140, 000 | 70
2,440,000 | 2, 385, 000 483, 500 20 | 1,901, 500 80
————] ———. — eons =| — =
|
100, 000 100, 000 35, 000 35 65, 000 05
240, 600 120, 000 5, 000 4 115, 000 96
340, 000 220, 000 40, 000 18 180, 000 | 82
50, 000 33, 000 8, 000 24 25, 000 | 16
| 200, 000 300, 000 113, 000 37 187, 000 | 80
——== 5a
| 250, 000 333, 000 121, 000 36 212, 000 64
i= aa SS Zan ~ 9
TOG O00; | ee Leelee lees teu ee
1 NA 0;000) faces eet eee eee (ee |= oe oe
| 7 | | a
40, 000 | 40, 000 | 2, 000 | 55) 38, 000 95
200,000 | 200, 000 | 14, 000 | 7| 186, 000 93
| 160,000 | 160, 000 | 40, 000 | 25 120, 000 15
| 50, 000 | 50, 000 12, 500 | 25 37, 500 1
100,000 | 160, 000 | 25, 000 | 25 | 75, 000 15
50, 000 75, 000 | 21, 000 | 28 54, 000 | 72
| 600,000 | 625,000 | ‘114, 000 18| 510,500 | 82
— = — {= SS ee — — =| a —=_ ———= |}
| }
| | ; |
50, 000 50, 000 | 25, 000 50 25, 000 | 50
320, 000 320,000 | 160, 000 50 160, 000 58
100, 000 100, 000 | 8, 000 8 | 92, 000 | 92
300, 000 315, 000 | 39, 000 12 | 276, 000 88
400,000 | 406,000 | 112, 000 28; 288, 000 72
100, 000 100, 000 | 14, 500 14 $5, 500 86
1,270,000 | 1,285,000 | 358, 500 28 926, 500 T2
{ = —-— SS EE eee
1Consigned to H. H. Thomas, Randolph, N. Y.
2Consizned to M.S. Rodgers, Knoxville, Tenn.
3 Loss in hatching estimated.
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. $37
B.—Tas_e Il.—Table showing the success in transporting and hatching 31,193,000
eggs, §e.—Continued.
IL.—ARRANGED BY STATES—Continued.
| Loss in hatching and
/ Number of | gree rae Young actually in-
| eggs sent | Received Cou ROT RE PAS troduced.
Years. | ie el at pints sea = Cre a
| McCloud | hatcheries. TF
| River. | N noe Percent.| Number. | Per cent.
| i
——- SS Sl eS = — = se
1
_ 26.—Wersr VIRGINIA. |
ICVTS 8 ses 5 pir ieee a ae es a 10, 000 | 10, 000 125 1 9, 875 99
EES dl eS eR i | 500,000 | 525, 000 25, 000 5 500, 000 95
Maes éodo0 sega SenetooncsE need | 150, 000 | 125, 000 11, 250 9 113, 750 91
viet gy USERS Ae ee ea a er 150,000 125, 000 11, 250 9 113, 750 91
Moun las eae #2) pao nie be | | 810,000 | —-785, 000 47, 625 5 737, 375 94
= === =| = = — —} ===
27.~-W ISCONBIN.
LSE anes Sous oda ES Ee ICB pee ser 80, 000 | 100, 000 39, 000 39 61, 000 61
ES Ome Rete afercleialeyasrt cinta, dis ase 80, 000 | 80, 000 40, 000 50 40, 000 50
DOW le ai an on SCS ao arate ee 100, 800 | 100, 000 22, 600 | 23 | 77,400 | Sf
LV (ACS eee RE noe IC eee eee 220, 000 320, 000 120, 000 | 37 | 200, 000 63
BOG aes cen os soe eee cee 220, 000 | 230, 000 30, 000 13 | 200, 000 | 87
US CER Sep cere ea 300, 000 300, 000 48, 800 16 | 251, 200 84
BIE 6y Ge een ee ee | 1,100,000 | 1, 130, 000 300, 400 at 829, 600 73
| | |
RECAPITULATION BY STATES.
| |
| Loss in hatching and ,
| Number of | : transporting to wa- | bade 2 cee ts: in-
zs | q | eggs sent | Received | ters, roduced.
3 | State to which consigned. fromje i) atistate: | ee =
8 | McCloud | hatcheries. | Naber dl |
&, River. | = ieee | Per cent. Number. | Per cent.
A, | st.
——| —- a — == es — a S|
Me ROOlOTAD OF = ment esc sae co oe 565, 000 | 565, 000 92, 100 16 472, 900 84
Ae TConnecticuti:c 0 os025-056 .| 1,410,000 | 1,390, 000 191, 714 13 | 1, 198, 286 87
Silphlinoiserscce hoe sce Poo 2 | 1,030,000 | — 930, 000 362, 300 39 567, 700 61
BNO Bin ma ob acinas ufnas soo -.| 1, 050, 000 | 1, 100, 000 86, 800 8 | 1,018, 200 92
GS) PICASA i= 558 Soko es seas seis | 400, 000 | 400, 000 20, v00 | 5 380, 000 | 95
Gui pWentucky, .cccccjeecssec ce os 355, 060 | 350, 000 | 232, 275 | 66 117, 725 34
Wp PMESINGS nies s Sees secees oe 215, 000 | 165, 000 77, 300 47 | 87, 700 | 53
RblaMarylandbe.cuee lee cosy lee) | 4,645,000 | 4,440,000 | 1,175, 601 | 29 | 3, 264, 399 71
§ | Massachusetts ........--.-- | 740, 000 | 728, C00 259, 000 | 36 | 469, 000 64
POMMMOCHIPAN. 22 eco ck ed ooo | 3,908,000 | 3, 868, 000 618, 979 16°; <3; 249, 021 | 84
Alp eMnnesOlase ns. s moos ates 2,825,000 | 2,627,500; 1,751, 750 | 64 | 875, 750 36
POMMMUSHOUTD cc cst cscccces. sas-2 410, 000 | 400, 000 64, 000 | 16 | 336, 000 84
13 | Nebraska ............-..-- 710, 009 600,000 110, 000 | 18 490, 000 82
TADIBNIGV AUG «see wooo ee acm a ot 250, 000 250, 090 50, 000 20 | 200, 000 80
15 | New Hampshire....-....-.-.. 555, 000 | 467, 500 | 37, 960 | 8 | 429, 540 92
16 por LOLSOVRe eh ens eee 2,480,600 | 2, 430, 000 330, 371 14 | 2, 099, 629 | 84
Wn Now. Vork....c.-cces-.----] 1, 185,000 980, C00 144, 790 15 | 835, 210 | 85
18 | North Carolina............ ' 1,100, 000 1, 117, 500 $69, 500 33 | 748, C00 67
19 | Ohio . Se iaeleciseemaas occa. 500, 000 590, 000 | 127, 500 26 372, 500 | 74
20 | Pennsylvania ......... 2,440, 000 | 2, 385, 000 483, 500 20 | 1,901, 500 80
212) hodeisiand -...22.%- 340, 000 220, 000 | 40, 000 18 180, 000 82
22 | South Carolina ............ 250, 060 333, 000 121, 000 36 212, 000 | 64
POM MMONNESSCO <5 <2 )lo.ccpie~ n-n 2510 | 100, 000 (*) (*) (*) (*) eee,
24 ielercerratatsoeiatofice sins ’s.c cs "= 22 600, 000 HE 114, 500 18 510, 500 82
OM IVAL PANO) sc ScrcicSeice misses | 1, 270, 000 285, 358, 500 28 926, 509 | 72
26) |) Wiest Virginia..2....5......| 810, 000 785, 000 47, 625 6 737, 375 04
Mar UVASCONSING = oo. 5 ose eccck | 1,100, 000 1, 130, 000 300, 400 27 825, 600 | 73
4S (C1 a ee j 31, 193, 000 » 30, 071,500 | 7, 567, 465 | 25 | 22, 504, 035 75
* No report received.
[14]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
838
2
|
02 ‘eLe‘L6 | 000 ‘929 ‘82 | 00 ‘68S ‘SI | 00¢ ‘GOT ‘91 | 006 ‘EST ‘TT | OOF ‘OE ‘9 | Oce ‘gc ‘zt | 000 ‘19g ‘e | 000‘E00‘s | 000 ‘6S8 Bn ie aes seer oemiee eine aie ieie eee ae are Oly
000 ‘OLT Weer Sere [es SS 2 ed ae ase “| 000 ‘00T FE S| ees ice (laa eae COO} OU me gles cs cca arene lie asin gains pei BoneGP 22 7777+ TISTOOST AL
000 ‘Gen eine | O00dce eae peepee come 000! 00Gs tl eanceen ess Sc joe 000 ‘08 lee oe piel Rader eh ig gre ae terseooss-° BITS IEA ISO AN
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OUOMOGORCU Nae aan aye ST eas 000 ‘06 000 ‘Sk9 000 ‘ogg 000 ‘G6 000 ‘00F -* QOULI A.
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000 ‘ST9‘E | 000 ‘OTE ‘T | 000 ‘cL (OUD See ROO LOS sore, SO00N08 a = Ses ear a ice ae warpored yNOS
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000 ‘899 ‘T | 000 ‘Ost 000 ‘OT sa See ae sie aece ape 000 ‘oes | sooo eeos pros [AstiMa gq
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OOF ‘822 °L 000006‘ | 00S FEF ‘E | 000 ‘FEF WI eee pa gl Ham Sad “BULPOURD YON
Dio 08, sien ss COPE bie ats Soa a a cae psi 7-77" HIOX MON
000 ‘Gar sissies Riera ssers age 7 SS IROOORGG Ts =| emea aceees oargysdue yy AON
000 ‘TL ‘T 000 ‘oss 000 ‘0zz 000 ‘00F 900 ‘008 +777 -"> LMOSSITL
000 ‘LE ‘T 000 ‘E28 000 ‘FL9 000 ‘001 000 ‘8FI BI STU COP ea re a ecg pie et is or ie sts a ed ee 1ddisstssiqy
(WOT) CER Nc Ns Kate a aang eee 000" ‘0OL Bia See Te 000t00Te (|sessetsocer | O00LGCe. cess eo eee eg ie eee cians ----> BIOSsoUN
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[15] PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 839
RECAPITULATION, 1872-188), INCLUSIVE.
See Hatched and returned: to same waters >-.---.-.-~-- 20-22. ec selec. cocccceceeee 43, 523, 450
| ‘Transported and planted in new waters .....-. 2.20. 2.220. .cceec ceeeee eee ceees 53, 849, 800
Y 97, 373, 250
Lost in efforts to transport in the United States ..-..-. 2.2... ..c. 2. cece cence cece ce cece 3, 845, 100
Bostaniehorts Loran spor FO (G@LMAMy te <= 22-25 ~~ wee on sees wc caso cee eScjee dcccce cess dececs 500, 000
RSG OTROS} CILUICNUS rans or tele met na ol =(niclelew on a SioacenooiseSesexvcs-acpeenceeeanceus 670, 000
Grand total of shad hatched artificially by United States Fish Commission.......... 102, 388, 350
Norre.—The figures in this and the following five tables are made to agree with
those in the six specific lists of distribution which follow under D. For 18H0), the re-
turns were not complete when these tables were made up, and hence the figures are
somewhat too small. They should be corrected by means of the various tables in the
report for that year.
—_
[16]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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_ [17] PRopUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 841
C.—TaBLE I1l.—Summary table of the number of Schoodic salmon (Salmo salar subs. se-
bago) introduced into the waters of the different States by the United States Fish Commis-
ston, 1873-1880, inclusive.
From | From | From | From | From From , From |
State. leggs of eggs of| eggs of eggsof| eggsof eggsof | eggsof| Total.
| 1873. | 1874. 1875. 1876. | 1877. 1878. | 1879.
i i |
Relifarnin 5.000122 23.2: NS eee oe ee ale iby sit, [ey aoSa| uno Sb0r sees ibaa | 39, 950
@onnecicnt/2222.5..224522 - | No cemeiral emis 135,000 . 62, 500 165,000 , 178,715 | 91, 000 632, 215
TUN OS ES} a i neo (ea ae PN UL 4400/)\ ween Vie he asco 4, 400
Endiana ee ee a. Nace el eaee. ees ae ay 55.000 |occeshcccs | 10,000! 35,000
LOWE EASaS SoS 58 So peene 6 agen te hoes ae Naraisisiatesevors ec eee 20;1000) [es cseen Locke Sees 20, 000
TERT CE a Se iS inl Dea 1221: be Ae Jececntawsfessesecees} 20,000)! 93,000; |) hada O0p
IGN) 9) Bea eee ee care SU SBC cN Ane inn See eeeers | 5;.900! |..255 bse eedsee 5, 500
MINING Ree na see et ome PHAN Ya Pe Se 250, 900 | 110,000 | 497,200 | 449,500 |......... 1, 308, 700
Maryland.....! Fede ec A ee Ce cot heats cored ae a cepa bre Sete Shere 40, 081 26,500 | 16, 900 83, 481
MIASSACHUSELES =< Recess) ealesccs cee 195, 000 | 151, 200 218,000 | 221,000 | 176, 000 961, 200
MTG VAN A ene cna acs s cc Ze000 sce eae 3 BO SOUU seen ae 2.2. 29;'000) [ezssos ce? 20, 000 | 71, 500
Miinmentia ees lie. 8 Cae 7,750 | 8,000] 48,500 |......... 69, 000
POW srl aI DSI Oris eee iersil ae aise 2m [tele -ctalcill leis ste caie-|e se Ae. oe | 20,000 | 104, 000 | 61,400 185, 400
Weyguierse ya eres. rah ee otic ewe eee can | ee heeee | 58,000) 66,794 |......... 124, 794
RANGE eee te | ce We ae WME aoe. 25 <-.000' |) - SOK000N| ae 41, 000
Romi anolinwecccee en ese cec te alese tense sa pR ares. | 205, 500 eee ee ee eee 15, 500
“Dita Acc Se ann NE ea PRS S400 (oir ss. 2: 12,000 | 6,000 |......... | 52) 000
PENNA VI WANA. cies ooo |e sasicine lan cace oie | eaters Brevenstc grec | 48,494 | 35,500 | 18,500! 102,494
RhodeRisland! cnc sess-se soculce Socelescacese 1 2956008) Seem ccm ssi 95 500R a 522 a wel se eee | 29, 100
DOnth Caroling as5 2. sect esos cis biels sco SAC ee ee eerie Logness ..---| 15,000 15, 000
WIGTINONG: 5s 68- coe Jose cc|socd-seclasec 40, 000 |.--.. | 24000" eee ee cce | deeeracttvers 64, 600
VAT OMNIA oe sess Soe cone eee 2 DOO Merete ae 10,500 | 40,300 27,350 | 23, 500 104, 150
Wiest Vireinia--.-.....:.- | SE See ten ee Bae oss aes ae 8,500 | 44,419 |.........| 52,919
WFABCODSIN 62s, ica) 2-23 | Reifel al Saas 889000 | amsece. ce 5, 000 37000") 3522 sa=. | 80, 000
Min tale te cess ase | 4, 000 | 7, 250 | 731, 600 | 341, 950 1,295,925 |1, 304,278 | 525, 300 | 4, 210, 303
C.—TABLE IV.—Summary table of thenumber of Penobscot salmon (Salmo salar) intro-
_ duced into the waters of the different States by the United States Fish Commission, 1872-
1880, inclusive.
| j |
State. | 1872. | 1873. | 1874. | 1875, | 1876. 1877. | 1878, 1879. 1880. | Total
|
Waliformides cewsclesa sess VE aapseeeaey BUDE eee e tee eee ns Some etl ere | cee bce one | 305
Connecticut... .)2..5-... IE SROD TA | sey us: 215,000: j----. 20. 97, 500 esis fetta os eee 286, 437
MNOS nes acess. ie A 25s 000't 195000 Is. os ence oe psi 2| Keo seca athe | 44, 000
ROWS 56h 5) 220 =< PE ea oeeee sat sees 25-1 170, 000) 1°70, 000) on ne as0s occas jizan’seae eceeaake | 140, 000
Maine ....5.....-|.:......1154, 750 | 228,613 209, 000 '320, 000 |........|..-.. Ll ceatsaee lees | 912, 363
Maryland.......-. ease eee Joe Sek 4 Eee TZ, B00 ects. soc leds cee eo) nea {sceaasen 58,729 | 131, 529
Massachusetts ...!........ 24, 310 47, 000 |..... O25 500000) 1s. s2e eee neeeee [23 eee | 121,310
Michipans scan 2o-15.c6%-3% T5500 elite GOO 5,000? 222.) eascse aces! ote eseee (aun cceae | 131,900
BTN OGOLS eee nel ass col See ae [oe cacar nas 24,600 '.....--. Peers marect Baer: cence | 24, 600
New Hampshire -|......- 14,500; 162/000 } 80,000 1200, 000 |........|.2<<+.|.---me-slecsucoee | 456, 500
ING@Wid OTSCY socio nec 5. 33,000 | 168,000 79,000 |.....-.- [owen certo ame 20, 572 |.....--- | 300, 572
Nowe VOLK 5 > 22 .\¢ 42.256 < Bi Ont creer eee 125,000) | occ sv cu| j5ecccecles chic eeeatee al soe MELO wee
OHIO Seles ses se ee rae ESN coccmcte ts 50: 000) jan22- sec |, wicearams pacues specie ere jaseceews | 52,500
Pennsylvania ....| 10,000 | 25,000 | 187,000 .....--. eens ens iene [sie caaelsoene san | 23,000 | 195, 000
Rhode Island ..-.|....... .| 6,400 | 59,000 | 15,000 125,000 ........ Je----- Iigeoseke eocetese | 205, 400
Wiernmontte fern ecto es. 2 1 °72000))" 227,000 | 71,500} .2-. +2. eee oe ree Pree eee | 299, 500
BWasconsin's 5.0 |fin.a-2- | 19,000 | 15, 000 | 20,000 |........ lise eeeee ES eis (De ae | 54, 000
_—_—_—— | [= Lees oa | EE pd ——— | 2 |
Ota Cece sc 10, 000 (437, 797 |1, 174,918 ,955, 900 '765, 000 ' 97, 500 jnreeael 20, 572 | 81, 729 |3, 543, 416
842 REPORT THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18]
C.—TABLE V.—Summary table of the number of white-fish (Coregonus albus) introduced
into the waters of the different States by the United States Fish Commission, 1872-1880, in-
clusive.
’ |
State. 1872. | 1873. 1874. | 1875. 1876. | 1877. | 1878. 1879. | asso. | Total.
Bi) CEE 2.1 cma A Re a [ete ti A ets
California.....--. 25, 000 | 25, 000 )...-.. | 20,000'|...... 300, 000 ...... W565; 000) jzastue een | 935, 000
NGA a eee. eeelleate eee Joe eeeee| seen ee )- seen eee OOS OOO) Se aoe NE ete Sr oS Loe est OOS OO
Te a ee ate Jeo 2 | seat Weer 000001) 2 eee eee Rien pees Ha Ce 100, 000
IM CHivane ns ose incase. elbeceece i Saat Fe Rs ae N47, 0 000) sey een eee eee eee 200, 000 1, 670, 000
ENO Wie CLSOViace fioell|s cae: |ee= => acorn ioH Scipocce [acai ates |e (ation 'wintel) = eretece) ROO WOUO MM aeateesipers 90, 000
Pa ee nee ea (A ets tie ae ae | 5900; 000) lee ace (eee alias lie oe | 600, 000
Wisconsin .--+:-.)--..-- NeSoeece |s----- | 100,000 | 100, 000 )..-.- Re eel ete see |isoeeecoh | 200, 000
Totaleoaee a 25, oe dooeasaes 120, 000 | 2, 370, 000 300,000 | Pies 655, 000 | 200, 000 |3, 695, 000
A Mate Bo td ea | |
C.—TaBLE VI.—Summary table of the number of California trout (Salmo irideus) intro-
duced into the waters of the different States by the United States Fish Commission, 1880.
State. 1880.
WINGS esas leeseines ee ee 2, 500
TOW a Ne neck scthns Sele satioe See | 1, 000
Maryland 22,500 |
Michigan ae 5, 102
Minn G80 bales ccene ee neces 1, 900
New Hampshire.......--. | 2, 000
North Carolina 22--.-22.-5¢ 4, 300
Pennsylvania .......--..-.- | 700
| South Carolina. ...-.....-.- 3, 500
Pe MWieStpVaALoINig ers eee eae | 500 |
be) }
DotalSs-sjsaccere seeeeee | 44, 002
Recapitulation of young fish introduced into waters of the United States by the United States
Fish Commission, 1872-1880, inclusive.
Phableiy ple Shad eee cs se cease tice atte = ee oer ereeyereien wenspsiane Sie ee ee 102, 388, 350
‘ LEY Calitorniaysalm Ons ye sei ee ee rane tes oe eee oe Ae 33, 922, 960
CORTE SCM OOGUC SALT OM 05 (veer eee By IL PNM PL it air, yi te ss geese 4, 210, 303
CCR esLiVie On ODSCOtMSALMONG eee e ee ee eae eke eer e eeer 3, 643, 416
Oe AVHRR ND GOM LIS Hg 3c eee et NU ee tL Sew REC RO eee eae RS 3, 695, 000
COP EVO AlitOrNdAa bTOWts <2) cre ee ces se Seth Pre at anette pine laste meet 44, 002
COSI) Dees eae ot ak ae RIE ere mN ean aer A Sem ere beererSTh Be bars 147, 804, 031
In addition to the above there were carp distributed in 1879 and, 1880
to the number of 61,410; for the particulars of which see Report of 18890,
pp. xli and xlii.
843
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
[19]
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000 0S “-- uosprvdog "Wf |" PK ‘gouiy) op e1avy | ~~ * 7°” TOATY VUrEgVLy areata te doany vsoodel[e yr, soorrs wpy ‘AanQsyeg | 8L81 ‘6 gune
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000 ‘06 *+----uvog pur usT[Wny Sssvyy ‘seg AoppeH qygnog |--- 077” POAT OTIQOW 777 ToaTy vURqeTy™| “"~ --oepy ‘KaoulosyaoTy | OL8t Ly iy tgs} LOU fo eee ae VUVGVlLV
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[20]
PORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
~
4
“4
RE
844
000 ‘008
000 ‘008
000 ‘009
000 ‘CLT
000 ‘009
000 ‘0g
000 ‘00%
000 ‘OST
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PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22]
846
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[24]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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~ py ‘eovi4y) op GIAv
“--* py ‘eoery ep e1aeyy
PK ‘sovly op e1avy |
S281 ‘9% AVAL |
LST ‘cz Lvqq |
| SL8E ‘be ACT |
SL81 ‘be ABT
BL8I ‘ee AVI
BLT ‘AT AVL
gigl ‘tT Av
BLS ‘IZ ‘ad y
LLS1 ‘eT oung
LIST ‘gr oune
LLSI ‘Zt oun
LIST ‘Zl oun
LL8T ‘ZT oun
LISLE ‘1T oan ¢ |
LL8I ‘oT eune
LLST ‘6 ouny |
LL8T‘8 oun |
LLST‘L ouns |
LLST‘L oung |
LIST ‘g oun |
LL8I‘¢ ouns |
LL8T‘g oun
LLsT‘g euur
L181 ‘Z eung |
LL8T‘T oung |
LL8T‘T oun |
LISI ‘T oun |
LL8I‘T eau |
LLST‘T sung |
LISI ‘T eung |
LIST ‘vo ABT
LLST ‘be AVN
LLST ‘e Av |
LL8I ‘TZ Av |
LL8T ‘06 ABI |
LUST ‘6L Avy |
|
LIST ‘9% AUT |
|
“poudpy
*paRpO}VY 910M YSY OLY AL
qeg Yous Ur B1078 AL
‘aM.0} ‘oogjo-48od 489.189 \T
84BIS
ed Avg oyvodesoyy |-*- loa vaaeyenbsng oo PIN ‘cowry op oravy | 1/81 ‘Bt Avy |
Neeser ~ Aug oyvoduseyy |---*- Joaly vuuvyonbsng | -- pyx ‘sorry op oravy | LAST ‘LT Avyy
pees Avg oxvodesey) |°--- realy eaueqenbsng F “-* py ‘eovly op e1avy | gst ‘1g ounp, -dog—pus {ivy
|
~ _ —s — | el | _
yo £1vqnqty, ‘poorjd e104 | ‘QDUTILA 10 ‘oyeq
|
*‘ponuljuoQ—arisnjour ‘OQT 07 LET wouf poys fo uoyng.yusigq—] ATAVL—'d
849
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
zal
ro)
N
i!
000 ‘002
000 ‘OP
600 ‘00F
090 ‘OUT
000 ‘00L
000 ‘OST
000 ‘00
000 ‘09
000 ‘OFT
000 ‘0g
000 ‘OOL
000 ‘ear
000 ‘O0T
000 ‘OST
000 ‘og
000 ‘O0T
000 ‘OSL
000 ‘08
000 ‘OOT
000 ‘Sz
060 ‘001
000 ‘OIT
000 ‘SIT
000 ‘OST
000 ‘08
000 ‘09
000 ‘008
000 ‘02L
000 ‘08
000 ‘¢8T
000 ‘00T
000 ‘OL
000 ‘OST
000 ‘00S
000 ‘OGL
000 ‘OSL
000 ‘0g
000 ‘O0L
000 ‘00¢
000 ‘00g
000 ‘SL
000 ‘o¢
000 ‘0a
000 ‘00¢
000 ‘00¢ ‘T
000 ‘cz
000 ‘ELT
000 ‘00g
000 ‘OOT
000 ‘OOF
000 ‘002
000 ‘oot
sectnan ---al qQ0[q8nyq “7
: *pILIasSUBIY JON
eens POLIaJSUBL] JON
ee a “al qorqenyy”.
core cal qqgorasayy
Seccees PodtofsSUBlz JON
"7 o 77" * PILLOFSMBIZ 4O NT
Aig pe ts ~* Toqdurey "7
“7+ Tjaqduey “7
"tte 5*""NALIOJSUBIZ JON
sorrrrseeal qqorysay 1,
pee oes PoILIJSUBI} JON
"ttt ss PoILOFsuVsly JON
777" paldafsuvsy JON
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iberteeeas ss ~ oqdurey) “7
pei clain'ai6 Pol1aJsuvsy 10 N
al 9jgoT Tsu yy Lb
“ PILIOJSUB.L} JON
Jot 78" PILIOTSMVBIY JON
Saaroe poltofsmedy JON
jee OF ie SUT He Ue
he ey Sees SUT “WL
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corres a qqgapqan yy WL
pated: PALLoJSUB1} JON
Troe" PZLIOJSMBIZ 10 N
Soe oes ESUOULUITQLSNT
"rrr 77s PaLLOJSMVIY 30 NT
~ paLlofswely 40 NT
eae ae eee ost ‘AL
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> porloJsuRs} JON
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wospleuog "WL
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are AOS AS
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otros NOLIOTSAVI ONT
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tet 9 NgZLIOJSUBIT JON
ls PIV ‘saorey orynsedg [-**"7* "Avg
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|---pyy ‘Saou ornseds
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-"-pyT ‘sMor1vy ornsedg
oo pyy ‘saorieny orynsedg
py ‘sorry o1gnsedg
copy ‘smo ernsedg
|" py ‘sMoriey ornsodg
| + DIV ‘SaoreN otnsedg
py ‘SMorieN onsedg
| -opyy ‘smorren ornseds
| pyy ‘sMoare yy erynsedg
DI ‘ssoureN orpusedg
lc pyq ‘sMo11eN ousedg
| py ‘sMonieny onpnsedg
| pPT ‘sore orjpnsedg
“pl ‘saoaiey o1ynsedg
-- pyy ‘savoatre yy orgynsedg
“DIT ‘SMorte Ny orynsadg
py ‘sMoaieN ornsedg
| DIX ‘sMorrexy orpnsedg
"py ‘SmMorie yy orynsedg
“-" py ‘9ov1y ep o1AeyyT
"py ‘eovry op a1ARyy
“-" py ‘e0vry op o1Avyy
"77" py ‘eov1y op o1Av yy
~ py ‘o0vryg op e1avyyT
“-> py ‘oovry op olAvyy
"-* DPT ‘9ov1y op LABEL
“7+ pyy ‘o0vry op o1Avyy
7 pyr ‘eovry ep o1Aeyy
“--* py ‘oovrsy op Avy
“77> py ‘o0v1y op e1Avyy
“7 DPT ‘vovry op eLAvy
"7" pp ‘e0v14) Op OIABTT
“"* py ‘eov1y op oIAvyy
- pA ‘e0v145 op o1avy
"77" PIT ‘oovry op oLAvyyT
“"* PYT ‘eovly op o1AR]T
“-"" py ‘aovLy ep o1aAvyy
“77 pyy ‘e0vry op olan
7" py ‘oovry) op o1av]T
“tT 7**"gnoyooT JouIB94g
"77777" "qnoxooT Lo UIve4S
ODO Typ ‘oovry Op O1AB
--- py ‘oovrty op o1avyy
“py ‘sMourey orpnsedg |
“py ‘sore orjynsodg |
'-"° py ‘eoery op oravy |--*-*->-
--- AB
oyvodeseyy
oyvodesoyD
oyvodesay9
oyvodesoyy
oyvodesoyQ
Avg oyvodusayg
Avg oxvoduseyy
-* LOA 10ys0qQ
Avg oyvodvsoy)
oyvodeseyy
oyvodesoyy
oyvodesoyo
eyvodesoyg
oyvodrsey 9
ayvodesoay yp
eyvodesoy¢O
eyvodesaqg
eyvodesay yg
oyvodesoyo
eyvodesoyg
oyvodesoqg
oyvodesoqg
oyvodrsayg
Tq oxvodusaqyg
“77° YooIO STIL
Avg oyvodesayQ
Avg oxvodesoyo
Avg oyvodesayp
Avg oyvodesoy9
Avg oxvodrsoy 9
Avg oxyeodesoyg
Avg oyvodvseq9
Avg oyvodesoyy)
Avg oxyvodesoyy
Ateg oyvodesoqy
Avg eyvodrsoy9
IAT yuvydoyg
Avg oyvodesoy 9
Avg oyvodeseygQ
Avg exevodesoyo
“7° Avg W1eysey
IAT Yurydoyg
Avg oyvodesey9
Avg oyvodusey 9
Avg oyvodesoyg
--punog az01s av J,
eg oyvodrsoy9
Avg oyvodeseqy 9
Avg oyvodesoyg
Avg oxvadesoyg
Avg oyvadesayo
Ang oyvodrsoqo
Avg
Aug
Avg
Avg
Arq
Avg
Avg
Arg
Avg
Avg
Avg
Avg
Avg
scheme sise tees TORT AOL
rape LOATY VUAVYENDSNGg
set? LAT vuaevyenbsng
Sisjsiiesic esis LOAN BIULaTOg
Se pee IOATYT SUIFLSSLS
SMOLIVN orjnseds
“"7"* SMOLIBNT OLgnSedg
psig Saas IIANT VOISLOD
i Sehr ees IOALY 1ogsaqQ
SMOLIBAT OTySAdG
A yur doyy
SMOLIBNT OLySIdG
SMOLIBNT OLpRSEdS
SMOLIBNT OLNSIdG
“LIAN 8 JOBQOIPL JUIVS
“= JOA O3OULOD0
SMOLIR AT OFYRSIdG
LIAL OYOOTPTL NT
SMoaavN oNsodg
“-"" JOA BuaRtndsug
Borice SMOLIVNT OLynSEdG
et eet DAT JUOXNYBT
eee aay AAT JUIXNYV
Sai es LIALYT OOTULOOT AA
Yoo) STAT OAM
sr rertesss"" WO9RIOC SOTAL
"7775" SMOLIVN OLjnsedg
ewes ss SMOIIVN oTynsedg
SF eee IATY dopaodun+s)
shee" -SMOIIBNT OIYNSAdG
“sMOIIVN OIYNSIdG
oe ae “7 dOATY TSNgL
-** LOATY OYOULOI0T
“ SMOLIBN OTpUSEdG
trees JOATY QUexXNIeg
eaten “-"" TOATY JUOxXnye |
sc ogees TANT ooyvyouy,
Torre e* doary yaL{doyH
apo SMOIIMN oTynsedg
Soc s SMOLIVN o1pnsedg
ee ee “7 TOANT SOT
RU ete = “* WAR] peody,
roree ss -IOATY 10}80qQ
“"" SMOLIBN oTynsedg
“t7 77" SMOLIBN OIZRSIdS
TIAN ULyouvyy
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IIALY OVULOJOT
“ots ss IOATY OVULOJOT
“7-7 SMOIIBN OLgnsedg
“777 SMOLIBN OFYNSIGS
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“- "py ‘o0R14) op O1AuTT
PIN ‘9qsry Arogqeg
carbaiaaare PIV ‘TMoTPPIYT
a es PIV ‘UMOJO[PPLIT
“PAT ‘90R14) Op OLARTT
“-"pyq ‘90¥i4y op o1ARyT
mer tess* DP ‘oTtaciymeg
PIV ‘WORST UN[TT
“-"pyy ‘eov1y op a1aeyT
“sts - "snr ‘dOs1epuoyT
“py ‘esovry op o1aeyy
"py ‘ovr ep OLAvyT
“"pyy ‘eon. op e1avyy
nae A ates DIN /aratogr
aroun * DIV ‘opassopey Ay
“ pyT ‘eovasy op OLAV FL
PIT ‘Sanqs[esz9pa
“DIY ‘eBay Op OLAR FT
“““ py ‘90vLy op o1aeey
“pT ‘eovly op o1anyy
sec PIN ‘atne'T
amare ard PIV, ‘osvarg
: * pI ‘Aunqsiyeg
“py ‘dorjeys Baops0g
“-"pyy ‘Moyryzs vaops0g
"7" py ‘ovary op o1avy_T
“PA ‘9014 Op OLAC TL
pies “PIN ‘oT[tasLeyo09
“PY ‘90RLy op o1avyy
“PIT ‘208.9 Op o1aARyyT
ang a PIN ‘uvurt112g
PITH Avous
| °° py ‘vovry op olavy
PIN ‘Tomne'yT
7" DIV ‘Torney
“py ‘ysno1oqs [tH
"7" DIL ‘YSno1ogsmeais)
"7" py ‘vovry op o1Avyy
“*"" Dy ‘o0v1y op O1ARyT
et ewe ee wee PAL ‘moysegT
shes DPT ‘MoV
ones py ‘wos OTT
"7" ppl ‘eovry op o1Aeyy
“"" py ‘v0vly op o1ARyy
“pp ‘ouny ssoourg
verse reese spr Aanqsryesg
ee rs PIv ‘quourA[y
“* PIL ‘MOSuTYS A, 9107
“77 py ‘90BLy op O1Av TT
“-"* pyr ‘90B.ry op OLAV]
“py ‘oovry op o1Avy_
6L8L‘T sane |
6L8T ‘— oun
6L8I ‘Tg AVIT
6181 ‘TE ABIX |
6L8T ‘1g ABIL
6181 ‘og ABT
6181 ‘og Avy
6LST ‘0g AVL
6L8T ‘og Av
GLET ‘6Z ABT
GLST ‘63 AVTT
GLET ‘83 AVTT
GLST ‘Le ABIL
6L8T ‘9% Av
6181 ‘93 ABT
GLST ‘9% Avy
GLST ‘6% AVI
GLST ‘6% AVIV
GL8T ‘12 ABT
6L8T ‘1% ABT
6LET ‘6 Avy
GLE ‘6T AB
GLST ‘6L AVL
6L8T ‘gt ABT
6LST ‘LT AB
6L8T ‘LT Av
GLST ‘oT Av
SLET ‘pI oun
SL8T ‘Pr oune
SL8T ‘IT oun
SL8T ‘Oroune
SL8T ‘OT oun
SL8T ‘Oroune
SL8I ‘9 ounr
gist ‘9 oun
8L8T ‘¢ oun
SL8T‘e oun
SL8T ‘eg oun
SL8T ‘g oun
SL8T‘T oun
sig ‘T oun
SL8I ‘T oun
Sst ‘Te AVL
SLst ‘og ABIL
SL8I ‘6 ABIL
SL8L ‘62 ACW
BL8T ‘62 AVL
8181 ‘83 AVIV
SL8I ‘8a ABIL
BLST ‘8a AVL
SL8T ‘2% ABIL
sist ‘oe ATT
4
7)
S. Mis. 110
[26]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,
850
Daieiehs IOAIY vuuvyoubsug
“""""19ATY vuuByonbsng
aupisrisienie IOATY oTynsadg
| =sisieiols sista IOATY OBULOLOT
saps sicting IOAIY JUOXNYV
| araausene SMOLIVAT OIYNSEdG
SMOLIBN OLyNSIdG
gore SMOLIVNT OIYNSEdG
BAOIIVN orynsedg
SMOLIN oTynsEdg
SMOLIVNT oLynsedg
sae WAN vuuvyonbsng
res IOATY JUOXNYC |
Saisie IOAN vuavyonbsng
jee soee SMOLIVNY OTYRSEdG
SMOLIVN OTynSEdG
Reem eg ae LOATY JUOXNYVT
hesans IOANT vuuvyonbsng
Sects IQATY vuuvyoubsng
passe JdANy vuueyonbsng
jv 7 77" JeATY Jopsodunsy
|"77* leary vuaegonbsng
IA yueydoygD
IOAN VOYVYON,
lectmes IDANT LOJA HOV
“> JOATY Suryvnbsuviy,
pemereesicas IOATY OVULOJOT
luis IOAN vuuvyonbsng
|seisionciel SMOIIB NT OTYNSEdG
JSeemecines IAT oosdeyeg
| IOATY veuuvyonbsng
serene SAOLIV NT oLynsedg
errs IAN vuueyonbsng
IAT Jopaoduny)
SMOIIVN OTJNSOdG
leaecce ee IOAN OYOMLODI0T
Seacanrsat TOATY ULouR HL
5 I9ATY vuueyonbsng
[ecicsies SMOLIN NT OIyNSEdG
JOAN vauvyonbsng
- IOAN vuueyenbsng
SMOLIVN OInSEdS
O00 ROR Gie = |teaut ss podloysuvsy JON | --~ PIV ‘00¥.L4y Op OLAV [*7 "77 -* Avg oyvodesoyo
HO0KGGG Ih seeee es por1ejsuvsy JON [7777 > PIV ‘90814H Op olAvH [7-7-7 * 7" Avg oyvodesoyy
OO0medce ohece es poLlefsmesy JON |-- 77> PIV {90814D Op OLABFT [777777 Avg oyvodrsoyp
1 U1 aa ii tea SIT “AP | 97177 WOT}CIS OVUIOJOT |**7 777 =" Avg oxvodvsayp
000 ‘o0e eae Sere RU OULILI SE N= | a= sic s TONRIG 9VUI0JOg |-° 77777 Avg oyxvodeseyo
000 ‘00 che aaee hea MOOS see | == aaa WOT}VYS OVUIOJOT | -" 77" ~~ Avg oyvodesay 9
000 ‘GIz fexelcnecsherans poLlejsuviy JON | ~~ “py ‘oovryg ep oraey_z |--7 7777 Avg oyvodesoyg
000 ‘0LZ | “- *°-* porreysmedd JON, |-7>-~ PIV ‘20VLD op otavy{ |----7 77 * Avg oyvodeseqg
Cine epee Score porteysaviy JON |7- 77> PIN ‘eovry op o1aey | ~~ ---* Avg oyvodesoyy
000 ‘06 J c-"" =" poreysmer} FONT [>>> 7 - PIV ‘00815 op oLavy |---- 7 * Avg oyvodesoyp
(TE. PSesooetns porl1ejsuery JON |o7--- PIV ‘008.145 9p oLAvy |---7--7> Avg oyvodesoyg
000 ‘SFT |fasisceretmtets POLOJRUVI} JON [7777 * PIN ‘9014 op oravy |--*77-7* Avg oyvodesayD
000 ‘002 Isat: Sl SULyuo le Fy SAK | = s MOI9VIG OVMIOJO |-"----*° Avg oyvodvseqg
000 ‘Oct [7--* =" perleysueVsy JON, |°7 >” PIN ‘0vry op o1aeyy |-- "7-7 Avg oxvodvsoy)
000 ‘oez \poae isis pol1eysuvly JON | --* py_ ‘eovaiy ep oravy_ |-- 7-777 - Avg oyvodesoyy
000 ‘E1F so-*"" == -NOTLOFSUBIE FON |°--- PI ‘Oovry) ep eraeA |------ "> Aug exvodesoyy |
000 ‘00g Neji seis uavUIENYyIS "MAO [7-77 - UWOIZV}S OVULOJOY |"" "77>" Avg oxvodrsoyo
000 ‘OL lease 2 porltojsuvt} JON [7-7 * PIV ‘o0v1y op oraepyT |-- 7-777" Avg oyvodesoya
000 ‘00 “"* poLlojsuely JON |**"pyy ‘SMore yy omynsadg |-------- Avg oyvodesoyg
000 ‘GL setsteleteinir PoLlajJsueV1y JON |-* “py ‘Savorre Ny orynsedg |----+--- Avg oyvodesaq 9
000 ‘GOT [ppemee rs es STOULMTIG "NY |** py ‘Soren ognsedg |-------- Avg oxvodeseyo
000 ‘OST | 77 777" poLleJsuBly JON |" "pyr ‘smoreyy ornsoedg |'------- Avg oyvodvsoyy |
000 ‘og pee eo af ‘yorqsny WL | pI ‘sorte Ny orynsedg |*---*--- Avg oyvodesey() |
000 ‘o¢ lfeiertohsaces al ‘jjorqsny VE |" pay ‘sore yy orynsedg |-------- Avg oyvadeseyy |
000 ‘ez leader Ss as af ‘qyoTysny yy, | pyr ‘SMoureN orynsedg |-------- Avg oyvodesoyg
090 ‘cz af ‘9jo[qsuy VT, |-* py ‘sasor1aeN orynsedg |---->+-- Avg oyvodesoyy |
000 ‘0¢ af ‘qjorqsny L **pyW ‘sore orgnsedg j-----> >> Avg oxvodesoyy
(ULL) fat ae ea SSNY “WAL |* “PW ‘SMouieN orynsedg |------*- Avg oyvodeseyy |
(101 a ae ie SIA ‘Wf |" *" PIN ‘smoareN oryneods j----"7- Avg oyvodesoyy |
(EXD) Ste eed BS **podiejsavd} JON | py ‘sMorre yy orynsoedg |-------- Seg oyvodesoyy
COORCUTS elas os pol19jsuvi} JON “py ‘SaolieN orynsedg |*------- Avg oyvadesoyo
QUORGUT sc linger: meus moTMeH "AA |” PIT ‘SMorie yy orynsedg |-----*-- keg oyvodesoyy)
000 ‘cg “77 paLtejsavs} JON |-~ “py ‘Sorry orynsedg | --*-"---Avg oxvodeseyo
COGHO0 Le. anise ees pol1ojsuvi} JON |" pyy ‘Sore yy o1gusedg |------ > Avg oyvodesoyg
000 ‘OSL jeucicreieiciniats poldeysuel} JON |-* py ‘saormeN ornsedg |-------- Aegq oyvodesoyy)
000 ‘ELT jor al getqsny L, |-* pI ‘sMorren orymsodg |-------- Avg oyvodusoy yg
000 ‘OCT [pe vaeseis Patdossuviy JON |-* pyy ‘sore orynsedg |-------- Avg oyvodesoyO
000 ‘SZ joc os al QQ0TqanA yy | - pr ‘saoreN orynseds |-------- Avg oxvodesoyy)
000 ‘OST Were r ss af‘qjo[q ony |" py ‘sMmorreyy ergnsedg |-------- Aeg oyvodeseyy)
000 ‘02 Seas po.l1oysuely yon \""- py ‘Aaoysty Avg plo |-77777 >> Aeg oyvodeseyy |
(RI Mthg) NaS oars Pe LIoJsued} JON |-- pyy ‘sore orynsedg |-------- Avg oysodrsoyy |
000 ‘00g [acess ee pOLlajsUvl} JON |-* PY_ ‘SMOIIVN o1ynsedg |-------- Avg oyvodesoyy |
000 ‘00F |isseleeries rie’ poitejsuet) JON |"*"pyy ‘sMorre yy orgnsedg |-------- Avg oyvodesayg |---
000 ‘008 isscierisise? pal1ojsuvd} JON (**-pyy ‘sore orgynsedg |-----*-- keg oyvodesoyy |
| | | |
“ysy jo |
roqunu pol1oysuvly MOA Ag | ‘:payoyey o19A\ YSY OLS AA —jo Arvynqi4ay,
pozyeMysy
*poovid 010M
YS Worm Ur 6.1078
|" py ‘eovry op o1avyzy
“"* Py ‘90R1D op o1avyy
"py ‘90RD op o1avyT
“-"- py ‘syooy jo yu1og
[Sse PIV ‘esvavg
osGhinne PIN ‘purprequing
“PY ‘oovry op a1aey
“PIT ‘90R1LD op oLAvyT
“pH ‘90v.1y op o1aeyy
“pH ‘90vrLy op o1avy
“PIN ‘908.19 Op OrAvy
“PIT ‘e0v1y op o1avyy
PIV ‘osvarg
“PI ‘008g op otavyyT
“PIT ‘0oV1y op o1avyL
“PIT ‘eov1y op o1aey
see tee ee eeeee “PI {omme'yT
"py ‘o0vry op o1avyy
“py ‘e0eLy op o1ae yy
aeoees PIV ‘ysodeg 410g
“py ‘Ajunog o1owmnyyeg
pe See sry A19yzy egy
PHA ‘dosi9pueyL
heseur PI ‘Ysno10qs[ tH
gece rie le PIC ‘es priquivy
Gee PIC ‘d017e49 8, AoITy
creters PIN ‘Sanqses9spa,y
sisi esicleirins ‘PI ‘Quexnyeg
Ost ‘oz AvTT
ossl ‘6t ARPT
O88I ‘BT ART
Ogst ‘LE AByAL
ogst ‘or Avy
OSsT ‘GT ABT
Osst ‘eT AvP
OSST ‘PL ABT
OSST ‘st AVAL
ogst ‘er Avy
08st ‘sr ABIL
OSs ‘st AVPL
08st ‘IT Av
OSsT ‘IT ABT
osst ‘It Av
Osst ‘OL ATT
O88T ‘8
O8ST ‘2
Avy
AvIT
6LST ‘FT oan Le
GL8T ‘FT oun
GLST ‘IL oune
6L8T ‘TL oune
6L8T ‘OT oune
6L8T ‘OT oun
6L8T ‘OT oun
6L8T ‘OT oun
6L8T ‘OT oun
6L8T ‘OL oun
*ponuty
w0o9— puryAlvyy
‘1M0} ‘QOTJO-480d 4S91B9 \T
trees PIT ‘syo00y Jo qurog | 61gT ‘OL ounE
seteenee Aroysta Avg plo | 6181 ‘6 eune
“"""pyq ‘eovry op e1avH | 6181's oune
sees PA ‘worvyg Avjoy | 6Lgr‘g oun
sececee? Aroysty At plo | 6L8T‘L oun
"py ‘eovry op o1avyy | 6181 ‘9 oune
veerereeee qysry Arojeg | 6L8T‘p oun
ime PIN ‘OT Assoxooy | 6181‘ eune
-- pyr ‘oovry op o1aey | GIST ‘eg oune
veeceneses PIT ‘UMOZMON | Gg ‘g ouNL
ree PI, Cuuy ssoourrg | 6181 ‘g oune
sivieiviene surysta Avg pio | 6481 ‘2 oun
“py ‘oorry op olavy | 6181 ‘2 oun
ceeeeee PIN ‘gtsodeq 310g | 6181's eune
rrreeesst- qusry Aroqeg | 6L8T‘T oung
“py ‘eovry op o1aeyy | 6ST ‘T oune
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[28]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
852
009 ‘6IL
00G ‘66
000 ‘19
000 ‘02
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00g
000 ‘0¢
000 ‘0g
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000 ‘08
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000 ‘08
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000 ‘OL
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000 ‘29
000 ‘2%
000 ‘PT
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853
YOUNG FISH.
OF
AND DISTRIBUTION
PRODUCTION
000 ‘OOr
000 ‘00T
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000 ‘sz
000 ‘0s
000 ‘SIT
000 ‘002
000 ‘002
000 ‘00T
000 ‘008
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scirleaeis cise ey ON ‘Booay
"O.'N ‘OTTA00T
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--O nN ‘Ayunog oppraurary
ae ON ‘USeTey
““"" ON ‘TU OGL
Rice a 0 'N ‘orttaqourig
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ON ‘TOplo Ay
“Socccicnn ses" NT ‘VOOAW
““Ocn ‘Ayun0g oyptauray
7" O(N ‘AgunO’ TosTt AA
emma ® hs G0 C2 176)
ON ‘Ajunog souewmeypy
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ON ‘AQUNOD OFBAL
ON ‘eqangeg
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ON ‘OWlog MON
ACN ‘vouvuirypes
ACN ‘vourmeyes
HN ‘Yoooooyu0g
HN ‘WOoTLL,
ad oy, ‘AVA LPON
---oyy ‘Agunog Avmepon
“oy ‘Aqgunog Avaepon
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~ oF ‘AITO [IETS
ark oW ‘Ayunoy Aqieqg
snjcerr oq ‘Ayunog Arne
“> OPT ‘omo19
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-- oq ‘Agan0g 1038q9 AL
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Bed ene oyy ‘uompelg
sroeerssss © OFT UPYURLT
Bed men Ged oy ‘sIno7T yuirg
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soorsoes> op ‘ppoysuridg
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pe aS oy ‘8M0T Jug
SL8I ‘93
SLET ‘92
SL8T ‘93
SLT ‘92
BL8TI ‘9%
RLET ‘G3
SLET ‘63
BLET ‘Ss
BLET ‘FS
BLSI ‘Fs
SL8T ‘Zs
8L8T ‘02
BLT ‘ST
SL8T ‘ZI
SLET ‘ZT
SLST ‘IT
8L8T ‘TT
LL8T ‘SZ
LLET ‘SZ
LL8T ‘61
LLST ‘61
LL8I ‘ST
L138 —
OL8T ‘SI
OLST ‘92
SLST ‘ST
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CLT ‘08
LL8I ‘82
LL8T ‘3
O88I ‘Ss
ORBIT ‘S
O88T ‘S
O88I ‘F
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[30]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
854
000 ‘8%
000 ‘002
000 ‘OOL
000 ‘09
000 ‘ez
00L ‘6S
000 ‘O0L
000 ‘ez
000 ‘c9
000 ‘e9
000 ‘et
000 ‘09
000 ‘09
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000 ‘oor
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000 ‘0ST
000 ‘002
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000 ‘8
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poyeuysyy
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USY Ora ar s109}0 Ay
‘aM0} ‘ooujo-jsod 4yso1ve Ny
‘OST OF LET mouf poys fo uounquysig—T ATAVI—
Tress" HgTtOFSUVlD ON vq ‘juUsvaltg JuIOg Avg oivarvped |--- "7777" JOATY OVATE [---"7- vd ‘WUesvafq WO | Est ‘grouns |--> vLuval{suueg
“-"*"* UUBULIONOS "AA "CQ | > -7 77>" WOTJVIS OVBWIOJOg |°-----*--- "77" OW ONVT |-- 7-777" qoaty Aysupurg | --------- Org ‘jUoMeIy | OggT ‘groune :
csipipicie's sa.eiseie uain® “a H | PW ‘ssoren eynsedg ---+---------> otagy oxeT ~~ --- 77> aoaTy Aysnpuug |---------- oryO ‘JuomIaIy | GL8T‘, ounp
Sern spe cicests uund ‘aH | PW ‘eovr4) op odavyy |-*---- > OL OYVT | - “+++ aoaTyy Aysnpurg |---+------ OlyO ‘uOMIeI | g4g{ ‘6 oune
Bonaes ~- qreddipy “H “f |°-"* "pW 00815 op oravy | --*---*------a9ATY oTGO |-------- >> 7° doaTYT 0019S | ~~" -----OTYO ‘suquinjoy | 92gT ‘9z oune
“""-XBylIByT pUV s[[esduy |---- PP ‘eovly op omavyT-|°------ +--+ 77> TOATY OIGQ (°° 777° dA UnsuTysnyy |--- 7-7 org ‘oT[LAsourp | o/gT ‘ep eung
Se Pre 7 IBIO NA [997727 ‘sueorkeon |°---°>--------a9eary orga |-----: 198A wunsurysnyy |----->------ orgy ‘paedeg | gret ‘eg oun fp
sisieise's s][VFuy paw wosuyy |---*"--"" AN ‘suvarkeo0y | --- © ------a0aTyy org | “77 ---7-* aaATT OJOIOG |°-++---- “Orgy ‘suquinjoy | ¢ygt ‘eroune
qaicisse evaiziaig JOqS[O AA “ANH | S8ep‘sTe gq AeTpey qynog | Tr meaty OQ 7s doaTY Mornay |------- o1yO ‘oT[TAoormO PW | FLL ‘SE AtnE
mess _ 08840 “WO | SPH sled AoypeH qynog |=" -----"-**-aoaTy O1YO [77777777777 Jeary MOeg |-----+ --*-7* O1GO “BLAST | $19T ‘Bt ATOp
“--* Ao[va A pues roqyey | --- -"-" AN ‘suvurdeod | --*----------aaary orgo |---- qaary Bpoyesuryoug |------ oro ‘ouleyuOJaTIOg | F181 ‘6 AlnE
seseaees TOUS[OM “MA “H |" °° °""" AN ‘suvarkeop |---------*---* orgy eHBT | ------- gaaty Aysnpug |---------- oryQ Guomoag | #18T ‘9g oune
iopesins IIqJeA_ pus osvyy |°----*--* EN SUM OTAGO Sy | s-" "=< =e -S55= } 016 Xs 34 ol eee JOATY PUBID |--------* Oly ‘eT [TA Tseq | FAST ‘ez oun
eeug scree ss MOSBIVOS (ligase ao AGN saeurteos:|=------7=">= ay Ol OMG. tees Joaty epuqeyysy |------ 7 orgo ‘eynqeyqsy | exgt ‘fz0une
ee IMO “UA “AON | SSVAT'ST[BA ATpeH yyNOg |----°-------"- OL OH’T | ------- goaty eBsoqvdng |----------*-"- ogo ‘Quoyy | CL8E‘e A[np|------------- omo
[eset giclee Seago Tar Pella ate asia Sc CSRs Na BOOS Wan 2-52 punog 9plemeqry |------ SAscrs TOATY YON |--- ON ‘Ayun0D wopmey | BART ‘er ABT
Se SONY “WAN | 77777777" ON “e00ay |---°7- 7" * JoaTYy UyMoYD | -- -----*- oer Momeg |-------*-----Q “Noon H | BET ‘ZT Avy
parses sis SOEITUME ns), [22 9 Soha Ne COOAy eo occa JOATY WeMogO |---- 77777 7- WOGIG) MQUITEG| | 22= == Js asr ee O'N ‘eooay | 6181 ‘6 Avy
zcisire yas SUTBITEM “HO [°° 77°77" ON "B00AY |" --**~*"" JoaTy WeMOTD |°----------HeeIQ uoMIpEs |-------------D“N ‘wooayK | BIST 'S AVL
pee ses siseies SSOY "WAN [7777977777 ON ‘Booay |---""** punog eyremoeqry |---------- -x9e1Q uowyTeEg srorossessse- Oy NT “BOOAW | 6L8L‘6 ABT
seiree lopAvy, pus oysny |---°"--7"°"-- ON ‘wooay | -- --aaaly copeg yeory |------°--- “LOATY ULYPeA | --------- ON ‘Aangsipeg | 61gr‘9 Atty
gers sss PIVAPOOM “WE | 77997797977" ON BooaW |--- 77+ +++" JOATY UBMOgD |---- ~~~ -eaTY UOyoy |------- ON ‘orpaqoueag | egT ‘e Avy
soe ster et= OxSOH LO [0777777 ON BOA |----*---*- punog oormeg |------------ JeaTy osmany |----------" ON ‘qBrorey | GET ‘z AeA
sacle 77 PIBAPOO MA “WE |'0 70°" 7" ON ‘Booay |------- punog opreuloqry |'---------seary oyouvoy |----------- O“N ‘ope | ezgt‘z LeTT
gasses PIBAPOO AK VY OL 78ers ON BOOAY |°*-----"-" JoATYy WeMOND |-------"--=yoerD woupEg |------------"— "Nr wOOAY | GIST ‘6g “IdV
geisisisinisie PIVBAPOO AM "WP [777777777 ON ‘BooAW |---*-*> punog ofremeq,y |°---------r9aTy oxouRoyy O'N ‘aoprom | 6L8T ‘6z dy
Case seems “SSO ALAN [7722277 ON *Bouay |" ---- "> -pumog oorured |-77 7" 7----77-*-aeaty rey, |----- ON ‘gunoyy LHo0g | ezgt ‘cg “adv |
sects. PAIVMPOO A “WG 77777 Crean FON BOO As [rie so JOAIY Ivaq odey |*------- **"YOolQ Weysoy |------ O'N ‘eAlO JUNOTT | 61ST ‘ez “ad y |
Sp eee es oinzcs UE CORNY 99) tS Fo OS eS OSI GIG 9) sa 10). G7 Deane Uevd00 O1QURYV |----7"- punog efzeumeqry |----7*7777* “"O'N ‘B00AV | 6L8T ‘Fz “dy
Bortae sits 77" OMSNH LO [°° 7777779" ON ‘Booay |°*-*----ar0ATY dea odeg |-------------*--sumy xtg |---- O'N ‘Agun0| urdu | 6LgT ‘bz ady
ay assess poomAeTy df [777777777777 QIN WoOAW |--- >> +--+ TREO OYURLY |------- punog opremtaq¢y |---7- 2 “O'N ‘BOOAYV | 6L8T ‘63 “Ady
gremeceeace SS e TC UL AN aa = seco me ol EN BOOATY. "72> 2222" pune, oorporeg |25°5°--">=">° JOATY OSMAN [~~ 7777-7 >- ON ‘USTOTey | 6L8T ‘Fz “dy
eco o ee LOTAR ARE DOM se =sasee eae DEN BOON, || “= =s0= 25 punog ooruivg |---------7°"° IOATY JUOTT, |-- 777° ON ‘OITPASHO0T[Og | 6L8T ‘Fz “Idw
Be Ser sces SOM SU le Onlin eres 5 KONG BOOAW. 2525" > =" OATH hoeedun | assoc = so SETI x1) |= 2-1 cr'ay "N ‘AUSIB AY | 6L8T ‘be adw
sete eee PIBAPOO AA “WP pois Cs eirin'el= INERT MBO AT. "77775 5*>-pUMOg OoTTUIe BER EOD I OIG OUOCS Gy map "7777 O CN ‘yunoyy Axp0xy 6L8I ‘TZ ad y
ees te TopAey, seo], |-*-"* 7" -**- QIN BOOAW |-----*--r9aTY Teog odey |----+----+--*---sumyxtg [e+ 7s ON ‘Avsiv Ay | 6181 ‘TZ ady
Stree eee OBOE Onl Seats ON “B00AW [77777 PUNO GILEMOGT We9| "== 5 +55 "AOA OHOUBOY 4|-— == 2 59s O'N ‘WOpleAd | 6481 ‘8T “dy
pemesns/ mele THOM “D'S [°° °° “PW ‘90t1y Op OLA |----- > -dOATY GoPUBG |----- +" ---TOATY VqMRyED [77-7 CNT “eqaaeyzeg | gzgt', oune
Belt Gt RON Sel ae PAV ‘9081D Op o1Avyy j= ---- JOAN 9OPIT PWOLH | -- 7 TOATY ULYPCA | --e O°N ‘Aangsiypes | ggT ‘2 ounp
Besicesetis Jopkuy, svMoy, | --"""- "7" ON ‘Boo |°---------punog ooueg yooccrcr sss" TOaryT Ieg, |" ON ‘Aqunogoeypiauery | gygp‘z Avy
giclee Sein Shs POLIOFSUBID JON [> ---° 77 - °°" ON BOOAW |-=------7* JOATY TBAT |-----------yeerQ WoupEg |-----*-------O-N ‘wooAY | gugT'z LETT
he POLIOJSUBIE JON |" ooo" ON BOOAW 4°" "7" "+77" JOATY UBMOTO | ----------yYooID WOUTEG |-------------Q“N ‘wooay | gzgt‘T AVI
volt 77) POLTEFSMVIZ FON | “oom e tooo" ON “BOOAW |------7-°* TOATY UBMOTH |*----------xa0Ig UoMT[eG |°------------Q°N BooAyW | B81 ‘6g “Idy ‘ponuyu09
SSesecries PoLlojsmely JON |--- 777 °* Tan O)NPEOO RYE [S55 59 =<" TOATY Te MONG) (oa as Seo GOdpUOUN ER | isaac Nas O'N ‘Booay | gist ‘gg “ad y | —eurporeg WZI0NF
‘paddejsuvsy woya Ag | :poyozey os0.As SY 197 AL —yo Srvqnqiy, peoed o10m | OSeTITA 10 ‘ae Rotts
855
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
[31]
000 ‘66
000 ‘66
008 ‘ZL
008 ‘PS
002 ‘2b
000 ‘OOL
none
000 ‘0
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000 ‘0
000 ‘OF
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000 ‘09
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000 ‘OF
000 ‘69
0C0 ‘0Z
000 ‘0%
000 ‘06
000 ‘09
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000 ‘OFT
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[32]
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [34]
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6181 ‘6 oune
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teetteeeeee VA ‘UITYUBI | 6L8t‘L, Av
ssee- VA ‘UITyURAT | 6L8T‘L AVI |
ZOSSROUG VA ‘AVMOJON | GL8L'L AVL)
sereeees va ‘Aeaorjon | 6181 ‘9 AVA
seeeeee ee vA ‘myyuRIT | 6481 ‘¢ ABA |
SabRood vA ‘ulTyueig | 6L8t's ABA |
tec cies BA 'HTONS | S18t ‘9s “Ady |
VA ‘UTYURAT | 8181 ‘92 wdy shee
SLI ‘F OUDL -UT}UOD—vULSI1 A
‘9SRT[TA 10 ‘oyeq | 94219
‘MM0} ‘QdOgFO-JSOd 489.189 NT
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‘OR8T OF GLBT wouf poys fo uonng.ysig—] ATAVL—'d
859
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
[35]
000 ‘00T
000 ‘008
000 ‘00g
000 ‘OTT
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000 ‘0g
000 ‘og
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7" JOAN JNoppovaa0/) JOALY WORDarMIBY | Rat A oie stall alaiad | 9L8T
--- JOATY JoIyooUMO’ | --- IOATY WopsamIB] | UND ‘prO;JAVA AON | GLBE‘— “99 |
| femtaciresioetamea'siansiancoss =e Sa| hoe es punog puvsy Su0T | JOAIY OlUOPBSNOF | UUOD ‘POPPY AON | GL8L'— “99
| see+- am0g quodysa My IOAIY SourVyL, | ~~ IOAN SnvyowN | uU0g ‘WVYpUl A, UWON | oust ‘'— “9d
--+ gsnoy-Suryoyey oFBIG "AN | 7 punog puvs] SaoT qoary ovrdouumngy | un0g ‘ GLE ‘OT “V9
[e==22e5 uu0/) ‘plojueig YON | > ---> punog puvys] Buoy | ot qoaly WR | uo) ‘WOAtTT MON | GL8T ‘0s “UBL
Possess UU0D ‘plojuBIg, TON | LOATY JOTpOOMMOY) | -**** AOATAL ensoyoouo0g |--7-7**7 7777777 BMD ‘uinying | F181 ‘0s “ed
goriaenaS wu0’) ‘ployuvig GION [777777777 SOATY SOUTBALL rrrtrsscetes IOATY JOHODJOYS 36 aajencmnuancesece==scescrs sos} SRT 9G “OSC
Siacle ca wc aes aot uudg ‘wuodysa ay | 7 IOAN JNorpOOMMOD [777 JoAly uoySurmNg | uD ‘MopROW OUT | PBL “Ss “9
Be ipa he um0g ‘qaodysa yy JOAIY QNOTJOOMMOD [777777 LOATY U0 PD ULOLIY -- aos) ‘MOpvaPT ONL | FL8T ‘TZ “99d. |
|--- gsnoq-surqoqyey FBS “AN [777 punog puv[sy Saoy j- Joany ovidomume) | 7777 7 um0g ‘ FLST ‘8t 99
tata ace mu0y ‘jz0dgse Ay | “79 JOATY OTMOPBSUOFF | yoorg qeygnge | “7° UUOD ‘pLOFTU MON | PLET ‘8T “09
ee aoe uu0g ‘plojuvig, YWON Te --panog puv[sT Suoy |°o-7 77 tOATE TEAL -- +--+ uUOg ‘ployuBlg WIION | PL8T ‘paiids |
[esteibicr's u009 ‘projavig, (10 N eeeeseeees* JOATY QMOTJOOMUOD | TT TOATA 980A cece ceeeee estes: cog ‘uBqaing” | PZgt‘T “avs
eke ie + mu0g ‘proyuvig GON |-*~ s--5) JOATYL MOTPOOMMOD | OAT qso Ay |o7 77777 UMOD ‘p1OFTFAON, | E181 ‘0g “90
|---- gsnoy-Surpoyey UBIMOIE Ay | JOATY gRotpooumoOy |-- JOAN UOydaTMIBT | uu0cy ‘YOorIqo[oF) | Elst ‘IT "oeq|°"°""° Qnorpovuuosy
feecsiseisicee sar tere) ‘TMOpIDIOIL) | IOAN OVA UPNOG [-- oyey wooly jp OOD ‘UAM0JVT.LO9F) | HLEL |
a aie eri O[0D ‘UM0}031094) seeeeeeres + DAI O9F9FB[ GMOG [- “OHVT Woody) OOD ‘UM0JOSLOIL) | GLET
eae ee O[oD ‘UMoeBIOGT) |-- 7777777” LAAT o4eRT_ WM | so---°° ONBT L8O[D -* O[OF ‘UM0}OS.L094) | FLET
eee rage o[fop ‘TMOJOSIOVN |--°777 7 LOATH oy BL YNOG | °° ereeeeeesos* OHV] MO0It) -- Of09 ‘umojos1004) | PL8T [o-oo 577" OPBLOJOS
- JOAN PHOTO ‘WONeIS "SO | JOAIY OPMWOUMBIIVS | 77 OATL propo | [BO ‘pared | 088T ‘— “YO
> JATY PUOTOOW ‘WOYVIS "SO | 7" IOAN OFWITIBLORS |° pecan rte LAL PRoTOow 1VO ‘pareg 6181 ‘— 990 |
Pewee a ge ALIANT SVUIVYIR[D reeeseeeccess IOATY BIQUINTOD sorrrtcrttt > IOATY SVULBHOV[D ween eecececeeeeeeteceecee=| Q/QT‘— 90CT |
> JOAN PHOTOIW ‘WOHPIS “SD IOATY OPMOMIBLOVG | > “TOA POOTOOWM | 97 Ieo ‘pared | gigi ‘— “0
JOAN PRO[OOW ‘WOyeIS “$1 IOATY OpMoMBIIVG JOAN PNOTOOW | 18D ‘pared | LL8T‘— “390
cages s777> JOALY SBUIBYOV[-) se eeeeeeecsee -IOATY BIQUINJOD | °° IWAIY SeUuLByoe[D seassenscesnstencesgensensecers| p71 RT — "Ades
“Woany PHOTON “Hoy7kIS ‘SO | JOATY OPMOUIBIOBG | JOATY PNOTOOWML pe Teo ‘pared 9L.°990-" deg
OC eos [BQ ‘oosrouvly URS — JOA OPMIMIBIOVG |-* ~*~ 777” SMAprey 8, prvapooMm [7777757777 TRO ‘oostouvig UBS OLB
SOC Lele, AyunoH epowvpy |----7 77 POAT oyuouIBIORG |- UlLeZ YSY OPVALTT seeeeeeso--> eg ‘oostouvdy UBS | OL8T
> JOAN PROTOOW ‘Woes "SO | --* JOATY OFMOMTBIOVG [7° “+7 JAAN pRolpjow wo ‘pared | ¢u,°990-"deg
- LOATY PROLOIW ‘WONIS "SO | IOATY OPWOMIBIOVG | IAN PHOTOIIA [v9 ‘pateg. | pst ‘— "3405
> JOAN PNOTQOW ‘WOHBIS “SO |" " 7" Besescs AIATY, OPWOULBIOVS | -” ss seees JOATYT PROTOOW [a [vg ‘pate. | erst ‘—"ydeg | VIULLOS IBD
ARCO GEIS O ae WOU ‘OTTATPION | “IOATIT BITUSB AL OAL Onyony) yay ‘erydppyxly | 8L8t‘— “ed
“UOT ‘OUTIAMMION, [oT gaaty Tddresissiyy jr JOATY OVAL | yaIV ‘WodMoN | 8L8t‘— “9d
** POUL ‘OTTTAMPION [77 TOATY VITTSE A - doany opngound yay ‘viqdpapeyxtV | 8st ‘— *99 |
“TOMS OILAUIIONG | ct utieg ee TOATIUPIUSBAN | IOATY OUTTVG |--7 yay ‘woyuey | 8L8T ‘— ‘9d |
* "TOT ‘OUTPAUHION [oo MOATICBPUSBAN tse ee JOATY OUTBS | yy ‘wopweg | g18T‘— “ed
Seba YOU ‘OUPAMMON |-77 7777777 doaTa TE diesisstpy [77-7777 777777 7 roar OFT wecesceceeereees Hay ‘QdodMON | BL8T'— “09
aa 2 ee HOUR ‘OULAGHION |~ seeeeces--JOAT BSE A, [77 OAT oynyown’) |--° 7° LW ‘eid apeylV | SL8L‘— “99
mae ae seseceo OU ‘O[TAG}ION |- ------goary tddississtpq |--7 777777 OATH sesueyry | ‘pooy OLIVT | 8L8T ‘— “99d
SEE TOUN ‘OTTLAU}10 N s---JOATy Iddiesisstyy [77 *10ATY SBBUBYIY | 77 HIV ‘HOW OWL | S40 ‘— “ed | sesueyly
eae PIV ‘oL0Utz BL weeeeeeeeee sso" JOATY B8009 [77777777777 HOD 1098M POD weeeeeeeeeeeeess-2> BPY ‘pLOFXO | 8481 ‘63 “99M
“YOUN ‘CTEAUMON [77 >" Laas sot tp JoATy OTGoW | eee JOA viuwqepy | iepy ‘rons yWOW, | 9L8T ‘gr ‘ood | BuUVvgely
“payoyey AypeUy Or AL —yo Areynquyy, rong ero poate sorta owe ‘04S
O1OM YS YONA Ul S19}¥ AX
“aUsnjour ORT OF LLBT Wows UomDs prusofyng fo wong g— Il ItdV Ea
[36]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
860
000 ‘T feo sii Srcaren tees. Tr ‘ars |--- 77 s-*""* JOATY SOUTOTT Seq
000 ‘s ee ene en «aad ee BOLO Set tae Ge roaly WNT
000 ‘g ODED eabisgtan s4eo or SST TOLo [He esse sivleueeeie' ro-5* JOAN XO
000 ‘OT See aE setae ogo MOCCUG ARIE | Rts pe IS IOAN SOUT
COOKOT=" = |" 2°5- ee ge oe TRE LOTNOOR ys es ee IOATY YOO
000 ‘OT pee sae eI Coo |< orisis iescles “IOATY YOO
oooneg= = i--->7 seals Soe Bs TM DlLOFHOOM || s3 gs IOAN BIU0}VIOT
OD0KO err a ms Gecescisce ss Ss saee II ‘OTAeTIEg |" "7770-77 “"" OOTXOTT JO FIN
(VI) Ta) - Seat ae eae m= 9 TICUACHOS r=: sae JOATYT dd Ssisst py
(OLN Tai a ae SFr Til OTACTIOS: |e IOATY Tddisstssiyy
Ota eee |lesiciee a toe ae ee (uc n ec ty ds REE SES --- JOANY SlOul][T
000 ‘¢1 pop aaa COs igs Usa ee eee aac --+-roarny Tddisstssipy
000 ‘sz TORS EE E aagrraics owe le Ota [ofalaa orcas eae IOATY Idd Ississi py
(i) G7 = eRe ee TSs TMS cases ae IOAN STOUT]
U00k0GHeueel eae Siscn oa TUT ‘OUTAOTIOM: [77-7777 sisis isi: roar tddississiyq
(VRE) a el ees TOU OMEAGHON [ovo ttt rrt rrr JOATY STOUNTIT
COD OGRE ieee es TORN OTAUIION [7-7-2752 "=o roar rddresisstpq
CUAL Te aa) Pi thane aad TOMA OFAUIION, [>= >“ IOATY Tddisstsstpy
(OKO C piers Ge oe oe A TOT O[[TAUIION, |--- "=> -7 227 rary iddississipy
(011) U0 ol ee ai ae TOU UOS ROM. | ssa ees roaTy 1ddississtpy
(WV O(1) Cty Ce = Lia Bo ag WOU ‘OUTLAqQIONT [7 - IOATY Tddississi py
OO0ECAee > Wl ca a ey OU SMO SE Ol tas aan erence UBSIQON OY'T
000 ‘2 Wfeegeiaietscieinta seis eee PW ‘srownypeg |---* 77-7777" 7" OATY VuUlVqely
C01) a aa a DIN, OLOMUM TBC kgs ss ee IOAN B8009
000 ‘¢ [Pesieisiniescicim/=iS)siel= -- pW ‘e1owmnyypeg |°7--7--°7-- IOATY vpooryorped y
000 ‘¢ | 7 eee PIV ‘o1ommngypeg j "7" IBATY GOTPOoOOYLyIeY/)
000 ‘ oe eGR PIN ‘osoungpeg j-777 7777” JOATY vfoorqorred y
(1G) Won ae ieee Ieee DIV oon eg, | re" JOATY VavUeILy
0cL ‘g \esecsiece: ocr aT rAOLOUL TH SE [oo oss ea IOAN 895[NUINO
OSL ‘8 Sena eka eae PI ‘oroungyeg | -"--" --7777* Ioan VyvUeyTy
OGueGe se os ores ace SADE CLOUT Uh |2- a IOAN VyvueyLy
(HIRE) ss ace aa aah PI come |-----"--- IOATY BlOolporpedy
QE rte a en iaers ASE Ei Soe Se TIAMOLOULTEGh arcs ars LOAN MBQBSSO
(Ce) ee tee Cs ==" nT OlOUlIy Bal |7> IOANT YLUUBATS
OCOhU fea BiPache= ostcoec ers PIE CLOUNg Ted |e 25 2555 punog Meqess¢—
OUGnOTe == ree a= SOREESOIOE 1 CRU ANSE pea aS IOATY BYVUIE}ITY
CO) Re) a cece aia ae SAUDI, GLOULT TO. |e se eee JOATY VUIEGRlV
(OC) ae ities pares SPI OLOUNII@, \ce ss on ee JOATY VULVGREV
000 ‘¢ Avg oyvodesoyy |
000 ‘9 keg oyvodesoy
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00F ‘OT sees re ociure o> =e DIN COLOULTT UG sls = panne as punog z018ue 7,
(Wb) TNS Fogo Red Se ae ere hegre nie ein | ctesia rdcinjeisi>/ heres JOANY somey
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JOANT 905[NULNO
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IOATY OFYOOTJUBN
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YOeIQ 8,9
JOATIT SNVYOYVN, |
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|
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nie obs IIL ‘TotuvQ JUNOT | LL8T ‘8a “99CT
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pac doe Sh IIL ‘STAMOS HOVL | LAST ‘FL “09
pene Tort TTT TIL "Paopyooy | L180 '— “Aon,
Loe ee ne ee TIT "WOMO | LST '— “AON °
peaecs ke “TUL ‘39taang | L180‘ "390
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vrrsorssssscssss TT ‘eTTAe eg | L180 ‘suradg
tial eee peeree TIL MTAS|[og | L181 ‘Sutidg
TA a oot cae lee pe eee 9L8T JO TR
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pry ase See: Stee sgeea ees LOLS 3% TB
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fig mneissisiesiss.t's * IEL ‘aye purg | 91st ‘62 99d
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See hoe Sar eeee IIL ‘WoySusaoy | PAST ‘Zt ABW j-----------* stoaTTIT
sew ewe ee ee ee eee oes ex) ‘eOVSer SL81 ‘8g 00,
pieieiciciele (sis ejovelniais Bx) ‘OT[TASIO}IVD | 8L8T‘8z “09d
Pace athmarorisseieicie ex ‘YSnoLoqsouor | gL8T ‘8z "00d
(5: Deueeaee BD ‘SIMA S5arpred | 8181 ‘82 “00d
Bris Seems Coes Vx) ‘OT[TASETIVY) | BLET ‘8G 99
pibie Sine sire err rs BX) ‘WOYSUTAOD | SL8T ‘TS 99d
riSiminicieim 2 a:8/5 >> exp ‘M0}SUTAOD | SL8I ‘1G “09d
Sa Tere ree “-* Bx) ‘MOOR | SL8T 16 “99M
sare sean.” BH ‘OTASSpoTA | 8281 ‘16 “9d
Reps cases meee ex) ‘B8O10ION | LLBT ‘OT “uel
cinisiseisieie S26 VX) ‘OT[LASPIOFMVAD | LIST ‘OL “ee
SSIs icpoesisins SS Onc ae eerie ey ‘voooy, | LL8T ‘OL “uBe
siniciesienncieicis: VX) ‘O[[IASPIOFABIO | 9L8T ‘Zs “99
Risicnie Sie 18 CC .oic ir sieeee Bx ‘Q9U0DK) | OL8T ‘Zs 99
qos Sasa Se Vx ‘OT[TASIOJIVD | OL8T ‘Zs “99
Big ussisreis:ciz's) 2/ecpe ieee es ex) Boesey | 9L8T ‘ZZ ‘Oe |-7 7777 BIS100x)
iiss ie statis ein ee 19d ‘paoyveg | 0881 ‘e “00
sloisio'e' e915 5 cages ice 19 ‘ployzeog | O88T ‘8% “AON
Beiqsisiesieis eS cis siaisie 19q ‘proyeeg | SL8T ‘9T “99d
Pew iais cece = hiesieles 19 ‘prlozeeg | 9181 ‘9 “o0q |°""" "77" erBABTIG
Glee eC es cee Se =**| OL8T ‘pendly
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861
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
[37]
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URL
[38]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
862
GO0nGse Cpe eesti ssc eMoy ‘vsomvuy j7--"°**"~* doany ABjoqeuystN p77" yo9olN ynuye AA j°** VAOT ‘AQuNOD A19MOSzUOT_ | 918T‘9 “RIT
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000 ‘S Sree ricteree: Tr @MOTSUROWIG YE Insets ees TOATSETINOSSTINE 995 > ess oany AvMepON j--* vaoy ‘Ajyunog AromosyuoT_ | 91gt ‘9 “IVIL
000 ‘S eMoy ‘esoulvuy |---""""""">" IOATY BOULOPT S9q j*""-- "77 YOoID ysvorg oJIQ AA |--- "77 BAO] ‘AJUNOD UOLIBy_ | 9/81 ‘9 “avy
000 ‘¢ BKoT VsouBiny, |“~ 9 "=" - ~~" = eo TOATV TANOSS Ye |= 29 a es IOATY, WOMB |" -------° eMoy ‘AJUNOD BBONT | 918T ‘9 “IVT
00¢ ‘2 BMOT ESOULBILY: [===> 9- sess TIA YUNG |pseaguce Sipieiaivliais YOoIQ IVpay |-----*- VMOT ‘AJUNOD WOSIOMSL | 918T‘9 “IVP
00c ‘Z BMOT-EBOUIeUnY |" = Sas IOAN tdd1ssIssipy | aelejefrle/cimineieicicss Sista TOA gs Be ee BAOT yekaee) laa OL8T ‘9 “IVT
‘ VMOT ‘vsoulRu sis elisierietsicie fe\tiel=r3 HEY NOV ES Ley (SI ICO AES SES CGriaL oon MOOLA) cole loses asa emoy ‘Aqgunog Aime | 9181 ‘9 “Ie PT
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000 ‘ cea heal ee MOT ESOMLEUY: |- 2) | ee TOAST TACIGSISENIN: |oo> et e e IOATY YUNYS |------- VMoy ‘AJUNOD VYSVYVIL | 9L8T ‘TS “Gor
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000 ‘¢ Soren S SSeS MOP RSOULBILY. | ~~ f° =o <5 =e JTOATY TIMOSSIT -* 7-7-7" iar LuvjyoqRvaysIN j°-- 777-777" BM] ‘AJUNOD STIL | 9L8T ‘LT “Qo
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(CY ee oa eae VMOT ‘VSOTRUY | TOATAMUOOINIOTISGM AK. ||° == 2's ae eiriciciainieie yoo1g opeyng |------ VMOT en) uvusyong | 9L8T‘b “qa
Geo siege sites reese BMOT ‘esouleuy ;°---°--"7° DOATH AUVJOGGUURING |*- +7 > so eee HOOL LOA LG te wees VAOT ‘AJUNOD SIT | 9A8L ‘1S “UeLe
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A 35) = ean OS a MOT BsouUEIy |---" "9 -°- oss 2" SIOATSETUMLOSS Nin soos a ee oe TOAST PULID) | --°-- °°" eMoy ‘AJUNOD UOIay | 9L8T ‘GT ‘uve
000 ‘¢ fase Rar ciemiasisiens eMoy ‘esourviy | ~--""---"*° IOAIY SOULOPY SOCq |-"--7 77777 OID svolg OJIG MM | --* ‘eMOT ‘AJUNOD WOTIR]T | 9L8T ‘CT ‘ue
GI Sy = | Bo Bes NOT EROUIBILY. [<> 79 22 oo os Stee AOATIEAO MANS | oo eee eee JOATY STO DACS | emacs: vmoy ‘Ajunog o330ART | OL8T ‘FI ‘uee
000 ‘¢ Iyaiaxeleteierelelaiatmic' nines @eMoy ‘esomvuy |-----*--"-""- aoaty rddississtpy |--- "+ >> BRO ee I IOAly AoyINT, | --* BAOT ‘AZUNOD HorysouurA, | OL8T ‘FI ‘uve
000 ‘OL OURO FO dor emoy esomvmy. |-> 27779 2= >" - oaty Tddississtpy |---""- 7-7" IOAN eMoy reddy |---- emoyz ‘SJuN0D HorysouurA, | CLT ‘TZ 99q
GO0ESHeSe” Sec tes sae WMOTCsOUlEIby |o2>- <2 eso IOATY Tddississipy |-----° ooo TOAly oisdvay | ~~ -emoyz ‘Agunoyg Mvseyorgy | SL8T ‘IL ‘00d
000 ‘OL Serer secre Sens WMO SOME Yeo ee ee roaty pAopT |*°7-"** sisisisiercictelniaste yoo dee, |*----- eaoy ‘Ajunog yynourATg | 1st ‘6 “99qL
000 ‘S PERURS OE Bo onens eMoT ‘esoumBuy |-------"°>--- qaany iddisstssrpy |---- 77-77" IOATY wooturdisdeyy |-----°°- 77° eaoy ‘vsouvuy | GL8T ‘2, ‘dy
Wine 2 lepResspgEee -- emoy ‘esomeuy |-t tote *--qoaTy tddisstestpy |-----7 77 -77° FOAM BMOP AOUd() [~~ ~~~" "=== VMOT ‘eLO9ECT | GLET ‘OL “AVI
hs ae eben SURE reson oa te aaa Sy | ceiccoreceete aS GEE ey ae
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000 ‘o1 Sait Satan Sone eeu. et aa oan aoa Hao soo bdednmes Sosaa Te gM EERE oi iss. ee oe ‘nae
tn i Keiste mine a'cis-s/> sistas @MOT sesciguY | eeceereiaci IOAN SOuLOyy CY 0 tel ieee Gitaroo IOANY auoog, SS ORG ROIs BMOT ‘AJID TOISGOAA | LST ‘T “qaq
Li) eee emai orgungeyjancieare seo: Goat WHORE [--o-22 -o-<2e=- ones eM G | -s--erscact--erquae taary oe Leek th ae
00'G 00 crrrtreesrete: eMoy ‘esouemy [etter secre AUT 1 Baie Maisie cameo iy pAopy [o-oo
aa ‘OL [ASUS RR Ore sce BAO] ‘vsoWVIy PSR gece eer os JOATY TINOSSIPY |--- 777°" TOATI XMOTS OTe | oma < os eric ice VMOT ‘VOHOLOYO | GLI‘ “qoq | ‘penuryaog—eMoy
|
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So MITE | ‘poyoyey ATTeuy O10 AA —Jo Lreynquy, e10M YSZ aaa Ul S109B AA 10 ‘UMO4 eoaiaeed 4S8o1vo NT eed 9783S
pezveUys : :
*‘PONUTFUON)—arisnjour ‘ORRT 07 ELET mwouf uoumpns priusofyng fo uoyng.ysiqg— TT ATVL—'d
863
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
[39]
BAO] “SOUL
Sree ee * BAO] ‘RooURO Wy
Sakae sos: cee BAO] ‘VSOWVUY |
SAO] ‘vsoumvay
soo5°°* BMOT ‘BEOTITAY |
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BAO] ‘VsOMeEny
Seveisieisie/s'- ocrtt BOT ‘vsoueu y
Spee Sa ree VMOT ‘BsOmVTy |
BAO] ‘vsoUvay |
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Prsiswaen' ssa r'te/2 VMoy ‘BsomVuy |
BAO] ‘VSOMVUyY |
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BVAOT ‘VSOMBOy
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-- BMOy ‘VSOUIvUy
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BMOT ‘VsoTIvay
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VAMOT ‘BSOULVUY
BAOT ‘RSOWUBOy
--> BMOT ‘BSOMICUYy
Beis CAO] ‘BsouUlvay
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BMOT ‘VSsOuUlvuy
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siaieis rorcecress BMOT ‘BSOUICL VY
sigeie nie eisicte.deieis BAO] ‘BsomRly
wicipicieieiescisielee “> BMOT ‘BsoulvOy
glebeinar nyse ainsi us BMOT ‘esourvay
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IOATY SOULOTT SOT
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sere iis srrooe- BMOT ‘BsOMVUY | GLST ‘OL “IBAL
wa aay aw BAO] ‘VJoyoubeW | 6L8T ‘02 “AT
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eee VMoy ‘AZuN0D ONG | GLET ‘SI “Qaq
Pte Sep waoy ‘Aguno0g o1yyny) | BART ‘ZI “qouT
Pe edage hake eMoy ‘Agunog emedt4yy | EL8T ‘ZL “Gor
sia ehe eee ie Boy ‘AJUNOD oUO0Og | GL8T ‘ZL "Qo",
‘ween sce es teens eee ae 6L8L ‘1g ‘ave
ew re reece ce cc ew ccc secenesceeane GLST Te ‘une
Pepi Oe sis eeieiee BMoy ‘AyuNOD OV | ERT ‘TE ‘aee
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2-oer so-s*-masoy ‘KQuN0D AvIO | ELET ‘IE “UBL
Be Reh eine eee VAMOT ‘A}IO xorg | BLE ‘LG “URE
PSe gains sine eaoy ‘Aqunog somo | g/sT ‘gl oun
gig ge a BAOT ‘AJUNOD uUry | gzgT ‘9T oun
ed alas VAOT ‘AQuNOD ueLIBA, | QLST ‘OT ouUNnE
Sere vaoy ‘AzuNOD vysvyvy_ | sgl ‘Ol oung
aaa a a eaoy ‘AjuN0D seed | SL8T ‘OL oun
UeekEns esse VMOy ‘AJUNOD STL | SL8T ‘6a “Id
vores sem ‘AJunOD YyNssoy | SLT ‘6s “dy
eet -* emoy ‘Aguno0yg pfopy | sgt ‘6s “dw
eee ee ee | SL8T ‘p ady
Se mie[e ste-stelsie= =mieicem ice seco esieeos SOT py. “aay
Satan Piniecinis = rite soovtd Lapung | g18t ‘9% “99CT
ee ee ee ee ad | QLET ‘eg ady
Benes vmoy ‘Agunog osvqouuraAy | OL8T ‘6% “LTT
Rape eaoy ‘Ajunog yooouryy | OL8T ‘63 “ART
VMoy ‘AguNOD yooouryZ | 9181 ‘6S “AVIK
Sete seis VAOT ‘OYV'T 18919 | OL ‘6G “AVL
VMOT ‘AJUNOD YyNssoy | 9L8T ‘6G “IVT
eo meets voy ‘Kyuno0g Yyooouvy_ | OLST ‘6% “LVI
Suen hie BAO] ‘AJuUNOD pAOLT | OL8T ‘6% “AVI
Snlesitieieisinios's's (sit 1s fas ae OL8T OG Lei.
Soy a ee VMoy ‘AJUNOD oyu | 9L8T ‘23 ‘AVL
See ee Boy ‘AJUNOD JO[JN | OL8T ‘LZ “AVAL
Sig ee ae BMoy ‘AQUNOD PAOLT | 9L8T ‘LZ IVIL
Sete vMoy ‘Agunog yooouryy | 9L8T ‘0% “AVAL
sees VMOT ‘Ajun0D wosarHory | 9L8T ‘0G “IVIL
See VMoy ‘AQUNOD WOSULYII | 9LT ‘0% “AVI
ka perenne BMOT ‘OYVT W10}FG | 9180 ‘0% LET
eeirieis'eisie vaoy ‘AJuNOD uNOYTRD | 9L8T ‘0Z “ABIL
Scceee emoy ‘AyunoH YNoMATT | 9L8T ‘0% “IVIL
Serre” emoy ‘Agunoy yynours(g | 9L8T ‘0s “TVA
pets vAOy ‘AJUNOD YINSSOM | 948T ‘Os IVIL
“=7757* gMoy ‘KJUNOD YooourH | 9ST ‘0% “ABIL
peace emo ‘Ajanog yooouvTy_ | 9L8T ‘0G “IVIL
peel VMOT ‘AJUNOD MBSBYOTTL | OL8T ‘FL “IBTAL
ee eee wee QL81‘L BP 0:3 1g
he nee -* wMoy ‘AjUNOD STN | 9L8T ‘9 “ITIL
seresrecrss BMOT AQUNOD BIT | 9L8T'9 “IV
poywunys sy
864
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867
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH
[43]
seeeseeeses sn ‘sdurdg taery |*--****"**‘TOATY vuuryonbsng
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[44)
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
oe PIV ‘g1oumr4[eg.
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869
CTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
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‘09q
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00d
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[48]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
872
“Us JO
requmu
poywurry sy
‘ponuUlyMoH—arrsnpous ‘OST 02 SLQT wouf uowpns miusofyvg fo uoyngi.zsig—II ATaAVL—'d
pero OC at —OnOnmmocesOdil: stn s ie TOAD OCICUMO() 279s = 2 Yoorpj Oursvoeg jr2="*- "===" Wor ‘AyaN0D sseg | cigt‘g ‘oq
Re GG 2p SOUN PUG GEOR) | setae esse JOALY OBIOVMOCT |--7777 TT YOOID S,ULVIYLAA |"" 7777 You ‘Ayanoy ssvg | Giet‘g “90d
2 a geek WOU COSe Oc: ||P eos. sss TOMAUOBTGBMO GE | os MOOLG LB LOU eee es Worm ‘Ajunoy ssvg | czgt‘g 00d
Oo te eae pes AU OND Aiea ofS OS £9 eA a en le See a lias sees paog Areuraieg ysigdeg |e-- store {oun ‘oozemrey | cust ‘e Apne
re DOO ee TOU UOseyOr |" ->-+ 52> OATS YdosomqmIeR [>> 22 s-s soe sores epmom [Pa =2 89" = "=<" OTA MOseMOr | GUST 1 [ay
SSTUOU VE OGES|Ogis | 127” ays oa oe sane ROUGE TROME) lr see sees ee WOM eyeyT |-27-=-" yor ‘AjunopH purpyroO | cLst ‘0g “Ie
“= -QOuAr CO0eNOd: ||; 2575s Eas Pe ag ast Q)LOTG ES (17 fl PREen Sere BeOS LC). UISIVY JOA [otter OMA ‘OOLMOPT | GLRT ‘2s ‘IVIL
ie MOL Ose Od: | > on OST OL Ose | oes = S egpuod: "2 = ==" "=== TOT A UOesOIr ure! |eveT 27. -doun
gee Wor ‘woseyog |-----*- 77-7 OAT OOzVMMB[VY, |“ - 77 + OV OVIOUON |------ "~~" OTP ‘Yoortg of9}eq | cust ‘or “uer
pea Gory ‘WoSeyog |----- °°" DOATY. AMABUTSBG |--- 77-7“ -IOATAT GOSSVMBTIYYG [o-oo TTT SIP ‘OS8OMGO | SLT ‘91 “UBL
pocka YOU Oae One| see os ONL) ORLae MOC | sso 27 ===" GOT) OGBMO | co se eee pees ee GyOT gp SMB
pian MOuARUOGESOgda|ie2 was sss MOOL OULGC MOG: | 2-7 -- = 7OGr Ov LeU PUTA |. oe cei iessicsi Sn Lop en GT) “UB
ope egeg ate o- =< “VOL woOoe Oct int eee ates [COL ORR G ALO (iT: [ror tt +> yoorg ssuraidg [eqyssig SO Sle sf ae eee ek ere CL8I ‘cL “uve
agcscuatar ins Sousa os qo ‘woseyog |°---°--° "7" Hoorg ovrsemocy |-- 7-77 77 Your B,eyang |-----°-"---- yor ‘AJUNOD SseQ | cyst ‘FT ‘use
ees arin Sr OUP E MOR lite ten weet ee TOTMOAU SO ea, [299 - Sosa ainiciere OAT ROME Da oa eee oe YOU ‘PoUNVSOIN | FL8I ‘OE “00
pr aes: sorcers---TOTA ‘MOseyOg |----7- 7-7-7" IOAN OoZvUILey |"--------- YoatgQ Yoorg surmdg |-----*----** YO ‘Oozeure[vy | PLST ‘9g ‘00d:
jssseeaeneiinis Syl caries WOU UOce Ori lsemese as a ae WESTQONE OYE. |" soos ONVT SJTBOJOTT [77 you ‘Aqunog uno0y[vg | Psi ‘ez “00C
Bnepeisiecsi/= Seventies MOU enU Oc Uo Oris i|iee 2 eae eae WOM OAV] [oT ToT aoareyl elqeg WV | °°" 7°" “TOT ‘JUNO PLOFMVIO | PLST ‘ES *00CL
een de MOn i Oe yO s+ > as oe HOLA) OVLGE MOG: |r" "esses S[ OOM C)ER SUELO [ER ep | faa wa eee ea re PLT ‘2S 99
See or" Oly ‘WoseyOg |----°" "77°" -aOaTY Wosoysuyy |------------*--- yoorg AosaeHy |*-----*--- ">" BOUT ‘AFT peo | PLsI ‘st ‘oe
piiemins sis". Seon Oded |77 >= 4 te YooIn ovlIsvmMog |°-°--°°--°°-7- OOTG IS UOMMU a tora oe ae gee PLS ‘SL (99
rie Gseries S<=-<" eo uOoByOd |----~"--- "= "= FOOL OCloUMOG |\---"**>""-""--"yONTG) S,ULeIT[C A SESE FLST ‘BT “90q
BIR ase ena TS Ou ‘Wosyove IIANT OOZVULe [EL poog wnjAsy oyvuyT you ‘oozemupey | pugt‘gs Avy
Ree TS eee Wor ‘Wossyouve "==" IOATY: PUI) srr T8525" ¥QOTD 8,YONOID Wor ‘AjunoH wosyove | Pzgt‘g ‘wee
Brigscciinn scisienls WOLT SWOSSOUIPa| a> e s - ee OATS, PUBS) | 9oos esr OoTey Sonoda == 992 WOT ROS yOR | PieTig) . <Ueip
ASI hel esate YOU, ‘Wosyovp j-- 77 -o AOATY pUBIY |------ -puog sseyT pus surydeg | *-"7""---* Gorp_ ‘spidey puery | pgt'e ‘ae
Soa =- ORME RUOS OUI iets ssn ee ee OATS PUES), [=> oo == SWRA TO OUOTSPUEGG | --2 ots -citsminse te Ses pee eS Pele: Seer
Sse, =" Ory ‘WOSyoepe |---- "oo IOATT pUBIy |-- SS HOOLLOUOTSPUBG ||ac ssn mei iemn sense ea Pein. “Oe
pees “<- TOI ‘Wosyoee |--- +7 ooo + LOATY, PUBID j------“puog ssopT pue subpieg |----**-"-- WOuUN ‘Spidey puvry | pigt‘s ‘uve
ato Sa On MMOS MOE Pal 55 >=o° =" 22 “= TOAT PWels), [a> so 2 =r == OO OMOTSPUBG) | rose. ho nckire es sara Sier eS Pelee Cee
Sasi SOON UOSHOR GE |= >= 75° °>"s = “se TOAT, PUCIE) |i ca 2a 2 se ee nee ais se" Ory SIUNO) UOSHOUl{|"sLe 0s .ecL
SS Seahss sis “=4on (aosyour |------°-°-----aeATy OOZeUreyey | --7 7 oUBIg ysem |---* o> * "> OLY ‘WOBHOe | SLET ‘6s (00
nae ="TOlfy ‘WOsyoep |°°-"----:°---aeAINy OOZBUIU[eYy |--7 °°" OMB | --------OIpy ‘digeumoy, show | eg ‘ze ‘08M
parkas crcsrses=- DOTY ‘mosyoep |--- 7" OAT OOZVUIRTVY, |--7 7-7 OOIO TINH |°-- “Gory ‘AQun0D oozemeley | S18 ‘Le (99M
pcpipicisinisiciais)*/e ="TOLIAL “WOsHoBl: | 2=- = <= -- = TOATY W[dosopr yUIVY |--- 7°77 >- puog Aroqogvy 99VIS | 77-7” “--"""- (ogy ‘aoseyog | €1gL ‘Gz 00d
ris.sieigrie/sizisie's "Ory ‘Wosyovp j---------- -qoary ydosor quteg |----7+ 77-7777 7 yoorg pues |------ > yore ‘AQuNOD oeTepsyIAL | EL8I ‘cz “00d
Peat yess ee On ‘Wosyovpe j*----"-----aealry qdosopr gureg |-----------+-- F919 ynuieygug |-----** Worn ‘Ajuno0y oyepsytH | E1gr ‘eg “09d |--- 77 UBSTQOTTT
sss ess = Bee AoJSoqoULM j--? TOATY MOJUNUY, | --- 7 OATY, JoxMIOUT A, |--- 77 SELL ‘DOBMOSpIIg | LL8T‘— ‘00d
SSO COROT SSVI AOYSOTOULM | -7 7 rT puMOg prorg |---7 77780 dear y SNgNeG j----- o-oo BBVT_ ‘ens | L18T‘— ‘oom
woe BSVIT “LoySoOULAA foo" Seg syjosnyovssvyy |----7-* Senseo TIATYMO MONG |e aoe SSUy ‘ployysavyy | LL8T ‘— ‘00d
gsc" so""* SSBIT ‘OJSOMOULM |" --°-- «LOATY OVUILITETL IOALy vnyseny |-- ~~~“ ssvyy ‘AzuN0D 19389010 A, | LL8T ‘— “09
sose hci Se. FRITS OULAN | oe eee WLvIIQO OULD V IOATY WOUMSAy |--- 7-7 - ssvyy ‘Ajunoy xessq | 218T‘— 00d
ws “"* SSBPT ‘LOJSOOUT AA |- ~~ IDANT OVUILLIOPT “LOATY BUYS NT errs" SSR] ‘1oysvouvy | 948T JO [[BL *ponurymoy
pete “o-"°* geeyy ‘LoqSeqOULA, |°--------- Keg syjyesnqoessepy [o-oo OAT, YPIONT [ov eeByT ‘PLO YSIVPL | 9L8T JO [IBA | —89FOSuToOVsssyy
‘poor d ‘o58 ; d
“ponopeT ATIEUY exom AN —yo Areqngyay, 919M [ST teak Ul 8199 AA IO ‘WM04 acide aod 489.189 NT ove 27818
873
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
lseansas cart ats YOUN ‘OTtAN}10 N
yon ‘woseyog
Yor ‘Wosvyog
youy ‘uoseyog
poe OR eh ie WOU ‘woseyog
Se wes oe --"** Gorn, ‘uoseyog
ete BO ey ==" TOT. Wosexyog |--""*°
ebay oath als * ory ‘uoseyog |-*-""-
Bonne 77" “OTP ‘OT [LATO NT
Ee eed telptalidis OU ‘Wosevyog
| Reearrees ace gc You ‘woseyod
WO ‘Woseyod
Or ‘Wosvyog
OS le tera aot Woy ‘Wosvyog
Ory ‘Wosvyog
psa sort OTT ‘OT[TAT ILO NT
ee tee TOUA ‘STATON
i age b GOT ‘OTT ATIION
eee eee WOT ‘OTT ATION
“YOUN ‘OTATIION
YOUN ‘OTA LON
YOUN ‘OTTAU}ION
TOU ‘OTA TIO N
YOu O1[LAq410 N
TOUN ‘OTTATIION
OLA ‘OTEAU}10 N
pee ters ik YOUN ‘OTTTAUILO N
ion wort tes QOUAAL ‘OTTLA G4L0 NE
ta ee nk oe YOU ‘OT AT 410 NC
eee wrote TOUR ‘OTA TF.L0
a abe perpen YOU ‘OTA T3.10 N
Se a a eee YOUN ‘OTA TI10
inant one YOU ‘OUTLAW ON
Seo tea TTS tae TOU ‘OTAM 310 N
Staal TOTAL “OTA TION
verses" TOTP ‘WOSVyOg
rae YOu ‘woseyod
ceca ory ‘woseyog
seo sso GOI ‘WosByog
a ee YOU ‘Woseyjod
ory ‘Wosvyod
Worl ‘Wosvyog
ou ‘Woseyod
Qouy ‘woseyog
ticleltwiwieid sleisis\a.se,s Toul ‘noSvyod
aie via so 22959 --- TOL Ose Od.
eee cee e ne aecoes TOUN MOSVyOd
eee we weet ee wees WounL ‘ost yod sewer.
REGO SRO SSE yoy ‘woseyogd
ie TOT ‘OTT ATI10 N
“-- TOIyY ‘dosvyog
PavSOS TOW ‘woseyog
poss LOAN WOSOSnL
“LOANT PUBLY
estes 75 sss LOAN puRry
“LEAT puwsy
“IOATYT PUBIT)
ad these IOAN puBLy
Sasa ne IOATY OOZBINRIT IL
shoe nese tis LOATYY WOPUTLL)
UVSTIPU 9YV'T
ne ge roan ydosor yures
aac qoaTy Ydosop quieg
per IoATy Ydosor qureg
ae JOALY Ydosor yureg
aw LOANT Ydoso”r yureg
nn ta TOA Ydoso pr quivg
ictal TOA PAesor WUIRG
“"77 > OAT Ydosor gureg
otros TS eee OL] OXB'T
cmc seta LOAN PUBIY)
see ees IOATY PUBL
ae: UVSIQOyT OYV'T
pet ess nee IOATY PUBIY)
2215 Sea IOANT puvssy
"7" LOATYT ALB) FUTVS
TE SEIN SS ea wounyy OFe'T
oye'yT yevory
SSS tec sceae OLIGL OV'T
Ol OYV'T
pane! OYCT LVM PALS
Nees eae LOATY OSTOY
Seep ee an LOAN JLOLOT
{eee *-7"JOATY OUT
poe IOS JOANT AVULSLS
peed Aegq MVULSVg
crea eee IOATY MVUTSRS
Seaces soe UVSIQOL ONV'T
LOATY OOZLULETRIT
IOANT OOZVUB[ LI
ee” UvdoTYI WV]
Uvsiqypory WV
UVLO OUv'T
ULSIOY OV'T
UUs Ov]
ULSI OCT
A ae “IOAN puwiy
"eo" TOATY Ydeso yr yureg
eee TOA Ydosor qureg
Ree eae come TOA OTQeg nw
we eke “""" IOATY oTqrg ny
cate DOAN OVS nW
ee puske ce UVSITOITY Oxe'y
LOALY OVINVAO(T
Batic OFV'T 199UA\ JOS
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“OYV'T Uoz1OG WILT
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me ee Poe OUT UOSLLLo yyy
dle SP0O AA OY JO OT |
OYVT L9VMPLON
IOATY UISteyy
eyey ojddy u10q 7,
oyey ojddy wioyy,
OYVT 19}IVO
eyey punoy
ei eee saan 2 cee IOANT ofdeyy
LOANY Youlgy
Sores IAT ALTO wures
Ppniey eGo Secs ee OXV] WOOPLLOFT
gona aee Vein s'est UISILY, LOATY,
PSS es syste UISIRY JOA
esc ee ToATyY OPUS)
OV] prvyqoig
Helvasinieistieg'e rsinisar IAN OFNOY
Joany eaoddiyg
-* IOANT OOSSVALOLIILT,
Seer Acie Soe ee eee IOATY OFT
JOATY JUL
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OWT ovesu0x)
7" OFBT TD
Ree cok Oye] STAO'T
has OFVT 8, UVIeLOW
OWL] 8,00 AA
caece Sars OV'T § MOAT
pie incre sme ees eae ee ONV'T Suo'TyT
IOATY OSRIIOT
Fee oe Sa eee 2 me oyey uvipuy
-s-oyey Aqqng
REO SECU OCU OR DAD Ao soyey ULM
phos eo aainge ee welche aes OyeT ososyo
" JOA
ty ydoso ¢ yureg
yoorg wosryog
yey meTD |
Worl ‘oviyjuog
eae eps ts Or ‘RIVA 99a TL,
stasaich cates “=== YOU ‘Wofog
YOu ‘BLOAT 091g, 7,
ss sielein nsleinie’s org ‘Agunog sseg
peeitaka te youn ‘Ayuno0g sseg
Pate eer “---qoupy ‘Aqunog ssvy
“Wor ‘Ayumog qouvig
ape at yor ‘Ajuneg qouvig,
7 “yor ‘Aponog yourac
Woy ‘Agunog oomvuoryT
ose e rn st ory ‘Aqunoeg woop
eae alas youn ‘Aqunoeg Aang
qouy ‘Agunog Arauq
Wu ‘Ajun0H wozaryy
caetaad "ts" DOU “VIMOyT
“7 ory ‘Woimyzy yao
oe sicieisic Wor ‘Aqyunog purpyro
poser rt iraore ou ‘WApPpoorg
pe missle Te cine ree Wong ‘Josueutog
i) Ee eine WOU “BO
alata ony ‘Ayunoy purpyzo
lt cath beak Ou ‘WL0q.tvocy
pine giro Certara -* (Oly ‘pueTpIyy
ie eieeageds: © TOUAL (PUeLPUAL
Reyne: oS As youn ‘Ayunog Aver
Senn “-* yore ‘Agunog yur
eae so o°"" TOTAL ‘MU MUT
gecaice:s your ‘Aqanoy anoy[rp
Paka youn ‘Ajunog oozeueye y
ge aie youn ‘Aqgunoyg unoyed
sie shecs youpy ‘Aqunog unoy[Vg
aks YOUN ‘Aganoy) oozeureype sy
yorpy ‘Ayunog oozeurepeyyp
Tory ‘Agunog oozeureye yy
yorpy ‘Aqunog oozeueye yy
seis eiciswicis youn ‘Ayunog Arieg
youn ‘Aqunog oozvurrye sy
youn ‘Ajonoy oozemee sy
Youd ‘Aqunoy oozrvwmeyype yy
Ou ‘Ajunog oozeureype sp
OMA ‘OyeT 0308909
pee Prag TOU ‘SOTEN,
TOMA ‘WosRyog
“ory ‘wornyy ga0g |
GLBL ‘GZ
GLET ‘82
CL8T ‘83
GL8L ‘E%
GL8I ‘83 °
CLT ‘8%
GLEL ‘ZS
GLET ‘2s
GL8T ‘2%
CLEL ‘TS
GLET ‘TZ
CLI ‘02
CLET ‘OT
GLEL ‘OT
LSI ‘OT
GLST ‘OL
GLET ‘OT
GL8I ‘OT
CLET ‘OL
GLST ‘OT
GLEL ‘OT
GL8T ‘OT
GLST ‘OT
GL8T ‘9T
CL8T ‘OT
GL8T ‘ST
CL8L ‘TL
GL8T ‘8
[50]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
874
owe ccenrccsecn: qo ‘Woseyog (IOI OPI OCL O MOO JOA HOLA AL |
vetcee eee “=== YOu U0dexyOge|>-- ==>" “<< = =o ONIARUOg ONT e)>|
weet eeces Seiserr AMOUNT UOd G1 Ori |ss22 5s 224 ass sees" TeATY TONAL
seecee =ise-=c YOUN UOSB Oe! sos 7 2 =e cose" TARY WOM AL
voters “--""* Yor ‘woseyog |----°--°°--" +--+" eA Woinyy
amaoesenc scsc= VOR UOSEyOde |s~ = 259-9 P ri GriuOs Ur:
seeseeccseecres YOUN Woseyog |*--77 °° 7° otto 2+ OL ONVT
rretee eset eee Yor ‘woseyog |-------77 77° “7 UBOTPONT Ofv'T
settee trees ** WOL ‘aoseyog |----*- 77+ 7777 WRBITOI OFVT |
tert eect eee eeee Yor ‘woseyog |---*------- Joary qdoso p yureg
JpOse ORCA Roaaca TOA ‘Woseyog |----*° 7-77 WVSTQOLP Yv'T
cece ce eee eeeeee Youn ‘woseyog |-----*--- > doaTy Ydosor qureg
seeeeees so2-=< =O WOseyOge |= ""-- 97 === *--= = TOATIUISTE Ty:
GORA Ree YOU ‘WOseMod |---* 7-77-7777 OAT UISTL YT
sete ee ee eee eee out ‘UoSvyog Puss's es jsie)s\sie'siesie DIAL 09Mnepy
IGE COMBE EI GIG0R WO ‘Woseyod |----** 777777 e rr OLA OYVT
sorcetteseere: YOM WOsByO |2=222--2-c 52-2 UBS Oe'T
sretere ee eee Wor ‘woseyog |---+-*1- 777-7 UST oYVT
seeee see eeeeeee You ‘Woseyog |---*-- "+7777 > UVB oe'T
soteseseeees -- WO ‘uoseyog |---**>--*7-- LOATY OozeMepey |
Gory ‘wWoseyog |---------7- S22 Bye icigisaisee scat
Ole MOouN Ore |(s7 12 +2 vee esos sem aeaee ess
Wong ‘wosdyog |--2-2=-7--- +> = WesIqoIY Oey
TOL Woduyog |=-->-==22<= IOAnT Ydosor quires
YOu woseyog |" - "== 2s2> TOATY Ydoesoe qureg
| Wore ‘woBeyod |----*770tttt tr dG PIG F
geeeee seer ris GOUT ‘OUTAU}ION Jooo sooo rrr r cr OL ONT
gacsgse tees WOT “OTUAMWON |oo- 00770808 * TONAL oYv'T
we cece recon ee: TOT ‘OU[IAQPION [77° 7-777 -AOATY MBUTSeS |
oe nent ewe eeecs TOU ‘OTEA TIO NE eon a a eae ni OU OM OU
SSS enROOS Ado ae Wo ‘Woseyog |--- °° 7+ +7 °° + + URBIQOIP, OYVT
Joscere er ceeeee TOR OMPAUIIO Nes |= ==> vss sess sce: TOATY WOIZOT
SCRBSSSOnnKIIS TOU OP[LAMPAON [77-77 -OATY oOUTMIOMO TT
Jrocsceeee “SSS One Op AUIIONG |==>>27°5e=2- IOATY VOUTULOUO TL
settee eeeeeeeee YOUN ‘Woseyod |----- +--+ 7777 wed oYe'T
wee cee eee eee ee TOUT ‘O[[TAT3.10 Nf ee ee OV] TOOCTTL AL.
Jens eeee seen eee YOUN ‘OUtagaoNy | 77° >> IOALY oyonbaeyy o19g
sarees cee ce ree. YOUN ‘Woseyog |*---°---**- Sie kee woIny, oxe'T
Beer cer 2-52 WOIT ‘uodeyog Sretse- sci HOI OUT
see ee eee ee sees Youn ‘woseyxog |---------- +> - WeSIqOITT eyv'T
[se ewisae = nina gaimic qo ‘woseyog |°-°°°--°7> Avg es1oaely, ONT
soecesis J Cseres TOMA UOSUIOre 2222 25s nes seas OYVT ould
elvier= els aie aiicls ~- Gor ‘Woseyog |*---°-- "+777" °°" --eyU'T Yoo,
Sressv ene *-7**> ol, ‘uoseyog
“peqoqeg ATeay o100 AA
--- Avg esleaviy, puviy
—jo avynquy,
a sooo @sery IBATIC procs tecseees sewer tory ‘107 X0CT
ea sigris anes wie Sloe puod oywatrg |°-"*--- 777+ >> qorpy ‘te1seto03y
Me sretesse cess se OCT pussy j---- "°° oro Gorpy ‘0p x0
tram ies te OMB WOOW JH |. - 777777 PON ‘wean
rs U SSP eTess ss OB] wosioyjeg |-----"-° or + TOY ‘weagng
Sressipyanccs "77°" OHVT O800X) [°° 7 7-7" *-* TOMY {9098po0o AA.
SS ecosers rata ners OYVT OARS [°° -- 7-7 BOTY ‘HOOIspoo
sieisicrs sreserorecess> QUIT UMOY, |°-- °°" > Wor ‘Agunog unoyleg
Si Gece terete te areca spuod |-"°**> > Gory ‘doqaeyy Moyueg
WeFesleestas sess cesses spuog |°-7"**"**"" Worm ‘qdosor yureg
sieves "77" JOATY MBG MU BIG |°77 77777777" TOUT “JorpAroye Ay
Bpeisisitiee= sess OYBT osoog-MuUg |°--- °° 777777 7* Wop ‘OTVpsTTLT
meessiscs *alnisciss ONV'T 8, pavyynog j-- +++ OTP ‘ougmag user
Bisimiseicicisis s***-~ puog eLAnlyeg. |--- 9°" °25=""==-gorr ersolled,
pominsingeicie Sa aiaclstio TOAly UMBLL |°7777 77777 OTP “YOOYSpoo Ay.
PHsSs civeiecsissis:: exey Auoppepg |--- 709s TOMA “903Spoo Ay
SST e esas sisi see Oye] woLlvg |-----*---- +77" >> Yor ‘prvemoyy
Besa Satie es sie “-- ONBT MOTIBVAN [°° °° Gory ‘AyuN0D xX1oaospieyD
say a se'> aus cele ielnere eyVey sour | --*-* qorpy ‘Aqunoy uvselry
Pei Set oyey yuoung | ---*--- Toug ‘Ajunoy uvsoypy
gece ven Sra res Br: IG tL} 4 O28 § fal hereon a oun ‘Aqunoyg sseg
prinitisie Sreiaiayeg eisieisints HOolg TOP | yorpy ‘Agun0g sseg
pete ee neo aly seyv'yT J9}8tg |--**- WorpY ‘AjunoD uoing uv,
sig) Sieleseis ee eee yoorg uoseyog |°-- ------ > -tporpy ‘Aqunog ssp
one oe eae ree spuod oVeAtig: |----"* 79s" 9 = 2" TOTAL ‘SOTENT
SOE CO ES: TOA Word |*---*"* ++ gory ‘AyunoyD ouke Ay
eRe ooecen See ae DA Won |**-* gory ‘ApUNOD Avuszyse Ay
pee cesses cere: IOATY 9[eg uW |-----* Gorpy‘Aqunog pazozavig
coeccceresees JOATY OOSSBABIYG |°-°-7 7 YOR PY ‘ATO
mS olalelosetera es eyelaiaes JOATY JLOMQOC, |-- POT “Groaqog
Sarit cicls cia sse8-"*JOAINT PURIN) [77> *°> 77° ---- =" OT ‘Wosyorr
Posse od oseesisiiisicics JOATY OONOY |-- 7-7-7 POUT ‘OTA IION
gosrincion cas "oo" SoyUT oom, |*- 77 yorpy ‘Ajun0D oyjgonbavyy
SS saege's OFT somvsiory | --- yorpy ‘Aguncy oyyonbavyy
SE hat eae OMBTROOUOWLO NOTA |= = 22 cee ee ta rieteinirise Seeiaeiece
sesieaeses'sssicicic -* HOoIQ qwog |*--** qorpy ‘Ayunog xtoaspwygO
epee aes OV’T 1VIG Sig |---- 7° Gorpy ‘AquM0g oyeT
CSO AD Ae TOATIPOTCCES pI to ras er oS Saeco eines tet
BABE BEO DODO SOCSEEEES JOANY OPI [orettcr eters
Saictin-faicieeclasisic(cie'e < OY] oulg |-----*---- 77" - ory ‘AoNsoJOT
pamatenissele a\siseeisis etsiere YooIg wwog |*---> qorpy ‘Aqunog xtoaspregqg
goss cece seis sae 5° TOATY OUAO iso 222225" TOK ‘Siva ousog
cS aeig Shines See Joaty pidey |-*-*-- “yor ‘Sjunop eyseyrey
t72°-°* JOATY UvuUIpIBog WWON [ott Te TOMAL ‘Vysey[ey
“poorld *OOUTTTA
OIOAL TS TOMA Ul 8199e AA
Io ‘WM.0} ‘90gJ0-Js0d 4sorv9 jy
"PORUTZTOQ—sarsnj0u “ORT OF SLQT wou uoW)DS DYULOSyDD fo NOYNNgLystT-~ JT] ATAVL—'C
| 8481 ‘OL “aRe
848 ‘6 “uBe
Sl8I‘g ‘Ter
S181 ‘se “URE
LL8T ‘ST “AON
| LLST‘T “AON
| QLST ‘TS “90
SLST'F ‘IVT |
SLSL ‘pb ‘rey
SL8T ‘F “AVL
S180‘ “AVL
81ST ‘F “ABIL
SLE ‘fF “AVTT
SL8L‘F “AVTT
SLST ‘PF “ABT
SL8T ‘SZ “ARTY
SL8'% “aBIT
BL8E‘T “rByy
SLB ‘FL “19
SL8T ‘FT “Qar
BLAST ‘FL “Qoq
SLST ‘FL “Gor
SL8T ‘FL “Gon
SL8I ‘SG “qa
SLI ‘es “URE
8181 ‘7s “UeE
SL8L ‘co ‘uee
OL8T ‘8% “90,
9L, ‘8-63 90,
OL, ‘8-Gz 99
QL8T ‘Zz “98
91806 “UOT
OL8L‘6T “URE
OL8T ‘6T ‘Tee
9/8L ‘LT ‘URe
9181 ‘FI ‘Uee
OL8T ST “TEP
9L8T ‘ZT “uRe
QLST ‘ZI “aee
OL8L ‘ZT “Uee
918I‘g ‘uer
9L8t ‘8 ‘ure
|9L8T‘L “aCe
9L8I‘L “Wee
* p.quoQ—uesrqorpy
‘oye
"O4R48
875
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
lal
Sal
Xo)
(aes)
ee eae cree UU [HV JATes
Sane ghee TUITY ‘(NV yareg
ent * aa [aT yareg
[preetes eesee TUT [UVTI yureg
ae roe UUIT [Neg yUIeS
Sane hee cae uur ‘[uvg yreg
Jee errr meet oa UUTTT [NV yureg
\REcgu oe TUN [UV FUTVG
Re MaMa Gn cue Un [nv JuIeg
| SS eas UU ‘Vrg yares
ee eee TUT AVY JUS
Sciaie eost oe ae UU ‘(neg pureyg
Smee a a oe uulyy ‘Vg wies
cee eas uur ‘(avg pures
ieeetined Ge MUTT ‘nV yureg
\emroe as UAT [Ne PUIG
ne cL Ve wary [ard Fu
haus ea uur [neg 4u
“* WUT] ‘(neg qureg
“UNA [RV_ yures
aay ‘ned yureg
OU ‘Wosvyog
TOL ‘woseyog
You ‘aoseyog
WU ‘Uoseyog
(OUy ‘Wosvyog
Tou ‘woseyog
Ory ‘uosvyog
ou ‘woseyog
Dag sorrrets TON ‘wosuyog
Papeete OL ‘Wosvyog
OI ‘Woseyog
IPT ‘Woseyog
Tor ‘Woseyog
You ‘uosvyog
yoy ‘uosryog
TOU ‘aoseyog
SRGiRe PACS “o7"* TOU ‘Mosvyog
WoW ‘Woseyog
ory ‘Woseyog
Won ‘uoseyog
TOMA ‘Woseyog
YOUN ‘woseyog
You ‘uosvyog
ee weceee WA ‘dos yog
WOM ‘aosvyog
ou ‘Wosexyog
OU ‘woseyog
* Tory ‘uosvyog
> TOL ‘wosv yo
"sree" TOU ‘Moseyog
5 niall "77> IOALY VAOT
---doarny 1dd Ississiqy
jisrieeese etic <a SOMLUUr Al OYV'T
bashes tate IIANT 1d disstssipy
ToATY VJOSOUUTPTL
settee eee e eee TOA LddISssissi pT
oa .am a )ahnieinininiant JIATY XIOLO FUIVG
“OAL XLOID PALS
mg BESS tenes TIAL XIOID YULVG
ah e,c/anw ste clots IOALY XLOIO YULVG
ARIS IOANT tddississiyy
ahe(eiearara etme = 1oAny 1ddississijy
so cersccesees Ioary iddississtpy
Fa Joary 1ddississtpy
“goany TddississipL
jay Coen aor loan tddississtyy
apa cane sara LOAIY Idd iseissiyy
“oaly 1ddississipT
Bien cma woAny tddississtpy
IAL SMO'T JULBG
sac te srr ticcc> "JOAN MOLI
SUPERS OLTG WUSTG OT OYv'T
tte ree eee eee UVSIQOL oye'y
UBSTIOIPL OV'T
uBSTTPOITT OYB'T
UvSIGOY Oey
UVstIqoly oyv'yT
ULSIYO OYV'T
neem cies eae TIANT MVUISES
OLY OV'T
UVSTYOT Ofv'T
tener c ce enone uesiqony oyv'y
ieteges 4 cae man ULSITIT OYv'T
ULSI OYV'T
IOAN OVISVAO
IOAN OVIDVMOCT
Bescon ssc oe IOAN MU ABT
Bay ie ere ONY OYV'T
DOAN OOZBULY|B YT
IOANT OOZLUIL| LY
“""* JOAIY OOZVUIL[ RIT
"=" JOATY Wosoysuyy
jessvors<="9° "Urey Tous AUER |"e<*"" ===>" ""<" IGATSS RENOL) [> 5°2°h*=s1s* 9945 oA POT
sro rerecscon= “Bary FIO TW ONVT
Stic latiay TOATY 09S ULOLLB
cals {HON of} JO LANT poy
eee a ar bi: OYUVT VjOsoUNyy
Bete ororesess*-Onery repay
Breiciersisis sree s-JOATy mOmURD
Woesaae “** OMVT IvOT OFT AL
ee ae ae OHVT AUT
---oyerT § Av
“OUT 8. 9[00G
SS ae OYe'T S OARTT
* OYv'T 8 urUl109
** OMT VIMO
pega ents TIATY X1OIQ JuLeS
Bo tee ie ee TOPRATINS
ape "7 DOA XTOL Weg
“** Oey STG
SOWV'T UAT,
+ leisiaigis.0:@'0\e:sis'e OV] SULOSITT
Go neiace siesta iar": oye'y ong
ainlmieinin'= one ri “** OMB] ovosd0y
CEC O OC ro -**°oVT]T UOAT
siaisieis'ai-isiaiae "77 OB] UONITtG
el oe “7-7 -OyVry wormeg
pie aegis = cies tie spuod oyvalig
Seicscis 252i miasisie eis OYVT punoy
eye'T [esh1g
WOO}XIG OYV'T
OFV'T 0.1000}0 A
srrteeesss OMeT LOPOULPL
eines aisiohaie has. oSefe aie Oye] oa yy
eiasiginietespicie* OCT YOON panor)
iptioresse2-'soe TOAST SSA)
Sige tetcacsSsaa LOATY UISTRY
ee ae IOANT oJSturyy
DIANT pursry
Joany Ydosor yureg
YOON ourg
srr eesss""HOOID OULALOT
tsr559** yo01g TOSeyOg
T1Be.S TINA
tas Bases Yooy ssjong
“ LOANT 9DN0
Wests 2 Soe ee TOANY F1LO.1}0(T
Sepa gs scoreescs OMUT SUOT
hcaareeieca a 777" ONB'T 1H
Mine ects tee eee ovnsoy
cotttessscsssss* OMBrT poyoo.s)
sorerorosumipr ‘AqUNOH IOMOTT
Sones mary ‘AgUNOD U10qo0.1Y]
einer ee uUryy ‘AyuN0D v}
ated UOT ‘OD plidoayooag,
WOrpy ‘Agunoy gyneqieiy
mary ‘AQMD voy
rate Ye a uulyy ‘Aganoy ony
diaimone uuryy ‘Agunog Aosuey
Mesa uuryy ‘Ajuuog Aosuviy
cent uumiyy ‘Aganog Assure
ae a uuryy ‘Ajunog Aosarery
“oMnIpY ‘Ayanog wopsaLyse Ay
“UUITL ‘Agunog woysargse Ay
“TUN ‘Ayunoy woySmuysu Ay
- tury ‘AQano0g woDULYse Ay
TOY ‘Ayunog woyS ays Ay
“> uur ‘Ayanog wopruryse Ay
- nu ‘Ajyanog uopbuigse Ay
“mary ‘Aqgunog wopoUIYSE AY
poe uligy ‘Ayunog osvsiqg
uu ‘Ayunog ourg
mak pie uaigg ‘Ajunoy oul
“77 (ory ‘Ayuno0g wommuvssoy
ewes yory ‘Ayan0|D vysvyeyy
peo re qorpy ‘Aganog unoyped
saab TOU ‘Ajunog unoypeg
aa qWoug ‘Aqyunog ssur
ssa sce ste'ace your ‘Ayunoy sseg
ea age gear pied cd TOI ‘Oomo0zy
qoryy ‘AZuUNOD vuvaoQ
Woupy ‘AVanoy vuvsg
Wun ‘Ajunoy avsoipy
Wor ‘Agunoy uvsolly
qouy ‘Aqunoyg ues, v
ory ‘Ajuno;) ueso[pw
TO ‘Aganoy oozemeypexy
ase aae TO ‘AQUNOD ABUSES
a ele “"- “TOI ‘oOLaO PL
aiesseioia qory ‘Azano0g prlopxo Ay
YOUR ‘Aqano; wosyouse
ein Sore qo ‘Ajyanog aorta
qoug ‘Agunog ssep
Wound ‘AzuNOgD sseg
Wuy ‘Ayunoyg ssvg
“-"* (Or ‘Aganoy ueaing utA
eas TOU ‘AjunoD woang ae,
“+ Wor ‘Agunog ouar Ay
Se: Wouy ‘Agunog oule Ay
: "> (On ‘purl qory
evar =F Sean OU ‘paryyory
“sos "Got ‘Myung dnoy[eg
ee ee es TH ‘Ao.img
| SL8T ‘—
| 6L8I ‘ZL
G18 ‘— ABIL
CLgt‘— Avyq
GL8I ‘— Avy
Avy
6LSI jo
GLE8T Jo
GL8T JO Tet
GLST JO [ea
GL8T ‘23 SUW
GLET ‘13°
| GLST ‘6 ‘udy
GL8L ‘61 *
GL8T ‘9%
GLEL ‘93 °
6LET ‘92
GL8T ‘9 °
GLST ‘93
GLEL ‘FT *
GLST ‘8T
GLSI ‘L
GLI ‘08
GLEL ‘€%
6L81 ‘OT *
6180 ‘OL
GLST ‘6
GLST ‘8g ‘uee
6L8L ‘8 “ure
6L8L‘9 ‘uee
BLSL‘t “AON
sisi‘e Ae
gist ‘e Ae
SSI ‘63 ady
SLgT ‘cr adv
TN |
* vjOSOUUTPL
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [52]
876
SORES O ROU +9 9 ‘SULM Port [E: weeeee wreee
“UUIyy ‘SUT AA por
seek 9 TOTAL ‘SULA pow
wee ceeeeeee UU ‘sur poy
Nappa aU ‘Sur poy
“UOT ‘SUT AA poy
“UOT “SUT AA Poy
pastes EE: UO ‘SOLA pow
“aU ‘SUA poy
UUNTR ‘SULA, poy
eee eee ew Ua ‘SULA pay wet twee eee
- UOT ‘Sur poy
“TTT UOT ‘SOL por
ete) sare ual
SHEA pORp [Poe r es
aUryy “SULA, poy
aay ‘Sora, poy
“** IOANT o1qumz
TOA Tddississipy
qoanny tddississrpy
rary tddississiyy
IOATY TAdtesissipy
aeaty Tddississrpy
aqoaty TddISsissipy
OAL Iddississt pT
roany 1ddississrypy
IOAN 1ddississiypy
TOATY Idd ssiss1py
ia ny ddississipy
IAI IddIssiss1 fT
ToOAny 1ddississi py
OAT Tddississtpy
AoATy TddIssissipy
SCICERROIOR <-SSDUN MOUS PO: |0- 20722 soo roany Tddisstsstyy
Baleinjaie\e(sielsteiwi-" oa go ve Ess Sleress saree IAL Ad Ississi pl
PARE I CORONGGSC TA ‘our Soriticicsive-'> °c aK OATITE TIO OG
sisieigisier Ss" OREN OULU ANGDON. [ns 22 a nas LOATS,: ee aetone
2go0e seers" CO ‘SULA poy [7-777 777 LOAN vjosouuryy
cisie,srainiee DESO tg i art es ep. al ie etka qoary Tddisstsstyy
LOodd sorts" OMIT ‘SOTA, poy [7-77 JOATY oalog, op omuml0g
sPOCSEGSCIOUTS Lanegng BoE Powe |ssests sss 22s AoATY 1ddississipy
SOBER OOO COR UWUIPY ‘SULA poy |--- "7 - ot OATY, MOT
aa ais=)2.5'si° “--UOIpy ‘SUT MM poy |----7°* >>> EAT GunIstie
ail Torres UU ‘SOL AA pay foo 7 s+" s-aeany rddississipq
eeisincie.si “o"°* "TUL ‘SUL pay |°-7 °°" 7" oA Tddississi_y
aes “77M ‘SULAA poy |-- 7-77-77 aA Iddisstsst py
pal ie hehe Se SUMO CUUAN DOI= = = 7-2 252° Joany Iddississi Aq
Pisietiievaiete “oo UOT ‘SULA poy |--- 7777 aoanyy Iddisstsstp7q
a T7777 7 WOT Sar poy | “7777 "+ 7° -soary iddississt yy
ACIS EO “oo "UU ‘SULA poy |--- 771-7 aoaty rddississt yy
ECOSOC S000 “WUT, ‘SULAA pay |---77 77 -rOaTYy Iddisstsstyr
Seis siaiys s “"" "CUI ‘SUI poy |----77 77> > aoary Tddississipy
ellos og = TU -SULAN pO |-- 2225-72 * IOATY 1ddississiyy
ices oa TOTAL ‘SOLA pay
ee ee TUM ‘SULA pay
Sa esha ae Gury ‘SUI AA poy
Soe RB A aia Tar ‘Sur poy
MUA oun AN POM | > 2-222 eo
UuljY [avg yureg
mary [UV Furs
worl ‘TaVq yarey
“‘Yysy jo
ioqmna
poyVUlyysy
“‘pemoyey
Ayreug e107 A —jo
aoaty tddississipy
1oaly rddississrpy
“IOAIY TddisstssipT
“doaly rddississi py
Aoany iddississiyy
IOAN Iddississi py
TOAly Idd ississipy
LOATY Lddissrssipy
Areynqisy,
sores swwceeroe- HQQIKD BddezEyT
GL8T ‘— Av |"p,juogo—eyoseunyyy
“""-""suorpy ‘Aqumog vyseqe A | 91gT'Z eune
eee I Le Ss yoolg Ss uMoIg |" - UUTY ‘AQUNOH UoOIsuTYSe AA | 91ST ‘Z oUNEL
SLE au. eke a “oye jor" ua ‘Ayan0D 44005 | gust ‘Zz eune
Beare g sie me rors OMB] [o-oo UU, ‘Ajun0p zsaariry | 9181 ‘2 oun
SqURSRDOHUDEIObS woreyeH oyery |--- 77 -- uur ‘A4junog Sosmery | gst ‘z oune
eet ote Fares Aogissury oyey |-----*-- uulyy ‘Ajunog Aosmvy | gyet‘'z ounge
SGreseaee ~-*--*-ourgdosopr oye |----"- >> wurTpy ‘AJUN0D Aosuvyy | 9ST ‘Z oung
iviniselsisicrn cis/e\e seieieis ODInG exey |------"- aur ‘Ajyunoy Aosuiey | gsg1‘z oun
seeeee sorter eeess= OMB olunbs |" WOT ‘AjunoD woySaryse MA | 91ST ‘6Z Se
torts sees eecces oyeyT avryouioy |*---unrpy ‘AquM0D uozsuryse A, | 91ST ‘ag AVTT
Raeiiaaceene “"""-QyUry OULIBAL |*-~ uUT ‘AqunoD uojsuryse Ay | OLgT ‘6g AVIT
sae eens coreeess*-ONBVT LOG |°-"°" 7-7" WUT ‘Ayun0D 9400¢g | 9181 ‘62 ACTT
dy She Di bt 2 ek Eek eee ce (ee Me a OAD UNO @ OOIun | OV OTC EAE
teeee wrrrseteress pegs ay oye 7-7-7" UT ‘AjUNOD vJoyVd | 91ST ‘62 AVTL
seeeees sro rrscirertscssssseyem [<7 "25°" > mura ‘Agunog oor | oyet ‘es Mane
te cetsec eter eeceee exeT YByoH |-----* wurpy ‘Ajuno0g urdouuoy | get ‘6g AvTT
tececee “"7""-9yVy ByuojoUMTY |-- ~~~ * UuTpY ‘AqunoH uideuuoy | gsgt ‘gz AVIV
teeter e ee ee eee ete ee OYvT paey |'--° > wUry_ ‘AgunoD ouanqaseysg | 918T ‘ez ABT
SaIaeRESseaRAT IOATY VyUysnyY |----- -- UU ‘Ayan0g yuvay | gist ‘ez AvTT
JOCR0De IOALY O19, op ourmMog |----->-- uUTPY ‘AyuNoD sueseyg | gs8T ‘ez AVL
nk: Tritt aoary emoddrgg |--77777"-" warpy ‘Aqgamon agra | gust ‘es AW
ee trereres= = ToaTy MOIQ froooe ts UML ‘Sgun0g ys M | OL8T ‘ez AUT
EDOOGTISIAn SCOR EnAOnn p Sob aobocSa ai ecraece uur ‘Agunoy smaa0yg [oro re terror
Soe Coen eee eyVy o[suge |----- wary ‘AQUnOD ryoAtpuey | gygt ‘ez LETT
BQO SEEMS -Aopacoant: oyery woous) |°---> war ‘AyunoD Tyodtpueyz | OLS ‘ez AVI
Sep eC ao ued oyey [seg peg |--- 7" - dary ‘Aqunop Aosmey | gust ‘gt AoW
CO CEGSAE ano OYVyT 1vog oytT MA |" --** UU ‘AQunog Aosurvy | g18T ‘gl AVI
CERES aCe SG moy[Vg oyey j-7-7 7 uUTpY ‘Ajanog urdouuoyzy | get ‘ol AVL
Waar ainietsiiaieie see qollaey oye'y |*-*--* uurpy ‘Ayuno ) urdouuoyzy | gygt ‘or Av
eiotaie eee cise G hace eee oyey syug |**- wary ‘Azuneg TOJSUTYSB AA | OLB ‘Gt ABT
iS cenleasbieslecse 8, WUBI oyeyT | -"---* wary ‘Ajunoy Aosmey | osgt ‘tt Avyw
SERS tet ctsssest=* ONION OWT [77-777 MUTA ‘Ayonog Aosmuvy_ | get ‘It eM
settee tere eee ees Apounoy oywy | --**---uUrpy ‘AgunoH wyoyeq | sgt ‘Tr Av
Sess Sopp aie ysyung oye] |---* 7" mary ‘Ajun0y eyoyeq | gust IT vt
ste e cee ee eee- §yIUg OFT oyey j--- 7 ** WUT ‘Agunog Aosmeyy 9L8T ‘TT ACW
ASC OONDOLOOS sying Sig oye] |----"--> wurpY ‘Agunog Aosmey | gist ‘Tr AVI
{BOs nocooSLBacce SIVNPVA OHVT |---°*-- ua ‘AjunoD Losey | get ‘it AVI
OOOO ADO euuvyor OyeyT |---°7 "> WUT ‘Aqua Aosurety 9181 ‘IL Avy
Hasire so755*---onrqdosop oyey 7-7-7 - ual ‘Agunog Aosmey | oyet ‘iT Avy
iemneee las wes moyeyd OYVT | aur ‘Ajunop Aosurvy | gx8t ‘Tr AvP
pees eae TOSIPeR OYVT | -- UUIP_ ‘AjUMO/) qyieg ong | 91ST ‘FI ‘ave
vote eens eee TOATY VUMOYVMG | 7 7+ ” TUTPY ‘AjUMOD 019049 | oLgt ‘— Avy
BOC OB OCC abot vy MoyOUUTY oye] |" ---- uur ‘Ajunog urdouuoyzy | cyst ‘— AvyT
so teeteeeeeee Sos SBA SplOTAeD, [225-7 ° aur ‘Ayun0D oses1yO
‘paord "oDByIA
O1OM YSY YOUpA UT size A,
10 ‘1404 ‘oomgo-ysod 4serve jr
“oquqr
“oyBIS
‘POnUTZUO)—aapenjour “ORBT O72 ELET Wouf uoMns mruiofyng fo voyngusiq—T] TIavL—'d
877
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
faeel
Oe)
ite)
Pe)
weressee sss sTrUTyy ‘Sat AA Dey
peak el eae “uUTyy ‘SUT AA poy
oe” sige nt UULY ‘SULA, poy
Poelgceseon “-uuypy ‘Sor aa pow §
TUTTE TOTAL ‘SoLM. pew
Saw Secaaeaene TUL ‘SULA ped
aca tg “7 OUEAL ‘OWVANTIS
as ee "TOT ‘SULA, pew
Eee "SITET OOTY ‘SULA Pow
Eo ee RAL ‘SULM pew
eo "Tri TTT WONT SUT pow
at TTT Tit WOTTY ‘SUL pow
qadens ices WU ULLAL pew
Soe s uur 3SOrM por
ate TUT ‘SULA PO
ete Torr TT OOEyy ‘SUL poy
ie TTT TWO ‘SOL pow
cay cabanas CUT ‘SULA pow
Eve e “TTT UM ‘SUT AA pow
aig aang: TUL ‘Sar pert
ee 7777 OUTTY ‘Sar pow
Rate osc wary ‘SUT ped
Pree sd GOTT “SUT AA Per
nate cis se'= "TOIT ‘SOTA pow
pigeaeea TOI ‘SULA po
Best obese e WU “SUL AA paw
peers “""TUTPY ‘SUT AA pow
debts ae "TUT ‘SULA port
fe TT TTT rian ‘Sur poy
Sa a ca WUT ‘SUL por
ee eee ud ‘SUL pexy
ccrirtct irr WUE Sap pax
CITT TUITE OTL ‘BUEN pew
Seattle “TTT UORA ‘Sara, por
he eh OUT ‘SULA pO
Speers “750 UUTT ‘SUL pow
ae ee “TTT WONT “SUT poe
ee ee es Ua ‘SULA pay
penn oe 7777 CUTTY ‘Sar pow
peers oe TUNA ‘Sur poy
peceinttg =e WUE ‘SULA port
eee TT rT T TCU Sat pow
corctres sss oor SOTA pay
OSCE ats “UUITY ‘SULA Pew
ee TT rrr r WO ‘SUL pe
Pai eee 7777 CUNT ‘Sor pow.
ie “Ti tTrT WUT ‘SUM pow
eet emt ene “aur ‘Sura poy
crriirri rts UOryy SULA, po
Trrirr rrr UE ‘Sar per
crores soos COT ‘SULM DO
rrreeesresss-rgany rddissrssryy |
fetal al teas JoATY tddresisstpy
come scase ss “roar Tddississt py
omega roary tddississtpy |
Scot ce cee Loa tddississi py
Beatie sso doany Tdd[ssisst py
YHON OG} JO LOATY Poy
a ie pee doar rddississrpy
Oe er aed a, ooIXeyT jo yy
eee ees roany rddisstssipy
praregreee 5 roan tddississipy
Reise icia SS see ae IOANT MOLD
Sao S 57 sooo roany tddississmpy
saSe6 oes roaty 1ddississrpl
saj6 = oe 2 sien *sroaTy Iddississt pl
Ne Sintec ToAty tddrssisstpr
Sa i loany TddIssissipy
Ce ae Mea ke qoaty tddississipy
aR cite) ses Toary 1ddisstssrpy
ed aa *"I@ATY VOSOUUIPT
soresessesssI9ary Idd SSISsIPl
Rasa SC Coes “ LOATY BLOSITUIPT
veceee- "et" JOALY SOmIOT_ soy
vrrsessesoee-TOATY TddISsIssipyT
so rsessecces JOANT Souloyy sod
coc ceeceeee "OAL UBATOB AL
steven (e aseta mimes “7 JOAIY TRMTO4S AA
co eeee eee ~ -qeary tddiesissipy
teeeee sto TOATY TAdISSIssI pT
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [54]
878
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LIST ‘$e ABIL
| LLSk '4e ABIL
| LUST ‘$e BTL
| LUST ‘3 ABIL
LL8T ‘36 SBI
|
1
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [56]
880
000 ‘¢
000 ‘L
000 °%
000 ‘¥
000 ‘2
000 ‘%
000 ‘T
000 ‘T
000 ‘¢
000 ‘¢
000 ‘%
000 ‘2
000 ‘2
000 ‘T
000 ‘T
000 ‘T
00g
002
00g
00g
000 ‘T
00s
000‘
000 ‘%
000 ‘T |
000 ‘T
000 ‘T
000 ‘T
000 ‘T
000‘T
000 ‘T
000 ‘T
000 ‘T
000 ‘T
000 ‘¢
00g
000 ‘T
00g
00g
006 ‘T
000 ‘T
00g
00g
009 ‘T
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on heal UUTTT ‘YOOIG AOTIL AA
DOOD AOAGG WUT ‘YOO AOTC AL
paresis = (6/56 UU ‘YOOTG MOTT AA
Luaet rit ss UOT ‘YOO. AOTLM
ree eat one WUT ‘OO1g ALOTTE AA
aheinseieicae TUL, ‘YOOIg MOTTE AL
ieeeni gee poe UUTT ‘LOOT AVOUT AA
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UNI, ‘YOOrg AXOTTT AA
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pdr a mans MUL ‘OO MOTTILAA,
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| eabtaels WOTPY “YOO AOTILA,
sisi iehe ini8 Se ® TUL ‘YOO1g MOTTA
leer? DUIPT ‘Ooi MOTTE AL
pees OUT ‘YOO MOTTE A
caisisiecic ss UU ‘Yoorg ALOT AA
Sauer eacasee CULT ‘HOO MOTEL A
tee te WUT ‘OO AOTTL AA
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Risks aisirisie sre IOAN wounrg
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Spe Reames newssicrr =" JOATI JOON
rorstrseecssoes Toate Tdd1SSISsI yy
peiqusesne ~--TeaTy TAdISssisst pL
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Sipireineienise ee: IOATY Tddisstsst pl
Sane iticis heen ess IOATy tddtssisstpl
rita eis.ete cisie nec TOA 1ddtsersst py
splniecitise cies ioaty tddississipy
Pisce prince IOATY Tddississipl
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|
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wees seetac secon yoorlg yeyoH |-----* wer_ ‘Ayuno0H uoysnoyy | gygt ‘suradg
treet seer ees renee eXVvy pavpaT |-----* aaty ‘A4junop urdeuneyy | get ‘Buiadg
wee e eter ee eee eee goooqey oyvy |------ anrpy ‘Ayanog urdouneyy | gist ‘Smads
sec ee ces eecs oYv'yT vyuopouuryy |-----* wurpy ‘Ayano utdeuuoy | gigt ‘sutadg
elepapslsteeiai-ia a oes oT Yoo [9G |" ~ warpy ‘AJan0g enypoosy | gig ‘Suiidg
sete teres ee wees oyeyT supyseyy |------* "mur ‘AyuM0D AUNT | g/gT ‘Suladg
ooo ceee een c etna SOYVT UAT, [-----*--- war ‘AJun0 yuvry | gist ‘suradg
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m/s) eaiwiele.slelnineininels OYVT Poroyorg |---- 7s uurpy ‘AqunoD wroqoory | gygt ‘Suradg
settee cece ee eee e eee OYVT Uoply |---77- wupe ‘Aqunog uszoqoory | gigt ‘Suradg
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teeter sete ee es OHNVT STQVINoT |---77 aU ‘AgunoD Bjoyug | gst ‘Sutadg
SubUt Be eoneocan eyvy awynbaeg |---7--- warp ‘Ayuno0g wyoxvq | gigt ‘sutadg
teste c eee e eect eee qouvrg qnog |--------- aarpy ‘Agun09 vyoyV | gist ‘Sutadg
wen eene cons ewecnes Ajqeg oyey |-7----**- wary ‘Aqun0D ejoxe | gigi ‘Buradg
wneneeeescecser eye'T Apommoy j----*--- uur ‘Ayau0) wjoyeq | gust ‘surids |
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RcoRSS ROBO SST OV] vimooe Ay | 7-7 UUTpy ‘AauN0D Joarey | gst ‘Sutidg |
Baaoeoe pose JOATY SMO'T gure |----------- UOLP_ ‘ovT np puog | gygt ‘sutadg
wee e et eeee eee eee Woy suLsuey |-----* ~~ wary ‘AjaN0| uozAVD | gygt ‘Sutadg |
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se eceeceeeeee ORT ULOH-es00yy | ------ MUTT ‘Ayono) aowyseD | gugp ‘Suradg |
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ve eete estes eset eees OYV'T OSO0TT | -- > - "MUTA ‘AZuNOD wopseVD | gygT ‘suladg |
sie ean cinema annie oYVyT vysuvy j-------- > uur ‘AJONOD UMOIT | 8L8T ‘sutadg |
pac eeesaeeecnsaccees oyey we[M |-----+ 77> uarpy ‘A400 umorg | gygr ‘suatrdg |
soccer eereeens exyury of Adooyg |----------wury ‘Agun0n uaMorg | gygt ‘Saridg
see sc cee ceeeee IOALY BOSOUUTPL |*- ~~ uurpy ‘Aqunoy qQIegq ontg_ | gsgt ‘satady
SISSIES SS eee exw aor |------ wary 'AJUNOD 34009 | LIgT ‘9 “SnW
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ste ee e ee eee eee yeysArg oMB'T |---- uurpy ‘Aqun0D qyAwy ounT_ | LL8T ‘6z UNL? |
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serene eee cess eye'yT v0yg osaoyy |--- +--+ > wUTpY ‘AquMog Aorqrg | LIST ‘6g CULE
recess ceseeee cence oye’yT JOATIg |---------- uu ‘Aquno0y Aoqqrg | zrgt ‘6g une |
tlectecicccnena TOATY BJOSOMUUTPT |------ "7-777" MOY ‘Vposuy | 1181 ‘6% OUNL |"p,JU0)—ejosouUTY
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cece eens TUL ‘yooirg MOTIEM.
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cee ceeenne mur ‘yoorg. MOTILAL
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Le eee TUL ‘YOO1g MOTT AL
cee eenene uur ‘yoorg ALOTIEM.
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zoquinu *poyozey AT[euy e107 AA —yjo Areqnqiiy,
popes
882
IOATY OBSO
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TOA LIMOssiyy
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sipeneserssissie='5' IOAN WOULILD
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pecitisiie ess cise cies eyey resdng
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gO Spo "renege ss IOATY OUTeIOVL
Slew e eases eeeeee JOATYT OUTTRS
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Qoiesineescs secon JOALYy yuRIUND
JOATY HOV
BOER BCE IOANT peti 4 qUIes
Joaty suds
Se Sewing se IOATY DOUBIOTL
Bee OG cie en na anaes yoorg odeg
peer IS 205 yoorg odeg
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Wau eee Re Ress IOATY DOUIBLOTL
PIO POD FO E950.” IOATY [1B9g
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Sl ade IOALY VYMBSEYOTO
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OFB'TL
prea Jane IOATY TRL 19340
eye'T uvisAy
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soxeT UAL
TOATY OYV'T POL
eicieinis cislsteteisie:siaieis.cie eB] punoy
OAV] 003s Sig
S80,J OPT
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O1OM YS FOAM UT 81078
Rr ke ee eae OW ‘M419 TMS | OB8T ‘8s “IVTL
rus iggeeieriee OW ‘souspucdepay | Ogst ‘6T Le
eee ae OW ‘G04SurxeT | OSsT ‘ST “IeL
worsetescrsssss" "ORT ‘em0l0P | 0881 ‘8 “TBAT
speyencie= ass om ‘Agunogp uooeyy | Ossi ‘p “re yg
“rrosteses ong ‘kgumoy Aqiogs | 0881 ‘F “VAL
heist on ‘AyUNOD £1GUEH | OSB ‘PS “GOT
ners OW ‘Azuno0g uvueyong | Ossi ‘2s “AoW
“reese ""OK ‘Aqunog usueqong | osst ‘22 “qour
(Gaceer ee om ‘Ajun0p 9798TK | 08816 “Gar
Agigesciees on ‘AjuM0D 094%[d | 088 '6 “AOL
pie te Poe on ‘Agumog usuegoug | 08st ‘Fz ae f:
Roce eras OW ‘qdosor zureg | Ossi ‘Tc “use:
Veins ogee Om ‘UpUeLT | 68 ‘“— ——
pee eee OW ‘Are FUICS | LST 8 “09d
rorerescsccsssss: ORT ‘adEqUBD | BLET ‘BT ‘ood
ows piensa Acts oy ‘uvqdiuog | 6L81 ‘8st “20d
Sinise ssisis seis oy ‘Ayunog ouke A | 6L8T ‘ST “99q
peer om ‘Ayam0p ouke A | GLET ‘81 “00d
geese ae "OW ‘oseqIIVD | 3181 — ‘oo
ee a oy ‘UYUVIT | gL8T ‘— ‘oq
© io /Sivieitia oieigissiere ON ‘AITO GOLETA | SL8T ‘— *00q
es ae OWT “AFI COATT | BLBT'— “00g
peabates bar ae OTT ‘OMI F | LST ‘OT “00
Sle-6im ie elaleiei= lale.c (oleic evel= ow ‘ooo ORT ‘SL o0qy h- 777° +77 Lmossyypr
Behe eg etan saryN ‘Oysntosoy | 9181 ‘Zt “ood
Foo ee pega SST WOs oe | 9L8T ‘IT “90
Bek 52 Seg Sees SST ‘URIPLOPL | 9281 ‘TT “90q,
te eee are SSI ‘OTTASGG YW | 981 ‘IT ‘00q |---*---* yddyssyssypy
Sonene ness coe secre cleleicic crmesicins O88I ‘9 “AONT
eed TUTL'stodvoumyy | Ossi ‘os “Sny
eye eal 0 aU ‘IVT OCT | osst ‘ee ATar
hae ae Seas oe aUT ‘Aj19 cozury | ost ‘ez Ate
ieee uUrTyy Ajano;) Boose Ay | O88T ‘ZI Aju
“77> UOTyy ‘Ajunog yjieg ont | osel ‘tT Aine
Bar Sein sct uur ‘AJuN0D Boxed | Ost ‘Fs oun
oes TUIYT ‘WoxayYoor | OssT ‘2 ounce
Pree cas aU ‘AJUNOD Ss[qoN | O88T ‘é oune
ge Sica reusnesis WUTPY ‘OF[LAu0j7IO | OSST‘F Avy
peer res unl ‘Ayun0D smes94g | BLST ‘IT “AON
eyes Es "> 77°7""1 6L8T ‘TT “AON
uo ‘Ajumog woysuryse MM | 6L81 ‘82 “490
ag bras WUT ‘SUNN YqSIIM | 6L8T ‘8 “ydeg
coneces un ‘AzanoD sepsnoq | 6181 ‘st “ydog |p4uog—eyosounT py
Seats 9UC "2981S
Io ‘aM0} ‘QoTGO-Js0d ysorv9 NT
*ponurjpUON—amenjour ‘OVel 02 ELQT mouf uoMmpps nusofyng fo uoyng.yusig—]T] ZIAVL—'C
883
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
[59]
009 ‘T
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00g ‘%
000 '%
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000 ‘oF
000 ‘0S
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f'N ‘Acnqsa1wo0jgy
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f°N ‘Arngsuooj¢ |
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JOATY OVUILILIOTY
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Tigers: “*"""" TQONT ‘09}t[T YON
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aaisie/s sa sini, IQON ‘OTLAVTpPr yoy
ite di OOO AQON ‘ooLIvog
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aan manne = Sahn Sora oT ‘ydosor qmivg
aero oy ‘Ajun09 weueygong
penises lass oy ‘Aquno0g uojayo
ssoreses-s OPT ‘Aqunog uvs10PT
f°N ‘YSnos0qserpy |
OL8T ‘ST
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[60]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,
884
Ioquint
popeUITysy
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Eo | ga ewes LNG AE SUCOOTsfiatoe sae one mann einmise recor ase ee nem amer™ KO WBET DUC MBILEAGIN| eft NG ‘Ayunoy xossng | 6LgT ‘Sutadg |
Scie Ro tic )ser'*) sy ATG SOlOolg: ira Qes GOMER AGA TLS s) oo eo = ahi eines eee GL8T ‘Su11dg |
Eistejcisis/<ic(ejnie..s £°N ‘Aumqsuo0lg Sook ee OB TCU TG COG YS oe ele a ee GUT ‘Sutadg |
sieieieimicis Saeieoee PNG ALU STOO [ial nee sa i9 eee <2 tienes seria siayec 7 eo -- SONI BO OOM ENT: £'N ‘Agunog staaoyy | GLE ‘Butadg
GREP UOR sreees pen ‘Arnqsuroorg |-"--"*---*°---°-°- Keg yeMmony |----7* *---- JOATY yovsuoxovy, | “--" Fen ‘AQoMNOD wasuEg | GL8T ‘Suridg |
cmisioe soereses pone ‘Ammqsuoorg j°"7 "°°" °""“* "ao aTyyp Ofesseg j----*---*77-> roaTy Semeyooy j------- ey ‘Agun0g JOSIONIOG | EL8T ‘Suradg |
£°N ‘Aamqsuoolg |°°""**------- SSSrLGAT eo Les ice a= oo = Ssi- POULIGMUMIONT 272 2 £°N ‘Agunoy josomog | 181 ‘Sutadg
(CANE Aamgsuro0[qe| ==" ss°-<<- "5° OB] poomumoarsy |-- 7777-777 -- OYVT poomumoddy |-- 77777 £'°N ‘Agum0g oressvg | g18T ‘Trea |
f° N ‘Aanqsurooig |-*- ~~ Sea tciy 1oqwH S3y OW jot JOATY SMOTTIN | -- >” £°N ‘Ajyunoy woysurpang | 1st ‘(ea
| f°N Aanqsuoorg |°--7-----7--"- TOATY OTM MUO Ciili2s+ 2222295 5-5 Yoolyg woooovy |--- 77° ff N ‘Aquney asjpsooN0Ly | g/gT Tea |
SOT PINE te GaKOTSLL1 C010) (3 fell pa it Aegq oremejog |**°°777* SS raees JOATY OOLMBPT [777 * f'N ‘Ayanoy pueprequmy | g78t Trea |
(Pen AIngsuro0[g | => <= -2--- "= 4- TOA OLUMUACis|| 2220 - oo= yooly 8s, AgMoIpTy |--c°>-°o- fF N ‘Aguno0g ayes | g1gT Trew |
(PUNE AIN GS ULOO [Giantess a aes LOQIe AY Sd Qwoty (+777 IOAN LOQIVA Ga Yeory) |--- 7-77 7° f° N ‘Agunoy oyuedy | B/S Tea |
(GENE Aimgs woogie. s 2229s = 1OATY OLBMUTOG, | -°-"°"--- “Appa 8, cayVuIeOYS j--" tt tect oe £'N ‘WOPUALY, | BLAST Tea |
miccseieitin ssieinis sia vq ‘edopy MON |- >>> > AOATY Loqaey SBqy qeory |--- °° Sipe ects ss TOA CoyeHyon, |---*7-- f£'°N ‘Ayunog Avy odvy | get ‘cg ‘aeg |
Naeem alae Vey (OOP MONT | 225: osc: =a AGE OLEATE [Aira tess sas vale TOA ovlmneyy |*-**- f° N ‘Ajyunoy puvpiequing | syst‘, ‘are |
| alesse se (nieinie)oic ciclo Url OCOFeEMO Nec 8 S's <<i= JOATAT O1BMBlOGp "°° 2258 2255 22S yoorg vnjyueyy |°----- f'N ‘AquNoD 19ys9on0Ly | gist ‘ph ueL
ececeniaisiee.cecis.: Cm OGOFT-WONE | o- 22-2: LOQIVA Soy yeory |--° + A19ATY JOqaey Soy yeory |----7° °° f£'°N ‘AyunoD onuepy | gist ‘g ‘oer
sucisiriei) nics cinia (eleva Bap GOR MONE |=" =" *" = "= 10qIe sam opay |---*-°- 7-77" --> TATY SUOTTORL |7° 7-7" LN ‘AqunoD woysurping | gysi‘e caee |
haricze cine meseizise.c.s Bo MOCO EMO eos see aco IOATY OTVMBlaT |-° “7 “7° <7 oe" TOATAT SS; AGMOTE Ye 99595" 82s £'N ‘UMOAVAOTLV | LLSL ‘6Z “00q
Wienges cia erie rs BET LOC OEE ANO NT |e ss = 7Ai* =<! LOQI@EP AoMeOTy joo 7 oss * TOATY SNOTPMPL |--- 77" CN ‘Aqanog uoysarping | ,18T ‘9% ‘9eq |
lWegerieerete tenia Bao UOP MG Nin|s "cies TOAT HY SOTUANG [OCI 72s" Ss sooo: ool) toqury, |----"* £'N ‘AyanoyD 1oyseono0px) | ,18T ‘FZ “00g
Weeegaroea cls iz isiisimie BET OC OFTEMG Ne |r er sco s cis ss TOAST OIUMUlOCT |°7 "°° to 7 7 Yoolg § uUBvuplO |----7* £'N ‘Aqunoy 194sedn0pPH | LAST ‘ZZ “00d
ligamcaeesat cin o/ei a ainiminis qe odoyE MON || 2os*s-" =" JOM OLVAVB TOC |: 17> 72s ee sci ool wooo0ey |-----* £'N ‘Ayun0H aeysoonopyy |} LAST ‘ZZ “990
Wogoenecr soe art Be OGG ET MOND || so oses = IGATAT ROTO ING TO (ap se ee eee TOATY VNUBY |**""7" E 7X ‘AJUNOD AeysOONOPy | LIST ‘ZZ “20q
MB Te AC OTe ANG NIos | ser gon ciate tains Auqeo De Meo (jim |= 2 acts scien IOALY 9OLMVY |---*- £'N ‘Aqunoy pueprequng | pst ‘oz “oaq
Bq OdOPTE MON: |= == 22 Se LO ATA ROLE MA GTO (in| Sa serene yoolg Aosuryog cer LN ‘<qumo0g pueploqumy) | LBL ‘0S *99q
UTLOdOP MON | 252 222 so 2 = LOASe OWE AB OCTN| 1s ea nee a= yoolg engueyy |-----: £'N ‘Aqunog szeqse0n0py | L187 ‘LT *99q |
Cie OUO LEMON | ssn 22" LOQIVA BH OMIT |-- 7-277 o cot JOA SNOT[UT |*-- 77° f°N ‘Ajyuno0g uopsurpang | pygT ‘et ‘99q
BT VOCOMEMON: |icscsceo es = IO(IVA SST yvory) |--** 7° IOATY LOQIVH, GOW YolH |--- 7-7" £'N ‘Aqguno0g onuepyy | LST ‘et ‘00q
| Bee OC OF rmNO Ni |= 552525" asieiss ASE OLBMelOgy. | 5-75" = =" ss = 22 OAIY OOLMBYT |--- EN ‘AQaNOD puepzsquing | pyst'g ‘seq |
“--tanraenby A419 YOR MON TS STS JOA COIUMRTOCn|e> = 2225 wees yooig enyuryy j----* Torteress Aen ‘TemMOmda AM | LL8T‘— ——
\----trntaenby Aqtg JOR MON [ote LOQIVEL SS OPT \-- 707s s0t ee" TOA SNONL |°- 7-7" -* fN ‘AND soquey S5q | LISI ‘es ‘qoq
[er STOLEN yANTG) SLOW UMOINT |>- 907 oro DAY WBA BOBS bee = cenieye Clave G pra pene eee LN ‘Ammqpoo mA | L181 ‘ZS “qa |
[--*tantwnby AITO YLOK MONT [o-oo toe LOA CIBMBTOG: |"°°77°7°°7 “OSIM AANG POO AA «5 - <= * "tse LN ‘Aanqpoom | LA8T ‘2% “qo
“---tuntivnby £4) 410% WONT | sacieisie """* LOQIVH SHG Jory |------1OATY Loqaey BUG Ywors) | --- + +--+ t-te CN ‘MOTSUTAA | LAST ‘6T “Qour
7 -untivnby A419 YIOX MON | -Tr TT TOdIeAs Sem eng |222°-- ===" == IOATY SNOT |*- 7-7 f'N ‘Aqunog wopsurpaug | LA8T ‘OT “qa,
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[64]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
888
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [66]
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[68
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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893
AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
PRODUCTION
————
lane se Ak ark a SLA ‘Wostpeyy
“SLA\ ‘WOSIPRyy
ss ttt "" "ST AQ TOSTPRL
“SLAY ‘TOSIPV YY
Sevcewerwersce ool STAN “COSTDE TT
edie Tala ta STA, ‘WOSTIpRyy
SLA\ ‘WOSTPR IY
ST AA ‘DOsIpryy
STA\ ‘UOSTpryy
SLAA ‘WOSTPR IT
STAY ‘UOsIpeyy
SLAY ‘WOstpLyy
STA, ‘COSTPR]T
77" SLAL “UWOSTpey
jpnecs atten cs gametes SLAY ‘MOSTIpRyy
a sestesssss "ST Ay “TOSIpRyL
Eta era SIA\ “UOSIpRyy
SLAY ‘ORT VAOUOL)
RY: SIMA ‘COsipeyy
itsss So eee ST A\ ‘OSIpeyy
Be inl oo ee SL ‘WOsIpEyy
a eg “STAAL ‘WOSTpey
“SEM ‘TOsIpEyy
SLA\ ‘WOSTpUTT
STAAL ‘WOSTPR TT
“SEAN ‘WOSIpUyy
pa ae aed STAAL ‘UOSIPRy
“SEAL ‘WOSIPRTT
“STAAL ‘WOsTpLyy
Paak STA\ ‘MOSIpryy
“STA ‘WOSTPRTL
Weecee STA ‘UOSIPey
“STAAL ‘WOSIPe YL
porcine con oo NTA ORL OIA:
setae tartatatare seis) om STA\ ‘WOSLPRyL
wnt tee ene eee eee SLA\ ‘HOSIPRTy
staan srrross ss" BT AN SOSIPBYL
soorerereecs STAN ‘OMB BADTIOX)
neessooesse" STAN ‘OMBT]T BAOTIOX)
prlewisle cialis ee STAAL ‘[Oqoosog
SERCH “""" STAA ‘OBIT BADTIOL)
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“77 SLAA ‘Toqoosog
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pane “TA “AN SULOOTL AL
mores stares BA AA SSUTPBOTLAL
“BA AA SUIPOOT AL
tres BA TAA SULTOOTL AA
mre ersesoss BA TAN SUITOOT AA
ssoesersccsessss* OVBT BAQUOD
ceicceececess “77 TOA OFNLAL
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Seles nes IOAN 30037
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oo 7 oe “ooo s* GOAT OFT AA
pine rgaene “root ToATY TAdISSISST pL
geist ew QW eais LOA WISMOOST AL
IOATY UISUOOBI AA
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IOATYT ULSTOOST AA.
“LOATYT UISTOOSL AA,
torstttssssess"* OMB BIOPUOTL
poems 8 TANT YSBIVO
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sre ceeenres seers = TOAMT USTIGO
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7777 OAT DISTOOST AL
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Er eae exe ee TOA AVOTTLAA.
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sore sta ‘KQUNOD YRIOMTE AY
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[70]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
894
000 ‘OT (o> 89" =" MOG ‘pIloyuvI_ 4910 N
000 ‘OT sre" -- TOD ‘ployavig 410 NT
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000 ‘¢ “UND ‘ermOR[e AA PUB 4.100989 AA
000 ‘¢ “UU0,) ‘BIMOITV AA PUR IL0d}89 AA
000 ‘¢ “AHO+ ‘VITOU[R AA puL JL0dyso
000 ‘¢ WMO, ‘BINO}TB A, pu JL0dy80 A
000'¢ “MMOD ‘BrImoyTe A, PUB WOdAso AA
000 ‘¢ UN0D ‘VIM07|v AA PUR JA0dyso A.
000 ‘¢ UWMOL) ‘VITOR A\ PUB }LOd4SO AA
000 ‘¢ “UMOLD ‘Vine A, PUL 4L0d48o AL
000 ‘¢ “UMOD) ‘VTMO9(B Ay PUR JL0dyso AA
000‘¢ TUOD ‘BIMO4TR AY PUB JL0d4so AL
000 ‘OT “UOD ‘BIMOR(B Ay PUB 4.0480 AA
000 ‘OL UNOD ‘VITOR A PUB }.10}89 A
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000 ‘OT “UN0D ‘BIN0I[U AA PUL 4100389 A
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000 ‘GT MUOD ‘VIGORB AY pur qLodysdAy |
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000 ‘OL U0{) ‘VIUO}[B AY PUB 410d4S0 AL
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895
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
[71]
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8L8T
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“* UMOD ‘pLoyyreAT | O88T
O88T
O88T
O88T
| O88T
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seenne’ Ses OHTD
[72]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
396
000 ‘Or
000 ‘Ler
000 ‘F
000 ‘¢
000 ‘Z
000 ‘¢
000 ‘¢
000 ‘OL
000 *¢
000 ‘gl
000‘ OIL
000 ‘086
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jo coquinyy
Jrrrer’ OTT ‘MIR0I99 oxe'T DUC ITE) Fee eieninciccic ws TOAT YE STOTG) PULCR aa ae ae = OURS, OULGO Ni ne sss ces eee eee OTT ‘STRTRO | SST
Sar aa a Sa nis ai OWE wos yong | 9-222 25-- TOAST) RLOTG) AUG ji sais sin ate Saini ORVT puesry |------ a ‘Agunop WOPSULYSE AL RL8L |
Rgteps ce ann i [5 SFr OWE LOUSH OD Giller om ee IOAN OOqouUey |-----------* =52 PUO A AIOMAONG |o oo aaaeeeicis on ‘jtodao N | SZ8T
peseelemeieie? a aicaa OW ‘jaodsyong |°------- sSe5 “TOATY AGOSO OU cya eaentemace tne aa DUO ed WIC SEpTOG)) nena cea ata OW ‘PISMU | SLgT
SS Nagle ei OWN ODO |= +> 2 s JOATY SvayeUxNpsy [7-7-7777 STESS OME SOMOULL Te |v. on ‘Ayuno0g yooysoory | g18T
jets Sere sh ere elena OVAL UOT nop: |e“ <== == == IOAIY Svoyouxnpopy |*--7-** sisisieiin ie (aes OWE Sworn: ja" o5 ==" ew ‘Ayun0g yoozsoory SL8T
eipizin's Soe cals -aaOIAe a OL UO eye | == 2s sSsaistcisis JOA WEnbeUleg [279 = "se OCT] SOMITE, |" mS eens OTT ‘0920TIVYD | SL8T
Velsicloisairick=lere Seen 1 OL ULG eh |e pe ee TOATY SPAMUOGT ||) “sss es eet ai OMBTESO LB YN BS) 5 en oo Seo alee OW ‘10d0049 | g1gt
Ngiasieininc)a =ichelaresc ois OL ‘oMOIq WoT FRO COPOOSE Es GV YON NA Mai ALG) | | SO aG SURE RICOIS puog sionserdg: |-~--- =e 22--2< OW ‘092 0T4RUD | SL8T
pig arelsiae sipzisisteletsle 1g ‘oyomquieg OOO +2 STOMA URMOC UO ius 2s mass S109B AA WIOTOESOOTy |-~---- ~~ eo o = OTT ‘VOLVO | SAgT
Wicoeeheepenente ca sie menace el tnt Leal >I fes— ==) | /=se:=\: ay </<jyee UVOLIS| R1O.L4) TOVEG! isis ssi satin invciemas OV] PUBS), |222=- === Dmg Stes miseeinar siete lehs'=:5' | LIST
jesieraia sia.aia/< = wes upde te acsegects |. 7 27 BONS Aor quis RG EOP ae OUT PUBAD) 2 iF oo /s Finer ciel Cea ea a secieer ss 07
elsinieie:storaisi=ciai-ia1e/Srelcie FO CO SI Ee eee eG ee CC Cia | Ease seas WEI] SG OsBq oun Ny, || 5 ae nine ee al | PL8T seee'es)ecseo=QULBIA:
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eesieie Gia Sige DT be ‘OTEASTNO'T ts at en? ape aes ee Lani ns ee SSS WB ES OSSG TE) ie a ea ‘U0PSUTAOD | SL8T
gia cd agi sims Ay ‘ OTrasimo'y | HPN UIJON |-°°-*------ Ay S TMOFZOCVZT A | PLT
gpoleiciate! =)<,setaieict=in'e Sy oTAsmoT ah pei et ar ee name Roe Rates| lte” Sy es ae een DUO che | igen oC cae SASS TNG TT TERTONAG | SL8T
oe Aa 8 Paes se n'a ose Ay‘ ‘oTTAsIno'T ok Ge ae ees imty mae | ons er ee ee cpreeee DOO? [era a A ‘QAOTH) 8, Y9TCIg SL8T
Kercpauciss sale Sis sss : Ay | G[PLASINOG |=) 22> <a = TOATATs PIG FIP ULING)) 5 soversanae seas seein YOOLG) UB OI Daye eet seins -slsicinicle Ay" JOSLOULOG | BIST :
sTelcrehel ex2 sinietey etme: ate ASE O[[TAStMONH pr = oral a TOATIT GTEC) |= = === yogre Siadogsiy: |= soertess Ky ‘oprassopAey, | SL8T Pane ana eee ONT ION
enemies 2 sce SUB ‘YOST |-- "°° °°" OAT TH Ayomg |-°---+-7 +--+ >: yoorg Suyadg |------------suvy aoyrey 410,7 | 0881
CONT LT ei tea SUBY ‘YOMSTT [77-77 TT HOATY TIM Aqours PSST SS Se OCI US [9s == SOB QIIOMETTT (G97
Pigicini-\nic ile .2.e7%2) suv y ‘(yLOMST[ A Soreness -geary [tH Ayoug UES a se MOOU ho WLI s jo oo oc = = STENT OMTpE KORST
1 orgs suse Neier eoxs! sie suv y ‘TOMS TAL TOALY [LH Ayoug SFO pera OCI OCOD |e er ara SAUNT STTASHUL O88T
sletie ci e\wiaiaierelele suey ‘WIOMST A TOA TSG [ UREA ODIG) ister segs oe oct HOOI4)ALEOT Aina eee ee suey OTTASLIE,T | O88T 1
piace tsa saa suv yy ‘YMOMST[T TOATAT EUR OO UIS fie stiri c sions “77° HOoI) WG | *----- 7 SUB ‘OTTLAslaeT | O88T
Sasa sles Sa, = Se! suv y ‘QWoMsy [A | IOATY TH Ayomg |-°-**---*-----* Suradg Ae[peag |-*--*--------- >>> suey ‘YPoATA, | 0881
or Ta yar “*" SUBS “GFLOAMST [OL TOATATE TUG AS O DIGS | See one payeer cs OOTY POT fos suvyT ‘TABU O8sT
esi iacins sietn= ss suv y ‘TAOS TOAST TUR A OIG) 25 29s See sede oS eno, |e" =o Iaire yp OdUBOO AE OSST
Siclesesn Sh oleic os? SUBY YPIOMST| A | DOATS TTT EET AS] O ULC | SoS cinsscieinansrncis nicieiscre acne PUORE Pass See sseice SUuvyL ‘YMOMST A | O88T
Bie ance ea suvy ‘QLtOMSTL[ | IOATS I AOU Gn | > Gon mineenae Saco ron Pee ene ADL “HOSTEL AA _ O88T
NI a suvy ‘WOMSTT Ay | JOATY [tH Ayourg |" -°*- °°" "OMT 8 pIBMOH |----------- “suey ‘OYIVAY ILO | OSBl
a i ick ter noe (LEIS 2 G WHLLUENS CTE a ic ee A COS a eU INU NG “7 suvyy ‘Aqun0g wosiey qo | 6L8T
PO rea suvy ‘YOST Gere Goat a game OATS SUSU [os sce a ss TOMA T Epa OULS) |= >> == “suey ‘AyMNOD THOMSTG 6L81 Se nine ime SURI SE
Maer eset soe UN FSO Ne POSS BERGA SCS SOS IS ICU a spuod sumpoyeyy | ~~ BMOT “esoulBly | SL8T
PCOS OD EB BaBUe cic BMOT ‘BsOWen | oO E SORE Ane eager a gle EE ee ee TOA GOUIONESSG: [297 2c ose VMOT ‘Qm00g | 8181
epics pcre seisa's' BMOT “esoulvu eee eee rene ces cae eer ene ne eee LOATSUOALO)) || altos Se AO Te AQTS) LB IU Is OLOT
eins sieicie sine isi37S (ENO) SETA PSO OEE GUE OR ERO a ECR GOOLE Ha PCa aOR ODO A GIN OY iti N10) vroooos=- BMOT ‘spidey cepa | g1gT
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pein sigia(s'sis'2\F =,eies= ECO Te ESO LG Ua yee lipaieiiage coder nega ome ois ga icicicis coral cincini crane eS OMB TOTO) OplOH OLLI ‘OYVT IVITO | 8181 ae Ss
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‘poyoyey, ATTVUy oI T AA —jo Areynqri4y, o10M Sy ae A UE 81098 A, Ajipeoo'7] eq e4eqS
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wmouf UOW)Ds DpOOYyoY fo woyngL.ysiT— TI] AIAVL—'C
897
OF YOUNG FISH.
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION
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6181
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S. Mis. 110
[74]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
898
000 ‘06 ee eee ewww eee SSUTT ‘ToISoTOUT AA eee eae seer nee pe eae eer seg ser ee 5 EDT Owe ANT TET wee bse be srensay sseyy ‘WyhomsTg OLET
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(0) Soe at RO Se SSUTT ‘ToIseyoOULM |--- 7-7 Te Sie xo “2/5 ous SEs Sen Paes cad puog espa |="---°"*>°>> SSvy_ ‘IOJSOPOUTA\ | 9/8T
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(YN Fo el Rae SSVI LOJSOUOUL NA [72-96 > sme ese s nee aie geet Nayar) | ipa cae eee os PECqcNG |Essa=5 See Serie SSL ‘NWOWVN | 92ST
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(100) Sf aC SEEM MLO NOU OLA Nes aims sescinp ergs mr ce meteor alas Siac Cielo isieyei a =I puog seyey |--*--- Se eet S8LIT ‘UI[Ieg | 9L8T
Gnade IPESER Ooo BRAN edlO tse UO Uy Nea |e min credence ec eh cemiehteinicis aiaieici-sIai=/|isielaie\si>\se\alwi=\ele/e:einiale(ojetfalmtarel~ late a ere ee ae es SSVI ‘9INJOD | 918T
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YOUNG FISH.
OF
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION
[75]
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[76]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
900
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PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
[77]
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Meh SP Tro MOLY “SULAY par
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WULF, “BUT A\ Por
Tos UAT “SOLA pay
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|
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* VIOSOUULPL
sores WBAIPTPL
[78]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
902
‘USE
jo caquinyy
HN ‘qqnouATg
HN ‘yjnousATg
cia THN ‘qjnowsTg
“-" "FN ‘qgnourdATg
7" AN iqynourdtg
Ping Ficicinke mers) a\o 9\¢ H'N ‘you ATT
pats Ee HN ‘qynoudtg
pesmi Speen ee ee HN ‘ygnourda,g
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gees fs N ‘yynow AT
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SSRIT ‘LoSoTOUL AL
“SULA\ poy pus
| SULA\ poy pus
| BULA, Poy pur
SULAY Poy pus
SULA, poy pur
SUA, poy pue
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“SUIAY poy pues
DUTA\ poy par
| SOTA poy pur
“SULA\ Pay puv
|; SatAy poy puw
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LOOT MOTIEAL
yoorg MOT[LMA.
OORT MOTLAL
Yoorg AOTTLAL
SOOT MOTTA
SOOT AMOTILAL
YOO MOTILAL
yoorg MOEA
YOO MOTEL
OOTT ALOTTEAL
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|
|
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HN ‘qjnourd,q ~
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SSBI ‘LaJSoOUT A,
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|
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rip ata puog salupy |" ---"-"" AN ‘gotapurg | Oger ‘et AvpL
poe a puog uvmyog, j--- 77 AN ‘UOSTONT | 088th ABT
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pucd &,projperg: |= ga HN ‘ployprag | 6481 ‘— Ane
SS PUO Gea OI Nall sse ne > "AN ‘dogsoqouvyy | 6ug8T ‘— Ane
Sa ee puod |°""°--777""7""" AN ‘qorapaeg | gygt‘— Ajne
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see tie cay ie eyey menbg |" ----- EP ‘ssouLoploH _GLRT ‘— oun
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Fe RC IE ONVT oo |" ‘BrmooURAy | GLgT ‘— oun
Datu [PLEO EG CLS ea ea HN ‘ppysutidg | gygT —oune
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TES chee niie mist OWT Olsoqessryy j--* 77°" AUN ‘doqsoyouey | gLgT ‘— Avy
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a rtn biae as OUT y8vql [7777 AN ‘PIOgONe A | 618 ‘— ABT
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pi ieteislelale stele rele ere puog Souopf j 7777-77 AEN ‘puourdey | gxgT ‘— Avy
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sisisiscelaislelnieio else: oyey sedvung [-------*-"+-> > AN ‘AanqMon, | g28T
Ravel sieb nniieieinecrimiaiets GOES COC IOOON >: (iq Geahed Oey eG 2) Ap HN ‘ueyang MON | gg
Sd ep ee ol etal Se arg |e oe AO CTE LO ATS TTT" BEN ‘Gosipeyy | 18 - garysduvy MON
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Sg eee OV] Wwpog jos aR ‘Agu n0g uryaeyz_ | gLgT ‘— oune
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Ce So et Sra ied ONT wpeD [oor UT ‘A3un0D sony | E181 ‘— oun
Sener aa ONVT 8 yLoqoy j--- 77-7 GUT ‘Ajun0D sory | BLgI ‘— euNn Lr
SES ORG IO OOO COO: ONV'T visouvy |---------*---- 77 UU ‘qnINGq | 6LxT ‘— oune
SGI ge sIswicisic ste puog 8,mnuieg | -"-- > aarp ‘Aqgunog uojsnoyy | giyT ‘— oun
HSE EGU aeetee iene eine OULOD OYVT |----- 7° muy ‘AgunoyH uoysnoxy | G81 ‘— ABT
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PASC ORR G AS SOU oyey Apueg j----------- uarpy ‘Ayun0g ssvQ | 6181 ‘— Avy
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Ree eee puog 91% “uy, ‘Aganog Aoswvy | g/g
OFV'T § UUBOoPT -- uuryy ‘Agunog sesmvyyz | gs
Perch aceite oe] wwog OPAL (~*~ aay ‘Ayun0D Aosmey | List ‘PL “Ady | pyuog—vzosounryy
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903
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
[79]
PIV ‘oromrgyeg
PIV ‘o.L0uLy [eg
PIN ‘oromgy [eg
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‘Lanqsmoorg.
CN ‘Sanqgsuooyg
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pet weet ca HN ‘qynoursTg
reese nee HN ‘qynoursTg
eee HN ‘yjnomATq
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Brcaiane 777" HIN ‘qjnour4Tg
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aie ae PEPE IOAN YORULLIOW
Petepaeels "7" IOATY YOVULILO PL
sresss s s22% JOATY HOBVULLILOTY
pnt Ce <Gis TIATY JNoOTQOoUTOD
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cir wane reiseis *LOALY OVUM TE
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spu0g
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puog 8 lor Ay
puog 841° yy
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puog 8,A0Y[V AL
puog o10wypty
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puog weysurmung
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puog ALlog
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TON ‘wosday
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HN ‘PIOg8}4!d
8L8T
SL8T
SL8T
6L8T
SLT
9481
9LST
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81st ‘— ‘ady
8181 ‘— “ady |
Bet ‘— dw
Sgt ‘— “adv
sist ‘— adv
SL8T ‘— “ady
SST ‘— “adv
SL8T ‘— ‘ady |°
6L8L |
6LST
6LST |
6L8T
6L8T
GL8T
GLST
8L8T |
6L8T ‘— ‘90q |
6L8L‘— ‘90q
6L8T ‘—— ‘90q |
6LST
GLST |
GL8T |
| 6L8T |
GLI
RL81
181
SL8T |
OR8T ‘LI oun |
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OSRL ‘OL ouny |
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oss ‘2 eune
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osst ‘0g AB
a “eyuvalAsunog
* BUILOINYD
sinipio == O10
TION
“YOK MON
NORIO? ALO NT
[80]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,
904
000 ‘T ODOR em mesh ama DEE SEHmawamn Db amets eH as Sma ss emer esd Bon OAseme atone sisieieinigimaicieinic!e'*'s'°'-* ILO TOTO ST: sree Qa ‘Kqunog toySaryse A, OLRT ‘TT Avy
000 9 E LOATH TSQOUTLAN | Oo tA ‘XOSH | AT 'g AUT
000 ‘¢ ; OVI OLOULUN Gy | 2" = 5 see e es VA ‘Aanqstpeg | gust ‘g AvpL
000 ig clan nies tale ante edge eten ch ecamea | |i 4 ie sas ee pega eee en ee PULO Gg ae ak se carne ZA ‘TWITHURIYT | OL8T‘Z Av
CCR Sead aN Chea ish eiee a2 latinas ea ie bee Ss puod pleyarey jo - ces JA ‘PLlOP-UWeT | YZ8T ‘ET “ad |--* oct ooo JUOULIO A
000 2 2g Seay 6 SC ee AEE one seh ce. SRE BICOL ORLEING | So ee a eee ee a taserpre, O88L
000 : De re eS i a ee aso) O88T
CUORSEeme leat ee AIOUOIVET ONE | ace OATS (BOOUOC Ni ncmcira sutra a cana peewee 2.1 a0 oe eel ot Oe ae O88 “77> BUTLOIeD GQNOYg
HOCH|sao oes? Et wesuesouo gy?" ---------- RS ER ie eS lil ee ta ea aa puog 8,doowg |o- 99-50 == I 'W ‘ovenqiog qyAoNy | gst
000 ‘2 emiege seen tc TOPS STU NAYS Ea Ch EN COs la tee Ni A I IO OIC aaa dete puog JNOIwULASOTY "°° 7” IY 038@N410G YQION | gZgTt
OO0RCeMECEe coe s ceo TAO IeSUBHS UO |= 2 a TOATAT YONIBOANG pe pe ass i DUO Ais UO PIBANG [sesso oss ona JW ‘Uoyssary | geet
(MTG A ESSE Ose rE LY JJesuvsou0g |°-" “atloArosoy Svooseg dmesg | --+777 7777 =/=il DUO TAU ROW || <2 ia aus ake oo TU ‘PA ang | gst
Cote lesk oss: eo ae TTR OS UB SOMO Yilesse tomes” peas ae TOATIT TOA GO [soos scenes Lote Rs ak Teh s fal amet Oa I'Y ‘puowyonuys | ogt
00s ‘% Tee Ose coo yy |= sss sin =i IOAIY VOUOPIAOIg [777777 * BOCOHES puod YOrMAe AL LW NOTMIR AA | OL8T
00¢ ‘% Weve VOsSuVceuOry esse sein TOAIY QOUGPTIAOIG |-°-*-- ttc c cess puod §,U0}.104) IW ‘Yormivs Ay | 9181
00S ‘2 IY ‘}osuesouo0g | TOMI TUI OUYANG To lle goa oo vee gee puog Aqly ~ T'Y ‘oyso | OL8T
00S ‘% I ‘Y ‘jesuvsou0g OATS ENON | ANG qin |e veces oe cia po LeiCaha 7 AL) Ades | POORER SAO Sano LW ‘toysoy | gS
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00¢ ‘2 IU ‘0savs0u0g i “> puog JOOISUBMBOPY [--- 777 IE ‘(0780S YILON | 918T
00g ‘2 [UY ‘y0suvsouU0g |*--“afoArosoy Svooseg Cuvag j---*77 ttre DUO FT UOTE |e es ee Te OlrATMangE oyen reese pUuysy oporyy
CID Ce, 9 lei ns dc vd ‘A100 OAL HONI Os Pots Jeary AUOYSOTTY |" -~ Bq ‘AJUNOD puvpesorw ys Ay | OB8T
000 ‘2 Fee S Re ae gar as 8 CTO ALO (ger aig: cate geo Terie agit ess Sy ee cme YoOorg WOuory |= 2 w= soos vq ‘AyuUN0D elug | Vgst
000 ‘2 . pee Cle NUON casein eae oo eee ase peer Cmts a a SOS bi CEN Eg Antes 1214 (Peo ree we OS vq ‘Ayun0D eg | Vssl
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(UNS a Sia laa tare Ve CMOWMUin | as ee TOA EVUUB TON DSNG) |= se crcces sais uny yesouog |--------- eq ‘Ayano Joysuouv'y | oggt ‘et adv
000 ‘T SN iT Nae aoa (Ge AIOE TA CSI e | RES SERGE ESC YOolQ Suisn[wd MA [oo tt toe erctee oxey AST, |*- 777 eq ‘Agunoyp euuvyonbsng | oggt‘g ‘ady
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(0) XG SREB SEE a vq ‘Vyolieyy [oo TOA VOMV GOR DSNG! 2-26 se <a conerisnice cc Cb (ha PAG eys be Iara ea eq ‘Ajunog oudozn'y | oggt'g ‘ady
000 % eno Fe AP Oa ya: AAIOYGY REI RSS e SE a2 OOO 24 nC Deel eet re FUSS Nae Fae Soe ee eq ‘AqunoD 10430 | §L81
O00 O eeatiae’ | tee vgigs sass se eeoray |S <5 a ca I Olly OFVT |----7 7° Bue pre es ee BBO a SRF saan eta eae Hee eq ‘VL | 6L8T
00g T CSUMTEN OG AG bir ca tee TOATY YSIYOT [777 je) PUCH POO AS BOSOIN TiS yt ae ot Vq ‘WIAVH OFA | 6L8T
00¢ ‘T ‘e}JOLIBYY |e CYP Ut Esha la | Ps Eee cc DOO dtd cess 22 Se Sy Vq ‘UAV FT OFT AA | 6L8T
006 ‘IL PBIVOTLUIA | Geleisies TOA Uclqenn scars > omen ane eYe'T yoodneg |------ Beg eee Vq ‘WOYUBLOS | BLET
000 ‘€ POT OUNG Aen | peice oe ree IOALY YSiyeT |-----*° Peis CPs fg OL Om EL PANG COPD Bo ha lace Bq ‘W0JUBIOG | EL8T
000 ‘9 ‘BQOLIV PL -->- JOA euMeyonbsng |----+-++--- + +7 >> oye sjAOAIe |--7-- oot s=°" vq ‘o1ieg SoX[tM | LST
000‘ eq ‘ALL0) S--RSPUOCso UT OVCfallas oie once iene cs vq ‘ALLOD | SL8T
000 ‘2 Gq ‘AII09 puog | eq ‘Aqunog uwo11v Ay | 818
000 ‘¢ | TOUS) iC -| Weenie Sega lag ty ence pve en eemiy a age Pa ay a Eg “--wq ‘AqauoD omhw A\ | BLT
000 ‘¢ ‘BOLL ORV] SMoaivy j-- 77 eq ‘OLIV SOX[LAL | 8L8T
09% TTOTATS ONE At RR a SOS SiO ER | SRA ee eee a oe ar | eee vq ‘Ajunoy) YosioMOg | gLgt
00g % ‘V4QOLIe AL PASE lisa ta Pees vq ‘AyauOD o1MOW | 8181
00¢ ‘3 ‘eqqgoreyy |* SOM Bape | an ean aay vq ‘Ayuno0D ox! | g1at
000 ‘F “Lis I).0 Cy | isan titel pre ae eins a ces ieee | (pea ate seas Seen a pre ine a eo ag RT eq ‘WO}O[ZBH | 8LsT ‘ponuy doy
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jo 1oquin T 2 819M YS YOU UT 8.1078 AL ‘ :
‘ponuryuocgjg—anrsnjour ‘OBST 02 PLBT mouf wowpps oipooyoy fo woyngysig— TIT LIVI —'d
905
OF YOUNG FISH.
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION
Princes c= msec AVS AAe ADULOION:
Sinan eens nme TA ‘A\ ‘AouUIOYy
igapiabea sate Riemer BA AY ‘Aouuloy
prin Ses la site BA Ay ‘AOUULORY
weet ewee eee BA “MA ‘Aoumoy
oes oaecic ess eer SAK AOUMIOY
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Scie eeceenets BIOTIC
[82]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
906
"sy
jo roqun yy
“SLA TOSIpeyy
| Seininas owia JESarsee SLAA ‘WOSIPRTY
jsesene pheteio)eininina ie STA\ ‘COSIPBTL
“7 "STAM TOSIPVPL
[isepeteleymiascin lee cin reserere ST AA ‘LOSTPRT
9yBI BADIaL)
lprecscnssss Aroqoyeyy §,1oWyV_
leona Sets See BA AL ‘SoumMoy
Peis Skene Stmuplese ci CA AV ‘Aoumoy
Hegeseieiere! siSlsinisi= a2) BA ‘A ‘AouUI0y
alas BVA M ‘AouUIO0 sy
weer se ee ewe ewes BA “M ‘A@uUO YT
(iperclain’ Shesninl sinecoeer CAM ‘AOUULOY
em eet eee tee wwe BA “mM ‘AOUCLOYT
LOCOS) elsvincinis/- IAM AN ‘AomuLoy
OCT CAM AQuULOY,
|e ewww eee ce eee BA A ‘AouUULOY,
liege cashes 825 TA AA ‘AoUULOY
Stearns rela eiciatnie BA A ‘AOUULOI
Daioh icincisisic.ctaisieie TA AM ‘AouMOy
pectoris eiininte tania BA AA ‘AouULOIY
pasta -sisve-nacic/sie ise: VA AN ‘AouU0yy
‘poyoyey AT[VUg o10y AY
SEP IARCOOC cSeete ia wee reels 20.) +t? = 7 TORI Meaty 6181
JESS OREOCC Sone Side SAIL 20 af OND BYOTABOV NT 6L81
aie aici reich seininie asain iainiclehe a tesrrnie amie miele Peo eens Saou AOU.) 6181
SEHR EO HIS BOR IOS DOE Bes eaicae cine eilicc Pinos sania seis hel OUR IOATLS 6181
Sebi eemesausee ea saseee geek eeeoee|-css Sa aesese ene “+= gyerT aval | BLT
Leper ec eS ae AOATY SLOUTTTT [°° °- "°°" °°" > 7 OB BACTOX |--°---- STA ‘Apun0D YILOMTVAL | LST
Ssisisicis.c ices sore" JOATY SIOUNT[T [°° 777777 ONVT BAoMAY |------- SLAA ‘AITMOD YWOMTeAA | OL8T
ROD EB IGOOCE Oo EOI G UT ICE Baan | Ip GaSe ORO erie Ab OGS c Dace Hesdl oteqcea Aeessoh eis ae eee sees 9I8T |
G2 caw sinfelsioiniciis we ce miele picinco na nee gcacs: cinccic ONS OOMOULOUOO ON > =o a ee eels alee rel Qyor |
aoecae eae Guneeee ane ia agi) | aie anny oe ee eae Ua Sa? as ee BUM SOOSTE INE [SOLer j 7777 WISTOOST AA
Sieeiria Sinisis ee cieicic le ee TOATT MON, | 7° 759°" ="° JOA JoyAqmearTy): | -* -==-"7-=">-"BA AK ‘COMME | GIST |
“IOATIT OVMIOTOT ‘ToURIg. qynoG, | °-- =" - as = =< 2n- EACH fa pn PORE Cea SG vA “AM ‘Aoumoy | 6181
“IOALY OVMIOJOg ‘YOuUBIG TING |---°-° 787-77 e oo sole jmqiyy, |-"- VA “AA ‘Ajunoy oarysdurey | ELST
| TA “MA ‘Agunog
hing coos esses TOATY OVUIOJOT |° "7° = HOOLD TIAL oarqsdue yy a 8,JOUIvA | 6LST |
| AA ‘Sgun09
SES eT Se Se ieIes LOATY OvMIO}O |" 77” HOOLD TA oarysduae yy ean 8,jomey | 6L8T
| pea Yoo) 8, wosie}yeg | o7-77+ SuLdg swe, | BAAN QaodsmRITILA | 6L8T
Gietcarisaccicarier= JOATY LOWIQMaeIy) |oet-7 + ttt yO AIG (BA AA ‘sSuradg amypdng ott A | 6L8T
ole lnivciscicimisremiecineiale IQAINEOMO=|075 22229 2) oo es MOOIQ USI |o = 2 BA OA UOFOTIIVT| GLST
ISD Peb ston SoHUOn DAC TOA OTGQ [7-7-7777 Yoo SurpooM [7777-77-77 BAM “SaTdg plog | 628T
Basset IOATY BPOYosuOUOT |------ ~*~" ---" >" =" MIO ASO AA |" ooo BA TM TORSO AA | BLOT
sinieicre:scizieis\: IOATY Vpoyesmouoyy |---- "7-7 BAO SOMA | BA AA ‘YSaNQsyIVID | 6L8T
OJ0 ‘Jvoq
Dia One CEC SB'9 LOATY OVMI0}0g toy UOTBNITSUY ye WiezpUNO j---* 77-77 VA CAA ‘AOMUIOYY | GLET |
SEER slesociote oaleiercsecie coca tal ieseio'sin\s araestes se PUNT | BA UM GANG slo qled= | 629. |
cee eseess ees agany ovmoqyog |--777* dSersoiodoaan uny §,UoTId | ~-- 8A ‘AM ‘Ajanoy oarysdureyy | 6181 | ‘ponuljda0g
sagt oye ae IOATY OVMloJOg |- “Feed 1OF WorNzysuy 4B puoOg | ---------- BAA ‘AOUMOY | 6ST —BIGIBITA J8OM
“poor d | ‘OSRTIA |
—yo LrvyNqr1y, DEEL iS -oyeq | 04B19
Q19M TSH OUP UL 8.1098 AA
10 ‘1.04 ‘ootyo-ysod 4xoive NT
|
‘panuryuoyj—oaarsnjour ‘ORE] 0} PLT wouf uowpns orpooyog fo uoyng.ysig— IIT 1aAVL—'q
907
YOUNG FISH.
OF
AND DISTRIBUTION
PRODUCTION
[83]
0%
000 ‘¢
000 ‘OT
000 ‘0%
000 ‘OL
000 ‘OL
000 ‘OL
000 'S
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- BMOT ‘USOTURUY
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|
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[84]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
908
00g > You ‘Woys yrvyo,
CGM eo tae 5 het WOU ‘UOysyIRLO
Ol) Famine ice re TOU ‘GOS yLeTO
(NOU) > eel ee a SSVIY LoISoOUL AL
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OF YOUNG FISH.
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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< 000 ‘08 petictesreee wae ‘10d 18: eee es Pere qno1yoo Se eee ¥e0I) TP tr eee ark MeOneL FEST
Hig! ee: eee ‘y100 rN Cees Ty nor Th aR yood cereal eee SEAN"? rca Leds
ae eee 04 « Pan ages sco axe IOATYT Rooutog [0000-7 wpmoneat foes pesoreG M | EL
A ge | ge ut Q ‘yatodys WNalsasc se put IY yNoT}O iH cee JOA navat coco rrrrtr aa amor 000 ST
009 ‘2 Eas cemerete 109 HOUSOAL fo0 oo AA anoHoomay |r ar ee) ee TTT 2a, onsonomeRE ast
= 00¢ is Resor Snerice ce ‘aod4sant Ser rae See purer 200 eine acs ar onto eee: ght ‘qaanqSILIOME ea
s 000 ‘s¢ Peri odeces ro 5 sq0dso.At eee Soa * Penee purysy ua ee io aan IOANT Ci ee ee IA ‘PI! {SILO riya oc eeeceee
Sie Scan shmopopey | --- - punog pUurys] ye eae feet eee DA Utst098) v8 cla
iG - Hoel se ool de ae mat ia e feces goa IOAt ae ue ooh 4 ax
Q 000 ie x a; ‘Hosta steogy pete aes Wont Ae meas Pee Sas ae res pes HART 88 | 4A’ “ ufo ae
5B 000 ‘01 bss eee Fie | escescaeeoees Bf auaTAoUIOD |" 94 TORRE Ig) oumog | ->" mooRL | FASE
me «000 w ‘9 Buo ureyd 9 oxy | Be oat oot) |r 779A es ¥b
00 ‘OF TM! josursem d | Big i Sel Ld ll baa BE yas OD |r77: aK er ae) po ar
Ay 000 ‘ST STF a ostseuolf oie iene eee eee pals ered Pe eteaaet A eTlear 8 e0puyoye | vat
000 ‘F | -T aT ‘Wosuvee OF § Toke anerncMee Leen oth aes IOATY 0 cra 4 CPELOW le
008 ‘% | "Wy yqosues mod aly ouo qed |"7""* Doodavec seen tl eae 9 A goured ret
002 ‘z "TH 9308 ienod IOATY © ead [ooo qo ‘oqpouey | ooosrrssesrr Eaciesd ee
G LU asuvovl OAV UOS OV Ai eeeee ee - uel P| eaisior te: TA ‘3190 °9
= 000 2 1 ‘iowuvienod Seco 10 ee ARCEMIS “> Your, A adn marie ee SOR aE e A eres ist
a 0 ‘IL T “TS osuiogg [2007700007 TOA: yy quoxn zee Sa qol ale OT[LA i eeeeeeerery ; :
aan ee "yf yjesue ped eee: iy qn uel S19}VI |” vssssss++ ggoeyd Sapttng oe
ania Ar L aS ie eae O31 soumoavd a arleasieye |G ceeseteeeeees sould Puss bust
soos ug ematad rence geen teers ao ayane re ould ceetceessetiseset+g0g aes ie Sel +
Boe lls fedouod | Pet sonqvoat “CI rggead or O13 Hous
yorueyy |--* pease ae aes orig TESTES aseueit oe ae
ere W SE aUE Tene Wesce shar cat vd gz L8T
eel SA AE Sore eae coe seoouts aL PL8T
sng |i-rs- as 777 doany vyVIT ovld pT PL8T
coat oe yo ia one BR CEOOEGD :
es s,nttopor) paca a eae
—— oo NT aanste a 088
aye a NS Lfrey a ames
roWSTEA | OSL’ oe purj[sy opo
FL8T Ww Ta
[88]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
912
000 ‘oT
00S ‘L
000 ‘OT
000 ‘OT
000 ‘OT
000 ‘OT
000 ‘06
000 ‘02
000 ‘02
000 ‘0%
000 ‘0%
006 ‘ZI
000 ‘OF
000 ‘0%
000 ‘02
000 ‘0z
000 ‘G2
000 ‘SZ
000 ‘Sa
000 ‘cz
000 ‘00T
000 ‘OF
000 ‘cg
000 ‘0S
000 ‘00
000 ‘002
000 ‘008
000 ‘00T
000 ‘00T
000 ‘0%
000 ‘OT
000 ‘OT
000 ‘00T
000 ‘2%
000 ‘09
000 ‘OL
000 ‘oz
000 ‘GLI
000 ‘0¢
000 ‘GL
000 ‘0a
000 ‘cz
000 ‘cz
“ysy
jo roquinyy
"aaignjour ‘OQRT 92 SLOT wouf ysif-anyn fo uoyngi.ysiqg—'A W1aVL—d
sooceeerrsc ss TOTAL ‘OTTAG}I0 NT Seo See re OM BICOMOOT ees Pisce eee a ie ga hd pa a ER SU (87 WERE LG SIM RN OG eee IGE
vorcrereses ss" OTAL OTTAGs10 Nt erauice faeces T= Sais OS (OG PUTLOS] 2 Sos cass ao: SS SL ae ee ilecie eres “*""""" UOT ‘vasfouy | 94ST ‘FZ “GOT
pene LOL IN OLLCU TLO.Nis | Sct eee cnet OME EUING POON ena sos OLS SS Se Seek hes align ce te meee aires YOu “to}x0q | OLS ‘ba “Qoa
ee MOI REELS O RNG FS ey Ree Ge OS GHGD WEIS IE eee y ce ee eo Sen ed Seay | Picante wigan TOUA ‘10yXoq | 9Lgl ‘Fe “Go
worreree esses TOTAL OMAGIION. [77777777 person OM GENO TET es o's! airin nines rie!=' sais sisie Silene pile ai ce a s[pinicielsieteie cise Or ‘1e9xoq | 9Let ‘bz ‘qo
Saleteisisisiirisief = qo OTTAT}I0 NE IRS SRT es CODE: (3g Ry] Old £4 pil [DO ORES Bi OO OO EI sisicle leis cls -ielain ia ci zisieis aco sleet ale * YOUN ‘199x0q | 9181 ‘be ‘qo
me saerisris) = Se OUING OLTAUTION |i eins = 22cm cee ROM CM NUOSIOTYC Tg oS Scs sian 5 velo sso saan ere oamimne > cle ORIN OIxOG: | OL RE EC dOM
pee a ee MOL AURIONG (705559752 <° 25S OMB MOOI TIBEL | o— "o-oo nS a8 os oe me nee Se orre ress | tr cores cess eo OPN tee ked | UOT FG, Aur
steichcis oy oieicin "7 GON OTTAQPION [ooo noon" * OMe] oss Pepe S eS. Se Cass cee oem eink llega ae nee sea aceRORNE LOTR OG (Ol GierCe OO,
pide pS aie WOU ‘OTA 3.10 NC eee eer eee ONEi ROO RL Oreoltfala mss. “come orcas salar Sere rein olor i Orme) XOCne OLS TEPC ROM:
BOIS EOS AGO OOS YOU (OTL T4.10 NE io eee ee sn sere pee OC Me ob TO | ara ncinck tate ace oer eee eee cnr Sie eA OL ATL T KOC ORG ep ca ur:
ahs ae: GOUA OTAGIION [ooo ree Seer OMELTPIO ATES iS og” SS SSS =e wenan a Brdeee PS eee os a ie Youn ‘10}x0q | OL8T ‘bs “GOL
BeOS alo WON ‘OTTAT}ION. Sis teas ee ie PO CNRS Pll fe cre nn nc mine arene a oene eee (ene reer Ol NeteoAOCeu nl Ola TeT CaCO ul
aga RN SSE Se "77 TONAL STA U9I10 NT cette OIE pO TOOLS) SGT SRST SSS Sis I aa pias tees | rere cro meee sel OLN A SOTO TT: QL8L ‘IZ “GO
eco o> se MONNS OfEAUQION.S | 32 205778 F temo t ses OBIE PUNO Ys |r ao o 5 Sse sence secre aia s,s merle resets ss TOU ‘ANS0J9T | LBL ‘TZ “GON
Se ee ou OT [TA T}.LO NT Sp ee a OOH CaaS, See riparia ae ene ain aia pialaiadeie icacic enone ir mera ent OTA AS RO LOTT QL8T ‘TZ "qo,
siaiel7.slelsicieisie See COMING OMCAU) IO Nel ae pene sane Se O MUNN WOOT s ||* Se manice + a ninc maar eae aia cielensiols |esmielini= cisco MOLE OIONG) ||| OV aTe 1c deu
pees "7777 WOT (OTTTAFION PSA as LS S5 8 ed aaa NI ee ficial TATA YG) G ect END CAN ED PAL Ach Gol PALA IG E
tec cibie’ COHESION Fs ee car See ONC MOTI Cores ons sces sss emma s nn) Es, cee eg ee OLN EO Galati e OLOTe TGs GO:
cea aA MOUNE-OTTCAUITONE |S teecse ecco ewan emONCCLONOME Io cation ences new oe mhinvecd|t parecas boss seMGOLN A AOWUOMn | OVaTe Loon:
pies eric oascis i= YOUN ‘OT[EAUQION, [o-oo oon os oMBTY SOMIOR [o-oo OATY GSnoy |o-----o 7 OTP ‘OTTATIION | OL8T ‘6T “G9,
pierre oesien Se Se IOLA O TCA TIONG Poe otioa eis te siiso = OMB GTEMOU XE): |e ccc ne eee aoe aaa meee |e mie ie cies qo ‘Ajanog yxO 9OLST ‘6L “G97
[gee Scorers anes eee TOV ‘OTTEAUJAONT [oor OMENS FTC IG a aes SSeS re: See eee aetna =| ee se aot n Worry ‘AjuNoD HVO | 9L8T ‘6 “qoT
ecco zee rsces HOUAL (OTA M}ION. [voor ror rte Sec O OM DOUG (C250 5-2 eee oe ere pecraenecny leat encore OHA ‘AJanOD HBO | 9L8T ‘6T “GOT
eee en ORAL OTEAT WON: |S eS AQT HPA MLO Nps [Eee SS ir se iso haiaias ae pe ciee ie | e/a aie Seiden aie YOU ‘OTA GWON | OL8T ‘ST “qa.7
= Cais as TOU ‘OTTAUPION [o-oo MOAT SAYS NOW | ceS FSSC Er ees See earn eacmetens, anc eee rene ri QOUN ‘OUTAUJION | 9181 ‘6 “QO
lpi wae ee CORA OTAUION: ||ves seas scc Jae ss AOA U SMO MS re sree oS ee sige asa sas eros as ei YOUN ‘OTAGIION | 9481‘8 “qoq|77 UBSIYOLAL
rae riageke co ore ies" MOU OPAUIZONG |poe are “cee oie OMEN ALEO[O) s\eass = omen eae eee ceeinin nsec eS PANO TALI NOO RMON GLO Tele “CIs esos een MOT
SO200 OAC SCCr OU OMAUT ONG |egcn see sare a O MBE ADI CULO NS | se seach mein a rite sedaiie Weneee |e aes me oeee ieee ee DUC OOM OLS eg a aU IN|. 19 22 eee UCI DUN
0 gaan tl [BO OmpuBeT WEG | -o9> > ooo som" oNBT goqeyl) | --9 9s moo PSs ses on oes al omnsesos 18 AVUNO/ epenleyy: |'GL90 LI “1a
“ILOALOSOY | 7
vortsscocssesss1eQ ‘olpuvey ueg | s,Auvda0g 107844 980 Eg |------ dd telerik each Ae ato eaerry [eo ‘Ayunog Vario BIUVS | GL8T ‘ZT “Qoq
piste gciris Sie (EM LOLPUCO TT UES +| 2-2-5" TOOT MSO AN HIVE |- 950 Se cr sse ase seeees| ssc occc sc Ter) AFUNOD BMLONOS: | GIST T *d9u7
pa oes cual [UAROIPUVORUBCy Pemecc rss ko O Me OLUIy a|ccss eer So ae a ee ees meme tewne|s on Gas ee TOO ALUM OG dU Nita (G5 EEG. see
a [eQ ‘oupueoe'T ueg Oa OCT: (1a BC) PAL CB ee ee ee ee torseceress red ‘Kquno0g messe'y 6L8T ‘SE “Ue e
PRP ROR OTR GIG ie) ‘olpuve'T ueg ek SOyVv'T ee ay eceees! ee wo ‘Aguno0g BPVAV NT 6LST “GE “Uee
ee ERO 1G) -OIpUBON Weg, |= sales i=i== sie) eieree OX /BrpO WU O (fei ie ene Genii eerie er eis rin eater o/s eae a [vo ‘Agunoy vpeaon | 6LET ‘TT “uer
i ea [GQLOIpmeonaUG: | osc oes -Ower QOUUL lieriata ete) oe ee eee ee MUD) AQUNOS 1008 a: G28 LL wee
enclose elreselesaici as RUA) PAGIONUO ca pire ceeeemeen ne ae OMB NISOOUG Ira 2 as aang pase geal eat aaa (ane eee ome oa ar eee Soe aes ele OMS
pS rade Si tS a [ep Acjosiog: |< 7-< "= sexe 19090 preio1oMeG) ||" 9 = soso terete eens ete ccm sete cscs sie AgUMOD edb A | LAST ‘sulids
Bete nig siaic'n/nien!syeiel- [GOV ACIO MIO Gere a acecr= sein Oyu AOUUO (| as. 1 atas eee te ree eee ors [BO AIUNOD) BPEAGN «| JOT sULIdG
psp nate ae [Kefo) ONG) Gs) CYS 1a SOR SSAC ERIS R COCO a ECC] (1 Fil ean Senin lea Esra CS rors" Teg ‘Aqunoy orvpny, | ¢Lgt ‘— “ey
ee es ee ee ee OYV'T Iv9[O es “=. re 3 EA 9) ‘AqUnoOD oFv'] EL8T :
Scere cer ALO TONE PaO) Oi ack circ ee anes OT ROTTS] Gi leans eal grine nce an nine n mee re Scans S rey AVUNOK OMe VGLeL emma 181 70)
“‘poqoyey ATeayg e190 AA *peyo0js $.193v A *BOTIBINGLIT, *AqYvoo'T 098q *O9BIS
913
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH
[89]
96
000 ‘00 cae aac ere oie eine ae i or ee Sats ete eet Ie! 10:66 01a’ e'e one a's cells aauleine s BOHVT O9L8T
(1) (1) Gl Date at beh CC eee error 80YB'T CPA Co Roepe ee eal USMOOSt AA
000 ‘o0¢ i ou ‘olay qo N |[- in Oe \s\s/e ese le viva cretes's Claacg oyey 9L8T TZ “qo fms)
000 ‘00T WON ‘OU[TAJION [oo "ooo oer eee cence OO OME Ti roo Coase ciclnicts ake Scteisis'a'ais\e mlele|| ae ~i0.n6\<\e 0.c.ein ninimioicl ONO ‘OpaTOL, | 9L8T ‘LT “qauy |*" "ot tte eee ogo ee
000 ‘ct £°N ‘Arnqsunoog |--------++-+-- Suooywdoy oye'y £°N ‘Agun0D sr10 pT | BLET ‘LT “qo rt
00 ‘ce £°N ‘Aanqsumoog |*--°+---++ +++ paog 8,pasqdeyg LN ‘Apun0H sizr0p | 61ST ‘LT “qa,q |-----°-- Asia MONT wn
000 ‘00z pce eee ere ems gered rn =.=, Pn lee male mpetlatelai ie eta || 1m o(e <'w0h0 10. o.0je « ciejsio'es ease du case’ c|wics ees <a aneerueen qory ‘90.100 PT O88T ‘ ULL S eS
600 ‘OL TOOT ST aaa Olu o-2 = “ie 0 oars wig ales SORvT YOUN "9019 O99" | 9181 ‘82 “Go =]
000 ‘0gT YOU ‘O[[TAUJIONT [70-7 oer eee WUSION OMW] [ooo rrr ee neers eee ee eee ence elem near eeeees QO ‘oregong MeN | 9L8T ‘gz “qouT =
000 ‘sz TOP OTA PONG iH 2 =-''* =.*\cn's a= laa OE Dnt || onic sce erinieleicie.sitic\e sicfoieim aieieiarelel~ | «/s| <(vjelaieinimaieiciew ate Youn ‘wepury | 9/81 ‘92 “qoq G2.
000 ‘oF MO EPE STP SMEON 0225 DD TTS OMWTAOANIG |o--7-- +222 seen eeen nnn enodadcine [on senseoeannennels WOUN ‘wopury | 91st ‘92 “qa7
000 ‘oL HOT Mis STUAMMION, |° =< 227007 ° 77°" Om wey BOHOL |------>~---<e-+--eneesionesnsconalaeeneescnncenense YOUN ‘wopurT | 9/81 ‘92 “qo |
000 ‘es YOUN ‘OTAG3ION | pace ac marie cr eases) Pele 9 sean /aicieineciaicks TOUR ‘WspuyT | ogi ‘92 “Ger
[90]
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
914
009 Oo CECT Uhh s Be SOC EEI EOC ECs IOAT Aowoou0yy
009 ‘z www ese cess cnccce PA ‘10m Bg weamees aie IOATY SNsBETIOINUND
00G$.0s ree tet eee emia PIV ‘e1omnyeg |------- youvig 80M ‘OBw0z0g
009 sieters)ataiaare seeeeee PWV ‘e1omnnjpeg |----++7 +7 +- eee: IAT oosde eg
00¢ SDODOOSHGIO “re*° py ‘e10omigieg |---°*°°°° “"* deary sepamoduny,
00G 0 reer err teeeeeee- PIV ‘orourrgyypeg |--"-7--7+ >: qoary sepaModuns
008 OAS OCIDO acusee. Pw. ‘e10NITy [eq LO 2.e = a c\e.e (e's ee .= TIDAL OBIOTO LL
008 Peee tess S28 =" pp eLOUlTy Ted: |----- eae ear eee TOATY OVALOJOT
00¢ BODGOCE OCIS EOC J PIV CLOUIMTUG |: = °- °c cess 2 2-=- 49919 190
00¢ em eeer ere tame PIAS OLOULIT CEs | 22 oo tmic= cin ten me JOATY YOVT
00¢ eass<s/secce suisse PIV O10UIg (eg, |= 9 esos Ses ecrrec ete sss
0090 |eeettteeeeeeeee- PWV ‘o1ommyeg |------------ Jeary Jopaodany
008 COSCO OCOCOGIUG PIN ‘Clogiigyeg |--7o ster eres yoo edig 31g
\ i oon DIN CLOURIO Be a= ao e)ciainisie'nin'- AOATY JUOXNIV |
009 weet ee eee eee ee- PIV ‘eqomnnyed | ---c+ oso ee Jeary oosdezeg
00g. ti‘é‘*d tT ”t=”> OOCIOIL2 COG DNs OLOUNIT TR fea a cina =i <icfeeie sisi: JoaTy ysug
O0OG over renee ee eee- PY O LOO Teepe so emai wine's 1OATY OBULOJOT
OOO «sore rteesceseees: DI eLOUA Tegal As <i snleieicniciain= TOATY JUOXN} |
009 seerescr cc cceese PAT ‘eqowlygyeg |occseeseeoe- IOALY Jopaodany
009 mre re PIN ‘o1ourngpeg |---*--7-7+-°-- Joaty oosduyeg
009 sett eer ee eee eeee DING CAO UIO [Uo [ema s oo sniactelsn/aieinar: Hoary odig
fn ore PIV ‘o1ounyyeg |------ JOATY JopModany wos
0090s vee eeeee scceees PIV ‘erompyeg |------ Jeary Jopsoduny years
00900 ever eeeteeeeeee: PIV ‘10m eg |------ JOAIY Jopaoduny yroiy
(Vlt] = sell Re tea laa DIN, O1OMITeg [oserecc teense sceees qoATy ysug
009s eee eee enon eee PIN ‘o10unly[eg |------°+------ IeATy Aovoou0W
009s veneer eeee------ PIV ‘e10unny[eg |----7+7 77-7 - > IOAIY O1OUBsULT
0090s rteteteeseeeeeee PW ‘o1omiqteg |------+--++--- Jeary ALovoou0y
009 Fe Sa ge abe) 0 UCR CUG 2 Tie eal Sif ¢, CRAM)
009 see ccec ccc eceees PHT ‘ost0uinjeg |---°---°°s----- AJOALY JUOXNgVT
00$ retire ress eeteee PIN ‘Oloungyed |---ccc--- +r -- JOAIY JuexNnyeg
009s renee se eeeeee PWV ‘otounngpeg |----+-7+-------- S187 8. uuLMy
009 PARC L aie Sol PI ‘erounspeg |----7+ 777-7 +-°- JOATY JUOXDVT
009 reece c cc ccccccs PIL lou eg | === '*'< <<< IOANT oosdnieg
009 tote ccecec ec ccee DIA OLOOIIA Te Gye cicienmsicic’ain<inis)<\<i</~ puepoy oye T
0090 veneer eeteeeeeee PIN ‘o1ountgeg |----+---++------ STR §,u04m 4)
00900 reece eetteeeeee PW ‘otounngyeg |---+----+--- I9ATY Jopmoduny
0000 [rece eee eeteeeees PIV ‘esomiypeg |----------+---- Joary oosdejeg
00$ severe er ecee Sr PINRO OLIN Ean) | Gor cncicia oc seisleicinicicie SIP souor
00G$ sett tt erst eters: PIN ‘osoungypeg |----*--- ATOATY JUOXNILT 9[99'T
00G seve teserereee: PIN ‘o10mitg[eg |---eresst > Geary Aovoouopy
00G. 0 [eee cceeeeeeeeeee PIX ‘oromnyypeg |---------+++--- STB sucka
(INGE POR RO OBR COCR STIG ED | TSO Af BROCCO OS OICHOGIOS SOAR OROUOG
009s ve tettr ese ereeee PIAA ‘etounrgyeg |----°7ss°o ee? JOAIY BIPSOoRUN VY
py be "poyoqey Ayreug ory AA spereos8
yo aoqurayy x P9Y9078 8.1038 AA
puod
seerceroreroesigary LovoouOy
uny 8, pleUoqow
Pie to ch eet een “** MUBelIg
nog
peeialelac siete stascisete yourig Au04g
ee ete med TA 27081
Jeary soapmodunsy
sieiiercisle pomieg eee oN yc wuts|
nipjeirieiser snicnes = oo se asp uOEy
aIee11S
ap pail ie die tae Yoon ysng
nay es 1 Be Se a eie aw LO ey:
biinatig aceseber ysIolN ysng
LIE pear g gee =e PUN
Wade Sed ee ee qouvig jno1y,
TWvd1Ig
ct ecee cress AroqoyeA Ye spuog
puodg
“*SOTIVINGIIT,
“O88T 9n0.4 viusofyng fo uoyngiusig—TA AIAVI—'C
parecer ses Sey aa PI ‘omrasurely oggt ‘er Avy
Warktigoraea PIL MelAlwTr | Oss ‘st AvP
faeeetiae 17" PTV SotaseyAg | ogg ‘gt Ava
apeerion PIT ‘Sutids anyding | ogst ‘st Avy
fraser PIC ‘Werte AN | Os8T LT Ae
Sea ws PIX ‘odourrgieg | gst ‘et Avy
a “T7TIT DIK Fuesvorg Juno | Ossi ‘eT AV
anseny 7959" DIC OMeperT | OBst ‘Tr AVTL
paetetes ete PIN ‘OTfastit0N | ogst‘'s AVIV
pee Sava cs PI ‘UMojsarAoy | ogst’, Avy
es eee ee ORS TeV Avy
pe abt Santas PIV PH OMT | O8st 'b AB
picigiesisia Sisie scree PW ‘usozuorng | ogst‘g AvTT
pape at SRcy egies PAC ‘o1omnyyeg | osst‘T Avy
Reran OSAr ENE. Peeeme PIN ‘UspaA | Ossi ‘og dy
Ban en ea Nae PIN ATV 19M | O88T '8¢ “dy
pea tar tre iy Sulddg wel) | osst ‘sz “adw
apr eee PIN Stuads Surddiq | oggt ‘zg -ady
ie aia Ceara. PIV ‘VopourTy | Oger ‘2e “Ady
TTTTTTT TTT PIN Moqsurayss A | 088i ‘92 “Ady
Torort sss Ses" DIT eySUTUNysa AA | OBST ‘9g “Id?
pate Spee ee a PI X1uMyd | Ossi '2s Ady |
Seer CrrTTr rr st) PA ‘xtae@qd | 0gst ‘23 “ad ¥ |
BPRe an ea Pn PIC ‘Xia@qd | oggt ‘23 “Ady |
WES DS BUTEA | 088 ao “Ady
Siem s a PIX ‘J9H1eW AON | OB8T ‘TZ “Ady |
SCR RUERER ote PW 'Oatoray) | Oggi ‘TZ “ad y |
Sree: TTrrtee* PIC OHI MON | O88T ‘1 “Ady |
were ewe eens 0 ee eo O88T ‘IZ ad w
Reese. PESTO RENT SES Eo Sree ce ORS OG ACV ~|
ec Nich Bakes PIT ‘PULTAVO | O8sT ‘0G “Ady |
eiaaietien ss PIV ‘IH Atty | ogst ‘oz dy |
PESTA USS TE Eee ie ae ee Ost ‘0g “adv
pares aserseesce PH ‘woyjorieD | oggt ‘er “dy
She bt PIN ‘Buridg wei) | Ogg ‘6t dy
Says aoe “"7°"* DIN ‘PAST | O88T ‘st “adv |
gekes | scie.cesicis/s\a siecle PI ‘Wo01H Su0T | oggi ‘zt ‘1dy
ve ae “TTTT PIN ‘OTTASTOZBD | OBBT ‘LE “dV
Pee eae se neee PWV ‘Aptoav Ay | Oss ‘ZT “Ady |
Wigieaay bac PIC ‘jaoxuyeg | ogst ‘gt “adv |
oo cisisitinis sisitis PI ‘usojshoyong | oggt ‘et dy |
feiss gsicicise se DEGne ana eee | OSS Tac ul divs CUT pasrsrepy
Teh Salam telat VMOT ‘soMVay | O88T ieee eS CAkOT:
peaee RIE a Old -shscoemy ORs Aan [#FAIMMIOD F090 FSC
———— | —
“AqTTVOOT ‘oye | O48
*
915
PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.
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XIX.—INDEX TO THE DISTRIBUTION, MADE UNDER THE AUS-
PICES OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION, OF FISH
IN PUBLIC WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES, DURING THE
DECADE ENDING 1880.
By Cuas. W. SMILEY.
Notr.—To ascertain whether fish have been deposited in any given locality, look
either for the name of the stream or for names of places or counties at the head-
waters of that stream. In many cases deposits were made at railroad bridges at some
distance from villages or post-offices. In these cases the effort has been made to give
the name of the nearest post-office. For fuller particulars of deposits, see the tables
of distribution, pages 843 to 915, inclusive, of this volume.
Abbeville, Miss., Yazoo River. California salmon, 1876; shad, 1876.
Aberdeen, Md., Archer’s Run. California salmon, 1876.
Aberdeen, Md., Green Spring Run. California salmon, 1876.
Aberdeen, Md., Tobacco Run. California salmon, 1876.
Aberdeen, Miss., Tombigbee River. Shad, 1878.
Acton, Mass., Magog Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Acworth, N. H., Cold Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Adair County, Ky., Russell Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Adams Pond, Sandwich, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Addison County, Vt. (See Ferrisburgh, Vt.; Orwell, Vt.; Salisbury,
Vt.; Vergennes, Vt.)
Airey’s, Md., Patuxent River. California salmon, 1879.
Airey’s, Md., Transquaking River. California salmon, 1879; shad, 1879.
Airy Hill, Baltimore County, Md., Gwynn’s Falls. Schoodic salmon,
1880; California trout, 1880.
Alabama River, Montgomery, Ala. California salmon, 1876; shad, 1876.
Alabama River. (See tributaries: Tallapoosa River and Coosa River.)
Alamance County, N. C., Haw River. Shad, 1877.
Alamance County, N.C. (See Graham, N. C.)
Alameda County, Cal., Lake Chabot. Schoodic salmon, 1878; white-
fish, 1879.
Alameda County, Cal., Arroyo Laguna. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Albany, Ga., Flint River. Shad, 1878, 1880.
Albemarle County, Va. (See Shadwell, Va.)
- Albemarle Sound, Roanoke River Light, near Avoca, N.C. Shad, 1879.
Albemarle Sound, Scotch Hall Fishery, Avoca, N.C. Shad, 1878, 1878,
1879.
fj 917
918 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
Albert Lea, Freeborn County, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875; Califor-
nia salmon, 1875, 1876.
Alden Lake, Freeborn County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Allamakee County, Iowa. (See Waukon, Iowa.)
Allapahaw River, Stockton, Ga. Shad, 1879.
Allegan County, Mich., Dumont Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Allegan County, Mich., Minckler Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Allegan County, Mich., Minor Lake. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Allegan County, Mich., Sixteen Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Allegan County, Mich., Wetmore Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Alleghany County, Md. (See Cumberland, Md.; Tannery, Md.)
Alleghany County, Va., Jackson River. California salmon, 1876.
Alleghany County, Va. (See Clifton Forge, Va.)
Alleghany Springs, Va., Roanoke River. California salmon, 1880.
Allegheny River, Salamanca, N. Y. Shad, 1872.
Allegheny River. (See tributary: Chautauqua Lake.)
Allegheny River, Westmoreland County, Pa. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Allen Creek, Monroe County, N.Y. California salmon, 1873, 1874, 1875;
Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Alley Lake, Renville County, Minn. California salmon, 1879; Schoodic
salmon, 1879.
Alloway’s Creek, Allowaystown, N. J. California salmon, 1876, 1877,
1879.
Allowaystown, N. J., Alloway’s Creek. California salmon, 1876, 1877,
1879.
Almena, Mich., North Branch of Paw-Paw River. California trout,
1880.
Alone, Va., Buffalo Creek. California salmon, 1880.
Altamaha River. (See tributaries: Oconee River and Ocmulgee River.)
Amherst County, Va., Pedlar River. California salmon, 1876.
Amite City, La., Tangipahoa River. California salmon, 1876.
Amite River, Tickfaw, La. Shad, 1878.
Anacostia, D. C., pond. California trout, 1880.
Anamosa, Iowa, Hatching Ponds. California trout, 1880; Schoodic sal-
mon, 1878.
Anamosa, lowa, Wapsipinicon River. California salmon, 1874, 1875.
Andover Branch, Millington, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Andover, Sussex County, N. J., Strubel’s Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Androscoggin County, Me. (See Auburn, Me.)
Androscoggin River, Me., tributary of. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Anne Arundel County, Md. (See Patuxent, Md.; Sappington, Md.)
Anoka County, Minn., Crooked Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Anoka County, Minn., Round Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Anthony’s Pond, Wis. California salmon, 1879.
Antietam Creek, Chewsville, Md. California salmon, 1876.
Antietam Creek, Hagerstown, Md. California salmon, 1874, 1876, 1879.
[3] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 919
Antrim, N. H., sundry ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Appalachicola iver (See tributaries: Chattahoochee River, Flint River,
and Chastatee River.)
Appleton, Wis., Fox River. Shad, 1873, 1877.
Appomattox River, Farmville, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Appomattox River, Prospect, Va. California salmon, 1880.
Appomattox River, Petersburgh, Va. Shad, 1878, 1880.
Appoquinimink Creek, Blackbird, Del. Shad, 1879.
Aquetong Lake, Salisbury, Bucks County, Pa. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Arapahoe County, Colo. (See Denver, Colo.)
Arcadia, Mo., Saint Francis River. Shad, 1879.
Archer’s Run, Aberdeen, Md. California salmon, 1876.
Arkadelphia, Ark., Caddo River. Shad, 1878.
Arkadelphia, Ark., Quactuto River. California salmon, 1878.
Arkansas River, Little Rock, Ark. California salmon, 1878.
Arkansas River. (See tributaries: Neosho, Little Arkansas, Cow, Wal-
nut, Pawnee, and Spring Rivers, and Shoal Creek.)
Arlington Heights, Ill., Small Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Arlington, Md., stream. California trout, 1880.
Armstrong Lake, Hennepin County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Aroostook County, Me. (See Bancroft, Me.)
Aroostook County, Me., Drew’s Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Aroostook County, Me., Limerick Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878,
Arroyo Laguna, Alameda County, Cal. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Ashburnham, Mass., Nankeag Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878,
1879, 1880.
Ash Creek, Ellsworth, Kans. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Asher’s Creek, Taylorsville, Ky. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Asheville, N. C., Pigeon River. California salmon, 1877.
Ashley Pond, Holyoke, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Ashtabula County, Ohio. (See Ashtabula, Ohio.)
Ashtabula County, Ohio. (See Eagleviile, Ohio.)
Ashtabula, Ohio, Ashtabula River. Shad, 1873.
Ashtabula River, Ashtabula, Ohio. Shad, 1873.
Asnaconconie Pond, Hubbardston, Mass. Schoodie salmon, 1878, 1879.
Asnebumskitt Pond, Paxton, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Assawampsett Lake, Middleborough, Mass. Schoodie salmon, 1877,
1878, 1879.
Athens, Tenn., Eastanalbee River. California salmon, 1876; shad, 1876.
Athol, Mass. Schoodie salmon, 1876.
Atkin’s Tank, Va., South Fork ef Holston River. California salmon,
1880.
Atlanta, Ga., Chattahoochee River. Shad, 1876.
Atlantic County, N. J. (See Egg Harbor City, N. J., May’s Landing,
N. J., Weymouth, N. J.
Atlantic County, N. J., Great Egg Harbor River. California salmon,
1879,
920 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
Atlantic, Iowa, Nishnabottomy River. California salmon, 1875.
Attala County, Miss. (See Kosciusko, Miss.)
Auburn, Me., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Audrain County, Mo. (See Mexico, Mo.)
Auglaize County, Ohio. (See Wapakoneta, Ohio.)
Auglaize River, Wapakoneta, Ohio. California salmon, 1876.
Augusta County, Va. (See Greenville, Va., Staunton, Va., Waynes-
borough, Va.)
Au Sable River, Crawford County, Mich. California salmon, 1874, 1876.
Au Sable River, Roscommon County, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Au Sable River. (See tributary: Otsego Lake.)
Austin, Minn., Mill Pond. California salmon, 1877.
Austin, Texas, Colorado River. Shad, 1874, 1875, 1879; California
salmon, 1874, 1876.
Avoca, N. C., Chowan River. Shad, 1878.
Avoca, N. C., near Roanoke River Light, 1879.
Avoca, N. C., Salmon Creek. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Avoca, N. C., Scotch Hall Fishery, Albemarle Sound. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Avon, Minn., Spunk Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Back River, Herring Run, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Badger River, Iowa. California salmon, 1878.
Baird, Cal., McCloud River. California salmon, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876,
1877, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Baker’s River, N. H. California salmon, 1875.
Baker’s River, Plymouth, N. H. California salmon, 1878; California
trout, 1880.
Baker’s River, Warren, N. H. California salmon, 1876; Penobscot
salmon, 1876.
Balahack Brook, South Windham, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Bald Eagle Creek. (See tributary: Spring Creek.)
Bald Eagle Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Bald Eagle River, Bellefonte, Pa. California salmon, 1874.
Balding’s Mill, Ga., Chastatee River. California salmon, 1878.
Baldwin County, Ga. (See Milledgeville, Ga.)
Baltimore County, Md., Railroad Crossing of Gunpowder River. Shad,
1879.
Baltimore County, Md. (See Airy Hill, Md.; Arlington, Md.; Balti-
more, Md.; Catonsville, Md.; Cockeysville, Md.; Dripping Spring, Md.;
Freeland, Md.; Glencoe, Md.; Green Spring, Md.; Greenwood, Md.;
Govanstown, Md.; Hampton, Md.; Hereford, Md.; Herring Run, Md.;
Long Green, Md.; Monkton, Md.; Parkton, Md.; Phoenix, Md.; Pikes-
ville, Md.; Reisterstown, Md.; Relay Station, Md.; Saint James, Md.;
Towsontown, Md.; Warren, Md.; Waverly, Md.; White Hall, Md.)
Baltimore, Md., Baltimore Water Works. California salmon, 1876, 1876.
Baltimore, Md., Beaver Dam Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1879. :
Baltimore, Md., Charles River. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
[5] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 921
Baltimore, Md., Charles Street Avenue Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Baltimore, Md., Druid Hill Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Baltimore, Md., Patuxent River. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Baltimore, Md., pond. California trout, 1880; Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Baltimore, Md., Stony Run. California trout, 1880.
Baltimore, Md., stream. California trout, 1880.
Baltimore, Md., Trout Branch. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Baltimore Water- Works, Baltimore, Md. California salmon, 1876, 1876.
Bancroft, Me., Mattawamkeag River. Penobscot salmon, 1875, 1876.
Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878
1879.:
Baptist Seminary Pond, Kalamazoo, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Barbour County, W. Va., Tygert’s Valley River. California salmon,
1879, 1880.
Barnesville, Md., pond. California trout, 1880.
Barnet, Vt., Harvey’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1878.
Barnet, Vt., Connecticut River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Barn’s Farm, Md., Blackwater River. California salmon, 1879.
Barnstable County, Mass. (See Brewster, Mass.; Cotuit, Mass.; Fal-
mouth, Mass.; Mashpee, Mass.; North Sandwich, Mass.; Sandwich
Mass.; Wellfleet, Mass.; Yarmouth, Mass.)
Barnum pond, Houston County, Minn. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Baro Beeso Lake, Hillsdale, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Barren Lake, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Barren River, Warren County, Ky. California salmon, 1877, 1878;
shad, 1878.
Barret’s Pond, Wythe County, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Barrett, Kans., Clear Creek. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Barrier Lake, Hillsdale County, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Barrington River, Bristol County, R. I. Shad, 1875, 1877.
Barron Lake, Cass County, Mich. California salmon, 1875, 1879.
Barron Lake, Howard, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Barry County, Mich., Carter Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Barry County, Mich., Long Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Barry County, Mich., Thorn Apple Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Barry Hunt’s Lake, Rice County, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Bartholomew County, Ind. (See Columbus, Ind.)
Bartlett’s Pond, Parkersburg, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Barton County, Kans. (See Great Bend, Kans.)
Barton Pond, Barton, Vt. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Barton, Vt., Bellwater Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Bartow County, Ga. (See Cartersville, Ga.)
Base Lake, Dexter, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Baskahegan, tributary of, Maine. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Bass Lake, Crofton, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Bass Lake, Faribault County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
ul
?
922 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
Bass Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. Schoodic salmon, 1875; California
salmon, 1875; Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Bass Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Battenkill Creek, Manchester, Vt. Penobscot salmon.
Battery Light, Md., Susquehanna River. Shad, 1879.
Battle Creek, Calhoun County, Mich., Goquack Lake. California
salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Battle Creek, Mich., Hamblin Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Battle Creek, Mich., lakes. Whitefish, 1876; California trout, 1880.
Battle Creek, Mich., Sheppard’s Brook! Galivina trout, 1880.
Bayard, Ohio, Mueiimeeas River. Shad, 1875.
Bay County, Mich., Rifle River. Galefornin salmon, 1875.
Bay, Erie, Pa. Bcheedie salmon, 1879.
Bayou Macon, Railroad Crossing, Richland Parish, La. Shad, 1879.
Baytown Lake, Wright County, Minn. California salmon, 1876. _
Beach Pond, Richmond, R. I. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Beach Pond, Volumtown, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Bean Pond, Warner, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Bean’s Lake, Platte County, Mo. California salmon, 1880.
Bear Creek, Charlevoix County, Mich. California salmon, 1876, 1876.
Bear Creek, lowa, Bear Creek. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Bear Creek, tributary of, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Bear Hill Pond, Harvard, Mass. Schoodie salmon, 1878, 1879.
Bear Lake, Carleton County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Bear Lake, Wilkes Barre, Pa. California salmon, 1880; Schoodic
salmon, 1878, 1880.
Bear River. (See tributary: Truckee River.)
Beaver Creek, N. Y. California salmon, 1873.
Beaver Creek, Sand Bank, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Beaver County, Pa. (See Georgetown, Pa.)
Beaver Dam Creek, Baltimore, Md. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Becker County, Minn., Detroit Lake. California salmon, 1877; Schoodic
salmon, 1875; Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Becker County, Minn. (See Frazee City, Minn.; Lake Park, Minn.)
Bel Air, Md., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Bel Air, Md., Stony Branch. California trout, 1880.
Belknap County, N. H. (See Centre Harbor, N. H.; Tilton, N. H.)
Bella Vista, Md., pond tributary to Gunpowder River. California
trout, 1880.
Bell Creek, Goodhue County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Bellefontaine, Ohio, Buckingahela River. Shad, 1874.
Bellefonte, Pa., Bald Eagle River. California salmon, 1874.
Bellefonte, Pa., Spring Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Belleville, Ill., Kaskaskia River. California salmon, 1877.
Belleville, Ill., Mississippi River. California salmon, 1877. *
Belleville, Ill., Prairie du Pont River. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
[7] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 923
Bellows Falls, Vt., Connecticut River. Shad, 1874, 1874, 1874, 1876.
Bellton, W. Va., Fish Creek. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Bellwater Pond, Barton, Vt. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Beloit, Kans., Solomon River. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Bennington County, Vt., ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Bennington County, Vt. (See Manchester, Vt.)
Benson, Minn., Chippewa River. California salmon, 1877.
Benton, Ark., Saline River. Shad, 1878; California salmon, 1878.
Benton Creek, Fillmore County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Benton Harbor, Mich., private ponds. California salmon, 1878.
Benton, N. H., Long Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Bergen County, N. J., Hackensack River. California salmon, 1879.
Bergen County, N. J., lakes. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Berks County, Pa. (See Reading, Pa.)
Berkshire County, Mass. (See Great Barrington, Mass.; Otis, Mass. ;
Pittsfield, Mass.; Stockbridge, Mass.)
Berlin, Md., Herring Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Berlin, Md., Saint Michael’s River. Shad, 1879.
Berlin, Md., Trappe River. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Berlin, Mass., Gates Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877.
Berrien County, Mich., Saint Joseph River. California salmon, 1879.
Berrien County, Mich. (See Benton Harbor, Mich.; New Buffalo, Mich.;
Niles, Mich.; Saint Joseph, Mich.; Watervliet, Mich.)
Berry Pond, Pittsfield, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Bertie County, N.C. (See Avoca, N.C.; Colerain, N.C.; The Mill, N.C.)
Bethany, W. Va., Buffalo Creek. California salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Bexar County, Tex. (See San Antonio, Tex.)
Bibb County, Ga. (See Macon, Ga.)
Big Black River, Canton, Miss. Shad, 1877.
Big Black River, Vaughan, Miss. Shad, 1878.
Big Black River, Piedmont, Mo. Shad, 1879.
Big Black River, Poplar Bluff, Mo. Shad, 1879.
Big Blue River, Blue Rapids, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Big Blue River, Manhattan, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Big Blue River, Topeka, Kans. Shad, 1877.
Big Blue River. (See tributaries: Little Blue River and Black Vermil-
lion River.)
Big Butts Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Big Creek, Ellis, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Big Creek, Hayes City, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Big Elk River, Saint Mark’s, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Big Elk River, Saintman’s Mill, Md. California salmon, 1878, 1880.
Big Gunpowder River, Parkton, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Big Hatchie River, Brownsville, Tenn. Shad, 1876.
Big Lake, Pine County, Minn. California salmon, 1875.
Big Lake, Sherburne County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
924 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
Bigler Lake. (See tributary: Tahoe Lake.)
Big Paw-Paw River, Watervliet, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Big Pipe Creek, tributary to, Union Bridge, Md., pond. Schoodie sal-
mon, 1879.
Big Pipe Creek, Middleburg, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Big Pond, White Haven, Pa. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Big Portage Lake, Dexter, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Big Rock Creek, Big Rock, Iowa. California salmon, 1874.
Big Rock Creek, Walker, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Big Rock, lowa, Big Rock Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Big Rock River, Iowa. California salmon, 1879.
Big Sandy River. (See tributary: Tygert River.)
Big Slate Creek, Montgomery County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
Big Spring Branch, Scott County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Big Spring Depot, Va., Roanoke River. California salmon, 1876, 1880.
Big Star Lake, Lake County, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Big Stone County, Minn. (See Ortonville, Minn.)
Big Stone Lake, Ortonville, Minn. California salmon, 1880.
Big Wills Creek, Lebanon, Ala. Shad, 1879.
Billerica, Mass., Shawshine River. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Bingham Lake, Cottonwood County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Blackbird, Del., Appoquinimink River. Shad, 1879.
Black Hawk County, Iowa. (See Waterloo, Iowa.)
Black River, Elyria, Ohio. Shad, 1874.
Black River, Poplar Bluff, Mo. Shad, 1876.
Black River, Port Huron, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Black River, Wayne County, Mo. California salmon, 1879.
Black River, 8. C. California salmon, 1880.
Black River. (See tributary: Ouachita, or Washita, River.)
Black River. (See tributary: San Francois River.)
Black River. (See tributary: Bowell Creek.)
Blacksburgh, Va., New River. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Blacksmith’s Fork, Cache County, Utah. California salmon, 1876.
Blackstone River, R. I. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Blackstone River, Providence County, R. I. Shad, 1874, 1877.
Blackstone River. (See tributary: Slatersville Branch.)
Blackstone River, tributary of, R. I. California salmon, 1874, 1875.
Black Vermillion River, Frankford, Kans. California salmon, 1878,
1879.
Black Warrior River, Tuscaloosa, Ala. Shad, 1879.
Blackwater River, Barn’s Farm, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Blackwater River, Cambridge, Md. California salmon, 1879; shad,
1879.
Blackwater River, Franklin, Va. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Blair County, Pa., Juniata River. California salmon, 1880.
Blair County, Pa. (See Tyrone, Pa.)
[9] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 925
Bland County, Va. (See Sharon Springs, Va.)
- Blind Lake, Dexter, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Bloody Run, McGregor, Iowa. California salmon, 1874.
Bloomfield, N. J., Greenwood Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Bloomsbury, N. J., Musconetcong River. California salmon, 1874.
Bloomsbury, N. J., Pohatcong River. California salmon, 1874.
Blue Earth County, Minn., Clear Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Blue Earth County, Minn., Crystal Lake. California salmon, 1877, 1880.
Blue Earth County, Minn., Eagle Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Blue Earth County, Minn., Lake Laura. California salmon, 1876.
Blue Earth County, Minn., Loon Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Blue Earth County, Minn., Madison Lake. California salmon, 1876,
1877.
Blue Earth County, Minn., Minnesota River. California salmon, 1878.
Blue Earth County, Minn. (See Mankato, Minn.)
Blue Earth River. (See tributary: Chain Lake.)
Blue Lake, Kalkaska County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
Blue Ponds. (See tributary: Spring Creek.)
Blue Rapids, Kans., Big Blue River. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Blue River, Manhattan, Kans. Shad, 1879.
Blue River, Independence, Mo. California salmon, 1880.
Bluff Creek, Bluffville, Kans. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Boardman River. (See tributary: Salmon Creek.)
Boeuf River R. R. Crossing, Richland County, La. Shad, 1879.
Bohemia Bridge, Md., Bohemia Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Bohemia Creek, Bohemia Bridge, Md. California salmon, 1876.
Bohemia River, Cecil County, Md. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Bohemia River, Middletown, Md. Shad, 1879.
Bohemia River, Md. Shad, 1877.
Bois des Sioux River, Forks of Otter Tail, Stevens County, Minn.
California salmon, 1877.
Bolton, Conn., Bolton Reservoir. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Bolton Reservoir, Bolton, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Boltonville, Ga., Chattahoochee River. Shad, 1880.
Booker’s Branch, Green County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
Boone, Boone County, Iowa, Des Moines River. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Boone County, Iowa. (See Boone, Iowa; Moingona, Iowa.)
Boone River, Iowa. California salmon, 1879.
Boone River, Webster City, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Boothe’s Creek, Walworth County, Wis. California salmon, 1878.
Borden Pond, Fall River, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Borgne Lake. (See tributary: Pearl River.)
Boscawen, N. H., Walker’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Boscobel, Wis., streams. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Botetourt County, Va., streams. California salmon, 1879,
926 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
Botetourt County, Va., tributary of James River. California salmon,
1876.
Botetourt County, Va. (See Fincastle, Va.)
Bourbon County, Ky., Elmwood Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Bowell Creek, Jefferson County, N. Y. California salmon, 1878.
Bowling Green, Ky., Green River. Shad, 1878.
Bowman’s Run, Wilkes Barre, Pa. California salmon, 1876, 1878, 1879.
Box Elder County, Utah, Box Elder Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Box Elder Creek, Box Elder County, Utah. California salmon, 1876.
Boxford, Mass., Mitchell’s Pond. Schooc:e salmon, 1876, 1877.
Boyd’s, Md., Brick Lodge. California salmon, 1878.
Boyd’s, Md., Little Lorrem. California salmon, 1878.
Boyd’s, Md., Ten-Mile Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Boyer River, Iowa. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Boyer River, Logan, Iowa. Shad, 1878. }
Boyle County, Ky., Dick’s River. California salmon, 1876.
Boyne Falls, Mich., Boyne River. California salmon, 1876.
Boyne River, Boyne Falls, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Boyne River, Charlevoix County, Mich. California trout, 1880.
' Bradford, N. H., Bradford’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Bradford’s Pond, Bradford, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Bradley Springs, Trivoli, Kans. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Brainerd, Crow Wing County, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Braintree, Mass., Great Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878, 1880.
Branch County, Mich., Coldwater Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Branch County, Mich., Lake of the Woods. California salmon, 1875.
Branch County, Mich., Morrison Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Branchville, N. C., Meherrin River. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Branchville, S. C., Edisto River. California salmon, 1877.
Brandywine, Pa., Brandywine Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Branford, Conn., Roger’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Brazos River, Hearne, Tex. Shad, 1879.
Brazos River, Hempstead, Tex. Shad, 1874.
Brazos River. (See tributary: Clear Creek.)
Breckenridge, Minn., Red River of the North. California salmon, 1875;
Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1875.
Breckenridge, Minn., branch of Red River. California salmon, 1876.
Bremen County, lowa. (See Waverly, Iowa.)
Brewster, Mass., ponds. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Brick Lodge, Boyd’s, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Bridgeton, N. J. Cohansey Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Bridgewater, Mass., Fall River. California salmon, 1877.
Bridgewater, Mass., Taunton River. Shad, 1876, 1877.
Bridgewater, N. H., Newfound Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Bridgewater, N. C., Linville River. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Briggs Lake, Sherburne County, Minn, California salmon, 1877, 1878,
[11] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 927
Bristol County, Mass. (See Fall River, Mass.)
Bristol County, R. I., Barrington River. Shad, 1875, 1877.
Bristol County, R. I., Warren River. Shad, 1874, 1875, 1877.
Bristol County, R. I. (See Warren, R. I.)
Broad Brook, Broad Brook, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Broad Brook, Conn., Broad Brook. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Broad River, Columbia, 8. C. California salmon, 1879; shad, 1878,
1880, 1880.
Broad River, Gaffney City, 8S. ©. Shad, 1875, 1880; California salmon,
1877.
Broad River, Hickory-nut Gap, N.C. California salmon, 1879.
Broad River, Marion, N.C. California salmon, 1877.
Broad River, Spartanburgh ©. H., 8. C. Shad, 1876.
Broad River, 8. C. California salmon, 1880.
Broad River. (See tributary: Green River.)
Broad River. (See tributaries: Packlittle River, Enoree River, Little
River.)
Broad Run, Broad Run Station, Va. California salmon, 1876.
Broad Run Station, Va., Broad Run. California salmon, 1876.
Brodhead, Wis., Sugar River. California salmon, 1879.
Brooke County, W. Va. (See Bethany, W. Va.)
Brookfield, Conn., Still River. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Brookfield, N. H., Cook’s Pond. California salmon, 1879.
Brooklyn, Mich., Raisin River. California salmon, 1875.
Brooklyn, N. Y., Brooklyn Water-works. California salmon, 1874.
Brooklyn Water-works, Brooklyn, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Brookville, Kans., Spring Creek. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Brown County, Minn., Clear Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Brown County, Minn., Hansca Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Brown County, Minn., Sleepy Eye Lake. California salmon, 1878,
Brown’s Creek, Owen, Ill. California salmon, 1877.
Brown’s Creek, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Brown’s Creek, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Brownville, Tenn., Big Hatchee River. Shad, 1876.
Brown’s Lake, Racine County, Wis. California salmon, 1877, 1879.
Brown’s Mill Pond, Winona County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Brownville, Me., Pleasant River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Bruce Lake, Calhoun County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Bruin Lake, Dexter, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Buchanan County, Iowa. (See Independence, Iowa. )
Buchanan County, Mo., Contrary Lake. California salmon, 1880.
Buchanan County, Mo., Platte River. California salmon, 1880.
Buchanan County, Mo., One Hundred and Two River. California sal-
mon, 1880.
Buchanan County, Mo., Missouri River. California salmon, 1880,
Buchanan County, Mo. (See Saint Joseph, Mo.)
928 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12]
Buckeystown, Md., pond. California salmon, 1880; California trout,
1880 ; Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Buckingahela River, Bellefontaine, Ohio. Shad, 1874.
Bucks County, Pa. (See Point Pleasant, Pa.)
Buck’s Creek, Van Buren County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
Bucksport, Me., Craig’s Pond. California salmon, 1874, 1875.
Bucksport, Me., Hatching-house Pond. California salmon, 1874.
Bucyrus, Ohio, Sandusky River. California salmon, 1874.
Buel Lake, Great Barrington, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1879, 1880.
Buffalo Creek, Bethany, W. Va. California salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Buffalo Creek, branch of, Marion County, W. Va. Schoodic salmon,
1878.
Buffalo Creek, Lewisburgh, Pa. California salmon, 1879.
Buffalo Creek, Lexington, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Buffalo Creek, Marion County, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Buffalo Creek, Pa. California salmon, 1875.
Buffalo Creek, Alone, Va. California salmon, 1880.
Buffalo Creek, tockbridge County, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Buffalo Creek, Buffalo Mills, Va. California salmon, 1878.
Buffalo Mills, Va., Buffalo Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Buffalo River, Hawley, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Buffalo River. (See tributary: Lake.)
Bullitt County, Ky. (See Shepherdsville, Ky.)
Bullitt County, Ky., Knob Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Bullock County, Ala. (See Union Springs, Ala.)
Bull Run Creek, Jamestown, N.C. California salmon, 1878.
Bumgartner’s Creek, Hart County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Buncombe County, N. C., ponds. California trout, 1880.
Buncombe County, N. C., Swannanoa River. California salmon, 1877;
California trout, 1880.
Buncombe County, N. C. (See Asheville, N. C.)
Burke County, N. C., John’s River. California trout, 1880.
Burke County, N. C., Upper Creek, California trout, 1880.
Burke County, N.C. (See Bridgewater, N. C.; Morganton, N. C.)
Burke’s Creek, Cass County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Burlingame, Kans., Dragoon. California salmon, 1870.
Burlingame, Kans., Lyndon Lake. California salmon, 1880.
Burlington County, N. J., Mullica River. California salmon, 1879.
Burlington, Vt., Winooski River. Shad, 1874.
Burnsides, Harford County, Md., Green Spring Run. Schoodic salmon,
1879.
Burnt Bridge, Va., North River. California salmon, 1880.
Burrellville, R. I., Wallum Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1878.
Burritt, [ll., Knapp’s Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Burton, W. Va.. Fish Creek. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Burt’s Lake, Cheboygan, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
a
¢
[13] INDEX TO DISTRIRUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 929
Bush Creek, Monrovia, Md. California salmon, 1874.
Bush Creek, New Market, Md. California trout, 1880.
Bushkill Creek, Bushkill, Pa. California salmon, 1876.
Bushkill Creek, Easton, Pa. California salmon, 1874, 1878.
Bushkill Creek, Northampton County, Pa. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Bushkill, Pa., Bushkill Creek. California salmon, 1876; Penobscot sal-
mon, 1872.
Bushkill, Pa., Delaware River. California salmon, 1875, 1877.
Bushkiil River, Easton, Pa. California salmon, 1879.
Bush River, Perryman, Md. Shad, 1878, 1880.
Bush River. (See tributaries: Plum Tree Run and Stony Branch.)
Bush River. (See tributary: Winters Run.)
Bush Run, Fairview, Md. Schoodic salmon, 1880; California trout, 1880.
Butler County, Kans. (See El Dorado, Kans.)
Butler County, Mo. (See Poplar Bluff, Mo.)
Butter Creek, New Milford, Conn. California salmon, 1874; Penobscot
salmon, 1875.
Butternut Creek, Hillsdale County, Mich. California salmon, 1873.
Butt’s Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Cache County, Utah, Blacksmith’s Fork. California salmon, 1876.
Caddo River, Arkadelphia, Ark. Shad, 1878.
Calais, Me., Keene’s Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Calais, Me., Nash’s Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Caldwell County, Ky., Eddy Creek. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Caldwell County, N. C.. (See Patterson’s, N. C.)
Caldwell County, Tex. (See Luling, Tex.)
Caldwell, Greenbrier County, W. V., Greenbrier River. California sal-
mon, 1878.
Caledonia County, Vt. (See Barnet, Vt.; Danville, Vt.; McIndoe’s
Falls, Vt.; Saint Johnsbury, Vt.; Waterford, Vt.; Wheelock, Vt.)
Caledonia, N. Y., Caledonia Spring Creek. California salmon, 1874, 1876,
1878; Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Caledonia, N. Y., Genesee River. California salmon, 1874, 1875.
Caledonia Spring Creek, Caledonia, N. Y. California salmon, 1874, 1875,
1878.
Caledonia Springs, N. Y. California salmon, 1873.
Calhoun County, Ala. (See Oxford, Ala.)
Calhoun County, Iowa, (See Pomeroy, Lowa.)
Calhoun County, Mich., Bruce Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Calhoun County, Mich., Goguac Lake. California salmon, 1875, 1876,
1878, 1879; Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Calhoun County, Mich., Hamblin Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Calhoun County, Mich., lake near Marshall. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Calhoun County, Mich., Lyon and Goguac Lakes. California salmon,
1879.
S. Mis. 110 59
930 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
,
Calhoun County, Mich., Metcalf Lake. California salmon, 1874, 1875;
Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Calhoun County, Mich., Reese Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Calhoun County, Mich., Town Line. California salmon, 1878.
Calhoun County, Mich. (See Marshall, Mich.)
Calhoun Lake, Hennepin County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Callao, Mo., Chariton River. Shad, 1876.
Calumet County, Wis. (See New Holstein, Wis.)
Calumet River, Kensingten, Il. California salmon, 1874; Penobscot
salmon, 1874.
Calumet River, Wildwood, Ill. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Jalumet River, South Lawn, Ill. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Calumet River, South Chicago, Hl. Shad, 1873.
Oambridge, Md., Black Water, River. California salmon, 1879; shad,
1879.
Camden County, N. J. (See Camden, N. J.; Winslow, N. J.)
Camden, N. J., Mullica River. California salmon, 1877.
Camden County, N. ©., North River. Shad, 1879.
Cameron County, Pa., Driftwood Branch. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Cameron County, Minn., Rice County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Oampbell County, Va. (See Lynchburgh, Va.)
Camp Oreek, Fillmore County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Campton, N. H., tributary of Merrimac River. Penobscot salmon.
Oampton and Plymouth, N. H., Pemigewasset River. California sai-
mon, 1876, 1878, 1879.
Oanaan Mountain Pond, Falls Village, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Canaan, N. H., Hart’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Canes Run, Scott County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Canosia Lake, Duluth, Minn. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Cannon River, Faribault, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Cannon River, Owatonna, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Cannon River, Rice County, Minn. California salmon, 1875; Schoodic
salmon, 1879.
Oannon River. (See tributaries: Shields, Cedar Lake, Roberd’s Lake,
Bell Creek, Washington Lake, Jefferson Lake.)
Oanterbury, Conn., Quinnebaug River. Shad, 1875.
Oanton, Miss., Big Black River. Shad, 1877.
Cape Fear River, Lockville, N.C. Shad, 1878.
Cape Fear River, Greenesborough, Guilford County, N. ©., ponds.
Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Cape Fear River. (See tributaries: Deep River, Bull Run Creek, N.
Fork Deep River, Haw River, Goshen Creek, Six Runs.)
Cape May Oounty, N. J. (See Dennisville, N. J.; Tuckahoe, N. J.)
Capo Creek, Pierce City, Mo. California salmon, 1878.
Carleton County, Minn., Bear Lake. COalifornia salmon, 1878.
Carleton County, Minn., Chubb Lake. California salmon, 1878.
[15] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 931
Carleton County, Minn., Cub Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Carleton County, Minn., Hanging Horn Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Carleton County, Minn., Moose Horn Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Carleton County, Minn., Moose Lake. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Carnelian Lake, Stearns County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Caroline County, Md. (See Carter’s Bridge, Md. ; Denton, Md.; Feder-
alsburgh, Md.; Greensborough, Md.; Henderson, Md.; Hillsborough,
Md.)
Caroline County, Va. (See Milford, Va.)
Carpenter’s Point, Md., North East River. Shad, 1876.
Carp River, Negaunee, Mich. California salmon, 1874.
Carroll County, Md. (See Carrollton, Md.; Double Pipe Creek, Md.;
Hood’s Mills, Md.; Middleburgh, Md.; Mount Airy, Md.; New Wind-
sor, Md.; Sykesville, Md.; Tank Station, Md.; Titusburg, Md.; Union
Bridge, Md.; Wakefield, Md.; Westminster, Md.; York Road, Md.)
Carroll County, N. H. (See Brookfield, N. H.; Conway, N. O.; Madi-
son, N. H.; Ossipee, N. H.; Sandwich, N. H.; Wakefield, N. H.;
Wolfborough, N. H.)
Carroll County, Tenn. (See Huntingdon, Tenn.)
Carroll Creek, Mount Carroll, Ill. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Carrollton, Md., pond. California trout, 1880; Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Carson City, Nev., Mexican Dam. California salmon, 1879.
Carson River. (See tributary: Mexican Dam.)
Carter’s Bridge, Caroline County, Md., Great Choptank River. Cali-
fornia salmon, 1579.
Carter County, Ky., Little Sandy River. California salmon, 1878.
Carter County, Ky., Tygert River. California salmon, 1878.
Carter Lake, Barry County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Jartersville, Ga., Coosa River. California salmon, 1876.
Cartersville, Ga., Etowah River. Shad, 1878; California salmon, 1878.
Carthage, Mo., Spring River. California salmon, 1878, 1879,
Carver County, Minn.,.Clear Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Carver County, Minn., Minnewasta Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Carver County, Minn., Waconica Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Carver County, Minn., lake. California salmon, 1876.
Cary Station, Il., Fox River. California salmon, 1879.
Cascade Branch of Patapseo River, Elk Ridge Landing, Md. Schoodic
salmon, 1878.
Casey County, Ky., Green River. California salmon, 1876.
Cass County, Ind. (See Logansport, Ind.)
Cass County, Iowa. (See Atlantic, lowa.)
Cass County, Mich., Barrow Lake, Salmon Lake. California salmon,
1875, 1879.
Cass County, Mich., Burke’s Creek. California salmon, 1875.
Cass County, Mich., Diamond Lake. California salmon, 1876.
932 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16]
Cass County, Mich., Dowagiae River. California salmon, 1875, 1875,
1875.
Cass County, Mich., Indian Creek. California salmon, 1875.
Cass County, Mich., Indian Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Cass County, Mich., Millen Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Cass County, Mich., Muncy Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Cass County, Mich., Peavine Creek. California salmon, 1875, 1879.
Cass County, Mich., Pine Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Cass County, Mich., Pokagon Creek. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Cass County, Minn., Sandy Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Cass County, Mich., Williams’ Creek. California salmon, 1875.
Cass County, Mich. (See Howard, Mich.; Pokagon, Mich.)
Cass River, Saginaw County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
Castalia, Ohio, Castalia Spring. California salmon, 1873.
Castalia, Ohio, Castalia Spring Stream. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Castalia, Ohio, Coid Creek. California salmon, 1877, 1879.
Castalia Spring, Castalia, Ohio. California salmon, 1873.
Castalia Spring Stream, Castalia, Ohio. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Castleton, Vt., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Catawba County, N.C. (See Catawba, N. C. ; Newton, N. 0.)
Catawba, N. C., Catawba River. Shad, 1876, 1877, 1878.
Catawba River, Catawba, N.C. Shad, 1876, 1877, 1878.
Catawba River, Charlotte, N. C. California salmon, 1872.
Catawba River, Charlotte, N.C. California salmon, 1879. (See S. GC.)
Catawba River, Morganton, N.C. California salmon, 1880.
Catawba River, Old Fort, N.C. Cakfornia salmon, 1878, 1879.
Catawba River, tributaries of, Charlotte, Mecklenburgh County, N. C.,
ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Catawba River, tributaries of, Morganton, N. C., ponds. Schoodic
salmon, 1878.
Catawba River, Rock Hill, 8. C. Shad, 1880.
Catawba River. (See tributaries: Linville River, John’s River, Upper
Creek, Clark’s Creek, Mill Creek.)
Catfish River. (See tributary : Mendota Lake.)
Cathance Lake, Cooper, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Catonsville, Md., Gwynn’s Falls. California trout, 1880; Schoodie
salmon, 1880.
Cattaraugus County, N. Y. (See Salamanca, N. Y.)
Cave Spring Branch, Green County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
Cayuga County, Spring Brooks. California salmon, 1879.
Cayuga Lake, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Cayuga Lake, N. Y. (See tributary: Spring Creeks.)
Cecil County, Md., Bohemia River. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Cecil County, Md., Northeast River. Shad, 1878.
Cecil County, Md., Sassafras River. California salmon, 1880.
Ec] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 933
Cecil County, Md. (See Bohemia Bridge, Md.; Carpenter’s Point, Md.;
De Graw’s, Md.; Elkton, Md.; Harris Dam, Md.; Liberty Grove, Md.;
Northeast, Md.; Port Deposit, Md.; Rock Church, Md.; Rowlandville,
Md.; Saint Marks, Md.; Sandy Branch, Md.; Scintman’s Mill, Md.)
Jedar County, Iowa. (See Tipton, Lowa.)
Cedar Creek, Richfield, Wis. California salmon, 1879.
Cedar Creek, Strasburgh, Va. California salmon, 1876.
Cedar Creek, Winchester, Va. California salmon, 1874.
Cedar Lake, Martin County, Minn. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Cedar Lake, Northfield, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Cedar Lake, Rice County, Minn. California salmon, 1875, 1876, 1877,
1878 ; Schoodic salmon, 1879; Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Cedar ee Wantonwan naa Minn. California salmon, 1979.
Cedar Point, Md., Patuxent River. California salmon, 1876, 1876.
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Cedar River. California salmon, 1874; Penobscot
salmon, 1875; shad, 1878.
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Des Moines River. Shad, 1878.
Cedar Rapids, Linn County, Iowa, Cedar River. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Cedar River, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. California salmon, 1874; Penobscot
salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1878; shad, 1878.
Oedar River, Freeborn County, Minn. California salmon, 1875.
Cedar River, lowa. California salmon, 1875, 1879, 1879.
€edar River, Marion, lowa. California salmon, 1874.
Cedar River, Mower County, Minn. California salmon, 1875.
Cedar River, Springville, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Cedar River, Tipton, Iowa. California salmon, 1874, 1875.
Oedar River, Waterloo, Iowa. California salmon, 1874.
Cedar River, Wilton, lowa. California salmon, 1875.
Cedar Rock Lake, Wis. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Central Kentucky Lunatic Asylum Pond. California salmon, 1877.
Centralia, Kans., Red Vermillion River. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Central, Va., New River. California salmon, 1874; Schoodie salmon,
1875, 1880; shad, 1873.
Centre County, Pa. (See Bellefonte, Pa.)
Centre Harbor, N. H., Winnipiseogee Lake. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Centreville, Md., Corsica River. Shad, 1879.
Cerro Gordo County, Iowa. (See Clear Lake, Iowa.)
Chabot Lake, Alameda County, Cal. Schoodie salmon, 1878; white-
fish, 1879.
Chain Lake, Martin County, Minn. California salmon, 1879.
Chambersburgh, Pa., Conecocheague River. California salmon, 1873.
Chamock Brook, Dodge County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Champlain Lake. (See tributaries: Kelly Brook, Missisquoi River.)
Champlain Lake. (See tributaries: Lewis Creek, Otter Creek, Winooski
Creek, Missisquoi River, Lamville River.
Bi aniniwiliG, Conn., Twin Lakes. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1879.
934 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18]
Chapman, Kans., Chapman’s Creek. California salmon, 1878, 1879,
1881.
Chapman’s Creek, Chapman, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879,
1881.
Chariton River, Callao, Mo. Shad, 1876.
Chariton River, Macon County, Mo. California salmon, 1880; shad,
1880.
Charles County, Md. (See Glymont, Md.)
Charles River, Baltimore, Md. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Charleston County, 8. ©. (See Charleston, S. C.)
Charleston County, 8S. C., Cooper River. California salmon, 1879; shad,
1879.
Charleston, Ill, Embarrass River. Shad, 1878.
Charleston, Kanawha County, W. Va., Kanawha River. California
salmon, 1878.
Charleston, 8. C., Cooper River. California salmon, 1877.
Charleston, W.Va., Elk River. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Charlestown, N. H., Connecticut River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Charlevoix County, Mich., Bear Creek. California salmon, 1876, 1876.
. Charlevoix County, Mich., Boyne River. California trout, 1880.
Charlevoix County, Mich., Wallow Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Charlevoix County, Mich. (See Boyne Falls, Mich.)
Charlotte, lowa, Maquoketa River. California salmon, 1874.
Charlotte Lake, Wright County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Charlotte, Me., Crocker’s Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Charlotte, Me., Moosehorn Waters. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Charlotte, Me., Sprague’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Charlotte, Mecklenburgh County, N. ©., ponds tributaries to Catawba
River. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Charlotte, N. C., Catawba River. California salmon, 1872, 1879.
Chase County, Kans. (See Cottonwood Falls, Kans.)
Chastatee River, Balding’s Mill, Ga. California salmon, 1878.
Chatham County, N. C. (See Lockvilie, N. C.)
Chattahoochee River, Atlanta, Ga. Shad, 1876.
Chattahoochee River, Boltonville, Ga. Shad, 1880.
Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Ga. Shad, 1877, 1879.
Chattahoochee River, Gainesville, Ga. California salmon, 1878; shad,
1879.
Chattahoochee River, Norcross, Ga. California salmon, 1877.
Chattahoochee River, West Point, Ga. Shad, 1877.
Chattanooga, Tenn., Tennessee River. Shad, 1876, 1879.
Chautauqua County, N. Y., Chautauqua Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Chautauqua Lake, Chautauqua County, N.Y. California salmon, 1875.
Chazy River, Ellenburgh, N. Y. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Cheat River, Rowlesburgh, W. Va. Shad, 1879.
Chebacco Lake, Essex, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1879.
pif to] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 935
Cheboygan County, Mich. (See Cheboygan, Mich.)
Cheboygan, Mich., Buit’s Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Chelsea, Mich., Lowe Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Chelsea, Mich., Round Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Chenango County, N. Y., Round Lake. California salmon, 1874.
Cherokee County, Iowa. (See Cherokee, Iowa.)
Cherokee, [owa, Little Sioux River. California salmon, 1875.
Cherry Run Depot, W. Va., Potomac River. California salmon, 1874.
Cheshire County, N. H., sundry ponds. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Cheshire County, N. H. (See Chesterfield, N. H.; Jaffrey, N. H.; Nel-
son, N. H.; Rindge, N. H.)
Chester County, Pa. (See Glenlock, Pa.; Spring City, Pa.; Toughke-
namon, Pa.; Uwchland, Pa.; West Grove, Pa.)
Chesterfield, N. H., Spofford Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Chester River, Millington, Md. California salmon, 1876, 1878, 1879,
1880; shad, 1878, 1879.
Chester River. (See tributaries: Andover Branch, Corsica River.)
Chestnut Pond, Epsom, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Chestnut Pond, Northfield, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Chewsville, Md., Antietam Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Chickacomico River, Derchester County, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Chickacomico River, Fleming’s Mill, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Chickasaw County, Iowa. (See Fredericksburgh, Iowa.)
Chickasawha River. (See tributaries: Okatibee Creek, Chunky River.)
Chickasawha River, Meridian, Miss. California salmon, 1876.
Ohickies, Pa., Chiquesalunga Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Chillisquaque, Pa., North Branch Susquehanna River. California sal-
mon, 1877.
Chippewa County, Wis., Three-Mile Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Chippewa River, Benson, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Chippewa River, Midland, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Chippewa River, Pope County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Chippewa River. (See tributary: Hassel Lake.)
Chippewa River. (See tributary: White Bear Lake.)
Chippewa River. (See tributary: Three-Mile Lake.)
Chiquesalunga Creek, Chickies, Pa. California salmon, 1876.
Chiquesalunga Creek, Lancaster County, Pa. California salmon, 1875,
1877; Penobscot salmon, 1874.
€hisago County, Minn., Chisago Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Chisago County, Minn., Danewood Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Chisago County, Minn., Forest Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Chisago County, Minn., Green Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Chisago County, Minn., North Branch of Goose Creek. California sal-
mon, 1877.
Chisago County, Minn., Rush Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Chisago County, Minn., Saint Croix River. California salmon, 1875.
936 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20]
Ohisago County, Minn., Taylor’s Falls. California salmon, 1875.
Chisago County, Minn. (See Stacy, Minn.)
Chisago Lake, Chisago County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Chittenden County, Vt. (See Burlington, Vt.; Essex, Vt.)
Choctawhatchee River. (See tributary: Pea River.)
Choptank River, Denton, Md. Shad, 1877.
Choptank River, Greensborough, Md. California salmon, 1876; shad,
1878.
Choptank River, Henderson, Md. California salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880;
shad, 1879.
Choptank River. (See tributaries: Tread Haven, Tuckahoe River,
Tuckahoe Creek,Trappe River.)
Chowan River, Avoca, N. C. Shad, 1878.
Chowan River, Coleraine, N. C. Shad, 1878.
Chowan River. (See tributaries: Salmon Creek, Meherrin River, Not-
toway River.)
Chowan River. (See tributaries: Nottoway River, Blackwater River.)
Christiana Creek, Wilmington, Del. Shad, 1880.
Christian County, Ky., Little River. California salmon, 1878.
Christmass Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877, 1880.
Chubb Lake, Carleton County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Chuck Creek, Tenn., French Broad River. California salmon, 1876.
Chunky River, Meridian, Miss. Shad, 1879.
Church Lake, Kent County, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Circle Lake, Rice County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Clackamas River, Cal. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Clam Lake, Clam Lake, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Clam Lake, Mich., Clam Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Clare County, Mich., Crooked Lake. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Clare County, Mich., Roney Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Clare County, Mich. (See Surrey, Mich.)
Clark County, Ark., Ouachita River. Shad, 1879.
Clark County, Ark. (See Arkadelphia, Ark.)
Clark County, Ky., Howard’s Lower Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Clark County, Ky., Howard’s Upper Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Clark County, Ky., Stoner Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Clark County, Ky., Strode’s Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Clark County, Ky., Lulbregrud Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Clarksburgh, W. Va., West Fork of the Monongahela River. Oalifornia
salmon, 1876; Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Clarksburgh, W. Va., West Fork River. Shad, 1879.
Clark’s Creek, Newton, N. ©. California salmon, 1879.
Clay Centre; Kans., Republican River. California salmon, 1880.
Clay County, Kans. (See Clay Centre, Kans.)
Clay County, Minn. (See Hawley, Minn.; Moorhead, Minn.)
Clayton County, Ga. (See Jonesborough, Ga.)
bi
‘7
ay Oe
i
21] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 937
Clayton County, Iowa. (See McGregor, Iowa.)
Clayton, Del., Duck Creek. Shad, 1879.
Clear Creek, Barrett, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Clear Creek County, Colo. (See Georgetown, Colo.)
Olear Creek, Farisville, Kans. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
- Clear Creek, Hempstead, Tex. California salmon, 1874, 1876.
Clear Creek, Shelby County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Clear Lake, Blue Earth County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Clear Lake, Brown County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Clear Lake, Cal. Whitefish, 1872, 1873.
Clear Lake, Carver County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Clear Lake, Cerro Gordo County, Lowa, Clear Lake. Schoodie salmon,
1878.
Clear Lake, Georgetown, Colo. California salmon, 1874.
Clear Lake, Iowa. Whitefish, 1876; Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Olear Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Clear Lake, Railroad Crossing, La. Shad, 1879.
Clear Lake, Sherburne County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Clear Lake, Waseca County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Clear Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Clear Lake, Wis. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Clear Lake, Wis., Willow River. California salmon, 1879.
Clear Spring, Md., Frantz Mill Dam. California trout, 1880.
Clear Spring, Md., Mill Dam. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Clear Water Creek, Wright County, Minn. California salmon, 1878,
Clear Water Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Clermont, Iowa, Turkey River. California salmon, 1875.
Clifton Forge, Va., Jackson River. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Clifton, Kans., Republican River. California salmon, 1880.
Clinch County, Ga. (See Stockton, Ga.)
Cline’s Pond, New Jersey. California salmon, 1879.
Clinton County, Ill. (See Trenton, Il.)
Clinton County, Iowa. (See Charlotte, lowa; Clinton Junction, Lowa;
De Witt, Lowa.)
Clinton County, Mich., Round Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Clinton County, Mo., Smith Fork of Platte River. California salmon,
1880.
Clinton County, N. Y. (See Hllenburgh, N. Y.; Peru, N. Y.; West
Plattsburgh, N. Y.)
Clinton County, Pa. (See Westport, Pa.)
Clinton Junction, [owa, tributary of Mississippi River. California sal-
mon, 1874.
Clinton River, Pontiac, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Clinton River, Utica, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Cloud County, Kans. (See Concordia, Kans.)
Coahoma County, Miss. (See Friar’s Point, Miss.)
938 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22]
Cobb’s Branch, Westminster, Md. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Cobosecontee Lake, Manchester, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Cockeysville, Md., Gunpowder River. California salmon, 1878, 1879;
Schoodie salmon, 1878; shad, 1877, 1878, 1879.
Cockeysville, Md., Western River. California salmon, 1876.
Coenochogue River, Durham, Conn. California salmon, 1874.
Codorus Creek, Pa. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Cohansey Creek, Bridgeton, N. J. California salmon, 1877.
Cohansey Creek, N. J. California salmon, 1877.
Cohocton River, Liberty, N. Y. California salmon, 1873.
Cold Creek, Castalia, Ohio. California salmon, 1877, 1879.
Cold Pond, Acworth, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Cold Spring Pond, Enfield, Me. Schoodice salmon, 1878. .
Cold Spring, W. Va, Wheeling Creek. California salmon, 1878;
Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Cold Water Creek, Oxford, Ala. California salmon, 1878.
Coldwater Lake, Branch County, Mich. California salmon, 1875..
Cold Water River, Holly Springs, Miss. Shad, 1878.
Colebrook, Conn., Farmington River. California salmon, 1873, 1873.
Colerain, N. C., Chowan River. Shad, 1878.
Coles County, Ul. (See Charleston, Ill.)
Collier’s Creek, Collierstown, Va. California salmon, 1880.
Collierstown, Va., Collier’s Creek. California salmon, 1880.
Colon, Mich., Sturgeon Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Colorado County, Tex. (See Columbus, Tex.)
Colorado River, Austin, Tex. Shad, 1874, 1875, 1879; California sal-
mon, 1874, 1876.
Colorado River, Columbus, Tex. Shad, 1879.
Colt’s Reservoir, Hartford, Conn. Schoodice salmon, 1880.
Columbia, Ala., Tombigbee River. Shad, 1879.
Columbia County, Wis. (See Hartman, Wis.; Lodi, Wis.; Portage,
Wis.; Poynette, Wis.)
Columbiana County, Ohio. (See Bayard, Ohio.)
Columbia, Pa., tributary of Susquehauna River. California salmon, 1876.
Columbia, 8. C., Broad River. Shad, 1878, 1880, 1880; California sal-
mon, 1879.
Columbus, Ga., Chattahoochee River. Shad, 1877, 1879.
Columbus, Ind., White River. Shad, 1874.
Columbus, Ohio, Scioto River. Shad, 1875, 1876.
Columbus, Ohio, Whetstone River. California salmon, 1878.
Columbus, Tex., Colorado River. Shad, 1879.
Column Lake, McHenry, Ill. California salmon, 1877.
Como Lake, Houston County, Minn. California salmon, 1878; Schoodic
salmor, 1879.
Como Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. Schoodic salmon, 1875; Penobscot
salmon, 1875; California salmon, 1875, 1876, 1877.
[23] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 939
Concordia, Kans., Republican River. California salmon, 1878, 1879,
1880.
Concord, Vt., Connecticut River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Conecuh River, Union Springs, Ala. Shad, 1879.
Coneloquinet Creek, Pa. California salmon, 1874.
Coneloquinet Creek, Cumberland County, Pa. California salmon, 1876.
Conesus Lake, Livingston County, N. Y. California salmon, 1875.
Conetquoit River, Long Island, N. Y. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Congamond Lake, Westfield, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1879, 1880.
Conneaut Creek, Erie County, Pa. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Connecticut Lake, Pittsburgh, N. H. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Connecticut River, Bellows Falls, Vt. Shad, 1874, 1874, 1874, 1876.
Connecticut River, Charlestown, N. H. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Connecticut River, headwaters of, N. H. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Connecticut River, ponds tributary to, Saint Johnsbury, Vt. Schoodie
salmon, 1878.
Connecticut River, Smith’s Ferry, Mass. Shad, 1874, 1875, 1877.
Connecticat River, South Hadley Falls, Mass. Shad, 1875, 1876, 1877.
Connecticut River, South Vernon, Vt. Shad, 1875, 1875.
Connecticut River, tributaries of, Thompsonville, Conn. Schoodie sal-
mon, 1878.
Connecticut River, Barnet, Vt. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Connecticut River, Concord, Vt. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Connecticut River, tributaries of, Conn. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Connecticut River, McIndoe’s Falis, Vt. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Connecticut River, Newbury, Vé. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Connecticut River. (See tributaries: Farmington River, West River,
Conochogue River, Westfield River, Passumpsic River, Wells River,
West River, Saxton’s River, White River, Lamoille River, Dog River.)
Conococheague River, Chambersburgh, Pa. California salmon, 1873.
Conococheague River, Hagerstown, Md. California salmon, 1874, 1876,
1879.
Conococheague River, Md. Penobscot salmon, 1830.
Conococheague River, Williamsport, Md. California salmon, 1876.
Contentnea Creek, Wilson County, N. C. Shad, 1877.
Contoocook River, Contoocook, N. H. Shad, 1877.
Contoocook River, Hillsborough Bridge, N. H. California salmon, 1878,
1879.
Contoocook River, N. H. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Contoocook, N. H., Contoocook River. Shad, 1877.
Contrary Lake, Buchanan County, Mo. California salmon, 1880.
Conway, N. H., Walker’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Conyers, Ga., Yellow River. Shad, 1879.
Cook County, Hl. (See Arlington Heights, lli.; Kensington, Ill.; South
Chicago, U1.; South Lawn, Il.; Wildwood, II.)
Cook’s Lake, Linden, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
940 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [24]
Cook’s Pond, Brookfield, N. H. California salmon, 1879.
Coon Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Coon River. (See Raccoon.)
Cooper, Me., Cathance Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Cooper River, Charleston County, S.C. California salmon, 1879; shad,
1879.
Cooper River, Charleston, 8. C. California salmon, 1877.
Coosa River, Cartersville, Ga. California salmon, 1876.
Coosa River, Resaca, Ga. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1879.
Coosa River, Rome, Ga. Shad, 1875.
Coosa River. (See tributaries: Tombigbee River, Cold Water Creek,
and Etowah River.)
Coos County, N. H. (See Pittsburgh, N. H.; Stark, N. H.; Stewarts-
town, N. H.)
Cooper Creek, Iowa. California salmon, 1878.
Cordova Station, Md., Miles Creek. Shad, 1879.
Cordova Station, Md., Wye Mills Creek. Shad, 1879.
Cornelian Lake, Stearns County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Cornelian Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1876,
1877.
Corry, Pa., Hatching Ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1878; California trout,
18380.
Corsica River, Centreville, Md. Shad, 1879.
Corunna, Mich., Shiawassee River. Shad, 1874.
Coshocton, Ohio, Walhonding River. California salmon, 1877.
Coshocton County, Ohio. (See Coshocton, Ohio.)
Cottonwood County, Minn., Bingham Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Cottonwood County, Minn., Eagle Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Cottonwood County, Minn., Mountain Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Cottonwood County, Minn., String Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Cottonwood County, Minn., Welder Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Cottonwood County, Minn., Windom Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Cottonwood County, Minn. (See Windom, Minn.)
Cottonwood Falls, Kans., Cottonwood River. Shad, 1879.
Cottonwood River, Cottonwood Falls, Kans. Shad, 1879.
Cottonwood River, Florence, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880;
shad, 1879.
Cottonwood River. (See tributary: Sleepy Eye Lake.) .
Cotuit, Mass., Cotuit River. Penobscot salmon, 1876; Schoodic salmon,
1876.
Cotuit River, Cotuit, Mass. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Council Bluffs, lowa, tributary of Missouri River. Penobscot salmon,
1875.
Covington, Ky., Glasser’s Lakes. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Covington, Ga., Ocmulgee River. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1877.
Covington, Ga., Uleofanhanchee River. Shad, 1879.
. ——s
[25] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 941
Covington, Ga., Yellow River. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1880.
Cow Creek, Hutchinson, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1679; shad,
1879.
Craig’s Creek, Fincastle, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Craig’s Pond, Bucksport, Me. California salmon, 1874, 1875.
Craven County, N.C. (See New Berne, N. C.)
Crawford County, Mich., R. R. Crossing, Au Sable River. California
salmon, 1874.
Crawford County, Ohio. (See Bucyrus, Ohio.)
Crawford County, Wis., streams. California salmon, 1874.
Crawford, Mich., Au Sable River. California salmon, 1876.
Crawfordsville, Ga., Ogeechee River. California salmon, 1877.
Credit Lake, Scott County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Crib Lake, Carleton County, Minn. California salmon, 1878,
Crisfield, Md., branch of Pocomoke Bay. California salmon, 1876.
Crittenden County, Ky., Hurricane Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Crocker’s Lake, Charlotte, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Crofton, Mich., Bass Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Crofton, Mich., Loon Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Crooked Lake, Anoka County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Crooked Lake, Petosky, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Crooked Lake, Surrey, Clare County, Mich. California salmon, 1878;
Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Crookston, Minn., tributary of Red Lake River. Californiasalmon, 1880.
Crouch’s Creek, Jackson, Mich. California salmon, 1874.
Crouch’s Fishery, Jackson, Mich. California salmon, 1874.
Crow River. (See tributaries: Green Lake, Morrison. Lake, Chisago
Lake, Koronis Lake.)
Crow Wing County, Minn., Brainerd. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Crow Wing County, Minn., Withington Lake. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Crow Wing County, Minn. (See Brainerd, Minn.)
Crystal Iron Springs, Emmittsburgh, Md. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Crystal Lake, Blue Earth County, Minn. California salmon, 1877, 1880.
Crystal Lake, Crystal Lake, [1]. California salmon, 1879.
Crystal Lake, Dakota County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Crystal Lake, Greenwood, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878.
Crystal Lake, U1, Crystal Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Crystal Lake, Mashpee, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Crystal Lake, Newton, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Crystal Lake, Oceana County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
Crystal Springs Creek, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Cullom’s Creek, Mich. California salmon, 1874.
Culpeper County, Va. (See Rapid Ann Station, Va.)
Cumberland County, N. J., Maurice River. California salmon, 1879.
Cumberland County, N. J. (See Bridgeton, N. J., Vineland, N. J.)
Cumberland County, Pa., Coneloquinet Creek. California salmon, 1876,
942 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [26]
Co
Cumberland County, Pa. (See Mechanicsburgh, Pa.; Newville, Pa.;
Williams Mill, Pa.)
Cumberland, Md., Potomac River. Shad, 1876, 1877, 1880.
Cumberland River, Nashville, Tenn. Shad, 1875, 1875, 1879.
Cumberland River, Pulaski County, Ky.
Cumberland River, Somerset, Ky. Shad, 1878.
Cumberland River. (See tributaries: White Oak Branch, Round Stone
Creek, Hardin Durham’s Branch, Little River, Eddy Creek.)
Cunningham Pond, Petersborongh, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Currant River, Doniphan, Mo. California salmon, 1879.
Cuyahoga River, Kent, Ohio. Shad, 1872.
Cuyahoga River. (See tributary: Newberry Pond.)
Dakota County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Dakota County, Minn., Crystal Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Dakota County, Minn., Lake Early. California salmon, 1878.
Dakota County, Minn., Farmington River. California salmon, 1875;
Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Dakota County, Minn., Farquhar Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Dakota County, Minn., Kennedy Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Dakota County, Minn., McGrath’s Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Dakota County, Minn., 8. Branch Vermillion River. California salmon,
1878.
Dakota County, Minn., Spring Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Dakota County, Minn., Sunfish Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Dakota County, Minn., Twin Lakes. California salmon, 1878, 1880.
Dallas County, Tex. (See Dallas, Tex.)
Dallas, Pa., Harvey’s Lake. California salmon, 1880.
Dallas, Tex., Trinity River. Shad, 1879.
Damariscotta, Me., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Danbury, Conn., Lake Kenosha. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Danbury, Stokes County, N. C., Dan River. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Dane County, Wis., Mendota Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Dane County, Wis. (See Madison, Wis.)
Danewood Lake, Chisago County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Danforth, Me., Mattawamkeag River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Danforth, Me., tributary of Penobscot River. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Dan River, Danbury, N. C. California salmon, 1879.
Dan River, Danbury, Stokes County, N. C. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Dan River, Halifax County, Va. * Shad, 1877.
Danville, Vt., Joe’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Dauphin County, Pa., Swatara Creek. Penobscot salmon, 1874; Oali-
fornia salmon, 1877.
Dauphin County, Pa. (See Harrisburg, Pa.; Upper Paxton, Pa.)
Davidson County, Tenn. (See Madison, Tenn.; Nashville, Tenn.)
Davis County, Kans., Republican River. Shad, 1879.
Davis County, Kans. (See Junction City, Kans.)
[27] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 943
Davis County, Utah, Jenning’s Pond. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Day Lake, Linden, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Dayton, Ohio, Miami River. California salmon, 1879.
Dearborn County, Ind. (See Guilford, Ind.)
Dearborn, Mich., Rouge River. California salmon, 1875.
Decorah, lowa, Upper Iowa River. California salmon, 1875.
Deep Lake, Sand Lake, Ill. California salmon, 1876.
Deep River, North Fork of, Friendship, N.C. California salmon, 1879.
Deep River, Jamestown, N. C. California salmon, 1878, 1878.
Deer Creek, Md. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Deer Creek, Parkton, Md. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Deer Creek, Pennsylvania line, Md. California salmon, 1874, 1876.
Deer Creek (See tributaries: Tobacco Run, Archer’s Run, Green
Spring.)
Deer Park, Md., Little Youghiogheny River. Shad, 1880.
Deer Park, Md., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Deer Park, Md., Youghiogheny River. California salmon, 1877.
Defiance County, Ohio. (See Defiance, Ohio.)
Defiance, Ohio, Maumee River. California salmon, 1878.
De Graw’s, Md., Octorara River. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
De Kalb County, Ala. (See Lebanon, Ala.)
Delaware County, lowa. (See Delaware, Iowa; Delhi, lowa; Greeley,
Towa; Hopkinton, Iowa; Manchester, Iowa.)
Delaware County, Pa. (See Brandywine, Pa.)
Delaware, Iowa, Maquoketa River. California salmon, 1875.
Delaware, Iowa, Spring Creek. California salmon, 1875.
Delaware, Kans., Delaware River. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Delaware River, Bushkill, Pa. Oalifornia salmon, 1875, 1877.
Delaware River, Delaware, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Delaware River, Point Pleasant, Pa. Shad, 1873, 1874.
Delaware River, Shomaker’s Eddy, N. J. California salmon, 1879, 1880;
Penobscot salmon, 1879.
Delaware River, tributary of, Brandywine, Pa. California salmon, 1876.
Delaware River, tributary of. California salmon, 1874, 1875; Penob-
scot salmon, 1874.
Delaware River. (See tributaries: Shoemaker’s Eddy, Alloway’s Creek,
Maurice River, Raccoon River, Pohatcong River, Musconeteong River,
Dennis Creek, Mantua, Salem, Old Man’s, Cohansey, Woodbury, Tim-
ber, and Paulinskill Creeks, Bushkill Creek, Heitzman Springbrook,
Schuylkill River, and Bear Lake.)
Delaware River, Valley Falls, Kans. California salmon, 1889.
Delh?, lowa, Maquoketa River. California salmon, 1875.
Demopolis, Ala., Tombigbee River. Shad, 1878.
Dennis Creek, Dennisville, N. J. California salmon, 1876.
Dennison Lake, Winchendon, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878,
1879,
944 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [28]
Dennisville, N. J.. Dennis Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Denny’s River, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Denton, Md., Choptank River. Shad, 1877.
Denton, Md., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Dent’s River, Marion County, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Denver, Colo., Platte River. Shad, 1872.
Des Moines, lowa, Des Moines River. California salmon, 1874, 1874;
shad, 1874, 1875, 1876.
Des Moines River, Boone, Boone County, lowa. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Des Moines River, Cedar Rapids, lowa. Shad, 1878.
Des Moines River, Des Moines, Iowa. California salmon, 1874, 1875;
shad, 1874, 1875 , 1876.
Des Moines River, Fort Dodge, Iowa. California salmon, 1874.
Des Moines River, lowa. California salmon, 1875, 1876, 1878, 1879, 1879.
Des Moines River, Moingona, Iowa. Shad, 1878.
Des Moines River, Ottumwa, Iowa. California salmon, 1875; shad,
1874.
Des Moines River, Pomeroy, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Des Moines River, Storm Lake, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Des Moines River, Webster City, lowa. California salmon, 1875.
Des Moines River, Windom, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Des Moines River. (See tributaries: Windom Lake, Okabena Lake,
Heron Lake.)
Detroit Lake, Becker County, Minn. California salmon, 1877; Penob-
seot salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1875.
Detroit, Mich., Detroit River. California salmon, 1876.
Detroit River, Detroit, Mich. California salmon, 1876; shad, 1873,
1874.
Detroit River, Wayne County, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Detroit River. (See tributaries: Rouge River, Orchard Lake.)
Devil Lake, Wis. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
De Witt, Clinton County, Iowa, Silver Creek. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Dexter, Me., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Dexter, Mich., Base Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Dexter, Mich., Big Portage Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Dexter, Mich., Blind Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Dexter, Mich., Bruin Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Dexter, Mich., Half Moon Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Dexter, Mich., Island Lake. Whitefish, 1876; California salmon, 1878.
Dexter, Mich., Patterson Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Dexter, Mich., Portage Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Dexter, Mich., Silver Lake. California salmon, 1878; whitefish, 1876.
Dexter, Mich., Woodburn Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Diamond Lake, Cass County, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Diamond Lake, Kandiyohi County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Diamond Lake, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
[29] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 945
Diamond Pond, Stewartstown, N. H. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Dickinson County, Kans. (See Chapman, Kans.; Solomon City, Kans.)
Dick’s River, Boyle County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Dick’s River, Lincoln County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Dillon’s Creek, Hampshire County, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Dinwiddie County, Va. (See Petersburgh, Va.)
District of Columbia. (See Uniontown.)
Dixon, lowa, Wapsipinecon River. California salmon, 1874.
Dobsis Stream, Me., Schoodic Lakes. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Doddridge County, W. Va. (See West Union, W. Va.)
Dodge County, Minn., Mantor Brook. California salmon, 1878.
Dodge County, Minn., Wilson Brook. California salmon, 1878.
Doe Run, Meade County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
Dog River, Northfield, Vt. Penobscot, salmon, 1874.
Donegal Creek, Pa. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Donegal, Pa., Donegal Spring. California salmon, 1874.
Donegal, Pa., Susquehanna River. California salmon, 1875.
Donegal Run, Lancaster County, Pa. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Donegal Springs, Donegal Pa. California saimon, 1874.
Doniphan, Mo., Carrant River. California salmon, 1879.
Donnelly Lake, Stephens County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Donner Lake, Nevada County, Cal. Schoodic salmon, 1878; white-
fish, 1877, 1879.
Dorchester County, Md., Chicacomico River. California salmon, 1879.
Dorchester County, Md. (See Airey’s, Md.; Barn’s Farm, Md.; Cam-
bridge, Md.; Fleming’s Mills, Md.; Linkwood, Md.)
Double Pipe Creek, Md., Double Pipe Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Double Pipe Creek, Md., Patapsco River. California salmon, 1878.
Dougherty County, Ga. (See Albany, Ga.)
Douglas County, Mass. (See Lawrence, Mass.)
Douglas County, Minn., lakes. California salmon, 1579.
Douglas County, Minn., stream. California salmon, 1877.
Dover, Del., Jones Creek. Shad, 1880.
Dover, Me., Piscataquis River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Dover, N. J., Rockaway River. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Dowagiac Creek, Pokagon, Mich. Schoodic¢ salmon, 1874.
Dowagiac River, Cass County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Dowagiac River, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Dowagiac River, Pokagon, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Dowagiac River, Van Buren County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
Dowagiac River. (See tributaries: William’s Creek, Emerson’s Creek,
Cullom’s Creek, Burkie’s Creek, Crystal Springs Creek, Mendenhall
Creek, Pokagon Creek, and Peavine Creek.)
Doyle Creek, Florence, Kans. Shad, 1879.
Dragoon River, Burlingame, Kans. California salmon, 1880.
Drake’s Creek, Hopkin’s County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
S. Mis. 110——60
946 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [30]
Drake’s Pond, Sussex County, N. J. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Drakesville, Morris County, N. J., Lake Hopatcong. Schoodic salmon,
1879.
Dresden, Tenn., East Obion River. Shad, 1879.
Drew’s Lake, Aroostook County, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Driftwood Branch, Cameron County, Pa. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Dripping Spring, Md., Gunpowder River. California trout, 1880;
Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Druid Hill Lake, Baltimore, Md. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Dry Fork, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Dubuque County, lowa. (See Dubuque, lowa; Epworth, Iowa; Farley,
lowa; Worthington, Iowa.)
Dubuque Creek, Dubuque, Iowa. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Dubuque, Iowa, Dubuque Creek. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Duck Creek, Clayton, Del. Shad, 1879.
Dudley Lake, Rice County, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875; California
salmon, 1876, 1878.
Dug Pond, Natick, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879.
Duluth, Minn., Canosia Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Dumont Lake, Allegan County, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Dunlap’s Branch, Woodford County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Dunmore Lake, Salisbury, Vt. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Duplin County, N. C., Six Runs. Shad, 1879.
Duplin County, N. C., Goshen Creek. Shad, 1877.
Duplin County, N.C. (See Warsaw, N. C.)
Durham, Conn., Cocnochogue River. California salmon, 1874.
Durham, Conn., Pitsquog Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Durham, Conn., West River. California salmon, 1874.
Dutchess County, N. Y., Fishkill Lake. California salmon, 1874.
Dutchess County, N. Y., Furnace Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Dutchess County, N. Y., Little Thala Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Dutchess County, N. Y., Long Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Dutchess County, N. Y., Silver Lake. California salmon, 1874.
Dutchess County, N. Y., Sylvan Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Dutchess County, N. Y., Upton’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Duxbury, Mass., Island Creek Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1877.
Hagle Creek, Gallatin County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
Eagle Lake, Blue Earth County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Eagle Lake, Cottonwood County, Minn. California salmon, 1877,
Eagle Lake, Kandiyohi County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Eagle Lake, Lassen County, Cal. Whitefish, 1879.
Eagle Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Eagleville, Ohio, Grand River. California salmon, 1874; shad, 1874.
Early Lake, Dakota County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Eastanalbee River, Athens, Tenn. California salmon, 1876; shad, 1876.
East Bridgewater, Mass., Satucket River. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878.
[31] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 947
East Brookfield, Mass., Furnace Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879, 1879.
East Coon River, Iowa. California salmon, 1879.
East Hampton, Conn., Hampton Pond. Schoodie salinon, 1876, 1877,
1878.
Bast Hampton, Conn., Lake Pocatapaug. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
East Haven, Conn., Saltonstall Lake. Schoodice salmon, 1877, 1878,
1879.
East Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
East Obion River, Dresden, Tenn. Shad, 1879.
Easton, Md., Miles River. Shad, 1878.
Easton, Md., tributary of Miles Creek, pond. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Easton, Md., Tread Haven Creek. Shad, 1878.
Easton, Pa., Bushkill Creek. California salmon, 1874, 1878, 1879.
Easton, Pa., Heitzman Spring Brook. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
East Pond, Waketield, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1879,
Kast River, Guilford, Conn. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
East River, Hereford, Md. California salmon, 1879.
East Skunk River, lowa. California salmon, 1879.
Katou County, Mich., Thorn Apple Lake. California salmon, 1875,
Eaton, Me., Mattawamkeag River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Echo Lake, El Dorado Co., Cal. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Echo Lake, Franconia, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1879, 1880.
Eddy Creek, Caldwell County, Ky. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Eden, Md., pond. California trout, 1880; Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Edgecombe County, N.C. (See Rocky Mount, N. C.)
Edisto River, Branchville, S.C. California salmon, 1877.
Edisto River, Orangeburg, S. C. California salmon, 1879.
Edisto River, 8. C. California salmon, 1880.
Egg Harbor City, N. J., Mullica River. California salmon, 1877.
El Dorado County, Cal., Echo Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
El Dorado, Kans., Walnut River. California salmon, 1878, 1879; shad,
1879.
Elgin, [ll., Fox Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Elgin, Ill., Fox River. California salmon, 1874; Penobscot salmon,
1875.
Elgin, [ll., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Elgin, 0il., Twin Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Elizabethtown, Ky., Nolin Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Elkhart, Ind., Elkhart River. Shad, 1878.
Elkhart County, Ind. (See Elkhart, Ind.; Goshen, Ind.) _
Elkhart, Ind., Saint Joseph River. Shad, 1874.
Elkhart River, Bikhart, Ind. Shad, 1878.
Elkhart Lake, Sheboygan County, Wis. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Elkhorn Creek, Scott County, Ky. Shad, 1878.
Elk Ridge Landing, Md., Cascade Branch of Patapsco River. Schoodie
salmon, 1878.
948 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [382]
Elk River, Charleston, W. Va. CalJifornia salmon, 1879, 1880.
Elk River, Elkton, Md. California salmon, 1876; shad, 1879.
Elk River, Md. Shad, 1877. |
lk River. (See tributary: Bohemia Creek, of Big Elk River.)
Elkton, Md., Elk River. California salmon, 1876; shad, 1879.
Ellenburgh, N. Y., Chazy River. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Ellicott City, Md., North Branch Patuxent River. California salmon,
1876.
Ellicott City, Md., Patapseo Falls. California trout, 1880.
Ellicott City, stream. California trout, 1880.
Ellis County, Kans. (See Ellis, Kans.; Hays City, Kans.)
Ellis, Kans., Big Creek. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Ellis, Kans., Smoky Hill River. California salmon, 1880.
Ellsworth County, Kans., Smoky Hill River. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Ellsworth County, Kans. (See Bluffville, Kans.; Ellsworth, Kans.;
Farisville, Kans.; Fort Harker, Kans.; Trivoli, Kans.; Venango,
Kans.; Wilson, Kans.)
Ellsworth, Kans., Ash Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Ellsworth, Kans., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Ellsworth, Kans., Smoky Hill River. California salmon, 1877, 1878,
1879, 1880; shad, 1879.
Elm Creek, Farisville, Kans. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Elmo Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1879.
Elmore, Ohio, Portage River. California salmon, 1877.
Elmwood Creek, Bourbon County, Ky. California salmon, 1878.
Elyria, Ohio, Black River. Shad, 1874.
Elysian Lake, Waseca County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1879,
1880; Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodie salmon, 1875.
Embarrass River, Charleston, ll. Shad, 1878.
Emerson Pond, Rindge, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Emily Lake, Le Sueur County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1877,
1878.
Emmet County, Iowa, lakes. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Emmet County, Mich. (See Petoskey, Mich.)
Emmittsburgh, Md., Crystal Iron Springs. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Emmon’s Creek, Mich. California salmon, 1874.
Emporia, Kans., Neosho River. California salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880;
shad, 1879.
Enfield, Me., Cold Spring Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Enfield, N. H., Mascoma Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Engle Lake, Stevens County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Knoree River, 8. C. California salmon, 1880.
Epsom, N. H., Chesnut Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Epworth, Iowa, Little Maquoketa River. California salmon, 1874.
Erie County, Ohio. (See Castalia, Ohio; Huron, Ohio.)
[33] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 949
Erie County, Pa., Conneaut Creek. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Erie County, Pa., French Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1880,
Erie County, Pa., Le Boouf Creek. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Erie County, Pa. (See Corry, Pa.; Erie, Pa.)
Erie Lake, Put-in-Bay, Ohio. California salmon, 1877; Penobscot
salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Erie Lake, Toledo, Ohio. Whitefish, 1876.
Erie Lake. (See tributaries: Barrier Lake; Detroit River, Raisin River,
Cuyahoga, Ashtabula, Grand, and Sandusky Rivers, Castalia Spring
Stream, Portage River, Maumee River, Cold Creek, Huron River,
Sandusky River, Grand River, Auglaize River.)
Erie, Pa., Bay. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Erving’s Mill, W. Va., Little Kanawha River. California salmon, 1878.
Escambia County, Ala. (See Pollard, Ala.)
Escambia River, Pollard, Ala. Shad, 1878.
Escambia River. (See tributary: Conecuh River.)
Espinoza Lake, Monterey County, Cal. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Kssex County, Mass. (See Boxford, Mass.; Essex, Mass.; Georgetown,
Mass.; Ipswich River, Mass.; Lynnfield, Mass.; Lynn, Mass.; Middle-
ton, Mass.; North Andover, Mass.; Salem, Mass.; Wenham, Mass.)
Essex County, N. J. (See Bloomfield, N. J.)
Essex County, Vt. (See Concord, Vt.)
Essex, Mass., Chebacco Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1879.
Essex, Vt., Winooski River. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Etowah River, Cartersville, Ga. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1878.
Evitt’s Creek, Tannery, Md. California salmon, 1874.
Fairfax County, Va. (See Ferry Landing, Va.; Jackson City, Va.)
Fairfield County, Conn. (See Brookfield, Conn.; Danbury, Conn.;
Mianus, Conn.; Newtown, Conn.; Ridgefield, Conn.; Sandy Hook,
Conn.; Sherman, Conn.; Southport, Conn.; Westport, Conn.)
Fairfield Pond, Fairfield, Vt. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Fairfield, Vt., Fairfield Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1876.
Fairview, Md., Bush River. California trout, 1880; Schoodic salmon,
1880.
Fairview, W. Va., King’s Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Fall River, Bridgewater, Mass. California salmon, 1877.
Fall River, Mass., Borden Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Fall River, Mass., Sucker Brook. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Falls Village, Conn., Canaan Mountain Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Falmouth, Mass., Fresh Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879, 1880.
Faribault County, Minn., Bass Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Faribault County, Minn., Minnesota Lake. California salmon, 1875,
1876.
Faribault County, Minn., Minnesota River. California salmon, 1875.
Faribault, Minn., Cannon River. California salmon, 1877.
Faribault, Minn, Fox Lake. California salmon, 1877.
950 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [384]
Faribault Lake, Rice County, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodie
salmon, 1875.
Farisville, Kans., Clear Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Farisville, Kans., Elm Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Farley, Iowa, Little Maquoketa River. California salmon, 1874.
Farlow, Ill., Kaskasia River. Shad, 1878.
}armington River, Colebrook, Conn. California salmon, 1873, 1873.
Farmington River, Conn. California salmon, 1876.
Farmington River, Dakota County, Minn. California salmon, 1875;
Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Farmington River, New Hartford, Conn. California salmon, 1875;
Penobscot salmon, 1875, 1877.
Farmington River, Pine Meadow, Conn. California salmon, 1874, 1874.
Farm Pond, Framingham, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Farm River, New Haven, Conn. California salmon, 1875.
Farmville, Va., Appomattox River. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Farguhar Lake, Dakota County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Fauquier County, Va. (See Broad Run Station, Va.; Rectorstown, Va.)
Fayette County, lowe. (See Clermont, lowa; Fayette, Iowa; West
Union, Iowa.)
Fayette County, Ky. (See Lexington, Ky.)
Fayette, Iowa, Turkey River. California salmon, 1875.
Fayette, lowa, Volga River. California salmon, 1875.
Federalsburgh, Md., branch of Nanticoke River. California salmon,
1876.
Federalsburgh, Md., Nanticoke River. California salmon, 1879, 1880;
shad, 1878, 1879.
Felch’s Lake, San Mateo County, Cal. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Ferguson Creek, Winona County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Ferrisburgh, Vt., Lewis Creek. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Yerry Landing, Fairfax County, Va., Potomac River. Shad, 1875, 1875,
1876.
Fife Lake, Mich., Fife Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Fillmore County, Minn., Benton Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Fillmore County, Minn., Camp Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Fillmore County, Minn., Jordan’s Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Fillmore County, Minn., Kingsley Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Fillmore County, Minn., Middle Branch of Root River. California sal-
mon, 1878.
Villmore County, Minn., North Branch of Root River. California sal-
mon, 1878.
Fillmore County, Minn., North Branch of Watson Creek. California
salmon, 1878.
Fillmore County, Minn., Rush Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Fillmore County, Minn., South Branch of Root River. California sal-
mon, 1878.
[35] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 951
Fillmore County, Minn., Spring Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Fillmore County, Minn., Spring Valley. California salmon, 1878.
Fillmore County, Minn., Fenberg Brook. California salmon, 1878.
Fillmore County, Minn., Walker Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Fillmore County, Minn., Watson Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Fillmore County, Minn., Willow Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Fillmore County, Minn. (See Lanesborough, Minn.; Pilot Mound,
Minn.; Spring Valley, Minn.)
Fincastle, Va., Craig’s Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Fish Creek, Bellton, W. Va. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Fish Creek, Burton, W. Va. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Fish Creek, Littleton, W. Va. California salmon, 1877, 1878, 1879,
1880; Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Fish Creek, N. Y. California salmon, 1873, 1874.
Fishing Creek, Wetzel County, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Fishing Creek, Mannington, W. Va. California salmon, 1878.
Fishkill Lake, Dutchess County, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Fish Lake, Wis. California salmon, 1879.
Flax Pond, Lynn, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Fleming’s Mills, Md., Chicacomico River. California salmon, 1879.
Flint County, Mich., Flint River. California salmon, 1875.
Flint River, Albany, Ga. Shad, 1878, 1880.
Flint River, Flint County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Flint River, Jonesborough, Ga. California salmon, 1878.
Flint River, Mich. Shad, 1873.
Flint River, Montezuma, Ga. Shad, 1878.
Florence, Kans., Cottonwood River. California salmon, 1878, 1879,
1880; shad, 1879.
Florence, Kans., Doyle Creek. Shad, 1879.
Floyd County, Ga. (See Rome, Ga.)
Floyd River, Le Mars, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Floyd River, Sioux City, lowa. California salmon, 1875.
Floyd’s Fork, Jefferson County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Floyd’s Fork, North and East Branches of, Henry County, Ky. Cali-
fornia salmon, 1876, 1876.
Fond du Lac County, Wis. (See Metomen, Wis.)
Fond du Lac, Minn., Saint Louis River. California salmon, 1878;
Schoodie salmon, 1875.
Forest Lake, Chisago County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Forest Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Forestville, Md., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Forked Deer River, Humboldt, Tenn. California salmon, 1876.
Forked Deer River, Jackson, Miss. California salmon, 1876.
Forked Deer River, Jackson, Tenn. California salmon, 1876; shad,
1876, 1877.
Forked Deer River. (See tributary: Middle Fork.)
952 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [36]
Fort Dodge, Iowa, Des Moines River. California salmon, 1874.
Fort Edward, N. Y., Fortville Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Fort Edward, N. Y., Inglesby Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Fort Edward, N. Y., Peatwig Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Fort Harker, Kans., Howard’s Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Fort Harker, Kans., Smoky Hill River. California salmon, 1880.
Fort Pendleton, Md., Potomac River. California salmon, 1877, 1880.
Fort Pendleton, Md., North Branch Potomac River. California sal-
mon, 1876, 1876, 1878; Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Fort Pendleton, Md., North Branch Potomac River. California sal-
mon, 1874.
Fortville Creek, Fort Edward, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Fortville Creek, N.Y. California salmon, 1873.
Fort Washington, Md., Potomac River. Shad, 1878, 1880.
Foss Lake, Stevens County, Minn. California salmon, 1879.
Foster, R. I., Lilly Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Foster, R. L., Searle’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Fox Lake, Elgin, Il. California salmon, 1875.
Fox Lake, Faribault, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Fox River, Appleton, Wis. Shad, 1873, 1877.
Fox River, Cary Station, Ill. California salmon, 1879.
Fox River, Elgin, Il., California salmon, 1874; Penobscot salmon, 1875,
Fox River, fl. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Fox River. (See tributaries: Crystal Lake, Column Lake.)
Fox River. (See tributary: Wantoma Lake.)
Framingham, Mass., Farm Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Framingham, Mass., Sudbury River. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877.
Franconia, N. H., Echo Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879, 1880.
Frankford, Kans., Black Vermillion River. California salmon, 1878,
1879.
Franklin County, Kans. (See Ottawa, Kans.)
Franklin County, Ky., ponds. California salmon, 1878.
Franklin County, Ky., small streams. California salmon, 1877.
Franklin County, Mo. (See Pacific, Mo.; Washington, Mo.)
Franklin County, Ohio. (See Columbus, Ohio.)
Franklin County, Pa. (See Chambersburgh, Pa.)
Franklin County, Vt. (See Fairfield, Vt.; Franklin, Vt.; Georgia, Vt.;
Highgate, Vt.; Swanton, Vt.)
Franklin, Mo., Meramec River. California salmon, 1878, 1879; shad,
1879.
Franklin, N. H., Pemigewasset River. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Franklin Pond, Franklin, Vt. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Franklin, Va., Blackwater River. Shad, 1878, 1878, 1879.
Franklinville, Md., Garrett County, Savage Creek. California salmon,
1874.
Frantz Mill Dam, Clear Spring, Md. California trout, 1880.
[37] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 953
Frazee City, Minn., Otter Tail River. California salmon, 1880.
Frederick, Frederick County, Md., Monocacy River. Schoodic salmon,
1880; California trout, 1880,
Frederick, Cecil County, Md., Sassafras River. California salmon, 1876.
Fredericksburgh, lowa, Upper Iowa River. California salmon, 1874.
Frederick County, Md. (See Buckeystown, Md.; Emmittsburgh, Md.;
Frederick, Md.; Ijamsville, Md.; Mechanicstown, Md.; Middletown,
Md.; Monrovia, Md.; Mount Pleasant, Md.; New Market, Md.; Lib-
ertytown, Md.; Point of Rocks, Md.; Slabtown, Md.; Unionville, Md.;
Walkersville, Md.; Woodsborough, Md.)
Frederick County, Va. (See Winchester, Va.)
Freeborn County, Minn., Lake Albert Lea. California salmon, 1875,
1876; Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Freeborn County, Minn., Alden Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Freeborn County, Minn., Cedar River. California salmon, 1875.
Freeborn County, Minn., Iowa River. California salmon, 1875.
Freeborn County, Minn., Pickerel Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1878,
Freeborn County, Minn. (See Albert Lea, Minn.)
Freeland, Md., Gunpowder River. California salmon, 1874.
Freestone Point, Va., Potomac River. Shad, 1875.
Freestone, Va., Potomac River. Shad, 1878.
Fremont, Ohio, Sandusky River. California salmon, 1880; Penobscot
salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1876; shad, 1874, 1878, 1879, 1880.
French Broad River, Church Creek, Tenn. California salmon, 1876.
French Broad River. (See tributary: Swannanoa River.)
French Creek, Erie County, Penn. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
French Lake, Rice County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878.
Fresh Pond, Falmouth, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1879, 1880.
Friar’s Point, Miss., Sunflower River Shad, 1878.
Friendship, N. C., North Fork of Deep River. California salmon, 1879.
Frog Lake, Stevens County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Fulton, Ark., Red River. Shad, 1877, 1879.
Fulton County, Ga. (See Atlanta, Ga.; Boltonville, Ga.)
Fulton County, Ky., small streams. California salmon, 1877.
Fulton, Miss., Tombigbee River. Shad, 1878.
Fulton, N. Y., Oswego River. California salmon, 1874.
Furnace Pond, Dutchess County, N. Y. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Furnace Pond, East Brookfield, Mass. Schoodie salmon, 1879, 1879.
Gadsden County, Fla. (See Midway, Fla.)
Gaffney City, S. C., Broad River. California salmon, 1877; shad, 1875,
1880.
Gainesville, Ga., Chattahoochee River. California salmon, 1878; shad,
1879.
Gallatin County, Ky., Eagle Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Gardiner’s Lake, Salem, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879.
Garrard County, Ky., White Oak Creek. California salmon, 1876.
954 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [38]
Garrett County, Md. (See Deer Park, Md.; Fort Pendleton, Md.;
Franklinville, Md.; Oakland, Md.; Swanton, Md.)
Gasconade County, Mo. (See Herman, Mo.)
Gasconade River, Jerome, Mo. California salmon, 1876, 1880; shad,
1880.
Gaston County, N.C. (See Dallas, N. C.)
Gates’ Pond, Berlin, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877.
Gavin’s Lake, Stevens County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Geauga County, Ohio, Newberry Ponds. California salmon, 1879.
Genesee County, Mich. (See Linden, Mich.)
Genesee River, Caledonia, N. Y. California salmon, 1874, 1875.
Genesee River, Livingston County, N. Y. California salmon, 1875.
Genesee River, N. Y. California salmon, 1873, 1873, 1874, 1874, 1875.
Genesee River. (See tributaries: Spring Creek, Caledonia Spring Creek,
Walter Creek.)
Geneva Lake, Geneva, Wis. California salmon, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Geneva Lake, Walworth County, Wis. California salmon, 1875, 1876,
1877, 1878, 1879; California trout, 1880; Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1878,
1879; Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Geneva, Wis., Geneva Lake. California salmon, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Gentry County, Mo., Grand River. California salmon, 1880.
George Lake, Kandiyohi County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
George Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Georgetown, Colo., Clear Lake. California salmon, 1874.
Georgetown, Colo., Green Lake. California salmon, 1874.
Georgetown, D. C., Little Falls of the Potomac River. Shad.
Georgetown, Mass., Pentucket Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Georgetown, Mass., Rock Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1877.
Georgetown, Pa., Susquehanna River. Shad, 1880.
Georgia, Vt., Lamoille River. Penobscot salmon, 1874; shad, 1874, 1875.
Germanton, N. C., Town Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Gervais Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Gibson County, Tenn. (See Humboldt Tenn.; Trenton, Tenn.)
Giles County, Va., Mountain Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Gillmore’s Creek, Rice County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Gilmore Pond, Jaffrey, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Gist Creek, Shelby County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Glassborough, N. J., Mantua Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Glasser’s Lakes, Covington, Ky. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Glenburn, Me., Pushaw Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Glencoe, Md., Gunpowder River. California salmon, 1876.
Gloucester County, N. J., Raccoon Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Gloucester County, N. J. (See Glassborough, N. J.; Swedesborough,
N. J.; Wenonah, N. J.; Williamstown, N. J.; Woodbury, N. J.)
Glymont. Md., Potomac River. Shad, 1878, 1878.
Goguac Lake, Battle Creek, Calhoun County, Mich. California salmon,
1875; Schoodic salmon, 1878.
[39] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 955
Goguac Lake, Calhoun County, Mich. California salmon, 1875, 1876,
1878, 1879.
Goodhue County, Minn., Bell Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Goodhue County, Minn., mill-pond. California salmon, 1879.
Goodhue County, Minn. (See Red Wing, Minn.)
Goose Creek, North Branch of, ChisagoCounty, Minn. California salmon,
1877.
Goose Creek, Rectorstown, Va. California salmon, 1876.
Goose Creek, Stacy, Minn. California salmon, 1879.
Goose Lake, Woodstock, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Gordon County, Ga. (See Resaca, Ga.)
Gorton’s Pond, Warwick, R. I. Schoodie salmon, 1876.
Goshen Creek, Mount Olive, N.C. Shad, 1879.
Goshen Creek, Duplin County, N. C. Shad, 1878.
Gourd Neck Lake, Kalamazoo County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
Govanstown, Md., stream. California trout, 1880.
Grafton County, N.H. (See Benton, N.H.; Bridgewater, N. H.; Camp-
ton, N. H.; Canaan, N.H.; Enfield, N. H.; Franconia, N. H.; Holder-
ness, N. H.; Piermont, N. H.; Plymouth, N. H.; Thornton, N. H.;
Warren, N. H.; West Campton, N. H.; Woodstock, N. H.)
Grafton, W. Va., Tygart’s Valley. Shad, 1879.
Graham Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Graham, N. C., Haw River. California salmon, 1877.
Granby, Conn., Salmon River. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Grand Lake, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877.
Grand Lake, Stearns County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Grand Lake, Washington County, Me. Schoodie salmon, 1878, 1879.
Grand Rapids, Mich., Perkins & Hess Pond. California salmon, 1874.
Grand Rapids, Mich., Reed Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Grand River, Eagleville, Ohio. California salmon, 1874.
Grand River, Eagleville, Ohio. Shad, 1874.
Grand River, Ionia, Mich. Shad, 1873.
Grand River, Jackson County, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Grand River, Jackson, Mich. California salmon, 1876, 1879.
Grand River, Lansing, Mich. Shad, 1873.
Grand River, Gentry County, Mo. California salmon, 1880.
Grand River Railroad Crossing, Henry County, Mo. Shad, 1880.
Grand River, tributary of, Jackson County, Mich. California salmon,
1873.
Grand River. (See tributaries: Sandstone Creek, Perkins & Hess Pond,
Crouch’s Creek, Crouch’s Fishery, Maple River, Round Lake, Thorn-
apple Lake, Long Lake, Reed Lake, Chureh Lake, Pickerel Lake,
Lamberton Lake, Soft Water Lake.)
Grand Traverse Bay. (See tributaries: North Boardman River, Rapid
River, Torch Lake.)
Grand Traverse County, Mich. (See Fife Lake, Mich.)
956 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [40]
Grant County, Minn., Huskin’s Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Grant County, Minn., Patchen’s Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Grant County, Minn., Twin Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Grant County, W. Va., Luney’s Creek. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Grant County, W. Va., Williams’ Ponds. California salmon, 1879, 1880,
Grant County, W. Va. (See Williamsport, W. Va.)
Grant.County, Wis. (See Boscobel, Wis.)
Grant County, Wis., streams. California salmon, 1874.
Grantham, N. H., Stocker’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Granville County, N. C., Tar River. Shad, 1877.
Grapevine Creek, Warren, Ind. California salmon, 1875.
Grayson County, Tex. (See Sherman, Tex.)
Great Barrington, Mass., Lake Buell. Schoodic salmon, 1879, 1880.
Great Bend, Kans., Walnut River. California salmon, 1878, 1879 ; shad,
1879.
Great Choptank River, Carter’s Bridge, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Great Egg Harbor River, Atlantic County, N. J. California salmon,
1879.
Great Egg Harbor River, May’s Landing. California salmon, 1876.
Great Egg Harbor River, N. J. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Great Egg Harbor River, Weymouth, N. J. California salmon, 1877.
Great Egg Harbor River, Williamstown, N. J. California salmon, 1876.
Great Egg Harbor River, Winslow, N. J. California salmon, 1877.
Great Herring Pond, North Sandwich, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876,
1878.
Great Pee Dee River, Railroad Crossing, Marion County, S.C. Shad,
1878, 1880.
Great Pee Dee River. (See tributary : Yadkin River.)
Great Pond, Braintree, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878, 1880.
Great Pond, North Andover, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1878.
Great River, Long Island, N. Y. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Greeley, lowa, Turkey River. California salmon, 1875.
Greeley, Iowa, Volga River. California salmon, 1875.
Greenbrier County, W. Va. (See Caldwell, W. Va.; Lewisburgh, W.
Va.; Ronceverte, W. Va.; White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.)
Greenbrier River, Caldwell, Greenbrier County, W. Va. California
salmon, 1878.
Greenbrier River, Hinton, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Greenbrier River, Ronceverte, Greenbrier County, W. Va. California
salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880; shad, 1873, 1879.
Greenbrier River, W. V. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Green County, Ky., Booker’s Branch. California salmon, 1877.
Green County, Ky., Cave Spring Branch. California salmon, 1877.
Green County, Wis. (See Brodhead, Wis.)
Greene County, N. Y., tributaries Hudson River. California salmon,
1878,
[41] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 957
Greene County, Mo. (See Springfield, Mo.)
Greene County, Ga., Oconee River. Shad, 1880.
Greene County, Pa., tributary of Monongahela River. California salmon,
1876.
Green Lake, Chisago County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Green Lake, Georgetown, Colo. California salmon, 1874.
Green Lake, Kandiyohi County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Green Lake, Green Lake County, Wis. California salmon, 1874.
Green Lake County, Wis., Green Lake. California salmon, 1874.
Green Pond, Sherman, Conn. Schoodic Lake, 1878, 1879.
Green River, Bowling Green, Ky. Shad, 1878.
Green River, Casey County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Green River, Hendersonville, N. ©. California salmon, 1878.
Green River, McKinney’s Station, Ky. Shad, 1878.
Green River, Munfordville, Ky. Shad, 1877.
Green River, Wis. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Green River. (See tributaries: Middle, Bumgartner’s, Russell, Rough,
Noling, Drakes, and Jasper Creeks.)
Greensborough, Guilford County, N. C., ponds tributary to Cape Fear
River. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Greensborough, Md., Choptank River. California salmon, 1876; shad,
1878, 1878.
Greensborough Pond, Greensborough, Vt. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Greensborough, Vt., Greensborough Pond. Schoodice salmon, 1878.
Greensburgh, Pa., Monongahela River. Shad, 1873.
Green’s Pond, Oxford, Warren County, N. J. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Green Spring Run, Aberdeen, Md. California salmon, 1876.
Green Spring Run, Burnsides, Harford County, Md. Schoodic salmon,
1879.
Green Spring, Baltimore County, Md., pond tributary to Lake Roland.
California trout, 1880; Schoodic salmon, 1880; pond of Samuel Shoe-
maker.
Greenviile County, S.C. (See Greenville, S. C.)
Greenville, 8. C., Saluda River. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Greenville, Va., South River. California salmon, 1878.
Greenwood Lake, Bloomfield, N. J. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Greenwood Lake, Passaic County, N. J. California salmon, 1879.
Greenwood, Md., pond. California trout, 1880.
Greenwood, Mass., Crystal Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878.
Grenada County, Miss. (See Grenada, Miss.)
Grenada County, Miss., Yalabusha River. Shad, 1879.
Grenada, Miss., Yalabusha River. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Groton, Mass., ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Guadalupe County, Tex. (See Seguin, Tex.)
Guadalupe River, Seguin, Tex. Shad, 1879.
Guadalupe River. (See tributary: San Marcus River.)
958 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [42]
Guilford, Conn., East River. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Guilford, Conn., Limepaug Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Guilford County, N. C. (See Friendship, N. C.; Greensborough, N. C.;
Jamestown, N. C.)
Guilford, Ind., Tanner’s Creek. California salmon, 1874, 1876.
Gull Lake, Kalamazoo County, Mich. California salmon, 1873, 1875.
Gull Lake, Richland, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Gull Pond, Wellfleet, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878.
Gun Lake, Hillsdale County, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Gunpowder River, Cockeysville, Md. California salmon, 1878, 1879;
shad, 1877, 1878, 1879; Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Gunpowder River, Dripping Spring, Md. California trout, 1880.
Gunpowder River, Freeland, Md. California salmon, 1874.
Gunpowder River, Glencoe, Md. California salmon, 1876.
Gunpowder River, branch of, Long Green, Md. California trout, 1880.
Gunpowder River, Md. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Gunpowder River, Monkton, Md. California salmon, 1877.
Gunpowder River, Parkton, Md. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Gunpowder River, Phenix, Md. California salmon, 1876, 1877, 1880.
Gunpowder River, pond tributary to, Hampton, Md. Schoodic salmon,
1879.
Gunpowder River, Railroad Crossing, Baltimore County, Md. Shad,
1879.
Gunpowder River, Towsontown, Md. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Gunpowder River, Warren, Md. California trout, 1880.
Gunpowder River. (See tributaries: Little Gunpowder River, Western
River.)
Gwinnett County, Ga. (See Norcross, Ga.)
Gwynn’s Falls, Airy Hill, Md. California trout, 1880; Schoodic sal-
mon, 1880.
Habersham County, Ga., Tugaloo River. Shad, 1879.
Habersham County, Ga. (See Balding’s Mills, Toccoa, Ga.)
Hackensack River, Bergen County, N. J. California salmon, 1879.
Hackensack River, tributary of, N. J. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Hagerstown, Md., Antietam Creek. California salmon, 1874, 1876, 1879.
Hagerstown, Md., Conococheague River. California salmon, 1874, 1876,
1879.
Hale County, Ala. (See Greensborough, Ala.)
Half Moon Lake, Dexter, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Half Moon Lake, Putnam, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Halfway Pond, Plymouth, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878.
Halfway River, Sandy Hook, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Halifax County, N. C. (See Weldon, N. C.)
Halifax County, Va., Dan River. Shad, 1877.
Hall County, Ga. (See Gainesville, Ga.)
Halloran Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
[43] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 959
Halstead, Kans., Little Arkansas River. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Halstead, Kans., Little River. Shad, 1879.
Hamlin Lake, Battle Creek, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Hamlin Lake, Calhoun County, Mich. Schoodie salmon, 1876.
Hamilton County, lowa. (See Webster City, Iowa.)
Hamilton County, Ohio. (See Cincinnati, Ohio.)
Hamilton County, Tenn. (See Chattanooga, Tenn.)
Hamott’s Mill, Hampshire County, W. Va., Mill Creek. Schoodie sal-
mon, 1879, 1879.
Hampden County, Mass. (See Holyoke, Mass.; Ludlow, Mass.; Palmer,
Mass.; Springfield, Mass.; Westfield, Mass.; Wilbraham, Mass.)
Hampshire County, Mass. (See Enfield, Mass.; Goshen, Mass.; Hunt-
ington, Mass.; Smith’s Ferry, Mass.; South Hadley Falls, Mass.)
Hampshire County, W. Va., Dillon’s Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1878,
1879.
Hampshire County, W. Va. (See Institution for Deaf, Romney, W. Va.)
Hampshire County, W. Va., Mill Creek. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Hampshire County, W. Va. (See Hamott’s Mills, W. Va.; Romney,
W.Va.)
Hampshire County, W. Va., south tributary to Potomac River. Schoo-
dic salmon, 1879.
Hampshire County, W. Va., tributaries to Potomac River. California
salmon, 1879, 1880.
Hampshire County, W. Va., tributaries to Potomac River. California
salmon, 1879, 1880.
Hampton Creek, 8. C. California trout, 1880; Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Hampton Pond, Kast Hampton, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877,
1878.
Hampton, Baltimore County, Md., pond tributary to Gunpowder River.
Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Hancock County, Me. (See Bucksport, Me.; Surry, Me.)
Hancock County, W. Va. (See Fairview, W. Va.)
Hand Lake, Sherburne County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Hanging Fork, Lincoln County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Hanging Horn Lake, Carleton County, Minn. California salmcn, 1878.
Hanover County, Va. (See Taylorsville, Va.)
Hansca Lake, Brown County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Hardin County, Iowa. (See Lowa Falls, Lowa.)
Hardin County, Ky. (See Elizabethtown, Ky.)
Hardin County, Ky., Middle Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Hardin County, Ky., Nolin Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Hardin County, Ky., Rough Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Hardin County, Ky., Durham’s Branch, Rockcastle County, Ky. Cali-
fornia salmon, 1877.
Hardy County, W. Va. (See Moorefield, W. Va.)
Hardy County, W. Va., Trout Run. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
960 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [44]
Hardy’s Pond, Waltham, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877 (2), 1878, 1879,
1880.
Harford County, Md. (See Aberdeen, Md.; Bel Air, Md.; Burnsides,
Md.; Havre de Grace, Md.; Magnolia, Md.; Norrisville, Md.; Perry-
man, Md.; Pleasantville, Md.; Savage, Md.; Swan Creek, Md.; Wilna,
Md.)
Harford County, Md., Winter’s Run. California salmon, 1877. .
Harford County, Md., Green Spring Run. California,salmon, 1879.
Harper’s Ferry, W. Va., Potomac River. California Salmon, 1879.
Harriott Lake, Hennepin County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Harrisburg, Pa., Susquehanna River. Shad, 1879, 1880.
Harrisburg, Pa., Susquehanna River. California salmon, 1873, 1876.
Harris Dam, Cecil County, Md., Octorara River. California salmon,
1880.
Harrison County, Iowa. (See Logan, Iowa.)
Harrison County, Tex. (See Marshall, Tex.)
Harrison County, W. Va. (See Clarksburgh, W. Va.; New Salem,
W. Va.)
Hart County, Ky., Bumgartner’s Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Hart County, Ky. (See Mumfordsville, Ky.)
Hartford, Conn., Colt’s Reservoir. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Hartford County, Conn. (See Avon, Conn.; Bristol, Conn.; Broad Brook,
Conn.; East Hartford, Conn.; East Windsor, Conn.; Farmington, Conn.;
Forestville, Conn.; Granby, Conn.; Hartford, Conn.; Manchester,
Conn.; Melrose, Conn.; Newington, Conn.; Thompsonville, Conn. ;
West Hartford, Conn.; Windsor, Conn.)
Hartman, Wis., tributaries of Wisconsin River. California salmon,
1878.
Hart’s Pond, Canaan, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Harvard, Mass., Bear Hill Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Harvey County, Kans. (See Halstead, Kaus.)
Harvey’s Lake, Dallas, Pa. California salmon, 1880.
Harvey’s Lake, Wilkesbarre, Pa. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Harvey’s Pond, Barnet, Vt. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1878.
Hassel Lake, Swift County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Havre de Grace, Md., North East River. Shad, 1878.
Havre de Grace, Md., Spesutic Narrows. Shad, 1877 (12 deposits),
1878 (10 deposits), 1879 (15 deposits), 1880 (10 deposits).
Havre de Grace, Md., Susquehanna River. Shad, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879,
1880.
Hawley, Minn., Buffalo River. California salmon, 1877.
Haw River, Graham, N.C. California salmon, 1877.
Haw River, Allamance County, N. C. Shad, 1877.
Hayes City, Kans., Big Creek. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Hayes City, Kans., Smoky Hill River. California salmon, 1880.
Haywood County, Tenn. (See Brownsville, Tenn.)
[45] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 961
Hazleton, Pa. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Hearne, Tex., Brazos River. Shad, 1879.
Heart Lake, Susquehanna County, Pa. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Heitzman Spring Brook, Easton, Pa. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Hemlock Lake. (See tributary, Spring Brooks.)
Hempstead County, Ark. (See Fulton, Ark.)
Hempstead, Tex., Brazos River. Shad, 1874.
Hempstead, Tex., Clear Creek. California salmon, 1874, 1876.
Henderson County, N. C. (See Hendersonville, N. C.)
Henderson, Md., Choptank River. California salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880;
shad, 1879.
Hendersonville, N. C., Green River. California salmon, 1878.
Hennepin County, Minn., Lake Armstrong. California salmon, 1877.
Hennepin County, Minn., Calhoun Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Hennepin County, Minn., Harriott Lake. California salmon, 1876,
LST
Hennepin County, Minn., Hokah Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Hennepin County, Minn., Lake Independence. California salmon, 1877.
Hennepin County, Minn., Lake Johnson. California salmon, 1877.
Hennepin County, Minn., Lydard Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Hennepin County, Minn. (See Minneapolis, Minn.)
Hennepin County, Minn., Minnetonka Lake. California salmon, 1875,
1876, 1878; Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1875.
Hennepin County, Minn., Lake Rebecca. California salmon, 1878.
Henrico County, Va. (See Richmond, Va.)
Henry County, Ill. (See Cambridge, II.)
Henry County, Ala. (See Columbia, Ala.)
Henry County, Ky., East and West Forks of Little Kentucky. Cali-
fornia salmon, 1876.
Henry County, Ky., North and East Branches of Floyd’s Fork. Cali-
fornia salmon, 1876,
Henry County, Mo., Grand River. Shad, 1880.
Hereford, Md., East River. California salmon, 1879.
Herkimer County, N. Y. (See Ilion, N. Y.)
Herkimer County, N. Y., Jock’s Lake. California salmon, 1874.
Herkimer County, N. Y., Mud (or Hydraulic) Lake. California salmon,
1874.
Herkimer County, N. Y., Spruce Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Herkimer County, N. Y., West Canada Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Herkimer County, N. Y., Woodhull Lake. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Herman, Mo., Missouri River. Shad, 1872.
Heron Lake, Jackson County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Herring Creek, Berlin, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Herring Run, Md., Back River. California salmon, 1878.
Hersey Creek, Reed City, Mich. California salmon, 1874.
Hickman County, Tenn. (See Bon-Aqua, Tenn.)
S. Mis. 110 61
962 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [46]
Hickman Creek, Jessamine County, Ky. California salmon, 1878.
Hickory-Nut Gap, N. C., Broad River. California salmon, 1879.
Higganum, Conn., Higganum Reservoir. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Higganum Reservoir, Higganum, Conn. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Higgin’s Lake, Roscommon County, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1874;
California salmon, 1879 ; Schoodic salmon, 1880.
High Bridge, Ky. Shad, 1878.
Highgate, Vt., Hunkerford Brook. California salmon, 1873.
Highgate, Vt., Kelly Brook. California salmon, 1873.
Highgate, Vt., Missisquoi River. California salmon, 1873.
Hillsborough Bridge, N. H., Contoocook River. California salmon,
1878, 1879.
Hillsborough County, N. H. (See Antrim, N. H.; Hillsborough Bridge,
N. H.; Manchester, N. H.; Milford, N. H.; Peterborough, N. H.)
Hillsborough, Md., Nanticoke River. California salmon, 1878.
Hillsborough, Md., Tuckahoi Creek. California salmon, 1876, 1878;
shad, 1878, 1879.
Hillsdale County, Mich, Barrier Lake. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Hillsdale County, Mich., Butternut Creek. California salmon, 1873.
Hillsdale County, Mich., Gan Lake. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Hillsdale County, Mich. (See Hillsdale, Mich.)
Hillsdale County, Mich., Saint Joseph River, headwaters of. Penob-
scot salmon, 1873.
Hillsdale County, Mich., Sand Creek. California salmon, 1873.
Hillsdale County, Mich. (See Somerset, Mich.)
Hillsdale, Mich., Baro Beese Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Hinds County, Miss. (See Jackson, Miss.)
Hinton, W. Va., Greenbrier River. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Hinton, W. Va., New River. California salmon, 1879, 1880; shad, 1879.
Hockomocko Pond, Westborough, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Hog Lake, Lyme, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878, 1879.
Hokah Lake, Houston County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Hokah Lake, Hennepin County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Holderness, N. H., Squam Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Holliston, Mass., ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Holly, Mich., Shiawassee River. California salmon, 1876.
Holly Springs, Miss. Cold Water River. Shad, 1878.
Holston River, Knoxville, Tenn. Shad, 1875, 1876, 1879.
Holston River, Smyth County, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Holston River, North Fork of Saltville, Va. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Holston River, North Fork of, Sharon Springs, Va. California salmon,
1880.
Holston River, South Fork of, Atkins’ Tank, Va. California salmon,
1880. ;
Holyoke, Mass., Ashley Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Holyoke. Mass., Wright Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
[47] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 963
\ Honeoye Falls, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Hontoon Lake, Oakland County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
_ Hood’s Mill’s, Md., Patapsco River. California salmon, 1874, 1878, 1878,
1379:
Hood’s Mill’s, Md., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Hopatcong Lake, Morris County, N. J. California salmon, 1879; white-
fish, 1876.
Hopatcong Lake, Drakesville, Morris County, N. J. Schoodic salmon,
1879.
Hopkins County, Ky., Drake’s Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Hopkinton, Lowa, Maquota River. California salmon, 1875.
Horry County, 8. C. (See Little River, 8. C.)
Horse Shoe Lake, Rice County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Horse Shoe Lake, Sibley County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Houghton’s Pond, Milton, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Housatonic River, Conn. California salmon, 1876.
Housatonic River, New Milford, Conn. California salmon, 1875 ; Penob-
scot salmon, 1877; shad, 1873, 1874.
Housatonic River, tributary to, Newtown, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Housatonic River. (See tributary: Butler Brook.)
Housatonic River. (See tributary: Main River, Butler Brook.)
Houston County, Minn., Barnum Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Houston County, Minn., Como Lake. California salmon, 1878; Schoo-
dic salmon, 1879.
Houston County, Minn., Hokah Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Houston County, Minn., Silver Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Houston County, Tenn. (See Tennessee Ridge, Tenn.)
Howard County, Md. (See Elk Ridge Landing, Md.; Ellicott, Md.;
Savage, Md.)
Howard County, Md., tributaries of Patuxent River. California salmon,
1874.
Howard County, Mo. (See Armstrong, Mo.; Franklin, Mo.)
Howard Lake, Wright County, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Howard, Cass County, Mich., Barrow Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Howard’s Lake, Fort Harker, Kans. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Howards Lower Creek, Clark County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Howard’s Upper Creek, Clark County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Howland, Maine, Seboois River. Penobscot salmon, 1874, 1875.
Hubbardston, Mass., Asnaconconic Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879,
Hubbardton,Vt., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Hudson River, tributaries to, Green County, N. Y. California salmon,
1878.
Hudson River, tributary to, N. Y. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Hudson River. (See tributaries: Mohawk, Saranac, Salmon, Chazy Riv-
ers; Battenkill Creek; Fortsville, Peatwig, Sanquoit, West Canada,
Spruce, Inglesby, Sequoit and Willow Creeks; Oriskany and Mohawk
Rivers; Fishkill, Silver, Jock’s, Mud, and Seneca Lakes.)
964 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [48]
Hugh’s River, Pennsborough, W. Va. California salmon, 1878.
Humboldt, Tenn., Forked Deer River. California salmon, 1876.
Humboldt, Tenn., Middle Fork of Forked Deer River. Shad, 1878.
Hummock Pond, Nantucket, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Humphreys County, Tenn. (See Johnsonville, McEwen’s Station, Tenn.)
Hunkerford Brook, Highgate, Vt. California salmon, 1873.
Hunterdon County, N. J. (See Bloomsbury, N. J.)
Huntingdon County, Pa. (See Huntingdon, Pa.)
Huntingdon, Pa., Juniata River. Penobscot salmon, 1880.
Huntingdon, Tenn., South Fork of Obion River. Shad, 1878.
Huntington, Mass., Norwich Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Huntington County, Ind. (See Warren, Ind.)
Huron County, Ohio. (See Monroeville, Ohio.)
Huron Lake, tributary to, South Lawn, Ul. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Huron Lake, tributary to, Wildwood, Ill. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Huron Lake. (See tributaries: Saugeen River, Au Sable River, Rifle
River, Shiawassee River.)
Huron, Ohio, Huron River. California salmon, 1878.
Huron River, Huron, Ohio. California salmon, 1878.
Huron River, Monroeville, Ohio. California salmon, 1874; shad, 1874.
Huron River, Washtenaw County, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Hurricane Creek, Crittenden County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
Huskin’s Lake, Grant County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Hutchinson, Kans., Cow Creek. California salmon, 1878, 1879; shad,
1879.
Ijamsville, Md., pond. California trout, 1880.
Illinois River, Ill. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Illinois River, Ind., Kankakee River.
illinois River. (See tributaries: Rock River, Fox River, Kankakee
River, Geneva Lake, Elkhart, Cedar Rock, and Devil’s Lakes.)
Independence, Iowa, Wapsipinecon River. California salmon, 1875.
Independence, Kans., Verdigris River. California salmon, 1778, 1879.
’ Independence, Mo., Blue River. California salmon, 1880.
Independence Lake, Hennepin County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Independence River, Iowa. California salmon, 1879.
Indiana County, Pa. (See Black Lick Station, Pa.)
Indianapolis, Ind., White River. California salmon, 1874; shad, 1872,
1874, 1875, 1879.
Indian Creek, Cass County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Indian Lake, Kalamazoo County, Mich. California salmon, 1775.
Indian Lake, Cass County, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Ingham County, Mich. (See Lansing, Mich.)
Inglesby Creek, Fort Edward, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Inman Lake, McPherson County, Kan. Schoodic salmon, 1879; Cal.
ifornia salmon, 1878, 1879.
Institution for Deaf, Romney, W. Va., pond. Schoodie salmon, 1879,
1879.
[49] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 965
Ionia County, Mich. (See Ionia, Mich.)
Tonia, Mich., Grand River. Shad, 1873.
Ionia, Mich., Maple River. California salmon, 1875.
Jowa City, Iowa, Iowa River. California salmon, 1875.
Iowa Falls, lowa, Iowa River. California salmon, 1874.
Iowa River, Freeborn County, Minn. California salmon, 1875.
Jowa River, Iowa. California salmon, 1878, 1879,
Iowa River, Iowa City, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Iowa River, Iowa Falls, Iowa. California salmon, 1874.
Iowa River, Marshalltown, lowa. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Iowa River, Mower County, Minn. California salmon, 1875.
Iowa River, Tama City, Tama County, Iowa. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Iowa River (upper), Decorah, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Iowa River, Fredericksburgh, Iowa. California salmon, 1874.
Iowa River. (See tributary: Cedar River.)
Ipswich River, Mass. California salmon, 1877.
Irish Creek, Rockbridge County, Va. Schoodie salmon, 1877.
Iron County, Mo. (See Arcadia, Mo.)
Isabella County, Mich. (See Crawford, Mich.)
Island Creek Pond, Duxbury, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Island Lake, Dexter, Mich. Whitefish, 1876; California salmon, 1878.
Itawamba County, Miss. (See Fulton, Miss.)
Jackson City, Fairfax County, Va., Potomac River. Shad, 1873, 1875.
Jackson County, Ark. (See Newport, Ark.)
Jackson County, Iowa. (See Maquoketa, Iowa.)
Jackson County, Mich. (See Brooklyn, Mich.; Jackson, Mich.)
Jackson County, Mich., Grand River. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Jackson County, Mich., headwaters of Kalamazoo River. Penobscot
salmon, 1873.
Jackson County, Mich., tributary to Grand River. California salmon,
1873.
Jackson County, Minn., Heron Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Jackson County, Minn., lake. California salmon, 1877.
Jackson, County, Mo. (See Independence, Mo.; Kansas City, Mo.)
Jackson Lake, Rice County, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Jackson, Mich., Crouch’s Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Jackson, Mich., Crouch’s Fishery. California salmon, 1874.
Jackson, Mich., Grand River. California salmon, 1876, 1879.
Jackson, Mich., east tributary of Kalamazoo River. California salmon,
1873.
Jackson, Miss., Forked Deer River. California salmon, 1876.
Jackson, Miss., Pearl River. Shad, 1875, 1876, 1879.
Jackson River, Alleghany County, Va. California salmon, 1876.
Jackson River, Clifton Forge, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Jackson, Tenn., Forked Deer River. California salmon, 1876; shad, 1876.
Jacksonville, Ill., lake. California salmon, 1877.
966 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [50]
Jaffrey, N. H., Gilmore Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
James River, Webster County, Mo. Shad, 1879.
James River, Lynchburgh, Va. California salmon, 1878.
James River, Richmond, Va. Shad, 1878.
James River, Springfield, Mo. Shad, 1877.
James River, tributary to, Botetourt County, Va. California salmon,
1874.
James River, tributary to, Rockbridge County, Va. California salmon,
1876.
James River, tributary to, Va. California salmon, 1874.
James River. (See tributaries: South tributary Nansemond River;
Appomattox and Rivana Rivers; Tye, Pedlar, Jackson, North, and
South Rivers; Buffalo Creek; New Reservoir, and Mountain Lake
streams.)
Jamestown, N. C., Bull Run Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Jamestown, N. C., Deep River. California salmon, 1878.
Jamestown, N. C., North Fork of Deep River. California salmon, 1878.
Jasper County, Mo. (See Carthage, Mo.)
Jasper River, Warren County, Ky. California salmon, 1878.
Jefferson County, Fla., Ocilla River. Shad, 1879.
Jefferson County, Kans. (See Valley Falls, Kans.)
Jefferson County, Ky., Floyd’s Fork. California salmon, 1876.
Jefferson County, N. Y., Bowell Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Jefferson County, W.Va. (See Shepherdstown, W. Va.; Harper’s Ferry,
Wie) Va.)
Jefferson County, W. Va., streams. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Jefferson Lake, Le Sueur County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Jennings Pond, Davis County, Utah. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Jennings Run, Md., Wills Creek. California salmon, 13874.
Jerome, Phelps County, Mo., Gasconade River. California salmon,
1876, 1880; shad, 1880.
Jessamine County, Ky., Hickman Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Jessamine County, Ky., Jessamine Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Jessamine Creek, Jessamine County, Ky. California salmon, 1878.
Jock’s Lake, Herkimer County, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Joe’s Pond, Danville, Vt. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Johanna Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1875, 1876,
1877; Schoodic salmon, 1875; Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Johnson County, Iowa. (See Iowa City, lowa, Oxford, Iowa.)
Johnson Lake, Hennepin County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Johnsonville, Tenn., Tennessee River. Shad, 1879.
John’s River, Burke County, N. C. California trout, 1880.
John’s River, Morganton, N.C. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
John’s River, Morganton, Burke County, N. C. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Jonesborough, Ga., Flint River. California salmon, 1877.
Jones County, Iowa. (See Anamosa, Iowa; Monticello, Iowa.)
[51] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 967
Jones County, N.C. (See Pollocksville, N.C.)
Jones Creek, Dover, Del. Shad, 1880.
Jones Falls. (See tributary: Stony Run.)
Jones Lake, Wayne County, Pa. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Jones Pond, Raymond, N. H. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Jordan Creek, Fillmore County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Jordan River, Jordan, Utah. California salmon, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1877;
shad, 1875.
Jordan River. (See tributary: Mill Creek.)
Jordan, Salt Lake County, Utah, Jordan River. California salmon,
1873, 1874, 1875, 1877; shad, 1875.
Josephine Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1876,
1877. .
Juab County, Utah, Silver Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Julia Lake, Sherburne County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Junction City, Kans., Republican River. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Juniata River, Blair County, Pa. California salmon, 1880.
Juniata River, Huntingdon, Pa. Penobscot salmon, 1880.
Juniata River, Newport, Pa. California salmon, 1877.
Juniata River, Tyrone, Pa. California salmon, 1879.
Juniata River. (See tributary: Trout Run.)
Kalamazoo County, Mich., Gourd Neck Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Kalamazoo County, Mich., Gull Lake. California salmon, 1873, 1875.
Kalamazoo County, Mich., Indian Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Kalamazoo County, Mich. (See Kalamazoo, Mich.; Richland, Mich.)
Kalamazoo County, Mich., Lewis Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Kalamazoo County, Mich., Long Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1876; shad,
1873.
Kalamazoo County, Mich., Lyon’s Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Kalamazoo County, Mich., MeMartin’s Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Kalamazoo County, Mich., Portage River. California salmon, 1875.
Kalamazoo County, Mich., Putty Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Kalamazoo County, Mich. (See Richland, Mich.)
Kalamazoo, Mich., Spring Brook Creek. Califernia salmon, 1874.
Kalamazoo County, Mich., Twin Lakes. California salmon, 1875.
Kalamazoo County, Mich., Wood’s Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Kalamazoo, Mich., Baptist Seminary Pond. California salmon, 1875.
Kalamazoo, Mich., pond at Lunatic Asylum. California salmon, 1874.
Kalamazoo River, east tributary of, Jackson, Mich. California salmon,
1873.
Kalamazoo River, headwaters of, Jackson County, Mich. Penobscot
salmon, 1873.
Kalamazoo River, lake tributary of, Ross, Mich. California salmon,
1873.
Kalamazoo River. (See tributaries: Gull, Goguac, Hamblin, Dumont,
and Long Lakes.)
968 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [52}
Kalkaska County, Mich., Blue Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Kalkaska County, Mich. (See Crofton, Mich.; Kalkaska, Mich.)
Kalkaska County, Mich., Log Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Kalkaska County, Mich., Rapid River. California salmon, 1876.
Kalkaska County, Mich., Torch Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Kalkaska, Mich., North Boardman River. California salmon, 1876.
Kanawha County, West Va. (See Charleston, W. Va.)
Kanawha River, Charlestown, Kanawha County, W. Va. California
salmon, 1878.
Kanawha River. (See tributaries: Greenbrier River, Elk River, New
River.)
Kandiyohi County, Minn., Diamond Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Kandiyohi County, Minn., Hagle Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1877,
1877.
Kandiyohi County, Minn., George Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Kandiyohi County, Minn., Green Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1877,
1877.
Kandiyohi County, Minn. (See Wilmar, Minn.)
Kane County, Ill. (See Elgin, IL)
Kanesiac Pond, Danbury, Conn, Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Kankakee River, Il. California salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878.
Kankakee River, La Porte, Ind. California salmon, 1875.
Kankakee River, Michigan City, Ind. California salmon, 1876.
Kankakee River. (See tributary: Grapevine Creek.)
Kansas City, Mo., Kansas River. Shad, 1876.
Kansas River, Kansas City, Mo. Shad, 1876.
Kansas River. (See tributaries: Red Vermillion, Big Blue, Republican,
Solomon, Soldier, Vermillion, and Smoky Hill Rivers; Spring, Clear,
Chapman’s, Wakarusa, Dragoon, and Delevan Creeks; Silver and
Lyndon Lakes.)
Kaskaskia River, Belleville, Ill. California salmon, 1877.
Kaskaskia River, Farlow, Ill. Shad, 1878.
Kasota, Minn., Minnesota River. California salmon, 1877.
Keene’s Lake, Calais, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Keene’s Lake, Keene’s Lake Stream. California salmon, 1879.
Keene’s Lake Stream, Keene’s Lake, Me. California salmon, 1879.
Kelly Brook, Highgate, Vt. California salmon, 1873.
Kennebago Stream, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1874.
Kennebec County, Me. (See Manchester, Me.; Waterville, Me.)
Kennebec River, Waterville, Me. Shad, 1880.
Kennebec River, Waterville, Me. Shad, 1874.
Kennedy Lake, Dakota County, Minn. California salmon, 1876,
P1378,
Kenosha Lake, Danbury, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Kensington, Ill., Calumet River. California salmon, 1874; Penobscot
salmon, 1874.
[53] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 969
Kent, Conn., Spectacle Ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878.
, Kent, Ohio, Cuyahoga River. Shad, 1872.
Kent County, Del. (See Clayton, Del.; Dover, Del.; Milford, Del.)
Kent County, Md. (See Millington, Md.)
Kent County, Mich., Church Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Kent County. (See Grand Rapids, Mich.)
Kent County, Mich., Laberton Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Kent County, Mich., Pickerel Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Kent County, Mich. (See Ross, Mich.)
Kent County, Mich., Soft Water Lake. Califernia salmon, 1876.
Kent County, R. I. (See Warwick, R. I.)
Kenton County, Ky. (See Covington, Ky.)
Kent’s Creek, Rockford, Ill. California salmon, 1877.
Kentucky River, Lexington, Ky. California salmon, 1876,
Kentucky River, Mercer County, Ky. Shad, 1878.
Kentucky River. (See tributaries: Dick’s, Lane’s, Cane’s, and McCon-
nell’s Rivers; White Oak, Otter, Silver, Hanging Fork, Dunlap’s
Branch, Lulbegrud, Howard’s Upper, Howard’s Lower, Big Spring
Branch, Thomas Spring Branch, Saunder’s Spring Branch, Hickman,
Jessamine, and Elkhorn Creeks.)
Kerr’s Creek Bridge, Rockbridge County, Va., North River. California
salmon, 1878, 1879.
Keshena, Wis., lakes. Whitefish, 1875, 1876.
Kettle Creek, Westport, Pa. California salmon, 1878.
Kettle Pond, Washington County, Vt. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Kettle River. (See tributaries: Moose, Bear, Cub, Moose Horn, Chubb,
and Hanging Horn Lakes.
Keyser, W. Va., Potomac River. California salmon, 1876, 1878, 1880.
Kimball Lake, Stearns County, Minn. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Kingman, Me., Mattawamkeag River. Penobscot salmon, 1875, 1876.
King’s County, N. Y. (See Brooklyn, N. Y.)
Kingsley Creek, Fillmore County, Minn. California salmon, 1878,
Kingsley Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Kingston, R. I., Warden’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Kinniconick Creek, Vanceburgh, Ky. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Kipmuck Pond, Milford, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Knapp’s Creek, Burritt, Winnebago County, Il. California salmon,
1877.
Knob Creek, Bullitt County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
Knox County, Ohio. (See Mount Vernon, Ohio.)
Knox County, Tenn. (See Knoxville, Tenn.)
Knoxville, Tenn., Holston River. Shad, 1875, 1876, 1879.
Korom’s Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877, 1879.
Kosciusko, Miss., Pearl River. California salmon, 1876.
Krameroth Pond, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
970 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [54]
Labar’s Pond, Wis. California salmon, 1879.
Laberton Lake, Kent County, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Lackawanna County, Pa. (See Scranton, Pa.)
La Crosse River, Sparta, Wis. California salmon, 1879.
La Cygne, Kans., Marais des Cygnes River. Shad, 1879.
La Fayette County, Miss. (See Abbeville, Miss.)
La Fayette County, Miss., Tallahatchie River. Shad, 1878, 1879.
La Fayette County, Miss., Yocana River. Shad, 1879.
La Fayette County, Wis., streams. California salmon, 1874.
La Fayette, Ind., Wabash River. Shad, 1880.
Laguna Honda, San Francisco, Cal. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Lake City, Minn., Mississippi River. California salmon, 1877.
Lake County, Cal., Clear Lake. Whitefish, 1872, 1873.
Lake County, Ill. (See Sand Lake, Ill.)
Lake County, Mich., Big Star Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Lakeland, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Lake of the Woods, Branch County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Lake Park, Minn., lake. California salmon, 1880.
Lake Spring, Salem, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Lakeville, Conn., Wanonscoponus Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877,
1879.
Lambertville, N. J. (See Point Pleasant, Pa.)
Lamine River, Morgan County, Mo. California salmon, 1880.
Lamoille River, Vt. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Lamoille River, Georgia, Vt. Penobscot salmon, 1874; shad, 1874,
1875.
Lancaster County, Pa. (See Chickies, Pa.; Columbia, Pa.; Lancaster,
Pa.; Marietta, Pa.; Salisbury, Pa.)
Lancaster County, Pa., Chiquesalunga Creek. California salmon, 1875,
1877; Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Lancaster County, Pa., Donegal Run. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Lancaster, Mass., Nashua River. California salmon, 1876; Penobscot
salmon, 1876.
Lancaster, Mass., ponds. Schoodie salmon, 1876, 1877.
Lanesborough, Minn., tributary of Root River. California salmon, 1876.
Lane’s Run, Scott County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Lansing, Mich., Grand River. Shad, 1873.
La Porte County, Ind. (See La Porte, Ind.; Michigan City, Ind.)
La Porte, Ind., Kankakee River. California salmon, 1875.
La Porte, Ind., Stony Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Larned, Kans., Pawnee Creek. California salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880;
shad, 1879.
* Lassen County, Cal., Eagle Lake. Whitefish, 1879.
La Sueur County. (See Kasota, Minn.)
Lauderdale County, Miss. (See Meridian, Miss.)
Laura Lake, Blue Earth County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
~snang
[55] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 971
Laurel County, Ky., White Oak Branch. - California salmon, 1877.
Laurel, Md., Patuxent River. California salmon, 1875, 1876, 1878,
1879; shad, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Lawrence County, Mo. (See Pierce City, Mo.)
Lawrence, Mass., ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Lead Mines, Wythe County, Va., New River. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Leavenworth County, Kans. (See Delaware, Kans.; Stranger, Kans.)
Lebanon, Ala., Big Wills Creek. Shad, 1879.
Le Boeuf Creek, Erie County, Pa. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Le Mars, Iowa, Floyd River. California salmon, 1875.
Lemonweir River, Tomah, Wis. California salmon, 1879.
Lemonweir River, Tunnel City, Wis. California salmon, 1879.
Lenawee County, Mich. See Palmyra, Mich. ; Raisin Centre, Mich. ;
Woodstock, Mich.)
Lenawee County, Mich., tributaries of Raisin River. California salmon,
1875.
Le Roy, Mich., Rose Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Le Sueur County, Minn., Lake Emily. California salmon, 1876, 1877,
1878. ;
Le Sueur County, Minn., Lake Jefferson. California salmon, 1878.
Le Sueur County, Minn., Lake Letook. California salmon, 1879.
Le Sueur County, Minn., Lake Takota. California salmon, 1879.
Le Sueur County, Minn., Lake Washington. California salmon, 1878,
Letook Lake, Le Sueur County, Minn. California salmon, 1879.
Lewisburgh, Green Brier County, W. Va., Sinking Creek. California
salmon, 1878.
Lewisburgh, Pa., Buffalo Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Lewis County, Ky. (See Vanceburgh, Ky.)
Lewis County, W. Va. (See Walkersville, W. Va.; Weston, W. Va.)
Lewis Creek, Fernsburgh, Vt. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Lewis Lake, Kalamazoo County, Mich. California salmon, 1875,
Lexington, Va., Buffalo Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Lexington, Ky., Kentucky River. California salmon, 1876.
Lexington, Mo., Missouri River. California salmon, 1880.
Lexington, Va., McKee’s Spring. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Lexington, Va., North River. California salmon, 1877, 1878; Schoodic
salmon, 1879.
Lexington, Va., South River. Schoodic salmon, 1879; California salmon,
1878, 1880.
Liberty Grove, Md., Octorora Creek. California salmon, 1874, 1878.
Liberty, N. Y., Cohocton River. California salmon, 1873.
Licking County, Ohio, Licking Reservoir. California salmon, 1879.
Licking Reservoir, Licking County, Ohio. California salmon, 1879.
Licking River, Mount Sterling, Ky. Shad, 1877.
Licking River. (See tributary: Strodes Creek.)
Lilly Pond, Foster, R. I. Schoodie salmon, 1876.
¢
972 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [56]
Limepang Lake, Guilford, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Limerick Lake, Aroostook County, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Lincoln County, Ky., Dick’s River. California salmon, 1876.
Lincoln County, Ky., Hanging Fork. California salmon, 1876..
Lincoln County, Ky. (See McKinney’s Station, Ky.)
Lincoln County, Me. (See Damariscotta, Me.)
Lincoln, Mass., Sandy Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877.
Linden, Mich., Cook’s Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Linden, Mich., Day Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Linden, Mich., Round Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Linden, Mich., Silver Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Linkwood, Md., Transquaking River. California salmon, 1879.
Linn County, lowa. (See Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Marion, Iowa; Spring-
ville, lowa; Walker, Lowa.)
Linn County, Kans. (See La Cygne, Kans.)
Linsey’s Creek, Grant County, W. Va. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Linville River, Bridgewater, N.C. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Linville River, Morganton, N.C. California salmon, 1879.
Linville River, Morganton, Burke County, N. C. Schoodie salmon,
1878.
Lisborn River, Iowa. California salmon, 1879.
Litchfield, Conn., Bantam Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878, °
1879.
Litchfield County, Conn. (See Chapinville, Conn.; Colebrook, Conn. ;
Falls Village, Conn.; Kent, Conn.; Lakeville, Conn.; Litchfield,
Conn.; New Hartford, Conn.; New Milford, Conn.; New Preston,
Conn.; Norfolk, Conn.; Pine Meadow, Conn.; Salisbury, Conn.; South
Kent, Conn.; Warren, Conn.; West Winsted, Conn.; Winsted, Conn.;
Woodbury, Conn.)
Litchfield, Meeker County, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodic
salmon, 1875.
Little Arkansas River, Halstead, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Little Arkansas River. (See tributary: Lake Inman.)
Little Blue River, Waterville, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Little Butts Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Little Elk River, Rock Church, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Little Falls of the Potomac River, Georgetown, D.C. Shad, 1879, 1880.
Little Gunpowder River, Monkton, Md. California salmon, 1876, 1876,
1877, 1878.
Little Hinkston Creek, Montgomery County, Ky. California salmon,
1877.
Little lowa, Mower County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Little Kanawha River, Erwingsville, W. Va. California salmon, 1878.
Little Kentucky, East and West forks of, Henry County, Ky. California
salmon, 1876.
Little Lorrim, Boyd’s, Md. California salmon, 1878.
[57] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 973
Little Maquoketa River, Epworth, Iowa. California salmon, 1874.
Little Maquoketa River, Farley, lowa. California salmon, 1874.
Little Miami River, Sidney, Ohio. California salmon, 1875.
Little Nanticoke River, Seaford, Del. California salmon, 1880.
Little Patuxent River, Patuxent, Md. California salmon, 1875.
Little Patuxent River, Mount Airy, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Little Patuxent River, Savage, Md. California salmon, 1875, 1876,
1876, 1876.
Little Pedee, Nichols, 8. C. Shad, 1880.
Little Pipe Creek, Westminster, Md. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Little Red River, White County, Ark. Shad, 1879.
Little River, Christian County, Ky. California salmon, 1878,
Little River, Halstead, Kans. Shad, 1879.
Little River, Ousley, Ga. Shad, 1879.
Little River, 8.C. California salmon, 1880.
Little River, Taylorsville, Va. Shad, 1878.
Little River, Trigg County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
Little Rock, Ark., Arkansas River. California salmon, 1878.
Little Sandy River, Carter County, Ky. California salmon, 1878.
Little Sioux River, Cherokee, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Little Thala Pond, Dutchess County, N. Y. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Littleton, Wetzel County, W.Va., Fish Creek. California salmon, 1877,
1878. .
Littleton, W. Va., Fish Creek. California salmon, 1879, 1880; Schoodie
salmon, 1879.
Little Youghiogheny River, Deer Park, Md. Shad, 1880.
Little Youghiogheny River, Oakland, Md. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Livermore Falls, N. H., Pemigewasset River. Penobscot salmon, 1876,
Livingston County, Mich. (See Putnam, Mich.)
Livingston County, N.Y. (See Caledonia, N. Y.)
Livingston County, N. Y., Conesus Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Livingston County, N. Y., Genesee River. California salmon, 1875.
Livingston County, N. Y., Spring Creek. California salmon, 1879, 1879.
Lockville, N. C., Cape Fear River. Shad, 1878.
Lodi, Wis., Spring Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Logan County, Ohio. (See Bellefontaine, Ohio.)
Logan, Iowa, Boyer River. Shad, 1878.
Logansport, Ind., Wabash River. Shad, 1873, 1874.
Log Lake, Kalkaska County, Mich. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Long Green, Md., branch of Gunpowder River. California trout, 1880.
Long Green, Md., pond tributary to Little Gunpowder River. Schoodic
salmon, 1880.
Long Island, N. Y., Conetquoit River. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Long Island, N. Y., Gnat River. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Long Island Sound, N. Y., small tributaries. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
974 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [58]
Long Island Sound, tributary of, Queens County, N.Y. California sal-
mon, 1874.
Long Lake, Barry County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Long Lake, Kalamazoo County, Mich. Schoodic salmon, 1876; shad,
1873.
Long Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Long Lake, Minnetonka, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Long Lake, Richland, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Long Lake, Watonwan County, Minn. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Long Lake, West Winsted, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Long Lake, Winsted, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877.
Long Pond, Benton, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Long Pond, Dutchess County, N. Y. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Loon Lake, Blue Earth County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Loon Lake, Crofton, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Lorain County, Ohio. (See Elyria, Ohio.)
Lord’s Lake, Pontiac, Mich. California salmon, 1876; Penobscot sal-
mon, 1873.
Lorewell’s Pond, Wakefield, N. H. California salmon, 1879.
Lower Bear River. (See tributary: Blacksmith’s Fork.)
Lowe Lake, Chelsea, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Lowndes County, Ga. (See Ousley, Ga.)
Lucas County, Ohio. (See South Toledo, Ohio.)
Lueas County, Ohio. (See Toledo, Ohio; Waterville, Ohio.)
Lulbregrud Creek, Clark County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Luling, Tex., San Marcus River. Shad, 1879.
Lunatic Asylum Pond, Kalamazoo, Mich. California salmon, 1874.
Lunenburgh, Mass., Unkechewaton Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877.
Luzerne County, Pa., Beaver Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Luzerne County, Pa., Beaver Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Luzerne County, Pa. (See Dallas, Pa.; Hazleton, Pa.; White Haven,
Pa.; Wilkes Barre, Pa.)
Lycoming, Pa. (See Ralston, Pa.; Williamsport, Pa.)
Lydard Lake, Hennepin County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Lyme, Conn., Hog Lake. Schoodic Lake, 1877, 1878, 1879.
Lyme, Conn., Roger’s Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1880.
Lynchburgh, Va., James River. California salmon, 1878.
Lyneh’s Creek, Sumter County, 8. C. Shad, 1880.
Lyndon Lake, Burlingame, Kans. California salmon, 1880.
Lynnfield, Mass., Suntang Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Lynn, Mass, Flax Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Lynn, Mass., Spring Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Lyon County, Kans. (See Emporia, Kans.; Reading, Kans.)
Lyon Lake, Calhoun County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
Lyon’s Lake, Kalamazoo County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
[59] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 975
McCann’s Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1877 ;
Schoodie salmon, 1878.
McCarthy’s Lake, Stevens County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
McCloud River, Baird, Cal. California salmon, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876,
1877, 1878, 1879, 1880.
McConnel’s Run, Scott County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
McDonald’s Run, Norrisville, Md. California trout, 1880.
McDowell County, N. C., Mill Creek. California trout, 1880.
McDowell County, N. C. (See Marion, N. C.; Old Fort, N. C.)
McGrath’s Lake, Dakota County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
McGregor, Iowa, Bloody Run. California salmon, 1874.
McHenry, Ill., Column Lake. California salmon, 1877.
McHenry County, Ill. (See Crystal Lake, Ill.; McHenry, Ill.; Rich-
mond, Ill.; Cary Station, Ill.)
McIndoe’s Falls, Vt., Connecticut River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
McKee’s Spring, Lexington, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
McKinney’s Station, Ky., Green River. Shad, 1878.
McKusic’s Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1876,
1877.
McKinsie Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
McLeod County, Minn., Morrison Lake. California salmon, 1876.
MeMartin’s Lake, Kalamazoo County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
McMinn County, Tenn. (See Athens, Tenn.)
Macomb County, Mich. (See Romeo, Mich.)
Macomb County, Mich. (See Utica, Mich.)
Macon, Ga., Ocmulgee River. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1876,
1877, 1878, 1879.
Macon County, Ga. (See Montezuma, Ga.)
Macon County, Mo., Chariton River. Shad, 1880.
Macon County, Mo. (See Callao, Mo.)
McPherson, Kans., Lake Inman. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
McPherson County, Kans., Inman Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
McPherson County, Kans. (See McPherson, Kans.)
Madaceunk Stream, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Madelia Lake, Watonwan County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Madelia, Minn., tributaries of Watonwan River. California salmon,
1877.
Madison County, La., Roundaway Creek. Shad, 1879.
Madison County, La., Tensas River. Shad, 1879.
Madison County, Miss. (See Canton, Miss.)
Madison County, Tenn. (See Jackson, Tenn.)
Madison Lake, Blue Earth County, Minn. California salmon, 1876,
1877.
Madison Lake, Wis. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Madison, N. H., Silver Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Madison, Wis., creek. California salmon, 1878.
976 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [60]
——
Madison, Wis., Lake Mendota. California salmon, 1877.
Madison, Wis., pond. California salmon, 1877.
Madison County, Ky., Otter Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Madison County, Ky., Silver Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Magnolia, Md., Winter’s Run. California salmon, 1876.
Magog Lake, Acton, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Mahantonga River, Pa. California salmon, 1874.
Mahantonga River, Upper Paxton, Pa. California salmon, 1873.
Mahkunac Lake, Stockbridge, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879,
1880. ,
Maiden Run, Pa. California salmon, 1876.
Main River, Conn. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Main River, North Branford, Conn. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Mallory Lake, Woodstock, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Manchester, Iowa, Maquoketa River. California salmon, 1875; Penob-
scot salmon, 1875.
Manchester, Me., Cobosecontee Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Manchester, N. H., Nutt’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Manchester, N. H., Wassabesic Lake. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Manchester, Vt., Battenkill Creek. Penobscot salmon.
Manhattan, Kans., Big Blue River. California salmon, 1878, 1879,
1880.
Manhattan, Kans., Blue River. 1879.
Manistee River, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Manistee River, Wexford County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
Manistee River. (See tributary: Pine River.)
Mankato, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Mannington, W.Va., Fishing Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Manokin River, Princess Anne, Md. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Mantor Brook, Dodge County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Mantua Creek, Glassborough, N. J. California salmon, 1876, 1877,
1878.
Mantua River, Wenonah, N. J. California salmon, 1877.
Maple River, Ionia, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Maple River, Iowa. California salmon, 1879.
Maple River. (See tributary: Elysian Lake.)
Maquoketa, Iowa, Maquoketa River. California salmon, 1874.
Maquoketa River, Iowa. California salmon, 1879.
Maquoketa River, Charlotte, Iowa. California salmon, 1874.
Maquoketa River, Delaware, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Maquoketa River, Delhi, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Maquoketa River, Hopkinton, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Maquoketa River, Manchester, Iowa. California salmon, 1874, 1875;
Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Maquoketa River, Monticello, lowa. California salmon, 1874.
Maquoketa River, Worthington, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
[61] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 977
Marais des Cygnes River, La Cygne, Kans. Shad, 1879.
Marais des Cygnes River, Reading, Kans. Oalifornia salmon, 1880;
shad, 1879.
Marengo County, Ala. (See Demopolis, Ala.)
Marietta, Pa., Susquehanna River. California salmon, 1875, 1877, 1880.
Marine Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Marion County, Ind. (See Indianapolis, Ind.)
Marion County, Kans. (See Florence, Kans.)
Marion County, Ky., north and east fork of Rolling Fork. California
salmon, 1877. .
Marion County, S. C., Great Pee Dee River. Shad, 1878, 1880.
Marion County, 8. C. (See Nichols, 8. C.)
Marion County, W. Va., Buffalo Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Marion County, W. Va., branch of Buffalo Creek. Schoodic salmon,
1878.
Marion County, W. Va., Dent’s River. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Marion County, W. Va., Meadow Run. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Marion County, W. Va., Prichard’s Run. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Marion County, W. Va., streams. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Marion County, W. Va. (See Mannington, W. Va.)
Marion, Ill., Mississinewa River. Shad, 1878.
Marion, Iowa, Cedar River. California salmon, 1874.
Marion Lake, Iowa. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Marion, N. C., Broad River. California salmon, 1877.
Mark West Creek, Sonoma County, Cal. Whitefish, 1879.
Marquette County, Mich., Michigamme Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Marquette County, Mich., Three Lakes. California salmon, 1876.
Marquette County, Mich. (See Negaunee, Mich.)
Marshall County, Iowa. (See Marshalltown, Iowa.)
Marshall County, Kans. (See Barrett, Kans.; Blue Rapids, Kans.;
Frankfort, Kans.; and Waterville, Kans.)
Marshall County, Mich., Reed’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Marshall County, Miss. (See Holly Springs, Miss.)
Marshall County, W. Va. (See Bellton, W. Va.)
Marshall, Mich., lake near. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Marshalltown, Iowa., lowa River. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Marshfield, Mass., North River. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Marston Branch, Dodge County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Martin County, Minn., Cedar Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Martin County, Minn., Chain Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Martin’s Creek, 8. C. California salmon, 1880.
Mary’s Lake, Mower County, Minn. California salmon, 1879.
Mary’s Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Mary’s Pond, Rochester, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1879, 1880.
Mascoma Lake, Enfield, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Mashpee, Mass., Crystal Lake. Schvodic salmon, 1879.
S. Mis. 110 62
978 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [62]
Massabesic Lake, Manchester, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Mattapony River, Milford, Va. Shad, 1878, 1878.
Mattawamkeag, Me., Mattawamkeag River. Shad, 1873, 1874, 1874,
1875.
Mattawamkeag, Me., Penobscot River. Shad, 1880.
Mattawamkeag River, Bancroft, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1875, 1876.
Mattawamkeag River, Eaton, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Mattawamkeag River, Danforth, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Mattawamkeag River, Kingman, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Mattawamkeag River, Mattawamkeag, Me. Shad, 1873, 1874, 1874,
1875.
Maumee Rapids, Ohio. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Maumee Rapids, Toledo, Ohio. California salmon, 1878.
Maumee River, Defiance, Ohio. California salmon, 1878.
Maumee River, Ohio. California salmon, 1877.
Maumee River, South Toledo, Ohio. California salmon, 1877.
Maumee River, Toledo, Ohio. Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodic
salmon, 1878, 1879.
Maumee River, Waterville, Ohio. California salmon, 1880.
Maumee River. (See tributary: Tiffin River.)
Maurepas Lake. (See tributary: Notalbany River.)
Maurice River, Cumberland County, N. J. California salmon, 1879.
Maurice River, N. J. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Maurice River, Vineland, N. J. California salmon, 1876.
Maynard, Iowa, Turkey River. California salmon, 1875.
Mayo River, Rockingham County, N. C. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
May’s Landing, N. J., Great Egg Harbor River. California salmon,
1876.
Mazeppa Creek, Mazeppa, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Mazeppa, Minn., Mazeppa Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Mazeppa, Minn., Zumbro River. California salmon, 1878.
Meade County, Ky., Doe Run. California salmon, 1877.
Meadow’s Run, Marion County, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Mechaniesburgh, Pa., Yellow Breeches Creek. California salmon, 1873.
Mechanicstown, Md., Owen’s Creek. California salmon, 1874, 1878, 1879.
Mecklenburgh County, N. C. (See Charlotte, N. C.)
Medford, Mass., Mystic Lake. Schoodice salmon, 1877, 1880.
Medford, Mass., Wedge Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1880.
Medicine Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Meeker County, Minn., Litchfield. Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodic
salmon, 1875.
MeekerCounty, Minn. (See Litchfield, Minn.)
Meherrin River, Branchville, N.C. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Melrose, Conn., Melrose Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Melrose, Mass., ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Melrose Pond, Melrose, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
[63] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 979
Memphis, Tenn., Wolf River. California salmon, 1875.
Mendenhall Creek, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Mendon, Mass., Nipmug Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1879, 1880.
Mendota Lake, Dane County, Wis. California salmon, 1877.
Mendota Lake, Madison, Wis. California salmon, 1877.
Menomonee Lake, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Menomonee River, Wis. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Menomonee River. (See tributaries: Michigamme Lake, Three Lakes,
Nagawicka Lake.)
Meramec River, Franklin, Mo. California salmon, 1878, 1879; shad,
1879.
Meramec River, Pacific, Mo. California salmon, 1876; shad, 1876.
Mercer County, Ky., Kentucky River. Shad, 1878.
Mercer County, Ky., small streams. California salmon, 1876.
Meriden, Conn., Black Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Meridian, Miss., Chickasawhatchie River. California salmon, 1876.
Meridian, Miss., Chunky River. Shad, 1879.
Meridian, Miss., Okatibee Creek. Shad, 1878.
Meris de Cygnes River. (See Marais des Cygnes.)
Merrimack County, N. H. (See Boscawen, N. H.; Bradford, N. H.;
Contoocook, N. H.; Epsom, N.H.; Franklin, N. H.; Newbury, N. H.;
Northfield, N. H.; Pittsfield, N. H.; Warner, N. H.)
Merrimack River, headwaters of, Woodstock, N. H. California salmon,
1877; Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Merrimack River, tributary of, Campton, N. H. Penobscot salmon.
Merrimack River, tributury of, Mass. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Merrimack River, tributary of, Plymouth, N. H. Penobscot salmon,
1873.
Merrimack River, tributary of, Thornton, N. H. Penobscot salmon,
1873.
Merrimack River, tributary of, W. Campton, N. H. Penobscot salmon,
1873.
Merrimack River. (See tributaries: Nassau River, Pemigewasset,
Bakers, and Contoocook Rivers, Winnipesaukee and Contoocook
Rivers.)
Merry-meeting Lake, New Durham, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1878,
1879.
Metcalf Lake, Calhoun County, Mich. California salmon, 1874, 1875;
Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Mexican Dam, Carson City, Nev. California salmon, 1869.
Mexico, Mo., Salt Creek. Shad, 1877.
Miami River, Dayton, Ohio. California salmon, 1879.
Mianus, Conn., Mianus River. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Mianus River, Mianus, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Michigamee Lake, Marquette County, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Michigan City, Ind., Kankakee River. California salmon, 1876.
980 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [64]
Michigan Lake, Buffalo, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Michigan Lake. (See tributaries: Calumet River, Elkhart River,
Kankakee River; Boyree, Saint Joseph, Grand, and Manistee Rivers ;
Bear Creek, Pine Creek; Ground Neck, Minckler, Wetmore, Sixteen,
Crystal, Round, Lyons, Woods, McMartin’s, Lewis, Metcalf, Carter,
Twin, Putty, Pine, Menomonee, Miner, Big Paw Paw, Barrow, Wal-
low, and Sister Lakes; Brown’s Lake, Fox River; Menomonee, Oco-
nomowoc, and Milwaukee Rivers.)
Middleborough, Mass., Assawampsett Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1877,
1878, 1879.
Middleborough, Mass., Taunton*River. Shad, 1876, 1877.
Middle Branch, Fillmore County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Middleburgh, Md., Big Pipe Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Middlebury, Conn., Quaspaugh Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Middle Creek, Hardin County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Middle Fork of Forked Deer River, Humboldt, Tenn. Shad, 1878.
Middle Island Creek, West Union, W. Va. California salmon, 1877,
1878.
Middle Patuxent River, Savage, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Middle River, Iowa. California salmon, 1879.
Middle River, Staunton, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Middlesex County, Conn. (See Durham, Conn.; Kast Hampton, Conn.;
Higganum, Conn.)
Middlesex County, Mass. (See Acton, Mass.; Billerica, Mass.; Farm-
ingham, Mass.; Greenwood, Mass.; Groton, Mass.; Holliston, Mass.;
Lincoln, Mass.; Medford, Mass.; Melrose, Mass.; Natick, Mass.; New-
ton, Mass.; Stoneham, Mass.; Wakefield, Mass.; Waltham, Mass. ;
Winchester, Mass.)
Middleton, Mass., Middleton Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Middleton Pond, Middleton, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Middletown, Md., Sassafras River. Shad, 1879.
Middletown, Md., stream. California salmon, 1878.
Middletown, Md., Bohemia River. Shad, 1879.
Midland County, Mich. (See Midland, Mich.)
Midland, Mich., Chippewa River. California salmon, 1875.
Midland Mich., Tittabawassee River. California salmon, 1875.
Midway, Fla., Ockolockone River. Shad, 1879.
Mifflinburgh, Pa., Penn Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Miles Creek, Cordova Station, Md. Shad, 1879.
Miles Creek, pond tributary to Easton, Md. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Miles Creek. (See tributary: Wye Mills.)
Miles River, Easton, Md. Shad, 1878.
Milford, Del., Mispillion Creek. Shad, 1879.
Milford, Mass., Kipmuck Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Milford, Va., Mattapony River. Shad, 1878, 1878.
Millbrook, Ohio, Muskingum River. California salmon, 1873.
[65] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 981
Millbury, Mass., ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Mill Creek, Hamatts’ Mill, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1879, 1879.
Mill Creek, Hampshire County, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Mill Creek, McDowell County, N.C. California trout, 1880.
Mill Creek, 8. C., California trout, 1880. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Mill Creek, Utah County, Utah. California salmon, 1877.
Mill Creek, Washington, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Mill Dam, Clear Spring, Md. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Milledgeville, Ga., Ocone River. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1876,
1877, 1880.
Miller Creek, Cass County, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Millington, Md., Andover Branch. California salmon, 1879.
Millington, Md., Chester River. California salmon, 1876, 1877, 1879,
1880; shad, 1878, 1879.
Mill River, North Branford, Conn. California salmon, 1874.
Mill River, Southport, Conn. Penobscot salmon, 1875, 1877.
Mill Run, Romney, W. Va. California trout, 1880.
Mill Stream, Van Buren County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
Milo, Me., Piscataquis River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Milton, Mass., Houghton’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Milton, N. H., Tri-Echo Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Milwaukee County, Wis., Wauwatosa, Wis.
Milwaukee River, Wauwatosa, Wis. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Milwaukee River. (See tributary: Cedar Creek.)
Minckler Lake, Allegan County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
Mineola, Tex., Sabine River. Shad, 1879.
Mineral County, W. Va., streams. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Mineral County, W. Va. (See Keyser, W. Va.; Piedmont, W. Va.)
Minneapolis, Minn., stream. California salmon, 1880.
Minnebelle Lake, Meeker County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Minnesota Lake, Faribault County, Minn. California salmon, 1875,
1876.
Minnesota River, Blue Earth County. California salmon, 1878.
Minnesota River, Faribault County, Minn. California salmon, 1875.
Minnesota River, Kasota, Minn, California salmon, 1877.
Minnesota River, Rice County, Minn. California salmon, 1875.
Minnesota River, Saint Peter, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Minnesota River. (See tributaries: Eagle, Elysian, Loon, Clear, Saint
Mary’s, McCarthy’s, Bois des Sioux, Forks of Otter Tail, Madison,
Hauscea, Gavins, Frog, Donnelly, Cedar, Alley, Preston, Letook, Ta-
kota Lakes, Watonwan, Pomme de Terre, Chippewa Rivers, Goose
Creek, Saint Peter, Mankato.)
Minnetonka Lake, Hennepin County, Minn. California salmon, 1878;
Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1875.
Minnetonka Lake, Hennepin County, Minn. California salmon, 18765,
1876.
982 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [66]
Minnetonka Lake, Minn., Long Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Minnewasta Lake, Carver County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Minor Lake, Allegan County, Mich. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Mispillion Creek, Milford, Del. Shad, 1879.
Missisquoi River, Highgate, Vt. California salmon, 1873.
Missisquoi River, Swanton, Vt. California salmon, 1873; shad, 1874.
Mississinewa River, Marion, Ill. Shad, 1878.
Mississippi River, Belleville, [1]. California salmon, 1877.
Mississippi River, Lake City, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Mississippi River, Red Wing, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Mississippi River, Saint Louis, Mo. Shad, 1877, 1878.
Mississippi River, Saint Paul, Minn. Shad, 1872, 1874, 1877.
Mississippi River, tributary of, Avon Station, Minn. California salmon,
1877.
Mississippi River, tributary of, Clinton Junction, Iowa. California
salmon, 1874.
Mississippi River, tributary of, Storm Spring, Iowa, California salmon,
1875.
Mississippi River, tributary of, Waukon, Iowa. California salmon,
1875.
Mississippi River, tributary of, Waverly, lowa. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Mississippi River, Wis., tributary of. California salmon, 1876.
Missouri River, Herman, Mo. Shad, 1872.
Missouri River, Mo. California salmon, 1880.
Missouri River. (See tributaries: Boyer River, Sioux, Nishnabottomy,
_Little Sioux and Floyd Rivers, Stranger, Verdigris, Delaware, Osage,
and Marais des Cygnes Rivers, Gasconade, Platte, Grand, Chariton,
and Osage Rivers; Sugar and Bean’s Lakes.)
Missouri River, Lexington, Mo. California salmon, 1880.
Missouri River, Buchanan County, Mo. California salmon, 1880.
Missouri River, Saint Joseph, Mo. Shad, 1877; California salmon,
1880.
Missouri River, tributary of, Council Bluffs, Iowa. Penobscot salmon,
1875.
Missouri River, Washington, Mo. Shad, 1872.
Mitchell County, Kans. (See Beloit, Kans.)
Mitchell’s Bridge, Md., Worcester County, Pocomoke River. Califor-
nia salmon, 1878.
Mitchell’s Pond, Boxford, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Mobile River. (See tributary: Alabama River.)
Modoc County, Cal. (See Clear Lake, Cal.)
Mohawk River, N. Y. California salmon, 1874, 1875.
Mohawk River, Oneida County, N. Y. California salmon, 1875.
Mohawk River, Rome, N. Y. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Mohawk River. (See tributaries: Spring Creeks.)
Moingona, Iowa, Des Moines River. Shad, 1878.
[67] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 983
Monkton, Baltimore County, Md., Gunpowder River. California salmon,
1877.
Monkton, Md., Little Gunpowder River. California salmon, 1876, 1876,
1877, 1878. |
Monmouth Church, Rockbridge County, Va., Kerr’s Creek. California
salmon, 1880.
Monocacy River, Md. California salmon, 1878; Penobscot salmon, 1880.
Monocacy River. (See tributaries: Pipe, Owens, Bush, Double Pipe,
and Big Pipe Creeks.)
Monongahela River, Greensburgh, Pa. Shad, 1873.
Monongahela River, tributary of, Greene County, Pa. California salmon,
1876.
Monongahela River, West Fork of, Clarksburgh, W. Va. California
salmon, 1876; Schoodic salmon, 1878; shad, 1879.
Monongahela River, West Fork of, Walkersville, W. Va. California
salmon, 1878.
Monongahela River, West Fork of, Weston, W.Va. Schoodic salmon,
1879.
Monongahela River. (See tributaries: Youghiogheny River, West Fork.)
Monroe County, Mich. (See Monroe, Mich.)
Monroe County, Miss. (See Aberdeen, Miss.)
Monroe County, N. Y., Allen Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Monroe County, N. Y., Spring Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Monroe County, N. Y., Watter Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Monroe County, N. Y. (See Wheatland, N. Y.)
Monroe County, Pa., several lakes. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Monroe County, Wis. (See Sparta, Wis.; Tomah, Wis.; Tunnel City,
Wis. )
Monroe, La., Ouachita River. Shad, 1879.
Monroe, Mich., lakes. Whitefish, 1880.
Monroe, Mich., Raisin River. California salmon, 1875, 1879; shad, 1873.
Monroeville, Ohio, Huron River. California salmon, 1874; shad, 1874.
Monrovia, Md., Bush Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Monrovia, Md., pond. California trout, 1880.
Monterey County, Cal., Espinoza Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Montezuma, Ga., Flint River. Shad, 1878.
Montcalm County, Mich. (See Pierson, Mich.)
Montgomery County, Ala. (See Montgomery, Ala.)
Montgomery County, Kans. (See Independence, Kans.)
Montgomery County, Ky. (See Mount Sterling, Ky.)
Montgomery County, Md. (See Barnesville, Md.; Boyd’s, Md.; Rock-
ville, Md.; Sandy Spring, Md.; Spencerville, Md.)
Montgomery County, Ohio. (See Dayton, Ohio.)
Montgomery County, Pa. (See Pottstown, Pa.)
Montgomery County, Va. (See Alleghany Springs, Va.; Big Spring
Depot, Va.; Blacksburgh, Va.; Staunton Station, Va.)
984 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [68]
Montgomery, Ala., Alabama River. Shad, 1876.
Montgomery, Ala., tributary of Alabama River. California salmon, 1876.
Montgomery, Ala., Tallapoosa River. Shad, 1877.
Montgomery County, Ky., Big Slate Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Montgomery County, Ky., Little Hinkston Creek. California salmon,
1877.
Montgomery County, Ky., Spencer Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Montgomery, White Sulphur Springs, Va., Roanoke River. California
salmon, 1880.
Monticello, lowa, Maquoketa River. California salmon, 1874.
Moorhead, Minn., Red River of the North. California salmon, 1877.
Moosehead Lake, Mount Kineo, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Moose Horn Lake, Carleton County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Moosehorn Waters, Charlotte, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Moose Lake, Carleton County, Minn. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Morgan, Vt., Seymour Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Morgan County, Ill. (See Jacksonville, Il.)
Morgan County, Mo., Lamine River. California salmon, 1880.
Morgan County, W.Va. (See Cherry Run Depot, W. Va.; and Sir John’s
Run, W. Va.)
Morganton, N. C., Catawba River. California salmon, 1880.
Morganton, N.C., ponds tributary to Catawba River. Schoodic salmon,
1878.
Morganton, N.C., John’s River. California salmon, 1878, 1879; Schoodic
salmon, 1878.
Morganton, N. C., Linville River. California salmon, 1879.
Morganton County, N. C., Linville River. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Morganton, N. C., South Fork River. California salmon, 1879.
Morganton, N. C., Upper Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Morris County, N. J., Lake Hopatcong. California salmon, 1879; white-
fish, 1876.
Morris County, N. J., lakes. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Morris County, N. J., Shepherd’s Pond. Whitefish, 1876.
Morris County, N. J. (See Dover, N.J.; Drakesville, N. J.; Morristown,
N. J.)
Morrisania, N. Y., creek. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Morrison Lake, Branch County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Morrison Lake, McLeod County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Morristown, N. J., Whippany River. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Moses Wood Pond, White Haven, Pa. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Mossy Creek, 8. C. California salmon, 1880.
Moswansicut Pond, North Scituate. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1878.
Moultrie County, Ill. (See Farlow, II.)
Mountain Lake, Cottonwood County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Mountain Lake, Giles County, Va. California salmon, 1876.
Mount Airy, Md., Little Patuxent River. Oalifornia salmon, 1879.
[69] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION Of YOUNG FISH. 985
Mount Airy, Md., North Patuxent River. California salmon, 1876.
Mount Airy, Md., Patuxent River. California salmon, 1878.
Mount Carroll, Ill., Carroll Creek. California salmon, 1877, 1879.
Mount Jackson, Va., N. Fork, Shenandoah River. California salmon,
1876.
Mount Kineo, Me., Moosehead Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Mount Olive, N. C., Goshen Creek. Shad, 1879.
Mount Pleasant, Md., pond. California trout, 1880; Schoodic salmon,
1880.
Mount Sterling, Ky., Licking River. Shad, 1877.
Mount Vernon, Ohio, Vernon River. California salmon, 1879.
Mower County, Minn., Cedar River. California salmon, 1875.
Mower County, Minn., Iowa River. California salmon, 1875.
Mower County, Minn., Little Iowa River. California salmon, 1878.
Mower County, Minn., Mary’s Creek.
Mower County, Minn. (See Austin, Minn.)
Moxley Point, Prince George’s County, Md., Potomac River. Shad,
1875, 1880. ,
Mud Lake, Iowa. California salmon, 1879.
Mud, or Hydraulic, Lake, Herkimer County, N. Y. California salmon,
1874.
Mulberry Creek, Shelby County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Mullica River, Burlington County, N. J. California salmon, 1879.
Mullica River, Camden, N. J. California salmon, 1877.
Mullica River, Egg Harbor City, N. J. Guiomia salmon, 1877.
Mullica River, N. J. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Mumfordsville, Ky., Green River. Shad, 1877.
Muncy Lake, Cass County, Mich. iui enenas salmon, 1876.
Muscatine County, lowa. (See Wilton, Iowa.)
Muscogee County, Ga. (See Columbus, Ga.)
Musconetcong River, Bloomsbury, N. J. California salmon, 1874.
Musconetcong River, N. J. Penobscot salmon, 1873, 1874, 1875.
Muskegon River, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Muskegon River. (See tributaries: Clam Lake, Crooked Lake, Hersey.)
Muskegon River. (See tributary: Higgins Lake.)
Muskingum County, Ohio. (See Zanesville, Ohio.)
Muskingum River, Bayard, Ohio. Shad, 1875.
Muskingum River, Coshocton, Ohio. California salmon, 1877.
Muskingum River, Millbrook, Ohio. California salmon, 1873.
Muskingum River, Zanesville, Ohio. Shad, 1876.
Mystic Lake, Medford, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1880.
Mystic Lake, Winchester, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878,
1880.
Mystic River, branch of, Mass. California salmon, 1873, 1874, 1874,
1875.
Mystic River, tributary of, Mass. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
986 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [70]
Mystic River. (See tributary: Main river.)
Nagawica Lake, Wis. California salmon, 1879; Schoodic salmon, 1879,
Nankeag Lake, Ashburnham, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878.
1879, 1880.
Nansemond County, Va. (See Suffolk, Va.)
Nansemond River, south branch of Seaboard and Roanake Railroad
crossing, Va. Shad, 1878, 1878.
Nansemond River, South Branch, Suffolk, Va. Shad, 1878.
Nanticoke River, branch of, Federalsburgh, Md. California salmon, 1876.
Nanticoke River, Federalsburgh, Md. California salmon, 1879, 1880;
shad, 1878, 1879.
Nanticoke River, Hillsborough, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Nanticoke River, Seaford, Del. California salmon, 1876, 1878, 1880;
shad, 1877, 1879, 1880.
Nantucket, Mass., Hummock Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Nash’s Lake, Calais, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Nashua River, Lancaster, Mass. California salmon, 1876, 1877; Penob-
scot salmon, 1876.
Nashville, Tenn., Cumberland River. Shad, 1875, 1875, 1879.
Natchaug branch of Thames River, Conn. Penobscot salmon, 1877.
Natchaug River, Conn. California salmon, 1876.
Natchaug River, North Windham, Conn. California salmon, 1875.
Natick, Mass., Dug Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879.
Neabsco Mills, Md., Neabsco River. Shad, 1878.
Neabsco River, Neabsco Mills, Md. Shad, 1878.
Negaunee, Mich., Carp River. California salmon, 1874.
Nelson County, Ky., Rolling Fork of Salt River. California salmon,
1877.
Nelson County, Va., Tye River. California salmon, 1876; Schoodic sal-
mon, 1877.
Nelson, N. H., Newfound Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Nelson, N. H., Tolman Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Nemaha County, Kans. (See Centralia, Kans.)
Neosho River, Emporia, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880;
shad, 1879.
Neosho, Mo., Shoal Creek. Shad, 1878.
Neosho River. (See tributaries: Cottonwood River and Doyle Creek.)
Neuse River, New Berne, N.C. Shad, 1873.
Neuse River, Neuse, N.C. Shad, 1878.
Neuse River, Wake County, N.C. Shad, 1877.
Neuse River, Raleigh, N.C. Shad, 1877, 1878, 1879.
Neuse River. (See tributary: Contentnea Creek.)
Neuse, N. C., Neuse River. Shad, 1878.
Nevada County, Cal., Donner Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878; whitefish,
1877.
Nevada County, Oal., Sereno Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
[71] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 987
Nevada County, Cal., Tahoe Lake. Whitefish, 1879.
New Berne, N. C., Neuse River. Shad, 1873.
Newberry Pond, Geauga County, Ohio. California salmon, 1879.
New Buffalo, Mich., Lake Michigan. Whitefish, 1876.
Newbury, N. H., Sunapee Lake. Schoodie salmon, 1878, 1879.
Newbury, Vt., Connecticut River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
New Castle County, Del. (See Blackbird, Del.; Wilmington, Del.)
New Comerstown, Ohio, Tuscarawas River. California salmon, 1878.
New Durham, N. H., Merrymeeting Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Newechewannock Lake, Wakefield, N. H. California salmon, 1879.
Newfound Lake, Bridgewater, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Newfound Lake, Nelson, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
New Hartford, Conn., Farmington River. California salmon, 1875;
Penobscot salmon, 1875, 1877.
New Haven County, Conn. (See Branford, Conn.; East Haven, Conn.;
Guilford, Conn.; Meriden, Conn.; Middlebury, Cony.; New Haven,
Conn.; North Branford, Conn.; Northford, Conn.; Woodbridge, Conn.)
New Haven, Conn., Farm River. California salmon, 1875.
New London County, Conn. (See Lyme, Conn.; Salem, Conn.)
New Market, Md., Bush Creek. California trout, 1880.
New Milford, Conn., Butter Brook. Penobscot salmon, 1875; Califor-
nia salmon, 1874.
New Milford, Conn., Housatonic River. California salmon, 1875; Pe-
nobscot salmon, 1877; shad, 1873, 1874.
Newport, Ark., White River. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1876.
Newport, Me., Newport Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Newport, Pa., Juniata River. California salmon, 1877.
Newport Pond, Newport, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
New Preston, Conn., Waremaug Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
New River, Central, Va. California salmon, 1874; Schoodic salmon,
1875, 1880; shad, 1873.
New River, Hinton, W. Va. California salmon, 1879, 1880; shad, 1879.
New River, Lead Mines, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
New River, Wytheville, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878, 1880.
New River, Blacksburg, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
New River. (See tributaries: Totes Run, Reed Creek, Fates Run.)
Newton, Mass., Crystal Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Newton, N. C., Clark’s Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Newton County, Ga. (See Covington, Ga.)
Newton County, Mo. (See Neosho, Mo.)
Newtown, Conn., tributary to Housatonic River. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Newtown, Md., branch of Pocomoke Bay. California salmon, 1876.
Newtown, Somerset County, Md., Pocomoke River. Shad, 1879.
Newville, Pa., Spring Creek. California salmon, 1877.
New Windsor, Md., Pipe Creek. California salmon, 1878.
New York County, N. Y. (See Morrisania, N. Y.)
988 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND VISHERIES. [72]
Nichols, S. C., Little Pee Dee River. Shad, 1880.
Nicollet County, Minn. (See Saint Peter, Minn.)
Niles, Berrien County, Mich., Tinkham Lake. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
_ Niles, Mich., private ponds. California salmon, 1877.
Niles, Mich., Saint Joseph’s River. California salmon, 1875; shad, 1873.
Nine Mile Pond, Wilbraham, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Nine Springs Creek, Wis. California salmon, 1879.
Nipmug Pond, Mendon, Mass. Schoodie salmon, 1876, 1879, 1880.
Nishnabottomy River, Atlantic, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Noble County, Ind. (See Rome City, Ind.)
Noble County, Minn., Ochuda Lake. California salmon, 1877. __
Noble County, Minn., Okabena Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Noble County, Minn., Round Lake. California salmon, 1880.
Nodaway River, R. R. crossing, Nodaway County, Mo. Shad, 1880.
Nodaway County, Mo., Nodaway River, Platte River, and One Hundred
and Two River. Shad, 1880.
Nolin Creek, Elizabethtown, Ky. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Nolin Creek, Hardin County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
Norcross, Ga., Chattahoochee River. California salmon, 1877.
Norfolk, Conn., Smith Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Norfolk County, Mass. (See Braintree, Mass.; Milton, Mass.; Nan-
tucket, Mass.; Sharon, Mass.; South Weymouth, Mass.; Wellesley,
Mass.)
Norrisville, Md., McDonald’s Run. California trout, 1880.
Norrisville, Md., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Northampton County, Pa., Bushkill Creek. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Northampton County, Pa. (See Easton, Pa.)
North Andover, Mass., Great Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1878.
North Boardman River, Kalkaska, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
North Branford, Conn., Main River. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
North Branford, Conn., Mill River. California salmon, 1874.
North East Creek, Md. California salmon, 1880.
North East Creek, North East, Md. California salmon, 1878.
North East, Md., North East Creek. California salmon, 1878.
North East, Md., Sharon’s Run. California salmon, 1880.
North Kast River, Cecil County, Md. Shad, 1878.
North East River, Carpenter’s Point, Md. Shad, 1876.
North East River, Havre de Grace, Md. Shad, 1878.
North East River. (See tributary: North East Creek.)
Northfield Lake, Rice County, Minn. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Northfield, Minn., Cedar Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Northtield, Minn., Robert’s Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Northfield, Minn. Schoodic salmon, 1875.
Northfield, Merrimac County, N. H., Chestnut Pond. Schoodic salmon,
1879.
Northfield, Vt., Dog River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
[73] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 989
Northford, Conn., West River. California salmon, 1873.
North Maquoketa River, Worthington, Iowa. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
North Patapsco River, Tank Station, Md. California salmon, 1879.
North Patapsco River, Tank Station, West. Md. R. R., Md. Califor-
nia salmon, 1874.
North Patuxent River, Mount Airy, Md. California salmon, 1876.
North Pond, Sandwich, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
North Pond, Stark, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
North River, Burnt Bridge, Va. California salmon, 1880.
North River, Camden County, N.C. Shad, 1879.
North River, Ker’s Creek Bridge, Va. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
North River, Lexington, Va. California salmon, 1877, 1878; Schoodic
salmon, 1879.
North River, Mass. California salmon, 1875, 1876, 1877.
North Rochester, Mass., Snow’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
North Sandwich, Mass., Great Herring Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876,
1878.
North Scituate, R. I., Moswansicut Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1878.
North Scituate, R. I., Steen’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1878.
Northumberland County, Pa. (See Chillisquaque, Pa.)
Northville, Mich., ponds. California trout, 1880.
Northville, Mich., Rouge River. California salmon, 1876; Schoodic
salmon, 1878; Whitefish, 1876.
Northville, Mich., Yerke’s Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
North Windham, Conn., Natchaug River. California salmon, 1875.
Norwich Pond, Huntington, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Notalbany River, Tickfaw, La. California salmon, 1876; shad, 1875.
Nottoway County, Va. (See Nottoway, Va.)
Nottoway, Va., Nottoway River. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Nottoway River, Nottoway, Va. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Nutt’s Pond, Manchester, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Oak County, Mich., Oxbow Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Oak County, Mich., Strait’s Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Oak County, Mich., Walled Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Oakland County, Mich., Hontoon Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Oakland County, Mich., Orchard Lake. California salmon, 1875; Penob-
scot salmon, 1875.
Oakland County, Mich., Lake Orion. California salmon, 1875.
Oakland County, Mich., Rouge River. California salmon, 1875.
Oakland County, Mich., Wall’s Lake. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Oakland County, Mich. (See Holly, Mich.; Pontiac, Mich.; Rochester,
Mich.)
Oakland, Md., Little Youghiogheny River. Schoodice salmon, 1880.
Oakland, Md., pond. California trout, 1880; Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Oakland, Md., Youghiogheny River. California salmon, 1876.
Oak Orchard Creek, Orleans County, N. Y. California salmon, 1874,
990 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [74]
Obion County, Tenn. (See Paducah Junction, Tenn.)
Obion River, South Fork of, Huntingdon, Tenn. Shad, 1878.
Occoquan Falls. (See tributary: Broad Run.)
Oceana County, Mich., Crystal Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Oceana County, Mich., Round Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Ochuda Lake, Noble County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Ocilla River, Jefferson County, Fla. Shad, 1879.
Ockolockonee River, Midway, Fla. Shad, 1879.
Ocmulgee River, Covington, Ga. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1877.
Ocmulgee River, Macon,Ga. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1868, 1877,
1878, 1879.
Ocmulgee River. (See tributaries: Ulcofanhanchee River and Yellow
River.)
Oconee County, S. C. (See Seneca, S. C.)
Oconee, Ga., Oconee River. California salmon, 1876.
Oconee River, R. R. Crossing, Greene County, Ga. California salmon,
1876.
Oconee River, Milledgeville, Ga. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1876,
1877, 1880.
Oconee River, R. R. Crossing, Ga. Shad, 1880.
Oconomowoc Creek. (See tributary: Oconomowoc Lake.)
Oconomowoc Lake, Oconomowoc, Wis. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Oconomowoc Lake, Waukesha County, Wis. California salmon, 1877.
Oconomowoc, Wis., Oconomowoe Lake. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Octorora Creek, Liberty Grove, Md. California salmon, 1874.
Octorora Creek, Rowlandville, Md. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Octorora River, De Graw’s, Cecil County, Md. California salmon, 1879,
1880.
Octorora River, Harris Dam, Cecil County, Md. California salmon,
1880.
O’Dowd’s Lake, Scott County, Minn. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Ogden River, Weber County, Utah. California salmon, 1876.
Ogeechee River, Crawfordsville, Ga. California salmon, 1877.
Ohio County, W. Va. (See Cold Spring, W. Va.; Wheeling, W. Va.)
Ohio River, Parkersburgh, W. Va. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Ohio River. (See tributaries: Tanner’s Creek, Wabash River, White
River, Floyd’s Fork, Clear, Mulberry, Gut, Stoner, Pittman, Knob,
Spencer, Big State, Eddy, Hurricane Creeks, Kentucky, Little Sandy,
Green, Little Kentucky, Little Hinkston, South Elkhorn, Barren and
Little Rivers, Rolling Fork, Booker’s Branch, Cave Spring Branch,
Doe Run, Licking, Cumberland, Salt, Allegheny, Buckingahela, Scioto,
Black, Huron, Muskingum, Walhonding, Whitstone, Tuscarawas,
Miami, Little Miama, Monongahela, Tennessee, Cheat, Tygart’s Valley,
West Fork, New, Hugh’s, Little Kanawha, Green Brier Rivers; Cas-
talia Springs, Middle Island, Fish, Wheeling, Sinking, Fishing, Buf-
falo, and Kings Cxeeks.)
[75] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 991
Okabena Lake, Noble County, Minn. Oalifornia salmon, 1876, 1877.
- Okatibee Creek, Meridian, Miss. Shad, 1878.
Old Bay Fishery, Md., Susquehanna River. Shad, 1879.
Old Fort, N. C., Catawba River. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Oldman’s Creek, N. J. California salmon, 1877.
Oldman’s Creek, Swedesborough, N. J. California salmon, 1876.
Olmstead County, Minn., Root River. California salmon, 1877.
One Hundred and Two River, Nodaway County, Mo. California sal-
mon, 1880; shad, 1880.
Oneida County, N. Y., Mohawk River. California salmon, 1875.
Oneida County, N. Y., Sequoit Creek. California salmon, 1875.
Oneida County, N. Y., Spring Creeks. California salmon, 1878.
Oneida County, N. Y. (See Fish Creek, N. Y.; Rome, N. Y.)
Oneida Lake, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Onondago County, N. Y. (See Skaneateles, N. Y.)
Ontario County, N. Y., Spring Brooks. California salmon, 1879.
Ontario Lake. (See tributaries: Allen, Beaver, Fish, Caledonia, Oak
Orchard, Sandy, Spring, and Springbrook Creeks; Genesee, Salmon,
and Oswego Rivers; Caledonia Springs, Honeoye Falls, Conesus Lake.)
Orchard Lake, Oakland County, Mich. California salmon, 1875; Pen-
obscot salmon, 1873.
Orange County, Vt. (See Newbury, Vt.)
Orangeburgh County, S.C. (See Branchville, S.C.; Orangeburgh, S.C.)
Orangeburgh, 8. C., Edisto River. California salmon, 1879.
Oriskany River, N. Y. California salmons1874.
Orleans County, N. Y., Oak Orchard Creek. California salmon, 1874,
Orleans County, N. Y., Sandy Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Orleans County, Vt. (See Barton, Vt.; Morgan, Vt.; Rochester, Vt.;
Westmore, Vt.)
Ormsby County, Nev. (See Carson City, Nev.)
Orono River, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Ortonville, Minn., Big Stone Lake. California salmon, 1880.
Orwell, Vt., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Osage County, Kans. (See Burlingame, Kans.)
Osage River, Redding, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Osage River, Schell City, Mo. California salmon, 1880; shad, 1880.
Osage River. (See tributary: Marais des Cygnes River.)
Osakin Lake, Todd County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Osceola County, Mich. (See Le Roy, Mich.; Reed City, Mich.)
Ossipee Lake, Ossipee N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Ossipee, N. H., Ossipee Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Oswego County, N. Y. (See Fulton, N. Y.; Sand Bank, N. Y.)
Oswego River, Fulton, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Oswego River, N. Y. California salmon, 1873, 1874, 1874, 1874, 1874;
Penobscot salmon, 1873. ;
Oswego River, Skaneateles, N. Y. California salmon, 1874, 1875.
992 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [76] |
Otis, Mass., ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Otsego County, Mich. (See Otsego Lake, Mich.)
Otsego Lake, Otsego County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Ottawa County, Ohio. (See Elmore, Ohio; Put-in Bay, Ohio.)
Ottawa, Kans., Wakasa River. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Ottawa River. (See tributary: North River.)
Otter Creek, Madison County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Otter Creek, Vergennes, Vt. Shad, 1873, 1874.
Otter River, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1875.
Otter Tail County, Minn. (See Perham, Minn.)
Otter Tail River, Frazer City, Minn. California salmon, 1880.
Otter Tail, Forks of, and Bois des Sioux River, Stevens County, Minn.
California salmon, 1877.
Ottumwa, Iowa, Des Moines River. California salmon, 1875; shad,
1874,
Ouachita County, La. (See Monroe, La.)
Ouachita River, Clark County, Ark. Shad, 1879.
Ouachita River, Monroe, La. Shad, 1879.
Ouachita River. (See tributaries: Sabine, Boouf, Caddo, and Saline
Rivers, Washita.)
Ousley, Ga., Little River. Shad, 1879.
Outagamie County, Wis. (See Appleton, Wis.)
Owatonna, Minn., Cannon River. California salmon, 1877.
Owatonna River, Steele County, Minn. California salmon, 1875; Schoo-
dic salmon, 1875; Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Owen, Winnebago County, Il. Brown’s Creek. California salmon,
1877.
Owen’s Creek, Mechanicstown, Md. California salmon, 1874, 1878, 1879.
Owen’s Creek, Slabtown, Md. California salmon, 1874, 1876, 1876, 1876.
Owosso, Mich., Shiawassee River. California salmon, 1875.
O-:bow Lake, Oak County, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Oxford, Ala., Cold Water Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Oxford, Iowa, Wapsipinicon River. California salmon, 1875.
Oxford, Warren County, N. J., Green’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Pacific, Mo., Meramec River. California salmon, 1876; shad, 1876.
Packlette River, Spartanburg C. H., 8. C. California salmon, 1879.
Paducah Junction, Tenn., West Obion River. Shad, 1879.
Palmer, Mass., Quobaug Pond. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Palmyra, Mich., Palmyra Pond. California salmon, 1878.
Palmyra Pond, Palmyra, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Pamlico Sound. (See tributary: Tar River.)
Parker Lake, Richland, Mich. Schoodie salmon, 1876.
Parkersburgh, W. Va., Bartlett’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Parkersburgh, W. Va., Ohio River. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Parkersburgh, W. Va., ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Parkton, Md., Big Gunpowder River. California salmon, 1878.
[77] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 993
Parkton, Md., Deer Creek. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
-Parkton, Md., Gunpowder River. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Pascagoula River. (See tributary: Chickasawha River.)
Passadumkeag River, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Passaic County, N. J., Greenwood Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Passaic County, N. J., Passaic River. Schoodice salmon, 1879.
Passaic County, N. fa (See Paterson, N. J.; Ringwood, N. J.)
Passaic River, Passaic County, N. J. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Passaic River, tributary of, N. J. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Passaic River, tributary of, Paterson, N. J. California salmon, 1874,
1875.
Passaic River. (See tributaries: Whippaug River and Rockaway River.)
Passumpsic tributaries, Wheelock, Vt. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Patapsco Falls, Ellicott City, Md. California trout, 1880.
Patapsco Falls, lake tributary to, Reisterstown, Md. Schoodic salmon,
1879. ;
Patapsco River, Double Pipe Creek, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Patapsco River, Hood’s Creek, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Patapsco River, Hood’s Mills, Md. California salmon, 1874, 1878, 1879.
Patapsco River, Relay Station, Md. Shad, 1879.
Patapsco River, Sykesville, Md. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Patapsco River. (See tributaries: North Patapsco River, Cascade
Branch, Water Works, and Owen’s Creek.)
Patapsco River, North Branch of, Tank Station, Md. California salmon,
1876, 1876, 1876, 1878.
Patapsco River, tributary of, Sulphur Spring, Md. California trout,
1880; Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Patchen’s Lake, Grant Co., Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Paterson, N. J., tributary of Passaic River. California salmon, 1874.
Pattenburgh Creek, Raritan, N.J. California salmon, 1874.
Patten’s Brook, Surry, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Patterson Lake, Dexter, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Patterson Lake, Putnam, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Patterson’s, Ca'dwell County, N.C. Yadkin River. California salmon,
1878, 1878, 1879.
Patuxent, Md., Little Patuxent River. California salmon, 1575.
Patuxent, Md., Patuxent River. Shad, 1879.
Patuxent, Md., streams. California trout, 1830.
Patuxent River, Airey, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Patuxent River, Baltimore, Md. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Patuxent River, branch of, Howard County, Md. California salmon,
1874.
Patuxent River, Cedar Point, Md. California salmon, 1876, 1576.
Patuxent River, Laurel, Md. California salmon, 1875, 1876, 1875, 1878
1878, 1878, 1879; shad, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Pataecus River, Ma. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
S. Mis. 110 63
994 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [78]
Patuxent River, Mount Airy, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Patuxent River, North Branch of, Ellicott City, Md. California sal-
mon, 1876.
Patuxent River, Patuxent, Md. Shad, 1879.
Patuxent River, Savage, Md. California salmon, 1874, 1876, 1878, 1878,
1878, 1879, 1880; shad, 1879, 1880, 1880, 1880, 1880.
Patuxent River, Spencerville, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Patuxent River, Tank Station, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Patuxent River. (See tributaries: Little Patuxent River, Middle Pa-
tuxent River and Pond, Rocky Run, Pond, Trout Branch, and Gun-
powder River.)
Patuxent River, tributary of, Spencerville, Md. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Paulinskill River, N.J. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Paulinskill Creek, Warren County, N. J. California salmon, 1879.
Paupock Lake, Scranton, Pa. Schoodic salmon, 1879,
Pawcatuck River, R. I. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Paweatuck River, ponds tributary to, R. 1. California salmon, 1876.
Paweatuck River, Washington County, R. I. California salmon, 1875;
shad, 1874, 1875.
Pawcatuck River, tributary of, R.I. California salmon, 1876; Penob-
scot salmon, 1874.
Pawnee County, Kans. (See Larned, Kans.)
Pawnee Creek, Larned, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Pawnee River, Larned, Kans. Shad, 1879.
Paw Paw, Mich., Paw Paw River. California salmon, 1875.
Paw Paw River, North Branch of, Almena, Mich. California trout, 1880.
Paw Paw River, Paw Paw, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Paw Paw River. (See tributaries: Bucks Creek, Mill Stream, North
Branch of Big Paw Paw River.)
Pawtuxet River, R. 1. California salmon, 1875.
Pawtuxet River, North Branch of, sundry places, R. I. Penobscot sal-
mon, 1876.
Pawtuxet River, R. I. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Pawtuxet River, Providence County, R. I. Penobscot salmon, 1875;
shad, 1874, 1875.
Pawtuxet River, South Branch of, sundry places, R. I. Penobscot sal-
mon, 1876.
Pawtuxet River, tributary of, R. 1. California salmon, 1876; Penobscot
salmon, 1874.
Pawtuxet River. (See tributaries: North and South Branch.)
Paxton, Mass., Asnebumskitt Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Pea River, Union Springs, Ala. Shad, 1879.
Pearl Lake, Stearns County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Pearl River, Jackson, Miss. Shad, 1875, 1876, 1879.
Pearl River, Kosciusko, Miss. California salmon, 1876.
Pearl River. (See tributary: Forked Deer River.)
ed INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 995
Peatwig Creek, Fort Edward, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Peavine Creek, Cass County, Mich. California salmon, 1875, 1879.
Pecatonica River. (See tributary: Knapp’s Creek.)
Pedlar River, Amherst County, Va. California salmon, 1876.
Pee Dee River, S. ©. California salmon, 1850.
Pee Dee River. (See tributary: Yadkin River.)
Pelican River. (See tributary: Detroit Lake.)
Pembroke, Me. Penmaquan River. California salmon, 1879.
Pemigewasset River, Campton and Plymouth, N. H. California salmon,
1876, 1878, 1879.
Pemigewasset River, Franklin, N. H. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Pemigewasset River, Livermore Falls, N. H. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Pemigewasset River, Plymouth, N. H. California trout, 1880; Penob-
scot salmon, 1875.
Penmaquan River, Pembroke, Me. California salmon, 1579.
Penmaquan River, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1874, 1876,
Pennsborough, W. Va., Hugh’s River. California salmon, 1878.
Penn’s Oreek, Mifflinburg, Pa. California saimon, 1579.
Penn’s Creek, Snyder County, Pa. California salmon, 1877.
Penobscot County, Me. (See Dexter, Me.; Enfield, Me.; Glenburn, Me.;
Howland, Me.; Kingman, Me.; Mattawamkeag, Me.; Newport, Me.;
Whitney Ridge, Me.; and Winn, Me.
Penobscot River, Me. Shad, 1877.
Penobscot River, Mattawamkeag, Me. Shad, 1880.
Penobscot River, tributary of, Danforth, Me. Penobscot salmon, 15
Penobscot River, tributary of, Kingman, Me. Penobscot salmon, 18
Penobscot River, tributary of, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Penobscot River, Winn, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Penobscot River. (See tributaries: Craig’s Pond, Mattawamkeag River,
Salmon Stream, Baskahegan, Passadumkeag River, Seboois Stream,
‘Piscataquis River, Pleasant River, Sebec Lake, and Madaceunk
Stream.)
Pentucket Pond, Georgetown, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Perch Lake, Walworth Co., Wis. California salmon, 1878.
Pere Marquette River. (See tributary: big Star Lake.)
Perham, Minn., Pine Lakes. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Perkins and Hess Pond, Grand Rapids, Mich. California salmon, 1874.
Perry County, Pa. (See Newport, Pa.)
Perry County, Pa., Trout Run. California salmon, 1877.
Perryman, Md., Bush River. Shad, 1878, 1880.
Perry’s Pond, Southport, Conn. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Peru, N. Y., Salmon River. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Peterborough, N. H., Cunningham Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Petersburgh, Va., Appomattox River. Shad, 1878, 1880.
Peterson Lake, Pope County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Petosky, Mich., Crooked Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
75.
75.
9U6 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [80]
Petosky, Mich., Pine Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Petosky, Mich., Round Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Petosky, Mich., Twin Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Phalon Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Phelps County, Mo. (See Jerome, Mo.)
Philadelphia County, Pa. (See Philadelphia, Pa.)
Philadelphia, Pa., Schuylkill River. California salmon, 1877.
Phenix, Md., Gunpowder River. California salmon, 1876, 1877, 1880.
Phenix, Md., stream. California trout, 1880, 1880, 1880.
Pickerel Lake, Freeborn County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Pickerel Lake, Kent County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Piedmont, Mo., Big Black River. Shad, 1879.
Piedmont, W. Va., Potomac River. California salmon, 1877; shad,
1876, 1879.
Pierce City, Mo., Capo Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Piermont, N. H., Tarlton Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Pierson, Montcalm County, Mich., Whitefish Lake. Schoodic salmon,
1878.
Pigeon River, Asheville, N. C. California salmon, 1878.
Pike County, Pa., several lakes. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Pike County, Pa. (See Bushkill, Pa.)
Pikesville, Md., pond. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Pikesville, Md., stream. California trout, 1580.
Pilot Mound, Minn., tributary of Root River. California salmon, 1878.
Pine City, Minn., tributaries of Saint Croix River. California salmon,
1877.
Pine County, Minn., Big Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Pine County, Minn., Saint Louis River. California salmon, 1875, 1875.
Pine County, Minn., Twin Lakes. California salmon, 1875.
Pine County, Minn. (See Pine City, Minn.)
Pine Creek, Cass County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
Pine Creek, Pa. California salmon, 1870.
Pine Creek, Winona County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Pine Lake, Petosky, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Pine Lakes, Perham, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Pine Meadow, Conn., Farmington River. California salmon, 1874, 1874.
Pine River, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Pine River, Richland Centre, Wis. California salmon, 1877.
Pine Tree Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Pipe Creek, New Windsor, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Pipe Creek, Union Bridge, Md. California salmon, 1874.
Pipe Creek, Wakefield, Md. California salmon, 1874, 1876.
Pipe Creek, Westminster, Md. California salinon, 1876.
Piscataquis County, Me. (See Brownville, Me.; Dover, Me.; Milo, Me.;
Mount Kineo, Me.)
Piscataquis River, Dover, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
|
[81] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 997
Piscataquis River, Milo, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Pitman Creek, Somerset, Ky. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Pitaquog Pond, Durham, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1880,
Pittman Creek, Taylor County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
Pittsburgh, N. H., Connecticut Lake. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Pittsfield, Mass., Pontoosue Lake. Schoodie salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878,
1880.
Pittsfield, N. H., Berry Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Placer County, Cal., Donner Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Placer County, Cal., Sereno Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Placer County, Cal., Tahoe Lake. Whitefish, 1877.
Plainville, Conn., Plainville Reservoir. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Plainville Reservoir, Plainville, Conn. Schoodie salmon, 1880,
Platte County, Mo., Bean’s Lake. California salmon, 1880.
Platte County, Mo., Sugar Lake. California salmon, 1880.
Platte River, Denver, Colo. Shad, 1872.
Platte River, Buchanan County, Mo. California salmon, 1880; shad,
1880.
Platte River. (See tributary: Smith Fork.)
Pleasant Lake, Stearns County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1877,
1878.
Pleasant River, Brownville, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Plum River. (See tributary: Carroll Creek.)
Plum Tree Run, Wilna, Md. California trout, 1880.
Plymouth County, Mass. (See Bridgewater, Mass.; Duxbury, Mass.;
Bast Bridgewater, Mass.; Marshfield, Mass.; Middleborough, Mass.;
North Rochester, Mass.; Plymouth, Mass.; Rochester, Mass.; South
Abington, Mass.; South Carver, Mass.; West Scituate, Mass.)
Plymouth, Mass., Halfway Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878.
Plymouth, N. H., Baker’s River. California salmon, 1878; California
trout, 1880.
Plymouth N. H., Pemigewasset River. California trout, 1880; Penob-
scot salmon, 1875.
Plymouth, N. H., tributary of Merrimack River. Penobscot salmon.
Plymouth, N. C., Roanoke River. Shad, 1878.
Plymouth River, Iowa. California salmon, 1879.
Pocatapaug Lake, East Hampton, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Pocomoke Bay, branch of, Crisfield, Md. California salmon, 1876.
Pocomoke Bay, branch of, Newtown, Md. California salmon, 1876.
Pocomoke City, Md., Pocomoke River. Shad, 1877.
Pocomoke River, Mitchell’s Bridge, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Pocomoke River, Newtown, Md. Shad, 1879.
Pocomoke River, Pocomoke City, Md. Shad, 1877.
Pocomoke River, Snow Hill, Md. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1878.
Pocomoke River, Whaleysville, Md. California salmon, 1879, 1880; shad,
1879.
998 | REPORT UF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [82]
Pohatcong River, N. J. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Pohatcong River, Bloomsbury, N. J. California salmon, 1874.
Point of Rocks, Md., Potomae River. California salmon, 1875, 1876;
shad, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Point Pleasant, Pa., Delaware River. Shad, 1874.
Pokagon Creek, Cass County, Mich. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Pokagon Creek, Mich. California salmon, 1875, 1878.
Pokagon Creek, Pokagon, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Pokagon Mich., Dowagiac Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1874.
Pokagon, Mich., Dowagiae River. California salmon, 1875.
Pokagon, Mich., Pokagon Creek. California salmon, 1875.
Pokagon, Mich., State Hatchery Pond. California salmon, 1873, 1875;
California trout, 1880.
Polk County, Iowa. (See Des Moines, Lowa.)
Polk County, Minn. (See Crookston, Minn.)
Polk County, Wis. (See Clear Lake, Wis.)
Pollard, Ala., Escambia River. Shad, 1878.
Pollocksville, N. C., Trent River. Shad, 1879.
Pomeroy, Iowa, Des Moines River. California salmon, 1875.
Pomeroy, Iowa, Twin Lakes. California salmon, 1875.
Pomme de Terre River, Stevens County, Minn. California salmon, 1877,
1877, 1877.
Pomme de Terre River. (See tributaries: Foss Lake and Big Stone
Lake.) |
Pomparaug River. Woodbury, Conn. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Pontchartrain Lake. (See tributaries: Notalbany River, Amite River,
and Tangipahoa River.)
Pontiae, Mich., Clinton River. California salmon, 1876.
Pontiac, Mich., Lord’s Lake. California salmon, 1876; Penobscot sal-
mon, 1873.
Pontoosue Lake, Pittsfield, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878,
1880.
Pope County, Minn., Lake Peterson. California salmon, 1878.
Pope County, Minn., Chippewa River. California salmon, 1878.
Poplar Bluff, Mo., Big Black River. Shad, 1879.
Poplar Bluff, Mo., Black River. Shad, 1876.
Portage County, Ohio. (See Kent, Ohio.)
Portage Lake, Dexter, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Portage River, Elmore, Ohio. California salmon, 1877.
Portage River, Kalamazoo County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Portage River, Three Rivers, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Portage River. (See tributary: Baw Beese Lake.)
Portage, Wis., Silver Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Port Deposit, Md., ponds. California trout, 1880.
Port Deposit, Md., Susquehanna River. Shad, 1879.
Port Huron, Saint Clair County, Mich., Black River. California salmon,
1875.
[83] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. J99
Port Huron, Saint Clair County, Mich., Saint Clair River. California
salmon, 1875.
Potomac River, Cherry Run, Md. California salmon, 1877.
Potomac River, Cumberland, Md. Shad, 1876, 1877, 1880.
Potomac River, East Branch, Washington, D.C. Shad, 1880 (21 items.)
Potomac River, Ferry Landing, Va. Shad, 1875, 1876.
Potomac River, Fort Pendleton, Md. California salmon, 1877, 1880.
Potomac River, Fort Washington, Md. Shad, 1878, 1880.
Potomac River, Freestone, Va. Shad, 1875, 1878.
Potomac River, Glymont, Md. Shad, 1878, 1878.
Potomac River, Harper’s Ferry, W. Va. California salmon, 1879.
Potomac River, headwaters of, Md. Shad, 13876.
Potomac River, Jackson City, Va. Shad, 1873, 1875.
Potomac River, Keyser, W. Va. California salmon, 1876, 1878, 1880.
Potomac River, Little Falls, Md. Shad, 1879, 1880, 1830, 1880, 1880.
Potomac River, Md. Penobscot salmon, 1875; shad, 1878.
Potomac River, Moxley Point, Md. Shad, 1875, 1850, L880, 1880.
Potomac River, North Branch, Fort Pendleton, Md. California salmon,
1876, 1876, 1878, 1878, 1878; Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Potomae River, North Branch, Md. Penobscot salmon, 13880.
Potomac River, Norih Branch, Swanton, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Potomac River, Piedmont, Md. California salmon, 1877.
Potomac River, Piedmont, W. Va. Shad, 1876, 1879.
- Potomac River, Point of Rocks, Md. California salmon, 1875, 1876;
shad, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Potomac River, Potomac Point, Md. Shad, 1873.
Potomac River, Sir John’s Run, Md. California salmon, 1875, 1877, 1878.
Potomac River, South Branch, Md. Penobscot salinon, 1880.
Potomae River, South Branch, Romney, W. Va. Schoodie salmon, 1879;
Calitornia salmon, 1876.
Potomac River, South Branch, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Potomac River, tributaries of, Hampshire County, W. Va. California
salmon, 1879, 1880, 1880.
Potomac River, tributaries of, Romney, W.Va. California salmon, 1878.
Potomac River, Washington, D.C. Shad, 1878, 1880.
Potomac River, Weaverton Station, Md. California salmon, 1876, 1878,
1878.
Potomac River, W. Va. California salmon, 1573, 1878.
Potomac River. (See tributaries: Antietam Creek, Conococheague
River, Evitts Creek, Wills Creek, Savage Creek, North Fork, Owens
Creek, Little Lorem, Cedar Creek, South Fork, Goose River, Shen-
andoah River, and Conecocheague River.) |
Pottawattamie County, lowa. (See Council Blufts, Lowa.)
Pottawatomie County, Kans. (See Wamego, Kans.)
Potter County, Pa. Schoodic salmon, 1879. n AS
Pottstown, Pa., Schuylkill River. California salmon, 1878. é
1000 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [84]
Poynette, Wis., tributary of Wisconsin River. California salmon, 1878.
Prairie Du Pont River, Belleville, Il. California salmon,.1876, 1877.
Preston County, W. Va. (See Rowlesburgh, W. Va.)
Preston Lake, Renville County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1878,
1879.
Prichard’s Run, Marion County, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Prince Edward County, Va. (See Farmville, Va.; Prospect, Va.)
Prince George’s County, Md. (See Cedar Point, Md.; Forestville, Md.;
Fort Washington, Md.; Laurel, Md.; and Moxley Point, Md.)
Princess Anne, Md., Manokin River. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Prince William County, Va. (See Freestone, Va.; Freestone Point, Va.;
Neabsco Mills, Va.)
Prior Lake, Scott County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878.
Prospect, Va., Appomattox River. California salmon, 1880.
Providence County, R. L, Pawtuxet River. Penobscot salmon, 1875;
Shad, 1874, 1875.
Providence County, R. 1., Blackstone River. Shad, 1874, 1877.
Providence County, R. I. (See Burrellville, R. I., Foster, R. L)
Pulaski County, Ark. (See Little Rock, Ark.)
Pulaski County, Ky., Cumberland River. Shad, 1878.
Pulaski County, Ky. (See Somerset, Ky.)
Pulaski County, Va., New River. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Pulaski County, Va. (See Central, Va.)
Pulaski Lake, Wright County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Pushaw Pond, Glenburn, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Put-in Bay, Ohio, Lake Erie. California salmon, 1877; Penobscot sal-
mon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Putnam, Conn., Thames River. Shad, 1874.
Putnam, Livingston County, Mich., Half Moon Lake. California sal-
mon, 1878.
Putnam, Livingston County, Mich., Patterson Lake. California salmon,
1878.
Putty Lake, Kalamazoo County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Quactuto River, Arkadelphia, Ark. California salmon, 1878, 1878, 1878.
Quamapowitt Lake, Wakefield, Mass. Schoodice salmon, 1877, 1878,
S79,
Quasepaug Lake, Middlebury, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Queen Anne County, Md. (See Centreville, Md.)
Queen’s County, N. Y., tributary of Long Island Sound. California
salmon, 1874.
Queen’s County, N. Y. (See Roslyn, N. Y.)
Quinnebaug River, Canterbury, Conn. Shad, 1875.
Quinnepiac River, Conn. California salmon, 1874.
Quobaug Pond, Palmer, Mass. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Racine County, Wis., Brown’s Lake. California salmon, 1877, 1879.
Raccoon Creek, Gloucester County, N. J. California salmon, 1879.
[85] INDSX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1001
Raccoon Creek, N. J. California salmon, 1877.
Raccoon River, Iowa. California salmon, 1875, 1878.
Raisin Centre, Mich., Southard’s Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Raisin River, Brooklyn, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Raisin River, Monroe, Mich. California salmon, 1875, 1879; shad, 1873.
Raisin River, Somerset, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Raisin River, tributaries of, Lenawee County, Mich. California salmon,
1875.
Raisin River. (See tributaries: Palmyra Pond and Southard’s Lake.)
Raleigh, N. C., Neuse River. Shad, 1877, 1878, 1879.
Raleigh, N. C., ponds. California salmon, 1879.
Ralston, Pa., Trout River. Penobscot salmon, 1880.
Ramsey County, Minn., Bald Eagle Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Ramsey County, Minn., Bass Lake. California salmon, 1875; Penob-
scot salmon, 1875; Schoodice salmon, 1875.
Ramsey County, Minn., Big Butts Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Ramsey County, Minn., Como Lake. California salmon, 1875, 1876,
1877; Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1875.
Ramsey County, Minn., Gervais Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Ramsey County, Minn., Halloran Lake. California salmon, 1876,
Ramsey County, Minn., Johanna Lake. California salinon, 1875, 1876,
1877; Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodie salmon, 1875.
Ramsey County, Minn., Josephine Lake. Catifornia salmon, 1876, 1876,
1877.
Ramsey County, Minn., Kingsley Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Ramsey County, Minn., Krameroth Pond. California salmon, 1878.
Ramsey County, Minn., Little Butts Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Ramsey County, Minn., McCann’s Lake. California salmon, 1576, 18
Ramsey County, Minn., McCannis Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Ramsey County, Miun., Phalon Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Ramsey County, Minn., Rice’s Pond. California salmon, 1877; Schoodic
salmon, 1878.
Ramsey County, Minn., Saint Croix River. California salmon, 1875,
1875, 1875, 1875.
Ramsey County, Minn., Turtle Lake. California salmon, 1576.
Ramsey County, Minn., Vadnais Lake. California salmon, 1576.
tamsey County, Minn., White Bear Lake. California salmon, 1875,
1876; Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1575, 1577,
Ramsey County, Minn. (See Saint Paul, Minn.)
Randolph County, W. Va., Tygert’s Valley River. California salmon,
1879, 1880.
Randolph County. W. Va., tributaries of Tygart’s Valley River. Schoodie
77.
salmon, 1873.
Rapid Aun River, Rapid Ann Station, Va. California salmon, 1878,
1879.
Rapid Aun Station, Va.. Rapid Ann River. California salmon, 18:8,
1879.
1002 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [86]
Rapid River, Kalkaska County, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Rappahannock River, tributary of, Va. California salmon, 1876.
Rappahannock River. (See tributary: Rapid Ann River.)
Raritan, N. J., Pattenburgh Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Raritan River, North Branch, Somerset County, N. J. California
salmon, 1879.
Raritan River, South Branch of, South Branch, N. J. Penobscot sal-
mon, 1875.
Raritan River. (See tributaries: Pattenburgh Creek, Salmon Run,
and South Branch of Raritan River.)
Raritan River, tributary of, N. J. California salmon, 1874, 1875; Pe-
nobscot salmon, 1874.
Raymond, N. H., Jones Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Reading, Kans., Marais des Cygnes River. Shad, 1879; California
salmon, 1881. :
Reading, Pa., Schuylkill River.: California salmon, 1875, 1878.
Rebecca Lake, Hennepin County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Rectorstown, Va., Goose Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Red Brook, Mass. California salmon, 1876.
Red Brook, tributary of, Mass. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Red Brook. (See tributary: Quobaug.)
Red Cedar River. (See tributary: Fish Lake.)
Reading, Kans., Osage River. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Redding, Cal., tributary of Sacramento River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Red Lake River, tributary of, Crookston, Minn. California salmon,
1880.
Red River, Fulton, Ark. Shad, 1877, 1879.
Red River of the North, Breckenridge, Minn. California salmon, 1875;
Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1875.
Ked River of the North, Moorhead, Minn. Caiifornia salmon, 1877.
Red River of the North. (See tributaries: Buffalo Kiver, Detroit Lake,
and Perham.)
Red River of the North, Wilkin County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Red Vermillion River, Centralia, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Red Wing, Minn., Mississippi River. California salmon, 1876.
Red Wing, Minn., Skillman Pond. California salmon, 1877; Schoodie
salmon, 1577.
Reed City, Mich., Hersey Creek. California salmon, 1874.
teed Creek, Wythe County, Va. California salmon, 1879.
Reed Lake, Grand Rapids, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Reed’s Pond, Marshall County, Mich. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Reese Pond, Calhoun County, Mich. Sehoodic salmon, 1876.
Reisterstown, Md, lake tributary to Patapsco Falls. Schoodic salmon,
1879.
teisterstown, Md., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Relay Station, Baltimore County, Md., Patapsco River. Shad, 1879.
{87] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1003
Reno County, Kans. (See Hutchinson, Kans.)
Reno, Nev., Truckee River. California salmon, 1879.
Renville County, Minn., Lake Alley. California salmon, 1879 ; Schoodie
salmon, 1879.
Renville County, Minn., Preston Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1879;
Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Republican River, Clay Centre, Kans. California salmon, 1880.
Republican River, Clifton, Kans. California salmon, 1880.
Republican River, Concordia, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879;
California trout, 1880.
Republican River, Davis County, Kans. Shad, 1879.
Republican River, Junction City, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Resaca, Ga., Coosa River. Calitornia salmon, 1878; shad, 1879.
Reservoir, Richmond, Va. California salmon, 1879.
Reservoir, West Hartford, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Rice County, Minn., Barry Hunt’s Lake. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Rice County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Rice County, Minn., Cannon River. California salmon, 1878.
Rice County, Minn., Cameron River. California salmon, 1875; Schoodie
salmon, 1879.
Rice County, Minn., Cedar Lake. California salmon, 1875, 1876, 1877,
1878; Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Rice County, Minn., Cirele Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Rice County, Minn., Dudley Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1878; Pe-
nobscot salmon, 18.5.
Rice County, Minn., Faribault Lake. Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodie
_ salmon, 1875.
Rice County, Minu., French Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878.
Rice County, Minn., Gillmore’s Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Rice County, Minn., Horse Shoe Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Rice County, Minn., Jackson Lake. Penobscot salmon, 1875,
Rice County, Minn., lake. California salmon, 1876; Penobscot salmon,
1875.
Rice County, Minn., Minnesota River. California salmon, 1875.
Rice County, Minn., Northfield Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1875, 1878.
Rice County, Minn., Roberts Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878;
Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Rice County, Minn., Shields Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Rice County. Minn., Spring Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Rice County, Minn., Union Lake. California salmon, 13878.
Rice County, Minn. (See Faribault, Minn.; Northfield, Minn.)
Rice’s Pond, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1877 ; Schoodie
salmon, 1878.
Rich County, Utah, Upper Bear River. California salmon, 1876, 1876.
Richfield, Wis., Cedar Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Richland Centre, Wis., Pine River. California salmon, 1877.
1004 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [88]
Richland County, La., Bayou Mason. Shad, 1879.
Richland County, La., Boeuf River. Shad, 1879.
Richlana County, S. C.. Wateree River. Shad, 1880; California sal-
mon, 1880.
Richland County, 8. C. (See Columbia, S. C.)
Richland, Mich., Gull Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Richland, Mich., Long Lake. “California salmon, 1878.
Richland, Mich., Parker Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Richmond, McHenry County, Hl., Twin Lakes. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Richmond, Washington County, R. 1., Beach Pond. Schoodic salmon,
1876.
Richmond, Va., James River. Shad, 1878.
Richmond, Va., Reservoir. California salmon, 1879.
Ridgefield, Conn., Round Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Rifle River, Crawford, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Rifle River, Bay County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Riley County, Kans. (See Manhattan, Kans.)
Rindge, N. H., Emerson Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Ringwood, N. J., Sheplierd’s Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Ripley County, Mo. (See Doniphan, Mo.)
Ripley, Miss., Tippah River. Shad, 1879.
Ripley Lake, Meeker County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Ritchie County, W. Va. (See Pennsborough, W. Va.)
Rivanna River, Shadwell, Va. Shad, 1878.
Riverton, Va., Shenandoah River. Shad, 1878.
Roanoke County, Va. (See Salem, Va.)
Roanoke River, Alleghany Springs, Va. California salmon, 1880.
Roanoke River, Big Spring Depot, Va. California salmon, 1880.
Roanoke River Light, N.C. (See Avoca, N. C.)
Roanoke River, Montgomery, White Sulphur Springs, Va. California
salmon, 1880.
Roanoke River, Plymouth, N.C. Shad, 1878.
Roanoke River, Salem, Va. California salmon, 1880; shad, 1878.
Roanoke River, tributary of, Salem, Va. California salmon, 1874.
Roanoke fiver, tributary of, Va. California salmon, 1876.
Roanoke River, Weldon, N. ©. Shad, 1878, 1879, 1879, 1879.
Roanoke River. (See tributaries: Town Creek, Staunton River, and
Dan River.)
Roberts Lake, Northfield, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Roberts Lake, Rice County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878;
Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodie salmon. 1879.
Robertson County, Tex. (See Hearne, Tex.)
Robeson County, N. C. (See Branchville, N. C.)
Rochester, Mass., Mary’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879, 1880.
Rochester, Mich., private pond. California salmon, 1878.
Rochester, Minn., Orono River. California salmon, 1877.
[89] INDEX T) DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1005
Rochester, Minn., South Branch of Zumbro River. California salmon,
LST.
Rockaway River, Dover, N. J. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Rockaway River, Somerset County, N. J. California salmon, 1879.
Rockbridge Gouna Va., Buffalo Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Rockbridge County, Va., Irish Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Rockbridge County, Va., tributary of James River. California salmon,
1876,
Rockbridge County, Va. (See Alone, Va.; Buffalo Mills, Va.; Colliers.
town, Va.; Kerr’s Creek Bridge, Va.; Lexington, Va.; Monmouth
Church, Va.)
Rockeastle County, Ky., Hardin Durham’s Branch. California salmon,
1877
Rockeastle County, Ky., Round Stone Creek. California salmon, 1877
Rock Church, Cecil County, Md., Little Elk River. California salmon,
1878.
Rock County, Wis., Janesville, Wis., Milton, Wis.
Rock Creek, Rockville, Md. California trout, 1880.
Rockdale County, Ga. (See Conyers, Ga.)
Rockford, Il., Rock River. California salmon, 1874, 1875, 1879; shad,
1874, 1875, 1878.
Rockford, IL, Kent’s Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Rock Hill, 8. C., Catawba River. Shad, 1880.
Rockingham County, N. H. (See Raymond, N. H.)
Rockingham County, N. C., Moyo River. Schoodic salmon, 1878
Rockingham, Vt., Saxton River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Rockingham County, Va. (See Burnt Bridge, Va.)
Rock Pond, Georgetown, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Rock River, Rockford, Il. California salmon, 1874, 1875, 1879; shad,
1874, 1875, 1878
Rock River, tributaries of, Il. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Rock River. (See tributaries: Madison Lake, Sugar River, Pecatonica
River, Knapp’s Creek, Brown’s Creek, kone s Creek.)
Rockville, Conn., Snipsic Lake. Schoodie salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879.
occas, Md., Rock Creek. California trout, 1580.
Rocky Mount, N. C., Tar River. Shad, 1879, 1879.
Rocky Run, Md. California trout, 1880.
Rogers Lake, Lyme, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1878, 1880.
Rogers Pond, Branford, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Rogers River, Wayne County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
Roland Lake, pond tributary to, Green Spring, Md. California trout,
1880; SGibodic salmon, 1880.
poling Fork, North and East Forks of, Marion County, Ky. Cali-
fornia salmon, 1877.
Rolling Fork of Salt River, Nelson County, Ky. California salmon,
TST Ts
1006 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [90]
Rome City, Ind. Rome City Lake. Whitefish, 1876.
Rome City Lake, Rome City, Ind. Whitefish, 1876.
Rome, Ga., Coosa River. Shad, 1875.
Roe, N. Y., Mohawk River. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Romeo, Mich., private ponds. California salmon, 1879.
Romney, W.Va., Mill Run. California trout, 1880.
Romney, W.Va., Pond at Institution for Deaf, &e. Schoodic salmon,
1879, 1879.
Romney, W. Va., South Branch of Potomac River. Schoodic salmon,
1879.
Romney, W. Va., South Fork of Potomac River. California salmon, 1876.
Ronceverte, W. Va., Greenbrier River. California salmon, 1878, 1879,
1880; shad, 1873, 1879.
Roney Lake, Clare County, Mich. . Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Roosevelt Creek, Sayville, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
root River, Olmstead County, Minn. California salmon, 1877, 1877.
Root River, Middle Branch of, Fillmore County, Minn. California sal-
mon, 1875.
Root River, tributary of, Lanesborough, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Root River, tributary of, Pilot Mound, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Root River, tributary of, Spring Valley, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
toot River, North Branch of, Fillmore County, Minn. California sal-
mon, 1878, 1878.
t00t River, South Branch of, Fillmore County, Minn. California sal-
mon, 1878.
Roscommon County, Mich., Au Sable River. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Roscommon County, Mich., Higgins Lake. California salmon, 18793;
Penobscot salmon, 1874; Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Rose Lake, Le Roy, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Roslyn, N. Y., streams. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Ross, Mich., lake tributary to Kalamazoo Ntiver. California salmon,
1873.
Rouge River, Dearborn, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Rouge River, Northville, Mich. California salmon, 1876; Schoodie sal-.
mon, 1878; whitefish, 1876, 1876, 1876.
Rouge River, Oakland County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
touge River. © (See tributary: Yerkes Lake.)
Rough Creek, Hardin County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
Roundaway Creek, R. R. crossing, Madison County, La. Shad, 1879..
Round Lake, Anoka County, Minn. California salmon, 1877, 1877.
Round Lake, Chelsea, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Round Lake, Chenango County, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Round Lake, Clinton County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Round Lake, Linden, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Round Lake, Noble County, Minn. California salmon, 1880.
Round Lake, Oceana County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
[91] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1007
Round Lake, Petosky, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Round Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Round Pond, Ridgefield, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Round Stone Creek, Rockcastle County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
Rowan County, N. C., Yadkin River. Shad, 1877.
Rowan County, N. ©. (See Salisbury, N. C.)
Rowlandville, Md., Octorora Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Rowlesburgh, W. Va., Cheat River. Shad, 1879.
Royalton, Vt., White River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Rush Creek, Fillmore County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Rush Lake, Chisago County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Rush Lake, Sherburne County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Russell Creek, Adair County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Rutland County, Vt. (See Castleton, Vt.; Hubbardton, Vt.)
Sabine River, Mineola, Tex. Shad, 1879.
Sacramento River, Tehama, Cal Shad, 1873, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1880.
Sacramento River, tributary of, Redding, Cal. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Sacramento River, tributary of, San Francisco, Cal. California salmon,
1876.
Sacramento River. (See tributary: McCloud River.)
Saginaw County, Mich., Cass River. California salmon, 1879.
Saginaw River. (See tributaries: Flint River, Tattabawassee River,
and Cass River.)
Saint Clair County, Il. (See Belleville, I11.)
Saint Clair County, Mich. (See Port Huron, Mich.)
Saint Clair Lake. (See tributaries: Clinton River, Lord’s Lake, Black
River, Orchard Lake, Wall’s Lake, Whitmore Lake, Gun Lake, Bar-
rier’s Lake, and Diamond Lake.)
Saint Clair River, Port Huron, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Saint Croix River, Chisago County, Minn. California salmon, 1875, 1575.
Saint Croix River, Ramsey County, Minu. California salmon, 1875,
1875, 1875.
Saint Croix River, Stillwater, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Saint Croix River, tributary of, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Saint Croix River, tributaries of, Pine City, Minn. California salmon,
1877.
Saint Croix River. (See tributaries: Keen’s Lake Stream, Schoodic
Lakes, Silver Lake, and Elmo Lake.)
Saint Francis River, Arcadia, Mo. Shad, 1879.
Saint Francis River, Wayne County, Mo. California salmon, 1879.
Saint Genevieve County, Mo. (See Sait Mary’s, Mo.)
Saint James Lake, Watonwan County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Saint James, Md., pond. California trout, 1880.
Saint Johnsbury, Vt., small ponds tributary to Connecticut River.
Schoodie salmon, 1878.
1008 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [92]
Saint John’s Lake, Stearns County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Saint Joseph County, Mich. (See Colon, Mich.; Three Rivers, Mich.)
Saint Joseph, Mich., North Branch Saint Joseph’s River. Penobscot
salmon, 1873.
Saint Joseph, Mich., ponds. California salmon, 1875, 1878.
Saint Joseph, Mo., Missouri River. Shad, 1877; California salmon, 1880.
Saint Joseph River, Elkhart, Ind. Shad, 1874.
Saint Joseph River, headwaters of, Hillsdale County, Mich. Penob-
scot salmon, 1873.
Saint Joseph River, Niles, Mich. California salmon, 1875; shad, 1873.
Saint Joseph River, North Branch, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1873,
1875, 1873.
Saint Joseph River, Three Rivers, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Saint Joseph River, tributaries of, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Saint Joseph River. (See tributaries: Butternut Creek, Sand Creek,
Portage River, Indian Lake, Cold Water Lake, Lake of the Woods,
Morrison Lake, Barrow Lake, Muncy Lake, Diamond Lake, Sturgeon
Lake, Indian Creek, Dowagiac River, Williams Creek, Pearine Creek,
Pokagon Creek, Miller Creek.)
Saint Louis County, Minn., Fond du Lae. Schoodic salmon, 1875.
Saint Louis County, Minn. (See Duluth, Minn.; Fond du Lac, Minn.)
Saint Louis County, Mo. (See Saint Louis, Mo.)
Saint Louis, Mo., Mississippi River. Shad, 1877, 1878.
Saint Louis River, Fond du Lac, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Saint Louis River, Pine County, Minn. California salmon, 1875, 1875.
Saint Malachy’s Lake, Swift County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Saint Marks, Cecil County, Md., Big Elk River. California salmon,
1879. .
Saint Mary’s, Mo., Saline River. California salmon, 1879.
Saint Mary’s Lake, Swift County, Minn. Calitornia salmon, 1877.
Saint Mary’s River, tributary of, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Saint Michael’s River, Berlin, Md. Shad, 1879.
Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad Streams, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Saint Paul, Minn., Mississippi River. Shad, 1872, 1874, 1877.
Saint Peter, Minn., Minnesota River. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Salamanca, N. Y., Allegheny Iiiver. Shad, 1872.
Salem, Conn., Gardiner’s Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878,
1879.
Salem County, N. J. (See Allowaystown, N. J.; Woodstown, N. J.)
Salem Creek, Woodstown, N. J. California salmon, 1876.
Salem, Mass., Suntaug Lake. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Salem, Mass., Wenham Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Salem, Va., Lake Spring. Schoodice salmon, 18380.
Salem, Va., Roanoke River. California salmon, 1880; shad, 1878.
Salem, Va., tributary of Roanoke River. California salmon, 1874.
Salina, Kans., Saline River. California salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880.
[93] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1009
Saline County, Ark., Saline River. Shad, 1879.
Saline County, Ark. (See Benton, Ark.)
Saline County, Kans., Solomon River. Shad, 1879.
Saline County, Kans. (See Brookville, Kans.; Salina, Kans.)
Saline River, Benton, Ark. Shad, 1878; California salmon, 1878, 1878+
Saline River, Saint Mary, Mo. California salmon, 1879.
Saline River, Saline County, Ark. Shad, 1879. .
Saline River, Salina, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Salisbury, Ala., Tallapoosa River. Shad, 1878.
Salisbury, Bucks County, Pa., Aquetong Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Salisbury, Conn., Twin Lakes. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878.
Salisbury, Md., Wicomico River. California salmon, 1879, 1879, 1880,
1880; shad, 1877, 1878, 1879.
Salisbury, N. C., Yadkin River. California salmon, 1877, 1877, 1879.
Salisbury, Rowan County, N. C., ponds tributary to Yadkin River.
Schoodic salmon, 1878; shad, 1878, 1879.
Salisbury, Vt., Dunmore Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Salmon Creek, Avoca, N.C. Shad, 1878, 1878, 1879, 1879.
Salmon Creek, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Salmon Creek, The Mill, N.C. Shad, 1878.
Salmon Falls River. (See tributary: Newechewaurrock Lake, Tri Echo
Lake, Lorewell’s Pond, Cook’s Pond.)
Salmon Lake, Cass County. California salmon, 1879.
Salmon River, Granby, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Salmon River, N. Y. California salmon, 1873.
Salmon River, N. Y. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Salmon River, Peru, N. Y. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Salmon River, Sand Bank, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Salmon Run, N. J. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Salmon Stream, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1874, 1875.
Salt Creek, Mexico, Mo. Shad, 1877.
Salt Lake. (See tributaries: Jordan River, Ogden and Weber Rivers,
and Upper Bear River.)
Salt Lake County, Utah. (See Jordan, Utah.)
Saltonstall Lake, East Haven, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878,
1879. ;
Salt River, Shelby County, Mo. California salmon, 1880; shad, 1880.
Salt River, Shepherdsville, Ky. Shad, 1879, 1880.
Saltville, Va., North Fork, Holstein. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Saluda River, Greenville, 8S. C. California salmon, 1880.
Saluda River, S. C. California salmon, 1880.
Sampson County, N. C., Six Runs. Shad, 1877.
Sampson County, N. C. (See Six Runs, N. C.)
San Antonio River, San Antonio, Tex. Shad, 1879.
San Antonio, Tex., San Antonio River. Shad, 1879.
Sand Bank, N. Y., Beaver Creek. California salmon, 1874,
S. Mis. 110-——64
1010 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [94]
Sand Bank, N. Y., Salmon River. California salmon, 1874.
Sand Creek, Hillsdale County, Mich. California salmon, 1873.
Sand Lake, l., Deep Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Sandstone Creek, Mich. California salmon, 1874.
Sandusky County, Ohio. (See Fremont, Ohio.)
Sandusky River, Bucyrus, Ohio. California salmon, 1874.
Sandusky River, Fremont, Ohio. California salmon, 1880; Penobscot
salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1876; shad, 1874, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Sandwich, Mass., Spectacle Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1880.
Sandwich, N. H., Adams’ Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Sandwich, N. H., North Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Sandwich, N. H., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Sandy Branch, Cecil County, Md., Sassafras River. California salmon,
1879.
Sandy Creek, Orleans County, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Sandy Hook, Conn., Halfway River. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Sandy Lake, Cass County, Minn. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Sandy Pond, Lincoln, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877.
Sandy Spring, Md., pond. California salmon; Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Sandy Spring, Md., stream. California trout, 1880.
Sandy Spring, Md., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
San Francisco, Cal., Laguna Honda. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
San Francisco, Cal., tributary of Sacramento River. California sal-
mon, 1576.
San Francisco, Cal., Woodward’s Aquarium. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
San Francisco County, Cal. (See San Francisco, Cal.)
San Jose Water Co’s Reservoir, Cal. Whitefish, 1879.
San Marcus River, Luling, Tex. Shad, 1879.
San Mateo County, Cal., Felch’s Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Santa Clara County, Cal.,San Jose Water Company’s Reservoir. White-
fish, 1879.
Santee River. (See tributaries: Broad River, Catawba- River, Broad
River, and Saluda River.)
Sappington, Anne Arundel County, Md., tributary of Patuxent River.
1879.
Sequoit Creek, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Saranac River, West Plattsburgh, N. Y. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Sassafras River, Cecil County, Md. California salmon, 1880.
Sassafras River, Frederick, Md. California salmon, 1876.
Sassafras River, Md. Shad, 1877.
Sassafras River, Middletown, Md. Shad, 1879.
Sassafras River, Sandy Branch, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Satucket River, East Bridgewater, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878.
Saugatuck River, Conn. California salmon, 13876.
Saugatuck River, Westport, Conn. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Saugatuck River. (See tributary: Main River.)
4
[95 | INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1011
Saugus River, Mass. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Sauk County, Wis., Spirit Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Sauk Lake, Todd County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Sauk River, Stearns County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Sauk River. (See tributaries: Osakin Lake and Pearl Lake.)
Saunders’ Spring Branch, Scott County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Sautaug Lake, Lynnfield, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Savage Creek, Franklinville, Md. California salmon, 1874.
Savage, Md., Middle Patuxent River. California salmon, 1878, 1878,
1878, 1879.
Savage, Md., Patuxent River. California salmon, 1880; shad, 1879,
1880 (5 items).
Savage, Md., Little Patuxent River. California salmon, 1875, 1876,
1876, 1876.
Savage, Md., Patuxent River. California salmon, 1874, 1876, 1879.
Savage River, Swanton, Md. California salmon, 1877.
Savannah River, tributary of, Toca,Ga. California salmon, 1877.
Savannah River. (See tributary: Tugaloo River.)
Saxton River, Rockingham, Vt. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Sayville, N. Y., Roosevelt Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Sayville, N. Y., Willow Brook. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Scantic River, Windsor, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Schell City, Mo., Osage River. California salmon, 1880; shad, 1880.
Schoodic Lakes, Dobsis Stream, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
School Section, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Schuylkill County, Pa., Schuylkill River. Schoodic salmon, 1878,
Schuylkill County, Pa. (See Swatara, Pa.)
Schuylkill River, Philadelphia, Pa. California salmon, 1877.
Schuylkill River, Pottstown, Pa. California salmon, 1878.
Schuylkill River, Reading, Pa. California salmon, 1875, 1878.
Schuylkill River, Schuylkill County, Pa. Schoodice salmon, 1878.
Scintman’s Mill, Cecil County, Md., Big Elk River. California salmon,
1878, 1880.
Scioto River, Columbus, Ohio. Shad, 1875, 1876.
Scioto River. (See tributary: Licking Reservoir.)
Scituate Ponds, West Scituate, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1879, 1879.
Scotch Hall Fishery, N.C. (See Avoca, N. C.)
Scott County, Iowa. (See Big Rock, lowa; Dixon, Iowa.)
Scott County, Ky., Big Spring Branch. California salmon, 1876.
Scott County, Ky., Elkhorn Creek. Shad, 1878.
Scott County, Ky., Cane’s Run. California salmon, 1876.
Scott County, Ky., Lane’s Run. California salmon, 1876.
Scott County, Ky., McConnell’s Run. California salmon, 1876.
Scott County, Ky., Saunders’ Spring Branch. California salmon, 1876.
Scott County, Ky., Thomas’ Spring Branch. California salmon, 1876.
Scott County, Minn., Credit Lake. California salmon, 1878.
1012 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [96]
Scott County, Minn., lake. California salmon, 1876.
Scott County, Minn., O’Dowd’s Lake. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Scott County, Minn., Prior Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1877, 1877,
1877, 1878.
Seott County, Minn., Spring Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Scranton, Pa., Paupock Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Scranton, Pa., Tobyhanna Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Seaford, Del., Little Nanticoke River. California salmon, 1880.
Seaford, Del., Nanticoke River. California salmon, 1876, 1878, 1880;
shad, 1877, 1879, 1880.
Searle’s Pond, Foster, R. I. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Sebec Lake, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Seboois River, Howland, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Seboois River, Howland, Me. _ Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Seboois River, Whitney Ridge, Me. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Seguin, Tex., Guadalupe River. Shad, 1879.
Seneca, 8. C., Seneca River. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1880.
Seneca County, N. Y., Seneca Lake. California salmon, 1874.
Seneca Lake, Seneca County, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Seneca River, Seneca, 8. C. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1880.
Seneca River, 8. C. California trout, 1880; California salmon, 1880,
1880; Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Sequoit Creek, Oneida County, N. Y. California salmon, 1875.
Sereno Lake, Nevada County, Cal. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Sereno Lake, Placer County, Cal. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Sereno Lake, Summit, Placer County, Cal. Whitefish, 1877.
Severance’s Ponds, Wis. California salmon, 1879.
Seymour Lake, Morgan, Vt. Schoodie salmon, 1876.
Shadwell, Va., Rivanna River. Shad, 1878.
Shady Oak Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Sharon, Mass., ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Sharon Springs, Va., North Fork Holston River. California salmon,
1880.
Sharon’s Run, Northeast, Vd. California salmon, 1880.
Shasta County, Cal. (See Baird, Cal.; Redding, Cal.)
Shawano County, Wis. (See Keshena, Wis.)
Shawnee County, Kans. (See Silver Lake, Kans.; Topeka, Kans.)
Shawngum Lake, N. J. California salmon, 1879.
Shawshine River, Billerica, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Sheboygan County, Wis., Elkhart Lake. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Shelby County, Ky., Clear Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Shelby County, Ky., Gist Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Shelby County, Ky., Salt River. Shad, 1880.
Shelby County, Ohio. (See Sidney, Ohio.)
Shelby County, Tenn. (See Mempbis, Tenn.) :
Shell Rock River, lowa. California salmon, 1878.
[97] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1013
Shenandoah County, Va. (See Mount Jackson, Va.; Strasburgh, Va.).
Shenandoah River, North Fork of, Mount Jackson,Va. California sal-
mon, 1876.
Shenandoah River, North Fork of, Strasburgh, Va. California salmon,
1876.
Shenandoah River, Riverton,Va. Shad, 1878.
Shenandoah River, South Branch of,Va. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Shenandoah River. (See tributaries: Cedar Creek, North Fork, and
South River.)
Shepherd’s Lake, Ringwood, N. J. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Shepherd’s Pond, Morris County, N. J. Whitefish, 1876.
Shepherdsville, Ky., Salt River. Shad, 1879, 1880.
Sheppard’s Brook, Battle Creek, Mich. California trout, 1880.
Sherburne County, Minn., Big Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Sherburne County, Minn., Briggs’ Lake. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Sherburne County, Minn., Clear Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Sherburne County, Minn., Hand Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Sherburne County, Minn., Lake Julia. California salmon, 1878.
Sherburne County, Minn., Rush Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Sherman, Conn., Green Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Sherman, Conn., Square Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Shetucket River, Conn. California salmon, 1874.
Shetucket River, Willimantic, Conn. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Shetucket waters, Windham, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Shiawassee County, Mich. (See Corunna Mich.; Owosso, Mich.)
Shiawassee River, Corunna, Mich. Shad, 1874.
Shiawassee River, Holly, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Shiawassee River, Owasso, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Shields Lake, Rice County, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Shoal Creek, Neosha, Mo. Shad, 1878.
Shoemaker’s Eddy, Shoemaker’s, Pa., Delaware River. California sal-
mon, 1878, 1879, 1880 (11 items).
Sibley County, Minn., Silver Lake. California salmon, 1877; Penob-
scot salmon, 1879.
Sibley County, Minn., Horseshoe Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Sidney, Ohio, Little Miami River. California salmon, 1875.
Silver Creek, Madison County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Silver Creek, De Witt, Clinton County, Iowa. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Silver Creek, Iowa. California salmon, 1878.
Silver Creek, Juab County, Utah. California salmon, 1876.
Silver Lake, Dexter, Mich. California salmon, 1878; whitefish, 1876.
Silver Lake, Dutchess County, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Silver Lake, Houston County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Silver Lake, Kans., Silver Lake. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Silver Lake, Linden, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Silver Lake, Madison, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
1014 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIZS. [98]
Silver Lake, N. J. California salmon, 1879.
Silver Lake, Portage, Wis. California salmon, 1878.
Silver Lake, Sibley County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Silver Lake, Silver Lake, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Silver Lake, Stearns County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Silver Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1877, 1879.
Silver Lake, Wis. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Silver Lake, Woodstock, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Sinking Creek, Lewisburgh, Greenbrier County, W. Va. California
salmon, 1878.
Sinnemahoning, Potter County, Pa. California salmon, 1879.
Sioux City, Iowa, Floyd River. California salmon, 1875.
Sioux River, Iowa. California salmon, 1879.
Sioux River. (See tributary: Spirit Lake.)
Sir John’s Run, W. Va., Potomac River. California salmon, 1875, 1877,
1878.
Sister Lakes, Van Buren County, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Six Runs, Duplin County, N.C. Shad, 1879.
Six Runs, Sampson County, N.C. Shad, 1878.
Six Runs, Warsaw, N.C. Shad, 1879, 1879.
Sixteen Lake, Allegan County, Mich, California salmon, 1879.
Skaneateles, N. Y., Oswego River. California salmon, 1874, 1875.
Skeelman’s Pond, Wabasha County, Minn. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Skillmans Pond, Red Wing, Minn. California salmon, 1877; Schoodic
salmon, 1877.
Skunk River, Iowa. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Slabtown, Frederick County, Md., Owens Creek. California salmon,
1874, 1876, 1876, 1876.
Slatersville Branch, R. I. Penobscot salmon, 1874, 1875, 1875, 1876.
Slatersville River, R. I. Calitornia salmon, 1875.
Sleepy Eye Lake, Brown County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Smith Fork of Platte River, Clinton County, Mo. California salmon,
1880.
Smith Pond, Norfolk, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Smith’s Ferry, Mass., Connecticut River. Shad, 1874, 1875, 1877.
Smith’s Grove, Ky., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Smith’s Pond, Wolfeborough, N. C. California salmon, 1879.
Smoky Hill River, Ellis, Kans. California salmon, 1880.
Smoky Hill River, Ellsworth County, Kans. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Smoky Hill River, Ellsworth, Kans. California salmon, 1877, 1878,
1879, 1880; shad, 1879.
Smoky Hill River, Hayes City, Kans. California salmon, 1880.
Smoky Hill River, Fort Harker, Kans. California salmon, 1880.
Smoky Hill River. (See tributaries: Saline River, Spring Creek, Big
Creek, Chapman’s Creek, Solomon and Salina Rivers.)
Smyth County, Va., Holston River. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
[99] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1015
Smyth County, Va. (See Atkin’s Tank, Va.)
Snipsic Lake, Rockville, Conn. Schoodice salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878,
1879.
Snow Hill, Md., Pocomoke River. California salmon, 1878.
Snow Hill, Md., Pocomoke River. Shad, 1578.
Snow’s Pond, North Rochester, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Snyder County, Pa., Penn’s Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Soft Water Lake, Kent County Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Soldier River, Topeka, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Solomon City, Kans., Solomon River. California salmon, 1878, 1879,
1850.
Solomon River, Beloit, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Solomon River, Saline, Kans. Shad, 1879.
Solomon River, Solomon City, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879,
1880.
Somerset County, Md. (See Crisfield, Md.; Eden, Md.; Princess
Anne, Md.; Newtown, Md.)
Somerset County, N. J., North Branch Raritan River. California sal-
mon, 1879.
Somerset County, N. J., Rockaway River. California salmon, 1879.
Somerset County, N. J. (See Raritan, N. J.; South Branch, N. J.)
Somerset County, Pa. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Somerset, Ky., Cumberland River. Shad, 1878.
Somerset, Ky., Pitman Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Somerset, Mich., Rasin River. California salmon, 1875.
Sonoma County, Cal., Mark West Creek. Whitefish, 1879.
South Abington, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
South Anne River. (See tributary: Little River.)
Southard’s Lake, Raisin Centre, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
South Branch, N. J., South Branch of Raritan River. Penobscot
salmon, 1875.
South Carver, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
South Chicago, Ill., Calumet River. Shad, 1873.
South Coventry, Conn., Wangambourg Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
South Coventry, Conn., Waramaug Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879. .
South Coventry, Conn., Waugaboniz Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
South Elkhorn, Woodford County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
South Fork River, Morganton, N. C. California salmon, 1879.
South Hadley Falls, Mass., Connecticut River. Shad, 1875, 1876, 1877,
1877.
Southampton County, Va. (See Franklin, Va.)
South Kent, Conn., Spectacle Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1876.
South Lawn, Ill., Calumet River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
South Platte. (See tributaries: Green Lake and Clear Lake.)
Southport, Conn., Mill River. Penobscot salmon, 1875, 1877.
Southport, Conn., Perry’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880,
1016 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [100]
Southport, Conn., Southport Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Southport Pond, Southport, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Southport River. (See tributary : Main River.)
South River, Greenville, Va. California salmon, 1878.
South River, Lexington, Va. California salmon, 1878, 1880; Schoodic
salmon, 1879.
South River, Waynesborough, Va. Shad, 1878.
South Toledo, Ohio, Maumee River. California salmon, 1877.
South Vernon, Windham County, Vt., Connecticut River. Shad, 1875,
1875.
South Weymouth, Mass., Weymouth Great Pond. Schoodic salmon,
1876, 1877, 1878.
South Windham, Conn., Balahack Brook. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Spartanburgh County, S.C. (See Gaffney City, S. C.; Spartanburgh,
Court-House, 8. C.
Spartanburgh Court-House, S. C., Broad River. Shad, 1876.
Spartanburgh Court-House, 8S. C., Packlette River. California salmon,
1879.
Sparta, Wis., La Crosse River. California salmon, 1879.
Spectacle Pond, Sandwich, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877, 1880.
Spectacle Pond, South Kent, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Spectacle Ponds, Kent, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878.
Spencer County, Ky. (See Taylorsville, Ky.)
Spencer Creek, Montgomery County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
Spencerville, Md., Patuxent River. California salmon, 1878.
Spencerville, Md., tributary of Patuxent River. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Spesutie Narrows, Havre de Grace, Md. Shad, 1877 (12 deposits), 1878
(10 deposits), 1879 (15 deposits), 1880 (10 deposits).
Spirit Lake, Iowa. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Spirit Lake, Sauk County, Wis. California salmon, 1877.
Spofford Lake, Chesterfield, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Spot Pond, Stoneham, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Sprague’s Pond, Charlotte, Me. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Spring Branch, lowa. California salmon, 1879.
Spring Brook Creek, Kalamazoo, Mich. California salmon, 1874.
Spring Brook, Cayuga County, N. Y. California salmon, 1879.
Spring Brook, Ontario County, N. Y. California salmon, 1879.
Spring Brook, Toledo, Ohio. California salmon, 1880.
Spring Brook, Wheatland, N. Y. California salmon, 1878.
Spring Creek, Bellefonte, Pa. California salmon, 1874.
Spring Creek, Brookville, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Spring Creek, Caledonia, Livingston County, N. Y. Schoodie salmon,
1878.
Spring Creek, Delaware, lowa. California salmon, 1875.
Spring Creek, Fillmore County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Spring Creek, Fort Harker, Kans. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
[101] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1017
Spring Creek, Livingston County, N. Y. California salmon, 1879, 1879.
Spring Creek, Lodi, Wis. California salmon, 1878.
Spring Creek, Monroe County, N. Y. California salmon, 1878, 1878.
Spring Creek, Newville, Pa. California salmon, 1877.
Spring Creek, Oneida County, N. Y. California salmon, 1878.
Spring Creek, Rice County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Spring Creek, Trivoli, Kans. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Spring Creek, Tompkins County, N. Y. California salmon, 1878.
Spring Creek, Wetmore, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Springfield, Mo., James River. Shad, 1877.
Springfield, N. H., Star Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Spring Lake, Dakota County, Minn. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Spring Lake, Scott County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Spring Pond, Lynn, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Spring River, Carthage, Mo. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Spring Valley, Minn., tributary of Root River. California salmon, 1878,
Springville, lowa, Cedar River. California salmon, 1875.
Spruce Creek, Herkimer County, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Spunk Creek, Avon, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Squam Lake, Holderness, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Square Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Square Pond, Sherman, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Stacy, Minn., Goose Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Stafford Springs, Conn., Stafford Springs Reservoir. Schoodic salmon,
1878, 1879.
Stafford Springs Reservoir, Stafford Springs, Conn. Schoodic salmon,
1878, 1879.
Stark, N. H., North Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Star Pond, Springfield, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Staunton hiver, Big Spring Depot, Va. California salmon, 1876.
Staunton River, Staunton Station, Va. Shad, 1875.
Staunton River, Va. California salmon, 187-.
Staunton Station, Montgomery County, Va., Staunton River. Shad,
1875. .
Staunton, Va., Middle River. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Stearns County, Minn., Cornelian Lake. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Stearns County, Minn., Grand Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Stearns County, Minn., Kimball Lake. California salmon, 1877, 1878.
Stearns County, Minn., Pearl Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Stearns County, Minn., Pleasant Lake. California salmon, 1876, 1877,
1878.
Stearns County, Minn., Saint John’s Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Stearns County, Minn., Sauk River. California salmon, 1877.
Stearns County, Minn., Silver Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Stearns County, Minn. (See Avon, Minn.)
Steele County, Minn., Owatonna River. California salmon, 1875; Penob-
scot salmon, 1875; Schoodic salmon, 1875.
1018 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [102]
Steele County, Minn. (See Owatonna, Minn.)
Steers’ Pond, North Scituate, R. I. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1878.
Stevens County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Stevens County, Minn., Donnelly Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Stevens County, Minn., Engle Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Stevens County, Minn., forks of Otter Tail and Bois des Sioux Rivers.
California salmon, 1877.
Stevens County, Minn., Frog Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Stevens County, Minn., Gavin’s Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Stevens County, Minn., Lake Foss. California salmon, 1879.
Stevens County, Minn., McCarthy’s Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Stevens County, Minn., Pomme de Terre River. California salmon,
1877, 1877, 1877.
Stewartstown, N. H., Diamond Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Still River, Brookfield, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Stillwater, Minn., Saint Croix River. California salmon, 1876.
Stockbridge, Mass., Lake Mahkeenac. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879,
1880.
Stocker’s Pond, Grantham, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Stockton, Ga., Allapahaw River. Shad, 1879.
Stokes County, N.C. (See Germanton, N. C.)
Stoneham, Mass., Spot Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Stoner Creek, Clark County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Stoney Branch, Bel Air, Md. California trout, 1880.
Stoney Run, Baltimore, Md. California trout, 1880; Schoodic salmon,
1879.
Stoney Run, Waverly, Md. California trout, 1880.
Stony Creek, Pa. California salmon, 1876.
Stony Lake, La Porte, Ind. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Storm Lake, Iowa. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Storm Lake, Iowa, Des Moines River. California salmon, 1875.
Storm Lake, Iowa, Storm Lake. California salmon, 1875.
Storm Lake, Storm Lake, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Storm Spring, Iowa., tributary of Mississippi River. California salmon,
1875.
Strafford County, N. H. (See Milton, N. H.; New Durham, N. H.)
Straits Lake, Oak County, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Stranger, Kans., Stranger River. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Stranger River, Stranger, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Strasburgh, Va., Cedar Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Strasburgh, Va., North Fork, Shenandoah River. California salmon,
1876.
String Lake, Cottonwood County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Strode’s Creek, Clark County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Strouble’s Creek, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
[103] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1019
Strubel’s Lake, Andover, Sussex County, N. J. Schoodic salmon,
1878.
Sturgeon Lake, Colton, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Style’s Pond, Waterford, Vt. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Sucker Brook, Fall River, Mass. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Sudbury River, Framingham, Mass. Schoodie salmon, 1876, 1877.
Suffolk County, N. Y. (See Sayville, N. Y.)
Suffolk, Va., south branch of Nansemond River. Shad, 1878.
Sugar Lake, Platte County, Mo. California salmon, 1880.
Sugar Lake, Wright County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Sugar River, Brodhead, Wis. California salmon, 1879.
Sullivan County, N. H. (See Acworth, N. H.; Charlestown, N. H.;
Grantham, N. H.; Springfield, N. H.)
Sullivan County, N. Y. (See Liberty, N. Y.)
Sulphur Spring, Md., pond, tributary of Patapsco River. California
trout, 1880; Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Summer Hill Lake. (See tributary: Spring Brooks.)
Summers County, W. Va. (See Hinton, W. Va.)
Summit of Sierra, Tahoe, and Donner Lakes. Whitefish, 1879.
Summit, Placer County, California, Sereno Lake. Whitefish, 1877.
Sumter County, &c., Lynch’s Creek. Shad, 1880.
Sunapee Lake, Newbury, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Sunapee Lake, N. H. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Sunfish Lake, Dakota County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Sunflower River, Friar’s Point, Miss. Shad, 1878.
Suntaug Lake, Salem, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Superior Lake. (See tributaries: Saint Louis River, Twin Lakes, and
Big Lake.)
Surrey, Clare County, Mich., Crooked Lake. California salmon, 1878;
Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Surry, Me., Patten’s Brook. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Susquehanna County, Pa., Heart Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Susquehanna County, Pa., Tigley Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Susquehanna River, Branch of, Swatara, Pa. California salmon, 1875.
Susquehanna River, Battery Light, Md. Shad, 1879, 1879, 1879, 1879.
Susquehanna River, Chicquesalungo, Pa. California salmon, 1875, 1877,
1877.
Susquehanna River, Donegal, Pa. California salmon, 1875.
Susquehanna River, Georgetown, Pa. Shad, 1880.
Susquehanna River, Harrisburgh, Pa. Shad, 1879, 1880.
Susquehanna River, Havre de Grace, Md. Shad, 1876, 1877 (7 deposits),
1878 (2 deposits), 1879 (3 deposits), 1880 (11 deposits.)
Susquehanna River, Marietta, Pa. California salmon, 1875, 1877, 1877,
1877, 1880.
Susquehanna River, Md. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Susquehanna River, North Branch, Chillisquaque, Pa. California sal-
mon, 1877.
1020 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [104]
Susquehanna River, Old Bay Fishery, Md. Shad, 1879, 1879, 1879.
Susquehanna River, Port Deposit, Md. Shad, 1879, 1879.
Susquehanna River, Swan Creek, Md. Shad, 1876, 1880.
Susquehanna River, tributary of, Coneloquinet, Pa. California salmon,
1876.
Susquehanna River, tributary of, Chiques, Pa. California salmon, 1876.
Susquehanna River, tributary of, Columbia, Pa. California salmon, 1876.
Susquehanna River, tributary of, Harrisburg, Pa. California salmon,
1872, 1873, 1876. :
Susquehanna River, tributary of, Marietta, Pa. California salmon,
1876.
Susquehanna River, tributary of, Swatara, Pa. California salmon, 1876.
Susquehanna River, upper waters of, Pa. Penobscot salmon, 1880.
Susquehanna River, Watson’s Island, Md. Shad, 1880 (8 items).
Susquehanna River. (See tributaries: Blackston, Paweatuck and Pa-
tuxent Rivers, Deer Creek, Octorora Creek, Spesutie Narrows, North
East, Cohocton River, Swatara Creek, Chiquesalunga Creek, Done-
gal Creek, Codorus Creek, Yellow Breeches Creek, Donegal Springs,
Pine Creek, Coneloquinet Creek, Mahantonga River, Bald Eagle River,
Buffalo Creek, Stony Creek, Maiden Run, Bowman’s Creek, Maiden
Creek, Spring Creek, Penn’s Creek, Kettle Creek, Trout Run, Juniata
River, Harvey’s Lake.)
Sussex County, Del. (See Seaford, Del.)
Sussex County, N.J., Drake’s Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Sussex County, N. J., Swartswood Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Sussex County, N. J. (See Andover, N. J.) 4
Suwanee River. (See tributaries: Allapahaw River and Little River.)
Swan Creek, Harford County, Md., Susquehanna River. Shad, 1876,
1880.
Swannanoa River, Buncombe County, N.C. California salmon, 1877;
California trout, 1880.
Swanton, Md., North Branch of Potomac River. California salmon,
1878.
Swanton, Md., Savage River. California salmon, 1877.
Swanton, Vt., Missisquoi River. California salmon, 1873; shad, 1874.
Swartswood Lake, Sussex County, N. J. California salmon, 1879.
Swatara Creek, Dauphin County, Pa. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Swatara Creek, Pa. California salmon, 1874.
Swatara, Pa., Swatara River. California salmon, 1875, 1876, 1877.
Swatara River, Swatara, Pa. California salmon, 1875, 1876, 1877.
Swedesborough, N. J., Oldman’s Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Swift County, Minn., Hassel Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Swift County, Minn., Saint Malachy’s Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Swift County, Minn., Saint Mary’s Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Swift County, Minn. (See Benson, Minn.)
Syke’s Pond, Wis. California salmon, 1879.
Sykesville, Md., Patapsco River. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
[105] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1021
Sykesville, Md., stream. California trout, 1880.
Sylvan Lake, Dutchess County, N. Y. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Tahoe Lake, Placer County, Cal. Whitefish, 1877, 1879.
Tahoe Lake, Nevada County, Cal. Whitefish, 1879.
Takota Lake, Le Sueur County, Minn. California salmon, 1879.
Talbot County, Md. (See Easton, Md.; Sherwood Mills, Md.; Trappe,
Md.; Wye Mills, Md.; Cordova Station, Md.)
Tallahatchie River, La Fayette County, Miss. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Tallahatchie River. (See tributary: Tippa River.)
Tallapoosa County, Ala. (See Salisbury, Ala.)
Tallapoosa River, Montgomery, Ala. Shad, 1877.
Tallapoosa River, Salisbury, Ala. Shad, 1878.
Tama City, Tama County, Iowa, lowa River. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Tama County, Iowa. (See Tama City, Iowa.)
Tangipahoa County, La. (See Amite City, La.; Tickfaw, La.)
Tangipahoa, Miss., Tangipahoa River. California salmon, 1876.
Tangipahoa River, Amite City, La. California salmon, 1876.
Tangipahoa River, La, California salmon, 1875.
Tangipahoa River, Tangipahoa, Miss. California salmon, 1876.
Tank Station, Md., North Patapsco River. California salmon, 1874,
1876, 1876, 1876, 1878, 1878, 1879.
Tank Station, Carroll County, Md., Patuxent River. Californiasalmon,
1877.
Tanner’s Creek, Guilford, Ind. California salmon, 1874, 1876.
Tanner’s Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Tannery, Md., Evitt’s Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Tarlton Pond, Piermont, N. H. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Tar River, Granville County, N.C. Shad, 1877, 1878, 1878.
Tar River, Rocky Mount, N.C. Shad, 1879, 1879.
Taunton River, Bridgewater, Mass. Shad, 1876, 1877.
Taunton River, Middleborough, Mass. Shad, 1876, 1877.
Taylor County, Ky., Pittman Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Taylor County, W. Va. (See Grafton, W. Va.)
Taylor’s Falls, Chisago County, Minn. California salmon, 1875.
Taylorsville, Spencer County, Ky., Asher’s Creek. Schoodic salmon,
1878.
Taylorsville, Va., Little River. Shad, 1878.
Tehama, Cal., Sacramento River. Shad, 1873, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1880.
Tehama County, Cal. (See Tehama, Cal.)
Tenburg Brook, Fillmore County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Ten Mile Creek, Boyd’s, Md. California salmon, 1878.
Tennessee River, Chattanooga, Tenn. Shad, 1876, 1879.
Tennessee River, Johnsonville, Tenn. Shad, 1879.
Tennessee River. (See tributaries: Pigeon River, French Broad River,
Eastannallee River, Holston River, North Fork of Holston River and
South Fork Holston River.)
1022 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [106]
Tensas River, R. R. crossing, Madison County, La. Shad, 1879.
Tensas River, (See tributary : Bayou Macon.)
Terre Haute, Ind., Wabash River. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Terry Lake, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Thames River, brooks tributary to, Willimantic, Conn. Schoodic sal-
mon, 1878, 1879.
Thames River, tributary of, Conn. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Thames River, Putnam, Conn. Shad, 1874.
Thames River. (See tributaries: Quinnebaug River, Shetucket River,
Natchaug Branch, Natchaug River.)
The Mill, Bertie County, N. C., Salmon Creek. Shad, 1878.
Thomas’ Spring Branch, Scott County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
Thompsonville, Conn., tributaries of the Connecticut River. Schoodic
salmon, 1878. :
Thorn Apple Lake, Barry County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Thorn Apple Lake, Eaton County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Thornton, N. H., tributary of Merrimack River. Penobscot salmon,
1873.
Three Lakes, Marquette County, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Three Mile Lake, Chippewa County, Wis. California salmon, 1877
Three Rivers, Mich., Portage River. California salmon, 1876.
Three Rivers, Mich., Saint Joseph River. California salmon, 1876.
Three Runs, 8. C. California salmon, 1880.
Tickfaw, La., Amite River. Shad, 1878.
Tickfaw, La., Notalbany River. California salmon, 1876; shad, 1875.
Tiffin River, Woodstock, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Tigley Lake, Susquehanna County, Pa. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Tilton, N. H., Winnipesaukee River. Shad, 1877
Timber Creek, Woodbury, N. J. California salmon, 1877.
Timber Creek, N. J. California salmon, 1877.
Tinkham Lake, Miles, Berrien County, Mich. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Tippah County, Miss. (See Ripley, Miss.)
Tippah River, Ripley, Miss. Shad, 1879.
Tippecanoe County, Ind. See La Fayette, Ind.
Tipton, Iowa, Cedar River. California salmon, 1874, 1875.
Tittabawassee River, Midland Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Tobacco Run, Aberdeen, Md. California salmon, 1876.
Tobyhanna Lake, Scranton Pa. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Toccoa, Ga., tributary of Savannah River. California salmon, 1877.
Todd County, Minn., Osakin Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Todd County, Minn., Sauk Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Toledo, Ohio, Lake Erie. Whitefish, 13876, 1876.
Toledo, Ohio, Maumee Rapids. California salmon, 1878.
Toledo, Ohio, Mauinee River. Penobscot salmon, 1875; Schoodie sal-
mon, 1878, 1879.
Toledo, One: Spring Brook. California salmon, 1880.
af
[107] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1023
Tolland County, Conn. (See Bolton, Conn.; Rockville, Conn.; South
Coventry, Conn.; Stafford Springs, Conn.)
Tolman Pond, Nelson, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Tomah, Wis., Lemonweir River. California salmon, 1879.
Tombigbee River, Aberdeen, Miss. Shad, 1878.
Tombigbee River, Columbia, Ala. Shad, 1879.
Tombigbee River, Demopolis, Ala. Shad, 1878.
Tombigbee River, Fulton, Miss. Shad, 1878.
Tompkins County, N. Y., Spring Creeks. California salmon, 1878.
Tom’s River, Va. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Tooele County, Utah, Twin Spring Creek. California Sseeenid 1876.
Topeka, Kans., Big Blue River. Shad, 1877.
Topeka, ae Soldier River. Galifornia salmon, 1878, 1879.
Topeka, Kans., Wakarusa River. California salmon, 1880.
Toreh Lake, Kalkaska County, Mich. California salmon, 1876.
Totes Run, Wythe County, Va. California salmon, 1879.
Totes Run, Wytheville, Va. California salmon, 1880.
Town Creek, Germanton, N.C. California salmon, 1879.
Towner’s Lake, lowa California salmon, 1879.
Town Line, Calhoun County, Mich. California, salmon, 1878.
Towsontown, Baltimore County, Md., Gunpowder River. California
salmon, 1878, 1879.
Transquaking River, Airey’s Station, Md. California salmon, 1879;
shad, 1879. .
Transquaking River, Linkwood, Md. California salmon, 1879.
Transquaking River. (See tributary: Chickacomico River.)
Trappe River, Berlin, Md. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Travis County, Tex. (See Austin, Tex.)
Tread Haven, Easton, Md. Shad, 1878.
Trenton, Ill., pond. Schoodice salmon, 1878.
Trent River, Pollocksville, N.C. Shad, 1879.
Tri-Echo Lake, Milton, N. H. California salmon, 1879.
Trigg County, Ky., Little River. Calitornia salmon, 1877.
Trinity River, Dallas, Tex. Shad, 1879.
Trivoli, Kans., Bradley Spring. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Trivoli, Kans., Spring Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Troup County, Ga. (See West Point, Ga.)
Trout Branch, Baltimore, Md. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Trout Branch, Md. California trout, 1880.
Trout Run, Hardy County, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Trout Run, Perry County, Pa. California salmon, 1877.
Trout Run, Ralston, Pa. Penobscot salmon, 1880.
Trout Run, Williamsport, Pa. California salmon, 1879.
Truckee River, Reno, Nev. California salmon, 1879.
Tuckahoe Creek, Hillsborough, Md. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Tuckahoe, N. J., Tuckahoe River. California salmon, 1876.
1024 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERS, [108] —
Tuckahoe River, Hillsborough, Md. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Tuckahoe River, N. J. California salmon, 1878.
Tuckahoe River, Tuckahoe, N. J. California salmon, 1876.
Tugaloo River, R. R. Crossing, Habersham County, Ga. Shad, 1879.
Tugaloo River, S. C. California salmon, 1880.
Tugaloo River. (See tributaries: Seneca River and Martin’s Creek.)
Tulare County, Cal., Tulare Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878; whitefish,
1875, 1879.
Tulare Lake, Cal. Whitefish, 1875, 1879.
Tulare Lake, Tulare County, Cal. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Tunnel City, Wis., Lemonweir River. California salmon, 1879, 1879.
Turkey River, Clermont, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Turkey River, Fayette, lowa. California salmon, 1875.
Turkey River, Greeley, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Turkey River, Iowa. California salmon, 1879, 1879.
Turkey River, Maynard, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Turkey River, West Union, Iowa. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Turtle Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Tuscaloosa, Ala., Black Warrior River. Shad, 1879.
Tuscaloosa County, Ala. (See Tuscaloosa, Ala.)
Tuscarawas County, Ohio. (See New Comerstown, Ohio.)
Tuscarawas River, New Comerstown, Ohio. California salmon, 1878.
Twin Lake, Elgin, Ill. California salmon, 1875.
Twin Lake, Grant County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Twin Lake, lowa. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Twin Lake, Petosky, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Twin Lakes, Chapinsville, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1879.
Twin Lakes, Dakota County, Minn. California salmon, 1878, 1880.
Twin Lakes, Kalamazoo County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
Twin Lakes, Pine County, Minn. California salmon, 1875.
Twin Lakes, Pomeroy, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Twin Lakes, Richmond, McHenry County, Il. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Twin Lakes, Salisbury, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878.
Twin Lakes, Washington County, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Twin Spring Creek, Tooele County, Utah. California salmon, 1876.
Tye River, Nelson County, Va. California salmon, 1876 ; Schoodice sal-
mon, 1877.
Tygart’s Valley River, Barbour County, W. Va. California salmon,
1879, 1880.
Tygart’s Valley River, Randolph County, W. Va. California salmon,
1879, 1880.
Tygart’s Valley River, Grafton, W. Va. Shad, 1879.
Tygart’s Valley River, tributary of, Randolph County, W. Va. Schoodic
salmon, 1878.
Tygert River, Carter County, Ky. California salmon, 1878.
Tyrone, Pa., Juniata River. California salmon, 1879.
[109] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1025
Uleofanhanchee River, Covington, Ga. Shad, 1879.
Union Bridge, Md., Pipe Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Union Bridge, Md., pond tributary to Big Pipe Creek. Schoodie sal-
mon, 1879.
Union County, Pa. (See Lewisburgh, Pa.; Mifflinburgh, Pa.)
Union Lake, Rice County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Union Springs, Ala., Conecuh River. Shad, 1879.
Union Springs, Ala., Pea River. Shad, 1879.
Uniontown, D.C., pond. California trout, 1880.
Unionville, Md., pond. California trout, 1880; Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Unity, Me., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Unkechewalom Pond, Lunenburgh, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877.
Upper Bear River, Rich County, Utah Territory California salmon,
1876, 1876.
Upper Creek, Burke County, N. C. California trout, 1880.
Upper Creek, Morgantown, N.C. California salmon, 1879.
Upper Paxton, Dauphin County, Pa., Mahantonga River.. California
salmon, 1875.
Upton’s Pond, Dutchess County, N. Y. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Utah County, Utah, Mill Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Utica, Mich., Clinton River. California salmon, 1875.
Vaduais Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. California salinon, 1876.
Valley Falls, Kans., Delevan River. California salmon, 1880.
Valley Pond, Woodbridge, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878.
Van Buren County, Buck’s Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Van Buren County, Mich., Dowagiac River. California salmon, 1879.
Van Buren County, Mich., Mill Stream. California salmon, 1879.
Van Buren County. Mich., Sister Lakes. California salmon, 1878.
Van Buren County, Mich., Almena, Mich., Paw-Paw, Mich.
Vanceburgh, Ky., Kinniconick Creek. Schoodie salmon, 1878.
Vaughan, Miss., Big Black River. Shad, 1878.
Venango, Kans., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Verdigris River, Independence, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Vergennes, Vt., Otter Creek. Shad, 1573, 1874.
Vermillion River, south branch of, Dakota County, Minn. California
salmon, 1878.
Vermillion River, Wamego, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Vernon County, Mo. (See Schell City, Mo.)
Vernon River, Mount Vernon, Ohio. California salmon, 1879.
Verona Lake, N. J. California salmon, 1879.
Versailles, Ky., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Vigo County, Ind. (See Terre Haute, Ind.)
Vineland, N. J., Maurice River. California salmon, 1876.
Volga River, Fayette, lowa. California salmon, 1875.
Volga River, Greeley, lowa. California salmon, 1875.
Volga River, Iowa. California salmon, 1879.
Voluntown, Conn., Beach Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876
S. Mis. 110-——65
1026 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [110]
Wabash County, Ind. (See Wabash, Ind.)
Wabash, Ind, Wabash River. California salmon, 1876, 1876.
Wabash River, La Fayette, Ind. Shad, 1880.
Wabash River, Logansport, Ind. Shad, 1873, 1874.
Wabash River, Terre Haute, Ind. Shad, 1878, 1879.
Wabash River, Wabash, Ind. California salmon, 1876, 1876.
Wabash River. (See tributaries: Embarrass River, Mississinewa River,
White River.)
Wabasha County, Minn., Mazeppa. California salmon, 1876, 1878,
Wabasha County, Minn., North Branch Zumbro, California salmon,
1875.
Wabasha County, Minn., Skellman’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Wabasha County, Minn. (See Lake City, Minn.; Mazeppa, Minn.)
Waconica Lake, Carver County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Wakarusa River, Topeka, Kans. California salmon, 1880.
Wakasa River, Ottawa, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Wake County, N. C., Neuse River. Shad, 1877.
Wake County, N.C. (See Neuse, N. C.; Raleigh, N. C.)
Waketield, Md., Pipe Creek. California salmon, 1874, 1876.
Wakefield, Mass., Lake Quannapowitt. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878,
1879. .
Wakefield, N. H., East Pond. Schoodice salmon, 1879.
Wakefield, N. H., Lorewell’s Pond. California salmon, 1879.
Wakefield, N. H., Newechewaunock Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Waldo County, Me. (See Unity, Me.)
Walhonding River, Coshocton, Ohio. California salmon, 1877.
Walker Creek, Fillmore County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Walker, Iowa, Big Rock Creek. California salmon, 1875.
Walker’s Pond, Boscawen, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Walker’s Pond, Conway, N. H. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Walkersville, W. Va., West Fork of Monongahela. California salmon,
1878.
Walkill River. (See tributary: Greenwood Lake.)
Walled Lake, Oak County, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Waller County, Tex. (See Hempstead, Tex.)
Wall Lake, Iowa. California salmon, 1879, 1879.
Walloon Lake. (See tributary: Bear Creek.)
Wallow Lake, Charlevoix County, Mich. California salmon, 1878.
Wall’s Lake, Oakland County, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Wallum Pond, Burrillville, R. I. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1878.
Walnut River, El Dorado, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879; Shad,
1879.
Walnut River, Great Bend, Kans. California salmon, 1878, 1879; Shad,
1879.
Walter Creek, Monroe County, N. Y. California salmon, 1578.
[111] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1027
Waltham, Mass., Hardy’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Walworth County, Wis., Boothe’s Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Walworth County, Wis., Geneva Lake. California salmon, 1875, 1876,
1877, 1878, 1879; Schoodie salmon, 1876, 1878, 1879.
Walworth County, Wis., Perch Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Walworth County, Wis. (See Geneva, Wis.)
Wamego, Kans., Vermillion River. California salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Wangambourg Pond, South Coventry, Conn. Schoodie salmon, 1877.
Wanouscoponus Lake, Lakeville, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877,
1879.
Wantonwan County, Minn., Cedar Lake. California salmon, 1879.
Wapakoneta, Ohio, Auglaize River. California salmon, 1875.
Wapello County, lowa. (See Ottumwa, Lowa.)
Wapsie River, lowa. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Wapsie River. (See Wapsipinecon River.)
Wapsipinecon River, Anamosa, Iowa. California salmon, 1874, 1875.
Wapsipinecon River, Dixon, lowa. California salmon, 1874.
Wapsipinecon River, Independence, Iowa. California salmon, 1875.
Wapsipinecon River, Oxford, lowa. California salmon, 1875.
Waramaug Lake, New Preston, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1877.
Waramaug Pond, South Coventry, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Waramaug Pond, Warren, Conn. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Warden’s Pond, Kingston, R. I. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Warner, N. H., Bean Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Warren and Barrington Rivers, R. I. Shad, 1877.
Warren, Conn., Waramaug Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Warren County, Ky., Barren River. California salmon, 1877, 1878;
shad, 1878.
Warren County, Ky., Jasper River. California salmon, 1878.
Warren County, Ky. (See Bowling Green, Ky.; Smith’s Grove, Ky.)
Warren County, N.J., Paulinskill Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Warren County, N. J. (See Oxford, N. J.)
Warren County, Pa., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Warren County, Va. (See Riverton, Va.)
Warren, Ind., Grapevine Creek. California salmon, 1875.
Warren, Md., Gunpowder River. California trout, 1880.
Warren, N. H., Baker’s River. California salmon, 1876; Penobscot
salmon, L876.
Warren River, Bristol County, R. I. Shad, 1874, 1875, 1877.
Warsaw, N.C., Six Runs. Shad, 1879, 1879.
Warwick Pond, Warwick, R. I. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Warwick, Kent County, R. I., Gorton’s Pond. Schoodice salmon, 1876.
Warwick, Kent County, R. 1., Warwick Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Waseca County, Minn., Clear Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Waseca County, Minn., Elysian Lake. California salmon, 1875, 1876,
1879, 1880; Schoodic salmon, 1875.
1028 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [112]
Washington County, D.C. (See Anacostia, D.C.; Georgetown, D. C.;
and Washington, D. C.)
Washington County, Kans. (See Clifton, Kans.; and Washington,
Kans.)
Washington County, Me., Grand Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1873, 1879.
Washington County, Me. (See Calais, Me.; Charlotte, Me.; Cooper,
Me.; Danforth, Me.; Eaton, Me.; and Pembroke, Me.)
Washington County, Md. (See Clear Spring, Md.; Chewsville, Md.;
Fairview, Md.; Hagerstown, Md.; Weverton, Md.; and Williams-
port, Md.)
Washington County, Minn., Bass Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Washington County, Minn., Brown’s Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Washington County, Minn., Butts Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Washington County, Minn., Clear Lake. California salmon, 1878.
Washington County, Minn., Cornelian Lake. California salmon, 1876,
1877.
Washington County, Minn., Eagle Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Washington County, Minn., lake. California salmon, 1876.
Washington County, Minn., Lake Elmo. California salmon, 1879.
Washington County, Minn., Lakeland. California salmon 1876.
Washington County, Minn., McKusic’s Lake. California salmon, 1876,
1877.
Washington County, Minn., Marine Lake. California saimon, 1876.
Washington County, Minn., Pine Tree Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Washington County, Minn., Round Lake California saimon, 1876.
Washington County, Minn., School Section. California salmon, 1876.
Washington County, Minn., Silver Lake. California salmon, 1877,
1379:
Washington County, Minn., Square Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Washington County, Minn., Tanner’s Lake. California saimon, 1878.
Washington County, Minn., Terry Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Washington County, Minn., Twin Lakes. California salmon, 1877.
Washington County, Minn. (See Lakeland, Minn.; Stillwater, Minn.)
Washington County, N.C. (See Plymouth, N. C.)
Washington County, N. Y. (See Fort Edward, N. Y.)
Washington County, R. I., Pawtucket River. California salmon, 1875 ;
shad, 1874, 1875.
Washington County, R. I. (See Kingston, R. I.; Richmond, R. I.)
Washington County, Va. (See Saltville, Va.)
Washington County, Vt. (See Northfield, Vt.; Waterbury, Vt.)
Washington County, Vt., Kettle Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Washington County, Wis. (See Richfield, Wis.)
Washington, D. C., East Branch Potomac River. Shad, 1880, (21
items.)
Washington, D. C., Potomac River. Shad, 1878, 1880.
Washington, Kans., Mill Creek. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
[113] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1029
Wasiington Lake, Le Sueur County, Minn. California salmon, 1878,
Washington, Mo., Missouri River. Shad, 1872.
Washita River. (See tributaries: Quactuto, Sabine, Saline, and Caddo
Rives.)
Washoe County, Nev. (See Reno, Nev.)
Washtenaw County, Mich., Huron River. California salmon, 1876.
Washtenaw County, Mich., Whitmore Lake. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Washtenaw County, Mich. (See Chelsea, Mich.; Dexter, Mich.)
Watauga County, N. C., ponds. California trout, 1880.
Waterbury, Vt., Winooski River. Shad, 1877. .-
Wateree Kiver, Richland County, S.C. Shad, 1880; California salmon,
1880.
Wateree River. (See tributary: Catawba River.)
Waterford, Vt., Style’s Pond. Schoodice salmon, 1878.
Waterloo, lowa, Cedar River. California salmon, 1874.
Waterville, Kans., Little Blue River. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Waterville, Me., Kennebeé River. Shad, 1874, 1880.
Waterville, Ohio, Maumee River. California salmon, 1880.
Watervliet, Mich., Big Paw-Paw River. California salmon, 1878.
Watonwan County, Minn., Long Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Watonwan County, Minn., Madelia Lake. California salmon, 1876.
Watonwan County, Minn., Saint James Lake. Californiasalmon, 1877.
Watonwan County, Minn. (See Madelia, Minn.)
Watonwan River, Madelia, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Watonwan River. (See tributaries: Madelia Lake, Bingham and Saint
James Lakes.)
Watson Creek, Fillmore County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Watson Creek, North Branch of, Fillmore County, Minn. California
salmon, 1878, 1878.
Watsow’s Island, Md., Susquehanna River. Shad, 1880 (8 items).
Waugabonig Lake, South Coventry, Conn. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Waukesha County, Wis., Oconomowoc Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Waukesha County, Wis. (See Oconomowoc, Wis.)
Waukon, Lowa, tributary of Mississippi River. California salmon,
1875.
Waushara County, Wis., Wautoma Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Wautoma Lake, Waushara County, Wis. California salmon, 1877.
Wauwatosa, Wis., Milwaukee River. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Waverly, lowa, tributary of Mississippi River. Penobscot salmon,
1875.
Waverly, Md., Stoney Run. California trout, 1880.
Wayne County, Mich., Detroit River. California salmon, 1878, 1878.
Wayne County, Mich., Rogue River. California salmon, 1879.
Wayne County, Mich. (See Dearborn, Mich.; Detroit, Mich.; and
Northville, Mich.)
Wayne County, Mo., Black River. California salmon, 1879.
1030 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [114].
Wayne County, Mo., Saint Francis River. California salmon, 1879.
Wayne County, Mo. (See Piedmont, Mo.)
Wayne County, N. C. (See Mount Olive, N. C.)
Wayne County, Ohio. (See Millbrook, Ohio.)
Wayne County, Pa. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Wayne County, Pa., Jones’ Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Waynesborough, Va., South River. Shad, 1878.
Weakley County, Tenn. (See Dresden, Tenn.)
Weber River, Weber County, Utah. California salmon, 1876.
Weber County, Utah, Ogden River. California salmon, 1876.
Weber County, Utah, Weber River. California salmon, 1876.
Webster City, lowa, Boon River. California salmon, 1875.
Webster County, Mo., James River. Shad, 1879.
Webster City, lowa, Des Moines River. California salmon, 1875,
Webster County, lowa. (See Fort Dodge, Iowa.)
Wedge Pond, Medford, Mass. Schoodie salmon, 1876, 1877, 1880.
Wedge Pond, Winchester, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878, 1880.
Weitzel County, W. Va. (See Littleton, W. Va.)
Welder Lake, Cottonwood County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Weldon, N. C., Roanoke River. Shad, 1878, 1879, 1879, 1879.
’ Wellesley, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1876.
Wellfleet, Mass., Gull Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878.
Well’s River, Vt. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Wenham Lake, Salem, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Wenham, Mass., Wenham Ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Wenham Ponds, Wenham, Mass. Schoodie salmon, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Wenonah, N. J., Mantua Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Wenonah, N. J., streams. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Westborough, Mass., Hockomoco Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
West Campton, N. H., tributary of Merrimack River. Penobscot salmon,
1873.
West Canada Creek, Herkimer County, N. Y. California salmon, 1874.
Western River, Cockeysville, Md. California salmon, 1576.
Westfield, Mass., Congamond Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1879, 1880.
Westfield, Mass., Westfield River. Shad, 1874, 1876.
Westfield River, Mass. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Westfield River, Westfield, Mass. Shad, 1874, 1876.
West Hartford, Conn., reservoir. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
West Lake, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
Westminster, Md., Cobb’s Branch. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Westminster, Md., Little Pipe Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Westminster, Md., Pipe Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Westminster, Md., pond. California trout, 1880, 1880; Schoodic salmon,
1878, 1879.
Westmore, Vt., Lake Willoughby. sSchoodic salmon, 1878.
~
[115] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH 1031
Westmoreland County, Pa., Allegheny River. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Westmoreland County, Pa. (See Donegal Pa.; Greensburgh, Pa.)
West Obion River, Paducah Junction, Tenn. Shad, 1579.
Weston, W. Va., West Fork Monongahela River. Schoodic salmon,
1879.
West Plattsburgh, N. Y., Saranac River. Penobscot salmon, 1875,
West Point, Ga., Chattahoochee River. Shad, i877.
Westport, Conn., Saugatuck River. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Westport, Pa., Kettle Creek. California salmon, 1878.
West River, Durham, Conn. California salmon, 1874.
West River, Northford, Conn. California salmon, 1873.
West Scituate, Mass., Scituate Ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
West Skunk River, Iowa. California salmon, 1879.
West Union, Iowa, Turkey River. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
West Union, W. Va., Middle Island Creek. California salmon, 1877,
1878.
West Winsted, Conn., Long Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1878, 1879.
Wetmore, Kans., Spring Creek. California salmon, 1878, 1879.
Wetmore Lake, Allegan County, Mich. California salmon, 1879.
Wetzel County, W. Va., Fishing Creek. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Wetzel County, W. Va. (See Burton, W. Va.)
Weverton, Md., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Weverton, Md., Potomae River. California salmon, 1876, 1877, 1878.
Wexford County, Mich., Manistee River. California salmon, 1879.
Weymouth Great Pond, South Weymouth, Mass. Schoodic salmon,
1876, 1877, 1878.
Weymouth, N. J., Great Egg Harbor River. California salmon, 1877.
Whaleysville, Md., Pocomoke River. California salmon, 1879, 1880;
shad, 1879.
Wheatland, Monroe County, N. Y., Spring Brook. California salmon,
1878.
Wheeling Creek, Cold Spring, W. Va. California salmon, 1878;
schoodie salmon, 1879.
Wheeling Creek, Wheeling, W. Va. California salmon, 1877.
Wheeling, W. Va., Wheeling Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Wheelock, Vt., Passumpsic tributaries. Penobscot salmon, 1574.
Whippaug River, Morristown, N.-J. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
White Bear Lake, Ramsey County, Minn. California salmon, 1875,
1876; Penobscot salmon, 1875; schoodic salmon, 1875, 1877.
White County, Ark., Little Red River. Shad, 1879.
Whitefish Lake, Pierson, Montcalm County, Mich. Schoodic salmon,
1878.
White Hall, Md., pond. California trout, 1530.
White Haven, Pa., Big Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
White Haven, Pa., Moses Wood Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
White Oak Branch, Laure] County, Ky. California salmon, 1877.
1032. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [116]
White Oak Creek, Garrard County, Ky. California salmon, 1876.
White River, Columbus, Ind. Shad, 1874.
White River, Indianapolis, Ind. California salmon, 1874; shad, 1872,
1874, 1875, 1379.
White River, Newport, Ark. California salmon, 1878, 1878; shad, 1876.
White River, Royalton, Vt. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
White River. (See tributaries: Little Red River, Black River, Currant
River, James River, Big Black River, and Geneva Lake.)
White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., Dry Fork. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Whitmore Lake, Washtenaw County, Mich. Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Whitney Ridge, Me., Seboois River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Whitney’s Pond, Winchendon, Mass. Schoodice salmon, 1878, 1879.
Whitstone River, Columbus, Ohio. California salmon, 1878.
Wicomico Creek, Salisbury, Md. California salmon, 1879, 1880; shad,
1877, 1878, 1879.
Wicomico River. (See tributary: Wicomico Creek.)
Wicomico County, Md. (See Salisbury, Md.)
Wilbraham, Mass., Nine Mile Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1877.
Wildwood, Cook County. Ill., Calumet River. Penobscot salmon, 1874.
Wilkes Barre, Pa., Bear Lake. California salmon, 1880.
Wilkes Barre, Pa., Bowman’s Run. California salmon, 1876, 1878, 1879.
Wilkes Barre, Pa., Harvey’s Lake. Schoodie salmon, 1878, 1879.
Wilkin County, Minn., Red River of the North. California salmon,
1578.
Wilkin County, Minn. (See Breckenridge, Minn.)
William’s Creek, Cass County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
William’s Creek, Mich. California salmon, 1874.
Williams Mill, Pa., Yellow Breeches Creek. California salmon, 1874,
1875, 1876, 1578, 1879.
Williamson County, Ill. (See Marion, IIL)
Williams Pond, Grant County, W.Va. California salmon, 1879, 1880.
Williamsport, Md., Conococheague River. California salmon, 1876.
Williamsport, Pa., Trout Run. California salmon, 1879.
Williamsport, W. Va., Williams Spring. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Williams Sprivg, Williamsport, W. Va. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Williamstown, N. J., Great Egg Harbor River. California salmon,
1876.
Willimantic, Conn., brooks tributary to Thames River. Schoodie sal-
mon, 1878, 1879.
Willimantic, Conn., Shetucket River. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Willoughby Lake, Westmore, Vt. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Willow Brook, Minn., ponds. California trout, 1880.
Willow Brook, Sayville, N. Y. California salmon, 1876, 1877.
Willow Creek, Fillmore County, Minn. California salmon, 1878.
Willow River, Clear Lake, Wis. California salmon, 1879.
Wills Creek, Jennings Run, Md. California salmon, 1874.
PLL) INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH.. 1033
Wilmar, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Wilmington, Del., Christiana Creek. Shad, 1880.
Wilna, Md., Plum Tree Run. California trout, 1880.
Wilna, Md., Winters Run. California salmon, 1879; Schoodic salmon,
1880.
Wilson Brook, Dodge County, Minn. California salmon, 1878,
Wilson County, N. C., Contentnea Creek. Shad, 1877.
Wilson, Kans., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Wilton, Iowa, Cedar River. California salmon, 1875.
Winchendon, Mass., Dennison’s Lake. Schoodic salmon, 1876, 1877,
1878, 1879.
Winchendon, Mass., Whitney’s Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1878, 1879.
Winchester, Mass., Mystic Lake. Schoodice salmon, 1877, 1878, 1880.
Winchester, Mass., Wedge Pond. Schoodie salmon, 1876, 1877, 1873,
1880.
Winchester, Va., Cedar Creek. California salmon, 1874.
Windham, Conn., Shetucket Waters. Schoodie salmon, 1876.
Windham County, Conn. (See Canterbury, Conn.; North Windham,
Conn.; Putnam, Conn.; South Windham, Conn.; Voluntown, Conn. ;
Willimantic, Conn.; Windham, Conn.)
Windham County, Vt. (See Bellows Falls, Vt.; Rockingham, Vt.;
South Vernon, Vt.)
Windom Lake, Cottonwood County, Minn. California salmon, 1876.
Windom, Minn., Des Moines River. California salmon, 1877.
Windsor, Conn., Scantic River. Schoodie salmon, 1880.
Windsor County, Vt. (See Royalton, Vt.)
Winn, Me., Penobscot River. Penobscot salmon, 1876.
Winnebago County, Hl. (See Burritt, I.; Owen, Ill.; Rockford, U1.)
Winnepeg Lake. (See tributary: Red River of the North.)
Winneshiek County, Lowa. (See Decorah, Lowa.)
Winnesquam Lake, N.C. Schoodie salinon, 1880.
Winnipesaukee River, Tilton, N.C. Shad, 1877.
Winnipiseogee Lake, Centre Harbor, N. H. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Winnipiseogee Lake. (See tributary: Smith’s Pond.)
Winona County, Minn., Brown’s Mill Pond. California salmon, 1878.
Winona County, Minn., Ferguson Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Winona County, Minn., Pine Creek. California salmon, 1878.
Winooski River, Vt. * Penobscot salmon, 1873.
Winooski River, Burlington, Vt. Shad, 1873.
Winooski River, Essex, Vt. Schoodie salmon, 1876.
Winooski River, Waterbury, Vt. Shad, 1877.
Winooski River, Winooski, Vt. Shad, 1874, 1874.
Winslow, N. J., Great Egg Harbor River. California salmon, 1877,
Winsted, Conn., Long Lake. Schoodi¢ salmon, 1876, 1877.
Winter’s Run, Harford County, Md. California salmon, 1877.
Winter’s Run, Magnolia, Md. California salmon, 1876.
1034 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [118]
Winter’s Run, Wilna, Md. California salmon, 1879; Schoodic salmon,
1880.
Wisconsin River. (See tributaries: Spirit Lake, Streams, Spring Creek,
Silver Lake, Lemonweir River.)
Wisconsin River, tributaries of, Hartman Wis. California salmon, 1878.
Wisconsin River, tributaries of, Poynette,Wis. California salmon, 1878.
Wisconsin River, Wis. California salmon, 1878. :
Withington Lake, Crow Wing County, Minn. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Wolfborough, N. H., Smith’s Pond. California salmon, 1879.
Wolf River, Memphis, Tenn. California salmon, 1875.
Woodbridge, Conn., Valley Pond. ‘Schoodic salmon, 1877, 1878.
Woodburn Lake, Dexter, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Woodbury, Conn., Pomparaug River. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Woodbury County, Iowa. (See Sioux City, Iowa.)
Woodbury Creek, Woodbury, N. J. California salmon, 1877.
Woodbury, N. J., Timber Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Woodbury, N. J., Woodbury Creek. California salmon, 1877.
Wood County, Tex. (See Mineola, Tex.)
Wood County, W. Va. (See Parkersburgh, W. Va.)
Woodford County, Ky., Dunlap’s Branch. California salmon, 1876.
Woodford County, Ky., ponds. California salmon, 1878, 1878.
Woodford County, Ky., South Elkhorn. California salmon, 1877.
Woodford County, Ky. (See Versailles, Ky.)
Woodhull Lake, Herkimer County, N. Y. Schoodie salmon, 1879.
Wood River, R. I. California salmon, 1875.
\Vood’s Lake, Kalamazoo County, Mich. California salmon, 1875.
\Voodstock, Lenawee County, Mich. Goose Lake, California salmon, 1878.
Woodstock, Lenawee County, Mich., Mallory Lake. California salmon,
1878.
Woodstock, Lenawee County, Mich., Silver Lake. California salmon,
1878.
Woodstock, Lenawee County, Mich., Tiffin River. California salmon,
1878.
Woodstock, N. H., headwaters of Merrimack River. Penobscot salmon,
1873.
Woodstown, N. J., Salem Creek. California salmon, 1876.
Woodward’s Aquarium, San Francisco, Cal. Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Worcester County, Md. (See Berlin, Md.; Mitcheil’s Bridge, Md.; Po-
comoke City, Md.; Snow Hill, Md.; Whaleysville, Md.)
Worcester County, Mass. (See Ashburnham, Mass.; Athol, Mass.; Ber-
lin, Mass.; Harvard, Mass.; Hubbardston, Mass.; Lancaster, Mass.:
Lunenburgh, Mass.; Mendon, Mass.; Milford, Mass.; Millbury, Mass. ;
Paxton, Mass.; Westborough, Mass.; Winchendon, Mass.)
Worthington, Iowa, Maquoketa River. California salmon, 1875.
Worthington, Iowa, North Maquoketa River. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Wright County, Minn., Baytown Lake. California salmon, 1876.
[119] INDEX TO DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG FISH. 1035
Wright County, Minn., Howard Lake. Penobscot salmon, 1875.
Wright County, Minn., lakes. California salmon, 1879.
Wright County, Minn., Lake Charlotte. California salmon, 1877.
Wright County, Minn., Pulaski Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Wright County, Minn., Sugar Lake. California salmon, 1877.
Wright Pond, Holyoke, Mass. Schoodic salmon, 1879.
Wye Mills Creek, Cordova Station, Md. Shad, 1879.
Wythe County, Va., Barret’s Pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Wythe County, Va., ponds. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Wythe County, Va., Reed Creek. California salmon, 1879.
Wythe County, Va., Totes Run. California salmon, 1879.
Wythe County, Va. (See Lead Mines, Va.; Wytheville, Va.)
Wytheville, Va., New River. Schoodic salmon, 1877,1878, 1880.
Wytheville, Va., Totes Run. California salmon, 1880.
Yadkin River, Rowan County, N.C. Shad, 1877.
Yadkin River, Patterson’s, Caldwell County, N. C. California salmon,
1878, 1878, 1879.
Yadkin River, ponds tributary to, Salisbury, Rowan County, N.C.
Schoodic salmon, 1878.
Yadkin River, Salisbury, N.C. California salmon, 1877, 1877, 1879;
shad, 1878, 1879.
Yalabusha River, Grenada, Miss. Shad, 1878, 1879.
- Yarmouth, Mass., pond. Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Yazoo County, Miss. (See Vaughan, Miss.)
Yazoo River, Abbeville, Miss. Californiasalmon, 1876,1876; shad, 1876.
Yazoo River. (See tributaries: Sunflower, Coldwater, Tallahatchie,
Yalabusha, and Yocana Rivers.)
Yellow Breeches Creek, Mechanicsburgh, Pa. California salmon, 1873.
Yellow Breeches Creek, Williams Mill, Pa. California salmon, 1874,
1875, 1876, 1878, 1879.
Yellow River, Conyers, Ga. Shad, 1879.
Yellow River, Covington, Ga. California salmon, 1878; shad, 1880.
Yerke’s Lake, Northville, Mich. Whitefish, 1876.
Yocana River, La Fayette County, Miss. Shad, 1879.
York County, 8. C. (See Rock Hill, 8. C.)
York River. (See tributary: Mattapony River.)
York Road, Md.,pond. California trout, 1880; Schoodic salmon, 1880.
Youghiogheny River, Deer Park, Md. California salmon, 1877.
Youghiogheny River, Oakland, Md. California salmon, 1876.
Youghiogheny River. (See tributary: Little Youghiogheny River.)
Zalman’s, Va. (See Buffalo Mills, Va.)
Zanesville, Ohio, Muskingum River. Shad, 1876.
Zumbro River, Mazeppa, Minn. California salmon, 1876, 1878.
Zumbro River, North Branch, Wabasha County, Minn. California sal-
mon, 1878.
Zumbro River, South Branch, Rochester, Minn. California salmon, 1877.
bin
Rie a,
AAR i
: met
XX.—REPORT OF WORK AT THE UNITED STATES HATCHERY,
NORTHVILLE, MICH., 1881-82.
By FRANK N. CLark.
The following report, in connection with the work of this station, for
the year ending June 30, 1882, is respectfully submitted.
The work performed anne the period covered by this report in-
cludes the collection and subsequent disposition of the eggs or fry pro-
ceeding from 22,500,000 eggs of whitefish (Coregonus albus); 140,000
eggs of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) trom the ponds of this sta-
tion; about 5,000 eges of the red-banded or rainbow trout of Califor-
nia (Salmo ir 7 a), also from the ponds of this station, and 57,000 eggs
of lake trout (Cristivomer namaycush); the forwarding of 7 5,000 eggs
of California trout received from the United States ahs at Baird,
Cal., and the care and disposal of the resultant fry; the forwarding of
46,500 eggs of Schoodic salmon received from the United States station
at Grand Lake Stream, Me., and the distribution of the fry; and the
distribution of 1,500 young carp received from the national carp ponds
at Washington.
In addition to this work, the old trout ponds were reconstructed and
reoutlined during the months of September and October, and an ad-
ditional pond built to accommodate the increased stock of breeders. A
survey of the premises was made in July, and a map of the same, show-
ing the proposed improvements, was soon after submitted to the United
States Commissioner.
For the purpose of creating a large stock of parent fish from which
to supply the increasing demand for eggs of California trout, several
thousand of the young of these fish were retained from the lot natoned
in February and March of the present year, and 12 new tanks fitted for
their temporary accommodation. Anticipating the increased accommo-
dations required by these fish later on, excavations for three new ponds
were begun in April, and these are now nearly completed.
During the first two months of the year under consideration—July
and August—no special work was carried forward, the time being oc-
cupied with work that is, for the most part, current throughout the
year. This includes the preparing and dispensing of aliment to the
growing and adult fish; devising and executing plans for their protec-
tion from poachers; affording to the relatively smaller fishes protection
1037
1038 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
from their greatest enemies—the larger ones—by keeping them assorted
according to size, irrespective of age; directing and equalizing the in-
flow of water proportionate to the number and size of the fishes in each
pond; guarding all possible avenues of escape of the fishes from one
pond to another, as well as into the waste channel, and in removing the
masses and collections of the ever-generating alge floating against and
clogging the screens—a source of great annoyance on hot, sunny days
that are especially favorable to its formation.
At the hatchery, but little preparation for the hatching season was
necessary, everything having been put in order at the close of this
branch of work in April, 1881, and left in readiness to resume opera-
tions again at the proper time. The few essential preliminaries in this
direction, as well as in connection with the water facilities and adjuncts,
were therefore arranged in September and October, cotemporaneously
with the work of revising the trout ponds.
As the estimates contemplated increased work in the way of propa-
gating whitefish, increased hatching capacity was provided by displac-
ing a double row of hatching-boxes with a tier of tanks, which were
subsequently equipped with hatching-jars.
Possible and manifestly weak places in connection with the spring
pond and its three outlets were repaired and strengthened to better guard
against leakage and imminence of danger of outbursts. The discharg-
ing channels alluded to provide for drainage, for overflow, and for con-
veying the water to the reservoir from which the tank room is supplied.
Being made of wood and laid underground, they have usually lasted not
to exceed 4 or 5 years, and, in spite of their being thoroughly caulked
when laid, leak more or less after a time. Then, the draught-pipe be-
tween the spring pond and reservoir must, of necessity, pierce the dam
near its surface to give sufficient head of water in the hatchery, and,
being so near the surface, has been lifted from its bed by upheavals of
frost, the water percolating underneath. The overflow being still nearer
the top of the dam is even more liable to be thus forced from position;
and nothing short of constant vigilance at times has prevented the
water getting sufficient start in this way to wash a gorge across the
highway that creates the dam, which would soon draw the pond below
the draught pipe, and thus discontinue the supply for the hatchery.
The overflow in use having become quite unserviceable through age, I
decided to guard against further insecurity at this point by replacing
it with pipes of iron firmly imbedded in cement and gravel. This was
accordingly done, and no further trouble from this source is anticipated.
The drainage and draught pipes, after being thoroughly caulked, were
considered safe for another season—the one just closed. But as there
is now more or less leakage, which is a constant menace to the safety of
the dam, and as it is important to secure immunity from danger of de-
stroying the water power during the hatching period, these must also
be replaced by iron conductors of sufficient caliber for the purpose,
[3] OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1039
surrounded by an impervious mass of cement and gravel. Until this
is done it will not be possible to command the entire yield of the sup-
plying springs, nor to dictate through what channels the water shall
be discharged.
The cooling or intermediate reservoir between the spring pond and
hatchery had been leaking quite too freely to be compatible with safety,
so that repairs were considered essential. We therefore girted it with
a 10-inch band or rim of 2-inch planking, the water level touching the
middle of the rim, while the planks themselves are firmly held against
the outer wall by spikes driven to stakes set in front. Then, a double
coat of cement, lapping on the edge of this rim and covering the entire
interior surface of the reservoir, was spread, thus effectually closing all
possible chances for leakage. The test of eight months’ use of this re-
ceptacle has shown it to be absolutely water-tight and perfectly safe.
NOTES AND TABLES IN REFERENCE TO COLLECTING THE SUPPLY OF
WHITEFISH EGGS.
Most of the eggs laid in were secured at the ‘ Bass” islands of Lake
Erie, which are, on the whole, quite as reliable as any locality for this
work. Certain other points in Lake Erie, as well as in Lakes Huron
and Michigan, may show heavier catches of fish, but they are, so far as
I have been able to ascertain, less prolific of ripe fish, in proportion to
the number caught. At the islands, too, as well as at all other points,
the yield of eggs from the various fisheries is quite disproportionate to
the catch of adult fish. The fact that whitefish are caught in any given
locality during their nominal spawning period does not necessarily sig-
nify that ripe fish will be found at such places, for the devices for their
capture—the stationary trap net or portable gill-net—may not be set
on or near those grounds naturally selected by the fish for the deposi-
tion of spawn, but at points in the paths or runways leading to and
quite remote from the objective point of the fish in their migrations
from the feeding to the spawning grounds. Fxom these nets ripe fish
are found, if at all, with the exception of an occasional straggler, in the
later runs at the last of the season. Such fisheries, although quite
profitable for the fishermen, are generally unreliable for the collection
of spawn, especially when adverse weather compels a suspension of
work before the last migrations occur.
There are certain spawning grounds in the vicinity of the islands that
can invariably be depended on. These are well known, and have be-
come favorites with the spawn-gatherers, not only because of their reli-
ability and certainty of being visited by schools of ripe fish, but ripe
fish usually appear several days earlier than at other points, some of
which furnish heavier catches. Indeed, the privilege of collecting eggs
from the nets set on these fruitful grounds is so much sought after by
the representatives of various fish commissions that, naturally enough,
considerable rivalry for the control thereof is developed. Naturally
1040 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
enough, too, the State commissions can wield a greater influence than
others over net-owners, their work being practically of a local character,
and carried on for the express purpose of increasing the stock of fishes
by propagation.
Notwithstanding this opposition, however, I arranged with Messrs.
Snide and Fox, of North Bass Island, for the eggs from their three trap-
nets, which were established on spawning grounds not surpassed by
any in Lake Erie. Fourteen and a half million eggs were taken from
these three nets, or nearly 5,000,000 to the net, as will be seen by refer-
ring to the tables. A glance at the tables will show also that eggs
were taken here seven days earlier than at Middle Bass Island, and
eight days earlier than at Kelley’s Island.
Four nets were worked at each of the last two islands mentioned, the
former yielding 1,000,000 to the net and the latter about 650,000.
During the fall season whitefish and herring comprise the great mass
of fish caught at the islands, or, for that matter, throughout Lake Erie.
Indeed, the combined catch of all other kinds is insignificant in com-
parison.
The lake remained open much later than the preceding season (1880),
increasing the product of the fisheries to correspond. Notwithstanding
this, however, the greater demand and brisker competition of buyers
combined to produce a decided advance in prices. Thus in the fall of
1880 the fishermen received 34 to 35 cents per pound for whitefish and
50 cents per hundred weight for herring, while during the period under
consideration they received 44 to 45 cents for whitefish and 75 cents to
$1 for herring.
Pending the appearance of ripe fish the ‘‘egg-man” must bide his
time with patience, disposing of the time which would otherwise hang
heavily in collecting notes by the wayside, and making frequent tours
of the docks as the fish-boats come in to note the condition and catch
of fish, often being compelled, through courtesy, to listen to the oft-
repeated tale of some superannuated fisherman, who tells what “piles”
of fish he used to catch in “them days,” such fabulous figures being
noted as to induce the belief that the original number had increased in
geometrical progression through the intervening years.
Following are the tables of spawn-taking operations at North Bass,
Middle Bass, and Kelley’s Island :
AT NORTH BASS.
Females Males Number
Date.
used. used. eggs taken.
Noy. 10 1 3 15, 000
1 4 10 45, 000
13 12 | 18 250, 000
14 34 | 50 640, 000
TG ee at Ree ae EE eee, | ee ee eee oe 49 60 960, 000
Sis “erie seer : cast sae Sones Siaele 45 | 80 | 950, 000
20) . fee xe aise LUI OtOe LRM Bie ABE Lbs 3. | 50 | 70 | 1, 000, 000
2] Uae ve ate eben a3 Sy ae aie 90 | 120 | 2, 000, 000
Dod Nal srrse a xcetyste hae nie ee Forth Renn NR eh ALUM hayes Coty oll 53 | 100 1, 250, 000
[5] OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1041
AT NORTH BASS—Continued.
Date Females | Males Number
. used. | used. |eggstaken.
Nov. 40 65 900, 000
58 85 1, 250, 000
85 110 1, 825, 000
20 25 375, 000
24 34 450, 000
28 40 500, 000
Dec. 26 50 450, 000
$ 38 45 800, 000
20 25 440, 000
18 22 300, 000
6 9 100, 000
TLS 43 Resa Rp eS Secce poe ABA EOE See eee Se aS eee aed ENO Rs Bell eR oe | 14, 500, 000
AT MIDDLE BASS.
EN Oram eee tnsteiciats sinisintn cqeisisise Sic eats ate ieteraiciss oteice) -toretae alors asteteieieteis cine os ae 18 35 400, 000
TSS 5 SOCAN eee RE ee apne ae es SNe, Eis ai? OS a ee 16 35 325, 000
Orca (ecisiaislsig sas a s\nial-ticie Asissistinadi aise lane s/c baie nee cio ccm ceniatsiome 30 50 550, 000
2 ee eee NR cra keR ew Ta es Ce DAG le 18 32 325, 000
Oy A ae Se Sees ae ee ae en oe Nae Ret pr enn ean ae 32 48 650, 000
TS ABO SOS SE a aR oP ih iit REIN te UE CaaS NGI 40 55 725, 000
DY lcs A pee RTS Mee eo oe OE a Pe em ng RA Pie Re a a oe eet 20 60 475, 000
Bel 93 DS a Coc SOCD EOD BEC OOD DET OF CHEE ATES DOOR O ROGER Sas aaae Sa eet 22 38 | 450, 000
DOP al aainscretelai ele ce ate sioner cle cleinis tivale celoe waste asiatlsatenai ccckiognese 6 13 100, 000
ROLE me REE Ina ALOT E RNA AES een AS STS Le Le LOY 3 Ma oo 5 vosiliae Coe a 4, 000, 000
AT KELLEY’S ISLAND.
ENON Reena eran a aman hee ait rec ohn hoes 6 10 125, 000
OBA eee ace sctaecce eiela pete e aia alelcieinisleoeln= “cies wiaietalciaiclsisia!ninieis's,s (cis 5 10 75, 000
21), > GSS eae R had Sade SEC SOaCA TRO OCee REE CREB EE CBOE Oe Mer reine 10 18 200, 000
DO ee ee ene ee Renae a Mee a8 53 Sac sch cance ocho oe aoe 16 28 300, 000
LO ee eae ete etse cles s cine ea einisccneates secee sebcc onesies cate smsineecice 42 70 850, 000
DD See eee tee crys. saa Sa aise oe ba eisane Ue cle tte ae seciaeie sis semen 25 40 450, 000
WO Pactewtaae seetiesaonsteeminisee nema s(jseceieisia ceeds samen scctonssels 21 36 400, 000
DOO Th Se AGRO O SC ee EO SS a aa a a pr nS RE 4 10 100, 000
0} Ooch DE BEE DAO UBD OUS CD OAD ICCD BARBER ECA EC PDE en Ma nOmariccr arte 4 9 75, 000
TUE ote Cap Gonehe SB nbh ope pene Canoe HOC HORE AH aGaeneMBepral Hebe cans lnascocs tne 2, 575, 000
The eggs were packed and conveyed to the hatchery in the flannel-
tray shipping-cases, substantially in the same manner noted in my last
report (1880-’81).
At Alpena, Mich., whence I anticipated receiving a large number of
eggs, a very decidedly off year for the fishermen, and in consequence
for the spawn-gatherer, was experienced. The continued warm weather
of October and November delayed the cooling of the water to that
degree necessary to drive the fish from the deep waters to the shoals
and reefs for the purpose of spawning, until near the usual time for
winter to set in; so that the fishermen, fearing a repetition of the
experiences of the preceding season, when winter was precipitated upon
them so suddenly that a large amount of fishing appurtenances were
frozen in and destroyed, entailing heavy losses, were affrighted at the
first cold snap, and had relegated all their paraphernalia to winter
quarters before the ebb-tide of whitefish—the fisherman’s bonanza—
had set in.
S. Mis. 110-——66
1042 kEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
In this section the first runs during the fall season are made up
almost wholly of lake trout (Cristivomer namaycush), and usually a
sufficient number are caught to compensate for cost of fitting up and
setting the nets and current operating expenses, leaving the measure
of profits to be determined by the length of time the work can hold out
against the weather during the whitefish run. This would seem to be
and invariably is sufficient inducement to incur the taking of great
risks; but the fishermen seemed only to remember the disasters and
losses of the previous season, forgetting that the early and intense cold
of that period was quite exceptional. <A feeling of overcaution was
produced, manifested by the great haste of interested parties to con-
sign their trappings to the protection of harbors and twine-houses.
But as day after day of moderate weather—for the time of year—fol-
lowed the first blizzard, they saw how premature their alarm had been,
and it is safe to predict for the coming season a relapse into the other
extreme of an entire disregard of the premonitions of winter.
The season could doubtless have been made a successful one for both
fisherman and spawn-taker, as the weather was such as to admit of a
continuance of operations long after the field was abandoned. Even as
it was, fishing was carried on ten days later than last year, but should
have continued still fifteen days longer to correspond with the weather
and runs of fish. The number of whitefish actually brought to port at
Alpena during the season was quite insignificant compared with some
former years, and a very decided falling off from the average. Of course
quite a large number were caught in the aggregate, from which many
millions of eggs might have been obtained had there been a heavy
sprinkling of ripe spawners; but only the advance guard was captured,
and this is invariably made up of a great preponderance of males—
mostly ripe—and a few unripe females. Just as mature spawners be-
gan to appear, a brief period of severe weather came on, nets were
withdrawn as rapidly as possible, so that eggs were taken only on four
days, and then in insignificant numbers, with one exception. In no
other branch of the work is success or failure so dependent upon and
associated with the condition of the weather.
Certain well-known and well-defined localities are sure to receive the
annual visitations of hordes of whitefish laden with spawn; but as the
climax of their spawning period is reached only at the verge of winter,
when the elements are liable at any time to combine to prevent their
capture, a considerable degree of uncertainty in regard to laying in a
very large number of eggs is of necessity unavoidable.
However, I can but regard Alpena and vicinity as a favorable locality
for the collection of whitefish eggs. Large numbers of the parent fish
are captured, and very rarely, indeed, are the fisheries abandoned before
the height of the spawning season is reached. This fact, coupled with
the great fecundity of the fish, makes it a matter of comparative ease to
obtain vast numbers of eggs under favorable circumstances. Having
[7] OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1043
plenty of ripe fish at command, one man can readily take two or three
million eggs daily. I have taken, on more than one occasion, under
partial adverse circumstances, 2,000,000 eges in a day. It will be seen
then, that but few days in the aggregate, at the right time, are required
to secure great numbers. Indeed, taking the seasons as they average,
only a small corps of spawn-gatherers are necessary to collect any
reasonable number of eggs.
Mr. Wires, with one assistant, obtained eggs as follows:
2 Nowa A aie Sareea os oe er 25,000 from 2 females.
BNOWe Loe c 2 2c oss BE SNC G Bicvo epee eee 100,000 from 6 females.
“TDM in 2A) 5h eet ea 22 eC A a rr 100,000 from 7 females.
iene tat. 072: sn EL Bean Sansa Lata acd 200,000 from 11 females.
28 OVE a eA a Sern ase --- 1,000,000 from 40 females.
Those taken November 16 were from trap-nets, the remainder from
gill-nets. Besides the 1,425,000 whitefish eggs taken and sent on to
Northville in good endo by Mr. Nv arees some 60,000 eggs of lake
trout were taken from 10 spawners on the last day of October and for-
warded to Northville in good shape the day following.
Below is Mr. Wires’s record of temperatures and weather observations
made each day at 12 m.:
bee ecSei| |
sl Se : | |
| "@ BE | Ss
| Get Satie |} eto
| ° ° | ==
Date: +} ¢) || 12 | et al Intensity. Condition of sky. | Remarks.
Eee A a
ee soa eae = | &
| ® a]
a a | S)
=| | 2
oO o =I |
& a A
| |
| | |
1881. ° ° |
Oct. 28} 48 | 50 S. ne B Ye 1) gage ree one Be Clondy2 225222 Raining nearly all day.
29 | 56 50 SE. -- do Clear | Went out with fishing tug Seawing.
30 | 46 50 W. es Do.
31 48 50" YN: Do.
Novae) (60041), 50.01) “S: : Remained at Alpena.
2/ 49 | 4y | SE. § Went out with the Seawing.
SUPT S a £48 | (SW... | Strong 2. 856. iloschdom-ctou sos Light snow-storm. Visited Part:
: | | ridge Point fishing grounds.
4! 30 47 | NW. 00h rze seas ctlinee COW se i cie ens Raining. Aboard the Seawing.
5 | 34 47 NE. i Cn ea aes te re 300 Ssceeccses Storms. At Alpena.
6| 54 47 S. Breshs. =. ).22:2 20 licibar SESE Be eee Went to Scarecrow Island.
TEED 47 SE. 10 see sees I@loudy) 2. -eso5- Went to North Point.
8 | 49 | 47 S. Very BLLON Ee eie| a2 OO eee eee ee Blowing a gale; no nets lifted.
9| 46 | 46 WW’ Deron gs .2.- oe Ea ineecet a At Alpena. No spawning white-
| fish found yet.
10; 38 46 W. Mreshisse. ease Ba (ees ee Do.
11 | 39 46 | KE. Miohtecsosesee ele ee dO ee ae Do.
12 | 43 46 We SiON Sas ess a ss OOys os ene siace.« Squally. Aboard the fishing tug
Grayling.
13 | 41 | 45 INGWei | iets So Se sl BAG eee eee At Alpena.
14/ 38 | 44 SW. |*Strone 2 -s.2..22- SOO} sass ceases Snowing. At Partridge Point.
15 | 26 A0 pice. PEC (aie s og a OY De ECO tees Went to fishing grounds at Os.
| sineke.
16 | 36 | 40 W. Bight; 2525. 33s. [sees dO eccenseccr First eggs of white-fish taken at
| [ | Ossineke.
17} 48 | 40 SW. sl\eVery strong. <5. -edo..k-.-225-5,- Blowing a gale; no nets lifted.
18 | 30 | 39 w. | Strong sess # BAG eae or aaee Trap pees being taken up at Os-
sineke
19} 30 | 38 N 8 OO) recs cmceens| see COmesnoote as Cold rain and sleet. Aboard the
| Seawing.
UR eee ee OTe HO Wii oes Os anasto ese) ore -OOteenees tess | Storming. Aboard the Seawing.
Sie BORE EST. |WIN Wie [2222do\ J sieseacecn| ook! doeete eos, Do.
\
1044 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
[ernie
Weta:
Westin emees
(eaecgay | MRP lho) eccs
Meas iecer a
i= }
Date. B g£ =) | Intensity. | Condition of sky. Remarks.
ei¢ 5
a2 | oO 3
Ba | & >
a | 8 #
eS 8 A
1881. | ° oe i
NON 22H ee | PSO sly light sees. ee Ons eee | Aboard the Tom Merrill.
2a V4Gu 301) We al) Very Stronger. |= sdOm cs. 22 -)=c'r| Blowing a gale. Boats remained
| | in port.
24) 18 | 34 Ww. Strongeessecce! See GOljantccsip ei 0.
25! 24 Soe eOWel Jake nO Oleea ee eens Eee AOmorecmecees | Blowing strong. Boats remained
in port.
26} 30 | 33 INIWie litte dow ce 2e.ce Beste Owes sietaicrscie Went out with the Tom Merrill.
| | Fish in nets mostly dead; nets
| | not reset.
27 | 23 Slay) CNIWice | see OOue teak ac er Bee COs ace see At Alpena. Nets of all kinds be-
| p
ing withdrawn as fast as weather
| will permit.
28] 35 323 Sy eae dOhestseakas Clear sat sass seer Do.
29 | 48 SR lm Wists iliaeiel CLO) <e doe eae Baal Ui eesaacare | Do.
30 | 34 324 E. Wightieeees-- 2 |poceesecenedesaDde | Squalls of snow and sleet.
!
Note.—Left Alpena for Northville December 2, arriving the day following.
OPERATIONS AT THE HATCHERY.—DISTRIBUTION OF EGGS AND FRY.
Twenty-two million five hundred thousand eggs were shipped from
the spawning grounds, all arriving at the hatchery in good condition.
The first lot came from the islands November 21, and the last lot from
the same source December 8. Upon arrival the eggs are washed from
the trays of each case successively into a tub of water, and dipped
thence with a skimmer into the hatching jars. All the jars on hand
were filled before the last shipment of eggs but one came to hand from
the spawning grounds. Pending the arrival of a number of jars daily
expected, the eggs of this lot were allowed to remain in the shipping
cases, which were placed in a room varying in temperature from 38° to
55°. The jars soon came along, but some little time was consumed in
fitting them up for the reception of eggs; so that ten days had elapsed
from the time the eggs were arranged in the cases at the islands until
their removal therefrom at the hatchery, yet no special loss on this
account was shown. Up to this time the eggs remained nearly intact,
although conferva had begun to develop from the dead eggs. However,
a few matted chunks adhered to the trays when emptied, and these, with
others rapidly forming, would soon have caused serious loss had they
been allowed to remain undisturbed much longer.
For experiment, we took from this lot of eggs as soon as they reached
the hatchery about 25,000, and placed them in a hatching box, where,
of course, the water is constantly renewed, but the eggs themselves lie
nearly or quite motionless on the trays. Here we allowed them to re-
main 7 days without removing the dead eggs. At the end of this time
they had collected in masses and bunches, scarcely any remaining that
were not held by the outreaching fingers of conferva. Fully one-half
were already destroyed, and we succeeded in saving a portion of the
“<
[9] _ OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1045
remainder only by agitating the collections and chunks violently in water,
passing the freed eggs through a sieve. The results serve only to
verify prior experiments, which show that the greatest enemy of the
egg—conferva—generates much faster in water than in atmosphere of
the same or even a higher temperature, and that in consequence eggs
are far safer out of water than in unless provision for the removal of the
confervaceous egg is made. For incubating the eggs, the Chase auto-
matic jar was used, 136 being required at first. They were arranged as
follows :
Besratsmaurlh( V0) Cacliae meme. Skis Gv Sen oes iene one 14, 700, 000
PemaAtsndt 150-000 Cacao eh. 22. wa beesiee ls fase ss 7. 800, 000
22, 500, 000
«
The number of eggs the jar will contain while in operation is in an
inverse ratio to the volume of water used. When the minimum of
water is used, or just barely enough to impart sufficient motion to the
eggs to keep them detached, the jars will hold 175,000 eggs each. Well-
filled jars, with a gentle circulation, work much better than those par-
tially filled and given a brisk or violent action; in fact, the former show
the very best movement obtainable. But jars to be operated in this
way must be perfect in form and have evenly ground tubes, otherwise
no motion whatever will be imparted to a portion of the eggs. Then,
too, if there is a considerable sprinkling of dead eggs—frequently the
case at the beginning of the season—a gentle movement will not always
prevent the putrid eggs from uniting or collecting in chunks or masses,
which will settle to the bottom of the jar instead of being thrown off.
For this reason ‘“ Hospital” jars have to be given a liberal supply of
water in the shape of very energetic currents.
Several experiments were made with a view to improving on the
hatchers in use. The ‘Improved Shad Hatcher,” described in Forest
and Stream of June 16,1881, was tried and found to give a more perfect
movement to the eggs than the Chase jar. To secure this, however,
either a greater volume or head of water was required, owing to the
force of the current as it entered the jar being partially arrested in the
hollow of the upright cup or cone.
To overcome this drawback, Assistant Bower advised the use of a
solid double cone, the inverted section of which would simply divert or
radiate the water without breaking its force, and by its own weight
retain its position. The suggestion being acted upon, an equalized
current compelling a uniform and perfect movement of the eggs was
produced, with the minimum supply of water.
Into this jar or hatcher the water is introduced at the bottom ; in the
Chase jar at the top, being directed to the bottom by a glass tube rest-
ing on feet, which frequently obstruct and disconcert the currents
throughout the egg-chamber. Assistant Wires succeeded in amending
this defect, thereby greatly improving the efficiency of the Chase in-
1046 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
strument, by using a tin tube with a wide flange or rim at the bottom,
conical in shape to conform to the lower section of the above-mentioned
double cone over which it was set, the cone being inverted so that the
strips of tin serving as feet when used with the other jar, would raise
the tube to allow the water to escape uniformly from the outer edge of
its flange or rim.
Mr. Bower also fitted up a rectangular box or tank for an incu-
bator, so constructed that the eggs rise from the center and settle
down the outside, exactly reversing the jar movement. It is 12
inches wide, 13 deep, and 30 long, although its length might be ex-
tended indefinitely without disturbing or changing its operation. It is
divided into upper and lower sections, and, as with the jars, a water-
pressure or head is required. The desired movement of the eggs is ob-
tained by introducing the water into the lower section, whence it is
admitted to the upper section, which is the egg-chamber, through a six-
teenth-inch crevice running lengthwise of the box. From either side
and 6 inches from the top the partition which divides the box into two
sections slants downward to converge the eggs to the center where the
current forced through the crevice carries them up again to settle back,
fountain-like, as before. Overflows with wire gates are provided at in-
tervals around the top of the box. This apparatus was not tried until
the eggs had already begun hatching, so that no opportunity to correct
its faults by a practical test was given. It worked very well, however,
although after trying it we were well satisfied that it should be given
greater depth, less width, and a greater head of water. Doubtless a
little more experimenting with this or a similar device will produce an
incubator that will be entirely satisfactory, as the principles by which
the water currents are obtained and controlled are correct; while it
would have the merit of being easily operated, and furnishing capacity
for many millions of eggs at a merely nominal cost.
Spring water alone is used for hatching purposes at this station, and
where it first issues from the earth varies but little from a temperature
of 47°. In consequence of the very moderate weather which prevailed
the past winter, our arrangements for securing a lower temperature—
continued exposure to the air before reaching the hatchery—were of
little avail. The eggs, therefore, progressed very rapidly from the first
until all were hatched.
The first orders for whitefish eggs to be filled were from Herr von
Behr and G. Ebrecht, Germany. The eggs were packed in separate
eases and started on their journey December 19, consigned to Fred.
Mather, Newark, N. J., whence they were reshipped to destination.
These and subsequent lots were prepared for shipping substantially as
follows: First, a sufficient number of trays of canton flannel are made,
also a substantial case for the same, of the proper size to allow 4 to 6
inches space all around for the packing material. The trays are then
anchored in a tank of water. A quantity of eggs are transferred from
> ee
= (ee =,
ieea OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1047
the hatching vessels to a number of wire trays in the picking trough,
and carefully feathered over to show up the dead and unimpregnated
eggs, which are removed with nippers. After collecting the eggs by
overturning and submerging the trays into a large tin vessel partially
filled with water, they are skimmed up and measured in an 8-ounce
graduate (equivalent to 10,000 eggs) and poured thence into the ship-
ping trays. These are then removed to the packing room, or where the
temperature is between 30° and 40° Fahrenheit, tilted and drained, and
the eggs spread with a feather uniformly two layers in depth, a half inch
margin being left around the outside. A single fold of dampened mil-
linet is then thrown over the eggs, and a sufficient quantity of live
moss, previously picked, washed and wrung out just enough to prevent
dripping or drainage, piled on to fill the tray when rather snugly
pressed down. When practicable, the trays are allowed to stand a few
moments in a temperature of 27° to 32°, or until needles of ice have be-
gun to form in the moss, then placed one above the other and firmly
held to position by cleats nailed to top and bottom boards. The pack.
age is then transferred to the shipping case, having a 4-inch coating of
fine, dry, hardwood shavings in the bottom, and surrounded with the
same material quite firmly pressed in. The case is now soon ready for
its journey, not, however, until the usual printed instructions and pre-
cautions to express messengers are pasted to the cover, and which, if
observed and heeded, would deliver the eggs to consignees in practi-
cally the same condition as when packed ninety-nine times out of a
hundred.
Following is the table of shipments:
Date. | aun eee Consignees.
1881.
Meremper 19s. os cccs-oc05% 300, 000 | F. Mather, Newark, N.J., for von Behr, Germany.
Oates jaa 12, 600 | EF. Matber, Newark, N.J., for G. Ebrecht, Germany.
Depa sate a atalae ats ayae 250, 000 | B. B, Redding, California.
7a We ee Re eg ae 250, 000 Do.
Diese ac siscisic 10,000 | Prof. S. F. Baird, Washington, D.C.
1882
JIERTET SE, (GaSe aoe SE eoao ae 250,000 | F. Mather, Newark, N. J., for France.
16 SG SS BeBe Re eeeEe 500, 000 | B. F. Shaw, Iowa.
HG see eee occa t seals 10, 000 | H. J. Fenton, Connecticut.
Boa cieiscnis ae escaie 250, 000 | B. B. Redding, California.
By eee vedussee st | 100, 000 | Prof. S. F. Baird, Washington, D.C.
SIs balsa seca 100, 000 | Mrs. J. H. Slack, New Jersey.
60) 12 ee 2, 032, 000
I am unable to report the condition in which the transatlantic ship-
ments reached their destination, correspondence relating thereto having
been made directly with the United States Commissioner, or with Mr.
Mather. Indirectly, however, or from Circular No. 1, 1882, of the Ger-
man Fishery Association, I learn that the whitefish eggs arrived “ in
the very finest condition, fine beyond comparison”; from the same source,
1048 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] |
also, that of the 20,000 lake trout eggs shipped from Northville, Decem- —
ber 10, ‘“‘only 100 were dead.”
Mr. Redding reported that the two lots of a quarter million each,
shipped December 23 and 24, arrived at San Leandro, Cal., ten days
later, in rather poor condition; accounted for in part by their having
taken the Southern Pacific Road, which passes through a warmer cli-
mate, besides being four days longer in transit than if they had gone
over the Central Pacific. The third quarter-million lot, consigned from
Northville January 3, arrived at San Leandro in very good condition.
Mr. Woodbury, superintendent of the San Leandro hatchery, reported
the hatching of 90 per cent. of this lot, and about 35 per cent. of the
others, the fish being planted as follows:
Jan. 19—Donner and Tahoe Lakes. ..:....2).-. 02.82. 5.0 2) 13,00m
30—Shafters Lake (Marin County) .............-...... 5,000
Hep.» 1-—Clear Hake, bake County. <2 2.20.20 ancse 2c 75,000
March 7—Concow Lake, Butte County.......-......-.... -- 10,000
4 hake: ‘Tahoe, ‘Placer County. 22... 5 225 -teee eee 100,000
J Clear Dake, bake ‘County : - 2.5.5) a2 -eeeee seer 100,000
10—Radcliff Lake, Santa Cruz County...............- 20,000
1i—Lake Chabot, Alameda County.................. 5,000
390,000
Mr. B. F. Shaw, Commissioner of Fisheries, reported that 75 per cent.
of the eggs sent him for the State of Iowa hatched, and that the minnows
were released in Lake Okibozi and Spirit Lake, Iowa.
Mr. Fenton reported that the 10,000 eggs forwarded him for the State
of Connecticut arrived January 20, and upon opening the package about
2,000 of them were found frozen to death. The subsequent loss was a
little over 900, leaving about 7,000 fish, which were set free in Long
Lake, Litchfield County, Connecticut.
Mr. Anderson, who had charge of the hatchery of the New Jersey
Commission, in which the eggs consigned to Mrs. Slack were developed,
reported that the eggs reached Bloomsburg February 3, at 4.39 p. m.,
in very good condition. About 90 per cent. were hatched by the 11th
of February, or 90,000 fish in all, of which one-half were liberated in
Shepherd’s Lake, and the remainder in Greenwood Lake.
At the Northville hatchery the fish began hatching from the oldest
eggs January 27, and all were out by the 25th of February. At least
three-fourths of them hatched between the 6th and 12th of the latter
month, taxing the capacity of the receiving tanks to their utmost. Per-
forated tin boxes are fitted to these tanks near the overflows, to keep
the fish away from the currents at that point, which would be too strong
for them to resist. They are also provided with compartments which
are supposed to catch the shells; but while the fish were hatching so
freely, a sufficient number of shells would float over these divisions to
[13] OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1049
clog the screen-boxes every few moments, so that unremitting attention
' was demanded day and night to keep the outlets unimpeded.
_ The United States Fish Commission car, with Messrs. Ellis, Moore,
and Simmons to assist in the work of distributing and planting the
minnows, reached Northville February 3. Arrangements for the gra-
tuitous transportation of the car and its messengers having previously
been made with all the railroad companies, with one exception, whose
lines were to be traversed, the distribution proceeded smoothly and
with little expense from the initial trip, February 7, until the successful
termination of the work, March 2. Much credit is due Mr. Ellis, who
had charge of the trips, and also to his experienced assistants. The car
itself was also a great convenience, as well as an important and efficient
factor in carrying forward this work.
Following are the railroad companies to whom acknowledgments are
due for free transportation of car and messengers: The Flint and Pere
Marquette; Michigan Central; Chicago and West Michigan; Mil-
waukee, Lake Shore and Western; Chicago and Grand Trunk; Great
Western; Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg; and Lake Shore and
Michigan Southern.
Table of distribution.
| Number of fish | Waters in which the
Date of deposit. eal banca Point of deposit. Gal were acuirces
PHO DY ATVs ele eee oe claps eae 1, 500, 000 | Saint Joseph, Mich ............. Lake Michigan.
Sianake seme sot: | 1, 500, 000 | Muskegon, Mich............. =| Do.
ET eee raat | 2,000,000 | Port Huron, Mich.-.....-........ Lake Huron.
NG ssoscice shone | 1 Yo0,,000" MRacine, Was". ooe- eke, se ee nase | Lake Michigan.
UG. Soot ae eee 1,750, 000.) Sheboygan;)Wis.-<...--2-- -2.-- Do.
Deas esis Sete mis Se 3,,000':000: | Oswego; N.Y -cac.ce2 cc. ce steees Lake Ontario.
DARE ete eee 3, 500, 000 | Islands of Lake Erie.-.......... Lake Erie.
7A SA COE ee 1,000, 000 | Ludington, Mich..-............ Lake Michigan.
Waren 2 iense eee ee eons: 15:250:.000) | iDetroits) Mich 42-425 4-5.25.4..-2., | Detroit River.
Motalisesss2nsscasne 17, 750, 000 |
TROUT-WORK.
When the trout-ponds in connection with this station were established
the stock of breeding fish was comparatively small, and the ponds them-
selves were mere excavations irregularly outlined. At the beginning
of the year under consideration the embankments were quite unsafe,
having been burrowed and undermined by muskrats, while the pond-
room was quite inadequate to properly accommodate the increased
stock of fishes. The work of enlarging and otherwise improving them,
and the construction of an additional pond and new raceways, was
therefore begun in the latter part «f August and carried forward to
completion by the last of October, or barely in time to give the ripening
Spawners undisturbed possession of the new premises during their
spawning season. Three new ponds were also built the following spring,
as before noted, making 7 altogether, 6 of which are 83 by 20 feet, and
the other 51 by 14, showing a total pond area of 10,674 square feet.
1050 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
The ponds are planked all around, the planks being spiked to stakes
driven in front. Between and around all the ponds, and of the same
height as the planking, is a pier of’earth 8 feet wide, and across this
are laid pieces of 2 by 4 firmly spiked to the stakes to which the planks
are nailed. Being thus secured it is quite impossible for the earth to
cave in or the sides of the pond to bend in or out. The bottom plank
is set in a bed of gravel and blue-clay, and a heavy body of the same
material, well champed in, backs the planking up to the top of the pier,
so that the ponds are practically water-tight, while the efforts of musk-
rats to invade them by burrowing underneath will be futile. Hach pond
is usually filled to within a foot of the top, the bottom sloping gradually
from the head, where the water is 18 inches in depth, to the foot, where
it is 4 to 5 feet. The overflow gates of the discharging flumes are easily
raised by a lever attachment at the bottom, so that the water can be
drawn off in a few moments. The gates are made in sections, one or
more of which can be removed to give any desired depth of water.
As quite a number of fish will spawn in the ponds instead of running
up the raceways, if the former have gravel bottoms, which they should
have, those in which the breeders are placed during the spawning season
are divided into two sections by a temporary partition, and the bottom
of the upper section covered with boards. The fish all being placed in
this, but few, if any, eggs will be lost, and as fast as the fish are handled
from the raceways they are transferred to the lower section. At the
close of the spawning season the partition is removed.
At the mouth of the flume connecting the upper section with the race-
way a trap-gate, sprung with a string leading to the hatchery, is fitted,
a simple but very useful device, for no matter how stealthily one ap-
proaches, nor from what direction, some of the fish in the raceway will
detect the movement and dart back to the pond before the gate can be
dropped to head them off.
The fish are given access to the raceways at all seasons of the year,
and hither they resort largely at other than spawning time. A raceway
fed directly from a copious spring of cold water, and given sufficient fall
to create a sparkling current over its clean, gravelly bottom, affords an
attractive ‘summer resort” to trout having admission to it, and here,
in warm weather, many of them congregate, lying nearly motionless,
with head up stream, for hours together. At the approach of cold
weather, when an equally satisfactory temperature is found in the ponds,
this practice is discontinued, except with the ripening females, which,
with a heavy body- guard of males, and in response to that instinct which
impels them to deposit their eggs in a current, begin to prepare spawn-
ing beds in the raceway, whence they are easily captured at the proper
time for the purpose of expressing their eggs.
The breeding fish are quartered in ponds nearest the feeding springs
for some time preceding the spawning season, and, when most conven-
ient, continuously. This gives them the least variance of temperature
Tate Ste
[15] OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1051
obtainable, and ripens them at about the same time each season, there
being but little fluctuation of temperature in these ponds at correspond-
ing periods of one year with another.
The spawning season therefore opens almost invariably from the 1st
to the 5th of November, and closes practically from the 10th to the L5th of
January, although much the greater portion of the fish spawn from the
middle of November to the middle of December. During the past
season, perhaps a half-dozen spawned later than the latest date men-
tioned, and from one of these eggs were not taken until February 2.
Some 140,000 were taken altogether. The first 120,000 turned out
very well, a loss not to exceed 10 per cent. occurring during incubation;
but the last 20,000 showed a loss of 50 per cent., due to the plan of
handling the fish from which they were taken. A majority having
spawned, we placed the remaining fish in the raceway, and carefully ex-
amined them every morning. As a result of this repeated dipping up
and inspection of the fish for several mornings in succession, we were
compelled to pick away quite half of the eggs so taken—which is pretty
good evidence that the less the fish are disturbed or manipulated while
ripening, the better the eggs produced.
The following statement accounts for the disposition of the eggs and
fy:
otalmmmM ber em es (ake sc. 0. ee ne os ws ewe Sele 140, 000
PASS COULSON CWO AMON. 20, wkd ian ee wen yboeeelicaees 22, 000
January 10, shipped to F. Mather, for reshipment to
MUG Om ot hs oe teh aoxsiS oie) dorsidis wile Gas oon. oie aah See sieleieie 20, 000
January 24, shipped to Druid Hill hatchery, Balti-
BTLOU Cre UC ete eles isos ah walt ce A viclel steleys"s,2 ware ey a/eity telarere 350, 000
72, 000
Nim ber iny havehed:2 toss, Jose ka sel eeee see se , 68, 000
March 8, planted in Washtenaw County, Michigan, in spring
roo wri pUbAry LOMIVer TOURE))-t1-2 ti nae i eile ise Jal rae 10, 000
March 15, planted in spring brook near the Northville hatchery,
BOUMoLt OU baAlry. GO TIVELeWOUPG. 7). sec eee usc ee antes he 10, 000
May 8, shipped per United States Fish Commission car, in
CUTE OPO lie fn KiNLUS marietta, wale eteet ress te il ate Vaniate tonal (Yorn 50, 000
Hoss onviry since hatching’ Jl. -os.6. Sees ses PERN e A chai a Soe 8, 000
Piynow on hand: 1n-nursery tamkSi 22. ccs. eas 1 os cele am mere wie 10, 000
68, 000
Average period of incubation, 84 days.
As our breeding force of brook trout will receive large accessions next
fall from the stock of growing fishes, we confidently expect to take at
least a half million eggs during the next spawning season.
1052 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16]
HATCHING AND DISTRIBUTION OF CALIFORNIA TROUT.
On January 24, Mr. Myron Green, of the United States station at
Baird, Cal., consigned to the Northville hatchery a case containing
45,000 eggs of the rainbow trout, and on February 6 a second lot of
30,000. The first shipment reached Northville February 2, and the last
February 14, both in excellent condition. Number of dead eggs picked
from first lot on arrival, 615; from the last, 272; subsequent loss on
eggs, about 2,600. The fish began hatching February 24, and all were
out by the middle of March.
Shortly after these fish hatched an accident occurred by which 18,000
of them perished. On the night of March 21 a flooding rain-storm
washed into the feeding reservoir, and thence into the tanks supply-
ing the hatching boxes, a sufficient quantity of moss, leaves, and débris
generally to almost wholly clog the screens, diverting to the overflow
or waste channel the water that should have passed through the trays
on which the fish were still retained. The oldest fry fared much
worse than those more recently hatched, and especially those in boxes
at the foot of the row, the limited amount of fresh water still running
having become de-oxygenated before reaching them. In the head
boxes, and also in an adjoining row of boxes containing fry of brook
trout (of about same age, but much smaller), the loss was merely nomi-
nal. In athird row containing the Schoodic salmon, just hatched, there
was no loss whatever.
I had felt that everything was secure and free from danger of acci-
dents—that every precaution for the safety of the fish had been ob-
served; but since meeting with so serious a loss from a source wholly
unanticipated, I can but feel that the only safeguard against accidents
or insecurity lies in never leaving the fish alone, and shall, therefore,
in the future, employ a nightwatch so long as fish in any considerable
numbers remain in the hatchery.
Appended is a statement of distribution, &e.:
Number eggs received from California ..... ..... .--... zoic (iog ane
Hoss. omeses during incubation. oe 25.56 ye eee eee ee 3, 500
Namber fish hatchedi.. 82 22445 at AEN oe ee 71, 500
GSS Vy ACCICENU, as MOLEC 0: 4. se tyes ere ee ifs, 000
Loss of fry to date (June 30) in nursery tanks....... 3, 500
Pry om hand in nursery tanks 22-8 o-2o2e 22. Saas 10, 000
April 28—Deposited at Beitner Station, Grand Tra-
verse County, Michigan, in Boardman River,tributary
to Grand Traverse Bae EL EC APES AVES Let: 3
May 2—Delivered to A.C. ames of Madison, Ind . 3,
May 7—Deposited by George N. Machosoen of Samia,
Ontario, in small stream in Western Ontario, tribu-
tary, to Lake Saint Clair ™s.<% ae. Sh eiaee Se aces 3, 000
—
ply | OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1053
May 16—Deposited by James R. Bull, of Saint Louis,
Mo., in Island Lake, Monroe County, linois...... 5, 000
May 29—Deposited in Oakland County, Michigan, in
Deer Lake, through which flows the Clinton River,
mipibaty. tO Lake: Semi lair. 2.) sce) s Dae sie cele 10, 000
June 1—Deposited in Oakland County, Michigan, in
Straits Lake, through which flows the Huron River,
tributary. 0 Detrothi Rivers. 22'.5 f26.6.5% 025i oe. 10, 000
June 3—Deposited in Wayne County, Michigan, in
northeastern branch of river Rouge .............. 8, 000
pa | (01)
From eight adult California trout, five of which are females, all
brought from California four years ago and since confined in the ponds
here, we took 5,150 eggs between the 13th and the 29th of March, which
hatched on an average in 38 days. The loss on eggs was 850; and on
April 26, 1,200 eggs were shipped to F. Mather for reshipment to Herr
von Behr, Germany. The 3,100 fish that hatched were deposited May
16, by James R. Bull, of Saint Louis, Mo., in Murdoch Lake, Monroe
County, Illinois.
Next spring we expect to take at least 100,000 eggs from the stock of
California trout now on hand, that will then make their début as
spawners. About half of these fish are the progeny of the eight adult
fish above mentioned. They were two years old last spring, an age at
which a majority of our brook trout have always spawned, although a
portion of them, perhaps one-fifth, do not until three years old. We
had therefore anticipated getting a nice supply of eggs from them, but
failed to find a single mature spawner. Several females were opened
at various times through the winter, with the result of finding only mi-
nute ova to mature a year later; still, we felt confident that a few of
them at least would spawn, thinking we had missed the right ones; all
the more so, too, from the fact that ripe males were numerous even
three or four months in advance of the regular spawning season; in
fact, the eggs taken from the adult California trout were mostly im-
pregnated with milt from the two-year-olds. Failure to obtain a single
egg from these fish, of which there are at least four or five hundred fe-
males, leaves little room to doubt the conclusion that the iridea seldom,
if ever, spawn when two years old, at least where they are confined in
ponds from infancy.
HATCHING AND DISTRIBUTION OF EGGS OF SCHOODIC SALMON.
On the 28th of February, Mr. Charles G. Atkins shipped from Grand
Lake Stream, Maine, for the Northville hatchery, a case of 46,500 eggs
of Schoodic or land-locked salmon. They arrived March 4, and opened
up in excellent condition, only 45 dead eggs being observed on unpack-
ing. Previous to hatching, 1,065 more were picked away, showing a
total loss of 1,110 eggs after arrival.
1054 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18]
The fish began to come out March 16, rather slowly for two or three
days, the water being down to 433° on an average; but on the 19th the
water ran up to 54° at noon, and the fish then came out with a rush,
scarcely an egg remaining the day following. Quite a number of mon-
strosities and imperfect fish were observed, outside of which, however,
they looked unexceptionally fine. They were also exceedingly active
and strong in view of the great disproportion between their large,
kidney-shaped saes and light, slender bodies.
Soon after they began hatching, the novel spectacle of occasionally
seeing the body of a fish on one side of the tray, with its sac under-
neath, was presented—due to the wonderful mobility of the sac, which
sometimes permitted the downward current to draw it through the
mesh of the tray, although four or five times larger than the aperture
through which it had passed; after passing through it would soon as-
sume its natural shape, protruding like an immense hernia, from which
position the fish would be quite unable to extricate themselves. By in-
verting the tray and agitating in water, the soft, ductile pouch would
soon pass back, releasing the fish unharmed. To overcome this diffi-
culty, which at one time threatened to become quite annoying, the
hatching boxes were reversed, so that the water passed upward through
the trays instead of down, as before. .
Below is the statement of distribution:
Number of salmon hatched - TUS Uiit ata iden Rake azatetehatots ates a eee 45, 390
Imperfect and dead fish picked from hatohine boxes and
MUNSON Y. CAMS, 22'2 tik ctw os Ate clade tae eee aere se ort 4, 540
Fish now on hand in nursery tanks..:--.-....---... =-- 2, 850
April 27—Deposited in Long Lake, Mecosta County, Mich-
TAIN eet heats Suid soci hie teet a ual ets eta oe ere toate 6, 000
April 28—Deposited in Higgins Lake, Roscommon Coun-
yee MICHIGAN 04. eho fess he eet eae iene ee . 3,000
April 27—Deposited in Chippewa Lake, Lake County,
VIC IMOPAIN cy 2c EE Set es elec ree eh eee oe lee eke Me een 6, 000
May 1—Deposited by S A. Osgood in Goguac Lake, near
Battle Creek, Michigan, (fish shipped by express)... .- 3, 000
May 3—Deposited at Piqua, Ohio, in water-works reser-
voir, containing 150 acres.-....-....----.---+--++---- 6, 000
May 10—Deposited in Union Lake, township of Pontiac,
Oakland; County, Michigan)... 29 sco. 2s see erat 8, 000
May 15—Shipped per express from Toledo, Ohio, to 8S. E.
Walliamseweane orte.s Linde scl Moris cues sateees ones eter 3, 000
May 15—Shipped per express from B. & O. junction with
the Wabash, to T. B. Wightman, Cedar Beach, Ind ... 3, 000
——— 45, 390
The fish were all planted in excellent condition, with the exception of
the last two lots. Mr. Wightman reported that the fish sent him were
[19] OPERATIONS AT THE NORTHVILLE HATCHERY. 1055
all dead on arrival, and Mr. Williams that nearly all were dead when
received, the remainder being deposited in a lake near La Porte.
After successfully shipping 3,000 by express to Battle Creek, using
in transit three to four hours, I was not a little surprised at the non-
success of the other shipments; all the more so from the fact that those
to Battle Creek were sent in one 10-gallon can without the loss of a sin-
gle fish, whereas with each of the other lots two'10-gallon cans were
used, which would more than offset the difference in time occupied in
transit to their respective destinations. In all three consignments the
water was reduced to icy coldness before starting.
The results attending these shipments, which were, to a certain ex-
tent, in the nature of an experiment, justify the conclusion that with
the transportation of live fish success in one instance fails to establish
a basis for calculations in other instances, where even the conditions and
circumstances are, to all intents and purposes, alike; and that the
chances of failure are reduced to the minimum only when the fish are
under the constant surveillance of an experienced messenger.
DISTRIBUTION OF EGGS OF LAKE TROUT. (Cristivomer namaycush.)
When Mr. Wires started for Alpena in the latter part of October to
look after the collection of whitefish eggs at that point, instructions were
given him to obtain, if possible, a few eggs of lake trout if he arrived
too early for the whitefish work. As the few whitefish then being capt-
ured in the inshore fisheries showed little indications of spawning, Mr.
Wires, on the last day of October, put out about forty miles to the gill-
net fisheries, where he found the lake trout nearly all spent, but sue-
ceeded in getting 57,000 eggs. These were shipped by boat to Bay
City, whence they were met by special messenger and delivered to the
Northville hatchery, November 2.
The loss of eggs while in the hatchery was 3,600; December 10, 20,000
were consigned to Mr. F. Mather for reshipment to Herr von Behr, Ger-
many; and on January 3, 30,000 were forwarded to Commissioner Shaw
of Iowa, who reported that they arrived in prime condition January 6
and commenced hatching the day following, the total loss on eggs and
fish being less than 5 per cent. The eggs were now well along in advance-
ment; in fact a few hatched the same day that the Iowa shipment was
made; nevertheless a package of 2,000 was shipped to Newark January
7 to be transmitted by Mr. Mather to France, if their condition when
received by him would warrant it; but despite their being reduced to a
temperature of 31° before leaving the hatchery, a few hatched on their
way to Newark, and Mr. Mather, therefore, hatched the remainder, the
fry being subsequently released in Culver’s Lake, Sussex County, New
Jersey.
The stock of embryos and alevins was now reduced to 1,400; and these, .
after the hatching and sac-consuming process was completed, were
1056 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20]
placed in one of the largest nursery tanks, where they still remain.
Less than two dozen have died since hatching; they now average 3
inches in length, and are doing remarkably well, having learned to
devour the liver and kidney “hash” given them as greedily as the
brook trout in the ponds.
SUMMARY OF THE WORK AND ITS COST.
Number of eggs of whitefish shipped.......-- EELS els qed) ee Oem
Nimnber or dry of whitefish planted W522. 2222. oe 17, 750, 000
Number of eggs of brook trout shipped..... ......---.+.- 50, 000
Number of fry of brook trout planted:.......-......- ee 58, 000
Number of fry of brook trout‘om hand oc. 2.2 ol ae eee 10, 000
Number of eggs of California trout shipped............-.. 1,200
Number of fry of California trout planted ................ 43,100
Number of fry of California trout on hand.............--. 10, 000
Number of fry of Schoodic salmon planted ......-.--...-. 32,000
Number of fry of Schoodic salmon on hand.......-........ 2,850
Number of eggs of lake trout shipped...--.........-..--- 52, 000
Number, of iry of lake‘trout-om hand 2... .22.0..22.2. Ab 1,400
Numberot carpismippedtie 32. 2.) Pac se Sars oti. Meee See 1,500
Approximate cost of the work, including the construction
of seven new trout-ponds with their raceways, twelve new
nursery tanks, and the cost of fish food for the year..... $5, 000
Temperature of Lake Erie from March 20 to June 1, 1882, taken daily at 12 m., near North
Bass Island, by Chas. Hasford.
| |
| Temper- | Temper- | Temper- | Temper-
Date. | ature. Date. ature. | Date. ature. | Date. | Nae
| |
| |
oF. oF, oF, | oF.
March 20...-..- 38 ADT Se sacs 45 April'26 2. <2 46 May 14..... 49
ae 37 9.25.25, 44 QT saisere 48 WBE GS. oo 48
Ps genoa Mee Oe 49; | D8 ase ses 49 Wsssse 49
Doane | 38 d Wi Fares 41 PA ene bic 49 Ay (eae 51
Dasari 37 TDP re Pdr. 42 | 30. - 49 See 53
D5 wmarais c | 37 [Senos 42 la Mianyam ale ssc 49 LOSE sees 54
26.5265 38 doers 42 Qecses 48 20) eens 54
Die eee sal 40 15Ss cen 43 Bereciae 50 | Qe ee 54
OBrasan's 39 16) Sse 44 7 ar 50 Dy ee 54
29). cecil 41 Giese 2 47 Ceara 49 Wsseee 53
Bi heat 40 | V8.2 i352 49 (enacts 48 | Davewicisirs 54
BIEL es 39 fhe ee es 47 VBE ae 48 | Pees 55
PANTO E see oa 40 20 Foaxes 46 Sizhaes 49 262 -sse 56
De erica 42 Diets a1 47 Ofer eeae 49 Qissentae | 56
Bea eyes 42 Domne 46 IAs one 50 WSs 55
Gin 44 | 23. 46 ete 49 29 coc 56
ae eae 43 Daeriaaiae 46 1D reese = 49 BOSS ae 58
6rscncs 44 252-205 47 Lo eae 49 Slee 58
Herts | 45
~ ‘Apnoig | ueelg | tea | INSTT “yNOg ‘qusrr | ‘aqgnog | “qzry | ‘amos | ge | 0h | Te | 8h |ee joe fat |r---t-°- Seiesieie's -+---- kepangeg
Ne ‘Apnotp | ‘Apnoig | “szBeID | “Used | “qyMOg ‘qmary | ‘WMog | “3UFIT| 380M | Th | Le | 68 | OF jee jo for [ttt ieee een Be ao epg
SS "IBID “IBOTD, ‘reat | "GUST “BON qqsIT | “MS 4USUT | 980A | TF #3 OF 8% 68 Sie Gl = ees aaa cee COSI. NaC Gp
- ‘reat | “ApnofD | “ApuojD | “94SPT | 380AA ‘qseng | “AN ‘ysorg | ‘MN | & | 82 | br | 38 | |oe [or = fro: mosienivgie oo isinnsics Aepsoupe A
“Apnorg | “Apnoig | ‘Apnoig | "‘qsemy | “AAS | ‘W8eLT | “AAS ‘yysrT | ‘qyn0g | gy | ec | 24% |99 |ch [0c |ét pi eonseees rena caesere Aepsony,
“Spnoyy | Apnoig | “Apnoig | 905rT “AS | NSIT | AAS AUStT | gnOS! cp 1 | SFO Ty cr Ie GG fer ester tsesrgsers ss ss77+* ABpUOPT
‘<pnopg | “Apnoig | “Apnoig | 3q5IT AS | 4STT ‘aS AGGIE |) SANS See TE: aeer ges ke ee itp: «ir sreeereeeaes phen ices sS3 Aepung
“ way | ‘weg | “te | 3SIT | MN | “USIT | “980M ‘qUSIT | BOM | 62 | 96 | 88 162 | 98 | OL [OE = [rrrrtttrtrttetesss seoe* ABpingzesg
"wat | aR | VOT | BUTT BOAR | FSIT | 989M ‘QUT | “SSM OP (6c OF 128 68 Wee |e «| Js erste eeenes onesseeos* ABT
a “Apnory | “Apnolg | -Apnorp | “9uysrT ‘aS | c303IT | “MS | c905IT| “aS | 68 | ce |6e |98 |68 |92 |8 = frrrrtttTT +28es ones o=ssKepsIngi
[<3] arc) te) JqR919 “1v0TD, “Quay | 4BOM | “HUO1S “489 AA “OUCTYG | “980M | OF 8% 162 ZE OF Ze yh a at sorreeesss > Kepsoupa Ad
an ‘Apnorg | ‘Apnorg | “Apnoip9 | “‘yysrT ‘aS «| 3uSIT | “yynog ASU “SMS en eey PCE) 1 Cie MOh. MTR OS 9. 9 lot ees eee ---- Kepsony,
iS ‘Apnopy | ApnolO | ‘Xpnoig | 4a4g3tT | “MS ‘SIT | “MN | ‘9U5YT | “380M | Cho | GE | Sh OL 68 | eh OLS g nace Seer s Spee vooee* ABPUOTL
i ‘Xpnorp | Apnolg | “Apmorg | “9USIT |) "MS | 2G5IT |) “MS ‘WU51T] “AS | 9% | 68 | eh | OF | eb |e |F upg RRL seid Prada, oe Aepung
<j ‘Xpnorg | ‘Apnotg | -Apnorg | 9usIT AAS | TSUT | SOA ‘431T | “MN | Sb | 88 | FF |Z eye ae" igs Sigs eeesesee pe ae Awpangeg
jen ‘Apnopg | ‘Apnofg | Apnotg | -3aq3rT | ‘qynog | yqsrq | ‘waneg | ‘ysoulg | “MS | | 98 | Fh | se ler jee [S| fret appanage: ooo AV DLT
‘Apnorg | ‘Apno[g | -Apnolp ‘HSugq | 4SOAA | ‘HSIIG | “9890A4 “VOT “AS cp | 9g SF WKS OF 98 Le O0Cic22 -2= <== ile aire oe Aepsiug
ica ‘Apuotp | “aeofQ | ‘Apnofg | “3GSIT| “MS | “INSTT | (AS | ‘“SUSIT| “MS | 8 | | 8h | lg | 9b | jos fro eat weg aed Avpsoupe MA
4 IVY | “Aw WWD | MSIT| “MS | “MISIT| “AS ‘QUStT | “98OM | OF | 0S |b 18h | ob | 88 [6S ttt ae genes Acpsouy,
= cawoyg | awa “ApNoTQ, | aust | “yqgM0g “4ysry | “yINeg ‘$usIT| “MS | # |98 |e | | OF | Te 186 = frrrtttttttt vorrressess KEpUOT
ea ‘Apnoig | “Apnotp | “Apnorg |; “3qa5tT | “MS | ‘JOSIT | “AAS sg | “MS | Th |ce | 0b |ob joe (#8 [lo = [rrrrttttt Seog eo ~--- Aepang
> “Apuotg | “avotg | “Apnolg | “ASMA | “AAS “ysug | “SOM ‘asug | “MS | OP | Ge |6e |98 | Le | 8 Go* | Wise Ber aes aus ~-> Avparngeg
eo ‘Apnotg | ‘Apnoig | awarg | “HSM | AS ‘ystig | ‘qynog qusty | “MS |S |93 |ce |8c |€8 | 8t | 92 pices beans =: pear Avpig
ei “€pnopp | “Apnorg | ‘Apno[g | “HStq@ | “FROM “HSI | AAS ‘qgsIT | “980A |'98 | 02 | 98 Fo 198 02 |Fe Irrrcerroteceteces vores" KBpsIngL
on ‘Apnorg | “awaty | “Apnoig | -ausrT | 380M ‘qg5'T | “MS 4qq3tT | “MS | er | 08 |Z OFe a NCES NLS mat O Cte. Wel oan trees ae seer ---- Aepsoupe Ay
© “Ba1Q | Apno[g | ‘Apnorg me | “MN “TRA “aS UTTE|) SISVHee eh 0S pe Ge CS ee cee ne ene erce=eriiencnesres Avpsony,
A ‘ApnoTD | ‘Apnop) | Apnorg | 3qs1T “MAS "A8ugd | “MS ‘qustT | ‘mS |e |9e | |ee |6¢ | ee j|T2 eae ere sSoco8 crocs ABpPUOTT
*IBOTO “IvoTQ | “Apnolg ‘VSTT | “80 ‘QqSIT | “qSO AA “‘qyory ‘480M | 2h | 9% | GE 8Z Le 14 02 TEP Mesesiee cic sso seee* Kepung
ian “Apnorg | Apnorp | -Apno[g or | “980A, ‘yqstT | “WSOAN ‘qy3rT | ‘asom | ze | oe |cb f|se |i |ee jet fro Serenata eee 2 ABDITIES
i -Surmoug| -Apnorg | -Apnoig | aqsry | “ase ‘PIN | “98PaT ‘qqstT | “WION | OF | OF [OP | OF | 8h | 8e |8T ane ata Sata eee eag
Fe ‘Apnory | “Apnotp | ‘Apnotg | ‘ysuqd | “AAS “ysug | “MS ‘qqstT | ‘yM0S | 8h | FS | OF | Fo «| «| 8h OLE CTT ese vseceessencas= AepsIng,
‘Apnotg | “avotg | “Apnoig | “yqsryT | “ynog “4USTT | “qynog raat egsere Ch WGP. eh | Ope icra lees I OLs ae we | ce sweeter eos = ~--*-epsoupa A
= “wot | “‘Apno[g | ‘Apnotg | “9qsry | 380A. ‘qqsrT | “380 AA asug | 380M | ch | 28 | OF | 98 | 88 | Lo | ST “AON [oerocret tcc crer ers eeeeo* Sepsony,
a oa fos) a
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"2QQT ‘cl dp 07 ‘TRel ‘GT uequanoar mot ‘yorry 60271AY)LONT 90 apYU suoYNnaAwasgo aingnsedumay fo p.L00exT
‘SSHUIYMHSIA ANV HSIA WO NOISSINWOO SHLVIS GHLINN
S. Mis. 110-———67
it
[22]
1058 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
‘kpnoty | Apnopg | “Apnord | “34ST | “AAS ‘ausrT | “MS | ‘3USIT! “AS [o> | te |f [26 | 18 | te | Te Bee SES Serer EDO
“ApHoTO “IVIT) "way | “JUSIT | “AS “WUSIT | "AAS wep | 38eM | Th | 8 | OF | F8 | 8E |B 10 SRE ae tee Avpiy
PU) (6) ARID | ABET. | “HALO “AAS ‘myrO | “MS ‘weg | ‘3s0An | TP | es | or |e |8e fuze |6T eee ase ee ec Avpsany,
‘<pnofg | ‘ApnoypD | “Apnolp “qUsvy “MS “QUyory “MS muye | “ISOM | 8 ZB 8g 02 9g f Clee «aiteestsueiscessserere Avpsoupeo A\
“1v9T) | ‘IBOTO Sweet | “WRAY “GROAN “‘QqSTT | “980AA weg | “ISOM | BE OL 8g aT cE 9 lew = =~) |S 2eeigearite seis acicisir-s's/sricis Avpsony,
‘Apnory | ‘Apnorg | “Apno[Q , “FUSTT | “989M. "QUSPT | “980AN SUTTER Gh | ed SO ANG OC em NOGe WEGGemLOGur |ROPean | EQcemnt (Olu ts ||cns uaanemens ras io ea Avpuoyy
‘Apnuotg | Apnotp | ‘Apnoig | "3ysIT | “MS ‘qU51T | “MS UEO) || SANS ee. N98: ROR lrOpe “Shae Rc Ske ier as pg cee Bos eas Avpung
vaeoiy | ‘avotp | ‘Apno[g | “sq3IT | “MS ‘7451T | “MS SOILS SANS Shon Cine SH ye eG Bile BO0G ee | Ue ae 1k coe ae egies eee Avpanges
‘kpnory | ‘Apnoyg | “Apnoig | “9USTT | “MS qqsryT | "AAS "WUT, ||| SU9NOGe | pre See e| Cho 2! See Ore \erGu Gh comes epee sad so AVPLIL
‘Aphory | ‘Apnofg | “aeol | “9 qST'T ‘AS ‘q451T | “YInog med] “MS |0F | 08 | OF [Sh | 88 | OT fet ft Se eee Srey Avpsany,
‘Xpnory | ‘Apnortp | ‘Apnoytg | “43ySiT} “AS ‘30511 | “AS QUOT ee ANS aes fee | OG | Pel O een |LOG au OG ee | EL Seas Saas torseseess- KepsoupoM
‘Apnolpy | ‘Apnorp | ‘Apnolp “Yysod yy “qsUqy he eo) Ua “QSeVnr WIV | ISOM | 6E €8 OF 23 68 9% O\Tigee an a esos setae cess Avpson ,
‘Apnopp | ‘Apnopg | “Apnoyy) | “3ST | “48e An ‘Ysera | “AAS SSN e SOUANe eramme|GOe (OF ee |COMe |i Ee HOGaeel Gomes oleae ieemeney orca ie Avpuoyy
‘ApnoyO | ‘Apnory | ‘Apnoig | eu0r9S | “AAS ‘ysetg | “MS (84 CFO) | HENS IPR AIR IPCs INCAS 7 a2 SIE ss 2 | eee eg s-r7-> ABpong
‘Spnoig | Apnoto | ‘Apnolg | 9usrvyT | “4svor “USVT | “48Bor qUSTT | “WWON | Th | 98 Ip | 88 | OF BG heel Direb eemwrac Pre acs ate oes vorees Avpangyes
‘Apnotg | “ApnotpD | “Apnoig | “qsery | 4s An “YSoT | “SOAL qUsvy | ‘WON | OF && 88 0g ge C7 pm Oine ees aoe aaee cance ae: cores ABDI
‘Apnoty | “Apnotg | “ApnoIg NSIT | "AN ‘qUS1T | “ON TU ell ae Nome |. Saat | Gee Goma CC |p [em |G) i | hess eee Avpsany LT,
‘Apnorg | “Apnoyy | ‘Apno[g | “3q81] | “y8ear “Ysed | “SeOT AUS | HINT POG en Lh el Leb en|OGp OG ee (O)e iP ete = |temeta 0s gue meena Aepsoupo
‘pnoip | ‘Apnotg | “Apnolg | “3UsrT | “WON ‘ysoid | “AN CRATE ONS: ATS = IGE VEE Ca SUITES aso IES) Bn RC er one ver Lepsauy,
‘Apnoig | savotg || wo | “3USIT | AAS ‘051T | “AS aqsty | “MS |se 192 |88 |a3 | 98 |S z oie casera Peper Sepuoyy
“<pnory | ‘Apnory | “Apno[o “Query "MS ‘qqsrT | “qSO AV “"Ysod iy “MN | 98 | 6T 9g 02 9¢ 9 Li ot Ly DUES ERD OSPE PROACH SIROOIOS ANAS)
‘Apno[D | ‘Apno[p | “Apnoig | “yseqg | “F8OA\ ‘QUSIT | “SOMA ‘Yserg | “MS |8& |Z SS ROC |PLGiee|LGee =| hGie 0 ellee pert make ete eee soeees ABpPIMyBS
‘Apnop | “Apnoig | “101 | “USeT | AAS ‘4q5!T | “MS Buviidey |) SKINS) nates elite RG ieee Mahe Sieh MS) 2 = eas ea ea ee Avpiy
“IegyQ | “ave | “aBeTD mB | “SOA ‘qq831T | “AAS Bi AO abe Sis Ae ST lt PS lel cs ON eee SO ay ee A oases verses Kops,
‘Apnory | “Apno[D | ‘Apno[o aqvg MS ‘qqsryT | “MS ‘QUsItT | ‘MS | 8h |9F |9F | 8h | oh | oF [88 See eaeerar a Avpsoupo A
‘Apnojy | Apnojp | “awolp wt | “MN “qa svyT “AN “ISU Ne RE OR nebo | Pee | Ge, Ne6Gme |kGe ule pes aioe ee as ~-- Avpson YF,
‘Apno[D | ‘Apnotg | “Apnoig | “3UsIT | “MN ‘q4S'T | “AS ‘qq3IT | “MS |8h | 0b | ch | oF | Ph | 88 |96 J Ries ree eee ~-- -ABpuOTL
‘Apnory | “Apno[g | “wot | 3q8IT | MS ‘34S1T | “AAS ‘qqsiT | ‘(SOM | FP | 98 | Th | OF | Oh | 86 [So 9 ft BERGERON NUTS
wy | “Ava | “Aw | “9GSIT | “MS | JUST | “GINO ‘qUST] | ‘qyn0g | ch | ze | or | ee | 68 | 0 Gee | Sis Seep spate ee oan *- vpangesg
"rveqg | ‘TVA | “IVT | «NSIT | “MN =| ‘S00 | “WWON | “Su0g | ‘WON | OF | 82 | Th | 28 | OF | 8% Cres el me eo sistas sooreee ss: ABIL
‘Apnoiy | ‘Apnorp | ‘Apnoig | “ys | “MN yqstT | “MN ‘QU5IT | “MN | 8h | 0F | 8h |9F | Lb /e@ Chet a asl eager eg sooreecees KEpSINGT,
‘Apnory | Apnofg | ‘Apnotg | “qsery | “sea ysont | “ySeay ST Nee OP ai TR. Oh 0h [che FI O8—— ere asl 5 reer ssoro+- £epsou po AA
‘Apnorp | “Apnod | ‘Apnolg | 3q31T | “AN ‘WUS1T | “AN VUSUT ‘aS ‘ae WO? RR ae ae CT i 9 eae ots Sneek so eae Avpsouy
‘Apnoig | ‘awolg | “aeeTD. | “9qSIT | “yynog qqs'T | “AAS ‘qysryT | ysomM | Sh | 0b | eh |9F | Th | 8% | 6I Sos aaa ee vrroos LVPUOPL
wolg | ROT. | VOID | FGSTT | “MN ‘yusIT | “MN TOs ANSP PP Cee che || BER = \)G6 (SE OCG) =ess*=s2 gi SES ~---> AvpuUg
a ie ee gy 9 = is) be b B|
‘ y e 2 e z a s ai 5 5 ss a S E "Yj moUL
E B B 5 st & = 5 Ss g 3 8 jo seq "yooa Jo Seq
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“kag ‘md S ‘ud I ‘UL 'e g md c ‘ad T ‘Ore g
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‘ponuyu0g9—"a.f ‘youre ‘oppayy4ony 1 apy suoynasasqo aunpo.iodaa, fo pLooayy
SG = ‘Kptioj avot? ena
10) But) 16) ‘wary | 4uSrt | UMN
1) “<p | sag eee qr MN “‘qqSI oA AT ane ;
Oca a ea cone OAT aR] AEE | SRM eee Ee ey eee eee [ee
‘al SE Ee FO eA Fae ‘AN ‘qq3ry | * |. Usa ‘aN | ch | 0g | oh | 28 oP Sa Se eae eee A BPEO UT;
ceoncee enol Apnotg | used | “AUN Hoare ae GN | ‘30311 | “HN | oh | 18 ne fe 83 | eI SSactanomacoecee Sepuo
oC et oe Ser ON eet ee See Pe cael Ae cal ees eso ae PERE A | Olay Ina IE il OO een eee ere cupittig
‘ - 9 | ‘Apno . 5 bs , “oe oi > - 9 Jee eee teen ee eee eee ee eee 1
“Apnolo seunol cee Aca oe ae | “TEN aaa Tae | 4 | ae be | 2e- |o8 \ot © [rs eat ie BE Lhe Raat pid ae
eens neal [eR DEOHOT EUS eta ‘as ene | site eta ‘aS | 6F | 0S #6 a | oF a ! SE ORIEN eae tisha 1a Mpa
jan] ea nee Eeaneee “QUorTe "AS Vsvy ae ed ‘as Y6F | TS | §¢ 9¢ | OP |g 8 [3 cge oe mie eas Aepsoupa Ay
3 “gpnoqy | “S e190 | ‘Apnoy) | “HST | “WIMOS ‘q30T ae ‘U3'T| “MS | 6b | 0g | 0s | zs lop | oe Aupsouy,
= Te | aue9 | Spuoly | -3ySrT | “aseor | sete“ 3SUGT sustt | “aS | ce jee |e | so | 8 ay |e Aupuoyyt
D “Teo | mec emcely) ‘AUST | “I8O.A4 ‘ysolg | “380A, A oe aN | of aaa OF CP a See racine een eae eae <epung
= ee items csaaety PE area | cap ikaincar lh aqsiecl sania. «tne lige zo | 8h | 8b Fe Piiseeones Fat en Avpangeg
— —-‘Spnoyy | -Apn [9 | sawot | 9USVT | yyMos | 4U5rT ciitpes Wl Seer uimog | gc |p feo | zo | er | BP Ma a ie deseescoeee Poe
ee deel “Apnotg | “Apnoig | “34st T ‘aS qqsry | * A ‘QUSIT | “ayNOS | 0g | OF lz¢ |eco |gp | Cilla cee ae Te aaa ate dale Awpsant.
ae) ante | “xeet) “SUT “MS qUSVy “AS ‘aysvy | “yynog | Lh | BF OF - 4 Opie ie CONG Steceawasee Lepsoupo A.
jc} SMT, ee pnelg } TeeTO ‘qqSTT “MS “VU SvT AAS pea “MAS OF eh OF QF oF &P Ste Rees ion oe ee era oe Aepsony,
| Cece ale BONG) ‘qysTy “MN qysvy | ie pueda “MS FP | 86 CP oP | oP | 8& DG SP Ore a eR ee cde eh oa Aupuoyy
-] “£pnopy “£ wees posse 8) “ay SVT “ON “qUSry Eee gah “MN 66 | 02 oF | 08 68 08 OG gps a hp diya Be ae es epung
= “<pnojy Renae lie acme ‘Vq5tT “MS ‘qqSrT | aan pe “AN Ch | GS 1 |6s |se | es ae PES er ee BOS Avpanyeg
= “£pno[y) sono | +f See ‘200098 “MS ‘Bu0lg | “MS eae (AAS OF | OT 68 ‘its 9¢ FL as aS oe Sh a oe - oa Aepuy
ee) “<pnojy | -pnoly | a TO | “st019S “MS ‘Su0a4¢ | “MS F paces “AAS Le | 9% | 88 2G ce 02 BCU Yum MS es ee a a Aepsanyy,
EA -spnoq) | Apnoig | Apnoig | ussit | aN | SUR] aN FaBae | Sa eee inee Mops ee [ee |e eee ee
G “IP: | ‘ L “480 " nec zi ou LON G 1g |= 5 Gh ore || Sap Suees ge kente ea eonk °,
019 | eerD | maid | Usa en | BURL eM | ORO | aN | Ore ae OS Oe ee = eee ae -- “RED UOTK
a] srundes | Tents “Apnoly ‘ysorq | ‘WIONT ‘ysorg HN UO 9 (CON zp | zz. (OF ze a OB tee 5 ENS ree nace ae -s---+ Kepung
: reel prio Apnolp wmyeO "MS ye) AN | mye | AAS ap | LP aF ae ES | 3G gL [snpacioetee Rh i raiees
ae aemen Sae Seis | eet MS | Be On | oF oe lee se. (SE [mses ea ereenr oor “= SUL
en] naar ee eel ‘qq31T | “AAS ‘qsory ae | meg | “mymog | og | ah | oF | 8h | oF Pee Ole - slabacs cane === -henpunt a
= 18912) AK nee paolo “‘ysod “MS ‘Su0Lyg oe | Ie :| “AS 3p | OF oF ae mM ie cI Sree es aS Bot epsaupa we
“<pnop aon TO) | APEBOTO! y= MBSR | anes “Ysal iq ay | Use tu “AS 6h | OOF oF 4 fe om Vere 2 Snesicse ioe Re eed pata
Boe] fee | ee | es] ee | aie) eB) Be te |B BB BR bc re
<q “Kpnoly “R90 i a B28T0 34517 “AAS “qq sVT “480 AA | a hae) 2 MAS th | OOF GP CP 1p se ot | Seco Sees tr Aa Avpung
HIROT! “1 ey TROT) “maTe) | “980 AN ‘myTLO | “489 | “OMerT 189M ty | ce CP 98 ) Ir SE as ata ae yee Avpangeg
ele mets | cnaory |e aseme | KG BO eae EO) Ne OY BE BP =| OF OT lee lace lenese Paces ee eae ee ARPLUGL
a “Apnopy) Pe seed SSora “AAS "Yso1 “AS | pelly ‘AAS 9F | GE tf 98 OF 6Z CO Oe eee Ean: Seupsanqyy,
° -<pnolg “<pno “Kk Belo) qqysvy aS: ‘TIpBO “yng | ae o ‘AAS Pr OF PP SF CP ge 8 ont aad eho +--+ Lepsompo AL
> “Apnorg Lae PESTO “YSoL “MS ‘qq sry “MS | a) MS vr | 9& tf LE CP Z jos RES eee aoe Avpsouy,
<j “IBID. ae ESO et “989 AA “qa SryT “480 Q | . tO “AAS bP | 8& €F OF OF 4 oN “Aepuoyy
= "IBID gen pba (008 Mas 10 eB ‘qq 50] aN SRO aera BY LOU? CPE nee 0F fe Be Cd GR eee ny ae ae Avpung
ie ‘<pnojg | *£ eae deta ee SPACE ae eo PELOSS ag3rt| cms | * Ne JOM | FF | 83 1p | oe =| OF Le Sepangeg
oo “<puolg Bk Og ig ad mk “MS “qsorg | * ane ees ee *e | 0F | tb | oF | OF Ca Ss PGRN aR REAL Avpuy
OS —--kpnory BEDI? AVEO) — HED |: AN meg | “AA S | ‘m8rT| “MS | ce | se | ch | oF | OF ol San Weber ceases © ‘Mapanten
Tro | avin | avo | Soong | “as wmeo | “MN | 3ugrT) “MN | cy |e jor | ye | ae US Pia 8 Rie ee Avpsoupa jy
smeotg | ‘Kpnopy | ‘Spnopy | - PSE eas ‘ysorg | “AN “qsal “MS | 82 |8e [ze joe |e | St | 08 ent gee! wieereet eee Avpsouy,
“aRATO “1R9 P 188) SUMS | "GSO “YSoa iT “MS a me MN 9€ | 8T ce 02 Ze IL Jet Op Wee et ae Doe el Avpuoyy
*ApPUolO aos eaten ‘3q50T ‘as “QUSry “AS } os Nae “AAS TP 08 GPF QF OF ‘its 6g oF hs ieee ee Senne Avpung
co ‘Apnolg | -£ Bae Ronee? ‘34 SUT “MS Birt t:te) “qyno | nee ASS Pr | && OF # Be | Ces Bel gama merhe ee Sere or ase Avpanyeg
oO “£pnoy’) | pea) puoi ‘VUSVT | ‘yynog ‘qqBV] earice asp "yqMOS ep | @P a ; 4 oe 1% Jroetteereccesecetereeesees ae
N “<pnopp eae aeaee ‘UST “MS “YSol iy “yaMog | hel nanos 66 FE LE FE 98 2S 9% eel oia ee ee Ee Avpsany
=) “<pnopy nfaranayray PON +348) qUStT | “MN q3ry | “480 atl AS LE | GT 98 9T ce a6 Aepsoupo A
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MAS aS “MS ! $8 | OT cg 9 ¢ A ee : : ---- <upuo
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[24]
1060 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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Page.
Alameda County, California...............- 12
rAllnena: eMich = -.2:sscwcccccuccsceistcsces 5, 6, 7, 8,19
FANOGISON: MT scoacscecscswccoccScecescesce. 12
PAST RING | CDATION Grice siccc ceca Geen vecsesiae 17
Baird Cale soc cc sscceicsesacccssscencseeseees 1,16
BRING | Seiktsce ceases ce sto sahiesseeeses Keetto 11
Baltimore (MG (sows oes le ccoccce aes ceeeueses 15
IBBESISIANGS -2-sccc nce eciccaswccuss secees 8, 4, 5, 20
Battle| Cros Mich ./:.2\.jo2000' cue os science 18, 19
BaViCib yy MIGH 222 [oo te caine ce ascsaces cose 19
BehrvHermVvON. 2 -Sc cece cee ce sical 10, 11, 17, 19
Beitner Station, Mich ............... swale 16
Bloomsbury Ned scams tess aascsconeessaae 12
Boardman River, Michigan........-.-..-..- 16
BONS nonin acct ect cece cisloa bers tc eacete 8
BOWeIN SOV MOND <2 wecostine scence sence 9,10
Bower's hatching-box.-.....-:...25-.cscse- 10
Brookstroutees- 0-2: euewoseeeeck- 1, 13, 16, 17, 20
Bu Samesiics oe ~ eceanaticsacasecbececcse 17
Butte County, California..................- 12
Walifommia ios o ias cesses Saisie soi 'sis 11, 12, 16, 17
Californiatrouts=_. 2 .scce~ cece cts 1, 16, 17, 20
(Oise Oe eee ee 13, 15
WAIN eto cele inisewaale sicccoeccias soy 1
CedarsBeach Nd tees. Ses cscsccmisingceccsccce 18
Central Pacific Railroad......--.......---.- 12
Chabot, Lake, California...............---2- 12
WhASOMAtCHIN GjaP as acc sais oleinecicele acie.s cas 9
Chicago and Grand Trunk Railroad.....-... 13
Chicago and West Michigan Railroad ...... 13
Chippewa Lake, Michigan ..........-...-.. 18
GlarkehrankiN 2-2 38<2sch oscuse cease ewes ese 1
Clear Lake, California «2... 2.2-cecesseessne 12
Clinton River, Michigan ............--....- 17
Collecting of whitefish eggs.......-.....--. 3
Concow Lake, Butte County, California .... 12
WONnTOMVA ae cs -ca cc seeiccses BA orAdanoceceo 8,9
Connecwout: >. «25 os ceca woes scesesccssince 11, 12
Coregonus albus.......----+--.---02-se00 soe 1
Oost Of OPeTatviaNS..-<-2.--< 22. 5- 502 sc. ccesee 20
Cristivomer namaycush.........-..-------- 1, 6,19
Culver’s Lake, New Jersey ...........----- 19
Deer Lake, Michigan .............--.-----. aT,
MIGtOLb MACH 2 soe es -/oe 2 acin dein ce eednccide'e 13
MOLTO R VOL es oceecianicceesiscconasencssae= 13,17
Distribution of brook trout eggs and fry --. 15
Distribution of California trout -........---. 16,17
Distribution of lake trout eggs.--....------- 19
Distribution of Schoodic salmon eggs -..-.- 18, 19
Distribution of whitefish eggs and fry .---. 8, 13
Donner Lake, California... .......+--...--- 12
Drainage pipes........---.c-s2e0ccesseenene 2
[20]
Page.
Druid Hill Hatchery............ eccnccewcces 15
eibrecht; Go-*. 2-2. ssveeee soccer ceese a ateclcen 10, 12
IDA erete ese cscnacenesauccemmaas AOCOS 18
Mrio, Lake: Jesse is=2sscdclecscac Qocksccese ss 3, 4, 20
HentOn Hs Vincaasa-ssasccsceceh eer ndeaames 11,12
Mish Commission Caries ocscone coceeeacess 13, 15
Wi RHOTIGKS = 2-25 -c cues tcineocpesnnateeenn 3, 4, 5, 6,19
Flint and Pere Marquette Railread ........ 13
Forest and Stream, cited .............-...-- 9
(Mirance sce tot te Pa oo ha 11, 15, 19
Free transportation of car..........-.--..-- 13
German Fishery Association ...... Sieceeeee li
GOrMmany:-o32< scebccicerces cseseeesseee 10, 11, 17, 19
Gul: neti ea. sess ceie tees ocscacacasiccenes 3, 7,19
Goonac Wake nsse sence ssasccessnssoeaeeciaae 18
Grand Lake Stream, Maine............-.... 1,17
Grand Tranverse County, Michigan........ 16
Grayling: fishing tug). cscceceasacerecenscscs 7
Great Western Railroad....-..---.--------- 13
Green, Myron .....- ote omeae eee eee celens 16
Greenwood Lake, New Jeorsey-.-.-.--------- 12
Hastord, Charles: [2-2-2 sec sceatessmcse tenes 20
Hatobery..-ceses-se--ce6 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19
Hatching and distribution of California trout
OREO aici cecal oGacewenecriaccceecisees=aa'a 16
Hatching and distribution of Schoodic sal-
MON isda. si desecesce<cecesesesdasncesn= see 17-19
Hatching apparatus. .............---.---- 2, 8, 9, 10
OITIN (So camcctsewe|cocesusenscncesatcaneea 4
Higgins Lake, Michigam .........-..--.---. 18
Mnron sUakG)i2.- cesses esss esac cies scaeeneues 3
Huron River -c<.c.0jsccccscccosscccseuss ewes 17
HUN OB ies 6 ocicconcieosene SEPSIS 17
Improved shad hatcher ....---.-..----- ORS 9
AN GIANG cis woos ecw cases enn cccceccecaaclecsenn 18
TOW cecescetcciseat coeccicses en centioslecasn« 11, 12, 19
Island Lake, Dlinois.........-.-- ScbasneGocee 17
Ww Kelleys island coco 2 o7<cccacsaccescesscee 4,5
Lake County, California..........-.-cccesss 12
Lake County, Michigan ........-.-..--.---- 18
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Rail-
NON Se acane ens aeetcstamaccseaeeuencee 13
Wake trout. 2c. s-. st sease Rees 1, 6, 7, 12, 13, 19, 20
Mand-lockedsalmon: «.:-.<2-..+sssceceees 17
NAIIOE TAO coy coda ns alncuccs amen sen seam ate 16
WageOrtenlnG s.-c ccs soessaceeeen eee aeenee 18, 19
Litchfield County, Connectiout ..........-. 12
Long Lake, Connecticut ............--.---- 12
Long Lake, Michigan..........+----..0--- 18
eandineton, Mich -cs.csscsssscsesssesaeeee 13
Madison. ING. <p cess ctan ac cwecasisamnceinnts 16
IMnIn® ncaa asee=scbince ae aescescech senna 13
1062 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER
Page.
Marin County. California ..-.-..--------.-- 12
ean vlamdn aan vec caisenicstccs acee see ee
PMisGR OT! IHRE M ss a ccicls tine’ ecies See 10, 11, 15, 17, 19
WMiatheson; |Georro Nis vecese so cce anes cae 16
Mecosta County, Michigan..........-...... 18
EMiGHICaMies cai cer seco saeine eee oe 17, 18, 21, 22, 28, 24
Michipan Wakes csc csr soi snee ee yeaa 3
Michigan Central Railroad ................ 13
Middle Bass Wsland (2.0. s2-<cescceeees soos 4,5
Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western Rail-
ROACH Selbasa eee natue Sa Re smecie ocee 13
Monroe County, Wlinoiss-----ce ssa. eee see 17
BVI GOTE See io ste ata ese em ses eg Lee 13
EMiandoohi Wake. 2h. sapere esaesissckoscoseee 17
BMEUSKer On MACH cess. accede orccne ocieeee 13
EMM ScratsWeenna access cae enc ecece oat 13
aNational carp ponds: -2t--tccesses-ce-eees 1
SNGtS eee lak ciagscchesescte eno cae eee 3, 4, 6,7, 8
eNewark tN dice se cccee seek oes nee eae 10, 11, 19
ENG wa work NOV. Hose eesea scenes 13
NortbeBasss sland e2 acer se senescence ne 4, 5, 20
ENOTEMPOInG ccc acmecedns se mecca sck aces i
‘Northville, Mich. ..-..... 1, 7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19-24
Makland County, Mich’. <2... -cs-o<22s-ccens 17,18
MONO Meenn aes sacs n cla cissere olocis oa anise s,s e(> 18
MDOT WAKO FLOW Ai sac.ccicesencuce veweiceccns 12
MONTAPLO Rete sec eatin ee cece eee rauinc acres 13, 16
‘Operations at the hatchery .....-...--...-. 8
OSPOOG INGA ses sen sec cents oaececeece sessie 18
OSSINSKE: Mesh sae Sawn ces comet eee etisieaa 7
Ws weroyiN: Wiest. saesscce acs scecsceesescue 13
Mutletipipesissso--\seccehecoe sce assseeenes 2
BACking Of OPES asec ca ste roctecesessewens 5
aLtrid fouhoimtsecass-sanweacsctee nee ecaestee 7
Period of incubation for trout eggs ......-. 15
iPAGUAN ODIO Me ys ceciow ee soos aoe eee 18
-Placer County, California. ...-<-22<..c0--0< 12
Planting of whitefish). 52.0... .cess-ces-ee 13
POnAS es eee ne esha oe satcssece tt eae 1, 3, 13, 14, 20
PoOnviae pMICh se eer ssecenae Se cececsineas 18
Port: Haron Mich 242842 cacsaeccee seeicciee clos 13
PETIGCSLOM MISH ooo os case aos anemones se 4
iProductiof fisheries? =. .c2-cceascesaeeogse 4,5
HRACOW AVS ac cran iat wrceieiae slemisclese paicein atest 14
RACING MWS tesnce'sene =m sce eee clcaciceceace 13
Madclit Lake; ‘California.2:-.2..--..cckcccs 12
Railroad companies furnishing free trans-
POrtAONY. jaqsos soca iskamisecije ee ceinwecicets 13
AR AINDOWELLOUb acc oseacc cies cesses eerees 1,16
PVE CIN MB bales dare seers le tec a teierste weet 11, 12
SROSCIVOLL SE cciecic sons cces ence scigsss erences 3
Rivalry between fish commissions ......-.. 3,4
Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Rail-
ORM saceatete'ciclaisiviac civ e'civcis cise Son seasicicntes 50 18
15 |
OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Page.
toscommon County, Michigan ............. 18
Rouge River, Michigan ............-....... 15,17
Nant; ClairMlakemmescecsce cence se cee eens 16,17
jsaintigosephs Mich esses stare np oes meee te
Nalnt VOUS; MO steed res shee pee eee ees VW
Salmo ividéa- 2.8... o-.vesacsemocc cescee oes pass b7
Salvelinus fontinalis)5-2 2. 8-2-2 eeseee coe 1
San Leandro (Cal.) hatchery.......--...... 12
Santa Cruz County, California ............. 12
Sapna: ‘Ontarione-ssosesean ee ck pose eee 16
scarecrow, -lsland! seceseeeeacnss seer eae eee ili
Schoodic salmoni2e----14--seoeisaceesee 1, 16, 17, 20
Seawing) fishing tug 22 kee eee eee 7
Shafter’s Lake, California .................. 12
Shaw, Bun oceans casekatelesitemcnmeeere 11, 12,19
Sheboygan; Wisk cce se seaceeecine Se ete 13
Shepherd's ake yNe ie - ese sesee eee 12
Shipments of whitefish eggs ........-.-.--. 10, 12
Shipping’ cases: 42.0824 eo socom eee 5
Simmons, “Mir aesat. ses cesses eee ee eee 13
Slack; Mrs: Ji H.2..22 joseecds se senemeame tees 11,12
Snide'and Hox, Messrs .2-=.-c2.eciseeeecieae 4
Southern) Pacific Railroad <2. .----45-seese 12
Spawning erounds). (22h ss 5)-.92 secs 3, 4
Spawnineseasonie-.--.sne= ees 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15
Spawn-taking operations......-.--..-.----- 4,5,7
Spirit Wake, Towa). 222 -t24.cseepaceseeceeies 12
Sprin Py Pond essence sen eeeceescieeeeeeee ees 2,3
State fish commissions...... 2. -2.c.-.csecess 4,12
Ntraiteiake: Mich: 252 2230 sheen cence 17
Summary of work accomplished...--....--.- 20
Survey, of hatchery \.2--6-ccps-eqssereccesee 1
mussex County, aNe disse seesee sem aesnee 19
Tahoe Lake, Placer County, Cal ....-...... 12
Temperature/ol, Ponds). e6 osemnc- econ aici 14
Temperature observations ...-..-----.-- 7, 8, 20-24
Moledo; Ohio sss... tees svess ste. ceeee eee 18
Tom! Miermll iWiesselieeae} sian eleiia= selaieeie 9
Transportation! Cals... s<-ee-eanenseee 13, 15
Transportation'Case-2-=--a-.<--2 see ee eee 10, 11
Trap-nets soe eeeb oes eens semeeaes eee 3,4,7
Trontiponds sees cel- amelie eeiaeaec ieee 1, 18, 20
Wni0m. Lake jos. soccs = geetes eo sea eceaenene 18
Washington, Cee sas ecl ciocsaelanee ec Ld:
Washtenaw County, Mich .....--.-....---- 15
Wayne County, Mich.......-.----.---.----- 17
Weather observations.....-.------.----- 7, 8, 20-29
Whitefish: -2-s2e 2.5322. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 19, 20
Wightman, T. B..22 2 cc csie cece seen en = = 18
Walliams, S$. Bio. 2 jos ons cece ao ccee ecnieinieiinte 18, 19
Wires, tSHEy csiasossjaneees Piso so seer ie cee 7,9, 19
WiASCONSING Ss fos soaccls casein enaesiniclaa serie ote 13
12
Woodbury, Mr ...-..-..222- none cee eeeeecee
XXI.—THE REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE UNITED STATES
SALMON-BREEDING STATION ON THE McCLOUD RIVER, CALI-
FORNIA, DURING THE SEASON OF 1881.
By LivinGston STONE.
Hon. SPENCER F. BAIRD:
Sir: I beg leave to report as follows: When my last report closed in
October, 1880, 2,000,000 salmon eggs had been left in the McCloud River
hatching-house to be hatched by the State of California for the Sacra.
mento River and its tributaries. These were successfully hatched and
placed in the McCloud River before Christmas, when all work at this
station was discontinued for the season.
Up to this time the rainfall had not been unusually large. Indeed,
there had been more than the customary number of fair days until the
18th of December, when it began to rain and continued to rain eleven
days in succession, the river rising on the 25th 8 feet and 2 inches above
its summer level. This was nothing extraordinary, however, and no
fears or even misgivings were entertained of any disaster from flood to
the fishery buildings, they being built from 18 to 19 feet above the river.
There was a dense fog over the McCloud River the last two days of De-
cember, but no rain, and when the new year opened the river had fallen
back to within a foot and a half of its usual level.
The month of January, however, was attended by a rainfall wholly
unprecedented in Northern California since its settlement by white men.*
Forty-seven inches of water fell at Shasta during this month, and in
the mountains where the fishery is situated the fall must have been
much greater. Onthe 27th of January the McCloud had risen 12 feet,
but the water had been higher than that in previous years, and still no
one supposed that the buildings were in danger. Again the river fell,
but this time the fall was succeeded by the greatest rise of water ever
known in this river before, either by white men or Indians now living.
During the first days of February the rain poured down in torrents.
It is said by those who saw it that it did not fall as rain usually falls,
but it fell asif thousands of tons of water were dropped in a body from
* Rainfall at Shasta, J anuary, 1881 ead Se Sayer Role eee de tise ek sniecels 47 inches.
Huniatlat Shasta; February, FS8liso25022d.5. 5. ses wee een cose sees TVS nckes,
PRO tolerant ll SON SCASOD: - =F ae este cte kerio << mes. ccecrote eae 109.7 inches.
I hereby certify the above to be correct.
JAMES E. ISAACS,
Weather Observer, Shasta, Cal.
Smasta, Cau., August 1, 1881. i0es
Ox
[1]
1064 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
the sky at once. Mr. J. B. Campbell relates that near his house, in a
cation which is dry in summer, the water in not many minutes became
30 feet deep, and the violence of the current was so great that trees a
hundred feet long were swept down, trunk, branches and all, into the
river. On the 2d of February the McCloud River began to rise at the
rate of a foot an hour. By 9 o’clock in the evening it was 16 feet
and 8 inches above its ordinary level. This was within 4 inches of the
danger-mark, and two young men who were at the fishery, Richard D.
Hubbard and Oscar Fritze, made an attempt, at the risk of their lives,
to save some of the most valuable movable property in the buildings.
With great courage and determination they waded through the fierce
current, in the blinding rain and pitchy darkness, and rescued many val-
uable things, but the water around the house was then up to their
shoulders and the unequal struggle could not be long maintained.
These young men are, however, entitled to great credit for succeeding
in rescuing what they did from the flood on that frightful night.
The water was soon a foot above the danger-mark, and the buildings
began to rock and totter as if nearly ready to fall. There was now no
hope of saving them or anything in them. At half-past two in the
morning of the 3d of February, they toppled over with a great crash
and were siezed by the resistless current and hurried down the river.
When the day dawned nothing was to be seen of the main structures
which composed the United States salmon-breeding station on the Me-
Cloud River. The mess-house, where the workmen had eaten and slept
for nine successive seasons, and which contained the original cabin, 12
feet by 14 feet, where the pioneers of the United States Fish Commis-
sion on this coast lived during the first season of 1872; the hatching-
house, which, with the tents that preceded it, had turned out 70,000,000
salmon eggs, the distribution of which had reached from New Zealand
to St. Petersburg; the large dwelling-house, to which improvements and
conveniences had been added each year for five years—these were all
gone, every vestige of them, and nothing was to be seen in the direction
where they stood except the wreck of the faithful wheel which through
summer’s sun and winter’s rain had poured 100,000,000 gallons of water
over the salmon eggs in the hatchery, and which now lay dismantled
and ruined upon the flat-boats which had supported it, and which were
kept from escaping by two wire cables made fast to the river bank.
The river continued to rise the next forenoon until it reached a maxi-
mum height of 26 feet and 8 inches above its summer level. This, of
course, is not a very extraordinary rise for a slow-moving river, but
when it is remembered that the McCloud is at low water a succession
of cascades and rapids, having an average fall of 40 feet to the mile,
it will be seen at once what a vast volume of water must have been
poured into this rapid river in a very short time, and with what velocity
it must have come to have raised the river 26 feet when its natural fall
was sweeping it out of the cation so swiftly.
[3] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1065
Those who saw this mighty volume of water at it highest point, rush-
ing through its mountain cafon with such speed, say that it was ap-
palling, while the roar of the torrent was so deafening that persons
standing side by side on the bank could not hear each other when
talking in an ordinary tone of voice.
It must be over two centuries since the McCloud River rose, if ever,
as high as it did last winter. There is very good evidence of this on
the very spot where the fishery was located, for just behind the mess-
house, and exactly under where the fishery flag floats with a good south
breeze, is an Indian grave-yard, where the venerable chiefs of the
McCloud have been taken for burial for at least two hundred years,
and there is no knowing how much longer. One-third of this grave
yard was swept away by the high water last winter, and the ground
below was strewn with dead men’s bones.
Now, the fact that the Indians have been in the habit of burying their
dead in this spot for two centuries proves that the river has never risen
to the height of last winter’s rise within that time, for nothing could
induce Indians to bury their fathers where they thought there was the
least danger of the sacred bones being disturbed by floods.
When the waters subsided, it became apparent what a clean sweep
the river had made. Here and there the stumps of a few posts, broken
off and worn down nearly to the ground by the driftwood rubbing over
them, formed the only vestiges whatever to indicate that anything had
ever existed there but the clean rocky bar that the falling water had
left.
The inventory showed that over $4,000 worth of hatching apparatus,
house furniture, tools, and other articles were lost or destroyed by the
flood, besides the buildings themselves. The whole loss could not have
been less than $15,000.*
At the time of the disaster all communication with the outside world
was shut off by the high water in the rivers. On the 6th of February,
Mr. Myron Green succeeded with great difficulty in taking a telegram
from the trout ponds to Redding, a distance of 25 miles. Mr. Green was
three days in accomplishing the journey, and in several instances swam
the intervening creeks, carrying his clothes on his head. As soon as
the news reached Professor Baird he telegraphed to Hon. B. B. Red-
ding, of San Francisco, to telegraph Senator Booth, at Washington, to
obtain an appropriation for rebuilding the fishery. It was now almost
at the close of the Congressional session, but Senator Booth succeeded
in securing an appropriation of $10,000, to be expended under the direc-
tion of Professor Baird in restoring the buildings and property destroyed
by the flood. As soon as this appropriation was made Professor Baird
gave me instructions to proceed at an early date to the McCloud River
and enter at once upon the work of restoring the fishery.
*An account of the effects of the high water at the United States trout ponds, 4
miles farther up the McCloud River, will be found in the report of operations at that
point.
1066 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
In pursuance of these instructions I arrived at the fishery on the 19th
of May, having previously arranged to have 50,000 feet of lumber deliv-
ered on the premises before my arrival. I immediately engaged work-
men and ordered material, and on Monday morning, May 23, the work
of rebuilding was under full headway, with a force of upwards of twenty
white men and about a dozen Indians. There being no building of any
magnitude left, we lived in tents until the mess-house was finished, one
large tent, 60 feet by 30 feet, divided by a partition into two compart-
ments, Serving for a sleeping-room and dining-room for the workmen.
We encountered one serious difficulty at the very outset in putting
up the new buildings. When we first built here it was supposed that
the flat or nearly flat land lying 12 or 15 feet above the level of the river
was safe from high water, and we accordingly erected our buildings
there, protecting them from a possible rise of 3 or 4 feet more by a very
ponderous breakwater. As the water last winter rose to the almost in-
credible height of 26 feet above the river’s natural level, we were only
jeft the alternative of putting the buildings on the hill-tops or on the
hill-sides. The first being out of the question, of course we were driven
by necessity to build on the hill-sides. This involved a great deal of
grading, which in turn necessitated very laborious digging and exca-
vating, sometimes even into the solid rock. It was a long, slow, and
expensive work. It was a provoking paradox that here where land was
as free as air and almost as boundless, it should cost, as it did in some
instances, $1,000 an acre. It seemed at first as if we should never get
through digging, but after the foundations were all laid the work went
on rapidly, and progressed without any drawbacks, except a lack of
means, until everything was done. The lack of means resulted from an
attempt to accomplish with $10,000 what could not be done for less than
$15,000, but it was work which could not be done by halves, and I con-
cluded to go on and finish the work and trust to subsequent action of
Congress for indemnification.
On the 1st of September we had on the fishery grounds a mess-house,
hatching-house, and stable. We had also built a bridge 150 feet long
across the river, and had added to it as usual a firmly built fence or
rack that allowed the water to pass down but prevented the salmon
from going up the river.
The mess-house is a well-built and nicely painted two-story house, 40
feet by 25 feet, containing a kitchen, pantry, store-room, dining-room,
and men’s room on the lower floor, with three large sleeping apartments
on the second floor. It is well supplied with running water from a
spring on the hill behind the house, so that there is always a full tank
of fresh cold water in the kitchen, another tank on the second floor to
be used in case of fire, and another on the porch where the men wash.
This abundant supply of cold water in this very hot climate is a great
convenience, not to say luxury. The mess-house rests on bed-rock, well
up above high-water mark, and is perfectly safe from any future floods.
[5] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1067
The stable is a well-built, substantial two-story building, 40 feet by 20
feet, with accommodations for four horses. It has two commodious
_ store-rooms and a loft. On the north side, where it is protected from
the sun in summer and the storms in winter, a shed is built joining the
barn.
The hatching house is a large, handsome, painted building 80 feet long
and 30 feet wide. It stands well above the danger mark of high water,
and is provided with forty hatching troughs, each 16 feet long, furnished
with seven hatching baskets, each 2 feet long, making two hundred
hatching baskegs in all. These baskets will carry 35,000 salmon eggs
each, giving a total hatching capacity to the whole house in round num-
bers of 10,000,000 salmon eggs.
The hatching-house is provided with nine windows on each side, one
window in each gable end, and five sky-lights on the roof, all of which
combined furnish a good supply of light even on the dark, rainy days in
the fall when the salmon are being hatched for the restocking of the
tributaries of the Sacramento. On the east end of the house is a large
shed built for the purpose of furnishing room and shelter while packing
the eggs intended for distribution. The water supply for hatching the
eggs is lifted to the house by a current-wheel in the river. This wheel
is a fine piece of workmanship, and a credit to the builders. It is 32
feet in diameter, is furnished with thirty-two arms and thirty-two pad-
dies, and revolves on a shaft 18 inches in diameter. It rests on two
very substantially built boats, each 36 feet long and 8 feet wide. On
these there rests, sustained on suitable supports, the current-wheel.
The boats and wheel are placed at a point in the river where the current
has the greatest velocity, which gives the wheel a lifting capacity of
24,000 gallons an hour.
In addition to the structures already mentioned, there was the post-
office building, which was washed off its original foundation and some-
what injured by the high water, but which had been replaced, raised
higher, and somewhat enlarged. This is now used as a dwelling-house.
A small store-house which survived the flood, and the spawning-house
for taking the eggs, complete the list of buildings at the McCloud River
salmon fishery as it is now restored.
As may be supposed, some of the metheds of work employed here are
of a primitive character. To illustrate this, allow me to trace the boat
gunwales through their various stages of progress till they were framed
into the boats.
The boats’ gunwales were to be 36 feet long and 29 inches wide. It
was therefore necessary to find a tree which would furnish a stick of
good timber 37 feet long and 30 inches wide; and we hoped at first to
find a tree from which could be cut a rectangular joist 30 inches by 24
inches, and 37 feet in length. The work of getting out the gunwales
began, therefore, with finding the tree. With this object in view, Mr.
Campbeli spent three or four days in the hills hunting for a suitable
1068 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
tree, but could not find one within four miles of the fishery. He did
find, however, a tree which would furnish a stick of timber of the re-
quired length and width and 12 inches indepth. This being the largest
tree that could be discovered within a reasonable distance, it was cut
down. Then four men spent three days scoring and hewing the log to
get it reduced to the proper dimensions and shape to be sawed into two
gunwales. When this was done a saw-pit was made and the timber was
hoisted on the pit. Then two men spent nearly two days sawing it in
two, lengthwise, with a whip-saw, one sawyer standing under the log
and one above it. We now had in the rough two solid plank gunwales
of the required length, width, and depth. As they lay on the saw-pit
they weighed nearly a ton apiece, and were too heavy for even ten men
to move any distance, so we forded the river with a pair of horses and
drew the planks down the hill-side to the river. From here they were
floated down the stream and across the river to the landing nearest the
point where the boats were to be built. From here they were drawn
by horses again to the “ship-yard,” as we called it. Then after consid-
erable hewing and finishing they were framed into the boats, making
two very solid and satisfactory gunwales. After these were got in, the
same process was repeated with another tree with the same results,
trom which we obtained two more gunwales for the other boat. I men-
tion these details to show that we have something more to do here when
we want a thing of this sort than to go to the lumber yard and order it.
In the four gunwale planks just described there were 1,600 feet of
lumber. But this was not all the work of this kind that we had to do,
for before the season was over we got out from the woods over 20,000
feet of square timber.
The hatching house and the wheel, and the flume for carrying the
water from the wheel to the house, were no sooner completed than the
salmon began to spawn. This was in the last week of August. The
first ripe salmon, indeed, was caught August 25.
This reminds me that I must mention the work that had to be done
on the seining ground, a large nearly circular basin in the river, where
we draw the seine for capturing parent salmon. When we left off fish-
ing last fall the ground over which we drew the seine was smooth and
safe for seining. When we examined it this spring, after the floods, it
was found to have been plowed through and through by the violence of
the current. Such deep cuts had been made through the former bed of
the river that both bowlders and sharp points of bed rock, before
entirely covered, now projected 8 or 10 feet above the general level of
the river bed, and made it wholly impossible, of course, to draw the
seine over them. Our attempts to draw the seine before repairing the
ground resulted in getting snagged the first few times and finally tear-
ing the net entirely in two.
The restoring of the seining ground being absolutely necessary, we
went to work at it as soon as the mess building was completed and the
[7] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1069
workmen had a house to eat and sleep in. We began with carefully
examining the ground by going over it with a boat, and by feeling of
the bottom of the river with long poles. After finding out in this way
where both the depressions and projections were, we went to work with
giant powder and blasted for two or three days till we had broken up
and leveled down to a great extent the projecting ledges and bowlders.
We then took one of our large flat boats or scows and ran it out over
the places to be filled up, and, bridging over the space between the boat
and the shore, we set a force of a dozen Indians or so at work on a soft
bank on the shore. The Indians with picks and shovels cut down the
bank, and then with wheelbarrows carried the earth and gravel out to
the scow and dumped them into the holes where the earth was needed
in the seining ground. This work was carried on until all the depres-
sions on the seining ground were filled up, and the tops of the broken
rocks wholly covered over. After this was done a few hauls of the net
smoothed the whole place over, and the seining ground was as good or
better than before.
Before proceeding further with the taking of the salmon eggs, 1 ought
to say that a strange and fatal disease made its appearance among the
salmon of the river about the 25th of June. We first discovered it from
observing dead salmon collecting in the eddies, and others floating down
the river. Dead salmon during and after the spawning season are
common enough in the river, but to see them in June was a very unu-
sual sight. In fact it was a sight never seen before in our ten years’
experience on the McCloud. The chief peculiarity of the disease was
that many, if not most, of the dying fish presented a perfectly healthy
exterior. They were clean, plump, silvery fish, free from fungus and
parasites, and without a mark or sign on the surface to show that any-
thing was wrong about them. I examined several to discover the cause
of the mortality. In most of the fish that I dissected the mouth and
gills seemed healthy and intact, while the viscera were very much con-
gested with dark blood, and the spleen was very much enlarged. Later
in the season, those that I examined all had unhealthy gills. The gills
in these cases were very much abraded on the outer edges, and were
almost stuck together by a slimy or gummy substance, as if the gills
had been injured and had freely maturated. This was found to be the
case with many living fish which were caught in the seine. Neither of
the symptoms just described were ever observed here in the salmon
before this year. I preserved in alcohol several specimens of the viscera
of salmon dying from this disease, and sent them to the National Museum
at Washington, where an examination of them will probably throw
some light upon the causes of this mysterious epidemic.
Proceeding now with the taking of salmon eggs, I will go on to say
that the number of ripe salmon caught at each haul in the seine soon
commenced to increase, and on the 18th of August I thought it safe to
begin to collect salmon eggs for the hatching house. On that day we
1070 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
took 140,000 eggs, the parent salmon appearing to be very thick in the
river. The next day we took 225,000, and by September 2 we had ex-
ceeded half a million a day. The next day we took more yet, and from
this time till we stopped fishing we could have taken a million a day
if necessary. Ripe salmon never were so abundant before in the fish-
ing season. We caught frequently at one haul of the seine more than
we used to catch, a few years ago, in twenty-four hours. The salmon
were very large, too, the average weight of the spawned fish being sev-
eral pounds more than last year, and the average number of eggs to the
fish being 4,205 against about 5,000 in 1880 and a still smaller number
in 1879. In consequence of the abundance of spawning fish, combined
with their large size and average of eggs, the fishing season was made
comparatively easy this year.
When salmon are scarce we have been in the habit of drawing the
seine continuously night and day through the twenty-four hours. When
they are plentiful the regular time for drawing the seine is from 4 a.m.
to 10 a. m., and from 5 p.m. to10 p.m. This year, on account of the
extraordinary abundance of the fish, we frequently had to make but two
or three hauls a day, and even at this rate we took all the eggs needed
(7,500,000) before the spawning season was half over—a piece of good
luck that never came within our experience before.
I may add here that this vast increase in the number of salmon in the
river is the direct result of the artificial hatching of young salmon at
this place. For several years past the United States Fish Commission
has presented to the State of California 2,000,000 salmon eggs or more
each year. These eggs the State fish commission has hatched each year
at its own expense and has placed the young salmon in tributaries of the
Sacramento. This artificial stocking of the river has resulted in a won-
derful and wholly unprecedented increase of salmon in this river. So
great has been the increas ethat the annual catch of salmon in the Sacra-
mento River is worth nearly half a million dollars more than it was seven.
years ago, before the hatching operations were resorted to. This one
result of the work done by the United States Fish Commission on the
McCloud River would be ample compensation for all the outlay which
has been made there, supposing that it were attended with no other
results.
There was not much else done during the fishing season except to
catch parent salmon and to collect eggs, as it takes nearly all hands to
draw the seine and to take care of the eggs when taken. However, ©
some work was done in adding conveniences to the hatching house and
in preparing for shipping the eggs.
The last eggs for the regular season’s supply were taken on the 8th
of September, making a total of 7,500,000. The salmon in the river on
the day we left off fishing seemed thicker than ever. If they had been
needed I think we could have taken 20,000,000 eggs this season.
The time between the end of the season’s spawning and the begin--
[9] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1071
ning of the packing for shipment was devoted to the taking care of the
eggs, to making crates and boxes to ship the eggs in, to picking over
the moss to pack with, and to cleaning up generally for the season.
Everything went on smoothly till packing time, and without accident,.
with one exception. This exception, however, was one of the gravest
character, and consisted of an accident to the wheel, which filled us all
with consternation and alarm. It happened the 18th of September, on
a remarkably quiet and pleasant Sunday morning. The white men em-
ployed at the fishery were scattered over the grounds, and there were
three or four Indians about. No one had the slightest expectation of
any disaster. Everything connected with the hatching of the eggs
seemed to be going on with the utmost success and safety, when sud-
denly, in the direction of the current-wheel, which lifts the water for
the hatching house, an ominous sound of a blow was heard, followed by
a crash, like the breaking of a board—then another and another—and
those who happened to be in sight of the wheel saw that it had begun
to break up and was rapidly going to pieces. A moment before, hardly
half a dozen men could be seen. A moment after, more than twenty
men, white and red, were gathered on the bar opposite to where the
wheel was stationed. It seemed at first as if the wheel would be torn
to pieces in a moment. It was revolving at the rate of five revolutions
& Ininute in a very rapid and powerful current. But the injury itself
was the cause of its own cessation.
Though no one knows positively the cause of the accident, it is sup-
posed that it was occasioned by driftwood coming down the river and
catching somewhere about the wheel so as to obstruct it. The mo-
mentum of the current here being so great that it forced the wheel
around, notwithstanding the obstruction, there could be but one result
—the breaking up of the wheel. But, of course, after five or six
paddles were broken off on one side of the wheel, there was a large
space on the circumference of the wheel, where it did not reach the
water at all; when this part of the wheel came around again to the
surface of the water, there being no paddles to reach the current, the
wheel stopped of its own accord.
As soon as the accident was discovered not a moment was lost in es-
tablishing a line of buckets from the river to the hatching house to
supply water to theeggs. Every white man and Indian that could be
pressed into the service was employed. and in less than ten minutes we
had three lines, of eight or ten men each, bringing water from the
river in buckets, tubs, watering-pots, and anything that could be found,
that would hold water. This being accomplished, and the eggs released
from immediate danger, I gave attention to the wheel. It appeared
that seven paddles were broken off, with a portion of each arm attached.
The question now was whether the men could hold out bringing water
till the wheel could be repaired. I do not know what we could have
done in this emergency without the Indians; but I do not think we
1072 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
could have saved the eggs except by their aid. They worked splendidly,
most of them from eleven o’clock in the morning, when the wheel
broke down, until four o’clock the next morning, when it was started
again—seventeen hours of continuous work, with two very short in-
terruptions, when I allowed them, three at a time, to run to the bouse
to get something to eat. During all this seventeen hours some of them
were carrying buckets of water that weighed sixty or seventy pounds
each. They did not work as if they were working merely for pay; but
they worked with genuine enthusiasm. They kept in good spirits, too,
till an hour or two after midnight. But about two or three o’clock in
the morning it was evident that it was all they could do to keep at it.
I do not think they could have held out much longer. I have seen
white men look as tired as they did, but I never saw such a tired look
on Indians’ faces before as there was on the faces of those red heroes
who saved our salmon eggs. When it is remembered that we consider
10,000 gallons of water an hour necessary to keep all the eggs in good
condition, an idea may be formed of the labor that was involved in
bringing the water to the eggs. 1 must not forget to say here that the
white men worked as heroically as the Indians, though their work was
not as exhausting, and I must especially mention Mr. J. B. Campbell,
who took charge of repairing the wheel, and who worked with all his
might from the time it broke till it was fully repaired. At four o’clock
in the morning the wheel was again making its accustomed revolutions
and raising the regular current of water to the hatching house. When
this had been accomplished the rest of us, leaving one man to watch
the wheel till breakfast time, retired to sleep the remainder of the night.
Before leaving the subject of the accident to the wheel, I will mention
a contrivance which we adopted for furnishing water to the eggs, which,
though very simple, saved an enormous amount of labor and is strongly
recommended for any hatching house that may be unfortunate enough
to have its water supply cut off for any length of time.
The device was as follows: A long, large, receiving tank was placed
under the outiet of the hatching troughs so as to catch and hold the
water that flowed from them. In addition to this, a line of raised spouts
was erected from the outlet end of the hatching house to the filtering
tank at the other end, sufficiently elevated to deliver into the filtering
tank the water that was poured in at the other end. Several men then
went to work at the outlet end of the house to dip the water up in buckets
from the receiving tank and to pour it into the head of the elevated line
of spouts. The water so dipped up flowed down the line of spouts into
the filtering tank, and thence over the eggs again into the receiving
tank.
In this way a constant circulation was kept up through the hatch-
ing troughs by the small stationary force of men dipping and pouring
at the elevated spout. This, with the water that was also being brought
from the river, formed an adequate supply, and the eggs were kept in
[11] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1073
perfect condition all night, and, strangely enough, there was no per-
ceptible loss of eggs during the whole time of the stoppage of the
wheel, although there were 7,500,000 salmon eggs in the hatching
house.
Everything went on smoothly and prosperously after the wheel was
restored, the eggs matured with less loss than usual, and on the 24th of
September they were ready to be packed for shipment. On that day
we packed and crated 1,450,000 eggs. On the next day we packed and
erated 1,700,000, and on the third day we packed and crated 450,000,
making in all 36 crates, containing a total of 3,600,000 eggs. These
were all taken to Redding in wagons and then loaded into a car as
usual, nearly all the spare space in the car being filled with ice.
This car left with the passenger train for the East on Wednesday
morning, September 28, and arrived at Chicago on Monday, October 3.
From Chicago the eggs were distributed by the United States Express
Company as follows:
Record of the distribution of salmon eggs from the United States salmon-breeding station on
the McCloud River, California, during the season of 1881.
Applicants. | Destination. eee
PR eD eHOrPUSON se aeeee sone calian sonieis sei Drudge Baltimore, Midis 422.2 sj.cce- oncom e tet | 500, 000
RUA SV CNLO Vie mistetetain cia.stearaistainiasiasisiaisicis ose fotsenbalie 2thri ba bbe eeeeasr marEEAnr rcp socbe Dance 200, 000
Pee U AN IT SSUOM cele iale ose deoses sects sinsise Omaha: pNebr bso: 25500 cccecnses aeons ose ceceeee 500, 000
PAP IPE OMVOL Se aia lela ale aiaraisiie]eisiaisis'=\ctajm (nfo <= IB VMOU DU Neg acts ate c\eisiteie cisterns alee ere wine ste seers 50, 000
HG Parkers... Nha cata v Se Rt or oer Carson! City, INev..2--4--5-- 2 50, 000
SBUNNWICOEStccscccacrt «sianlee'e Ps Wi OX0) oad ef: Pe a ae 100, 000
MONSMEITIG KOR te eee ce ge ee ee eee hese Walhalla, S.C... 3060, 000
MNO MW ALIUGr ose crcfae oot ee cielo nem ies cee ens: Romney, W. Va. Roe : 100, 000
OMVVLIMNO Dae Citeccas saciieis ccc ckc-secies New Castle, Ontario .-...- 500, 000
Rerey © sO) 2 sn. ace cc dc anisinie piece ncwese Plaintields Nidicoctcns kuiate sewaccas eieidacecccosceel 50, 000
CUTS ONNSOM fe cewieacisadalctiee - =o 6 i~ = Saint Petersburg; Pal osocc ec cmscissccssmase eee 50, 000
One Mat nh Onieeaees ecko seem cen alesse oak! N6Wark Ned. coose nti sshincc Sahat ee pees 500, 000
Besides the eggs mentioned in the above table 50,000 were sent on
the 21st of September to the New South Wales Zoological Society, Syd-
ney, New South Wales.
There were also sent, on the 28th of September, from Sacramento, by
express, to Hon. B. B. Redding, California fish commission, 200,000 eggs ;
and to the Lenni Fish Propagating Company, Sonoma, Cal., 500,000 eggs.
Allow me to say, in conclusion, that this closes the tenth season of the
labors of the United States Fish Commission in taking salmon eggs at
this station. During that period nearly 70,000,000 salmon eggs have
been taken and distributed, and, though sometimes great difficulties—
and some that appeared insurmountable at the time—have been encoun-
tered, fortune has favored us through the decade, so that every year
of the ten has been a successful one.
3elow will be found tables showing—
(a.) The daily record of eggs taken.
(b.) The number of fish taken in the seine.
(c.) The temperature of air and water during the season.
(1.) The various collections sent to the Smithsonian Institution.
S. Mis. 110 65
1074 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12]
Table showing the number of female salmon spawned each day and the number of salmon eggs
taken each day during the season of 1881.
Number | Number
Date. of fish | of eggs
spawned.) taken.
71 a IS AC re Ag RE Se Ae eC e DRO as aD) SoMa 45 SE OHO OOH a SemS Sor oma oeeae tc 55 225, 000
BOM case 2a athe waa a ARR Meee aed tan te EAE dl Ei sel 98 | 370, 000
nia a ies Jute Cat Si Les SSE ONC AT kanes AAU RRR ORL 7” SIRES Ve ges 81 | 331, 000
SOD be tbe le ciccleiicen sy Mene et eattae ei lcls se caeclene Reem sewed ccs bistaiches cleta cinteeratetstsi nee 104 439, 000
eet eles sraialonlee wlaietatalape ciaterntcla icicles ateinlanioieiote aetna rs einieleia clelets nicieiniaiceinete siatestenins 172 665, 000
Boreal ctals a sce a ora iainle Share ce lstelaiisit minis isrevater elle alate a cintcte sam clsis winictciminioleielaaleiwitiee ait eteteraye 179 770, 000
ie ae Ele (ol i A a RM ALES 1 Ra RNS mG BO Ay LE ALT 7 190 | 945, 000
ieee aeration ie teateerc ote era iais SM jaca Sa ere Fete ictoiete 2 tm cc tolena Meet n Rotate Be Rta Qaeeaaee: 221 914, 000
Giese yck ce boca catnncies swine Oc cle sind © Swisieme Minato Osan ne he booekbeabaeeoneeecee 200 836, 000
ire ciewje erelalals wicca lale aisiclae aie Sele ew btw als ole Seetole Sinaia ate Soe’ Crerete bicidie Me peta arom ae oieeie 213 875, 000
Rg Siete Mia Tae POR CA een Reha ee ah SAO MEE hint oy pT Be Besii 181 | 725, 000
Oat eRe pas Ae RED a is Son hie oa Ra uM LIT Tae od | 1,729 | 7, 270, 600
|
Average number of eggs to fish, 4,205. Average weight of females, 112 pounds.
Table giving list of specimens collected for the Smithsonian Institution.
(Catalogue of alcoholic specimens from McCloud River, California. Contributed by Livingston Stone.]
700. Dolly Varden trout. 1881.
701. Salmon. June, 1881.
702. Salmon. June, 1881.
703. Salmon. June, 1881.
704. Salmon. June, 1881.
705. Salmon, male. August 26, 1881.
706. Salmon, male. August 26, 1881.
707. Salmon, male. August 26, 1881.
708. Salmon, male. August 26, 1881..
709. Jar of trout from trout ponds. 1881.
710. Jar of trout from trout ponds. 1881.
711. Salmon, female. August 31, 1881.
712. Salmon, female. August 31, 1881.
713. Salmon, female. August 31, 1881.
714. Salmon, female. August 31, 1881.
715. Jar containing—
1 split-tail fish. June, 1881.
2 young humming-birds. June, 1881.
1 beetle. June, 1881.
1 young mole. June 12, 1881.
1 young rat. June 12, 1881.
2 spleens. June 16, 1881.
1insect. June 16, 1881.
5 lizard eggs. June 16, 1881.
716. Jar containing gills and viscera of a female salmon that died of
the disease prevailing in the McCloud River during the sum-
mer of 1881. The spawn was very far advanced but not loose,
August 4, 1881. Also viscera of three more. August 5, 1881.
[13] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1075
717. Viscera of diseased salmon. July, 1881.
718. Female salmon. August 31, 1881.
719. Female salmon. August 31, 1881.
720. Head of salmon. Gills and eyes partly destroyed by fungus and
healed again. July 8, 1881.
721. Jar containing—
1 rattlesnake. June, 1881.
1 king snake. June, 1881.
1 king snake. July, 1881.
1 small striped snake. July, 1881.
1 small snake. June, 1881.
1 lizard. June, 1881.
1 lizard. July, 1881.
Memorandum of nests and eggs of birds collected on the McCloud River
From May 29 to June 12, 1881.
. King oriole. Nest and young.
. Redheaded woodpecker. Found in stump of tree.
. Male and female linnet nest and 3 eggs. Found on rafters of barn.
. Female blue jay. Nest found in tall live oak.
. Flycatcher (male) and nest.
. Humming-bird. Nest and 1 egg.
. Cat-bird and nest.
. Goldfinch and nest.
. Unknown nest.
. Unknown nest.
11. Humming-bird’s nest.
12. Quail’s nest. Four eggs.
13. Dove and egg. Found in hollow of ground (no other nest).
14. Quail’s nest. Seven eggs.
15. Unknown nest. Three eggs.
16. Unknown nest.
17. Sundry unknown nests.
18. Oriole’s nest.
19. A yellow-breasted bird and nest.
20. A yellow-bird’s nest.
21. Unknown nest and egg.
22. Meadow-lark’s nest and 4 eggs.
23. Unknown nest and 2 eggs.
24. Humming-bird’s nest.
25. Flycatcher. Nest and 2 eggs.
26. Unknown bird and nest. Found on ground.
27. Unknown bird. Nest and 4 eggs.
Se MmAN OTP WHR
1076 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14]
2
List of geological specimens contributed by Livingston Stone.
1. Bones from Cave Bear Cave, McCloud River, California. July 29,
1881.
Teeth, McCloud River, California. July 29, 1881.
Portion of skull, supposed to be that of a bear, from new chamber
of Cave Bear Cave, McCloud River, California. July 29, 1881.
4. Portion of jaw-bone, from new chamber of Cave Bear Cave, McCloud
River, California. July 29, 1881.
5. Bones from Cave Bear Cave, McCloud River, California. July 29,
1881.
6 to 12, inclusive. Bones from Cave Bear Cave, McCloud River, Califor-
nia. July 29, 1881.
2.
3.
Table showing the number of salmon taken daily in the seine, with temperature of air and
water, during the season of 1881.
{Record of salmen operations conducted at United States Salmon Hatchery, on the McCloud River,
California, from August 25, 1881, to September 9, 1881, on account of the United States Fish Commis-
sion, by Livingston Stone. }
| Temperature of— Fish taken. Ripe fish.
Date. | Hour. bee |
| Air. Sriaee Males. | Females. Males. Females.
| |
ee pares =e] |sae pened ie Le
MS Mieteeee acta seer etoellne nese cle Jeeeeer eens ; SRR ans 10
ind = 9 | | ou
m. 70 59 | 200 | 100 | § Seeertns 8
_m. 70 60 | 200 | 150i dope seen ae ae 27
m 65 59 | 250 OO Bers LO meereeye ste 19
m 64 54 | 10 IA) Soe) Saocsoace 30
m 72 54 | 150 | SORE eed Of eee ae 12
m 78 58 | 100 DOP |e O) seaantns oe 1
Ts sseseaae| eee ees 15 NOS |e ead Owe asecncee 2
m 72 60 175 Dees Os seoermece 11
m 63 | 56 200 | 200 dove ccna 17
m. | 58 | 56 | 250 250) (fee doen esease Tel
m 45 54 150 | 1504) 522200) Scineceeee 9
m 45 5514 125 125 20 7.52 55S te 3
m 63 | 56 | 100 | 25 ~L0O}sc2e ences 12
m 68 54 40 | 40 SLO OE- =: sees | toeeeeeees
m 86 56 | 25 | 25 ae Be er, 2
m 86 56 60 80 | esd Oberon aac 8
m 66 54 30 BOs eee ae sala 14
5 ou
m 66 54 300 300 | § Nora erin 16
m 55 54 150 150!) Syed OWS aee 10
m 45 56 300 300 | Goya ees re 32
m 45 56 50 50 Gore nsatseic 5
m. | 47 56 20 | DOC Re tdOme capone 6
a.m. 65 56 | 20 PM ee Ona acedsc 3
m. 84 56 75 | 25 Pita ae 10
. ou
-m. 82 55 | 250 250 ; one eho : 5
| 60 56 | 150 | 150 5 Msn i i
58 56 600 | UD eek) eee eae 51
BEBE 2 BEEBE BBE H
g
2
a
=
©
a.
[15] OPERATIONS AT THE M’CLOUD RIVER SALMON STATION. 1077
Table showing the number of salmon taken daily in the seine, §c.—Continued.
Date.
Sept.
ig 3
Hour.
.
BESEESES
BEEEPPSEER SEER EERE SEES EBES BEEBE:
Temperature of—
Fish taken.
Ripe fish.
Air.
Suntec: Males. | Females. Males. Females.
51 750 | 750 sae 86
54 250 | 250 nae 3
53 300 | BOOS corer 54
54 240 | 110 41
BY. 250 250 e 45
55 800 800 |....do 118
55 300 300 | One-half 33
56 250 150) | 522660 22,
56 150 150 I; 20
57 255 | 255 lkoe 27
58 400 400 Ne 137
56 300 S00r eed 95
56 | 150 1502 |. - 42
57 25 | 25 1. 6
60 800 400 156
54 | 200 200 64
54 200 150 16
55 200 2 21
58 | 150 | 150 20
55 200 | 200 39
55 300 300 25
54 200 100 13
54 125 | 125 15
55 110 110 8
55 | 200 200 46
56 150 150 6
57 125 | T25ul = 9
Gy 50 50F |e 6
58 | 275 rye ie 2
58 100 100 | 8
56 | 130 130 20
54 250 200 27
54 175 175 28
54 200 150 18
56 160 160 |.. 24
56 | 125 125 8
Lyf) 115 LSS 11
58 | 50 50 12
ay | 50 25 | 9
54 | 150 150 | 24
54 | 300 200 19
Table of temperatures taken at the United States salmon-breeding station, McCloud River,
California, during the season of 1881.
Month.
wn
Air.
= Water. I
Shade. Sun < Weather.
eee
7am. |3p.m.|7p.m 3p.m. 7am. 3p.m./7 p.m 5
safer
SW. ! Rain.
Sw. Do.
SW. | Do.
SW. | Cleac.
--------| Showers.
ees ke | Rain a. m.; clear p. m.
SA A | Clear.
Gmaviasee Do.
S. Do.
Ss. | Do.
S. Do.
8. Do.
Ss. | Do.
1078 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] '
Table of temperatures taken at the United States salmon-breeding station, §c.—Continued.
Rain through night.
Heavy rain; thunder.
Clear a. m.; rain p. m.
Heavy rain at night.
Air
Water. A
Mouth. Shade. Sun. =
q
T7a.m.|3p.m.|/7p.m.|3p.m.|/7a.m. |3p.m.|7 p.m &
oO oO ° ie} ie} is} °
May 2 55 Sh |sensenies 96 54 58a nesec eine s. Clear.
23 55 O48) sealants 109 54 tl | eSeeerc Ss. Do.
4 53 Oa eeeeemes 81 54 DO aera seas Ss.
5 56 GU | obariose 96 eo Lo ta | aioe Ss.
6 60 ifs (eeapapaa 104 52 Ge Basson Ss. Clear.
7 Bis) SSR SS esl See Se bebe saris 52 bys ase aso s. Rain.
8 59 re UA Ga PES Ne 53 Bo u|caec cee S. | Heavy.
9 61 65: eh sssese 82 54 Balas seine S. Clear.
10 Aa lene ees eens 91 50 52) Mercere NW. Do.
11 57 O40 Beebe 94 51 62) laa sites NW. Do.
12 56 Mids, Westenra 89 53 56 lige erste NW. Do.
1B} Seadoo tel Fi ae eee 106 53 SOnl ce secre NW. Do.
14 58 SEH Pas ae 104 53 BY (R) MIPERee sc NW. Do.
15 OY | Es creiote eliotn: Ares arora esterase DAA toree ve lyes ener NW. Do.
16 65 Cre le Bootes 101 53 OOH aeeetcee NW. Do.
I eesosces Suleman = OB ee eter bi asoenee NW. Do.
18 56 SOR aeeecee 106 53 RDG eeiaee eos NW. Do.
19 55 ees a5588 111 54 Sp seers eet NW. Do.
20 58 (tot Iaeeeee 100 55 His oeeeed 4 NW. Do.
21 60 TOm| messes 88 55 bY hl eaasocan NW. | Cloudy
22 60 (Oe eeoeooss 90 55 By id eee S. Clear.
23 51 Zi eMiteeiste} ieiaisiolera'e 52 DE erence NW. Do.
24 51 AU eee 91 52 BB ipaeers sierete SW. Do.
25 57 86h) tases - 101 52 Oh qoron oe NW. Do.
26 57 S00 eae. ee 82 54 BG Renee. NW. Do.
27 54 SL sees 52 53 D4 Wisccemecte NW. Do.
28 Th BSS ceed tesonose psetoace G4 eeamesd BGenmarne NW. Do.
PLY laeeocdon Gs Be eaceec LOT eee HOtlisecseects SW. Do.
30 60 ty Ree anass Soossoot 53 D4 Ney ccterenyal sieie ie ernals Do.
31 61 TO Nee sense 105 52 SV ailiyeteriesormjs'| stotagsiootors Do.
June 1 63 BAe a aielats eto 109 55 BB aleoeec ey SW. Do
2 62 SEH someon 102 56 it) ESesenee SW.
3 63 UXf Be cacaealleacooscr 56 Gliese seece SW.
4 59 to) A ee eae 103 53 Gy ile Sas beee SW.
5 60 Ted" Gacooea|lconcsace 53 Ei peoeores SW. | Clear.
6 61 (teh BSSeeoed looseaoce 53 DO i cemicetse SW. Do.
7 53 (oil eSooeacallpospcar 52 53 | Sopebade S. Do.
8 55 i teeta lpaebracdc 52 BA eee tere S. Do.
Wb anboaoc Nile | see stciee 97 54 GT Warten tie Safe Do.
10 61 1S eS ace Sacaneae locdeoosee (hi Bonerccae S. Do.
Mi iSaShecar TH fiieauader 2) Sesame ance BT |e cteiee ae S. Do.
UP oaactass S4n Pose OU eters S8eleseeeces NW. Do.
13 62 CU Ecemccee soseoece 54 ih!) |Basocorallasade soc Cloudy
14 63 et 6 | PSBaeas| peda aae 53 GO Bap Bored tose ane Clear.
15 63 84 64 108 54 59 BON levarsters efor
16 62 t=) SS SeSe 114 54 [ifs ep a seca at
UA rea erareta 8&6 66 OSG ere setts 59 56 N.
18 65 aD eaeeesae 94 55 OO Smeala yas S.
TO) pooéegss 70 66 OBE asic cise GM asco S.
20 60 75 65 94 55 58 | 57 S.
21 64 82 68 108 54 58 57 | NE.
22 64 89 79 110 55 58 50 | NE.
23 61 Cp ascdaeere 103 By epee chore oll PAS Sse all stem telarere
24 61 90 78 114 56 60 GO serlemoad
2e 64 94 eos ciahet 116 57 GOD eects eters tactaectatse Hazy.
26 68 96 80 124 57 61 ON Se eeseisc
27 68 97 82 123 57 $13 61) NW.
28 68 84 80 103 58 614 61) SW.
29 60 73 69 84 57 59 58 | SW. Clear.
30 53 74 70 89 55 60 57 | SW. Do.
July 1 54 79 74 106 55 57 57S Do.
2 52 72 64 92 55 57 56 | SW. Do.
Bhoogpodsao 90 71 DIOR eecteses| 57 57 NE. Do.
4 58 Ly aaa 122 55 BOB stasiee NE. Do.
5 55 94 84 117 55 60 59 | SW. Do.
6 54 87 74 111 56 60 58 | SW. Do.
7 62 84 77 105 SD 58 58 NE. Do.
8 62 78 | 77 97 55 |! 57 56 | SW. Do.
9 53 80 | 74 102 53 | 58 58 | SW. Do.
10 |.---.--- 91 81 115 56 | 60 59 | NE. Do.
11 72 93 81 116 | 56 | 60 | 60 NE. Do.
| |
Weather.
.
y
>
XXII.—REPORT OF OPERATIONS AT THE UNITED STATES TROUT
ee? M°CLOUD RIVER, CALIFORNIA, FOR THE SEASON OF
1881.
By LIVINGSTON STONE.
Hon. SPENCER F. BAIRD:
Sir: I beg leave to report as follows: At the date of my last report,
December 31, 1880, everything at the trout-hatching station on the Me-
Cloud River appeared to predict an unusually prosperous season. No
exertion had been spared to collect breeding fish for the ponds, and it
is estimated that at the beginning of the year the ponds contained 3,000
very large breeding trout, none of which weighed less than a pound,
while half of them weighed over five, and a few upwards of eight pounds.
The average weight of the whole number was not less than three pounds.
It was undoubtedly the finest collection of living trout in America, if
not in the world. They would easily have yielded nearly a million eggs.
But the bright promise of Christmas week was doomed to bring only
disappointment and disaster. As I said, everything was favorable at
that time. There had been no great rainfall up to the Ist of January,
the trout were healthy and doing well, the water was good, the spawn-
ing time was close at hand, and the trout ponds seemed to be on the
verge of a great success. But never were appearances more deceitful.
In January it began to rain as it had never rained before in this region
since white men came here. Four solid feet of water, lacking an inch,
fell at Shasta City during this month, and here in the mountains the
rainfall must have been much greater. The McCloud rose to an alarm-
ing height, but still no danger was apprehended at the trout ponds, be-
cause this station was built so far above the river, and no injury did
come from the rise in the river. The mischief that was done proceeded
from an entirely unexpected source, which well illustrates the fact that
in a new country like this when trouble begins no one can tell what will
come next.
The calamity that befell the trout, and it was a most serious one, was
caused directly by mud, and. only indirectly by water. The enormous
volume of water poured down from the sky almost literally liquified the
soil on the hill-sides, so that it actually flowed down into the valleys
below. In some instances on a steep hill-side a whole acre of soil to an
[1] 1079
1080 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
unknown depth, completely saturated with water, would in this way
flow down into the gulch beneath.*
The effect on the creeks into which this enormous mass of earth de-
scends is indescribable.
The first result is that the creek is completely dammed up by the ay-
alanche. Now, if this were a dam of dry earth the creek would rise till
it overflowed the crest of the dam, and then, cutting a channel over the
top, it would finally wear a gap down through the dam to its own natura}
level. But in this case, instead of being dry earth, the dam is almost
mud, and the water above it as it rises pushes this saturated mass before
it instead of waiting to rise up over it, and mingles with it, the whole
commingled mass then flowing down through the cation to the river
below.
What has just been described as happening to creeks generally when
land-slides occur from an excessive rainfall is what actually occurred in
the stream on which the United States trout ponds are built. The con-
sequences to the ponds were terrible. The trout-pond station was built
so far above the McCloud that the river could not reach it. It was also
so guarded from high water in the creek that the floods could not reach
it in that direction. But for this invasion of mud no provision had been
made. It had not even been dreamed of, nor did the possibility of its
occurring ever enter any one’s mind until it came.
As the mass of mud rolled down the creek towards the ponds nothing
could be done but to let it come into the ponds, because to shut off the
mud would also shut off the water-supply from the trout, which would
soon be fatal. On it came, increasing in volume till it began to fill
the upper trout pond. In a very short time this pond was filled nearly
to the top with mud, and then the men had to get into the pond and
shovel out the mud. By the time this pond was excavated it was time
could be discovered in no other way, namely, the intervals at which great rains have
fallen in past generations. It is as follows: The size of these land-avalanches corre-
sponds very considerably with the amount of rainfall at the time the slide occurred.
The greater the rainfall the larger the slides, so that when a very large slide is found
we know that when the slide occurred there was a very large rainfall. Now, as vege-
tation begins very soon to cover a land-slide after it has subsided, it follows that the
age of a slide occurring in past seasons can be approximated by ascertaining the age
of the vegetable growth above it. For instance, if we find that a very large slide has
occurred in some place we know that there must have been a very large rainfall the
year that the slide moved, and if we find a tree a hundred years old growing on the
slide we know that it must have been over a hundred years since the great rainfall
came which made the slide.
A good illustration of this is furnished by the experience of Mr. J. B. Campbell, who
found the remains of a very large land-slide on Town Creek, near Pittsburgh, about 10
miles from the fishery. The size of this slide indicated that when it occurred there
must have been as great a flood as there was last winter. Now, there was a tree grow-
ing on this slide which on being felled was found to be two hundred years old. We
know, therefore, that upwards of two hundred years ago there was a season when there
was a very heavy rainfall.
[3] OPERATIONS AT M’CLOUD RIVER TROUT PONDS. 1081
to dig out the lower pond. Noscreens or nettings availed anything, for
they became completely clogged up in a moment. This went on for
eight nights and days, and so great was the accumulation of earth in
the creek channel where the slide occurred that it was two weeks before
the mud subsided so as not to require constant attention.
The direct mischief which it caused, of filling up the ponds, was bad
enough, but the ulterior injury resulting from it was worse. This arose
from the mud getting into the gills of the trout and producing an
inflammation in them. Some were killed from it immediately, others
survived for some weeks and even months, but succumbed at last. The
total loss was very great, for when summer came there were not over a
thousand fish left of the magnificent collection which the ponds con-
tained in the fall. Those, however, which were left alive, on the Ist of
June were all healthy, and no more deaths occurred after that time from
inflamed gills. :
During all this trying time of the floods, there were only four white
men at the trout-pond station, and the labor and hardships entailed upon
them were very great. These four men were Mr. Myron Green, Mr.
Loren Green, Mr. Robert Radcliff, and Mr. George Hume. The energy
and courage with which, for two weeks, in the solitude of these mountains
and with the rain pouring down in more than torrents, they combatted
with an enemy wholly unknown to them before, and which could neither
be overcome nor successfully resisted, entitles them to a great deal of
credit. They certainly showed no hesitation in encountering hardships
and exposure which could not be expected of them for any mere pecuniary
compensation.
By the end of the month of February the rainfall had very much
decreased, and, though there were times when great vigilance and care
were necessary, no serious trouble occurred after the Ist of March.
It so happened that the trout began to spawn just before the time of
the highest water. The spawning season opened very auspiciously, and
Mr. Myron Green, who had charge of the trout ponds, sent to the rail-
road station at Redding on the 26th of January 75,000 trout eggs for
distribution at the East.*
At this time Pit River, 7 miles south of the trout ponds, was very high,
though not quite impassable, and Mr. Green succeeded, at considerable
risk, in getting the eggs across the Pit. By the time they reached the
Little Sacramento at Reid’s Ferry this river had become all but impas-
sable, and no one could be found who was willing to venture to cross
it. The eggs consequently lay there several days. In the meantime
the floods had spread over the whole country, and the California Pacific
Railroad for a hundred miles below Redding was more or less under
water. The consequence was that the trout eggs spoiled in the crates
long before they could be started on their eastern journey. I know
*These eggs were directed as follows: T. B. Ferguson, Baltimore, Md., 25,000; B. Fy
Shaw, Anamosa, Iowa, 25,000; N. K. Fairbanks, Geneva Lake, Wis., 25,000.
1082 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
that some dissatisfaction was felt by the eastern consignees of these
eggs, butif they could realize the difficulties which had to be encountered
at the other end of the route in shipping the eggs they would not want
to attach any blame to any one.
It was over three weeks before the waters had subsided sufficiently to
allow the forwarding of any more trout eggs, and it was not till the 18th
of February that Mr. Green succeeded in getting any through to Red-
ding, Cal., which is the terminus of the California Pacific Railroad and
the nearest railroad point to the McCloud River trout ponds. On the
18th of February 25,000 eggs were sent to Hon. B. B. Redding, secretary
of the California Fish Commission at San Francisco. On the 19th 15,000
more were sent to Mr. Redding, and on the 23d of February 10,000 were
forwarded to Mr. N. K. Fairbanks, of Chicago, IIl., and 10,000 to Mr. B.
F. Shaw, of Anamosa, Iowa. From that time until May 1 Mr. Green
continued at intervals to ship eggs to eastern points. There were still
occasional washouts in various places on the overland roads, so that
many of the eggs were sixteen or seventeen days making a journey of
five, in consequence of which some lots were lost en route. On the other
hand, where no delays occurred, the eggs went through in good order.
There will be found appended to this report a memorandum of the
distribution of trout eggs from this station.
There was one result of the land slides that made us a good deal of
work, and this was that in many places portions of trails that we had
built along the hill-sides slid away entirely, so that not a vestige of a
path was left. This often happened where the slide itself was only a
small one. There are fifteen miles of trails along the river that we
keep in repair, and we had spent a good deal of time and labor upon
them in order to facilitate the bringing in of the live trout that were
caught for the ponds; and it was a work of no small magnitude to
get these trails into good order again after the injuries caused by the
rains.
When the rebuilding of the salmon fishery began, about the Ist of
June, most of the trout-pond force came down to the salmon-hatching
station to assist in the work there, only one or two men remaining at
the trout ponds, and their time was chiefly occupied in taking care of
the breeding trout, in capturing wild ones, and in making general repairs
and improvements about the place. The condition of the trout con-
tinued to improve throughout the summer, and on the 1st of September
they were all in splendid condition. I may add here that their food in
winter is mostly beef, venison, and dried salmon. In summer it is chiefly
boiled salmon, with beef and venison, often enough to keep them in good
condition.
I mentioned in my report on the salmon-hatching station that during
a short period in July and in August, a large number of salmon in the
McCloud River died of a mysterious disease. A good deal of alarm was
felt when it was reported one morning that the disease had extended to
[5] - OPERATIONS AT MCCLOUD RIVER TROUT PONDS. 1083
the trout in the river, and that they also were dying like the salmon.
The alarm was a very short-lived one, however, for the mortality among
the trout only lasted a few days, and it was found upon investigation
that only a very few trout died, and it is quite possible that these were
made sick by feeding on the salmon that had died of the disease. No
trout in the ponds were affected by the sickness at all, which showed at
least that the cause of the mortality among the trout, whatever it was,
did not extend up into the creeks.
After the season closed at the salmon-breeding station in Ovtober,
the fishing for parent trout was vigorously prosecuted, and much hard
work was done in repairing the trails and catching and bringing to
the ponds live trout, which had to be carried in some instances several
miles.
The winter’s wood was also cut and brought in, and on the ditch which
takes the water from the creek to the trout ponds a deep pond was sunk
a Short distance above the trout ponds, to catch the mud that is brought
down by the water in the ditch.
No great rains fell during the fall up to the present writing (Decem-
ber 31). The river had not risen to any considerable extent except once,
when it was 4 or 5 feet above the summer level. The breeding trout at
present in the ponds are looking well, and unless there is an excessive
rainfall like that of last winter there seems to be no reason why we
should not take several hundred thousand eggs during the next spawn-
ing season, the beginning of which now appears to be close at hand.
Table showing the distribution of California trout (Salmo tridea) eggs from
the McCloud River station in 1881.
1881.
Pinon, 20... Lercuson,, Maryland. ....<%' o« descem ss one cee 25, 000
Gee cl SAW OWL 2 Sei vee dre ete 2 oe oe Bay scmiaelaiey ds wie chase 25, 000
204 No Rairbanks,WUimois ioe tes favs cee Botts hah 25, 000
Hevo 13,B. B. Redding, Cahtormia. «52.222 2.0.2 same 2/222 2b,000
fe os 5, CCCI se Ca MOLINA io iia ‘sche oh pa 2s) ares vee 15, 000
Zee Ne Wa ae Acs ULNOLS ea) chch alot hyate tarepe te e e 10, 000
ZED M Siem Oo O12 Ve pe LO) SoH sed eae a Sete SI dn a 10, 000
Mirage su. VV ebber, New ampSsnirG soc cteg 2 cts ols wow ave en 4, 000
(eb. herensons Maryland seo aloe creck he 1 ee 700
ole. Jo. Perguson,, Maryland: 2. jc'.). sj eicie die. jae pe eich 10, 000
Yorn. 41. bo. berguson: Marylamds = aso/c5 2 o1d2 sccee o oe'e th 700
16. J. G. Portman, Michigan ....... Be eae Pe se 6, 000
HO nee). Weeney, .MINNESOta 4 5. 2'. Gas cock ose debe 8, 000
2 EO SUTIN VWISCOMBIMie Sola) oo hale ci 2 har clas cee 5, 000
29. William Griffith, Kentucky ....... SU Ee aes: 5, 000
20.20... Creveling, PennsylVaMiai.. = o<ic0 o0/n6 sce es ee 5, 000
29. Eugene G. Blackford, New York ....... 4.0. .0+..2- 500
XXIII.—REPORT ON THE PROPAGATION OF PENOBSCOT SALMON
IN 1881-’82.
By CHARLES G. ATKINS.
The routine work of the season went on with so little novelty that
there is not much to report beyond the summaries of work accom-
plished.
It has been the ordinary practice to defer the purchase of salmon
until the market price has declined to about twenty-five cents per
pound. This generally happens from June 1 to 10, depending mainly
on the supply of salmon from Canadian rivers.
This year the first salmon were received June 1, and the last July 2,
the supply coming from the same parties and the transfer being in the
saine hands as the previous year. The total number bought was 514;
5 of them died in transit, and 509 were deposited in apparently good
condition in the inclosure. They were of uncommonly large size, the
average being 16.55 pounds, as estimated by Mr. Whitmore—doubtless
a very close approximation to the actual weight. This is the largest
average that has occurred since the propagation of Penobscot salmon
began, in 1871. It is thought by the fishermen to be the highest within
their experience. The next highest since 1870 was the season of 1874,
when the average of those purchased reached 14.03 pounds. <An-
other phenomenon worthy of notice is the fact that the average size
of the fish was as great during the last days of purchase as during the
earliest. The ordinary experience of fishermen is that the mean weight
of the fish decreases from the beginning to the end of the season.
The mortality in the inclosure was this year remarkable, 146 being
found dead. No progress has been made toward a discovery of the
cause. The symptoms were, as before, an opacity of the eyes, (accom-
panied, doubtless, by total blindness), subsequent protrusion and burst-
ing of the eye, and, soon after this, of the fish. Ninety-six per cent. of
these deaths occurred in June and July. This agrees with previous
experience, which teaches us to expect the survival of nearly all those
that reach the month of August alive. The greatest heat of the water
generally occurs in August. This year the averages were as follows:
from May 19 to 31, 57.8° F.; June 1 to 30, 59.49 F.; July 1 to 31, 63.59
F.; August 1 to 31, 63.79 F.; September 1 to 30, 59° F.; October 1 to
31, 45.89 F. The highest temperature noted was 73° F., August 6. The
mean for the first eight days of August was 70.99 F. These averages are
1085
1086 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
based on observations made exclusively in the morning, from 5 to 7
o’clock, generally precisely at 6. Midday temperatures were undoubt-
edly higher.
The recapture of the salmon in October was successfully accomplished,
but four fish eluding us; 358 of both sexes were manipulated, 232
females and 126 males. The females (135 were measured) averaged
33.37 inches in length; 15.67 pounds in weight before spawning, 11.85
pounds after spawning. The males (71 were measured) had a mean
‘length of 34.8 inches and a mean weight of 13.6 pounds. There were
obtained 515 pounds of spawn, counting as afterwards ascertained,
2,693,009 eggs. The average yield was 11,608 eggs from each female.
As compared with former experience, these means are all much higher,
indicating the accuracy of the estimate of weight made when the salmon
were purchased. ‘The first eggs were taken October 26, the last Novem-
ber 17.
At the hatching we had, previous to this season, used water directly
from the brook, tapping it within 50 feet of the house. The original
supply is from ‘ Craig’s Pond,” a very pure natural lakelet as cold as
ordinary lakes in this latitude. But a few hundred feet above the
hatchery it receives the waters of some copious springs which have the
effect of maintaining a high temperature in the lower part of the brook
during the early part of the winter, and thereby forcing the eggs into
early development. In 1879 and 1880 we were forced to pack and ship
the most forward lots of spawn early in December—a very inconvenient
date—and all of them were ready for shipment earlier than it is sup-
posed would be best for the young fish, if hatched in northern local-
ities. In the winter of 1880~81 a temporary hatchery was constructed
on the brook above the point where the springs enter, to retard the
development of a portion of the spawn, and served an excellent pur-
pose, although it was in many respects unsatisfactory. It appeared on
the whole advisable to conduct a supply of cold water into the main
hatchery, and an aqueduct was projected, tapping the brook above the
springs. This was executed in August and September, 1881. It was
built of cement mortar, laid around a wooden core four and a half inches
in diameter, the core being drawn ahead as fast as the cement set. Itis
believed to be practically permanent, being laid at the bottom ofa trench
below the reach of frost. It is about 1,600 feet long, and cost $737.30.
In the hatchery we have, therefore, a choice, during late fall and early
winter, between warm and very cold water.
In 1881 the spawn was kept at first wholly in the aqueduct water,
which had a mean temperature through November of 40.7° F., and
through December of 35.2° F. The brook, meanwhile, had a temper-
ature of 47.49 F.in November and 41° F. in December. The lower tem-
perature of the former enabled us to hold back the earliest eggs until
the middle of January, more than a month later than in 1880.
The first shipments were made January 16, 1882, and to suit the con-_
=
[3] PROPAGATION OF PENOBSCOT SALMON IN 1881-82. 1087
venience of consignees the last of them were held until March 13. The
eggs were, as usual, packed in wet moss, inclosed in dry leaves or chaff,
and forwarded by express.
The eggs rejected for lack of impregnation numbered 50,550; those
rejected for whiteness, from time to time through the season, numbered
28,459; I suppose that 20 per cent of the latter may have been impreg-
nated; and this gives us 56,242 as the whole number of eggs that failed
of impregnation, being 2.2 per cent of those taken from the fish—surely
a very satisfactory result.
The eggs remaining at time of shipment, measured out in tin cans,
amounted to 2,614,000; if to these we add those rejected, we obtain
2,693,009 as the original number taken from the fish.
Divided pro rata among the parties supporting the establishment,
the eggs were assigned as follows:
BilinsthaWinited States 2 reece er Me Ue die be 1, 006, 500
MOMMIGING) sce 3 2.2 2 5's sowercatas Ste eee es wiht ale ices 1, 147, 000
SG ABS AC MUSEUUS Praga che oe te ae ers Soll Sakis ek ae 286, 000
PRO OnnechieC Uti eer wee at en oie acts e ee ia heaped ihc elie 172, 000
POtAleSHIPPE «-:-1.04.42/-" si. <c Relais orien etiaets conse, ee meine 2, 611, 500
The transfer of all those eggs was accomplished with a loss of but
1,739, of which the greater number were probably unimpregnated eggs
that escaped the scrutiny given to the spawn before shipment. The
hatching was also attended with excellent success at nearly all points,
and as the net result of the year’s work there were planted in the waters
of the country 2,397,132 salmon fry, as shown in detail in Table III.
TABLE I,—Schedule of breeding salmon bought at the Bucksport-Orland establishment, 1881.
~
Number of |
Date. _ salmon re-
ceived.
Aggregate | Average
weight. weight.
July
pace aaa
REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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| XXIV.—REPORT ON THE PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON.
IN 1881-’82.
By CHARLES G. ATKINS.
1.—PREPARATIONS.
Hatchery No. 3 was the principal scene of activity during August,
September, and October, 1881. The location of this hatchery is an ex-
ceedingly favorable one, and it is a matter of regret that the facilities
existing at this spot were not discovered at the initiation of the estab-
lishment. The ground was, in its original condition, heavily strewn
with bowlders, large and small, and beneath them were interstices
through which the water of the spring stole away in such a manner as
to give the impression that the supply was not only small but incon-
stant. It was only after the tangled maze of shrubs was torn away
and part of the surface earth removed that the permanent character of
the spring could be observed. Meanwhile three other sites had been
occupied, and the main part of the work of developing the spawn and
hatching the reserve had been for years carried on at great disad-
vantage with an inadequate supply of water (spring water at that), no
facilities for aeration, and a liability to occasional flooding by rains. I
make no doubt that all the serious losses which during the early years
occasionally befell the stocks of eggs in development and transporta-
tion might have been avoided had we then possessed the facilities of
hatchery No.3. Among the minor disadvantages which we might have
escaped may be mentioned the labor and risk of carrying the eggs by
hand from the fishing grounds over half a mile of rough road, often by
night; the difficulty of guarding well the property so far out of sight
and hearing; and the many weary days spent by Mr. Munson in the
transfer of the young fish from the house to the stream in the month
of June, amid tormenting clouds of mosquitoes and black flies. The
new hatchery is at the head of a small cove that indents the west
shore of Grand Lake within a few rods of its outlet, and not over 20 feet
from the water’s edge when the lake is full, as is always the case in June.
The fish cans are taken in a boat, and easily rowed tothe place of liber-
ation, with great economy of time and effort. The fishing and spawn-
ing ground is not over 300 feet distant and almost in sight. Within
stone’s-throw, an excellent site for the superintendent’s house has
been secured, and will be occupied another season, so that the premises
1091
\
will always be under surveillance. The surface of the ground presents
a steep incline, of which advantage has been taken to arrange the
_floors of the hatchery in a descending series, with a total difference in
elevation of about 11 feet. The water is introduced upon the highest —
of the six floors devoted to the development of the embryos, with ample
room for aeration and reaeration at each plunge. The latter circum-
stance atones for the small minimum volume (9 gallons per minute was
the lowest observed this season), and in part for the fact that it is
wholly spring water. The volume is least from August to early March,
after which the spring rains and the melting of the snows produce so
great an augmentation that there is a great surplus during all the
season of hatching the reserved spawn and growing the alevins. The
minimum volume can be augmented by the introduction of water from
other, not very distant, springs.
This house was founded in haste, in December, 1880, and was at first
only 30 feet long and 20 wide, but this season we have added wings
that increase the floor area to about 1,500 square feet. The floors
have all been cemented, and the foundation walls, of massive masonry
carried up to a height of from 1 to 8 feet above the ground. Cement
pipes were laid to introduce the water from the principal spring, and
an aqueduct, partly of bored logs and partly of assorted gravel, brings
in the water from another spring 600 feet distant. This will henceforth
be the headquarters of the establishment. Here the eggs will be packed
for shipment, and the reserve hatched. Here will be the storerooms
and workshops.
The fixtures for the development of the eggs are similar to those in
use at the other houses and also at the Penobscot establishment. Plain
wooden troughs are furnished with movable frames in which the egg-
trays are arranged in tiers ten deep, with provision for change of water
by a horizontal current. A single new feature has been introduced in
the method of aeration. Two troughs are placed side by side and the
water allowed to pour from one to the other nearly the whole length,
exposing a very broad and thin current to the action of the air, and in-
creasing the opportunity of aeration probably twenty-fold over that
afforded by a connecting open spout 6 inches wide. In a rough way
it may be estimated that by the repeated use of this arrangement in the
new house a gallon of water there is fully equal in efficiency to five gal-
lons in hatchery No. 1.
No change has been made in the location of the fishing ground or the
fixtures and appliances pertaining to the work of spawning, except
trifling alterations in the form and proportions of the inclosures.
2,.—FISHING AND SPAWNING.
The spring fishing of 1881 was much better than usual, both as regards:
the numbers and size of the fish taken. Through the summer there
was more rain than usual, and in August and September the lake and
4
1092 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
[3] PROPAGATION OF SCIIOODIC SALMON IN 1881-82. 1093
_the stream were higher than any year since 1875. A sudden rise of
water, owing to copious rains in August, 1880, had been followed by an
abundance of fish in the stream early in September. The high water of
1881 did not have the same effect on the fish, scarcely any salmon en-
tering the stream till after the middle of September. The inference
naturally suggested is that the condition of the stream favorable to a
late summer or early fall run of salmon is not so much a high stage of
water as a sudden rise; but the phenomena observed are hardly sufii-
cient for confident generalization. Moreover, during ten days in August
the gates at the dam were closed for certain repairs on a dam at Calais,
and meanwhile the flow of water was confined to that entering the canal.
From August 3 to September 10 there was a fall of 54 inches, and from
September 10 to October 29 a further fall of 154 inches ; November 5, a
rise of 2 inches, owing to rains on the two preceding days; and after
that date there was neither rise nor fall until December.
The usual nets were placed across the stream and canal about the
middle of September, but no preparations for the capture of the salmon
were made until October 29, when it was observed that the most for-
ward of them had begun to form their ridds above our nets. On the
night of October 31 the capture of fish began. The manipulation was
delayed until November 8, when some hundreds of salmon had been
collected, and a part of them exhibited great uneasiness, a few actually
beginning to spawn in the inclosures. The work proceeded as usual
until November 19, when all the salmon taken had been deprived of
their spawn, and the almost entire cessation of the catch told that the
season was at a close.
An accident during the work of spawning confused the different lots
of fish so that the number taken from day to day cannot be stated with
the usual accuracy, but the tally-book shows exactly the number of
females that were manipulated, and enables me to make an estimate of
the total number of males, which, I am very confident, is within 15 of
the true number. According to these estimates there were taken 652
female salmon, 370 males, and one of unknown sex—total, 1,023. There
were 621 females that yielded spawn, and the eggs obtained from them
are estimated at 947,000, being an average of 1,525 eggs from each
female.
3.—SHIPMENT OF SPAWN.
The development of the eggs intended for earliest shipment was car-
ried on in hatchery No. 3, the remainder being kept in the colder water
of No. 2. It is from the latter that the reserve is always selected, since
the retardation of their development will bring them out in the spring
much nearer the natural date than if developed in the warmer water.
The shipment of eggs began January 12 and closed March 1. The
losses up to the time of the division of the eggs, when they were either
shipped or set aside for the reserve, aggregated 87,091, of which 62,159
are known to have been unimpregnated eggs. From this we may fix
1094 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [4]
the proportion impregnated at 92.9 per cent. Total losses before divis-
ion 9-45 per cent,—about the ordinary rate.
The eggs were shipped in the customary method—packed in wet moss,
inclosed in dry moss—and sent down to Princeton, 12 miles distant, in
the afternoon; thence by stage 283 miles to Forest Station, the next
forenoon; this part of the journey occupying about 54 hours, during
which the cases of eggs were exposed, with little or no protection, to the
wintry blasts.
Excellent success attended the transportation, with a single excep-
tion. A case containing 32,000 eggs, addressed to Mr. Brackett, at
Winchester, Mass., packed in an experimental manner, which proved
to be less efficient than our ordinary mode, was partly frozen on the
way, and 8,000 eggs lost. The temperature of the air at the time this
package started on its 284-mile ride in the open air was 20 degrees be-
low zero. In 22 other packages (including all save three, which were
not reported on), the entire number of dead eggs on unpacking was re-_
ported at 1,806, being three-tenths of one per cent., or three in one
thousand.
An attempt was made to economize in bulk, and thereby in freight
charges, by the use of asbestos felt in place of moss, but it was found
that bulk for bulk it was in no wise superior, while at the same time
it was tar heavier and more costly. ‘The experiments tried in this con-
nection gave results indicating that, considering only the question of
bulk, the best material to save from freezing was wet moss; but if the
weight and consequent freight charges be taken into account then the
best material is dry moss, which is exceedingly light and as efficient as
an equal thickness of asbestos felt or building-paper.
The division of the spawn available for shipment, pro rata with the
contributions made by the several parties, was as follows :
Winited States received . 3. tis s-- . jc 2 ss bie oe ee tte 311,750
Maine received. «...\.(55\0./.\- Wie twiare by dietle = its, ccieites Re tegen 64,500
Magsachusettsireceived!. 1! . <a we clei swine aes Seen erate 107,500
MONNECHENE TACOIVE $2! ier tooe ok ws a a od Siete Hata, oie ees meres 107,500
OW Llampshire received...) cc6 bc Nate eel deta eee 53,750
The distribution of the share of the United States will be seen in
detail by referring to the subjoined schedule of shipments of eggs.
The hatching of spawn retained (215,000) was accomplished with the
insignificant loss of 212 eggs, and of the young fish but 1,691 died ;
213,097 young fish were planted in Grand Lake, scattered along shore
as usual.
The hatching of the transported eggs and the planting of the young
fish were in most instances accomplished with less than the usual mor-
tality. A schedule is subjoined showing the details of the planting.
4.—EXTRACTS FROM DIARY.
GRAND LAKE STREAM, August 3, 1881,—The season has been very
rainy here. The lake stands at 3 feet 11 inches on our gauge. The
fs
ee ERS OS
[5] PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN 18st-’82. 1095
water still covers our spawning-house floor, and in hatchery No. 2 it is
-still several inches above the tops of the troughs. Five gates are opem
and a great volume passing off, yet Munson thinks the water has beem
rising lately. The total volume of water now flowing in hatchery No..
1 is 28.6 gallons per minute. In hatchery No. 3 [only one aqueduct was,
then in operation] the volume is 9.6 gallons per minute. Temperatures:
of water observed to-day: At hatchery No. 1, 464° F.; at hatclrery No.
3, 534° IF. [the water here is open to sun outside the building]; at Grand
Lake, at surface, near dam, 723° F.
Munson says that the fish hatched out this year were by far the best
he ever hatched, stronger and more active. All visitors admired them.
None of the fry were planted this year below the dam. They were
scattered along the shores of the lake as far as Munson’s Island. <A.
number, estimated to have been about 2,000, were taken in a can with.
six or eight gallons of water, and in turning them out a canful would
stretch along several rods of shore.
Both Forbes and Munson testify to the abundance of the young of
Schoodic salmon below the dam this year. They often followed and
seized the hook intended for large fish. The fishing at the regular
season (May and June) this year was excellent. Munson says they took
very fine fish and a good many of them, and the fishermen were well.
satisfied.
September 10, 1881.—Arrived from Bucksport on 9th via Big Lake:.
The lakes are high, but I hardly think Grand Lake is any higher than,
in 1875, when, I remember, we used to run canoes down through the-
sluice-gate of the dam without touching. It stands now on our gauge
at 3 feet 54 inches, with a very light northerly wind. This, it appears,.
is 54 inches lower than on August 3. It is now 1 inch below our spawn--
ing-house floor. It is 1 foot 74 inches higher than November 7, 1880..
For about ten days in August the gates were all closed on account of
the bursting of the Union dam in Calais. The rest of the time there.
have been five gates open. The water is believed to be now falling
rapidly. In Big Lake the water is very high, there being but two gates.
open at Princeton.
None of our nets have been put into the water yet, it appearing to
Mr. Munson to be unnecessary, because the fish have not come until
within a few days. None were caught until Mr. Ferguson’s arrival, on
the 9th, when he took one. Crossing the bridge on the 9th I saw five
of the salmon under the bark-mill. Mr. Ferguson also took two to-day,
one just below the dam and one at Big Falls. I have seen several leap.
above the dam.
October 6.—Third visit to Grand Lake Stream. The nets to intercept
the fish in their descent have been in place since the middle of Septem-
ber. Work on the extension and the foundation of hatchery No. 3 is.
going rapidly forward.
October 26.—Arrived from Bucksport about 11 a.m. The addition to.
\
1096 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
hatchery No. 3 is nearly finished; cement floors all hard. The stream
house (hatchery No. 2) has been put in order for eggs.
October 29.—We put in some of the pound nets to-day. Fish are be-
ginning to spawn above our nets.
October 31.—To-day we put in the second pound, and are now prepared
to capture fish.
November 1.—A. good many fish ran into pound 2, and were driven
through into the large pound. Munson estimates them at 175 at 9 p.
m.—say 30 more in the morning. About 40 fish driven in this evening.
Very tew salmon have got past our nets into either canal or stream.
November 2.—A pretty good run of fish this morning. Munson found
in the pound what he called a female sea salmon of 12 pounds weight
(afterwards found to be 36 inches long, and probably heavier than this
estimate). At 10a. m.I saw a male sea salmon also within our inclos-
ures.
November 5.—There were good runs of fish on nights of November 2
and 3. Last night about 15 salmon came in before 9 o’clock, and dur-
ing the remainder of the night a very large school. Yesterday and the
day before were rainy, and it cleared at 7 last evening.
November 7.—A good run of fish every night; last two nights less
than a hundred each, we judge.
November 8.—To-day we begin the taking of spawn. All the fish
captured prior to this date are gathered in a single large inclosure.
From this stock we to-day manipulated 591 Schoodic salmon, 210 being
males, 192 unripe females, 166 ripe females, and 13 spent females. The
predominance of females at so early a date indicates that the majority
of the salmon we shall catch have already entered our inclosures. It
is usual to take a larger number of males until the season is well ad-
vanced, the later catches being mostly of females. The large number of
unripe females taken indicates that the delay in beginning manipula-
tion was judicious. Thirty of the females spawned (= 18 per cent)
yielded some defective eggs, commonly but very few each. This in-
cludes only such eggs as bore some visual sign of imperfection. In
most cases they were chalky-white in color; in some there were only
small white spots. In others there was the color and transparency of
good eggs, but the yelks were collapsed and rolled together. This
phenomenon has always been present with the Schoodic salmon, but
no exact record made of the matter before. Besides the Schoodic
salmon we handled to-day 2 sea salmon and 11 small togue (Salmo
(Cristivomer) namaycush). The sea salmon were 1 female 36 inches long,
gravid, and 1 male 314 inches long. The togue ranged in length from
17 to 21 inches, being, apparently, all spent fish. The eggs taken to-day
(235,000) are placed in hatchery No. 1.
November 11.—Spawning proceeds daily. There are more togue than
usual, among the salmon; 22 of them were found to-day, all small. One
salmon found to-day whose sex could not be distinguished. It measured
16 inches in length.
{7] PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN 1831-82. 1097
November 13.—First snow of the season last night—a mere trace.
The temperature of the lake has fallen since November 4 from 49 to 41.
Spawning stillcontinues. No largerunsof salmon; on night of 11th and
12th only 25 in all. Yesterday we began to put eggs into the stream
house, hatchery No. 2.
November 14.—Two nights have brought in b@t 50 salmon. It appears
that the season is drawing to a close.
November 19.—The last day of spawning. We had but 27 gravid
females on hand this morning. Twenty of them yielded spawn, and
they, with the 7 remaining unripe, were placed in the final inclosure,
whence they are to be taken up the lake and liberated. The work of
transportation begins to-day.
November 21.—The transportation of fish concluded to-day, and part
of the inclosures taken frem the water. The main nets are left in place
for some days, to prevent the fish that have been turned loose descend-
ing the canal and stream, which many of them (perhaps 20 per cent.)
attempt to do immediately after they are set free, notwithstanding they
are freed one or two miles up the lake. Two inches of snow on the
night of 19th. All the eggs deposited in hatchery No. 1 are transferred
to No. 3, the latter, with No. 2, having ample accommodations for them.
November 22.—Returned to Bucksport, leaving everything in charge
of Mr. Munson.
January 11, 1882.—Arrived from Bucksport at 8.20 p. m.
January 12.—To-day I find at hatchery No. 3 that the west aqueduct
is delivering 20 gallons of water per minute, and the south aqueduct 10
gallons. Munson says the volume has been about thesame all the winter,
except immediately after heavy rains, when it was greater. Wé have
now 485,000 eggs in the new hatchery, and 200,000 additional will be
immediately brought up from the river house to hasten their develop-
ment, so that they may be ready for shipment before March. Munson
thinks the rate of impregnation is better than usual this year. We
took a tray of lot 1 (earliest eggs), picked out 110 contiguous eggs, and
found only 5 of them unimpregnated.
January 13.—Transferred 200,000 eggs from No. 2 to No. 3. These
have been in very cold water, averaging a little less than 34° since they
were put in the troughs in November, and their eyes are not yet formed.
January 17.—This p. m. Munson picked the unfertilized from six
stacks of eggs (120,000 nearly) in two hours forty-seven minutes. He took
out 6,700 white eggs, being at the rate of 40} eggs per minute, no allowance
being made for moving stacks back and forth, shifting trays, &e. Such
speedy work can only be accomplished by a practiced hand. The un-
fertilized have been induced to turn white by previous agitation. To
attempt to remove them while retaining their natural color would be
tedious and uncertain.
January 18.—To-day we began shipment of spawn, sending 60,000 to
EH. A. Brackett, Winchester, Mass.; and 50,000 to H. J. Fenton, Windsor,
1098 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [8]
Conn. The outer packing of both cases was dry moss. While pack-
ing I observed that not all of the unimpregnated eggs had been re-
moved, and there were some impregnated that were not healthy, small
embryos and irregular development. I saw three or four bursted eggs.
Now I cannot think that these defects are owing to any fault in our
management. The inside moss in part of our boxes was rather drier
than ordinary, and I think that all or most of these went to Fenton.
(Both packages arrived at their destinations in good order. Mr. Brack-
ett reported condition “excellent.” Mr. Fenton said, ‘‘ good, except
some indented.” Dead on unpacking in latter lot, 47; subsequent losses,
light.)
January 23.—Shipped another lot of eggs (32,000) to Mr. Brackett.
1 had a case made on purpose for it, intending to have a space of 2
inches all around for outside packing, but by mistake it was made so
Shoal as to leave but 14 inch above and below. I lined it with two
thicknesses of asbestos roofing felt on all sides and packed the remain-
ing Space with the ordinary dry moss. The case is of half inch pine.
The felt used was about 35 pounds. (Without laps there would have
been needed only 24 pounds.) It costs in Boston 20 cents per pound—
here, about 22 cents. It weighs about 1 pound per square yard, and
its cost can be put at 24 cents per square foot. The package weighed,
in detail, as follows :
Lbs. Oz
3 boxes eggs packed in wet MOSS....-.--........2necece 40 9
Wover,-cide ‘cleats, and mails. 2.256). 2): eee hee he Aa,
, Lbs. Oz.
otal of inner package... 252.2 alte opener eee 42 0
IS tess es se sin, eke aha nla cl Mey wie tee tive ay ae eee 6 9
MMBC SUOS TOLD ie Leis aR eidsst cirtie at awake sce iicn esta, Chat NOP ctare ae eRe 3 8
OES che sa a rene Mie a aa AUPE San ok AEA AL SDR E ilu ta a lonhs Th 20 4
Potal, of en Velopen.. oe os hs Bases ctae See Cen ee ee 30 5
Motal of-entire packages® .Sv2ok ose ee eee eee eee eee 72 5
A package with a protecting envelope of dry moss one inch thicker
than the above on all sides would weigh about 3 pounds 14 ounces
more. Supposing the two modes equally efficient in protecting against
cold, we save near 4 pounds weight, and corresponding amount om
freight by an outlay of 77 cents for asbestos and the trouble of lining
the cases with it. I believe this will hardly pay. [Subsequent experi-
ments showed that not even the above economy of space would be ef-
fected by the use of asbestos felt, its resistance to the escape of heat
being not much, if any, greater than that of an equal thickness of moss
alone.}| Temperature of air at 7 a. m.,0° F. It has been below zero on
six mornings this month previous to this date, and once in December.
re o7e
[9] PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN 1881-’82. 1099
January 25.—Cold weather has shrunk the volume of water at the
hatchery from 30 to 20 gallons within two weeks.
January 27.—This morning we had a smart rain for several hours;
yesterday a thaw. No material change in the volume of water in the
hatching-house. Grand Lake is rising; the water is just beginning to
flow on our spawning-house floor.
January 28.—Mr. Brackett writes that the case of eggs sent him on
23d arrived at Winchester, Mass., on evening of 25th, and on unpack-
ing next morning were found to be “ frozen through and through, with
the possible exception of a small space in the center.” [But this proved
to be an exaggerated statement, the actual loss being 8,000 eggs out of
32,000.] These eggs went down to Princeton on stage on 23d. Next
morning, with the temperature of the air at 20° F. below zero, and a
high wind, they went to Forest on the stage, a drive of five and one-
half hours, thence to Boston by rail in a car warmed by a stove.
Doubtless the freezing was accomplished before the package reached
the railroad. This was the first instance of the kind that has occurred
since this establishment was organized. Probably the protecting power
of asbestos felt is less than I supposed.
February 2, 1882.—Experiment with packing materials.—Last night I
took a box made out of an old packing-tray, 12 inches long, 9 wide, and
3} deep; ends one-half inch thick; top and bottom about one-fourth of an
inch; all pine, joints open, construction loose. On the bottom I put 4
thicknesses of asbestos felt, then a board one-fourth of an inch thick;
then I filled it with wet moss, just such as we use in packing eggs,
and pressed it in hard with my hands; then put on another quarter-
inch board, and finally the cover. This was put together in our shop,
temperature 50° or 60° I’. The moss was from the moss storeroom,
the temperature of which is from 35° to 40° F. About 9 p.m. this box
was put out of doors on our shop platform, stood on end, and there
allowed to remain till 7a.m. I then took it in and opened it. The
out-door temperature at 6 p.m. was +8° F; at 7 a. m. it was +18° F.
On opening the box I found the moss frozen nine thirty-seconds of an
inch on the bottom (the felted side). On the top (the board side) twelve
thirty-seconds of an inch, on the side without either board or felt, three-
fourths of an inch. Reckoning from the inside of the cover, the pene-
tration of the frost was, through felt and board and moss, about twenty-
five thirty-seconds of an inch; through board and moss, twenty thirty-
seconds of an inch; through moss alone, on narrow side, twenty-four
thirty-seconds of an inch; in the latter case had the side been broader
I think the frost would not have penetrated so far.
[Other experiments with packing materials were tried February 4,
and the results may be stated with tolerable accuracy, thus : Asbestos
felt and common building paper vary very little in conducting power,
frost penetrating through five-eighths of an inch of either material, and
further into wet moss, .25 to .35 inch in case of the asbestos envelope,
f \
1100 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10]
and .31 to .37 inch in case of the paper envelope. Dry moss is about
the same as asbestos and paper, the frost penetrating through the as-
bestos 1.60 inch, and through dry moss, under the same circumstances,
1.62 inch. Through wet moss the frost penetrated only from .7 to .9 inch
under same circumstances, showing that the latter material is more
effective, bulk for bulk, than either dry moss, dry paper, or dry asbestos
felt. This agrees with the results of other experiments I have tried
with wet moss, yet I think the weight of the latter will forbid its em-
ployment in ordinary cases. The paper and asbestos are excluded by
their cost and also by their weight. The relative weights of the sev-
eral substances are about as follows: Asbestos felt, 82; paper, 50; wet
moss, 20; dry moss, 3. The comparative weights of the asbestos and
paper are given exactly. Those of wet and dry moss are correct rela-
tively to each other, but possibly a little too low relatively to the other
substances. But evidently none of the other substances can rival dry
moss for our purpose, when efficiency and economy are both considered. ]
February 13.—The shipment of eggs, suspended since January 24, is
resumed to-day.
February 22.—As in former years we measure our eggs for shipment
in old corn cans, each one holding about 2,500. On 13th instant Mr.
Munson found that, filled as usual, a measure counted out 2, 720 eggs ;
twice since then he has counted a measure full and found in one case
2,710, and in another 2,725. The record of shipments before 13th is cor-
rected accordingly, and since that date the measures have been filled
not quite so full, with intention to have 2,500 in each as near as
possible.
February 23.—To-day I examined the most forward eggs in the river
house (No. 2): The eyes have not yet begun to color. To try their hard-
iness for packing, I took a tray of them and rapped it smartly six or
eight times on the table, making the eggs rebound into the air.
February 25.—There were picked from the above tray 94 white eggs
and all were unimpregnated. So I should dare to pack these eggs now.
March 1.—Shipment of eggs concluded to-day; 645,000 have been
sent away, and 215,000 remain to be hatched and planted in Grand
Lake.
March 3.—I return to Bucksport, leaving Mr. Munson in charge.
5.—NOTES FROM MR. MUNSON’S RECORD BOOK.
February 28.—The earliest eggs received from the Penobscot station
commence to hatch to-day. [Two hundred and sixty-seven thousand
eggs of Penobscot salmon were hatched here at the charge of Mr. Frank
Todd, of Milltown, N. B., the same being furnished free by the State of
Maine, to be planted in the Saint Croix, the boundary river between
Maine and New Brunswick. For the hatching and expenses Mr. Todd
paid the establishment $91.26. The eggs were received in three lots,
January 30, February 12, and March 11.—C. G. A.]
Fa
y
[11] PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN 1881-82. 1102
March 14.—First lot of Schoodic eggs begin to hatch [taken Noy. 8th,
and kept meanwhile in hatcheries Nos. L and 3, water ranging from 48°
to 344° F. and averaging 39°.1 I’. The time occupied has been 126
days to the commencement of hatching. |
March 16.—Lot 1 all hatched.
March 21.—Lot 4 [taken November 11] begins to hatch.
March 23.—Lot 4 all hatched.
March 25.—Moved all eggs from hatchery No. 2 to No. 3.
March 28.—Penobscot eggs received February 12, begin to hatch.
March 30.—Gates all shut down.
March 31.—Penobscot eggs received February 12, all hatched.
April 18.—Penobscot eggs received March il, begin to hatch.
April 21.—Same all hatched.
May 7.—Lot 6 of Schoodic eggs begin to hatch. [These were taken
November 14, and have been since then until March 25 in the cold
water of the stream, averaging 34° F., and from that date to the pres-
ent in spring and snow water averaging 37° F. The general average
of temperature has been 34.7° F., and the total time to the commence-
ment of hatching has been 174 days. One more day, 175 days from the
beginning, will be the average time of the hatching of this lot of eggs.]
To-day, May 7. The ice broke up in Big Lake.
May 9.—Eggs taken November 14 are all hatched.
May 10.—Ice broke up in Grand Lake.
May 11.—Lot 7, Schoodic eggs, begin to hatch [taken November 16].
May 14.—Lot 7 all hatched. Lot 8 [taken November 18], begins to
hatch.
May 15.—Lot 8 all out; lot 9 [taken November 19] begins to hatch.
May 17.—Lots 9 and 10 all hatched. These are the last eggs.
May 22.—Lots 1 and 4 turned out. Also the earliest of the Penob-
seot fry.
May 26.—Second lot of Penobscot fish turned out.
May. 30.—The last of the Penobscot fish turned out. [In number,
266,240; there having been a loss of 760.]
June 15.—Three men took 84 Schoodie salmon with fly to-day: wind
southwest, strong.
June 26.—The last Schoodic salmon turned out.
June 28.—Closed up.
1102 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] |
TABLE I.—Spawning operations at Grand Lake Stream, Maine, November, 1881.
Date.
Fish at first handling.*
Females.
Total. | Males.
Un- A
ripe. Ripe. | Spent.
609 238 192 166 13
94 44 21 20M oe asec
123 48 28 46 uf
109 32 36 CTU eee
33 12 6 1 es
50 17 16 15 2
18 2 10 5 1
15 5 2 6 2
“2,051| 398) 311/ 322] 19
Females spawned. Eggs taken.
4 ue |
ze o | @3
gl e/£| Fs e
e a d as,
q S rg 235 P=} 3
at een = sl eed
Total. i H 3 Ba of o |
nm | ma | = A
Lbs. 0z
SU ecanec 166 |..-.-- 30 | 86 15 | 235, 000
DOG ecteese PAY eGGoae 3/12 11]; 40,000
(On eeteerot Gla eacea- (t) 37 «4 | 110,000
76 1 51 | 254 47 2 | 1380, 000
2a Nesta 101 49 10 | 44 12 | 116,000
33) [nce cise 105 | 101 10 | 59 8 | 150, 000
Wi esemoe 52 | 105 16 | 37 13] 90,000
100 elses 36 45 11 | 19 12) 47,000
esoceco lected 20 37 6/11 9] 29,000
652 1| 621] 601 95 |357 6 | 947, 000
*In these columns each fish is recorded when it first comes to hand, and the footings show the total
catch.
tIn most cases the defective eggs were few in number, sometimes but 1, 2, or 3. Doubtless there
were some with defective eggs that the workmen neglected to report, and probably the blank on the
10th is in consequence of some such omission.
{These figures are obtained by adding the number rejected at the daily pickings to the number
measured out at the time of dividing the eggs in winter.
f
?
}
!
1103
188 1-’82,
IN
SALMON
PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC
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000 ‘8 ~eweeseoe>- qozouy AMIVT | OL 688 000‘ee |°°""7"°"°7"""| 000 ‘Zs
“peyuep
LY -at omos ydooxe ‘poo | $b 20 000 ‘FS =| 092 OSL ‘eS
0G8% mee Seka noe queTeox gM | OL Cf a ROR SEE Sa Sate 000 ‘¢9
“8O1RIS | -gogeyg 09
“Sur ‘enor | poyz0d eG aupsaoor sursuopeg
-yovdun | ‘Suryovdun uo uoyjIpuog) = u0 -BUBI} :
mo prog sinoy | set
‘s950 Jo LoquIn}yy
TNS [Th ne aaa
[Tee
(83
| 82
‘QT
‘ou
£16 ‘T 9% See ee ACRE
08 (4) Ton eS OW ‘prepay |" "*" on ‘peyug |" Suyaeq ‘fy | T
08 (4) [Ese te ene oe oe ‘Ajosuny |---*"* op ‘Afosuey |----- AOMOH *D WI
| 08 (2) I “OP ‘ooury yUNOW |- “oq ‘ooury Uno |°~-* wouueqg "yO
OST I “TOUR ‘OUATRION |- > QOTPL ‘OTIAGMON [°° 7°" AIBIO NT
Gia tie une ‘sled jo aug y, ‘Sed 11T9s8sny “Wa
0g I AN ‘qqnouldTd |** HN ‘yynourdyg |°*~* 810M0d “HV |
Ig i “RQ ‘oostouvlg UR | [BO ‘oosToURI UNG | ~~“ SUIppey ‘A “a
¢¢ TI -- mm0g ‘yoouonbog | ***~ uuog ‘1ospurAy |" "** GOyUAT "A
2S I - ssuyy ‘oysoqouray | ssvpy ‘AosoOULA, |--~ WOHOVIg YW |
€9 I OE BeOS Auvuiias |--""-* LN ‘HAVANT """* LOU “WT |
18 I BI ORSEENG O19 (364:) 04s (lta Oe qo ‘sueg |°" * uemy0g “Hf
18 T MUTA ‘HBT FUIeG |" GUY [NV JuyEg | --* AoeAg "OW
#8 I "oor BEA “MOSIPBAL |" "= **” SIA ‘uosIpEy |" ~*~ Aoed \L “W |
18 TI “"*- BMOyT ‘vsouvUy |-"** BAoy ‘esouvnYy |------~ ABYUS WA
$8 T ~* ow ‘Wdosor yulEg |-* ofy ‘Ydosor yuIeg | ~~" [[eUMorg "HO
SF Es gill AR oe A'N ‘uA[SOY [7 -- 7 HIOK MON | PLOSHOVL “OHA |
ch teal Keene FA pusyny |" * -- 4a ‘purpny | --- - deaeH We
ha I session ce Sie Tic ALLOS))) cme so" Bq ‘SLIOD |'-"-- BYOOAA 90S |
0S 1 Cae arta Oe PIN ‘oromnyeg |--7*- PV ‘erouTyeg [~*~ uosns.10,7 “qT,
cP T "7" ACN ‘paoyanyy |---- XN ‘proyumnyy |-----" WOOL WES
SL T * pon ‘Arnqsmoorg |*- ¢°N ‘Ainqsmoop_ |" "HovlS "HL SW
£6 T "- uu0g ‘qoouonbog |---* wu0D ‘1OspurAA | ~*~ WORM “CA
OZ T "FN ‘qQnourd,” |---- AN ‘WynouAT * s10M0g ‘HV
GL iE - SSBPT ‘LOJSOTOULAA |- ssBpY ‘TOJSOTOULAA |~ ~~ FJOHOVIG “Y “WL
OST (4) I -- umog ‘yoouonbog |*--* aaog ‘1ospur a, |°~ ~*~ WOJUaT “eC “AL
OST (4) T * SSVI ‘1e}SOMOUL AA |- s8eTY ‘TOSOGOULM [°° JOHOVI_ “VW “A
“spunog
*BO8BO
“qq510 MA jo'ON “MOLBUTISOp [VUy,T ‘ss0IPPY “90S [SI0D
ae
‘BRQT ur ‘aumyy ‘wvang eynT punt wort ebb uoune oypooyoy fo safeuv1y —'T] H1IAV I,
"oan
[14]
1104 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
000 2 8 kon seed bee easoewms cae esescoesonenonn Ayunog 1a) Og set eeeenseeseossccsessccaescosssescs ii eI Mee ON Or LU POS
000 ‘Z ByUO,OUNIY ONV'T
000 ‘% Rak SLU OyVT Ieog OFT AL
OUD RSs Ble |e eee perenne eae pUUOT)) DUCE) OB UO Tee eee ee ee eee eee et Ae Set eee eyeyT uo
OOD Meee teen Og ee eens = ARNO UNO TES)» 401%) ONE fullness sions Sie leeiniminio(n\eibiaiaiaisiniminisinia|| sivicicieln eiefelminininicls OXv'T ovns0r
000 ‘9 oyeyT emoddiqg
000 ‘e OGOULUO DED Waleingm ns ec rues a ster Ese wesc on icsieee ce Soe ae oyey Suds
000 9 AZ Ady [voce c eee ee Ayunog eysooeyy [7-77 * 7777 °°° agbads dooecdc siete talseer 8 Se se eye] su0T
hi § ae Gee ee erect tee e ce ne ene HOS RcIn Cog He SiCc prvaivyy
000'L ftrrctctcee tere SisininiRe s|'e/elninie oe malenieisnin|sininin=\e in =aoa'= O}BNYIOG
(NN) Ge sl PESOS SR ORG OIC pac Rcl<isisi ole ssiein Se ciel Calo ain purse a
(GU ei; ee aan | Gece eirrenin= = =(ee)S = cle7elel> oic(-/— sie\cion 10} d ure yy.10
OUOME EM aes ceeeees li warns mein Gee Staats since uoysuieg yeaiy
(OO MT Cement | mastercase | eran gn i= in vie = inimie leis wininclninieiniaisie eiacsicln/=.e(" qynomy[ By
OOOPE [rrr rrtc tc fre crete cece cree eer e cece eee 109890.10 AA.
060 SL Cs ery eee tee nee 9S PlIqyov01g sete meee ry eee ecccce seems een ees ees ee ewe scans
PLE 'G Fae. Bile {SOP Beh e6 SCO0S RSS. OCS sage i° Aquos PLOFIEP |e" = eee ee JoATy wuusyenbsng |*--*----*"- soe"* Hoel) 1007
000 ‘¢ GIBOMO Dt reese cie geen tc gles meas ss AVON) PLOPS (atin assy press OYVT wospavyony |----*-*- JeaTy Ulssoosoipuy
000 ‘8 OTQULO ( eeeaas ce et aes ude Se ais ee OD gebtenalenc csr 5 ounce sass cen nee Pigs Ao Nein eae cei WveT}G sitdog
000 ‘¢ GT oun |----- SOAS ESO SCH ee SR SORE OREO DSS EOe (7299204 SSC URS COS ERO CIO RS 30300 wves}g Ajosueyy
096 ‘F SEE oe Oy eS Rees SRE Pink 1 Pre onan rae OD eigen sas OyV'yT] olyunsvuonposooyy |----* "77° WBIlS Oseqouue sy
000 ‘¢ GeO nceciae eiaicie'sininnic\isis sinelaisinie sins APUNOD Ul WEL alesse ss oe = se “"*- oye] Aposuey joss ttt" wBelg Sog [NOS
000 ‘I Sh (LY Si ee ee ce a ar syun0H smnbeyeostg |--- °°" 7077-7" IOATY ooqouuey j-“--°°-""°-" eyVy] pesyosooyy
9% oune
PEORCIGE IONCGABCIU |. owe oe ecco Ayunog woydurygse My ‘AopyUurE |-t secre oee IOATIHOTPOOTOGs | Jae s= seme isisinssis eyeyT puvisy
0000L [trtt ctr r cc frt ttre PIOUU Halla seas ein ei DOAT YE TOOS OWS ca Sas career aaa puod plop
Ty ee Cee eee Ayunog uosuryorg ‘oyery yratdg |o+-+++--- 777° JOATY XNOIG OWT |o-- 7707720 oxeT tfoqryo
(Ne — Ro sestoO id SSE SCROC DOr AYUNOD OpIOY) OLIVH ‘oYVT Avo[O |°--- AOAY IVpeH pus Hooy T[oyg |--o-- 7-7 oye'yT voi)
000 ‘T CABIN worse acanigeicoerinin isis oelninGic/sinias: \wisininisi= sees Ghia iiag fil PROGR OR ee moo CR SOO SS IRS S SSSC OSB BORO SCrOIO SOC OOSSon oyVeT
TYG) Ge Gee Ceo ee eee we cccececees ONEAMOOW des 22ss co oeas IOATY JNOTIeUTOD |---"-7--7 7-7 oXe'T orsdiag
GPP IT es ea OUTAR SSB GT lee so ch '= sks Sie rieicienicis meisisin= cin si minic to eee clnisic reir sess puod 9plig
O00 OL [rrrrtr crc fcr ce etter c reer c ttc pleyate,g MON |---cce o-oo TOATIPHOLMOIVANOP [Parga seas eo ss puod 8 [ea
TDM e 2 JPSSS S00 > 7 POOR ESR SS CSE IS SIS OCI COOCG DSCC Oba aie SUPOOJi os asa eee TOATY JDOMOOMUUOD |--* ooo ee oyVyT uvjuvg
TR) Ge Ge Ooo eo eee coos preguretd |-------°-°---- IOATY Sneqouumy |----------- paog Ainqioz0R—
OU0KOMEEE aeaedcne GoStats cs on were sn aaa teseiisiccae. DICTBIG seo sewininie aa sees TUG TOL TRANS is cieee eee rake eae OD aaeas
O00{OL frrrrcetc cc [rtece tere ctccc cect eee eee woIsaNT |o--° eo IOATY FMOTZOOUMOY |---- o-oo puog o1enbg
OOOO era eee eros one on inn sinienie sininnina wie winnie GC) Agee: (39 fol GES CROOO CUO SOS IOATY OTMoZBSNOH |'--- oYeyT snouodoosnouv
GM) Iyt — [|Poereeogos DonooeSeeSoR lm SROIs Sa06 GOCE COanG OS MIN SITU ce seine smcmccislenicines Cyne Cea STC) 8 Bal ie soyey UAT,
CUO GHeen esse sees rc Seem icn seecsriven rinsigesecisecis $e DLOPTEINGANG NGA ie aoe once o ems SS eicin cs Sc oats seis cecice IOATY OIMOVSNOF
OO OuG ree ee aise ini inin en wm vivinieie.c'e/eininim niniaininje mninininlcieicisicie=i= DICUUHE Piss ss wees AGATYEANOT OO UM OD ea wate ee ett ie puog 194eyg
000 ‘T fi, SiG hr? SoC oCoSsacnconcacobhor ee ATUNO A OUSTOWEI RUNES glors soc sae a enisicieio sin clic Siecineco | -/c=./cieie Serene epuoy o4vT
LFF ‘2 GT idival ses=s ===" = SODA OBOSSNSCRIC seocscls AVUNO POH Bape |e a eines aoa te Sleisis Sivin sin Socio sicle en eo ais iaceinie veeees’ SOMVT ONL
986 ‘T fi, ~ Siiih=7|pooeCoaoc cen oKock --£quUNOD Bpeaon ‘Boog TWaNT |oc-ccr er ct sree IOATY 9aONIT, Peres aS Wooly 10ssorg
‘C88T
“qs *IOJSURL 3 , *poovtd e190
“nye jooye qsodop yo AyTe00T Toye IOTIO Fear oF ATEWgIAT, Say oy} "ra ur STO BAN
"TSsT uw paiayyob shha wowf pasnet uowpvs opooyoy fo buyuv)gJ—]II TTAVL
wnwnwcccaa- neg yueg |---*-**** eJosouUTPL
pelea s 7°" OTTLATQION [ooo toe * WeSTYOTPL
eee wcenee IO}SOMOULAMA |°77** S}JOSNoVsse pl
SBC OSS UOTE: eroungpag |------*---puepdre py
olga siceigicicicls Ajosury
poricreinis ooury JUNOT
“" TIBeIIS OYeT puviy
Soe ee eces plepug [7 oo ouTEy_
SOGH6 500700 esomvay | 7"" 777 97" * BAOT
777° TOI ‘OTLAQIION |°°7°°° ed euerpuy
oes ccceee yoouonbog |*---"** ynotjoeuu0D
paises sats oapuveT ug |*---**- 7 BIm@LOsITeED
“poyozey O10T AL °03898
1105
PROPAGATION OF SCHOODIC SALMON IN 1881-’82.
[15]
006 6 Bincle looms} e.c ce ccine = cisisice ccs ssc Ses > se DUBLIN: VON | os a = =o
OOGE S| Seen ee gee so Soliseincnie'<is sieieine See ses seine sic. SUB a |r:
E216 -*-g[epuoqiey pus AopmMep avoyy [-7 >>> :
IAC SF aa ea a ae a “endl 777-7
OOOK ONCE) site coe oa sretrsersecere sess Kaunoy solo ‘proyuamyy
oce ‘¢ messenecccsi> ==> ave sie's + yun0D esepuoug |--°-"*>- 7°"
oe ‘¢ See |Sictortncin'e eojeeeeteeetee sis oetite Te mec deemaes
PRU MMEE RE REAGING ora cannes Sees ster co Ayumog xossng |-~***°
COORG tee cA BIN) poo a = <icnima='=)slele.nleleielsicieieai(s:sie\e-eisie(nie) =) =/=inin"= redo0g |-""""-
000 ‘¢ cesorcess AQUNOD TToIVD ‘qWorapurg |-----
000 ‘2 BEROCOOREOOS POC CSE Aqunog uozyery ‘ssouroppoyx |----- =
UGH aeee RPA | ine eee creiniccieicic/oinie Aqunoy ysnor0gsy [TA ‘91v9 AA
COOR Geen Eke RACING foc ss wars oo qsnor1oqs[tH ‘yooouryy |-*-->*
QUORZ eNOS ACTING sence eee <<< AquUNOD uoyyesry ‘uorqop |*--*>*
COORG PIG ARINNIS as os oce seein: Aqunog uvary[ug ‘proysai S
UORGHEEE eT AC Nilo > = efeiniais'a'< inte Ayunog yovmuiuoepy ‘Aunqsaony |-777> :
(NNN) MN RR ANGE PC OSES CORSOS CIC OR Or Ayunoy pzoyesyg ‘woz |--7-7 7
000 ‘F * AJUNOD YSnos0qs][iA ‘WMOJS9oUvALT
000 ‘cg ee ee op ee
ODD RG 0G Tue OCs |e ne pon = on1a.*\nlninleial*ia in alein'e)=\0/s/mialeloin ini nian OD eae ens | cea sunents ok aes
OOGe Tem |i Gl O OWN ||| ie eae om eee me a alainimince'= coo-> LVMH weuejong |°*--"-
CONG Meee FenOULEN (aif nin ceca iain lain ein ie jrorhes AIUD BOUL ANG | seen
000 ‘2 “sO1JUNOD pRoysSM[O puB o1OMYTTE IT |-- 77>
as ae at on DUO Armmqsaoiyg
a epee eet fr = puod OAT
Prete Sez areas OFC] [TeUs V
“*"""" TTOATOSOL SHIOMIO}V AL,
Canard a2 deci Crh quali §,deur
“810g OPTS FINS Jo S19}V AK
PRO COR oyeT Joquiayg
Sip eis Singin OYVT poomusvalsy
Fn ae ae eae puog qWAON
Sees a Blac ee es se eyvyT wenbs
meleleleie puog WRIT JUNOTT
mg Seeie im aenaee siecel= puog sa0'T
sinieics "7-7" OMe] punoymoyy
Eireann sien Stale ee puog 14g
Tei? tale Soe oyey oodeung
sl Sac acenn aa spuog ory,
Ae pene a ae puog yuesvo],
gems haps sae on ee IevBug
SORES *cosectesee- ONEry UBOg
spline sie a:cic\ciclee eyey Arwsyaog
Sintata'atel [ate er cecceeeres eooes- SUTBANG
Sree "to" QTIOULIO A
if OOO gossouua y,
“-e"- grIeaAlAsuuo gq
ae Satie tac a oro
Se sGGn mss HAO X MON
Sees AOsi0~ MON
“+> oargedurezy Wo Nt
Sens ee * “LIMOss] AL
srereses BIOKOTUI
. 110———70
S
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r 2 -
XXV.—STATISTICS OF THE SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS CON-
DUCTED BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION IN 1881.
By CHAS. W. SMILEY.
From the reports of the various persons in charge of shad-hatching
stations during the spring of 1881, and from the reports of messengers
in charge of shipments, I have prepared a series of six tables to show the
operations at each station, and the seventh fora summary exhibit. From
these it will appear that 87,441,000 eggs were obtained and hatched
with an average loss of 20 per cent. A comparison with the number of
shad hatched in previous years is of interest, and the constant increase
gratifying.
Number of shad hatched:
USI Aa oss Sete, GAA APU ea Le 16, 842, 000
es Sp A Ae att Oy ls hae Leta lence 29, 473, 000
PR GIMM Me HL ayed eren. oic.c ioftli ders hatha ae 70, 035, 000
oqo MSS i mnelnsivGs< 5 va sex o.<\cini Genbinaarecia ess tucban 172, 423, 350
Of the fish hatched, a part were deposited in waters near the several
hatching stations, as follows:
Deposited in local waters:
“USED ee MN > Ag a Ue Stel ee Re mE 5, 587, 000
HSS aenre ie Peer Ae te oe) yn eee ee, 7, 864, 600
Psst sts nen Ah ah, FIO e dL wale, oe 46, 518, 500
Of the fish hatched, the number transported to other waters was as
follows:
Transported to other waters:
PSM e NAM oie Sa) se STs et ae ae ae 10, 002, 500
[SEDC toe DS EN en Rie ere RS A ee ee 20, 761, 400
PSU Me 98 (iatiyss Ms Pretec meat ree em OSE ... 23, 516, 500
The number of shad deposited within the waters of the different
States the present year was as follows:
SPISTONG CHICO Sine a2, o/ ayes sine iets le ie sisis oes ois in eae’ s wares 1, 000, 000
Delaware. ... 2... Dei cet ds ORANG ale arte niimcw 3 5th akel Seat Sten 940, 000
Biehl OOMMDIA a2 2 o/s S212 ls = em 'alape ins we ee = 5% oS or 205, 000
RERUN hex ois apaichejoia esta @ ey ain) ale cian miaieiele oi) een re - 1,800, 000
WOR ee alae a2 nya eis ere ia veel ices = aim tenia elalis) snl ie falaya is ae 1, 100, 000
[1] 1107
1108 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
HRGNSASS Jose oo eatin ce ac eiticine oeteela ers piece rae eva /s Sree 200, 000
ONTMCK Yrs ein a s'ans oh che staal s aralniol crajerehstnse letelenaie ene cers eerie 707, 000
Maine....... A Sasha eG SS SSM Gs Sctos Jso6s5054 HaS Aso dor 1, 150, 000
IVEAT YLANG 3.205 is va['si dais slots ota Sto a lola clea leperaes eo mietol enters eyo 24, 705, 000
North Carolina 2 .).50 024.0 +6 Sarat etek eateesc tas cee ciate meen arate 4, 357, 500
COTO Fea eo 2 apeath ws atone ore) orePe es slate aie a ashicia' aerate iaeta aictateretats Om 1, 020, 000
Pennsylvania). cites tc. ostecie eo icle Sialyie ate sw eieiee Mic\enere See ---- 3,500, 000
node Usland <5... 5. -— Bras a Siete «Se nle Meae(pe cece 500, 800
South’ @arolinas <2 75.2 2.00 wc dis Seta eliets ole w cicye etnies s eiae 620, 000
Tennessee ....... Bopdos Sabon SSS oOeAd os lee ere ee 400, 000
PR OAG stoi sie eo ema e ed sjevee Viewers Hc AOS 56450 Sloman Riser 4 277, G00
NUTT Ae Bene oA A GaSe a STE, svelelenjectolontteeat ee 24, 280, 000
IVESE VAT OITA) << cers ocicvec cet ce a veec BS i AS li eo 175, 000
POtal Fess) iaialnsicrsiecle oie sree eins ors tele eters ckes eee ate 67, 002, 500
Fuller particulars of these deposits, the time, streams, places, &c.,
will be found in the tables of distribution—Tables VIII and IX.
For comparison with the number of shad sent to the various States in
the years 1872—80, see summary tables published in another part of this
volume.
TABLE I.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by United States steamer Fish
Hawk, Lieut. Z, L. Tanner, commanding, at Capehart’s Wharf, in Salmon Creek, Avoca,
N. C., from April 12 to April 30, 1881.
=)
Ripe shad taken. | 3 Ks id 5 E
— 3 re) os ie i=]
Date. 2 3 38 os
: e faa | eee
= 8 =I
Males. | Females. Ep eo 3 As aos
| & a
3 3 66, 000 665.000) Vacs. .0. ooo eee eee
2 2 66/0001 facct cheb. cs|feseecweseee eee eee eee
4 4 117; 00075 2: foes cS Sees ce eens |e
1 1 84.0005 oceet ise al Osea |S
9 8 182: 000/l suc Sads caMM Ge ooM ces me ae eemennea ies
3 3 107000 5 eeeen Seas as] eee ee | ea eee
11 11 BBY -AL U0 eae spo pcocan boosbacssonad losaoseeéacac
21 21 649, 000 1490005 pean nn see
18 18 489, 000 835000 eee seca
28 28 929, 000 43500) |ia ceo crit cc ewes aernmatas
34 32 979, 000 62,000 |.:c..- .occcises| ccwcisalcceiate
32 30 931, 000 16) 000 ise ic cmmeecl ease scene eas
11 10 298, 000 CG TR hl eens Pee | ey he as
13 13 432, 000 34, 000 498,000) |b. o ose eee
5 5 166, 000 8, 000 830, 000 | *3, 029, 500
AVI Susy gal lies a a Conroy Sal SCP GRRE (RS SG Ril eae oe oe | ee $002 000%) 7. 205.2 Sites eae ae
Danco ecins casinces clauimeecine laces acter | coeisnscteint tase eases 37900082 face ccesa| hemes aeetere
Totaltesccsesacccscrossene 195 189 | 5,727,000 | 1,369,500 | 1,328, 000 3, 029, 500
*Captain Tanner states that these eggs were transferred to North Carolina Fish Commission at
various times.
[3] -
STATISTICS OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS,
1109
TABLE II.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by M. McDonald, at Gunston
and other places on the Potomac River, under the direction of the United States Fish Com-
mission, from April 20 to May 30 inclusive, 1881.*
nD
Eg .
m
23
aS
Date. | 8
Ss
B
a
aS
i?)
ra
1881.
April 20 | 5,000
21 5, 000
22 | 5,000
23 | 5, 00C
25 | 5,000
26; 5,000
27 | 5,000
28 | 5,300
29 | 5,300
30 | 5,300
May 1] 5,300
2} 5,000
3 | 6,650
4| 6,650
5 | 6,650
6 | 6,350
7 | 6,350
Sill aetoeretate
9 | 6,350
10 | 6,350
11 | 6,350
12] 6,350
13 | 6,350
14! 6,350
15 | 6,350
16 | 6,350
17 | 3,650
18 | 3,650
19 | 3,650
20 | 3,650
21 | 3,650
22| 4) 850
23 | 3,650
24] 3,650
25 | 3,650
26 | 2,350
27 850
28 850
29 850
30 550
BOR wascnnicie
Total . . .|184, 150
Eggs obtained.
3
Haye
te &
3 &,
Ba Fe
8, 534 4
2,479 1
2, 801 5
OMitey pal epee
4,616 | 30
4, 567 28
4,783} 11
3,997 | 31
4, 938 21
5, 046 20
3, 761 15
2, 685 20
7, 067 50
5,178 90
5, 678 90
4,682 | 50
5,101 | 101
4,951| 51
4, 698 aly
2,977 41
1, 907 36
2,909 | 21
3,191 4
2,059 | 17
2, 357 46
2, 840 63
1, 835 162
1,797 || 27
1, 937 vid
1, 656 30
1, 481 17
1, 544 107
1, 046 54
1, 481 4
1, 554 43
1397 | 74
826 12
3 US ee
120, 047 |1, 470
25, 000
1, 565, 000
500, 000
1, 220, 000
1, 060, 000
620, 000
100, 000
510, 000
1, 360, 000
1, 880, 000
4, 870, 000
800, 000
2, 290, 000
900, 000
500, 000
3, 215, 000
1, 620, 000
120, 000 |.
1, 290, 000
2, 200, 000
375, 000
§43, 200, 000
Fish transported to
other waters
weet www ene
eee eeewne
250, 000
250, 000
350, 000
1, 000, 000
$00, 000
1, 100, 000
300, 000
1, 000, 000
1, 000, 000
2
ae
o&
4 Se
8 ie
Bp 4
3) i
MIST ODI. | 234, 000.
i MP OTAOUDH|Sokcncnica.e
eee 1, 383, 000
OFOOON Sse ne seme
175, 000 625, 000
i ea ee 1, 510, 000
PREONOUDI Peso. cease
310, 000 1, 130, 000
300, 000 230, 000
TASHOOO [Mae saeseat s
101, 000 2, 887, 000
100,000 | 1, 834, 000
119, 000 1, 730, 000
10, 000 2, 576, 000
650, 000 40, 000
P5330, CO0s| kena shied
See ee 2, 585, 000
"J, 520, 000° |. .-0.- 02-0.
eet aa. 1, 125, 000
1 BAB O00H 23. ceases
Bee Wee eae | 5, 490, 000
300,000) |acaneeeseo>s
Lge Paitin 140, 000
200;000 [52-52-50
250, 000 1, 905, 000
“870, 000 | 1, 096, 000.
#11619) 000rlbcaseeeesess
7, 905, 000 | 26, 515, 000
\5, 950, 000
* For a more detailed statement of this work see report of M. McDonald.
t For details of deposits of fish see tables of distribution.
5
Where released in local
waters.t
Pomonkey, Md.
Guuston, Va.
Gunston, Va.
Do.
Gunston, Va.
Do.
Gunston, Va.
Gunston, Va.
Gunston, Va.
Gunston, Va.
Gunston, Va.
Fort Washington, Md.
Fort Washington, Md.
220,000 of these eggs were used in experiments; the rest are unaccounted for; probably a loss
Of this amount 2,630,000 eggs were sent to navy-yard station.
1110 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
TABLE III.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by Frank L. Donnelly, at Navy-
[4]
Yard Station, Potomac River, under the direction of the United States Fish Commission,
from May 4 to June 2, 1881.
| I rs PH
oO os a o
2 5; Ha eS
6 a) aS Aa f
Date. a aS) © Ss a & i) 3 Messenger in charge of transfer.*
nD nD i a
bp ep gas | SEE
I a) Fy
1881.
May 4 200, 000 TCC | SiS SSeaeBel bepadaoadeas
200, 000 SOOO s| Meneses
6 270, 000 50008 Sacer eae eee
7 370, 000 LOW): |peseesssSslloossenbosecs
9 430, 000 2020003 | cccccsceeia em ce eiciciesie
10 300, 000 10, 000 105, 000 85,000 | J. Frank Ellis.
al 230, 000 TSU DG BRASS So oalloeeces caacds
12 65, 000 BA000u| eee cee. 460, 000 | G. G. Davenport.
13 100, 000 10, 000 100, 000 260, 000 Do.
Pal sees stuie saseaceee tl lseaccmaees 410,000 | N. Simmons and C. W. Schuermann.
16 35, 000 2000 |czstarscichenare 290, 000 | C. A. Stewart and C. W. Schuermann.
17 70, 000 BN esses eposdlocuco0ccden-
18 180, 000 TOMOOO Stet seen ccc
19 300, 000 PANU [Racosapaae 220,000 | H. E. Quinn.
20 865, 000 GoNOO008 eaeeeeen t=. 150, 000 | C. W. Schuermann.
21 AROMOOON octets Al cadkecaAe Soc cee eee
27) oe aoiecad sa] econo ueedes | |peoseouobs 100,000 | C. W. Schuermann.
23 3975/0008 ||seeteaemacie ol alee soa o'=|| -netelnicislate arate
24 AOTHND le coscacacoor| poccaogeceaclsoocsssesoos
25 | 11, 600, 000 |. 170, 000 | N. Simmons.
2G |eisesccsecee |e 280,000 | N. Simmons and C. A. Stewart.
27 +720, 000 500, 000 | Geo. H. H. Moore
28 Fe ZONOO OM Bee ree xt te ett tet eiscetel|ineiotere ie oleic wale
OR | eae nl eae eect eee setee allem cinicle elstelen’=
30:1. $855,000) '43,:465,000 |S2- cece ca|cnere- a. -5-
A fobitey PA Bseonsosacee 2002000!| fees ae 150,000 | W. H. Jenkins, jr.
Total ...| § 7,730,000 | 38,850,000 | 205,000 | 3, 075, 000
* For final destination of these fish, see tables of distribution.
+ Of these eggs, 2,630,000 were received from Potomac barges.
+t Eggs unaccounted for; probably lost.
§ Of this number, 600,000 were reported turned over to M. McDonald on his assuming charge of the
Navy-Yard Station.
TaBLE IV.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by Frank N. Clark, at Havre de
Grace, Md., on the Susquehanna Iiver, under the direction of the United States Fish Com-
mission, from May 15 to June 13, inclusive, 1881.
* For final destination of these fish, see tables of distribution. . ‘
+ May 15 includes a number of previous days’ operations which cannot be given specifically.
S de 23 S
# g Ze ga
3s oe 5 og noes .
ater 2 g 3 ‘S g i & 2 E Messenger in Charge of trans-
be! “an ~ vi
mn m H 3
Ss a ct 2.88 ZOE
23} ea) & i S
1881.
May 151| 6, 625, 000 504,000 | 4,101,000 | 4,101,000 |.......-----
16 275, 000 64,000 | 1, 566, 000 566, 000 | 1,000,000 | J. P. Creveling
17 375, 000 5, 000 100, 000 1005 000s| asus bee aee
18 135 000)|ssa33 Dee bike, Gee Bene. Lee Ns Soe
19 105s O00 oe asec tl sescemeceetstel lemme a oteiselninlel = aisinlwsteiniminjals
20 150, 000 25, 000 260, 000 G0 0008 eer rete
21 PLO WO0D| Ss 222ecoaete| see sbeceec CS aee ase ee aeeate eae
22 CUI RULIWS ecooorasrece| ssaccceubond seooon Hoorcollsosbacpooqdc
23 QOOLOO0) | saccades cae Seek ah We ae Seen eee ee Se
DAU ATONOOO! | Gesaee cs ese |noe eee ip ilies enrages A OR Se ge
25 705, 000 92,000 | 1, 048, 000 48,000 | 1,000,000 | J. P. Creveling.
26 750, 000 30, 000 330, 000 330, 000 |...---------
27 765, 000 40, 000 365, 000 365; 000) Joo -. c-.ce8
28 450, 000 290, 000 825, 000 825, 000 |.-----------
29 325, 000 75,000 | 1, 900, 000 400,000 | 1,500,000 | J. P. Creveling.
30 O50s0008 eae neces GTHUOOO | Laee eke Eee
BoE lpenacanéecho 110, 000 925, 000 400, 000 900, 000 | C. W. Schuermann.
June 1 50, 000 75, 000 LUE panenspoedes |ledcaaskosact
DF AWA aw MRE el et te Be a S60/ 000s aa soe aee sane omen
EE
[5]
STATISTICS OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS.
pe wala
TABLE IV.—Record of shad-hatching operations, §:c.—Continued.
=
o
a ”
3 %
Date. iS iS)
nN Q
80 80
a0 80
& 1)
1881.
RUNON 7S) |'ose soc ee 2 see see ccs
4 OOH 000i aces eeeeere
6 300, 000 10, 000
7 45030003 | feea-e once oe
8 BOOSO0G | Soctecitae eis
Ohl seraisiicimee wie aca bth waelotere
1) |e ctaerreseeneer 150, 000
Uae Boe eco ee mttaer
1. eee a aS eR ole er eric AAc
ee a ssyesese [eee eee eee eee |
Total ...| 15,030,000 | 1,470, 000
Messenger in charge of trans-
fer.
| Se #5
g ae ars
st Ce ao
2 a3 ee
a Ee a B23
4 gas | 23e
ia) i Fy
115, 000 775, 000
““"""50, 000 eR Ae aed
OSO00 | See ance Ses pepeeeoren
"450, 000 hes oe
AAS ONY: te caegee ee Ie oes Bet
300,000 | *900, 000 |....--....-.
13, 560, 000 | 8,385,000 | 5,175, 000
C. W. Schuermann.
* Remained on hand at close of daily reports; probably deposited in local waters.
TABLE V.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by Marshall McDonald, at Navy-
Yard Station, Potomac River, under the direction of the United States Fish Commission,
Srom June 1 to June 25, inclusive, 1881.*
Length in fathoms of
visited—
Date.
Haul :
eaten Gill-nets.
June
109, 600
Shad taken.
| Ripe females.
Lo} tH
to) oO
x ; as
iS ea Ao
2 ° Boek
° Lam BS eo
% Bey |e tee
£0 50 2 F
| i] ay
£60,000 |. 0-3 [eneceeers
102000 \eninctawicle 300, 000
40000) escace oss] 2 a- sae
BU De Bere cemcac 120, 000
175,000 | 150,000 |.....-.-..
250; 000¢|- hace eee
370, 000 10, 000 100, 000
75: 000) |22 aes 200, 000
pee ea tere 20,000 | 200, 000
455000) cca seca: 200, 000
Seite ee a ail sae aeweees 150, 000
330, 000 |......-2-- 670, 000
450, 000
270, 000 |.
200, 000
290, 000
170, 000
10, 000
40::000)|scs-seo- <0 1, 140, 000
405000 ee reclenteeac 120, 000
BONOUO ac Sees fee eee
1,538 | 127| 3,840,000 | 240, 000 |3, 800, 000
| Messenger in charge
of transfer.
W. H. Jenkins, jr.
F. L. Donnelly.
N. Simmons.
G. G. Davenport.
Ellis and Moore.
Quinn,Schuermann,
and Simmons.
F.N. Clark.
J. F. Ellis.
C. A. Stewart.
* For a more detailed statement of this work, see report of M. McDonald.
+ Received from Frank L. Donnelly’s navy-yard station.
1112 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6]
TABLE VI.—Record of shad-hatching operations conducted by United States steamer Fish
Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner commanding, at Havre de Grace, Md., in the Susquehanna and
North East Rivers, from May 5 to June 5, 1881.
oS F +o
Ripe shad taken. 2 3 iS 3.4
's + 5 | a6 *
Date. = g 28 Bok
A = Fea | £8g
Males. | Females. Ee &0 cle 3 4 ge
>) <>) i oy
6 6 182, 000
17 17 462, 000
21 21 506, 000
49 47 | 1,660, 000
11 11 341, 000
28 28 913, 000
30 30 979, 000
8 8 265, 000
9 9 348, 000
14 12 857, 000
10 11 357, 000
10 13 424, 000
9 8 957,000) | Aeanee eee 498, 000
12 14 B23 000M Seeeccererctoec 166, 000
20 25 CE IRN! pbb Gacacooeallbeckaatasatic
53 Bal || e17 925 O00 eee er ee et
18 19 DOT O00n eee | ee ee
17 23 650, 000 325, 000
14 15 463, 000 313, 000 |.
28 31 781, 000 275, 000
40 43 | 1, 062, 000 406, 000 |.
22 22 625, 000 |...-. SOCBSOC 1, 250, 000
22 25 675, 000 |.2..--25---- 500, 000
10 10 B695000)) | ese areeeo|(sssiseeeeese
2 2 SONO00 eseeae eee =e 1, 000, 000
‘ 6 6 106/000) Seeeenaecees come acnecen
OUNCH Waco ease coscccccce esiscue 8 8 AS87000 | 2 = 5s )n%5 re cisiciell e Steeisis -teeieiets 500, 000
ORR eee Dee er eee 2 2 38/000 | ecseee ee 625, 500 312, 000
&}, -onchooneucboscsonceood 2 2 UE UY) ese cos SSoedlledosaboqcbac 125, 000
We eeeoraecemacececses Spo 2 2 50,\000) | 25 Bega socal cece once onlececmeme eee
FS emai Al ORIN Ler ery on ean Ae mt Ip 0 RO ee eR AIP a e082 300, 000
Motaleseree te ee 500 524 | 15, 444,000 | 2, 871,500 | 10,085,500 | 2, 487, ov0
1113
STATISTICS OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS.
[7]
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STATISTICS OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS.
[9]
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1116 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS. Hi lel Ly
STATISTICS
[11]
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[12]
1118 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
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STATISTICS OF SHAD-HATCHING OPERATIONS. 1119
[13]
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XXVI.—REPORT OF DISTRIBUTION OF CARP, DURING THE
ie OF 1881-82, BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMIS-
N. on
By MarsHaLL MCDONALD.
The first applications for German carp were filed in 1876, one year
subsequent to the successful importation of this fish and to the estab-
lishment of breeding ponds at Druid Hill Park. The total number of
applications filed during this year was 3. In 1877 the number in-
creased to 20; in 1878 to 98; and in 1879, when the first distribution
was made, the number of applications for the year was 324,
The fragmentary records of this first distribution show that there were
distributed directly to 181 applicants 6,203 carp, being an average of
34 to each applicant. In addition there were distributed to State Com-
missioners and agents of distribution 4,743 carp, making a total dis-
tribution for the year of 10,946 carp.
In 1880 the number sent to applicants direct had risen to 31,443, and
to State Commissioners and agents 19,021, making a total for the sea-
son of 50,464.
In 1881 we were confronted with the problem of distributing 160,000
fish over a much wider geographical range and at a consequent increase
in the cost per applicant.
To relieve the messenger service of the pressure of the increased
work, and to reduce the cost of the distribution, recourse was had to
express shipments in all cases where applicants were willing to defray
the increased cost of delivering. The shipping packages first used were
wood-bound tin cans, holding about eight gallons of water, and making
a shipping package weighing about 65 pounds. The principal lines of
express transportation promptly responded to the request of the Com-
missioner and arranged a tariff of reduced rates of charges to all points
reached by their routes. Even at the reduced rates the cost to appli-
cants of express delivery was quite a serious matter, ranging from $1
for the nearest points to $6, $8, $10, and $12 for the more remote.
Early in the season, by direction of the Commissiener, a half can was
substituted for the can first used. This materially reduced the weight
of the shipping package and the express charges in each case. Parties
receiving these cans had the option of retaining them at a stipulated
price or of returning them. When parties declined taking the cans, they
Sr itise 1 10-77 1121
1122 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
were, under our arrangements with the express companies, returned
free.
The distribution made prior to December 15 was accomplished by the
methods above indicated; meanwhile experiments were inaugurated
looking to reduction both in the weight and bulk of the shipping pack-
ages.
An account of the result of these experiments will be found in Vol. I,
p. 215, Bulletin of the United States Fish Commissfon. So satisfactory
were they that early in December I was instructed by the Commissioner
to take charge of the Division of Distribution, and to inaugurate, sys-
tematize, and perfect the more economical methods of distribution ren-
dered practicable by the reduction in the cost, size, and weight of the
shipping packages. The standard package adopted was a covered tin
bucket having a capacity of 4 quarts. For facility of aeration several
holes were punched in the cover of each bucket.
A shipping-tag with room for the address on one side and the requi-
site printed instructions on the other was devised by Mr. 8. C. Brown,
so as to inclose securely a blank postal receipt, to be filled and returned
by applicant on receipt of the fish. The buckets were to be returned by
the applicants in all cases, the cost of the same (20 cents) being added
to the express charges, and collected from the express agent in advance.
Where a number of buckets were to be sent to one destination, for
convenience in handling and better safety in transmission, light crates
were prepared, each having a capacity of 16 buckets, and weighing about
100 pounds. As from their shape several of the crates may be stacked
up on each other, it is practicable to pack 1,000 fish on a floor-space not
greater than that occupied by two of our ordinary transportation cans.
The convenience and economy of these methods of transportation is
therefore apparent.
Shipping crate.
All arrangements having been perfected and all necessary material
having been collected, express shipments were made in the small buck-
ets instead of the larger tin cans, to all points within a radius of 500
[3] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP DURING SEASON OF 1831—82. 1123
miles from Washington. The weight of the shipping packages was thus
reduced from 60 pounds to about 8 pounds, with corresponding redue-
tion in express charges. ;
At the time I was placed in charge of the work of distribution mes-
senger shipments were in progress in the South Atlantic and Gulf
States, portions of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee, and
all of Florida being at that date (December 15) still unsupplied. The
messenger lists necessary to regulate the distribution were at once pre-
pared, and the fish destined for the supply of Southern Georgia and
Florida sent forward in charge of Mr. Newton Simmons. Mr. George H.
H. Moore and Mr. I. L. Donnelly were then in the field, one in Ala-
bama, the otherin Mississippi. They weredirected not to return to Wash-
ington, but to await instructions at Meridian and Jackson, Miss. To
these points messenger lists and explicit instructions and the number
of carp necessary to complete the distribution were forwarded by ex-
press from Washington. These bucket shipments reached them in ex-
cellent condition, and by December 24 the distribution in the sections
referred to had been completed. Texas, with 950 applicants, Arkansas,
Indian Territory, Western Louisiana, and Missouri, with an aggregate
of 150 widely scattered applicants, still remained to be supplied. It was
planned to accomplish this work by one movement of our refrigerator
car No.1. All details of the distribution were arranged before we ieft
Washington, the route to be traversed definitely determined, and no-
tices forwarded by mail to each applicant informing him at about what
date to expect his fish. So far as practicable, arrangements were made
by which each should receive his fish either from the car en route or
from one of the messengers temporarily detached for the purpose of sup-
plying those remote from the route traversed by the car. It was not
thought safe to attempt to carry more than 12,000 fish in the car. It
was therefore arranged to have the additional number needed forwarded
by express in lots of 2,000. Arrangements were made to have the fish
rested and the water changed at Saint Louis. As these methods were
novel, and the results considered doubtful by the most experienced mes-
sengers, it was thought best that I should accompany the expedition in
order to enforce the observance of the necessary conditions of success
and to take the responsibility of whatever failure there should be. It
was thought prudent to make use of both methods of transportation.
The complement of the car was therefore made up as follows: 40 large
cans containing each 100 carp; 7 large cans containing each 150 carp;
18 crates containing each 320 carp; 3 crates containing each 400 carp.
This made a total of 12,000 fish in the car.
The crew of the car consisted of Mr. J. F. Ellis, messenger in charge ;
Newton Simmons, George H. H. Moore, M. S. Thompson, messengers ;
and the cook.
We left Washington at 4 p. m. January 3, 1882, going through to
Saint Louis on the fast express of the Pennsylvania Railroad. I did
1124 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [4]
not think it necessary to examine the fish or change the water until
we reached Saint Louis, where all the cans and buckets were overhauled
and the water changed except in the crates containing 400 fish each,
which were left undisturbed until we reached Texarkana. The fish were
all found to be in good condition and the change was made rather as a
precaution than as a necessity. At Washington I had placed 100 fish
in a 6-quart bucket as an extreme test. At Saint Louis these carp
showed signs of suffering and were turned over to Dr. Steedman. From
Saint Louis seven buckets of fish were forwarded by express, to ap-
plicants in the first Congressional district of Iowa, who had been over-
looked in the previous distribution. They reached their destination
safely, though two days en route and in very severe weather.
On the 5th of January at 9 p. m. the car left Saint Louis by the Iron
Mountain route and reached Texarkana the next day. On the way fish
were delivered to all applicants in Arkansas who were accessible, postal
notifications having been previously sent from Washington directing
them when and where to meet us. At Texarkana a complete change of
water was made on all the fish. The three crates of 1,200 fish which
had not been touched since leaving Washington were found to be in fair
condition, though a few were dead and the remainder apparently weak.
They had traveled three and a half days without any change of water.
The rise in temperature as we proceeded south made it prudent to
take measures looking to refrigeration. Application to the railroad
authorities procured a ton of ice, which was placed in the ice-chests, and
the refrigerator portion of the car maintained at a temperature of 50°
from that time onward until the distribution was completed.
At Texarkana I detached Mr. Moore with a supply of fish for Shreve-
port, Western Louisiana, and for such applicants in Texas as he could
reach conveniently by the route he traveled. Mr. Simmons was sent
with a supply for applicants along the narrow-guage road between Tex-
arkana and Waco.
After remaining at Texarkana twenty-four hours in order to rest the
fish and to give due notice of our coming, we started Sunday morning,
January 8, for Sherman, Tex., delivering fish on the way to all appli-
cants in that section of the State. Moore rejoined the car at Dallas,
and Simmons at Fort Worth, while I proceeded from Sherman to the
Indian Territory to supply applicants in the Choctaw Nation, and re-
turned via Sherman to Dallas.
Dallas being the point to which the express shipments were to be sent,
Thad arranged to rendezvous the car and all the messengers there, and
thought it best to await the arrival of all the express shipments, as it
would be safer to transport the fish south in the car than to trust to
their being forwarded by express. The first lot forwarded from Wash-
ington came as far as Saint Louis in charge of Messenger Donnelly;
there the water was changed, and the fish expressed to Dallas. Don-
nelly remained at Saint Louis to re-ship subsequent lots, which followed
[5] DISTRIBUTION OF CARP DURING SEASON OF 1881—82. 1125
at intervals of twenty-four hours. These shipments, amounting to about
6,000 fish (scale carp), reached Dallas in fair condition, though they were
much weaker than the leather variety brought in the car, and less fitted
to endure rough travel.
From Dallas the car with the full complement of messengers pro-
ceeded to Austin via Hearne, supplying as arranged all applicants along
the route. In order to provide for supplying the numerous applicants
in the vicinity of Corsicana it was found necessary to lie over at that
place twelve hours, the train agent kindly making arrangements to take
us up on the next train. On reaching Austin I was met by Mr. R. R.
Robertson, the Texas Fish Commissioner, who was kind enough to take
charge of the delivery of carp to applicants in that vicinity. From
Austin we proceeded to San Antonio, where I remained, but sent the
ear on to Laredo. At Laredo Mr. Ellis was detached with enough fish
to supply applicants in the extreme south of the State. From San
Antonio we returned via the Sunset route to Houston, where I left the
car, and with Messenger Thompson proceeded via New Orleans to Wash-
ington. I delivered on the way fish to isolated persons who could not
be reached in any other way. Meanwhile the car proceeded to Houston
and was here joined by Mr. Ellis, who had been instructed from Wash-
ington to take the car to Saint Louis and await further orders.
The routes traveled by the car and detached messengers were planned
so as to completely reach every part of the State, aad the measures
taken beforehand to notify applicants were so thorough that of upwards
of 800 applicants not more than 7 were unsupplied.
The fish were delivered to the applicants or their authorized agents,
or else they were left at the most accessible point and the recipient so
notified.
The satisfactory issue of our work is largely due to the liberal facilities
accorded us by the various lines of railroad traversed. Anything in the
way of supplies or service was unfailingly rendered. Special acknowledg-
ments are due Mr. H. M. Hoxie, the general manager of the Saint Louis,
Iron Mountain, and Southern Railway. From Saint Louis westward
until our return to that point, free transportation for car was granted
on all lines of railroad traversed by us.
The result of the work demonstrated that in making shipments by the
ear-load we can carry a much greater number of fish by using small
buckets instead of cans, and also that buckets can be used with great
advantage and economy in shipping by express, provided the passage
does not last more than thirty-six or forty-eight hours. [am not satisfied,
however, that this mode of shipment is practicable in warm weather.
This must be decided by experiments.
The State of Texas seems to possess extraordinary facilities for rais-
ing carp, and as many of the recipients went to great expense to pre-
pare ponds it is beHeved that carp-raising will soon become a valuable
industry in that State.
1126 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
[6]
The following summary of the distribution by States is respectfully
submitted :
Summary of carp distribution for the year 1881-82.
State.
Alabama
DATIZONA Ae ssae wees acleeeeamces
PAT IGANISAS ss cicisaieeeieer ess spec stan cincieletcio
@alifouniaecs cassser cr eee eee. seeecae ceo
Colorados seeeee ee ete eee neeas es seesneee
Wealeobanes series oh eeecnisia me we kema ce © cee ae
MW elawWwanre’s-cicseosctcesstesadee sestccnenine
IO oC a So aa erOnO a scimec Sapdeamastccenre
(Gayot cd Ar oes cadsdodasteoc seecus nekode
MANO Was aire setcsa cts cenise ee alsicicisetcieeciciet.
MUM N OS aa oc te Se sees eee ce eres moe gee
IMCQiNMN Ailes se ee ate caee oes wacisie aio eine meisiciats
tndiameverritory ce aac actos ales sae sy=isinrs
OW eects aioe ae oases oe ceiaiote Semceia mine alas
IKGIMS RSs cena en ceinc cctersewloie seers
Kentucky
Louisiana
IVER MO one cet o sccittee
Maryland .
Massachusetts! s2ice sce en coc cccewccicccees
Nite hiner ee Saket Ss saquedeuacoeucesacocEE
IMMNMES OTA tee ctecasics sae stot easccuce scares
IMSS 0) NM Recon dada coenpeuBascoudaSTse
MOUSROUT eee aceteeeeee wick Sete eeyseinere
INT OT TAT aes sete e ere Pas nts ets ayaa nine rast
Nebrask aise gat So ets 2 et eek es
ENO VARIA ete tie tameyen sae 3G cece Mem eee
iNew Hamp shires poco. secs se ine
INOW CLSCY fo: ca 5 seceacaccwels ence cllccsins
INO WALK COrck deerajaee cecthccintsetim cisions
ING Wa MOL Ke eiea caacme tas sae elieemaa taceeeas
OO eee ween eae Sun ce naj eenie ae
Oresony 2222 = ssece ce
Pennsylvania ........
mhodemslandeeceesascot aces eee mesare se
South Carolina. ce2sacscorccloee cece eee ees
PRLONMOSSED) ccs ticles civ asics sidlecinawloe enews
MerMONT Sse sees cmsisescs soaeismatire sie sia
WinriMinimecsceeeoess San Soe eee ee elec nen ee
Was hin otonlie scree s hcmieace cee ete
West Virginia
DWAISCONSINiee seme coe ater sateen nen ianeee
SWAY OMIT Dy cee caciemia ce taiee Sane ceeatanlee aac
ted ' D Ss el 0 SH
eS [ae |s3..| <8 Sew) ete S
» a ene a) D eA 4
oa. | Beau. | Gece | 2 2 Sc) eal eae
2 Sle Suey cera aig es | 25
CHEESE ON Ser ON sees | balisie Aas
Sa Se 3 Chao asics 5 3 2 oe 5.2
So gen fee oot oo ese ee
a2 Bel een | Sesils ae a2] ae
Bee Eee Ba ee era) an Eee eee
A A A <a ae a x
38 28 60 88 1, 856 70 158
Py aRerer sol aeorcee | badasca hoccmancas 7 7
17 5 28 33 818 5 38
OEE endae Sen |saoecess| |sonasce SSabcans 38 38
9 1D Senos ees 1 20 18 19
8 21 71 92 2, 220 14 106
Dilsisce malsmecice sel ese sted we i|teaises emia 8 18
3 16 42 58 2, 100 1 59
Ler ens 1 3 4 86 7 11
11 2 23 25 432 5 30
94 30 380 410 7, 681 133 543
2) | teleeeers 54) Palbpdesesalasassc : 2 2
62 23 | 139 162 2, 844 24 186
52 135 10 145 3, 896 27 172
NS acoveisiele 16 16 SUE Weopobes a 16
29 1 15 16 292 28 44
45 5 105 110 2, 366 17 127
70 7 489 496 9, 732 84 580
24 1 51 52 1, 276 6 58
6 6 A ele 6 116 5 a
28 15 240 255 22, 424 9 264
10 24 3 27 745 21 48
20 3 37 40 1, 848 9 49
18 4 1 5 100 Ny 22
55 139 389 528 9, 445 97 625
50 2 208 210 4,126 54 264
2 ee odeae| oceeoes poreoccs poocoue od 2 2
11 6 1 7 120 8 15
A Veboctiscelloantaasdiooctes =" leaecec - 2 2
6 UManeaacas 6 140 5 IL
19 49 21 70 1, 352 11 81
Bllesoperisslecpcp aaa lomor pact sashsoceSe 6 6
40 140 50 190 4, 616 68 258
56 47 115 162 3, 104 91 253
62 172 35 207 4, 258 89 296
aE Yee Aaa pea a bere alee Se 35 35
54 209 141 350 7, 256 73 423
4 5 20 25 1, 140 2 a7
26 9 23 245 11, 884 11 256
46 34 165 199 4, 200 55 254
112 15 92 941 16, 580 wy) 950
5 ilo deptac 5 130 5 10
3 Fee ace oe 4 76 2 6
68 172 304 476 11, 669 30 506
BOC BS Sah Se se8 od ooEb oe Er Sooo Hoes il 11
21 35 41 76 1, 935 6 82
19 10 4 14 296 15 29
Uy) I paSGaase 2 2 200 oi 4
1,256 | 1,387 | 4,371 | 5,758 | 148,696 |) 1,244 7, 002
The number actually sent out in 1881 was fromsix to eight thousand
greater than appears from the subjoined table, many having been dis-
tributed through agents whose reports were not available when this
table was made. There shouldalso be added the number of carp dis-
tributed in the spring of 1882, those being of the 1881 crop and amount-
ing to five or six thousand. The crop of 1881 aggregated about 160,000.
XXVI.—EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS UPON COD HATCHING
AT WOOD’S HOLL, MASS., DURING THE WINTER OF 1880-81.
By MarsuHatL MCDONALD.
In November, 1580, a station was established at Wood’s Holl, Mass.,
with a view of continuing the experiments in cod-hatching which had
been conducted at Provincetown the previous winter. Capt. H. C.
Chester was in charge of station, which was equipped with engine,
pumps, and reservoir for the purpose of securing constant circulation of
salt water through hatching apparatus. Having submitted to the Com-
missioner plans of an apparatus which it was thought would be adapted
for the hatching of floating eggs, I was directed by him to proceed to
Wood’s Holl and conduct the experimental investigations there.
The form of apparatus first proposed was an inverted funnel, the
lower end of which dipped below the surface of water contained in the
trough, upon which it rested, the supply of water being brought in by
a tube at the upper or smaller end of the funnel, so that when once
filled with water the column was maintained by the pressure of the air.
In this way the movement of the water through the cone, or funnel, was
similar to that in the ordinary upright cone used for hatching heavy
eggs, except that the current was from above down instead of from be-
low up. It was supposed that the buoyancy of the eggs would counter-
balanee the downward movement of the current of water, so that the
eggs would be kept in suspension in the funnel. This apparatus an-
swered very well fora few days after impregnation of the eggs, when
they were much more buoyant than at a subsequent stage. In a short
time, however, either by becoming loaded with sediment, or by actual
increase of specific gravity, the buoyancy became less and less, and the
eggs were carried out and lost. This apparatus, though promising in
results on first appearance, proved in practice to be a failure, no eggs
whatever having been hatched in it, the several lots used being entirely
lost.
As all eggs require constant accessions of fresh water in order to
secure development, it was evident that some form of apparatus must
be had recourse to in which the water could be continually renewed
without carrying off the eggs in its efflux. These eggs being buoyant
and occupying a layer at the surface of the water, it was thought that
by introducing the water into the lower part of the vessel containing
[1] 1127
1128 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
them and then withdrawing it through the same opening the neces-
sary change of water could be effected. In order, however, to accom-
plish this alternate influx and efflux of the water conveniently, it was
necessary to make use of some automatic device, so that the work
could go on without the continual supervision of some expert. The
method by which this was effected is shown in the accompanying
sketch.
SocS Ser 7
Se
Wii tll Hh
oy Wy
iL Mil. \ Lipps
~AM mae hy Om RO! ie \ 44 [//p—water Level vy
1 ee N Pe
Rea en my Wise i
Apparatus for hatching buoyant fish eggs.
In all of the various forms of apparatus that were used at different
times during the season, a certain percentage of eggs was hatched, where
no accident intervened to terminate the experiment abruptly. The per-
centage of loss, however, was very large—much larger than could be
tolerated in any method where practical results in hatching were to be
looked for. These losses were to be attributed mainly to two causes:
the increase in the density of the eggs as incubation went on by the
accumulation of sediment, and the inferior density of the water em-
ployed as compared with sea water. Could these methods have been
used where water of the density of the sea was available, and where
perfect means of filtration could be provided, I have no doubt but that
all the forms of apparatus used would have given good results in hatch-
ing.
The largest percentage of hatching was attained in the upright glass
funnels, in which the eggs, twice a day, were thoroughly washed by a
jet of water, the effect being, by the attrition of the eggs upon each
other, to keep the surfaces perfectly clean and to maintain their buoy-
ancy. The percentage of hatching in the majority of the cases was very
small, not more than from 5 per cent. to 15 per cent. of the total number
of eggs employed. In one experiment with a glass funnel, containing
40,000 eggs, the water in which, from its location near the stove, was
uniformly several degrees higher in temperature than the water in the
(gS
Se NE mes
a hy epg a lea
[3] COD HATCHING AT WOOD’S HOLL, MASS., 188081. 1129
hatchery, 25,000 young fish were obtained. These were sent in charge
of special messenger to Annapolis and deposited in the Chesapeake
Bay at that point.
The range of the investigation at Wood’s Holl was largely limited
from the fact that we were able to obtain during the time that I was
there, only a single lot of spawning fish, from which, though some mill-
ions of eggs were secured, the larger part were lost, and we obtained
only some four or five thousand fry. The succession of spawning fish
that we had hoped for was not obtained, the extreme cold weather hav-
ing prevented it. The station was accordingly abandoned, and the ex-
periments discontinued before the appearance of the schools in Ipswich
Bay. Hadthe station been kept open, and the supplies of eggs obtained,
which would have been available from this source, I have no doubt the
result of the winter’s work would have been to establish precise methods
and forms of apparatus for the hatching of the cod egg on a large scale.
In connection with this work important investigations were conducted
by Professor Ryder in regard to the embryology of the cod-fish. Re-
sults of these investigations have already been communicated in detail
by him to the Commissioner.
,
XXVII.—SPANISH MACKEREL—INVESTIGATIONS AT CHERRY-
STONE, VA., DURING THE SUMMER OF 1881.
By MarsHALL MCDONALD.
Tne Spanish mackerel is the most valuable species of the salt-water
fish taken in the Chesapeake Bay. It enters the capes in large schools
about the Ist of June, each year, and is found in the bay during the
whole summer, being taken in large quantities by the pounds on the
eastern shores of Virginia, and at New Point, on the western shore, and
in the middle ground of the Chesapeake, off Tangier Island, by gill-
net fishermen. Until the investigations of Col. M. McDonald and Mr.
hk. EK. Earll, which were conducted at New Point during the summer of
1880, it was not known that this species spawned in the Chesapeake.
As soon as the fact was announced to the Commissioner he, appreci-
ating the importance of the discovery, later in the season sent Mr. R.
E. Earll to the vicinity of Crisfield, Md., with suitable apparatus te.de-
termine the possibility of obtaining eggs in large numbers, and to study
the methods and apparatus of hatching adapted tothem. Mr. Earll was
able to report, as the result of his investigation, that the eggs could be
obtained in vast quantities, and could be hatched readily by methods
requiring little apparatus or attention on the part of the observer. The
result of Mr. Earll’s investigations, and of cotemporaneous investiga-
tions conducted upon the western shore by the steamer Lookout, have
already appeared in the official publications of the Fish Commission.
The following season (1881) it was determined to see what could be
done in the way of the artificial propagation of this species on a large
scale. Accordingly, after the close of the shad hatching, the steamer
Fish Hawk, in charge of Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, was sent to Cherrystone,
on the eastern shore of Virginia, to establish a station there; Cherry-
stone being selected on account of its convenience to the large pounds
on the bay shore between that point and Cape Charles, in which the
larger proportion of the catch of Spanish mackerel in the Chesapeake
Bay is taken. It being necessary to detach the Fish Hawk tor summer
work along the coast, I proceeded, by the direction of the Commissioner,
to Cherrystone, in July, 1881, with instructions to establish there a shore
station, and to continue the study of methods and apparatus as long as
material for the purpose could be obtained.
[1] 1131
1132 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [2]
The embryological investigations were conducted by Prefessor Ryder.
Messrs. Sauerhoff and Walke, two of the most experienced fish-cultur-
ists connected with the work of the Commission, were detailed for
service at the station. A Herreshoff launch furnished convenient means
for the collection and transportation of the eggs from the pound nets to
the hatching station. The methods and apparatus employed here were,
in the main, those that had been used in the experiments in cod hatch-
ing the previous winter at Wood’s Holl. Fair results were obtained in
the use of nearly all the forms of apparatus employed. The great draw-
back, however, to the station was the inability to obtain eggs in suffi-
cient numbers for the purpose of hatching. Of course, large numbers
of Spanish mackerel were takenin the pounds. It was found, however,
much to our surprise, that the fish were either spent or in various de-
grees of immaturity. Only in two or three instances were we able to
secure full-ripe fish. This is probably to be attributed to the fact that
the pounds are mainly fished on the first low water in the morning. The
mackerel, when unrestrained, probably spawns early in the evening.
tipe fish, therefcre, taken in pound and kept confined all night, crowded
and worried by other fish, would spend their eggs during the night.
If Cherrystone is, therefore, to be made a center for fish-cultural oper-
ations connected with the Spanish mackerel it will be necessary to adopt
means for securing the fish independent of the pounds now fished on that
shore. A pound net owned and operated by the Commission, so that it
could be fished whenever and as often as convenient, would probably
give large results in the way of eggs.
In August, disappointed at the promise of eggs, which we had so
confidently looked for at Cherrystone, I made a visit to Tangier Island
and Crisfield by one of the “run” boats carrying fish from the east-
ern shore of Virginia to Crisfield. At this place I had opportunity to
inspect the mackerel boats fishing off Tangier Island, all of which run
te Cristield with their fish in the morning after a night’s fishing. Ina
single one of these boats, containing 200 or 300 mackerel, I found 52
full-ripe female fish, which would have yielded over 5,000,000 eggs, a
number larger by far than we obtained from the pounds near Cherry-
stone during the entire season.
Inquiry at Crisfield of the fishermen handling the Spanish mackerel
showed that the ripe fish in largest numbers make their appearance
in the markets there from the middle of June to the first of July,
which seems to be the height of the spawning season. Indeed, it is
probable that the natural spawning grounds of the mackerel are much
higher up the bay than Cherrystone. All indications would seem to
point to the middle ground off Tangier Island as their breeding place.
If in the future it be decided to develop the work of the artificial propa-
gation of the mackerel, I should recommend the establishment of a sta-
tion at or in the vicinity of Tangier Island and the erection of a pound
by the Commission, to be operated by its own men, for the purpose of
—-_-- > ——_ a Ou ' a ~
[3] SPANISH MACKEREL. 1133
securing a supply of eggs. I have no doubt but that eggs in any quan-
tity desirable may be obtained in this manner. While the practical
results of Cherrystone Station were negative, yet the investigations
conducted by Professor Ryder in regard to the embryology of various
species of fish taken there were of surpassing interest. Full reports of
these have already been submitted by Professor Ryder and published
in the official reports of the Commission.
ao
2 Gila fg We aD.
Nore.—This index contains general references to the entire volume. More detailed
indexes to six papers will be found at the pages indicated.
Page.
Clark, Frank N., Report of Northville Hatchery, 1881-’82...................---- 1061
Goode, Collins, Earll, and Clark, History of the Mackerel Fishery............-. 521
JueleNiels:bhe, hLonoden) Hishery. in) 1880). s.2 552.226 est ecw cnc se ceieecmoeeee 607
Smiley, Charles W., Distribution of Young Fish to Public Waters............. 917
Tanner, Z. L., Construction and Work in 1880 of the Fish Hawk..........-..- 51
Webster and Benedict, The Provincetown Annelida Chetopoda ...........-.-- 745
Page. Page.
A. Apparatus in Norwegian fisheries .. ..589,
Abbott, Wr: Cu Caasceins saeseacee ss 765 590, 615
Acanella normani.....------------ 40 on steamer Fish Hawk. . 16-28,
Acclimatization, the Society of.... 817 55-58
Acineta tuberosa........---..----. 763 | Arcella vulgaris ............-.---- 762
Acipenser sturio ....-.-----+-----++ 815 | Archaster americanus. .........--. 40
Actinophrys sol....-----.---.----- 760 Argonauta alll. 2: Secclseees oes 40
Adriatic, mackerel in........----- 94 | Arkansas, distribution to.....--. 838, 840,
PROMS TUSHOOG!. . 222. c-nlescless wove 760, 764 843, 859
Agassiz, Professor. ...-..-----.---- 20 | Ascidia communis .......-....---- 758
Aeration of water used in hatch- Atherinida, their food ............ 765
ING ----+------+-- ------ 55, 783, 784,785 | Atkins, Charles G....1053, 1085, 1088, 1091
Alabama, distribution to....- 838, 840, 843, | Atwood, Capt Ned asia ee ee 521
859 | Australia, shipment of eggs to. -..- 830
use of fish guano in -. .666, 668, | Austria, its fish trade.......- 600, 601, 603,
680, 681, €93 605, 606
Alden, 8.8 ...... .---- sicceitin! = alae e 825 | Avoca, N. C., shad hatching at.... 60,70
Aldrich; 2: Bs, cited s255.6,522's,- «<i - 693
Algiers, its fish trade..........--.. 603 B.
ATloposusimollis 22-55. -cseescsecs 40
AIOSATCOMMMUDIN ace sake secesdeces 815 | Babcock, General O, E.........-.. 59
TI Sa pe een Se 815. |4Babsons Pitz Dooce. wes eansecnetee 52k
Ba DIGISRINI ARs <> oo eens ses and MOGISes) OBLICY) Ne Die ence ac anos eae eeeee 11.3
AMA iLS fOOd .. 22, .o.dos 5 oat Reese 765 | Balliére, J. B., work referred to... 753
Ammodytes americanus..........- 108 | Baird, Cal...-.............---. 1037, 1052
Anatomy of mackerel............- 100 Dr. W., cited - 2.220 222...-100;,400
Anchovies exported from Norway-. 613 Prof. §. F....3, 4, 521, 77A, 782, 825,
ANIGERSON Bie 26 s,010.s002.0a5-~22-1048; 1088 1047, 1065, 1088
Apenilla VUIPSTIS 2.2 522..55..5 52. 815 | Bait in mackerel fishery .......... 521
Annelida chetopoda .........----. 699 in Norwegian fisheries ....--. 583
Anomolocera patersonii ......-...- 758) |ppaltour, cited. 22.2 -seacceo.ceeee 808
FANGOGCON SATSILs cosa ceossusacjscee ct AQ) Banstickle;, itesifood 2.4 sae aes 765
AMUT 2 StIAbAs <cce c6eiem eens ae 780,781 | Barnes, P. K., fishery owned by... 62
Apparatus for transporting eggs and IBALTY, Ms iat oso onto oasis eee eee 69
PEYi foc ore eat assem 790 Hon. James, cited .....-.. 191, 234
in mackerel fishery ...142,175, | Bartlett (J. H.) & Sons, boat pre-
197, 203 SON tM DY a enlesiewemee ete =e 68
1136 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Bass, Oswego, &¢c ...--.----- ---- 624, 629 C.
Bassnett’s patent atmospheric lead 23 | Calanus finmarchianus............ 758
Beam trawl ......---------+----- 20, 39, 40 California, distribution to.....---- 829,
Bean, Dr. Tarleton H-39, 105, 533, 582, 611 |
Beaulieu, Charles Lehardy de, cited = 817
Behr Hern von 2s---- 1046, 1047, 1053, 1055
Belgium, its fish culture and fish-
eres se hes ca ae Silla
its fish trade. ..---. 599, 600, 606
Beneden, Edouard von..-.-.-...-.---- 823
Benedenia, its mode of feeding .... 762
Benedict, James E., article by .... 699
Bernard; Monsieur 25-2 esse. 2s-6 823
Billingsgate market, its defects ..645-649
its origin .--. 644 |
WUS SIZE: «se. 644 |
its substitute 656,
657
its trade -...644, 660
Birds collected by Livingston Stone 1075
Birkbeck Bdwardissssce Gnceecic- = 644
Blackford yHusene Gi. ee. 1s. 1083, 1088
Blackman, Elisha, statement of... 637
Blakerdred ee ses. - coe so eeee a 19, 20, 21
Block Island -.....--.31, 38, 44, 46, 48, 522
Binefish its food =. 2-2... sacrsse 755
Boats in Norwegian fisheries .-..534, 549,
550, 551, 558, 592, 615, 616
oOnbishe Hawke asereeese cess 8,9, 16
Boges, William Bcc. seecccan sce 3,4, 69
Bony Gars, their food -...---.:.--- 765
Booth Senator scecctsecsoceseeie ee 1065
Boston, Mass., its mackerel trade... 300
Bower; Seymour. sece. o-oo sic 1045, 1046
Brackett BA 2 s...-< 1088, 1097, 1099, 1103
Bradley Wa Otani sees =a 695
Bradley Bank mackerel fishery---. 522
BTaAdyaewOlk Cluet, sau <= sic teins <a 797
Brandes Carll ec scesecseiceee eee 825
Brazil, its fish trade -.--. 600, 602, 604, 606
Bremen wits fish) prade? 22. -.-55556 600
Brereton; D Wi., cited 2.2222... 695
Brevoortia tyrannus as bait.....-... 178
TU OS SAW cee elnino siemens Sloe 77
Brill sold at Billingsgate market .. 660
Brook trout ...------1037, 1049-1051, 1056
IBTLOOKSYCILEG emetic cet ee enone 808
Brosmius, its price in Norway.-.-.- 583
Browmell iC aes see soy acai see 1103
Buccin, experiments with........- 71
BU eames hiss senses acme emcee 1053
Burdett-Coutts, Lady -............ 648
Butler; Benjaminebie seek ace osonee 401
Steuben, statement of ..--. 639
Byrsonympha, its mode of feeding. 762
€38-843, 859, 894, 907, 912,
1047, 1048, 1052, 1053, 1104
use of fish gnanoin.--. 665
California salmon, its distribution.. 829-
837, 840, 859, 1073
itsembryology.. 767
its propagation. 829-
831-837, 1063
trout, its distribution ... 842,
1052, 1053, 1056, 1083
its propagation ... 1037,
1052, 1079
Campbell; J.B: cited s22s2----eeee 1064
Canada, its fish trade ....601, 602, 604, 605
its mackerel] fishery, &c--. 522
shipment of eggs to....--. 830
Canning of mackerell.-22 3-4-2 - 221, 329
Canso, Strait of, mackerel fishery.. 522
Canthocamptus illinoisensis....-.. 777
Capehantibrs We Riteacosessoeeeee 59, 63
Car for transporting young fish.1049, 1051
Carp, its distribution --.....-.. 1037, 1121
Carnthersyds Core t eke ee eae 62
Cattishes; theirfood.2.4- 2-2-2 5222 765
Catostomide, their food.......--.- 773
Cayenne eaten by mackerel ....--- 106
| Centrarchoids, their food.....-..... 765
Cephalopods, collected by Fish
larwilk pet cic oe eee opi cieeete 40
Cetiorhinius, iisifoodiees. secs eses 766, 767
MIARIMUS) 222555. 5s OS
Cetochilus, its abundance ......... 758
Challengerida, their habits....-.-.-- 760
Chase;hatching jar’ 93-2... 2.22202. 1045
Chaleur, Bay of, mackerel fishing.. 522
Chester rake dredge -....-.--- 20, 45, 47, 49
Chatham, Mass., mackerel fishery... 522
Cherrystone, Va., hatching opera-
GLONS "abi eee een ee aes 64,71
Chilodon-cucullulus- <2 2-22-22 s. §cbo
China its fish pradesceseeaeee eee 600
Chirocephali, their food and diges-
biomes sus Y ee Nee evs 756, 765
Chronological history of mackerel
fishery: 522525 2ahs Ne ceere eee 308-444
Chyodorus sphericus -.-....-.----. 757
Clark, A. Howard. .-.. 91, 156, 205, 226, 252
Frank N .774, 777, 778, 782, 783,787,
788, 797, 1037, 1103, 1110, 1113
Cleaveland, C. H., mate of the Fish
i
ee
INDEX. 1137
Page. Page.
Clereq, Monsieur de.....-.-.----- 820,823 | Currents, their effect on mackerel
Clovisses, experiments with ..---. 752, 733 LOOG) Sess <s oa so ane 523
Clupea estivalis..........--. 180, 181,199 | Cushing, Hon. Caleb, cited...---. 136
Marencus). 2-4. e- APES se ee 108 Cuttlefish, its use as bait in Nor-
Clupeoids, their food....-....-.--- RGo070G)) VW WAYoscsse sce. eas aen Gee ees pes OboROoe
Pn alan ghee oes Seen 583,595 | Cyclops, its habits and fecundity .757, 758
Coast and Geodetic Survey.----- 16, 19, 28 quadricoris. ..-i.. 3. -2<- 756, 758
oabes, Miss Mary =. -5-< oacese <== 640 thomasivessctecce soe: 779, 780, 781
Cocculus indicus, prohibition of its Cyprinide, their food.........-.-. 765, 773
CHGS SECS GaCEC OCR aHEpoee nae 818 | Cyprinodontide, their food....-... 765
Cod, development of its eggs. ----- S10) Cy pris, 1ts:enemies':-. - 3,-2.5 -0- 756, 768
international trade in....--. 598-606
HUST OO Gee acts roe = a [stkelne oie erste 766 D.
its movements. ....---..-..- 590-596 |
its price. .......--.5%3, 584,611,612 | Dabs sold at Billingsgate market.. 660
its propagation .....-......-. 1127 | Dana, Alvan, statement of......-. 627
itssaleat Billingsgate market. 660 | Daphnia hyalina .......-....-.--. 781,779
Norwegian fisheries for.581-586,588, WUlOX sesso s aww ace wee 756, 759
597-600, 602-604, 611,616 | Daphniadw, their food and ene-
products of fishery for,in 1880. 597 MOB wsewais cs bacion's 764-768
Cape, mackerel fishery at .... 522 | Daphnie, their food and habits ..756, 757,
Codosiga, its feeding habits-..----- 761 758
Cogswell, General William, cited.. 240 | Darling, A.J ........-.-...---- 1088, 1103
Coleps, its feeding habits........-.- 763); Darters, their food <--3.02 snes 765
Collins, Capt. J. W.,..-..--.------91-523 | Decapoda collected by Fish Hawk. 40
Colorado, distribution to....829, 834, 837— | Deformities in young shad .. - ....802, 803
840, 843, 858 | Delaware, distribution to -. .838, 840, 843,
Conferva, how toprotecteggsfrom. 799, 860, 1107, 1117
800, 1044, 1045
Connecticut, distribution to.... .829, 834,
837-843, 859, 894, 907, 1047,
1048, 1089, 1104, 1107, 1117
use of fish guano in..666, 672
692, 693
Cooley, Jacob, note given by..---- 637
Copeland, Charles W ..-..-.-...--... 3
Copepoda, their abundance......-- 41
Worerona feraer sce esos cee ates 820
Coregonus albus.......----. 769, 842, 1037
clupelformisi...-.2.--. 77
OX VUOVUCHUS} a2 coe nase 815
Cothurnia, a species of.........-- 760
Coutance, H. A., article by..-.--. 749
Cradle sieve, description of...---- 21
Crane-fly eaten by shad. .........766, 769
Crawfish in Belgium-...-.....-..-. 815
Grawitord: Dr:, cited .ss5..-0..2/-s- 636
Crepidula, glauca 322-22 -\s.-. eae 808
EMOVCMOD J (be cticny cs coaece acaese 1083
Cristivomer namaycush- ..1037, 1042, 1055
1096
Crustacea collected by Fish Hawk. 40,41 |
Currents, loss of apparatus caused
by
S. Mis. 110——72
589
use of fish guano in ..666, 672,
692, 693-695
Denis, Monsieur 823
Denmark, its fish trade ..599, 600, 602, 606
Dennenk OF Atl 2 5-/.5 ts -cmecese 1088, 1103
Dennis, Capt. J. P., statement of.. 640
Density of sea water.....-...-.--. 28
Diaptomus sanguineus ....-...-.--- 777
SICIIIS S26 55 bees 79, 780, 781
Dillingham: Jeli. = sic. ooo 1088
Dinobryon parasitic on codeggs..-- 761
Distribution of fish and eggs ..-.825, 917,
1051-1056, 1073, 1083, 1088,
1089, 1103-1105, 1107-1113
District of Columbia, distribution
GO a ccetick eee sosie's 834, 843, 1107, 1117
Dogfish destructive to mackerel... 118
Donnelly, Frank L ...........- 1110, 1113
OVISGIUS LOOC conc s aeceeeies eee 760, 764
Dorrance, C., statement of ..---- -- 628
| Drag-net fishery, description of-... 198
Drag-seines, mackerel first caught
by
Drailing for mackerel...-.-... ...-.--
207
| Dredging apparatus. ...7, 18-22, 30, 32, 34,
37, 39, 45, 47, 49
influence of temperature
Forbes, Prof. 8. A., article by .755, 765, 769,
1138 INDEX.
Page. Page.
Dredging operations of steamer Fisheries in the North Sea..-..-... 657-659
IPRN Ilan gees esosac 43-49, 66-69, 74-83 mackerel. .... 138, 207, 214-217,
Drift-net fishing for mackerel ..... 199 508-520
Dunne. Phen. 2. ae so eee 1083 Norwegian, articles on-533, 611
Dyrenforth, Robert G., article by -- 87 their history - ..553,
555, 557, 558, 562,
E. 564, 570, 573, 581,
Earll,. R.-E., cited .....---. 91, 523, 761, 810 584, 585, 588, 592,
Eastport, Me., its mackerel fishery. 528 593, 599.
Brecht, Gusedes<tesecesesreeemine 1046, 1047 in 1880.549, 551, 555,
Echinoderms collected by Fish 557, 558, 567, 570,
Hawk....-.-----------+ 0-22 222- 40, 41 583, 586, 588, 589,
Education among Norwegian fisher- 593-597
WHOM ese eee seee ee enemas 537, 543, 544 fleet in. .... 534, 549-—
Eel, its abundance in Belgium .... 815 552, 558, 562~
its abundance in the Susque- 566, 570-572
Rann yee cena eee ee 625 their inspec-
Eger, O. Ch. Chr......----------- 534, 538 tion ee 533-538
E. G. Pickup, schooner ....-.----- 59 shad, in the Susque-
Egypt, its fish trade ...--..------- 603 | hanna .......--.-.---619-642
DUNS, Ts Ee ae 1049 | Fishermen, mackerel... ........--- 524
Elmer, Dr. George, cited.-.--.---- 636 Norwegian .. .57, 536-544, 549-
England, its fish trade.-----.----- 598 561, 570
shipment of eggs to..-.- 830 statisticsof. 612,
Entomostraca, their food and ene- 615-617
MICR eee eee eee eases soins 756,757 | Fish Hawk, steamer, descriptionof. 3-30
Erimyzon sucetta.....------------ 755 her apparatus... .16-28, 55-58
Evarts, Dr. H. C., cited......----- 760 her dredging opera-
Exports of fish products from Nor- tions ....31-41, 66-69-74, 83
Wid ciemioei= 598-604, 613-615 her hatching opera-
mackerel from Canada.304, 305 tions 55-64, 70-73, 1108, 1112,
her officers.........-... 69
F. herspeedes. coe ssneceice 84
Fairbanks, N. K ..---..--. 1081, 1082, 1083 her work in 1880 ..-.--. 30-49
Farosjislands<....-..-... 598, 599, 602, 604 her work in 1881 ..---. 55-85
Fassett, Alvah, statement Of. Se2 5 628 synopsis of her steam-
Maj. John, cited......---- 631 Og ghee soe etule edd see
Fauna of Gulf Stream......----- 39, 40,41 | Fishing-grounds for cod and mack-
of southern New England .39, 40, 41 erel ico. 39, 40, 524
Fenton, H. J - --1047, 1048, 1088, 1097, 1103 Norwegian .591, 592, 599
Ferguson, T. B.. -784, 1073, 1081, 1083, 1103 | Fishery treaty with Great Britain. 599
Fertilizers patented in 1881...-.-..- 88 | Fishways, patented in 1881-......-. 87
Finland, her fish trade....-.----- 600,606 | Flabellum goodei ....-..----.----- 40
Finmark, ber fish trade..549, 551, 552, 585, | Fleet in mackerel fishery .---.--.---- 524
597, 598 Norwegian fisheries 534, 546, 547,
Fish, international trade in -. ..-- 598-606 549, 552, 558, 562, 566
its value as food...-.-.------ 629, 661 | Flemming cited ...-....--------- 808, 809
Fish-culture in Belgium......-..-- 815 | Floats, patented in 1881..........- 87
patents relating to --- 87 | Florida, distribution to ....-...-- 838, 845.
Fisheries, sea-fish not exterminated use of fish guano in...--- 666, 671,
OY) cavum Jscisbe saeerente 652 689, 690, 693.
Beloianiee ces seee sees 815 | Flounders taken by Fish Hawk.... 41.
Great Lake...-.. 1039=104211055 "| Molicited - 2 ssesenccee sess ese ===) 808
on 577-080
771i
INDEX. 1139
Page. Page.
Borbes, Mir occ 2 ssc mn 1095, 1096, 1097 | Greece, its fish-trade.-....-------- 603
Forest and Stream cited .......--- 1045 | Green, jr., Charles, cited........-.- 694
Fowler, Gilbert, statement of-... - 632, 637 WMOvenl. 2 22sec se sesslac acess 1081
Fragilaria capucina....-...------- 74 Miymonysseecccm atc 1052, 1065, 1081
France, ber fish trade.......- 600, 603, 604 Sethe coeaceccss cee ae 1103
her mackerel fishery, 1868. 395 | Griffith, William ...--.---.-.----- 1083
shipment of eggs to-. ..830, 1047, Gronckel, Monsieur de..-.-....---- 817
1051, 1055 | Guano, fish, in Norway - .586, 587, 588, 613,
Fraser, Colonel, cited....-.------- 649 615
Freia producta ...-....---.---+-+- 760 in the United States - .663-695
Fresh fish business, its steady Gulf Stream, tripsofFish Hawkto. 39
Branihy tee ct eee AMD Gurnard sold at Billingsgate mar-
Rieti 20) OSCAT ¢oo2.cbeacnic-sogee ese 1064 | ket ..---.------ +--+ sereee seo eee 660
Fundy, Bay of, mackerel fisheryin. 524 He
Fungus, article on....-...-------- 795 . : : E
preservation of eggs from .799,807 Haddock, its price and edible quali-
LOS see aatePracicientinie siete eo Seniesa 583, 660
G. Heckel, Dr. Ernst.......-.------ 760, 808
Gammarus, various species of. ...- 110 | Hake, its sale in Billingsgate mar-
Gannets destructive to mackerel-.108, 117 Kettfsssc stato cones ee cece recs 660
Gasterosteid, their food....-.---- 765
Gastrostreus trachurus -.---..--.--- 765
Gastrotricha, its feeding habits.... 763
GeO MO AMUG lee iamciSeisies ce w= alates 69
Gelatine patented in 1881....-.....- 88
Gens. Prof. Emile, works cited-...818, 819
Geographical distribution of mack-
ONG erate eevee s Se raais.sieintecicicicaiaiame 93
Geological specimens collected by
Livingston Stone .......-------- 1076
George’s Bank.....-.---.----- --- 524
Georgia, distribution to -....-.--. 838, 840,
845, 860, 1107
use of fish guano in . . 666, 470, 684,
685, 686, 687, 693, 695
German Fishery Association..---.--- 1047
Germany, her fish trade-....- 600, 604-606
shipment of eggs to..830, 1046,
1047, 1053, 1055
Gibbs, Walcott .......-.----.----- 27
Gibson NUNC. -.0,<cceies saa ciclaiwen= 651
Gillis, Captain .....--..--.------- 58
Gill-net in Great Lake fisheries.... 1039,
1043, 1055
in mackerel fisheries. ----. 524
Globigerinw, their abundance. ..-. 759
Gloucester, its mackerel fisheries... 524
Goethals, Baron .....------------- 823
Goode, G. Brown ..------------ 39, 91, 524
Gookin, Daniel, cited ..-.----.---- 636
Grant, George, cited..---.-------- 636
Ulysses § ....---.--------- 411
Grayling, fishing tug ------------- 1043
Great Britain, its fish-trade ..600-603, 605
606
Hand-line in mackerel fisheries. .171, 233,
309, 366
in Norwegian fisheries-550, 551,
554
Hanscom, Bllis...-.. 2.5.5.2 eceoce 1088
Harding, Capt. King.....-...----- 525
Harmon, Di Hie ses. ce Sosc. se ett 10838
Harvey, Jameson, statement of... 640
Hasford, Charlesics..%- 22-- o-ecee 1056
Hatching apparatus .. .6, 16-18, 36, 55-58,
805, 1038, 1044-1046
operations ....60-64, 70-73, 825,
1037, 1063, 1079, 1085, 1091, 1107
Haven; Ji. Mecsas. eects sa 1103
Havre de Grace, Md., experiments
Obie costs otte Se isein clove welnesaie\ncial= 787
HensOnyClted 2 oescc cence mesjemios 808
Herreshoff Manufacturing Com-
PANY .----- eee eee eee cone cone _ 8
Herring, its eggs ...--..---------- 796
GUS LO00M).- <ccsinsceemleaicle 755
its movements. ..-.....-. 135
its Welghti: cece ssen= 614
Norwegian fishery for -.583, 588,
596, 611-617, 659
Scotch fishery for.....--. 659
Lake, its abundance and
PLICE cco. oc ece ances 1040
Herring, William G., cited........ 694
Hertwigs cited ...--..--------+--- 808
Hewett, Robert, cited ...-.....--- 659
Hewey, F. C ....-..2 2-02 ------ 1088, 1103
Hilgard, J. E..--....--------- --- 28
Hilgard’s ocean salinometer. ...--- 28
Hind, Prof. H. Y.......-c22-+----6 523
1140 INDEX.
Page. K,
Hingham, Mass., its mackerel fish- Page.
Cro ace i sain we Se 595 | Kansas, distribution to. .829, 834, 837-841,
Holland, its fish-trade - ..600, 603, 604, 606 846, 864, 896, 1108, 1117
shipment of eggs to...-. 830 | Kentucky, use of fish guano. ....-. 664
Hollenback, George M., cited...... 631 distribution to .....-. 829, 834,
Hollenback, Nelson B., statement 837-841, 846, 866, 896, 1108, 1117
ied Cie a irk rt fal Oe hea egliog 633 | Kirby, Captain <2. 22 cecen- cee eee 39
Hooks and attachments, patented Kite, Dr. J. A...-...----.--------- 69
STL Role ae ok ea? ee ae ee g7:.| Klem cited. uss.imecneceseeee cece 808
iEorton= Georcerbyss\/-saetcn oe aei= 634 | Kokk, B.......--.-----------+---- 575
Tub bards Ie seecn ee ces ces ssc 29, 30
Richardul) pose eeser coe 1064 L.
FIM ONG COLE) Saye erm semen cele ore aa 1081
Hiiningen piscicultural establish- Labracide, their food........-.--- 765
NOI Geena ea ae ee cate eee 817 | Labrador, mackerel on coast of .93, 94, 406
Haske tO dyskit cio a een eke 1073 | Lacordaire, Prof. Theodore...--.-.- 817
Huxley, Professor, cited ...-..--.- 643, 651 | Lady of the Lake, steamer ..--..-- 38
Hyalinecia collected by Fish Lake trout.1055, 1056, 1037, 1042, 1043, 1048
awit ioe see 40 | Lamellibranchiates, their food .... 766
ATHiOxt kee tule 41 | Laminaria saccharina.-...-.......- tor
Hydroida collected by Fish Hawk.. 40,41 | Lances patented in 1881........... 88
Hyodontide, their food ..........- 765 | Land-locked salmon ..-....-...--. 1053
I Icanier; 2AniC.2 e255 See eee ee 1052
Datimer, CoBieese ne ocee eee ee y
Iceland, its fish trade - eat REG Wie e as nies : Ee fi
Lattomus, L. W., cited...........- 694
Illinois, distribution 829, 834, 837- 841, : hea
Lavoie, N., report cited ..--.. 405, 406, 410
845, 860, 896, 907, 1053 : :
I ti fod by N 605. 606 Leech, water, parasite of ...-....- 763
STEEN GN PENIS TE Nita ULSD Lefébre, M., work referred to ....- 815
of mackerel by the Tagislat Baines Trea
United States 300, 305 egislation to protect mackere
pisteny meter ae fishevy, 25 5-y.,-52% 209-213
Indiana, distribution to - .838, 840-842, 845,
861, 896, 912, 1054, 1104
Ingham, Dr. Chas. A., statementof. 639
Inspection of mackerel........-.-.. 525
Norwegian fisheries .533-538
Jowa, distribution to. . ..829, 834, 837-842,
846, 861, 896, 907, 912, 1047,
1048, 1055, 1104, 1107, 1117
Ipswich Bay, mackerel taken..---- 525
Ireland, its fish trade --..600-603, 605, 606
Isinglass patented in 1881 ......-.. 88
Italy, its fish trade -.599-601, 603, 605, 606
J.
Jacobs, Capt. Solomon ...--..---.. 525
DACODSEN WH aaa ose one Sesto eee 534
Jacobson, Herman, translation by.749, 815
Jakes, ohn M. icktedesaaecc eee = 694
Jenkins, S., statement of......-... 635
John Dorey sold at Billingsgate
Marketi esse oe leew sees Sees e- 660
Johnson, Curtis:.2:-52---eeo5-see- 1073
Jones, Horace, cited ...--. haya oPtta 649
Mosel yniCiteds esas e ecie as ee 117
WOvGes Canby Hib ses eee seee ese 525
to protect Belgian fish-
LIEB het cee 818, 319, 820, 821
Le Have Bank, abundance of crus-
taceans on ...... ehedooohsa cocde: 107
Leidy, Professor, cited -...... 755, 760, 763
Leopold I of Belgium -2.---=25-.-- 817
Leyder, Professor.g2..- 3-5. --./-.- 823,
hiaere; (MOnsieurssiesacjeecel ce eer 824,
Libraries for use of Norwegian fish-
GLMEN... 5 sae ew etilee eee cece OAo Ose
lew ek Soea cies ae ieee 545, 573
Lincoln, Hon. Robert T .--....... 69
Line fisheries, mackerel. .171, 233, 309, 366.
Norwegian... .! 540, 549, 551,
555, 558, 582, 581, 594, 595, 596, 615, 616.
Ling, Norwegian fishery for. .583, 611, 615
Littorina vulgaris, experiments
MAUS ABR RR ao ARAE enc atecans aac 751
Tivingston,) RRs ee 2 eerie 1073.
Ljungman, Axel Vilhelm.......... 765.
| Lobster, its weight'..ss22.oo2--<02 614
Norwegian fishery for..611, 613,
615, 617
| Lock Leven trout, its food and fla-
Hials Nigls) eee eos ae a ee BOR
VOD ered Suis eee Sapee eareies tot otmiers is. crele 765
a
114}
INDEX.
Page. Page.
Laffoden, Norway, its fisheries, &c. ..533, | Mather, Fred -.1046, 1647, 1051, 1053, 1055,
546, 547, 556, 562, 564, 566, 579, 588, 589 1073, 1103.
London, its fish supply .-.-.--.- 643, 653,658 | Matheson, George N-.-........----- 1052
new fishmarket in........ 656°" Maxyell (John: 2. ss-cecee see sae 69
Mono eds Ls (CLLOM sss otters 694 | Mayhew, Horace, cited.........-.. 643, 646.
Lookout, F.C., Steamer.......-..-- of, 38. | Maury, Lieut., cited ...- 5.206. 7159
Lopholatilus chameleonticeps. 32, 33,39 | Mediterranean Sea, mackerel in.. - 94
Louisiana, distribution to.838,840,846,867
use of fish guanoin...- 664
MeO wie May OLED MW) ssistectercle cae eisicer> 526
WUTOO. WtSHOOd sae so6. + ae ee eee 757
iuymn seus; ate food: <----;< ccc 764
Lynceida, their food and enemies-.756,757
768, 769
Lynch te A’ Clbed ---ocnce eee se ss 694
Jabs jClbed eco. cose sec 694
WilliamMas = essen 69
M.
McCloud River Station, operations
Bbeeetee weno tes ce cece eee 829, 1063
MeCord) Johns: 5- 23. oo e eee 630, 631
McDonald, Col. Marshall .65, 800, 801, 06,
1109, 1111, 1213
McDonald’s hatching apparatus. 800, 805,
806
Mackerel (see special index, p. 521) .91-531
TiS {OO 22 cee cate =< 41, 105, 111
its importation.....-.-.- 301-307
itsmovements.. -. ..135, 137, 526
Norwegian fishery for-. 611, 612,
613, 615
statistics of fishery for.214, 220
Spanish, its propagation. 1131
Magdalen Islands, mackerel fishery
Bie ccoste ssc enc eee ociniaes cine 526
Maine, distribution to--. .829, 834, 837, 841,
847, 867, 896, 907, 1089, 1104,
1108, 1117
use of fish guano in. ..666, 669, 683,
684,693
Gulf of, its mackerel fishery. 526
Markurson, Capt. Knud....-. ..--170, 429
Martin; (Capt: Sidiosc5. Sacco ssc 159, 161
Py 1 arch ys Lg ee a 693
Maryland, distribution to .829,834,837,842,
847, 867, 897, 908, 1051, 1104,
1108, 1117
use of fish guano in-.. .666, 670,
688, 689, 693
Massachusetts, distribution to. -.829, 835,
837, 841, 851, 871, 898,
908, 1089, 1104
her fisheries... ..-.-. 526
use of fish guanoin.
672, 691, 693 |
Menhaden (or pogy), its food ....- 41-755
its habits and
movements.
97, 169
Merchant, Captain........-.....-- 526:
Messick, J..B., cited- 2.2. -2..c25¢ 694
Meteorological Institute, Norwe-
PIAM sss secs os csaetccsce see 57
Methods of fishing for mackerel .. 142, 175,
197, 203, 205, 510
in Norway ---551, 554,
556, 558, 587, 593, 597
Mexico, Gulf of, no mackerel in--- 94
Michigan, distribution to- ..829, 835, 837,
842, 852, 872, 901, 908,
912, 1053, 1054, 1104
‘a
use of fish guano in..... 664
Microbia, its food and enemies .... 762.
Microciona proliferum ...-....-... 766
Maller; ‘(Georges ss52 2 cccce concen 630, 631
Milne-Edwards, H., cited ....-.-.. 795
Milner, Ji. Wiisscece cesses 765, 773, 774
Miner’s History of Wyoming, ex-
TLACTS ATOMS aejocfece sao awoke ss 641, 642.
Minklers He) Bitte ascetic nse 69
Minnesota, distribution to. -.829, 835, 837,
842, 852, 875, 901, 909, 1089, 1104
Mississippi, distribution to ..---. 838. 840,
852, 882.
use of fish guano in... 664
Missouri, distribution to -...829, 835, 837,
840, 852, &82, 1105
MobiussCarl;, cited 52. sc a22-6 759, 766
Mollusks affected by salts in sea-
WaLOLES snonesa namaste 749
collected by Fish Hawk. 40, 41
Monerz, doubtful of their existence 3808
Moore; éMire : 3 826eu. 25 See ee eace 1049
Mosely; work cited: -...-55.222--2 759
Mousel; Monsieur. 22 2235 3222 2S222 823
Mulhall, Michael G., cited ........ 661
Munson, Mr .-.....--. 1095, 1096, 1097, 1100
Murray.) Ohne setae tee eee 759, 760
Mussel, experiments with......-.. 751
its price in Norway ..---..583, 588
Miya ATOnarlg <52352--o6 awe eeeere 73e
666, | Mytilis edulis, experiments with.. 751
Myxostoma macrolepidotum .-..... 75S
1142
INDEX.
N. Page.
Page. | Ohio, distribution to... 829, 836-842, 854
Nais, food of a..........---------- 77 887, 903, 910, 913, 1054, 1105, 1108, 1117
Nautilus, specimens of, obtained. -. 40 Ohio, use of fish guano in ......... 664
Nebraska, distribution to.829, 835, 837, 883 | Ohl, Perey C .......22-2--ee- eee 1073
Nets in mackerel fisheries.......... See Olsen Hee een see ee 534
in Great Lake fisheries. - ..1039, 1040, | Ombre, its abundance in Belgium.. 816
1042, 1043, 1044 | Ommastrephes illecebrosa.....-..- 118
in Norwegian fisheries.... -- 549,591, | Ontario, California trout put in.... 1052
594, 596, 582, 587, 589, | Opalina, its mode of feeding ...--. 762
591,594, 597, 615-617 | Ophiurans, collected by Fish Hawk 40
patented in 1881........-..--. 88 | Orbulina universa ..............-- 759
Nevada, distribution to....-. 829, 835, 837, | Oregon, distribution to..-......--- 829
S40/823 "| \Ospaod, No Ate scee stecaus a aoseee 105
New Brunswick mackerel fishery - - 526 Osmerus eperlanus2ecseoosece sects 815
Newburyport, Mass., its mackerel Osterhout, Hon. P. M........---.- 630
fisheries ...-....---------------- 527 Isaac S., standing of... 630
Newfoundland, its fish trade. .601, 602, 605 Oswego bass... 6322208. 5.8 624, 629, 631
New Hampshire, distribution to. .829, 835, | Otter trawl........---.------ 20, 45, 47, 49
837, 842, 853, 883, | Oyster, its cultureat Saint Jerome. 37
902, 909, 1089, 1105 its food) ./s.42233 sossse 755, 764
use of fish guano its histology ::-.2. 2525-24 808
in .666, 667, 676, 677, 693 its production in Norway.. 611
New Jersey, distribution to-.....- 829, 835,
837, 840-842, 883,
903, 910, 913, 1105
use of fish guano in.666, 667,
671, 690, 691, 693, 695
New pOth; wsdles case cacse 30, 34, 35, 43
New South Wales, eggs sent to.... 1073
ING WHSDOCIOS ES tions cet ic sae cteitine sieete rs 39, 40
New York, distribution to.- 829, 836, 841
853, 885, 903, 910, 1049, 1089, 1105
New York, use of fish-guano in. 665, 667
675, 676, 693, 695
New Zealand, shipment of eggs to. 830
North Carolina, distribution to. 829, 836
842, 853, 886, 903, 1108, 1117
North Carolina, use of fish guano
666, 667, 677, 678, 679, 693, 695
Northeast River, shad-hatching on- 61
63, 72
North Sea, English fishing in.-.... 653
quantity offishtakenin. 659
value of fish taken in... 658
Northville hatching station ...-..- 1037
Norway, her fish trade-..-.. 599, 600, 604
her herring fishery. .--.-.. 659
statistics of her fisheries. 533
606, 609, 611, 617
Notodelphys ascidicola....-...--..- 758
Nova Scotia mackerel fishery... 407, 527
O.
Octopus, collected by Fish Hawk. 40,41
<Hilachercited= acess ceseisceet 808
612, 615, 617
its sensitiveness to chemical
changes in water .-....-. 751
patents of apparatus for its
Captures +3525 Jeee- eee 87
patents relating to its cul-
ULC cee e eee eee 87
ES
Page, W. h.;, cited Joo cc cce cscs - 796
Palourde, experiments with...-..- 751
752, 753
Parelius, Marcus Hegge.......-.--- 537
ParkerMEls Giese ees eeeersiae 1073
Patents, issued in 1881........-.-.- 87
Pedicellina americana ..-... .----. 766
Peereboom, Ernest, von den......- 817
Pennsylvania, distribution to-..829, 836-
842, 854, 887, 903, 910
1089, 1105, 1108, 1117
use of fish-guano in. 664
665, 673, 674, 675, 693
Penobscot salmon, its distribution. 841
907, 1088
its propagation. 1085
Perch, its €g88- 2.5. -------e=s---= 796
itsOOd ese sen techs aeeee 765
Periwinkle, experiments with--.-. 751
Petermann’s Mittheilungen ..--.-.- 598
Pfitzner cited -:-2-2:5252---.-=-- 808
Phalaropus borealis ...-.-.------- 107
Physa, its food’ se se-ce-2 oe. see. =, at O8
Pike, in Susquehanna. ..---..----- 625
a ED a
INDEX. 1143
Page. R.
Pike uber 100d sce esiseisee sesiceee 765 Page.
wall-eyed ta eat Ae AP ty ts ae 624 Radcliff, RODOLL csaecesotiease coos 1081
Pinnotheres, its habits...........-. 761 Radiolaria, their size ............. 760
Plaice, its sale in Billingsgate--.... 660 | Rainbow trout ...------+-.---- 1037, 1052
small, its abundance in Bel- Rathbun, Richard .......-...----. 38
piste sect eee ee Gist lplabekencited esses. 2 een ae 769
Planorbis, its food...........----+ 764 | Raveret-Wattel, C................ 819
Platyonichus ocellatus........---- 105 | Read, George H ...........---.... 4,69
Pleuronectes flesus.... ---- «ce-cee g15 | Reading-rooms for Norwegian fish-
Podophrya gemmipara....-..-.--- (MST EL ot aC Re ea 937, 543
Podophrya quadripartita-......-.-. 763 Reciprocity treaty, its effects -.... 397
Pogy (or menhaden), its habits and Redding, Hon. B: Bz 1047, 1048, 1065, 1073,
MOVEMENTS secs sacics asecwe sions 97, 169 1081, 1083, 1103
Poisoning of water-courses. ..823, 815, 824
Pole flounders, caught by fish-
INET em Aa Booncele Bbeeeane Can cdoe 41
Pollock fishery of Norway --..-.-611, 615
Polyodontide, their food.......... 765
Polyps collected by Fish Hawk.... 41
Roppe;.U. bs Met se-~n esos e see 534, 538
Porpoises destructive to mackerel. 118
IPOLLMAN J. en ssc senses s 1083, 1103
Portugal, its fish trade... .599-601, 604-606
Poteriodendron, its habits ....---- 761
Powers, A. Hi. .32.2-22 hs 1073, 1088, 1103
Preparation of fish, methods pat-
ented. 22 s<i2 <2. < 88
fishery products,
Norway . ..581-588, 597
mackerel ......- 103, 108,
221, 227
Priestley, Dr. cited 22s.) 22<\..0- 5) 661
Prince Edward Island, its mackerel
(2100) ah ae ee a Se ae 527
IPricchar@ cited eno. = oeciecicso ee 757
Products of fisheries in the Great
Wakesr 2 eecscne 1040, 1041
fisheries in the North
Sea... . .. 658, 659
mackerel fisheries. ..171, 217
Norwegian fisheries.558, 559,
584-587, 593, 597,
611, 615-617
Prorodon; its food. jso-cc.nsceeic oS 762
Protection of river fisheries. . 625, 818, 820,
821, 824
Protozoa and protophytes, the pri-
mary source of food........-.... 755
Provincetown, Mass., annelidaof. 699
its mackerel
fisheries .. 527
Tatenh POOR <cros ase ee once aummeneay 40, 527
Pyrocystis fusiformis -..........-. 760
noctiluca/:-2-.-6-162 ess 760
Red mullet sold at Billingsgate.... 660
Red-seed eaten by mackerel....-..- 107
Reels patented in 1881 ........-... 87
Reinspection of pickled mackerel . 282
Religion among Norwegian fisher-
MMOD a, Fois.clalasalsieig os =a sVawa recat 543, 544
Retardation of egg development..795, 808
Reynolds, Hon. John P.........-... 782
Rhipidodendron splendidum ...... 761
Rhizopods collected by Fish Hawk. 40
Rhode Island, distribution to-. ..829, 836-
841, 855, 889, 904,
911, 1108, 1117
use of fish-guano in. 666,
672,692, 693
Richmond; Dukeof..scsencsceeee 655
Rice; Hi disi. co sose ese seen eae ee 7387
Roberts, Henry, statement of ..... 626
Rockfish in Susquehanna .-........ 625
Rods and sinkers, patented in 1881. 88
Roebling’s Sons’ Company ..----..-- 19
RONCY, J@Mes 5.2 C25 ea at eaw see 62
Russell: @Senipersi sono. sane ee ee 62
Dee ME 222 2 cena atate sce voters 1103
Russia, her fish trade --.......... 600, 606
Ryder Onna. ccecctece wees 759, 795
S.
St. JeromeiCreek.s5322-25. 580 oe 36, 37, 43
St. John’s, its cod trade..-.-... 601, 604, 605
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, fishery in-515, 521,
522, 530
Salinometery. 2... sccccte duce eenece 28, 29
Salisbury) Lords:2-22).5 ss aaiceenecee 655
HalMGOtarios sss est sowie ames 816
INGOUSIeo = sce 4s 842, 1037, 1053, 1083
lacustris. 2c) <2 << wostseatieese 820
namMAaycoush.2-c<<\--esese ce 1096
qminnats <5. sctccecctenocee 829, 840
salary. 25 cbee socmeeeeeias 815, 841
subs. sebago......---. 841
Shafer, Peter, deed given by....-... 637
1144 INDEX.
Page. | Page.
Salmo salvelimus--.----. .os-2.--- 20} eh attesbuinys Ord senses oe ee eee 656
Salmon, its abundance in Belgium. 815 | Sharks, basking, its food........-. 759
Norwegian fishery .. ---- GIGS sasha spe h = sesso eee 1047, 1048, 1055,
615, 617 1081, 1082, 1083, 1103
Califormiates> =. 2-2 767, 829-837, | Sheepshead, its food.............- 766
840, 850, 1063, 1073 | Shipwrecks in Norway. ..539, 570, 571, 572
Penobscot . .. .841, 907, 1085, 1088 | Shore mackerel fisheries ...--....- 529
Schoodie - ..829, 830, 831, 841, 894 | Sigsbee, Lieutenant-Commander .. .19, 20
1037, 1052, 1053, 1056, 1091 27, 28
Susquehanna --25-22624,/625, 631 4)"¢Simmons MTree ose. ewes ea 1049
Salpingeeca, its mode of feeding... 761 | Simocephalus americanus. .... 77
Salvelinus fontinalis.....--.-.--.- 1037 Veluloss se sreeeeeee 777
Sandwich Islands, eggs sent to.... 830 | Skate sold at Billingsgate market. 660
sardine; its) food: 42222 5-.cee ses sae 755 7|RSlac key Mrs) serene ee 1047, 1048, 1103
Saxe, Dr Ay Wencltedesss. sc. oae 663 | Slipper-limpet, its eggs ...--...... 808
Scaling and dressing machine pat- Smiley, Charles W., articles by... .825, 917
ONS Series ot ane sa Sees ineemiese 88 1107
Schizomycetés, their food and hab- Smith; (Capt; Joseph --eea4-eseeses 529
TES ees ee ne nC ee 761, 762 DLs eel eR Rei e aes 2 4, 69
Schoodic salmon, its distribution .829, 830, ProksGslicee eee ee see 765
831, 848, 894, 1052, 1053, 1056 Silas ARE eh cs ee ane ee ee 642
salmon, its propagation.. 1837, | Snappers, animals eaten by mack-
1052, 1091 @rel tess See eee eee ee ee 106
Schwannicibedssss see eames see 808 | Snide and Fox, Messrs........-... 1040
Sciznoids,their food --..-........- 765 | Soles sold at Billingsgate market.. 660
Scientific results of Fish Hawk’s ex- Sounding apparatus -.....22, 25, 31, 32, 33
plorations.. 2 ch meee eee eee 38 | South America, its fish trade. -.... 601-603
PCOMPEIMOTOX case scpascase oe een 129 605, 606
Scotland, her fish trade. ..598, 603, 604, 605 Carolina, distribution to-.829, 836-
herring fishery.-.---. 659 842, 855, 889, 904, 1108,
MEM Witla CLLCOs eee meee ee oes 758 1117
Sea-trout fishery of Norway ..611, 612, 617 use of fish-gnano in..666
Sea-water, biological action of salts 670, 687, 688, 693, 695
1 ae HG Se Ae ees CHOOT Sees 749 | Spain, its fish trade.............. 598, 606
Seawing, fishing-tug....-.--..-..-- 1043 | Spanish mackerel, itspropagation.. 64,71
Sellman?Henty-- mesos -nease cone 226 | Spawning grounds of Great Lake
Selys-Longchamps, Baron de. -...815, 823 fish ....1039, 1040
Shad, amount of water necessary mackerel ...111-115
forkeepingitseggsandfry.. 783 season of brook-trout....1049
fisheries for, in Susquehanna 1050, 1051
RIVED, seein ee eoee ee eos 619 Great Lake fish. 1040
its abundance in Belgium. .815, 816 1041, 1042
distribution ....... 825, 838, 843 mackerel ...111-115
embryology. .--. -2ss 767,768, | Speedwell, United States steamer. . 1
797, 798, 809 | Spencer, Herbert, cited.......-.-.. 795
fOOW a saee es escaes MOO OUMEOO || SPiLIalis SOUlMMes ase eee. ose eee 105
former abundance. . 625, 627, 632 | Sponge, red, its food and enemies.. 766
DYICC asses se 621, 622, 635, 642 | Squalus americanus...........--.- 161
propagation ... 16, 17, 60-63, 70, | Star fish, new species of..-.-..-..- 40
72, 826, 827, 828, 1107 | Stellwagen Banks, water tempera-
SIZO yascmicey since eee see 622 PUTS sOME GaSe ae eee 123
retardation of the develop- | Stephanodiscus niagare ....-. ---- 774
ment of its eggs. ...- 787,795, 811 | Stone, Livingston, article by- ..1063, 1079
Shadwell, proposed fish market at .656, 657 | Strasburger, cited ...--.-.--------. 808
Striped apes of the Sues 624, 629
INDEX. 1145
Page. Page.
Strdm Boye, article by ..........-- Git Lowanemeten cscs oeses ss acces nee 41
Sturgeon, its occurrence in Bel- Traps patented in 1881............ 38
SUOMI: He cereseeseers 815°} Dalipssteamer::_ 254 tase. ooze 59
sale in Billingsgate....- 660 | Turbot sold at Billingsgate market. 660
Suctoria, their food...-........... 763 | Transportation of eggs..787,793, 794, 795,
Suckers in the Susquehanna ....-.. 625 800, 803, 1046, 1047, 1049, 1051
their food: 22. ccceeces =e 765 | Trap-net...............-..-1039, 1040, 1043
Sulphate of soda, shellfish kept Trawl-line.. ..33, 39, 551, 554-556, 558, 587,
MIVA, eastern c ass see ae 753 589, 591, 594, 597, 615, 616
Sunfishes, their: food)... .-. 4/25... 765 | Trawl-net ...-.... 20, 33, 34, 35, 39, 45, 47, 49
Susquehanna River, its shad fish- Trichonympha, its mode of feeding 762
eries ...--.. 619 | Tritonium undatum, experiments
shad hatching WLM s seta ceaivie wit ae Jas ase eee 751
into seetsee = 62,72 | Trout, brook ........1037, 1049, 1051, 1056
Sweden, its fish trade............ 600, 606 California). 325.<cecs 842, 1079, 1083
Sweeny, R. O........ 1073, 1083, 1088, 1103 MULOPCANy ss 0 <i sseiaeeee . 816, 820
, lake. Sectors 1037, 1042, 1043, 1048,
T. 1055, 1056
Table sieve..-..---------- +--+ ---- 21 sea, Norwegian fishery, for.. 611,
angle -Dar sai sion isis soe te eee eae PAL 612, 617
Tanner, Lieut. Z. L....3, 45, 47, 49, 55, 69, U.
1108, 1112, 1113
Temperature and the movements of Umbride, their food ..........---- 765
TWEE 97, 110, 123-125 | United States, their cod fisheries .. 600
Temperature observations ....-.... 22, 45, their fish trade .. .600, 602,
47, 49, 69,71, 72, 74, 81, 572-579, 604, 606
1043, 1044, 1056-1060, 1076-1078 their mackerel fisher-
Tennessee, distribution to... .829, 836-840, 1@S..-------.- 91, 214, 220
855, 890, 1105, 1108, 1117 | Utah, distribution to. .829,836,340,856, 890
use of fish guanoin.... 664 Vi.
Tentaculifera, their food.......... 763
Texas, distribution to..-838, 840, 856, 890, | Vampyrella, its habits ..-......... 763
1108, 1117 | Van Kirk, Joseph, statement of... 625
Thermometers . .25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 33, 44, 46, | Van Vliet, F.C...--.-...--...-... 4
48,577 | Venning, W. H., cited ....... 405, 407, 410
Thomas, B. W., cited ...-.....-.0- 781 | Venus decussata, experiments with 751,
Thompson, Isaac, statement of..... 638 793, 754
Sir Henry, cited....-... 661 reticulata,experiments with. 751,
Wyville, work cited... 759 753, 754
Thornback sold at Billingsgate mar- Vermont, distribution to ....838-841, 856,
TEE occ SR Ee 660 891, 904, 911, 1105
Thornbury, Walter, cited ........ 644, 646 use of fish guano in - . . 666, 668,
Thorpe and Riicker, Messrs........ 30 679, 680, 69:3
Thymallus Vexiiiier-=- oe. ee 816 Verrill, Prof, A. E., cited... .21, 35, 69, 94,
Thysanopoda eaten by mackerel... 105, 106, 118, 123
107 | Vessels in mackerel fishery... .510-519, 530
Tilefish taken by str. Fish Hawk.. 32, 33, in Norwegian fisheries .534,562-566
34, 39, 66, 67,68 | Vichy water, mollusks kept alive
Mintinnus fergzusonil. 2 co. nsccee ae 760 NOW aya) oveis slco wai decnce ototiee sees domme
mippel, Mrs. .cacers esac eeeeeneas 24
Tipulide eaten by shad ........... 766
oad, Frank: 22:2. scesonsncaseee 000
Togue, its propagation............ 1096
LONSeth), J° Sajsicocicc oer awicattelecieine ema DO:
Virginia, distribution to .. ..829, 836-841,
857, 891, 905, 1108, 1119
use of fish guano in .666, 669, 681,
682, 683, 693, 695
iWorticella, its habits: <2t-sccsccus 760, 761
1146 INDEX.
W. Page.
Page. | Whitefish, its propagation ..... 1037-1046.
Wall-eyed pike -0 ooo ecco ~ see 624 statisticsof fisheries for. 772
Walpole, Spencer, cited. -643, 647, 653-655, White perch, its CSE ic acescic cee 796
657, 658, 659 | Whitin gsoldat Billingsgate market 660:
Walton, Ham & Co., cited .......- 694 Widegren, jalmar. 5. see teas 765
Washburn & Moen Manufacturing Wightman, T) Beeisoscc 552k eee
CO - 1222s eee eee ee ee eee eee ee 24 | Wilcox, W. A .......2....-.223, 225, 695
Washington Territory, use of fish Willard. BiG Ge esos uty gon 249, 435,
SURI OT eo at oman one cab oe ae GOD) Wallegtiet, Wii.) al 823
Way, Jasper C., cited ............. 694 Williams, SB. 502 ..5) scceee=- L054 1055,
Weather observations. .. 44-49, 1043, 1044, WillmotiSi hci) Ae 6 ee Sena 1073
1046-1050 | Wilson, H. C., statement of....... 627
WIEDUSI AS cosconioca eh anee eee 1083 J: Pletcher! 2 oan 62
Webster, Prof. H.E., article by.... 699 Wes dias ns ee 62
Weeks, Seth: .5.-5..---5: 1073, 1088, 1103 Wires? Ma 026 ca ai 1043, 1045, 1055
Welchier, Mr- 9 oo. lok cen 790 Wisconsin, distribution to. . .829, 837-842,
Wellfleet, Mass., annelida of ....-.. 699 858, 893, 906, 911, 913, 1049
its mackerel fish- use of fish guano in.... 665
CLY -.----.--- SM: Wislot® Tits 4 o8 say olsun) es 534
West, Robert...............2-.-.. 62) Wolfl; Julius e044 ke ae 531
Indies, their fish trade .598, 600-603, Woodbury, ‘Mriot.225)-5 es 1048.
ea, 604; 605, 606 | Wood’s Holl, cod hatching at .. .32,34, 43
Virginia, distribution to ...... 829, | Woodward, H., cited ............ 758, 759
837- 842, 858, 892, 905, | Wrecks of Norwegian fishing ves-
TOE EI) oi gota) tice ate, oe Oe erie
use of fish guanoin 665 Wright, ere article by ...... 619
Whales its food... 02 2.5.26..% 118, 758, 767 Y
Witte @.Sa ne ee ene ea Sd 7S ; . :
Wihitoaves IeR 2 0 lak | 531 | Yellow bass in Susquehanna ..... - 624
Whitefish, food of its young....... 771 Z.
its distribution....... 842,912, | Zodthamnium ............. ...< -- 761, 763
1047-1049, 1056
alternans.....ceccce. 762
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