Report on experimental convict road camp, Fulton County, Ga.

Historic, archived document

Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

_ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BULLETIN No. 583

Coniribution from the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering
LOGAN WALLER PAGE, Director

Washington, D. C. Vv : March 7, 1918

REPORT ON. :
EXPERIMENTAL CONVICT ROAD CAMP
FULTON COUNTY, GA.

By

H. S. FAIRBANK and R. H. EASTHAM, Highway Engineers,
and W. F. DRAPER, Passed Assistant Surgeon, |
U. S. Public Health Service

CONTENTS

Page Page

Striking Results of the Experiment .. 2 | Furniture and Equipment. .... -« 25
The Plan of Cooperation ...... _ 4 |-Subsistence” ... 2 2 2 eee oe 29
The System of Convict Labor in Georgia 4 | Medicine and Medical Attention . . . 36
Description of the Camp Site. . .. . 7 | Transportation of Convicts and Supplies 328
MSD MAIO S Ss, oe eo ce ak we! 10 | Convict Population. . . . . 2s. « - 39
Other Camp Structures and Fixtures. . 15 | Disciplineand Morale ....:.. 44
Moving Portable Buildings. . . . . . 15] Sanitation. . 2... - + 2 2 « « AS
The:water Supply’... wo eo SY 19 | Recordsand Reports . .... « a eee
Sewage Disposal . ......2ee 22 | Summarized Costs of Maintenance .. 56
Garbage Disposal . . . ...«e. oo. -2OR ROAM. WOE |e occe ie ciel, ain cljien tor omeann oe

Clothing . Siler tot! of ©

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1918

aS

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

B
STZ
ANGx »
~ Ne
4 @ Nie,
q

Contribution from the Office of Public Roads and Rural
Engineering, LOGAN WALLER PAGE, Director

WASHINGTON, D. C. March 7, 1918

REPORT ON EXPERIMENTAL CONVICT ROAD CAMP,
FULTON COUNTY, GA.

By H. S. Farrpanx and R. H. Eastoam, Highwoy Engineers, and W. F.
Draper, Passed Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service.

CONTENTS.

Page Page
Striking results of the experiment......-...... 2 | Furniture and equipment...... BSS hereon ode 25
Mhe-plan-of cooperation ...<...2.--.4---:.+-2--- AN | GSU DSESLET C8 iste siege bese ate otapel elec sy jain teeta a 29
The system of convict labor in Georgia.......- 4 | Medicine and-medical attention............... 36
Description of the camp site............-..-... 7 | Transportation of convicts and supplies........ 38
AN DULGINES tome cones Nose egies oa te- Ae, So LOM Ee Conwict populatloneas = -e- ses se eeesee eaters. 39
Other camp structures and fixtures..........-. 15 |e DIScipluneand mordleseesee sees eee eee 44
Moving portable buildings..............-.---.. MSE RSAC ALOMAR a hea) ees ye 45
RH ShWAeMSUPDliyaaac. ose ciecchiiscaesce scl aa Om eRecordsandsreponiseren- eae eee ee eee eee eeee 47
Sraraeeminposals. . 33222. 848. ert ae. 2 Ne 22 | Summarized costs of maintenance............- 56
BaBnnrOGISpOSAls 222 ee i eee Se Zo) BC UVORG WORK: cite ta. sicrcteuwieiciaieilnia sve ae michele sree aiale on
LIV LDES UE =e 2a eat i erie ee eS ie gape le ale ee 24 :

Without a single attempt to escape, an average of 40 negro con-
victs were maintained for 10 months in the Fulton County (Ga.)
honor camp conducted under the observation of the United States
Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering and the United States
Public Health Service. This notwithstanding the facts that the
convicts were worked without armed guards, without exceptional
conditions as to hours of labor, without special rewards or other
unusual inducements to good behavior, and with the camp located
near a trolley line and within 11 miles of the city of Atlanta, from

- which most of the convicts were sentenced, a condition admitted by

all competent authorities to be most unfavorable to the successful
operation of an honor camp.
With a diet prescribed by the United States Public Health Service,

ample in quantity and containing all the properties essential to

maintain laborers engaged in heavy outdoor work, the convicts were
fed at a cost 9 cents per day lower than that required to maintain
other convicts on an unbalanced diet in the same county at the same

time.
5847°—18—Bull. 583 —1

2 BULLETIN 5838, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

At a cost of only 6.2 cents per man per day specially designed light —

and airy portable buildings were provided, and their suitability for
the purposes of convict camps was demonstrated by the fact that
they were moved at less expense than would have been incurred in
moving quarters of any other type but tents.

A supply of pure running water was made available in the camp at
a cost of only 1.7 cents per man per day. This result is particularly
enlightening in view of the fact that the cost of installing running
water systems in convicts camps is thought to be prohibitive by the
majority of camp officials.

Waste and garbage were disposed of scientifically by incineration,
at insignificant expense; and a system of sewage disposal, including
water-closets and a cesspool, was installed and operate at a cost of
about one-half cent per man per day.

The sick rate was maintained for six months at less than one-half
of 1 per cent; and medicine and medical attention were provided at
a cost of 1.6 cents per man per day.

A system of records and reports was installed and operated for
six months at a cost of less than $25, and the saving on food

alone resulting directly from the employment of the system during |

the same period amounted to more than $350.

STRIKING RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT.

Taken as a whole, the outstanding results of the experiment
demonstrate that cleanliness, comfort, and humanity in the convict
camp are not inconsistent with economy and efficiency in the work of
the inmates. More specifically the operation of the camp has
demonstrated—

That the honor system can be applied to negro convicts without

holding out tempting hopes or rewards, extra commutation of time,
granting of greater privileges, or awards in money.

That monotonous prison fare can be replaced at lower cost by a |

scientifically diversified diet that makes for additional bodily vigor
and contented mind.

That convicts can be housed in sanitary buildings, provided with
clean bedding and clothing at a cost little greater than that of make-
shift and insanitary sheds, filthy bedclothes, and unfit uniforms.

That a supply of pure running water can be made available in the
camp at surprisingly low cost, with great advantage in convenience

and sanitation over the primitive ‘“‘water-toting’’ methods followed |

in the majority of camps.

That insanitary methods of waste and garbage disposal can be
replaced by a thoroughly scientific system with little trouble and
insignificant expense.

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 3

That care and attention given to the diet and the sanitary con-
ditions will yield abundant fruit in a remarkably low rate of sickness.

That a businesslike system of records and accounts can be installed
and operated at small expense, and that its worth will be proved by
the ease with which leaks and extravagances can be detected and
eliminated, and by. which a high degree of economy can be effected.

And that the slightly increased cost of maintaining convicts on
the higher plane indicated by the above suggestions is fully offset
by the increase in efficiency of the working force, so that the cost of
work performed is not measurably affected.

These are the most striking results of the operation of the Fulton
County camp. The methods by which they were obtained are
described in the following pages.

The camp was established as the result of the studies of convict
labor for road work conducted in 1914 and 1915 by the Office of Public
Roads and Rural Engineering and the Public Health Service. These
studies embraced an investigation of conditions, methods, and prac-
tices pertaining to the use of convicts in road construction in 21
States, a wide reading of the available literature, and a digest of the
opinions of numerous specialists in highway construction, penology,
and sanitation. A mass of valuable information was accumulated
covering practically all phases of the problem. This material was
arranged conveniently and, together with such specific recommenda-
tions as seemed warranted by the data in hand, was published as
Bulletin No. 414 of the United States Department of Agriculture,
entitled ‘‘Convict Labor for Road Work.”’

It was expected that the operation of the camp would establish by
actual test and demonstration data of great practical value along
several lines, among which might be mentioned the housing, feeding,
and management of the convicts. A special type of portable buildmg
was designed with a view to determining the practicability and econ-
omy of this type in comparison with other camp structures. A
balanced ration, under a rigid system of weighing, checking, and cost
keeping, was installed to ascertain whether this diet and system would
effect economy and promote the welfare of the convict. The honor
system was followed in the discipline of the convicts, all of whom were
negroes, as this system, although generally recognized to be successful
in dealing with selected white convicts, rarely had been applied to the
; discipline of negro convicts. It was thought that this problem was
well worth a practical determination both from economic and hu-
| Manitarian standpoimts.

The plan was first suggested early in the summer of 1915 by repre-
sentatives of the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering to
Mr. W. T. Winn, at that time chairman of the Committee on Public
Works of the Board of County Commissioners of Fulton County, Ga.

4 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Mr. Winn welcomed the opportunity to improve the methods of han-
dling the convict force and recommended to the board that a cooper-
ative arrangement be made with the Office of Public Roads and Rural
Engineering and the United States Public Health Service for the oper-
ation of a demonstration convict road camp. The board, consisting
of S. B. Turman, chairman; T. J. Hightower, jr., vice chairman;
W. L. Gilbert, W. T. Winn, and J. Oscar Mills, gave its approval to
the scheme, which was thereupon approved by the State Prison Com-
mission of Georgia. This action by the Board of County Commis-
sioners indicated their earnest desire to improve the condition of the
county convict forces and their intelligent appreciation of the possi-
bilities for bettermg existing conditions.

THE PLAN OF COOPERATION.

The county commissioners agreed to establish an honor camp of
approximately 40 negro convicts, to maugurate a system of discipline
and to provide suitable portable camp buildings, equipment, materials,
and supplies, all in accordance with the plans and recommendations
of the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineermg. The county —
also undertook to supply to the convicts food of the character and in
the amount recommended and specified by the United States Public
Health Service, and to provide for the management and organization
of the working forces, as well as for the keeping of a system of records
and reports in accordance with the suggestions of the Office of Public
Roads and Rural Engineering. The two Federal bureaus agreed,
respectively, to assign an engineer and a sanitary officer to supervise
the road work and the conduct of the camp and to be of general
assistance to the commissioners in connection with other county
camps and road work. To cover the cost of collecting the data
desired by the Government, it was arranged that parts of the salaries
of the three county officials so employed should be paid by the Office
of Public Roads and Rural Engineering.

THE SYSTEM OF CONVICT LABOR IN GEORGIA.

As the experimental camp was essentially only one unit in the
prison system of the county and State, it necessarily was subject to
local rules and regulations and to some extent to local customs.
Therefore a brief outline of the system in force in the State, and of the
usual methods of housing, feeding, and guarding the convicts, will
indicate the limitations of the experiment and afford a basis for
estimating the value of the results attained.

All males convicted of misdemeanors or felonies in the State, except
such felons as are required by law to be kept at the State farm, may
be employed upon the public roads by the authorities of the several
counties. During the year from June 1, 1915, to May 31, 1916, 412
white and 3,170 negro felons and 217 white and 3,052 negro misde-

en.

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 5

meanants were so employed. These convicts constitute a State force
which the State prison commission apportions, according to popula-
tion, among the various counties desiring their use. The responsi-
bility of employing and maintaining the prisoners is borne by the
several counties under the direction and supervision of the prison
commission; and for the guidance of the county authorities the com-
mission has established rules and regulations governing: housing,
feeding, guarding, discipline, etc. The convicts are under the imme-
diate control of wardens appointed by the prison commission with
the concurrence of the county authorities, and the commission also
employs supervisors to visit the various counties and inspect the con-
victs and their work.

Camps established by the counties are of two classes, permanent
and temporary. In general, the former consist of wooden barracks
frequently located at or near the poor farm. In some of the counties
these barracks are well designed and well equipped, convenient, and
sanitary, but in many of the smaller counties the sanitary conditions
are poor. The quarters in the temporary camps are tents, cages, or
cars, and sometimes portable buildings. The sanitary conditions are
bad, as arule, in camps of this character, particularly the cage camps,
in which the cages usually are seriously overcrowded.

The beds or bunks provided are varied in character; in a few cases
they are metal cots, but more often wooden bunks or individual
pallets laid on continuous platforms. Two sheets, sufficient blankets,

pillows and pillowcases are furnished to each man, and nightshirts

also are provided.

Misdemeanants are clad in suits of striped cloth; but felons are
divided into three grades according to conduct, and wear gray, brown,
or striped suits according to class. The weight of clothing provided
for all classes is adapted to the seasons, and the cloth generally is of
satisfactory quality, the clothing in fair condition.

The rules of the prison commission require that food be provided
for each convict in not less than the following amounts:

Corn bread without stint, three meals each day except when wheat
bread is furnished; wheat bread without stint, three meals each week;
three-quarters pound of salt pork each day; one pound of fresh meat
or 14 pounds of fresh fish twice each week; sirup or molasses three
times per week; vegetables three meals each week; one cup of coffee
for breakfast each day; salt, pepper, and vinegar without stint.

Many of the counties furnish diets of somewhat greater variety and
abundance than that prescribed, and the average cost of subsistence
in 1916 was approximately 22 cents per man per day.

It is the general practice, except in the case of cage prisoners, to
secure all convicts at night by means of leg chains attached to a
continuous gang chain and to one ankle of each convict. As an

6 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

additional safeguard at least one armed night guard is placed on duty
in each camp.

The convicts are under constant supervision all day of guards
armed with shotguns and revolvers, the number of guards usually
approximating about one-tenth of the number of convicts. With
these measures in force the number of escapes from the various county
gangs represents from 1 to 3 per cent of the number of convicts
employed.

Few privileges are accorded, a small weekly allowance of tobacco,
and permission to conduct a restricted correspondence with relatives
and friends being the most notable.

Punishment is inflicted by withdrawing the privileges and by
whipping. Corporal punishment may be administered only by the
warden or deputy warden; not over 10 lashes may be given, and it is
unlawful to apply the lost to the naked skin. A record of each case
of punishment is required by the prison commission, but in spite of
all these regulations there is no doubt that the strap is used with
cruelty in many cases.

The hours of labor are from sunrise to sunset, with one hour for
rest and dinner from November to February, inclusive, one and one-
half hours in March, April, September and October, and two hours
in May, June, July and August.

The best of the camps of the State are conducted with some degree
of economy and efficiency, but in a majority much of the saving
possible by the use of convict labor is dissipated by wasteful manage-
ment, and much of the road work performed by the convicts is of the
simplest character, consisting of unsystematic patching and repair
of earth, sand-clay, and top-soil roads, which experience has demon-
strated can not be done economically by convicts.

The conditions existing in Fulton County at the time of the inaugu-
ration of the experimental camp were representative of the best in
the State. The county chain gang numbered about 550 prisoners.
These were quartered in seven permanent camps in Various sections
of the county, and one portable cage camp. The latter had a popu-
lation of 20 men and was known as the “‘honor” camp. Its inmates
were chosen from the other camps of the county as a mark of honor
for good behavior, but in no other sense was it an honor camp. The
men were locked securely in the cages at night and were worked

under armed guards during the day. However, when the experl- ««

mental camp was opened 17 of its first inmates were assigned to it
from this camp and it was known thereafter as the ‘‘ portable” camp.

All camps and convicts in the county are under the care of a
warden and there is a deputy warden in charge of each camp. ‘The
road work, however, is done under the direction of the county super-
intendent of public works, and all surveys and strictly engineering
work are done by the county engineer.

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. uf

DESCRIPTION OF THE CAMP SITE.

The preliminary arrangements for the experiment were completed
and agreed upon in October, 1915, and work on the construction of
the buildings was begun November 3. Various causes, including
bad weather, the slow arrival of building material, and disputes over
right of way of the road to be constructed, delayed the opening of
the camp until January 10, 1916. On that day 17 men were trans-
ferred to the camp and set to work cleaning the buildings, gathering
firewood, and other chores incident to the opening of the camp. On
January 12, 16 additional men were selected and sent from several
camps; and road work was begun. Not until January 17, however,
was the camp manned to capacity. Eight more men were received
on that date, thus increasing the population to 41. As the quarters
would accommodate only 40 conveniently, one man was returned on
the 19th of the month, and from that time the population of 40 was
maintained as closely as possible.

The camp was operated under the cooperative arrangement until
August 23, 1916. On that date the convicts were transferred from
the experimental camp and confined in cages at the county fair
grounds. This step was taken by the county commissioners without
the consent of the Federal bureaus. It was explained as an emer-
gency measure necessary to complete a race track at the fair grounds
in time for the Southeastern Fair, and the commissioners expressed
their willingness to hasten the return to the experimental camp and
to extend the operation under the cooperative arrangement for a
period equal to the time lost, but it was believed by the Office of
Public Roads and Rural Engineering that it would be difficult to
resume the experiment along the old lines, particularly in respect to
discipline, and the cooperation of the Federal bureaus accordingly
was withdrawn. However, after the convicts were returned, the camp
remained under Federal observation to a certain extent until it was
moved to a new site on November 22.

The first work selected for the experimental camp by the county
commissioners was the grading of a section of the Powers Ferry Road
approximately 2 miles in length. (See fig. 1.) Accordingly, on
November 9, 1915, a camp site was selected about 3,000 feet from
one end of the road. It was an almost level plot of sufficient area to
accommodate all the camp buildings, from which the ground sloped
away in all directions. The part selected for the accommodation of
the main buildings was free of trees, but was covered with a heavy
erowth of tall grasses. The part selected for the stable and corral
lay to the north of the clearing in a growth of pine trees. These,
while they afforded no shade for the quarters, were in such position
as to protect the camp effectively from the cold north wind. The
soil consisted of about 3 inches of top soil overlying a micaceous clay.
It was sufficiently porous to absorb water rapidly aud did not become

BULLETIN 583, U. 8. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

8

*peoy Arlo siamog jo ejyoid pus uelg—'T “dit : :

Ue t€ Java ** Aga >
“L061 JLvO"* * vr 43 aL
BI JNO" yhterhteg PAG OIA IAUNG
6:09+86 sé o6 eo os GL OL $9 09 Se ow co oc o1 5 0
1 Oln 9) O)a a o|o O}n o Ola \
} 8 As as 38 gis gis
| ea: HE ale Ie Bln ale Ig
= ¢ lee i }
® n Sie 9 8 Reh 8 A
| 7 n i)
© ©
oh N ~_
| o~* ° °
| } a? fa) °
{ Loo"
i ‘
“380 3uNLNs Yds
v A gen FuNLN4s OSs
pr 16€1 ou yA GaLsvm wooH IW «| x02 299 Moyyoo
“9 Sarl ov Pe IOLGIA2 NOILWAVYOXS -9O0U ‘KOveel2 LNIWMNVERD
q w 426'9¢9'6 MOYHOR | AIZ 22L1 NOILVAVIXA
"BL29 NOILe <a R ‘x96 eRez! ANJWYNVEWS }<— 0041S 01 00+1¥ ‘VIS
608+86 O1p Se o «XD 0'%LECE NOILWAYONA HLUVA
{ Fee eee tee Pome —— 00492 OL OOFIG ‘WLS ———

LI6\ ) HOBWl
SLOINNOD dWW'd WLNAWIW3dXa AA GALONYLSNOD
‘wooo NOLINA

oats avou Auua4 SHY3MOd
| F1140ud ONY NW1d

! 4 Sxa404 9) (SOIWONOD3 ONIHAaNFONS ) §
ONIUJINIONS TWHNY ONY SOVOY 9IT8Nd 40 491440 SN

oor

(9 c616@ DS

FLIVee sd
aw

eog2ge+l1e
9° 99+PL

epor2r o\

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 9

muddy except during very heavy rains. Permission was obtained
from the owner for the use of the land free of charge, and therefore
the only expense for the site was the cost of clearing, laying out a
flower bed, and constructing paths and roads. This was done at a

FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA

a
=
<
oO
—
S
>
z
o
oO
=
E
=
é
x<
wW

Fig. 2.—Ground plan of experimental convict camp, Fulton County, Georgia.

mat —

wD a
ean
cost of $43.50 in convict labor. The site was occupied for 311 days.
As there were 7,174 convict calendar days in the first 183 days up to
July 10, it is computed that the cost of the site per convict per

calendar day was $0.0036. ‘The ground plan of the camp is shown
in figure 2.

10 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CAMP BUILDINGS.

Portable buildings and tents were used for housing the inmates
and officers. The stable, harness shed, and blacksmith shop were
constructed at the site of rough lumber and galvanized iron. The
portable buildings were of a special type designed by the Office of
Public Roads and Rural Engineering. The sills, 4 mches wide and ~
8 inches deep, were cut to the proper lengths to support buildings
18 feet square and were so arranged that any number of such build-
ings might be joined end to end to form a building 18 feet wide and
any multiple of 18 feet in length. They were fastened together at
the corners of the building by means of 6 by 6 by 2 inch angles and
35-inch bolts and lag screws. The floor joists, 2 inches wide by 6
inches deep, were set on 2-inch strips nailed to the bottom of the
sills, and were spaced 2 feet 24 inches apart and held in an upright
position by means of 1-inch blocks nailed to the sills on each side of
them in such manner as to form slots.

The walls were built in sections, each 3 feet 732; inches in width
and 9 feet from floor to eaves. They were built of ~ by 4 inch
tongued and grooved material on frames of 2 by 4 inch pieces.
Alternate sections were fitted with standard 6-light 38 by 42 inch
window sashes and solid wooden shutters of $-inch tongued and
grooved lumber. These were hinged at the top so as to swing out-
ward, and when open they acted as awnings. The wall sections were
joined together with 34-inch bolts through the 2 by 4 inch frames,
and were held down to the sills by means of 8-inch lag screws.

The floor consisted simply of 6 by ~ inch boards, 9 feet long or
equal in length to one-half the width of the buildmgs. These were
laid across the sills and were fastened at their ends only. Along
the center of the building they were held down by a batten or floor
strip screwed through them to the center joists, and at the sides of
the buildmg by the wall sections which rested on them. —

The wall sections were tied together at the top by 2 by 4 inch
pieces bolted to the top of the sections. When thus bolted to the
2 by 4 inch frame, they formed 4 by 4 inch plates upon which rested
the 2 by 6 inch rafters, spaced 3 feet 733; inches apart, so that they
fell directly over the wall jomts. The rafters were braced and held
down to the plates by means of knee braces of }-inch round iron
rods provided with turnbuckles. They were tied near the ridge by
short wooden collar beams, 2 by 6 inches in section, and near the”
eaves by 43-inch round iron tie rods provided with turnbuckles.
The turnbuckles on the two sets of the rods made it possible to allow
for swelling and shrinking of the lumber im seasoning, and at all
times to keep the walls vertical and the roof as it was designed to
stand, at a pitch of 5 inches to 1 foot.

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. Ae

The roof was made in sections of the same width as the wall sec-
tions, fabricated of 1 by 6 inch boards nailed to 2 by 4 inch battens
or purlins. On the ends of these short pieces of 4 by 4 by 4-inch
angle iron were fastened, by means of which and 4-inch bolts the
roof sections were attached to the rafters. Each roof section was
covered with 3-ply ready roofing, glued to the sheathing, and the
joints between the sections were covered, water-tight, with laps of
the same material, 12 inches wide, fastened down by roofing nails
and cement. The joint at the ridge was covered with galvanized
ridge roll, and metal ventilators were set into the ridge at intervals
of 18 feet.

All doors and windows were provided with fly screens of galvanized
wire mesh.

The complete detailed plans accompanying this bulletin are for
buildings similar to those described, but not like them in all respects.
(See detached Appendix Plates). The plans show a height of wall
of 8 feet, which is regarded as sufficient, and this height was recom-
mended to the county commissioners, but the rules of the prison
commission require a wall 10 feet high. The height of 9 feet, which
was actually adopted, was the result of a compromise between the
height recommended and that required by the prison commission.

Another difference is found in the floor, and is the result of the
experience gained in constructing the buildings. Instead of the
6-inch boards which were used, the plans call for $ by 34 inch tongued
and, grooved boards which, instead of projecting under the wall sec-
tions, are held down at the sides by means of battens.

The increase in the height of the wall resulted in an increase in the
cost of the buildings, but this is approximately offset by the change
in the floor construction. The cost of the buildings as constructed,
therefore, is probably quite close to that of buildings constructed
according to the plans.

The camp buildings housing the sleeping quarters, kitchen and
dining room, commissary, and office were of this type and were of

the following sizes:
Feet.

Sleepine quarters). 7s. 20. oe see reh ela) Rist eae sae ie ds 18 by 54
ibe emtanl degantn ey FOO 8-20. esha jj bese eee oe ee 18 by 54
© OMEMAISS Tere teeter Sits oS eel eae OO i Boe 18 by 18
Ollicgwmrn aie ee Lt el als he aA Ny Me eA ie ea era 18 by 18

All parts of these buildings were constructed at the county shops
at the Bellwood Convict Barracks, in Atlanta. To expedite erection,
they were hauled to the camp site unpainted, but before they could
be erected the work was halted and the building sections were thor-
oughly wet by a series of heavy rains. The poorly seasoned lumber
absorbed the moisture and swelled so that it was necessary to bore

~

a: — isa - e e

— a

t-aS
——

12 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

new bolt holes in some places so as to adjust the sections to each
other. Subsequently, when the lumber dried, many of the parts con-
tracted, leaving cracks as much as one-fourth inch wide in some places.
These were drawn up or filled, and in the fall of 1916 the buildings
were in very satisfactory condition. The whole trouble would have
been avoided if the sections had been painted inside and out before
they were sent to the camp site.

The following is a complete bill of the material and labor entering
into the construction of the buildings as described, and-the costs

given are the actual costs of construction:
Summary of materials and labor and cost of constructing portable busldings for the
Fulton County Experimental Convict Camp.
Lumber—Longleaf pine, No. 1 common:
Sizes.
Pieces. Inches. Feet.
2D LR Sek pe Ue ees ie eee eee Bes ¢ Poet atte nore 4by18 8
(ean evi rE ae Es oh Nts Sco ss St, eh oN 375 by 445 18
1 ee ee ee i nn ay Ure eG Sele 2) by 82, 18
LO 28 oe es ae oie ape ene Ore eeacere eoeae ees eee 2 by 6 18
PO SEE aR LSS ed Ry ad RE fac eR ae Eee EL ee ae 2 by: GO Scesiloe
Que A SS Seles ALAN 32 E> ge ee ee ee 2by6 12
SOS eo. ete. Shh. ole heen Aan ee ee ee 2by4 18
Cay ete eee Eps Seek hae tea et ne ee eae rag ho ee eS 2by4 16
LV oer ORIG Oar ae ert as eG TOs = oe bis 2by4 12
Oe 0 Oh ae ee eee Cog by a. 210
Oar PR Ee Rs a Seah Ske chs te) eae eee 2 by’22 1118
et Ge FOR rs cy aee i ed re ee ee 2 py: eee 2
GO nee eae cae oe panne Pe ee eS lby 12 16
BAe eae eee ae ee be cA See ae bee ee I by2 10). 2a6
Ata toa ee nie eg acy Cals ccc gene ee lby10 12
(ei aan els ee Ra ag ER NI eM te A cI er antid Lee by 10 2s210
PAU SHOS Bh RN OR NG GS a Fey BEA” ce eEn bby 920888
BOSSE MSI Pei Sic ee EE) eae Re ees ares Sp lby6 18
cL IP anee ERC NCE ee sen eae ee iby 64 312
ee re Se RE SNE ee yc eS 1 by 4 218
A oa ne igs Baetii SBN enn eae Gee Vacca] St, Dat Aina ie ec 1 by 4 16
eae eats Ae Mini aMieeny da bra Sy Le Ne Lek fark lby3 18
Sees eee oe, Seat Reems ee ute SSeS Shee eS S l by 3 12
NG i ee ee cies teen dae ye os eee ete ee l by 2 18
133s Brac AE VR PIS Se ee ee iby2 16
Dist oe oo 2 SL eae Ua ey As aS ee ee ee AbydS 18
5 Barre ete re ee Se errant nye cs eee se TO a 1 by 1 18
(ata ee RN PemnN nantes deer 1eby oe ale
BOs Lplers sarc le be. bps Cincepceeg eee eae aaa ea Lby2 18
(ANE ROR, Cone ec rc IU He ON 7 by 34
Tbe e436
136 07s EAR Se A Es eae 1 by 34
ib 16

Total‘cost of lumber. | . 2 de Ve ee ee $493. 45

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 13

Hardware: |
i calyamized-Iron: Ventllatorssesecen cite i <2 = oe wie -is et toes $15. 75 |

MM ERNEKO Was” « 2 sun eee tin To tai 4 by 34
RUM PESCLO WSL oa 2c, sake emer a eenaist ea Ook 2 tee & by 34
BAM BRREES CLO WA? oc cig stl soya ia era a tesla a eh Bis & by 8 |
ge ema ahIneN bOltse y's ee eee ia oes ai Salem EL by 4
NV AOREM a EATIO SOLES coc fjer Pere ee ete i apn rc Sr 4 by 54 |
GOs CHIN DOLESK2 aaae ae eee ee Ses Aeon eid 4 by 54
SMU EMIMEIDOLIS st aace sas eee gone pea a eT oles Eby 7
SORMAe MIMS) OLS a5 ay sss ae sala aos ores ee ere TNS a Ut: 4 by 74 |
POPMACHIN EVDO Ss ie 202s ain a hk Sica Be Pra Wy aes Wel a) tby 8

GARE MCOOLDSte mast mail ayo cies eica Sisine ya ee she 14 eye... & by 8

I AAS) Pes) 6G) SISA ey a oS or ae nN es Bey a #-inch.. 3% by 6%

12 gross 4-inch wrought washers.

16 dozen 3-inch wrought washers.

1,184 4-inch malleable wing nuts.

456 3-inch malleable wing nuts.

56 pieces 6 by 6 by 3-inch angle iron 4 inches long.

700 pieces 4 by 4 by 4-inch angle iron 34 inches long.

64 pieces 4 by 14-inch iron 14 inches long.

200 pairs 6-inch tee hinges.

6 deadlocks.

6 door handles.

1 door pull.

35 pieces g-inch round iron 12 feet long.

64 3-inch tie rods, 1 foot 6 inches long, }-inch eye.

104 3-inch turnbuckles.

2,100 2-inch No. 16 flathead wood screws.

4 pairs butt hinges 3 by 3inches.

4 2-inch wire hooks and eyes.

4 double-action hinges.

160 feet 10-inch ridge roll.

32% dozen 14-inch bright wire hooks and eyes.

100 coach screws.

1 keg 6-penny finishing nails.

1 keg 4-penny common nails.

1 keg 8-penny common nails.

1 keg 10-penny common nails.

otalkcost ol hardwarew. eas. cae fo FE ee ce he Ng $329. 22

Miscellaneous:

42 single sashes 38 inches by 42 inches...................... $54. 60

96 screens with galvanized-wire mesh...................... 86. 65

AD rolisa-plycready, roomie. (ei. c25.-.94 ene 1S i Le 96. 00

109 pounds. No, 9\flake elites... 2.424032. see 02 deat 13. 65

otal Cosh Miscellaneous materials. 22...) 32 2 F ee ee 250. 90

14 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Paint:
550 poundsiwhite lead... ...-.--. 25-5222 --— 32a $37. 12
I barrelshaktiand=-halt oils 2.252050 52 oe = ee 34. 10
30 pounds chrome yellow med. in oil...------------------- 4, 20
Notalseost of paint. 2. 222-22. 3 ee ie ee $75. 42
Carpenter labor:
Time Gt shoproreman.. 42). 2) 42> a 5d. 00
10.7 dawieat $3.50). 6.. 2.0 e edo eee 37. 45
GRNa Caveat G2: 00. ec ae Ne oe oe eee 221. 25
ND ays tcp cs Paice eee el ete 6. 00
Total cost of carpenter labor . . --- - Be Pre Ae es he Ne 8 Sc 319. 70
Blacksmith and machinist labor:
AM days av $2.70. fic eee ope ee a ge Ube. Nae. 12. 38
Sdidays ab $2200... 25.2 S 2 a eee eee Rae ase ely 13. 75
AN ays ab $2 ac 2.5 Sco aes ae ee ee eee eee 9. 00
Total cost of blacksmith and machinist labor.......-......-.-.- 35. 13
Painter labor:
Dias ate$acn0s <eeee ee Le? ARTA RE 55. 00
demon th-at- $402 5.022. ea ae re a ane eee a ones ne nee 40. 00
Total cost of painter laborj222) eee. obese ee eee 95. 00
Totalcost of buildings... 22... .5.2.8 :)4a-0-61s see eee een eee EEE 1, 598. 82

The above is the cost of constructing the parts and units of the
buildings. The cost of assembling them and erecting the buildings
at the camp site was as follows:

864 carpenter days at $2.00 20.220 ook nee es eee ee eee $216. 25
28:convict:daysat:77 cents s.. .. 20.22. 2. SE ee 21. 56.
237. 81

If to these costs be added the cost of loading and hauling the sec-
tions and parts from the county shops at the Bellwood Convict Bar-
racks, where they were made, to the camp site, which was $76.87,
the cost of the buildings erected may be summarized as follows:

Cost of materials: cc5ic. Soc occa eee ee ere oe $1, 148. 99
Cost of labor (construction of parts): -2-222 4222555225 ee eee 449. 83
Cost‘of loading and ‘hauling: <0. 250525 2 ee ee ee 76. 87
Cost.of labor (erection)! 6.6.02 525,200 eek coe ee re ee 237. 81

Total cost of buildings erected. /242:2)022. 22544 Seas ae eae 1, 913. 50

Free labor was used in constructing and erecting because all con-
‘victs were employed on other work from which they could not be
spared. However, it is believed that the work could have been per-
formed satisfactorily by selected convicts at a considerable saving.
In view of the fact that the cost of the convict labor was only about
77 cents per working day and the average wage paid to free labor
was $2.40, it seems probable that the saving would have amounted

to fully one-half the labor cost, or approximately $350, a reduction
of about 18 per cent.

La

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 15

OTHER CAMP STRUCTURES AND FIXTURES.

In addition to the portable buildings the full quarters equipment
included two wall tents each 12 by 21 feet; one wall tent 12 by 16
feet, all of 12-ounce duck; and miscellaneous fixtures, such as stove-
pipe and shelving, and fire extinguishers for the protection of the
property. Some of these were purchased after the opening of the
camp.

As stated, the stable, harness shed, and blacksmith shop were
constructed at the site of rough lumber and galvanized iron. They
cost complete $150, but this is regarded as a charge against the work

only.
MOVING PORTABLE BUILDINGS.

The structures were designed to combine strength, durability,
convenience, sightliness, and portability, and to admit abundant
light and air. It was hoped that they would meet satisfactorily the
requirements of camps which are moved from one site to another at
intervals of from 6 to 12 months, taking the place of the tent, the

cheapshack, and the convict cage, none of which is entirely satisfac-

tory. Therefore, the economy and convenience with which they were
razed, transported to a new site, and reerected were among the most
interesting developments of the experiment.

The original plan was to move the camp to a new site immediately
upon completion of the grading on the Powers Ferry Road. Conse-
quently, early in July a site was prepared on Hemphill Avenue, 3?
miles from the first site. A road was cleared as an approach from
the public road, a cesspool was excavated, posts were cut and set to
line and elevation to receive the sills of the buildings, and a well was
begun and almost completed when the commissioners decided to sur-
face the Powers Ferry Road with top soil before leaving the first site.
Shortly after this the convicts were transferred to the fairgrounds,

- and the top soiling was not completed until November 11. Moving

of the quarters was begun on November 15. At that time the camp

population was half depleted, and the quarters intended for the ac-

commodation of 40 men were moved with a force of 23. This short-
age of labor naturally resulted in a considerable increase in the time
required to complete the moving. The facts that the working-day
at that season was only eight hours long and that the first cold
weather of the year was experienced during the week also served to
prolong the time required, and the buildings were not completely
erected at the new site until November 22, one week from the time
the transfer was begun. However, an analysis of the costs of moving
given in Table 1 shows the actual labor expended on the work was
equivalent to only about 34 days of work with the full working force
of 37 men,

16 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Some damage and loss is inevitable in moving buildmgs of any
sort a distance of 32 miles. That resulting from the transfer of these
buildings was very slight. The total damage consisted of one broken
tie rod, one broken rafter, one broken collar beam, and four broken
window lights. The loss amounted to 190 board feet of lumber, 6 —
gallons of roofing cement, 12 squares of 2-ply ready roofing, and 10
pounds of roofing nails, the last three items resultmg from the neces-
sary reconstruction of the roofing laps. The tie rod, rafter, and col-
lar beam were repaired at the camp, and the cost is included in the
labor cost. The other items are added to the labor cost in Table 1,
which shows that the total expense of moving the four buildings was
$191.70.

TABLE 1.—Cost of moving portable buildings at the Fulton County, Ga., Experimental
Convict Camp.

Setting foundation posts:

2 carpenter days, at.b2:20)..2 ce -— nso eee eee ee eee eee $4. 52
13:convict days, at (7;cente- 225 226 2c pe ee ee 10. 01
$14. 53
Razing buildings: °
24 foreman days, at-$1.90- ... (1s Pee eee ee ee 4.75
2 toreman days; .at $2,902 2. oe eS te eae 5. 80
363 convict days, at./7 cents... --2¢ 27. oee es eee 28. 10
38. 65
Loading and hauling buildings:
L7econvict days, at 77 Cemts-: 4:-.-5.-- ee eee = apaietnie, flo O
144 team days, at $1.91... 22... o. 2. 2 oe ee es 21.00)
eens
Erecting buildings: 3
2 foreman. days,.at $1.90-... 2.0.2. oe ee 3. 80
Isforeman day at $2.90... 2.22522. em ee eee 2. 90
7 carpenter days, at $2.00. 22.2. o.232 eee ee ee 17. 50
57 convict days, at7 7 cents: 20 2 ee Bee oe 43. 89
68. 09
Damage and loss:
Replacing'4 window lights.2.-2 2-9 222-2 5-"e ee ee 1. 00
190feet b..m.: lumber; at $20 per Me2 ico ete? 2 ea eee 3. 80
6;gallons roofing ‘cement, at 6b cents 223524. <. (2). {2s eee 3. 90
12.squares ready roofing, at $1.55. .. 29. $24.2 - $2253 eee ees 18. 60
10 pounds. roofing nails; atiG cents. . 22222222. eee . 60
27. 90
Total cost of moving buildings-22- 22s be oe ee ee 190. 35

OTHER COSTS OF MOVING CAMP.

The cost of $190.35, given above, represents the expense of moving
the portable buildings only. The complete costs of moving the en-
tire camp a distance of 3? miles, including 1 mile over a bad road,
are given in Table 2.

Bul. 583, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE I.

Fic. 1.—QUARTERS IN THE VIRGINIA CAMP. No PROVISION FOR ADMISSION OF LIGHT
OR AIR.

Fic. 2.—PORTABLE QUARTERS OF THE GEORGIA CAMP. DESIGNED TO ADMIT ABUNDANT
LIGHT AND AIR.

Bul. 583, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE II.

Fia. 1.—TEARING DOWN BUILDING BEFORE MOVING EXPERIMENTAL CAMP.

FiG. 2.—WAGON BEDS USED FOR MOVING CAMP AND SECTIONS OF BUILDINGS.

Bul. 583, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE III.

Te A ee

.

Fic. 1.—MovinG EXPERIMENTAL CAMP.

Fia. 2.—ERECTING BUILDINGS AFTER MOVING EXPERIMENTAL CAMP.

Bul. 583, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IV.

Fic. 1.—PLACING ROOF ON BUILDINGS AFTER MOVING EXPERIMENTAL CAMP.

Fia@. 2.—PUTTING ON ROOF STRIPS AFTER MOVING EXPERIMENTAL CAMP.

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. Re

TABLE 2.—Complete cost of moving camp, Fulton County, Ga., Experimental Convict

Camp.

Menanesponrta ble buildinpauss se ees: = 5 easier eset ests ae $190. 35
Moxanevotner bulldinssamd: tentseer eee esac) a ater ese es eele eens - 48. 03
Eropanienew: Welles: soa teeny tee ae asieter tara) Saas cya e sis Sees os 134, 11
ETE CSCO ae Stadac coc 8 BE Baer Acree Oa mer Ahad pinin eee en cic 12. 08
ieamentousite,vall Cp mriseelilame Osis ss tet ect nie ee ial i ieee) na) o niece 39. 03
2 LATEGEY pa SSE NS Ph ee eee a eee rae 25. 00
CVOOIIES 4. = ISQGs as otc Bea Alert > Th 4 eae eee ae i ame eg me to12
lbommar ronda COsCAMIPe = t))- ee eee ao Eg tact ie ee nicl ee a wg hw wniele = 13. 37

inetak cost of (MOVIN eCaAMpRe SMe Si as eee aie ee 469. 09

With the purpose of discovering how these structures compare in
portability with structures of other types an engineer was assigned
to observe the moving of a camp of 48 convicts at Washington, Va.
The quarters in this camp were not of the so-called “portable” type,
but were designed to be transferable readily from one site to another.
As shown in Plate I, figures 1 and 2, they consisted simply of a gal-
vanized-metal roof supported by posts set into the ground, the sides
being inclosed only by curtains of cotton duck. It is evident that
they are not as substantial nor do they afford as much shelter as the
portable buildings used in the experimental camp. The comparative
cost data on the moving of the two sets of structures, given in Table 3,
therefore is of considerable interest, as it shows that in expenditure of
labor the moving of the Virginia buildings was much more costly than
the portable buildings, though the actual cash expenditure in each
case was about the same on account of the lower wages paid to guards
and foremen and the lower convict-maintenance cost in Virginia.

In each case the camp was moved approximately 3? miles, including
1 mile over a bad road. Weather conditions favored the Atianta
operations to the extent that the transfer there was made in November
when the working day contained 8 hours, and only one day of the
seven over which the operations were extended was disagreeably
cold, whereas the Virginia camp was moved in December when the
length of the working day was only 7 hours, the temperature uncom-
fortably low, and snow covered the ground throughout the week
occupied by the moving. As the Virginia data cover the cost of
moving only the camp buildings, the similar items on the cost
of moving the Atlanta camp have been selected for comparison.

5847°—18—Bull. 583-2

18 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TaBLE 3.—Comparison of cost of moving portable buildings and Virginia camp

buildings.
Atlanta camp. | Virginia camp.
|
Operation. Actual cost. Mabor. Operation. Actual cost. reece
Setting foundation posts: Days. | Setting posts: Days.
2 carpenter days, at $2,26.| $4. 52 183 convict days, at 60 $11.10 18.5
13 convict days, at 77 | 10.01 cents.!
cents. $14. 53 13.0
Razing buildings: Razing buildings:
24 foreman days,at $1.90.| 4.75 | 84 convict “days, at 60 50. 40 84. 0
2 foreman days, at $2.90..| 5.80 cents.
363 convict days, at 77 | 28.10
cents. 38.65} 36.5
Loading and hauiing build- Loading and hauling build-
ings ings:
i73 7% convict days, at 77 | 13.48 17 convict days, at 60 | $10.20
cents, cents.
144 team days, at $1.91..-.| 27.70 | 17 team days, at $1.91. ..| 32.47
—— 41.18} 17.5 42. 67 17.0
Erecting buildings: Erecting buildings
2 foreman days, at $1.90 .| 3.80 103 convict days, at 60 61. 80 103.0
1 foreman day, at $2.90.) 2.90 cents.
7 carpenter days, at $2.50.| 17. 50 |
57 convict days, at 77 | 438.89
cents. | 68.09 | 57.0
Moving stable, barn, and offi- Moving stable:
cers’ tents: 7 team days, at $1.91. ...] 13.37
1foreman day, at $2.25..) 2.25 60 convict days, at 60 | 36.00
2 foreman days, $1.90. - 3. 80 cents. 49.37 60. 0
1 blacksmith ‘day, at $2.25} 2.25
2 team days, at $1.91. 3. 82
46 convict ‘days, at 77 | 35.42
cents, 47.54} 46.0
Damage and loss: Damage and loss:
Replacing4windowlights| 1.00 1,500 feet b. m. lumber, a a Sey Gy | Seek See SO
190 feet b. m. lumber, at | 3.80 at $12.50 per M.
$20 per M.
6 gallonsroofing cement, | 3.90
at 65 cents.
12 squares ready roofing, | 18. 60
at $1.55. |
10 pounds roofing nails,at) .60 |
6 cents. 27. 90 | Sse a
Rotabeesiere = <t 237. 89 | 170.0 | Potal Lt a eee. 234. 09 | 282. 5

1 Salaries of guards and foremen included in the maintenance cost of prisoners.
DEPRECIATION OF PORTABLE BUILDINGS.

It is impossible to forecast at this time what will be the life of the
buildings. On July 10,6 months after they were put into service,
there was no noticeable depreciation. After their transfer to the
new site, when they were more than 10 months old, the actual
observable damage and loss amounted to less than 14 per cent of
their value; it may be said-safely that the total depreciation during
the first year amounted to no more than 5 per cent. It is to be ex-
pected that this rate will increase each year during the economic life
of the buildings, but what this rate will be can not be predicted.
From present indications it seems entirely possible that their life
may be as long as 8 years, but this figure probably is too great to
use as a basis for estimating the economy of the buildings. It has
deen assumed for this purpose that the rate of depreciation will
increase each year by an increment of 5 per cent, beginning with 5

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 19

per cent the first year. According to this assumption, which cer-
tainly is sufficiently severe, the life of the buildings will be almost
6 years; but to be still more conservative, the fraction has been
dropped and the economic life has been taken at 5 years for all
purposes of cost computation. '

COST OF QUARTERS ON ANNUAL BASIS.

The total cost of all camp quarters up to July 10, the date of the
first inventory, is given in Table 4.

TaBLe 4.— Total cost of all quarters at Fulton County, Ga., Experimental Convict Camp,
from January 10 to July 10, 1916.

ontiale wUllGines Erected sar sete teyss <rs8e ces eee Sade AOR Be TOPE $1, 913. 50
Pavallients, 12 iy 2 liteet awallstfeeteto/.5. 2089 988s ee a) eS 90. 84
1 wall tent, 12 by 16 feet, walls 6 feet, with fly........-.....2-...5--...- 4]. 25
Miscellaneous fixtures, appliances, and additions.....................---- 193. 96

Mota lecos tata: Intl yelOe 22k ee ee Le bees el eee la ans. ee 2, 239. 55

In determining the per-capita per-day cost of the quarters it has
been considered that the entire cost of erecting the quarters and

- loading and hauling them should be charged off in the period of 311

Ke

‘days during which the camp occupied its first site, and a proportional

amount has been allowed for the 183 days up to July 10. With this
procedure in mind it is believed that the per-capita costs per day
given in Table 5 will require no further explanation.

TABLE 5.—Cost of quarters per capita per calendar day for period January 10 to July 10,
1916, Fulton County, Ga., Experimental Convict Camp.

Depreciation of portable buildings at 20 per cent per year, original value

ML GROERQD S520 aN Ee pe Re Ue RRM co 2 Sl ON $159. 88
Proportional cost of loading and hauling and erection=4%4 of 314.68........ 185. 17
Depreciation of 12 by 16 foot tent and fly at 25 per cent per year, original

METS NAM Oa © ae'srcreladstaiave in etait ar Sear e)a iat aie GaN IN SRD DONE mE AL: Sea 5. 15
Depreciation of two tents, each 12 by 21 feet, at 50 per cent per year, original

PEIN ior En Aes Oe ah Re ean os MRO OON ie 217.5 cro ome RV EL OR SA RLia ROE 22.71
Interest on original investment of $2,045.90, at 6 per cent per year.......... 61. 38
Depreciation of miscellaneous fixtures, appliances, and additions, estimated... 12. 42

Cost om@uarterstromaan. 1O°to July, lO-2 22g25. 2-2 42 ee a ay oa 446.71
Total number of convict calendar days from Jan. 10 to July 10, 1916........ 7,174
Pont OL Quarters; per convict per Calendar ‘day?2 2222222 4.. 2222 $0. 0623

THE WATER SUPPLY.

The water supply at both sites was obtained from wells dug by
the convicts. Both were dug through a micaceous clay soil for their
entire depth. That at the first site was 51 feet deep by 64 feet in
diameter and cost $39.90 to excavate. The second well was 494 feet
deep by 7 feet in diameter and cost $43.31 for excavating, $76.46
for a galvanized-iron casing 16 feet long, including the cost of hauling
and placing, and $14.34 for a concrete curbing, or $134.11 in all.

20 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The flow of the well at the first site was approximately 1,200
gallons in 24 hours. The consumption of water for bathing, accord-
ing to meter measurement, was 15 gallons per man per day. The
consumption for other purposes, estimated, also was 15 gallons. The
flow, as will be seen from these figures, was approximately equal to
the demand on the bathing days. That there was actually no reserve
flow was shown by the fact that when, for a short period in the
spring, the stock was watered from the well instead of from the
neighboring creek from which they customarily were supplied, the
draft was much too heavy for the supply. =

_ An analysis of the water made by the health department of Atlanta
about a month after the opening of the camp showed that the water
contained 46 bacteria per cubic centimeter and no colon bacilli in
10 cubic centimeters, indicating that the sanitary quality of the water
was satisfactory. |

The water was piped from the well (PI. V, fig. 1) to the sleeping
quarters, to supply the water-closets and wash trough, to the showers
in the bath tent (Pl. V, fig. 2), to the kitchen, and to three outside
faucets. It was forced from the well to the faucets by air pressure
operating in a pneumatic pump installed in the well. The air was
supplied to the pump from an air tank of 100 cubic feet capacity, in
which it was stored by means of an air compressor driven by a
2$-horsepower gasoline engine. The cost of the water-supply equip-
ment is given in Table 6, below:

TaBLE 6.—Cost of water-supply equipment.

1 23-horsepower gasoline engine 2 —..: 2... =z -2. 25-5 a ee 362. 75
18 feet Sanch belting... ..22 2. .-2 5.5 ss. eee 17. 28
Second-hand outfit consisting ofi—
1 pneumatic pump.......-.---.----
1 air tank, 100 cubic feet capacity. | .
1 air Compressor. ..2 =... 52. 2s- [2 - fs poten F227 2-2 = oes eee 300.00
Pressure gages and fittings........-. |
(New value, $360.)
1.20 by 40.anch sink. ..22.052tu..t Beek eee Se eee 5. 10
1 2snch standard P trap... .- 2. 2320%. (2 =e) a . 45
2 2-nch: siandard 4 bend: =.) 22 -- se eee sne PR one es ee eee .70
1 2-inch standard reducing Y, 2 by 4 by 4 inches._..:_-.-...---------.--- 87
20:2-inch standard 8. H: pipe..*---2- 2.2435 ee eee 1. 60
100 feet 13-inch black pipe: 2222.6 5-8 2 2212S eee 7. 87
70 feet 1-mch black pipe. ::-.2 83 32.3222 33 3. 40
00.feet 2-inch galvanized pipe: 2: . - =... 2-6 sf ee eee 2.51 4
i (pair sink brackets?) 20) oe ee ee eee Oyo So Sepia 8 . 30
5 J-inch galvanized standard ells. /../12) 020... 2v) DE SE eee
6 dinch galvanized standard ellss:. i. .o0.. (20 0. Ge Se eee ae . 48
12 23-inch galvanized nipples..2.200. 2 .<fo:4d28 44.0 - 43.
8 -inch galvanized jam nipples>..2. 2.22.42. 5. 2265. 66s eee . 24
1 lanch plobe valve. _.22-2 22.2. 2 5 ee eee 1.00

6 13-inch black ells... 2270) ese ES ee eee eee 54

: CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. ral
Gi-imehtblack-tees-< -<1.5 fini ek ee ee EGE SeTAY oe FTE Se ety Ps he ae $0. 60
plehaduineh blacksteés.Jg4es eee ee ee Meee ty ok yn od . 66
2 14-by pineh black reducing’ ells: }.::-22.2. ...- Meee cy Ne Ns Rg Sy. he a a NS . 20
Zope anien. black reduweinge ells ye eee sencosts eas oe lap aes 2 Sp lm io hae ap She mails)
TTC HMO LACK CLE 84 thos see | nA ae Malan see ep ase omer ome NAD RAR Y 7 Os TS TAU yee . 30
2 ii enehiiolack?G ii. MnMLOnss 42 Jaa aee 2th eid asee: Seta t SE) PEI, . 84

" PRI EIGU SO ACKS Cre ds) WINTON me eke eh re Uae erie ae iis Sloe oR seas! a caae . 60
Ser sinchublackiG «J pUNLONS Ute nck ne See tomes kt tee ee te US 1. 08
Res ne he Dlael elles sak sats eke SORTS Ro a ga ee ete ares Sebi eee 372 Sq7,
RET -ITL@ HEN OSErOLDR Se ooo sn cates ceqaeire otk s Baar: Ae Sethi a ieee kaya 4. 50

Second-hand piping:
30 feet ?-inch galvanized pipe
Amick, Inch ealvaMmized*pIpein 26a a. oct ccume ste beet res casinos 11. 65
65 feet 1-inch galvanized pipe
Pen Ot WeTUCE MEAL ORS! plo Ue erick sp atsreh ca GCSE Sk Se oes Bete! ce hae Malo 17. 00
et Pea OT TOG NV AC CTLCAM Kee oie coins cpa ace yaka cultists ia os oan a eh cares eae Seg 8.75
Motaleost water-supply-eqttl pmentyos i. J 95524. oe eae eee ees 452. 61

Once each day, except bathing days, the engine was operated from
a half hour to one hour to charge the air tank with air at 100 pounds
pressure. On bathing days it was necessary to recharge the tank
immediately before the bathing began. With the tank charged a
supply of water was always available at any of the faucets, as the
opening of a faucet automatically set the pump to work.

Four shower fixtures were provided in the bath tent, and water was
heated for bathing by two heaters coupled in tandem, having a com-
bined water-heating surface of 880 square inches, and a grate area
of 127 square inches. A 40-gallon tank was installed for the storage
of hot water.

Table 7 shows the results of a test of the efficiency of the hot-water
system.

TABLE 7.—Kesults of a test of the hot-water system at the Fulton County, Ga., Experi-
mental Convict Camp.
Heater dimensions:
(SIREN DIS a Rs ec eile areca arect Ace = ae ayes Mate aM A 127 square inches.
PVCHUIMO Vea sR skis KOREN SETS Te ONS OE EE 880 square inches.
Temperatures: ©
Needpwaterey sect ieee lm a gt a Eh Uo biekte
BYE ALOIS CHES ee ero ee Ce EP ca emg em 105° F.
ATSe-TITG (ROTATE gis abe at iE ans ibe eset ed. naa ec a ama ane eaten 94° F,
PAVE TG (EUCL CHO EeN e Sa Mn eae Re NA ve ee enel re ater aN 46° F,
Time:
\ ies stattedparteprcis erdectcer S Save eycts ott che tih. yan Jaga 3. 30 p. m.
[BFL oTHole Wel eg Revo Ria Re ea AIA - BIR Be (eae ane, a ae 5.00 p. m.
Gs LAUT TVEN TTA OTS) OGY le RE RS IER ae anne UT ee a eneg ee mers 5.30 p. m.
Fuel consumption:
i ANIGUG os See aE a I at ini tas ea A ee A lat 5 pounds.
Coal ee 2y eee OL DAT NS. eae MISSLIS. ES 32 pounds.
Water consumption (metered), 80 cubic feet. ........----------- 600 gallons.
iB Hot water remaining in tank at 5.30 p, m..-....-----+-----+----- 20 gallons.
MEUCUNDEY Of limates" bathed 28. Sos. 8S. aan Ula ee. Sige Sk CEES ee 40

i

ee BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The water system at the first site was used for a period of 311 days. —
Charging off the entire cost of the well and the labor of installation |
in that time, and computing the cost of these two items in proportion |
to time the total and per capita costs of the water used during the |
first six months, or 183 days, of operation are given in Table 8. |
TABLE 8.—Total and per capita cost of water supply from January 10 to July 10, 1916,

Fulton County, Ga., Experimental Convict Camp.
Proportion-of cost of well. ./.{.-5_2 12. 52. 10 See Se ee $23. 48

Depreciation of gasoline engine and belt: 222 25522 - 2 ee 8.03 |
Depreciation. of air pump and outfit... <--52 3 eee 25.00 —
Depreciation.of piping and. fixtures. . <0) <2. 524 ee 4.93 |
Lubricating oil, 12 gallons, at 40 cents...........--- Sa? Rigs Se oe er 4.80 |
Cupierease, ‘lO‘pownds. -- 20a paceiel eoelen URGE Aes ous: . 87 |
Gasoline, 210:gallons, at-2)- cents 2 25.2 2 oa. ee ne ee 44.10 |
Proportion of cost of mstallation{22<2 22S: a Se ee ee 21. 64

Wotal costior she Months]. 35-216 3s ee sae 122. 85 |
Total number of convict calendar days from Jan. 10 to July 10, 1916.....-... 7, 174
Cost of water supply per convict per calendar day..............------------ $0. 0171 |

SEWAGE DISPOSAL.

The plan of sewage disposal recommended by the Federal bureaus ©
was that of sanitary privies for the temporary reception of the wastes, |
and ultimate shallow burial. Comparatively few convict camps are |
able to dispose of their sewage by means other than privies; but a
truly sanitary privy is found rarely, and the method of its operation |
is not generally understood. The methods employed in the tempo-
rary camps and those somewhat removed from the larger centers of |
population usually are particularly primitive and the sanitary con- —
ditions especially bad. It was hoped the demonstration at the
experimental camp would be of most service to these classes of camps. |
But on account of past disagreeable experiences with poorly kept —
privies the county commissioners had decided to use flush toilets in |
all county camps, and deferring to their objection to the recom- —
mended method it was agreed to install flush toilets and a cesspool. |

The cesspool was excavated at a point 100 yards from the main |
camp buildings and well, at an elevation 25 feet below them and on a |
slope leading away from the camp. It was covered with boards
over which several inches of earth was spread. As the location was |
sufficiently removed from dwellings and potable water supplies the _
pit was left unlined so that its contents might seep into the ground. |
Its dimensions were 12 feet in width, 20 feet in length, and 10 feet in ©
depth; and into it were piped the wastes of the kitchen, lavatory, ©
shower bath, and water-closets, amounting to fully 600 gallons per —
day. This large discharge was cared for successfully until the Ist —
day of June, when the pit was filled to overflowing. From that time
until the convicts were transferred to the fair grounds there was a |
slight overflow every day. As the effluent flowed away from the camp |

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 23

and the conditions were such that it endangered no water supply, as,
moreover, the odor was scarcely perceptible, it was believed un-
necessary to transfer to another pit. While the men were at the fair
erounds the fluids disappeared completely and the same pit was used
until the middle of November. The cost of the pit, including the
laying of 300 feet of sewer tile, was $22.50.

Three rim-flushed hoppers were placed in a corner of the sleeping
quarters for the use of the men, and one was provided for the officers
in a closet adjacent to the quarters building. The cost of these
hoppers and the necessary piping was $62.83. The cost of the
system for the first 6 months of operation and the per capita cost per
day are shown in Table 9. In computing these costs the entire cost
of the cesspool and the labor of installation have been charged off in
311 days, the time the first site was occupied. The proportional costs
for the first 183 days were figured at the rate thus indicated.

TaBLE 9.—Total per capita cost of sewage disposal from January 10 to July 10, 1916,
Fulton County, Ga., Experimental Convict Camp.

LO POLULOnNal COSt OMCCSSPOOle Nee nce eae ieee cc he a cranes tee aa kes $13.06
Depreciation of hoppers and piping. ........-......: sae Pe See ia eae a ee Oey 20.93
Proportion of cost of installation........ Spe ck iat erty Bie cs A As teats (lg

Motalccoststorsiximowthstie sive ae ose es eat Meme re tis ece ls Ae Ale 2A
Total number of convict calendar days from Jan. 10 to July 10, 1916......... 7, 174
@ostol sewage. disposalsper calendar-day s21-(i1: .)022 o.oo Ssh) tens bes ee oe $0. 0057

GARBAGE DISPOSAL.

Prior to the opening of the experimental camp it was customary in
the other camps of the county to collect the garbage in the kitchen in
open pails and to dump it later into uncovered receptacles, usually of
wood, at a short distance from the buildings. When a sufficient
amount had accumulated in these it was fed to hogs, of which every
camp had a number. Strong recommendations for a change in these
methods were made by the sanitary officer representing the Public
Health Service, but during the first month of operation the same
methods were employed in the cooperative camp. About the middle
of February covered metal receptacles were substituted for the open
ones, and an incinerator of the barrel type ‘ made of field stone and
clay was constructed for the destruction of the solid wastes. How-
ever, though the conditions around the pigpen were most offensive at
times, and though the representatives of the Federal bureaus did all
in their power to have the hogs removed, their efforts were not
successful until April 21, when the nuisance was abolished largely
because the table waste had been so reduced that there was no longer

enough to keep the hogs alive. From that date until the termination ©

of the cooperative arrangement the waste was disposed of partly by
incineration and partly by trading with a neighboring farmer for but-

1 For description, see Bulletin No. 414, U. S. Department of Agriculture, p. 103.

94 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

termilk and milk. When representatives of the Office of Public Roads
returned to the county to observe the moving of the camp it was
found that the hogs had been installed again, this time, however, in a
pen somewhat more removed from the quarters than the first one.
The results of this phase of the experiment, therefore, can not be
considered as fully successful.

The incinerator (Plate VI, fig. 2) was constructed by the representa-
tive of the Public Health Service, assisted by the blacksmith’s helper,
a convict, at a time when there was nothing else to do. The convict’s
time had been charged to other work and no charge has been entered
for the incinerator. As no other phase of the garbage disposal
involved any tangible expense, this item has not been considered in
determining the cost of the camp.

CLOTHING.

The clothing used was of the same character as that provided in
the other camps of the county, and it was supplied in approximately
the same amount. The accuracy of the records of the cost of this
item of maintenance was impaired somewhat by the fact that the
clothes sent to the laundry at the Bellwood Barracks were not
always returned. In a number of instances the condition of the gar-
ments which were returned was far below that of those sent. In other
cases it is possible that the exchange was advantageous. No estimate
can be made of the loss or gain due to this cause, but it is considered
that the net result probably was a loss to the experimental camp.
The records and inventories made at the camp, however, were made
with judgment and care, and the results are given in Table 10, which
also includes a statement of the per capita costs.

TABLE 19.—Jnventory and per capita cost of clothing, Fulton County, Ga., Experimental
Convict Camp (1916).

| | Value of =

items ven- Cost per

Number p
i pur- tory r o¢| CONVict

Item. p ae chasedor| value | ‘ ae ol gonsice per

Ost. | acquired | Tuly 10, | US€¢- ies ar’ | calend:

first6 | 1916. ys. day.

| months.

Pantshe . hoes. See ee ae dozen..| $11.25 | $154.25 | $108.00 $46.25 7,174 $0. 0064
GORTS ees oe coe hae eae dozees 18.00 | 37.00 33.00 4.00 7,174 - 0006
SHOCS ise soe eee Re Bees pairs 2.00 | 120.00 52.00 68.00 7,174 . 0096
Undershirig.5. cess fo of ai dozen..{ 7:gg)} 14-88] 9.68] 5.25] 7,174] 0007
DraWatges co: pda Pies ahe fh: do....{ j'gg |} 24-62] 1.22] 23.40] 7,174]. 0032
Soletlesther:: 4. cc -ce one ee pounds 43 9.89 3.01 6.88 7,174 0009
OCKS Stats. 22S eee SEE SS pairs -07 3.68 -70 2.98 7,174 0004
Nightahirts =..526- east < + dozen $50 |. 50.38 4.09] . 46.29] 7,174 0064
Shirks- ereanta es fe tte ee do 2-25 \ 107.67} 28.49] 79.18] _ 7,174 0110
Ol Coats S60. enc er ea ee do 25.00 12.50 6. 25 6. 25 7,174 0009
Oc MER te eet SAR Pe Ne ce Bee) do 3.00 Or Sees 5.50 7,174 0008
LM oe es Se ee Da do 50 418 | eee 1.13 7,174 0002
Powsis eA Ee Si ee wes do 50 80). 44S -80 , 174 0001

Wobal ters < 5s cse on. nie See pee | 542.301 246.39] 295.91 7,174 0412

Bul. 583, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE

Fic. 1.—AIR TANK AND WELL, EXPERIMENTAL CAMP.

Fic. 2.—BATH TENT IN REAR OF QUARTERS, EXPERIMENTAL CAMP.

Bul. 583, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VI.

Fi@. 2.—INCINERATOR, EXPERIMENTAL CANP,

Bul. 583, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VII.

Fia. 1.—INTERIOR OF QUARTERS, EXPERIMENTAL CAMP, SHOWING DouBLE-DECK IRON
BEDS.

& pe nies

error _peacoene naar

Fia. 2.—INTERIOR OF DINING ROOM, EXPERIMENTAL CAMP.

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 25

LAUNDRY.

All laundering was done at the Bellwood Barracks, where a laundry
was provided to which was sent clothing from all the county camps.
Once each week the laundry truck called for and delivered the camp
wash. The method was a good one from a sanitary standpoint, but
it is doubtful whether it resulted in true economy; and, as has been
stated, its effect on the cost records kept at the experimental camp
was to render their accuracy somewhat doubtful.

The value of the laundry buildings and equipment was estimated
at $3,609.76. The plant was operated by a laundry engineer whose
salary was $60 per month, assisted by four convicts at $0.77 per
working day. The expense for soap during the first six months’
operation of the experimental camp was $72; for oils and grease, $36
and for coal, $397.44. The value of the laundry truck was $900, and
depreciation was estimated at the rate of 33.33 per cent per year for
the period from January 10 to July 10. The salary of the chauffeur
was $60 per month; and gasoline, oils, and repairs for the machine
amounted to $180 for the period of six months. The total costs of
the laundry and the costs per convict per day are summarized in
Table 11.

TABLE 11.—Total and per capita costs of laundry, Fulton County, Ga., Experimental

Convict Camp (1916).
Cost for 6 months,
all camps.

Interest on buildings and equipment, value $3,609.76 at 6 per cent per year. $108. 29
Depreciation of buildings and equipment estimated at 10 per cent per year. 180. 49

Interest on laundry truck, value $900, at 6 per cent per year............. 27. 00
Depreciation of laundry truck estimated at 33.33 per cent per year......... 150. 00
Sree UTS Salas ph ee eel cas oe gin el slain wc, <j SREY Roe A eI 360. 00
easoline: oil. oredse:-and repairs to truck. ..:. 2. 2.00205. eet Sa BO 180. 00
Malmndimaenoimeche salary =. eso scm. os os tetccis seule «ss - eOelatons ty eee 360. 00
soap anduaundnyy materialise 5 Ie worse sis Se ee te Oe re ee er ee 72. 00
Sil waste. ete: tor laundry machinery ~ 2 -cjned- vee ehese Be Jee weds Hepa, 36. 00
Siaalias LONs Au PanOOe ote Moe se. 2 o's oes 3 a btaienhs yuu ohesieys Sut Ns nll Ae 397. 44
Monvict labors. 2 3.2 Jo. i212 WE cislescte oie'eieia's 2 Shaan seer oen Obe Sales 450. 00

Total cost of laundry for all camps, six months...-.....:...-...-..- Die
Ratio of population of experimental camp to total county population... ... . 07
Motal cost of laundry-for experimental. camp....... 272.0300 Fae k $162. 49
Total number of convict calendar days from Jan. 10 to July 10, 1916....... 7,174
Cost of laundry per convict per calendar day.......-...2...2.2.22.-.0004-- $0. 0226

FURNITURE AND EQUIPMENT.

The beds and mess tables (see Pl. VII and detached appendix
plate) used in the camp represent a distinct advance in point of con-
venience, suitability, and sanitary qualities over those in use in the
large majority of camps in the State and county.

Beds.—The beds were double-decked cots constructed of steel
angles, and were provided with a wire-link fabric attached to the

26 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

frame by means of helical wire springs to support the mattress.
Upper and lower cots were 64 feet in length and 2} feet in width.
The lower frame was 18 inches from the floor and the upper one was
24 feet above the lower. The metal frames were coated with alumi-
num paint and the wire fabric was galvanized to prevent rusting.
Each double-deck cot cost $5.03 f. o. b. Atlanta.

Ticks filled with straw served for mattresses with very satisfactory
results in point of cleanliness and comfort. It is believed that mat-
tresses of this kind are more suitable for convict camps than the
more espensive hair and cotton mattresses. The rest of the sleeping
equipment consisted of an allowance of one straw-filled pillow tick,
two pillow slips, four sheets of unbleached muslin, and three or four
blankets for each convict. |

Mess tables.—The mess tables with combined benches were con-
structed by the county’s carpenters at the Bellwood Barracks
according to plans supplied by the Office of Public Roads and Rural
Engineering, and published in Bulletin No. 414 of the United States
Department of Agriculture. (See detached appendix plate.) Six of |
these tables were constructed for the camp and, in the interest of |
neatness, white oil cloth was provided as a covering. The total cost |
of labor and materials for the tables was $20.15 and for the oil cloth, |
$5.85. A complete list of the furniture and equipment purchased |
from January 10 to July 10 is given in Table 12, which also shows |
the unit cost and estimated depreciation of each article. |

TaBLE 12.—IJust of furniture and equipment purchased from January 10 to July 10,
_ 1916, Fulton County, Ga., Experimental Convict Camp.

Depreciation.
18wall lamps.at 75.cents each....-.::::25:iss:::22225e5222 52222) eee $0.72 |
6 lanterns at-$4 per dozen... -::.<:<::0.+:: 3D Ot PARES Os See -70 |
7 lanterns at-$4.50. per-dozen..: 22:22: =:2::2:22:2+:::: >See Ss eae 75 |
2 small glass lamps at 20 cents each.............-.------- SFiS TAA oa ee ge)
20 wall-lamp globes at.75 cents per dozen... . 2-22.22.) 2222222 Re 45
24 lantern globes at 50 cents per dozen. .....-..--.----------------+--+---- 50 |
5 lamp chimneys ai 50 cents per dozen. =: = 2.2: +228::2225225225 =e ee 2th
17 10-quart galvanized buckets at $3.90 per dozen...--.-.-- so Oe Aer 4.25
42+ by.6 foot. single cots at $6.50 each...0..2-2 22. 22. 2 ee eee 2.00 |
23 double-deck cots-at:$5:03 each: boos .4t genes. Lee eee es eee 25.15 |
6. cotton mattresses at $3.75 each... . . . . .. ee. Pete Ss 2 ae eee 2.00 |
240 bed sheets at:27 ‘cents,eachs (). 22! cot Meek sehal ss e ee s. | 9.04 |
61 pillow slips at 174 cents each.........---- widelen soci. ies 45h oe 2.15 |
214 blankets at 874 cents each: 52. .-222_ 22.2. ie5: eee eee 80.72 |
50 blankets at 95 cents each= 223. 20st_ Uise SAS eee 23.95 |
74 pillow ticks:at_.18 cents eache rd: : pee. .0k eee 9.65
00 mattress ticks at 72 Cents each. .¢. 5. 22 S22 eee 5. 04 !
1,000 pounds straw for ticks at $11"per tom. {72222 Soe = ee ee ee 5.50 |
6 combined mess tables and benches at $3.36 each... ....-.....-..-..-.---- 1.95 —
3 rolls oil cloth (for tables) at $1295 exeh at die) at 2 AE ei ee Tae 4.39.

10, armehairs at $1.cachas. ct: fel eati cides ee: Ree 2.00 |

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 27

Depreciation.

asiet-top desk at. AlQ. a5 ee ee ae arr eee std be sad 2S). $0. 20
mi woou stovesiat $9.75 each. 2 dewey eke Peels Wed a Boe ed EY Gee 13203
PCUSDIGORS Atyp 1. per dozen. +7 woes ones es. i ot i ohn eee eyo: . 50
iPerarenouet, paper at $6720 jeer s sae rah eRe aki oa. eater tO Mr 3.93
Meaons disintectantiat 45. cents pergallome: 222) 2 Mies hy 2 le op OAS)
ieplationm scale.at/ $19... fese sds. Soda ered stat OE Siipst -ocieiee a ese 50
Wputehers spring scale, at $3.00: 2a reais ae Ania beet ed els 2h po tbe +20
Srbrooms at. $4.00 per dozen. 5 2 24. - foe ss eee SB a-Leee bat We gece ake Be 1.20
Sibrooms at.es.60-per dozen. 555052. ose. eo eee eater fi Sion. eye aie 1. 34
lOOrfeet's-mnch earden "hose at: $8.00 =. epee Ee as Sie tes cy i a he 1.25
60 pounds screen wire (for fly traps) at 24 cents per pound. ............--.-.- 1.50
4 packages tacks (for fly traps) at 24 cents per package.:........-.-.....-.-. . 10
Pasiecistly: paper at.2 cemts each 2. cy Yeu awe ghee, ee ay oy ey pene he . 50
Peeanbpaseicannaly dl OO ae So sisi cs ics oes om viele SRG Sete ween pata eee 38
HRCAT ACE CAM A POLO) oy en soit se a eo Ti GOSS Aa en a Se . 82
Motaled epreciatiommtnuormomths! 2:00.05 eae ake ale ies eee 209. 17

As the total number of convict calendar days from January 10 to
July 10 was 7,174, the cost of furniture and equipment per convict
per calendar day was $0.0291.

KITCHEN AND MESS EQUIPMENT.

Table 13 gives a complete list of all kitchen and mess equipment
used in the camp, the general character of the equipment being indi-
cated by the unit costs which are attached to each article. A state-
ment of the depreciation of each article during the period from Jan-
uary 10 to July 10, 1916, also is given:

TABLE 13.—List of kitchen and mess equipment purchased from January 10 to July 10,
1916, Fulton County, Ga., Experimental Convict Camp.

Depreciation.
Zoenina Ginner Plates al ol,c0 per dozen. 0). eee eee te tet API ee ES $0. 77
bl ching, cups'at so cemts per, dozenh tie vig, BA, RAD TILO ae aae ey .05
if chinajsaticersat 75 cents per dozen .o/:o2139438 < 96/4 danske peeks pieciew «ae agek =
Pobineplates atlyeents per Gozena yw. <r. TV ee eke eer 42 kyoto tds She . 26
PPAKMLV ete DACENLGIDCL COZCM es 5 co Nm i ng eee eal chee lo Ee . 58
SOSOnKS Nt SORCCU US PEL COZCM a a eue hs = at iy aun os Sa ice la Rie, = . 76
ZoLeAspoous, avs O;ceMts Per dozens se, vs ea ee ned. nd Neier Se hs AN 16
22 tablespoons:at 20’ cents per dozens. 20202 HANNO Oe bi ees el fl 4745)
gnecnamelad plates at s1.50 peridozen. acl}. fiche tyre pie byscese yey. mee pista baad ee
Fost il CUPS aly lO Centsipermadozen 02.0 82.) hee ose ec eee cee sen es 41
21 two-quart dinner buckets at 54 cents per dozen..................---2---.-- . 20
15 four-quart dinner buckets at $2.20 per dozen. ...... 1 IN SP ee ee 1.50
3 three-quart dinner buckets at 80 cents per dozen.............-.------------ .10
SSiniipspitcners at 20’ cents each (= 5 sci: Ae FOUL IAs fe eT Re ne cal ta A
BU iuppers ab oT Cemtseachice 2228 bolt ks esse OO Oh, oe ea ee ae 62
a turee-sallon' tim coffee potsiat $l:20: +3. s 2. 2 ee ee OP 1.45
Ltwo-eallon enamel cotiee potat 9avcents: 0. 5. 2b. - se ol oe ag eee <oT
Eve CAnOnniiiik Cana ab gl G00 32 sea ce sn we. Path! OE AR SOT ESS ary 55
ALOC me DOM (A PALONS) At Pans eats oy oy ole ti Aci eae ie eett oa ac5 ee . 55
Wstock pot (oe callous) abbos fos) ets sas 2k Chee: Se BASE 20 An ANS 1.25
Weick pau (10) callons:*oldrsit2 2228 stein tabs ye Mele IS tes SOY i Te .75

28 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Depreciation.

2 bread pans (12 by 24 inch, sheet iron) at $1.50 each....-.......-........... $1. 25
2 bread pans (24 by 24 inch, sheet iron) at $1.75 each..-..........22...2.-.-- . 20
4-conkiag spoons at 20 cents each... . ..- - <5 2. 6255223 sone ee ep ee 45
iladleat 3h cenis.a2 fea0s vs: 2 sn oS eee . £7 Fe 3 PS -12
2 cooking forks at 10:cents each.....2: .. 23. eee ae eee 18
2 iron frying pans, 12 inches in diameter, at 35 cents each..........-.-.-.-.-. 15
1 iron frying pan, 10 inches in diameter, at 25 cents.........--..-...-.---... 07
1 enamel stew pan (1 gallon) at $1.25........ Sy dios. ane the DE ee Se ee ee 1. 20
1 kitchen range (second hand, $25)............-.-- (soles oe eee LES IS 1. 00
4 dish pans, 18 inches diameter, at $1.50 each. sR Pe eee 51
10-enamel dish pans ai 70 cents each. <222: £2.22 Sas tS eee eee sae
38:cans potash at 54 cents eachi2 >. 212 ee ee eee 2.09
102 bars brown soap at 22 cents per bars. == 4-282 ei eee 1.48
1 one-half bushel measure at 30 cents. -_.-.-.2-.---22----.----2 2 Eee 30
i-pint measure at 25-cents>..- 2252222275 2 25s reese ee See
i-quart measure at 25 cents: 22228 5 a Oe ee eee
1 one-half gallon measure at 40 centss525-9) 2 SS. 2. a ee ee
6 galvanized buckets at 43}-cents each- 2) 2.2.2 2520.20.02 001 ee. Aatt
i aneatprinder 422.2 nicht bes See aes ecee sey See es OR es ee
] Meat BAW... .. 2. ee oe es oes a ee oe Se OE Ie ee
Total depreciation in.6 months 25 ee 4.3 ee ee 21.99

The cost of this item for each of the 7,174 convict calendar days of
the first 6 months of operation was ther oe $0.0030.

FUEL AND LIGHT.

The camp was heated by means of five wood stoves, there being
two in the sleeping quarters, two in the mess room, and one in the
office building. The fuel for these stoves was the wood cut from the
right of way, and as it was cut and prepared by the convicts it does
not enter as an item into the cost of maintenance. The amount used
during the first 6 months was approximately 80 cords.

Light was furnished by kerosene lamps, which were filled and
cleaned daily by a member of the camp force. During the first 6
months of operation 4704 gallons of kerosene were used, which, at the
price of 114 cents per gallon, amounted to $54.10.

Table 14 gives the complete costs of fuel and light chargeable to the
maintenance of convicts and also the cost per man per calendar day.

TABLE 14.—Costs of fuel and light from January 10 to July 10, 1916, Fulton County,
Ga., Experimental Convict Camp.

470.5 gallons kerosene, at 114 cents per gallon......-.-.-...-.-.--..------- $54.10

6 searchlights, at $1.535 per light... =. 2 2 22 232 Se ee eee 9.21
2.dozen boxes matches. 27-2227 22-2. <== - = Re ee oe ee ee 80

Total cost from Jan. 10 to July 10..........-..--.-2-- Baaehee Oa: 64.11
Total number of convict calendar days from Jan. 10 to July 10.......-....-- 7,174

Cost per convict per calendar day. -- 2210222222 2222 eee $0. 0089

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA.

SUBSISTENCE.

29

Food was provided and served to the convicts in accordance with
eight diet tables designed by the United States Public Health Serv-
ice. These tables, 15 to 22, inclusive, were so arranged as to provide
a Maximum amount of nourishment at a minimum cost.

TABLE 15.—Dvet without fresh meat.

Foodstuff. Weight.

Ounces.
White flour (or Graham or whole-wheat flour)..........-.-...-
Choy narian Gh i Sete e Gk Gass OSA 6 ates see ap ance et Vegee DAN
EVominiy (Onoatmeal))— teckel eros ne Sa oe ere ore oie cee Se ae
DalGrta bap Ob tee ree ener cae re tev Rae SMe 2 cea NA Ge os
IDTeG OSES IES Sa Ae Re SE ees Seats pnteertey fess yas eae ag Cin, ete
OLS E OCS eee hae rience Sse icn eee SA ec Eaten RN Seana ey are A

Se)
B
=I
iS)
B
a
—
SPNNOH WHO 00 0000

Ores

Nutritive ratio, 1:9.J.

Breakfast :
White or Graham biscuit.
Hominy grits (boiled or fried).
Fried salt pork, 3 ounces.
Molasses, 2 ounces.
Sugar, one-half ounce with coffee.
Coffee, two-fifths ounce.
Dinner:
Stewed peas.
Corn bread.
Salt fat pork, 4 ounces (stewed with peas).
Supper:
Potatoes, 16 ounces.
Onions, 1 ounce.
Vinegar, lounce. Potato salad.
Water, 1 ounce.
Bacon, 1 ounce.
Cheese, 3 ounces.
Stewed fruit.
White or Graham biscuit.

Proteins.

Ounces.
1.064

Fats. .

Ounces.
0.120

ed i ees

Carbo-
hydrates.

Ounces.
5.816

30 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TaBLE 16.—Dvet without fresh meat.
° Pro- | Carbo-
Foodstuff. Weight. ae Fats. jyazates
] Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces.
White flour (or Graham or whole-wheat flour) ........--.------ 8 1. 064 0.120 5. 81€
Gorrinbals os bee ee one ee 8 . 736 Te 6. 032
Oatmeal (Or hominy rites) . <2 = os. 45. so ee sae Se ee ee | 2 . 322 . 144 1.350
Dried peas- .--.-.-------------- ae ee 4 - 984 _- 040 2.480
Salt fat pork (plates, backs, bellies, etc.)..........-.-----.------ 8 - 592 | 8.32001 os 5= wee
Paeites ee ee eae ee 12 . 216 -012 | 1.764
CURATORS ee i es Be ee A ee a eee eee 1 .014 . 003 -089
Saltiisiv (herring, mackerel). =... 5 <5. 425 2222228 eee 5 1.025 ay 1S) eee
DriemicmG:=- soe ta eee eee 1.3 027 122 ee . 933
Sea RS Fe a a Ss Se Ok Se Se a eee | 0:9 len ssc sce - 500
PAPER eee et Se ee eee Re ee re re ee | 2 Se et 2 aes 2: 000) eee
IMGIASSOS Foe tee ee ee eee | pa eee Pe eS | 1.400
@OMGO: 22. = 5 os = =o RASS Sos ee ee eae eee eee | O24) ft oo ant ae bc= Soe ESS ae
Solidsepod oe ease a) eee, ee ee | 54.2 | 4.980] 8.231 | 20.364
Calories ea 2. A. Rt ees bak eset | 565| 2, 100 | 2,309
Nutritive ratio, 1: 8.2.
Breakiast: |
White or Graham biscuit.
Oatmeal, mush, or grits.
Fried pork, 4 ounces.
Sirup, 2 ounces.
Sugar, one-half ounce, with coffee.
Coffee (1 cup), two-fifths ounce.
Dinner: *
Corn bread (from corn meal), 8 ounces.
Stewed peas (from dried peas), 4 ounces.
Boiled salt pork, 4 ounces (boiled with peas).
Supper:
Broiled salt fish.
Lyonnaise potatoes.
Stewed fruit.
White or Graham biscuit.
TaBLE 17.—Diet without fresh meat.
|
cts Pro- |_ Carbo-
Foodstuff. Weight Pee Fats. “hydrates.
| Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces.
White flour (or Graham or whole-wheat flour). ..........-.--:- 8 1.164 0. 120- | 5.816
Corn Meal. o-oo son oc nc ee ee ae ee 4 - 368 - 076 | 3.016
Condensed milks: 25 2. Ser 2 ee Ree ee eee 1 . 096 . 093 | By BB
Oleneriat. <= 2 oF ee, ee ee een 1 . 012 a: 5 eee
RIES es ae hee cs Me Sr a ee ee | 2 . 160 . 006 | 1.580
ONIONS? £583 5 Os 1 . 014 .003 | - 089
IPGEALOGS: . 22054 S20 oo US ee a a eee ee 24 . 432 -024 3.528
Cheese S325 5 eee FE NE eg ne ee SS! .776 1.010 -072
Reps e625 oe ea a ee! ie ee ea 4 524 sp ee ee
Salefish 22/000 0-08) ahi ee ee ee 5 1.025 eer roo ie
Dried fai 22-0 soe See ek eee Cat) by. |e eee 933
SUPA oss 5 So ee a Ske era UE ee a, “eager OSes aaa eae ees - 900
Ui Peay arene nes ore SpE AE ALS Se BONE it. ae ee 2.100: 2 ae
Mo lasseseccs Sie ee eae ae dco 2 ge ae ee ae 2). c2cst ester ee 1.400
COREG 2 S25 ED ey Re Soe. | ea ee ee Oc4 = eee | bate Sine Fee ES
Solids Bios Se ae = we eee ed eee cee eee 59. 2 | 4.598 4.974 17. 046
Calories .2..322- SS i eee ee eee eee | 522 1, 269 1, 933

Nutritive ratio, 1:6.1.

i

a

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 31
Breakfast:
Corn-meal mush (from 4 ounces corn meal),
Fried potatoes, 8 ounces.
White or Graham biscuits.
Molasses, 4 ounces.
Sugar, one-half ounce, with coffee.
Coffee (1 cup), two-fifths ounce.
Dinner:
‘hees ounces, |_. k
o mo? : with bread, as sandwiches.
Fried eggs (2)
Fried rice and onions.
Supper:
Broiled salt fish.
Potatoes, mashed, 16 ounces.
Stewed fruit.
White or Graham biscuits.
TABLE 18.—Dvet without fresh meat.
Foodstuff Weight. | Proteins,| Fats, | ,C2tbo-
us ele S ‘: | hydrates.
| Sel
Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces.
White flour (or Graham or whole-wheat flour).................- 8 1. 064 0. 120 5. 816
“OLDS Ta SEM |e eR el Ne ate ences ere eae eee a ee ee a A 8 . 736 52 6. 032
A vam POTS poets ete ar en etd ee oe eeaeatiN, 2 A CAI, Sapa 4 - 900 . 072 2. 384
“SELYE LEN TOOT ies BOG de ie iN a en tae hog i aa ee koe a 8 - 592 GHGYAD: Weseeneodse
“ALSEE TAIT gp, AGES Lye etl erg heel eth ile a arate ei 2.4 . 322 . 022 1.778
‘EROS Syed ee i a EG el BO ek eee eaten at a eee ie . 388 - 505 . 036
Cabbage, turnips, other fresh vegetables.................-.-- a 12 . 168 . 024 . 576
Rarteceirtiitter ee sate See ek, Cote Peer pee ie ee Re 138 SOoTee eee . 933
“SUPER, Sims Sh A ee hs pci esa a ete 9 cn a ges peor eat 5; See epee ers [ae race - 500
LEWtly aiid Ss Vole Selene ea ie i aes We ae ah eae La Di a leet ale ales D000; ere ees
MUO BGSESS SSA SE ERS Sa Be kA e i ee aac ee ea ie a en est le a Pd RN La tr a| WSIS ly 1. 400
TERED, oe cE IS Cats em ae a ae ID Sr ie OAR Re See EERO acs ee,
Sialic Mer reven tire ls PEN wi iu tawny 50-1 4.197 8.215 19. 455
(CAI AGS at URE ipl trig” is ae pe ae at ¥ elhao ae Berane Bie | papas ae 476 2,096 2, 206
Nutritive ratio, 1:9.5.
Breakfast:

Hot wheat cakes.
Fried pork, 4 ounces.
Molasses, 2 ounces.
Sugar, one-half ounce, with coffee.
Coffee (1 cup), two-fifths ounce.
Dinner:
Baked beans, 4 ounces.
Salt fat pork, 4 ounces, baked with beans.
Corn bread (from 8 ounces corn meal).
Supper:
Baked macaroni and cheese.
Cabbage, or turnip, or other vegetable, 12 ounces.
Stewed fruit.
White or Graham biscuit.
Serve pickles with beans and vinegar with cabbage.

32 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TABLE 19.—Dviet with fresh meat.

Foodstuff, Weight. | Proteins.| Fats. ica

Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces.

iKresh-meat (as purchased) sss. s/s. .~ Jes aos go ea ee 14 2. 000 £207 aes
White flour (or Graham or whole-wheat flour)..........-.-.--.- 16 2.128 . 240 11. 632
RICO et oe es SRE Ss ooh Seen ats dow eet eee eee 2 - 160 . 006 1. 580
’ Hominy, oatmeal, or corn meal........--.-.------- ee eee 2 - 166 012 1.580
POLALOES Sens Se ce i eee hoe Dee te Aaa ee on ee ee 16 . 288 . 016 2. 350
IMDISINOS. 3 Sh 5 SSS ae se sob se ce teenesoeeberssesscecscssesetcce: 1 009 - 001 057
QW AarTOUSS rs oie sare ee Ee SS eS rere ee 1 009 . 002 074
ONIONS ee Pe Sis See es Se reas 3 042 . 009 267
Salt fat pork sso. <- soe 2. sae oe ee ee eee 4 . 296 PPOHO4S: Tee ve
Mriedsiruit 22.0545 £ ss SA a eo ee eee eee 1.3 1027. 1. ee ee 933
SURG Seoes oe Son teas oo opaeeos Sooesen es cma darcescccscmsnccpeosss Q200) - Sie se ecto ees - 500
MATE S..Se css ahok Lose Sooke eas ee Ss Be ee eRe eee eee 2: eee PaO eee eS
IMOISSSOS. = SoS oS ee Sn Se ee ea yin ee Re A FB Pn 1. 400
Cofiee noe eee a a eee Qe Pose ee ot 8 dl ee gee ne
S10) 6G Feat ae ere Ie Sete pe tn ane CI ee 65. 2 5. 125 6. 266 20. 373
Calories. 22220. 2 sash a eee eee 581 1,599 2,310
Nutritive ratio, 1:7.
Breakiast:
Hominy, oatmeal, or corn-meal mush (from 2 ounces meal).
Fried salt pork, 4 ounces.
White or Graham bread or biscuit.
Molasses, 2 ounces.
Sugar, one-half ounce with coffee.
Coffee, two-fifths ounce.
Dinner:
Meat stew:
14 ounces meat.
16 ounces potato.
1 ounce turnips.
1 ounce carrots. :
1 ounce onions.
White or Graham bread or biscuit.
Supper: °
Boiled rice (from 2 ounces rice).
White or Graham bread or biscuit.
Stewed fruit.
TABLE 20.—Dviet without fresh meat. .
Aiet F Carbohy-
Foodstuff. - Weight. | Proteins.| Fats. | entee:
Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces.
White flour (or Graham or whole-wheat flour)...............-- 8 1. 064 0. 120 5. 816
COTM MCA 22 rass New Sis Se cis cee ek aes Fe OR Eee ee eee 8 . 736 152 6. 032
Saltfat pork (plates; backs; belliessetes)s22 ss sesa= = a eee . 592 es y- ial Sea
IN a Wiy DEANS 256 ee mc a eo Sc ee Se re I ie ea ay es ee 4 900 . 072 2. 384
Potatoes (Irish or sweet) 16 . 288 - 016 2. 350
Salt .codfish= 2a. e cece ce Sees ee eee 5 - 950 S020 fz eae
AO Tu(cte WO gb Ree eer eT eee me ee oe ee lig 027. (Rees . 933
OU (Rae ene Senna es an ei ne Naboo eacen Soee URGP Basotcrrad eesaséso5s . 900
GAT hs Ee Sa eh ae Se te ES a a ear MER Ee Sa ee 25000 ac oeceees
MEOIASSOS sie ec Eons Sere et ee tae ea gn er A 2 Lecce ee eee 1. 400
Coffee sc ole ss cee a ee aS eee nee ee 0240 | oc eRe Sis eseeee
Solids ee en Ast ee ep er Oe rar tee Uae Dae 4, 557 7. 700 19. 415
Caloriess 2 2ao oe Se ee eae ee heer ee 517 1, 965 2, 202

Nutritive ratio, 1: 8.3.

—

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA.

Breakfast:
White or Graham biscuit.
Fried pork, 4 ounces.
Molasses, 2 ounces.
Sugar, one-half ounce, with coffee.
Coffee, 1 cup.
Dinner:
Corn bread (from corn meal, 8 ounces).
Stewed beans (from dried beans, 4 ounces).
Boiled salt pork, 4 ounces (boiled with beans).
Supper:
Stewed codfish (milk sauce).
Boiled potatoes, 16 ounces.
Stewed fruit.
White or Graham biscuit.

393

Fresh green vegetables or fruits, in season, cooked or uncooked, should be added to

this diet; also pickles in reasonable quantities.

TABLE 21.—Dviet with corned beef or fresh meat.

: : Carbohy-

Foodstuff. Weight. | Proteins.| Fats. untous

Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces.
Ereshrishioncommedbeeh=s 7.205. cecen cesta. ce craiee isl see ee 12 2. 028 TUES (EAS ORae ae
White flour (or Graham or whole-wheat flour)...............--- 16 2. 128 . 240 11. 632
Hominy, oatmeal, or cor Meal. 2 2 <2 e eae ce eno a= 2 . 166 012 1. 580
Potatoes. .---.<-. Pe saee coat eee a tne cern om ee ati 16 288 . 016 2. 350
NEYRIOM SaagsoouecaoooaduooeasbooobeSouduonaduadnoouccodancan 3 402 . 027 2. 223
Condensedimilke roi ae acc cineistninaicinis os mais sia eetioerincieiosieeee (2 192 . 186 224
OLOOOTs A tees st ee ences core see meee atin -isiceie a clapenie teleaetaaee ON Oe Seltctersie: Be eeenocsese
HLL OAS ee ele ree eee ee ere reine Obra esas ls Soe rete ee nee 3 —. 042 - 009 . 267
Dri CdshnU aren Se eeclenoeaec et oie en see eos ieee memeiie ieee 1.3 SNOQT al esters . 933
SITES coc opscesoobncosdacocs saogsceuscu oacbussgucHouascoueddne UES) lp codaadoualaosoeaunes - 500
EAR eta cle rare sat area ae eiaale seeks aie natechats stele satuiciorc ay yore Gite a aleve VER Tn ey sre eo VO) lesgodaccuc
MIME GEGH = Co opoodesusaooLoseSenooosocnoueecdsesousdeuaraudedacess Dine [ees crate ote caeral eters ecko one 1. 400
DH Deo doe bad dpadacongeh cussAgeutecsepdeue cng sopecodss soedce Oras epee a aales ssa See ee nie cc clevaaicts
SOUGSH ase rcicte esc cle eis sisie ee te nic ciomciinte sbiuinnsia Sekmeaiieete 60. 7 5. 273 4. 664 21. 109
(CHINES. sane oto scdogseas sence do seeadseroesocascebSsoed|soceseoqes 598 1,190 2,396

Nutritive ratio, 1:6.0.

Breakfast:
Boiled hominy, oatmeal, or corn meal (from 2 ounces dry meal).
Molasses, 2 ounces.
White or Graham bread or biscuit.
Coffee.
Dinner:
Fresh fish, 12 ounces.
Boiled potatoes.
Boiled onions.
White or Graham bread or biscuit.
Or corned-beef hash:
Corned beef.
Potatoes.
Onions.
White or Graham bread or biscuit.
Supper:
Boiled macaroni.
Milk sauce (for macaroni).
Stewed fruit.
White or Graham bread or biscuit.

5847°—18—Bull. 5833

34 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TaBLE 22.—Diet without fresh meat.

Foodstuff. Weight. | Proteins.| Fats. |, Carbo

Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces. | Ounces.

White flour (or Graham or whole-wheat flour).........-.-...-- 16 2. 128 0. 240 11. 632
Hominy, oatmeal; or corn-meal>. --. <2 2225. 22522 ee 2 166 . 012 1. 580
Kidney or navy beans. _-2..- 2.2.5... 2. =--2- ee eee 4 900 - 072 2. 384
Salt fat pork ...........-- BE pee ee So 2 Sees e252 tert: 8 592 G56 7 Tee
Cheeses 25 82a soos ae es ea ee eee 3 ah 1.010 - 072
Onions 252: 2 3. 3). eee eee eee eee 2 - 028 006 178
Cabbage, or other vegetable except potatoes-........--..------- 13 - 182 026 -6
IPOFALOCS a2 sis Seo oie oe ee ee 8 .144 - 1,173
Dried truit<- 25-5... -2 sass oon so Se eee eee 1.3 S174 i eee - 933
SUGAT «oso os Sooke se bee Soe ee eee eae Sa Bee eee ssa ese
fard = Sao ee eee 208 Sas ee SHOG “= ens
Molasses = os55 52 osc s snes lst see se ee eee y ee Pee meres eee ee 1. 400
Cofice: 2... = 3: ess o sos Se oe SS ee ee eee OQ. 43). 2 es) See eee ee
Solids! 2! gee eee Pee: 4, 943 8. 694 20. 476
Galoriess. i Siivis. tee SS ee eee eeiidiee Me 560 2,218 2, 322
| |
Nutritive ratio, 1:8.3.
Breakfast:
White or Graham biscuit.
Oatmeal, hominy, or corn meal (boiled or fried).
Fried pork, 4 ounces.
Molasses, 2 ounces.
Sugar, one-half ounce with coffee.
Coffee (1 cup), two-fifths ounce.
Dinner:
Boiled cabbage, or other vegetable, 13 ounces.
Boiled salt pork, 4 ounces (cooked with vegetables).
White or Graham biscuit.
Supper:
Dry stewed beans, mashed, 4 ounces.
Grated cheese, 3 ounces. Mix together, roll into loaf. Bake in
Bread crumbs, 3 ounces. oven.

Grated onion, 2 ounces.
Baked potatoes, 8 ounces.
Stewed fruit.

White or Graham biscuit.

It was found necessary, in the course of the experiment, to make
a few minor changes in the ration to suit the taste of the men, but
in the main the tables were followed as designed. Table 23 shows
the weight of the various items of food actually issued from January
10 to August 22, inclusive, the composition of the various foods and
the food value consumed during the 6 months in calories per man
per day. :

— .

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 30

TABLE 23.—Food issued at experimental camp, January 10 to August 22, 1916.

: Pro- Carbo-
Foodstuff. Weight. ieitte Fats. hydrates. Cost.
Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds. | Pounds
IDCs Of): SSeS SRA EB OCH OOS E CREO rE ae eee 600 98 BO ae ara t $51. 95
Hresh Porkes (42 pietjse - Asa pass eo SE LEAVES 514 69 WDAN oso ea esc 52. 85
PUTER OREe ho Oe ree eee ee oN Ly Ne 3, 845 285 DEES eben ni 502. 25
Hiroshi fishies st e243 ELL k ake e te te OP Let tnt. 440 SOM eae Oe ek Ra 14, 37
ATI COMMS Me ose tela niet We see Sere et Saat cae 38 LO eae pete is oe eee 6. 30
Salinennings erect ae eee eee Oe See 657 135 islet See eed 22. 83
IUUAITIACK ORG rs aie oe eae RE I Tac OR VER re 26 4 GSM ees wee 2. 44
IDIOT Sic oaaee sabe: GEA ascHeace BACriS Sat a aeeae re ee tes 7, 068 995 134 5, 237 163. 52
COTTE CA see cay a tects oe Opa s Tercicieis ioe weer 3, 167 291 60 2, 385 59. 31
MOACATOMI S222 ec Se feg- eee siya See AIT eS 288 39 214 17. 54
NGS eee eae ora ee aoe a eee ioe a Kase 207 ill 1 169 4. 28
ICO Sas arta Satter eR EL PN aS CRY ee 255 20 1 201 11.51
Wat mealies 2 as cep eet he Mala ete G 161 26 11 108 11.89
BGR Bice Sade SAEs eo 4S Sena 2 563 8 ae bs ped Sr Se 0 ae a 820 184 15 487 57. 66
PEER Bete Le regen Ses RE sR Pe ag 549 135 5 340 15. 10
nish potatoosies 5-024 ta settee asses oe ee 2,814 51 14 414 63. 54
CAD DAG Ores ose es Bee cise ee OE OEM loo seen es 868 12 1 41 17. 40
sR DS: cere FEM gee Ray STR ee eee 35 Qt AER eee 3 70
OTTO) Ce SS cee el pease rem ea se ies es eee See 294 5 1 29 6. 46
COTES Wes aa ag eS ere ee ca i mice OCS Penna Ae 352 Be ae ev eeaesy 10 3. 52
PETUEN OS ice eee as ie a ole Scr Sa: 2 i gas AS oh 2s 87 DA ese Mares 64 6. 61
1D TEESG ba NS ah a ae A 832 13 18 550 49. 98
Wondensedimiilkee aise oe see ie cece eea as 103 10 10 11 11. 80
GLP ANS Rept oars oi ofntata Suarare aistateeyole Sex ale ware ate etom na aieretss BOON Eee eae alee ie See 390 27.03
WHEESON a tere ia ytiee cle c Runes ety sinrarnie Siete bleak crete shave 271 69 80 10 50. 37
IMOIaSSeS tee wee ee ONS he ee So nse eee enon ene 1 EA 9 til as eee [ths el 733 51. 86
WAY bs seco a aca eietae eee cee ts Geld D200) err epeer se ME TO Tie ek Heyes 175. 89
(NOD) pS SEIS IE cscics tats at ta ie i ie aE ae Cn ges PARADA ie ears en eeake| TNT OIH MSP -Pol ugeRONA a 4. 29
SHELF So eee ee eer cia ete eae ag nt Re AIG [ere Ce ee elas tater 2. 51
LD DEE = gecbegseose acess seossgetor seentacsepessccccce OO a Res cae Pe Mee earn Ln Se 2.01
IBakin oypOW GEE 5.2 eee ate -kts nse eiste siaycye sushcleseis ieee wen BOL) eR ees Ress ence alee asec uel 29. 29
WATICR Ares eee. Fs Saray Sis oe Bae aNe semis eicjs see cijeie ¢ 184) xa aglteicfas Hae bie cacaille peur easel 3. 92
SURE Sap CAMS saree, Mements Some Ree aa. ae Sie 675 21 2 67 13. 50
OTTO re rare ae ete ects eee ereter eid etal es otey deere raters S nranereieraed 1633 |eeeecteales Pat ee lll ns aati 17. 47
TPLTEN SS VOCS GY ee ale ne ns CaS RE ences A ee 130 29 2 We 10. 40
HIRI Cansei Ne hi se Sees ep rare ae eA 100 18 1 66 7. 00
MOtalette. she aie tas ees Wi a IN pe HRB a Se eae i 2, 583 4,880 | 11,803] 1,549.35
Convict days, 8,862. Cost per 1,000 calories, $0.033.
Calories per day, 51,178. Cost per calendar day, $0.175.

The food was purchased by the county purchasing agent upon
requisition made by the deputy warden and approved by the county
warden. Perishable articles were purchased as used, but staples
were kept on hand at all times. All food was inspected upon receipt
at the camp to ascertain that it complied in quality and quantity with
that ordered. In only a few instances were any discrepancies noticed
and these were corrected at once.

A system of weighing and checking all food used was inaugurated
and maintained, and this practice, coupled with the selection of the
most efficient foods, is responsible for the low cost of subsistence.

The average cost of food furnished to convicts during the first six
months, as shown by the detailed monthly report, was $0.175 per
convict per calendar day. As an indication of the manner in which
this food compared in cost and quality with that supplied by the
county to the other county camps, Table 24 shows the character,
amount, and cost of the rations furnished at the experimental camp
from August 1 to August 22, inclusive, and the similar information
regarding that served at the Lakewood fair grounds from August 23

36 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

to September 30, when the convicts were withdrawn from Govern-
ment supervision. The rations listed in the second section of the
table represent very closely the method of feeding followed by the
county in its other camps. By comparing the two rations it is
evident that while the calorific value of the ration served by the
county was only about one-sixth greater than that supplied in the
Government camp, the cost of the former for each 1,000 calories con-
tained in the food was about 30 per cent greater than the latter.
That the excess food value furnished by the county ration was un-
necessary is shown by the fact that the convicts at the experimental
camp, when questioned, invariably expressed themselves as fully
satisfied with the character and amount of food supplied to them,
and the greater efficiency of the foods comprising the diet of the
experimental camp is evidenced by the lower cost per 1,000 calories.

TaBLE 24.—Comparison of cost of convict ration from August 1 to 22, 1916, inclusive,
under Government supervision, and from August 23 to September 30, inclusive, under
county supervision.

|
Under Government supervision. | Under county supervision.

Quan- =, | i} Quan-
Item. tity ren | Cost. | Item. tity | UM | Cost
| used | used
Salt pork -.-.-- pounds. - 409 | .145 | $58.25 |) Salt pork.-.-.-.-- pounds. - 4, 261 -145 | $182.85
String beans.-.--.--- On3- 75} .02 1.50 |} Green beans. -_-_--- do-2=4 90 02 1.30
Salt herring....-...- doi. - 84] .036 | 3.02 || Salt herring.....-.- do...--|-, 216 . 036 7.78
Wigues $22. €55 38 os do:- 610 | .025 15.25.|) #lowr..-22. =e + do....| 340 025 8.50
Meal 23. doz -- 270 - 02 5:40: Meals eae: do--=-, f.876 | . 02 23.52
Macaronice =. 2. do... 32} .0575| 1.84]
Navy beans BG. cee 67 | .0725} 4.86 || |
CaSo2 2 ae doz: 50 | .0275 $238) || (Peas.2 oo eae do....| 170 0275 4.68
[17D Sane renee 8 See dp. ¢ 20} .045 -90 | Green corn---...--- do...-| 182 -20 36.40
Potatoes: 7-2 do=-- 195 | .02 3.90 || Sweet potatoes....do_..., 254 02 5. 08
Lima beans....-.--- do-== 40} .07 2.80 | Lima beans.......- do....|. 260 | .07 18.20
Griset. $Gee-. do... 20| .02 -40 |
Pimk heans=- 2 = —* do. =5 40 .08 3.20 ||
Oatmeal....___- packages _- 15 | .0775 1.16 |
Condensed milk. -..cans_. [9S TE -90 ||
apart pounds | 34 .08 222 | Sugar... 2223-4 222- do. 57 0S 4.56
Cheese 2-22: 5.22.3 O25! 31} .17 5.27 ||
Caffee 235 CEST: do. .-.| 18| .11 OSH Coffe! 2188 | do...) = a19*)4-3i8 12.98
Mobisses= 22-5: —* gallons 14} S252 4.48 || Molasses__._._.. gallons. 113| .32 3.68
Dried fruit... -_- pounds. .-} ata S307 5.39 || Dried fruit......pounds. - 63 | .07 4.41
Ard oe eee ee! 196 | .11 20256 | ard: 2s a er do: ==} 112) Ste 12.54
Dervis powder.._.- cans__| 36 | .065 2.34 || Baking powder- ---cans_- 7 | - 065 5.07
eos Suess pounds 40} .006 .24 Salt............-pounds 73 | .006 44
aoe es IP ee do.. 2| ..19 38 || Pepper. 92.222 _. ) | Bes ee -19
Mineonrs ==>. 2-2: gallons a Wea SE 38 || Vinegar.....---- gallons kh -19
LOtARGHSE: o9 5 = ee | ee ae Spee oes 149.50 Total cost -<.. 322-1 |; 3 ee 332. 87
Potal ealorios: 26 peels. p23. hae ee Pe ee 4,425, 130"|) Wotal calories: +. 222 ee 7,503, 680
Total number convict days...........--- 864 | Total number convict days.--....-....--- 1.260
Cost of food per convict day...........-- $0.1731 || Cost of food per convict day..........--- $0. 2642
Cost perk 000 calories. — =.= -2 ss .034 || Cost per 1,000 calories. -..........-.------- . 043

MEDICINE AND MEDICAL ATTENTION.

The county employs a regular physician to care for the health of
the inmates of the county chain gangs and other institutions, and
the experimental camp was included among the institutions under
his care. His salary was $2,400 per year and in addition he was

tm

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 37

allowed the use of an automobile at an approximate cost of $250
per year. He made no regular visits to the camp, but always
responded promptly when called; and it is probable, considering the
populations of the various institutions, that the experimental camp
received its full proportion of his services. As the average popula-
tion of the experimental camp was approximately 7 per cent of the
population of all institutions, it would seem that a fair estimate of
the expense of the doctor’s services to the camp would be 7 per cent
of his salary and the cost of operating his automobile. For the first
six months of operation this would amount to $92.75.

The character of medicine and the equipment of surgical instru-
ments kept at the camp, the cost of medicine used from January 10
to July 10, and the depreciation of instruments, etc., during that
period, are given in Table 25.

TABLE 25.— Medical and surgical equipment of the Fulton County, Ga., Experimental

Convict Camp, the cost of medicine used, and depreciation of instruments, January 10
to July 10, 1916.

Expense
Amount Unit of use
Article. or ant Cost. and
number deprecia-
tion

Minctureiof capsicum 42522552558 at SL ee a Sk ounces 10 $0. 63 $0. 39 $0. 23
[BUCO ae Nes oP Re CE cae Ee OTP el pounds 4 06 - 24 .24
PNPSOLDGMMCOLTOM Fas hetin. <eita eae AED Seah ke rcreverae roll 1 174 5 il7/ ail!
A) Oe map yh orate is a pone UL lead apo ke mie ma teat pound. . 1 25 AP eeeies on el
1inch by 5 yards adhesive plaster..................--.-- spool... 1 30 . 30 30
anesi Ve Plaster keh eta se Ae as ek eA Sek ee yards... 10 05 - 50 03
4 per cent aqueous solution boric acid......-.-.....--- ounces. . 2 aos B20 fleieeiceimencie
3 per cent alcoholic solution iodine..............--.-.----- do.... 2 12% 25 25
BUOMALICISPITILS OL AMMONIA - 2.4/2 stesso ne aoe hee eles dos: 2 . 074 15 15
ESP LGITIRG AO LOLS oO OT AITAS Bey ge ee olay ay oie ey nk te eosier atts) eae ciate 100 . 90 SOO) ere ea
BITICLIN CLOG DASINE Sates see atts Re eer a ces bebe Meu Nobo eaee 1 . 60 SOOM 2 Set etoee
3 per cent bicarbonate of soda in petrolatum.........-- ounces. . 6 05 sol Migeeeoaose E
Bismuth subcarborate tablets, 5 grains................--------- 100 91 91 91
IBONIC AGG OINMENt eee eee sen sonise occ aciece nee ae ounces. . 8 . 90 Pio) sees ete
BLOWN S-IMiIX Une GaDleLS scene LeeLee. eee nae ee regen acale s 500 1. 76 - 88 . 66
Calomeland soda tablets: serain 22) 32 kos ese ace soe seee = 100 -12 Gl eet see i
Cateutsuturespassontedss S22 335 2h eae sees tubes. - 3 . 20 JOON sca
SOMALI DOI CA UNO LOTS mare eee tectaiemtereie raya cetera oge ast agen 2 . 20 - 40 . 40
Shilorofermiliniment. 5 sew assay ee OE Re 2 ounces. . 16 15 75 75
Compound cavhanticipillssscoes. ses rey oh pee ee (e) 4 1. 34 .33 33
Oeeta rere Sekt Maines i= ae oe tare ob rane tee ares alae ete oe Bis oe 500 - 21 1.05 28
PETS 0 [eee cae arya een tea tele nai aye Mie Tig pint... 1 34 34 08
PeBUE CUED A ete ye 2d ASS EINE Vee TT 1 10 . 10 10
Gauze bandage, 3 inches by 10 yards.......-.............- roll.. 1 10 . 10 10
Gauze bandage, 2 inches by 10 yards....................- ClO pe S- 1 10 10 10
Gauze bandage, 1 inch by 10 yards....................... dozs-= 1 10 . 10 10
PpeUIL ACONGIEE Ss os. Seen Bos cca ciatae sacl sees exioend pint... 4 . 60 30 30
BBP CAUZO ie oo cia i tate a nina Fe ss eee on. que cejoln id yards. . 5 . 06 SSO Be eee

BRGOCIESOMP LEE. “RAPES eee UE Ware tee 4508 eae} pound... 1 $15 BN | sere eo 3
Pe eic rs Ia IMOSt ANSE ey yara ters as ce Meee ee Aes er ok ES lo 4 . 90 3. 60 3. 60
LUNA Vella s OVERS SORE RRR SRE ae eee eer s Peer eee 1 1. 00 1.00 1. 00
Bey POUCUMNCION Ebert. - acetic ao sane een ete cok owas Ses slene 1 2. 00 200 sts cnc tae
Muricture Jamaica einger: saan 4 een eee eee ounces. . 2 . 074 P15 15
BRET E ITEO TOPS ORS etsy a cera As a a tie te wu, a ST le 2 05 - 10 10
MPPCLTC ITI CLASS RE a. yp ee ene Sn Ee See pe ele pianaee a a 1 -10 - 10 10
moncrnalomiment, Use Pl). 205. oS me. ounces. . 8 . 09 SOP 36
PEER LUIS retola oe cite tia ce BE caja eis A ASE ME See 1 05 - 05 05
HELI IE Sa Senet epee es ae eee oe aa packages. . 2 B25 AS See aoe
Metassiiny 10dide solution: 5.5... 255. 0.552¢. 3206 sel ounces. . 8 . 094 MO Sees eee
BOO Se poiace ete smti te tere Ree Men ts a ete ne Aaa 1 . 30 . 30 . 30
Quinine sulphate tablets, 5 grains.<.. 225226205222 b lL sei 100 1.15 Tas . 86
ERO DE LU OUTTLG (0 tty ee eens era ee a el poe ahem 1 1. 00 LOO essence nes
LOL VALS ASSOLLOG SIZOS ota nook aaa ok BA eta Swe} 12 - 05 05 05
POLS mame mee ese aoe eae Ge aon cee eth Mode ee coe. wee 2 . 50 1.00 1.00
BES UCHISCIGSOMS a. tuie vane o einisetees oe crm Rie Stine Sie aires be Aon pair. . 1 20 75 55
ReICal SCISSORS; GsiNGhESiee Ces iet sas ea eee Goses. 1 L525 1145} 1.00
Sues DICAL DOUG 2 <u oS aces eon amon emer cee mae: pound. . 1 215 15 15
RIMES PRES coc cso ace ee Sie cis enig moc ba0o dco yatneee bd. aeete 2 - 50 1.00 1.00

38 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TABLE 25.— Medical and surgical equipment of the Fulton County, Ga., Experimental
Convict. Camp, the cost of medicine used, and depreciation of instr uments, January 10
to July 10, 1916—Continued.

Am t se a,
oun - of use
Article. ee Cost. 2 and
number eprecia-
tion
SHrvical {OFCGpS= = 2s: = es 2 asec eS eee 1 $0. 50 $0. 50 $0. 50
Sur pies nOGU ICS >= so one na dozen... 1 . 60 JOO A= 4 = Ae
Sulphate omtment .222.65 = 22 os es ee eee ounces. . 16 .15 Se eee ee
Poothache drops.2. =. + ss 2258 23h ee ee do .- 1 225 aT Bl Ae Se apn
IN PSONUSAHS. 2s 222222 eee se Se eee pounds... 8 . 06 . 48 .48
DOSS eee a ae ee 2.662.222 SSS ounces 16 . 09 . 09 .07
Os Foo as oes SSeS s Roe oe eee ounds 10 - 05 . 50 50
etee OW 22: Fest So oN ee eee gallon 1 2.70 2.70 2.70
Dea ras a Ss ao a Ee ounces 16 40 . 40
Spirits Ofnibebs +: 2521253 we eee ee pound. : 1 47 -47 47
Tee ee ei eo Soe. Sa a ee ee pounds. . 2 14 - 28 14
south see td oe JLUK 2 Teee a ee ee ounces 4 10 - 03 03
wees Aas ee eens do. 8 32 .16 16
“atixed reatnient DUS bso ce Seta gree neon 300 45 ices 1.33
Sarde ca Ries Woes See eee ee 2a 1 3. 65 Sa ae Bene ee
eee liniment. 2222-3: ee eee ee ounces 12 02 | 24 . 24
OR Gis sae oS Ee oe Ba ee ee pound. . 1 - 20 - 20
Camphornie 3002S 3 ee eee ounces. . 4 025 - 10 “10
Headarhe tablets 2262 see ae ee re ee ae eee 200 . 40 - 30
Sloan?s Hntmient 22322 ee ee ee ee eee botles. . 6 | 67 4,02 12225 -
oy | een ie mea eae bs bis A ge se | See Pee te |. 44.05 23. 57

The total cost of medicine, medical attention, ete., for the six
months from January 10 to July 10 is shown by the above figures
to be $116.32; and as there were 7,174 convict calendar days in that
period, the cost of this item is $0.0162 per convict per calendar day.

TRANSPORTATION OF CONVICTS AND SUPPLIES.

Food, supplies, and equipment were brought to the camp from
Atlanta at least once a week by the camp team driven by a hired
driver, who was paid at the rate of $1.35 per day for the time he
was actually employed and allowed lodging and subsistence free at
the camp. Convicts also were transported to and from the camp in
the same manner, and a 1-horse team was employed to carry the
midday meal to the men on the road. When they were not occu-
pied in any of these ways both driver and team were assigned to
the road work, to be employed in such manner as the foreman might
direct.

Table 26 contains a statement of the time of the driver and team
spent in transporting convicts, food, supplies, and equipment between
January 10 and July 10.

TABLE 26.—Cost of transporting convicts, food, supplies, and equipment from January
10 to July 10, 1916.

Free driver; 61 days, at $1.592 per day. _ 22-2 2222.2) eo eee $243. 53
Camp team, 127} days, at $1.91 per day... 22..4.2-2-=2 ee $97. 07

Cost of transportation January 10 to July 10.............--..--------- $340. 60
Number of convict calendar days, January 10 to July 10 ...........-..----- 7,174

Cost of transportation per convict per calendar day- i asi 5 oa see $0. 0475

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 39

CONVICT POPULATION.
TERMS, CRIMES, AND CHARACTERISTICS.

The first 17 convicts assigned to the camp were taken from the
county camp known as the “honor” camp. It has been mentioned
that the inmates of this camp were chosen as a mark of honor for good
behavior in other camps, but that they were allowed neither the
liberties nor the privileges customarily granted to honor convicts.
Subsequently, recruits were drawn from each of the other county
camps upon the recommendation of the various deputy wardens
that they were worthy of trust and deserving of the honor which
promotion to the honor camp implied. The average daily popula-
tion was 39.2. There is reason to believe that the men selected
were not always either the most trustworthy or the most deserving
of those eligible. The deputies in charge of the other camps mani-
fested a natural desire to retain their best men. In fact, though the
population of the experimental camp formed only about 7 per cent
of the total convict population of the county, it is probable that
fully 30 per cent would have responded successfully to the same
discipline.

Table 27 contains a list of the crimes and sentences of all con-
victs assigned to the camp, and shows that the maximum sentence
was 5 years, the minimum 3 months, and the average 12 months;
while the average length of time served in the camp was about 6
months. It will be observed also that the majority of the crimes
are such as might be presumed to indicate a lack of honesty and
strong sense of honor in the criminals, and that only a compara-
tively small percentage are crimes of impulse. These facts are more
clearly brought out in the analysis of crimes in Table 28.

TaBLe 27.—Terms and crimes of inmates, Fulton County, Ga., Experimental Convict
Camp, January 10 to August 22, 1916.

3 Time to
- . en serve
Prison No. Crime. tence Thon
received.
Years. | Months.
iL by Wee Ree ad ie eae ASU ge Dears ype tate eta aye eae a ee Eel ret UR IE AAT TEND a PRU, 5 3
OCHOA eee te BEAU Wile reste Gea ap etes Rei a ae APSO eee a ea Sct aol no et aed 5 24
3 iar ae eo Mee he asd eat OE yes acre i PRL aE co hye a ck Se ea i Ti hee sah a ah ee 3 6
Months.
LASSEN 2 MP ages BEE | ert (5 (0) a SAA OAPI TIO OA ESCH eR Reta Ai Bere ali a aa leg aR 16 54
DPE ae Nee a a Me EE. (B(x Si oR ce ibe pies yond ame ee = hg tee eRe lS eat 12 34
TRC EA Seinuge 2 SN Es CORR ea ih ee ene ae MN ete re ae te 12 3
EBSA Kahn eee || Sede COE Ee eee arr ar Pe A nme PHO Sek NO) ate 12 3
(3 jee eh 2 ines AU ae No GND Soph Ries ea cnt Sete La sh a sh ead ah Oe oct gla eg 12 2
Tle eye eae os 1 tae | ele i CO Rea ee aR Erlnten aie Big ent ee Fe Hw ge ne Elk 12 13
(Tye A Pa Ee SS Be es On ak a a ee ey ete re gefaai dep a ti kod facta Ae ee Mili Mik i moots eed 12 1
Lae aetna aan en aeeR los ae ONO) en eh mee eecsem ere rete ee or he Sei hee te a At Me Mell yet ment ite a i 6 6
Aj ROR ash lent es IRA) 01 OLD) fie oe aah Aae et eee se icine inet 5 ne aes ees ie 12 9
113s ASE ot Se ON Le ate Oe eee ERIE ASR SE SOE HONS OLS BEAT CIS Ree Ce etait ane 12 8
Lele Sage DS 5 Salle | CLO) eee etn ee ere ei yee ft Re so Rape ed ais Goes eo het 12 5
1G See hE pee trai Le ARS Ye 0 ate yee ce he ee cies oo ER les pie eer ec oh Ik hs la ala i ah ae ea 12 5
BOP see ie Abie 2 WEAY COIR ys See re ee ee eee ee ee see ee cs 36 15
NC ASAE SS 5 OEE eae ae OU eee ote DAA OCCT ECE AEE oe Henna peter Ag sae 24 13
ee ee ee eee eee afte Bl GO a Se 7 ier ee Ae ee Ge BNR Re ek eee 24 93
Th eee Ue pay ee em Cle BON ae a Bad Sa RR era UC ASN ESA 5G eae Fe ea ngs Cen 16 6

iS)
i>)
'
Q
(2)
—
bo
io)

40 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TaBLe 27.—Terms and crimes of inmates, Fulton County, Ga., Experimental Convict
Camp, January 19 to August 22, 1916.—Continued.

: Time to
Z . en- serve
Prison No. Crime. a ee
received.
Months. | Mon hs.
Pal EE one Sa eee eee TALCONY 3225 2 2c So 2 Se Seen ee eee 12 7
Di} Ss = PEE SSS AS eal eee GO~ Jai 4b 40552 AES ES RE aaa ee eee ee eee i2 3
Dene Rene ae ee $001. tosis oats ote sie anoehin eee oe eee ee eee 12 a,
Polk eA Ay ieee Ark BS oll Ween GOs... [2h ee ae a ee eee 11 8
BAR Ne See ee, Seer Oe: ea a eine s Ss cass SE ee alae ee ree 10 73
DHSS ee SET y steele GOs 2: 52. cach t,t eee eae 10 53
IA pe RE ist a Ee OSs sn ee ee ee eee 10 5
DSi bears eee SO0ui. Eek Aes eRe ED oe gee ee eee 8 7
DO ees Seperate GO sis oa beeps re ee crn ee er Riot ope em 8 5
BOS ee eee a eee tees G0ij.2 4. SiS... Ree Be Se ee 8 3S
oy ees oe eee Larceny after trusts. 52 sos ee a ee 10 33
Son tiga: Sense” Pe Sed iharceny-from house! :24 7): 433 eee a. te ee 32 30
SO Se ae aan eyo ee 1D an SES Sa a ee ares ee 16 9
SA Sree e See Ee. a dol. 2868. JESS 5 VR ee aes SE ae es ee 12 104
eee na ee DO esos eRe Sia he a eo ne ce oe Ce 12 94
SOPESEETS et eee eee eer GOs S2ERE. Di See aa a 558 PRR ERE rays t: S958 Be es eee 12 9
BY pects Dae ees eee ee mee (A WO) 21S SaaS a tee a er 12 8
ahaa Pees es SA: Sameer (2 oo Se OG... SPREE GS EL OEE ES CEE ERE SO rE 10 83
SOS Err oe am oe See eae 6 C0 ees eet mv leet gtr SUG an 5 Sig a NUS Me ge at eye 10 TEs
AQLG a. eee oy cha eee GOL Ete bh. Dee eos SE Pees Sas COPEL ie ee: See 10 6
28 ee Se ee ee aes | eee C6 LO Ree ars a aoe oe ae a ae ee a nies Se Ae ape 8 8
ADRS eo SE tEA SASS Bele ae @Ok 2.43.4 SS Se ee SOS 8 8
2 ye eee tose el Paes O25 ae Se EI RE ee een 8 8
AAS IS ASSES: SS. poe watch on installment plan and sold it---...-.....-.-.-- m 2
Sree ae Soe (0 Fe ea ni rr SS a aE ee ey ae ert SABES OS
7A hn ge ae eee mS barceny ATOMmsCar =e eee 2 Se ee ne eee ee 12 83
Ae see eee ee Appropriated bacon he was delivering and sold it.....-.-.---.-- 12 6
Agioiy Abe Ta see. Kept money collected initrust..232.. 2. . 225. Ss 12 234
AQ Ee eter coe Seen Ln ae a pee oe ere ree eee 12 63
HOMES SE st FS Gaming O03) 5 ga3h 3 RE ee es ere eee 14 11
Piles eed eee Mee GO 5 a Ee Tr a ce a 12 63
VAR Sink at MO, Meeteee || G0:.5:. 2582 ct 5 Se a ee ee eee 12 1
GR ee ees eee ae (ae OO sc 2 See es ee ea ee eee 12 1
jy Dae ees Se oe ae ee SH Gs 2s Sh ee OA a, Ce 12 1
ST ARAL a eee eevee PEN GO ss Se aS = ree ee ea ere in ct 10 53
FORE TESS) aS pe eR Goi Zhe. Bei. PE ie ee ae Eee ee ee 8 7
US cre eS etna Stes ea Oo regen 00. ses SS ee ee ee eae 8 [6
ot 5 BS dora! ae es eS eb coe Ou 5 S2 FEE SERPS SRE > Faas EERE EL. eee a ee 8 3
A en Ake tain eae Tm oe | Pee GO cee eee Fe Se ee eee 8 3
OOP SLY See ee BF a GOL 85 § 3392 Bo eRe Ey Ey ee eee eee eee ee 6 5
GRA eer ee he aoe is ne CLO So oe ces Toe 6 5
G2E Gat EL SEES ee PE Se GO £252. esha Be Eee 6 5
OS Stet rise eae ee eee (6 V0 ieee ented ee ae pce Mead ade eRe pee fesiot eer Sees 8 ued a 6 3
645 oe Se Ee GO si) Ay. Bae eee Care ld ee Bi eee ee 6 1
Geer ne eee eta pate (s Kalen ag nea ba ew IS Lhe Celeb aia EL, “Sewhs. eee Fer ees 6 1
ie ee ese See ee Selling liquor: withouticensel 22. =e a ees 12 5
GTESN Soa eo ee es GO. se CR es RES SE eee So Ea 10 83
G8 ee a Beak eee | ee O:. . 2 A. Soa ee reae Be es a ee gaol ee nae ae ae 10 3s
ae ie Ses oe at Seg So Re one LO ee ee eae RIS re cpr a eT fap ae Neo ee 8 63
AD Sse aE He i eS 6 C0 ene ae ret ey eee Ne re ae ees Sk Ss 6 5
Tig De RST ATIC Yio oe a ie a eae gon Pa oy 12 11
(P= ee eter Se ek eee GOs sso o 2 nek i's ck eS ee 12 8
(ORES ce eee ees 0 0 aa RNR 2 ac Seino RR Ai IR nas Sea eg eS Ss 10 5
(oe ee ee Abandoning childrens 335-4 9a ee ee eee 12 13
MDS ee eet es Carrying concealed weapon: “2s 2, soso. ee en eee 12 ee
ROS = Be eet Ce MOSS ty oh Se ee ee ee ee 8 63
ALE re a ieee es a As | CO Sr Se eR SAE ne ot IE 8 5
Des een ee aha eee OO hand oS ch re Re a nae ea ae 6 6
TES Oe nS ce aie Waban a (6 (3 eR eerie, lee In ig dra a atari ae ewe oie a 8 6 3
(3 Vee tetales ees 2) re a Wile beating ~ 2.222 ee ee heave oe hn) eee 8 4
roi Wea es ee oh aR MXCG il 15) oy eee teeta ht ie MR eee ee ie, Oa) lope el 12 9
Soy dats ae ebeg! Ie SS eae ee Stabbing 2-2. Sn EE eee eye ce oie te a ane 12 8
See enetaes Re af Sets aed ahd |e Be (6 (0 lee 5 eee ee emenrpans PN aT ai vate” oe mental) iene wet al id ot 5 12 7
SA a ae etry ee 6 Un reamne” ee e SplRnes en A ian E I e oh e a 12 7
ots pees each al I ac Oe ee ee a Se ea OR 12 23
SO se se) Pe Reet | eee a (0 apraeeete pecrePan Une hs one she ha een eel Gh eck Mtn tou 2S 12 1
a Aer tees eras en Meewar |r a GO 25222s3 sh eee eee ee eee 11 63
SSE ae ae eee oe | aoe GO Fee Ee see as oe ee er en Re ae ee 10 1
a iste ares es (Gran sapeeiate ane ie Ss GOs a ea ee eee 8 7
QO eee ae wpe aereten ta eeceee 0 0 eae atest lee aera en be pig ee a eee el emule A be an 8 2
Cl eGr dt ORG i ea uel eee O22 tte ae eee ae ee) Pee ee noe eer eee 6 3
OOS ae Be ee lees Oe ae a ee ar a ee ae Ne 12 7
O36 aaa cba | rae GOS ee EE a EN Sa ee ee 3 3
aoa See ap are nee Assault and ‘battery. 52 5 2325250 sae a ee 8 7
peerage cee Violation of probation: 625 22222. 8 aa to eee ou 2
GG es eC eee Assault toYape:-<Sotto tee eee oe ee 12 il

1 And 19 days.

ee

worse

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 41

TABLE 28.—Analysis of crimes of inmates, Fulton County, Ga., Experimental Convict
Camp, January 10 to August 22, 1916.

Kind of crime. Number.
esl pLoperbys Lct 229. fe ae Mae t eh ahc i CRUE UP NES Nhs FANS So 49
EvOaMmntgihe: PCTSODS Semin: 2 sa2lez ade eee ene ae Sept Sh cs wns bel edye’s Sob. Stee 15
SESE IDETG: DUIS) CMON RG Kec Sis ere ees Seeks Ses mis lac a ee Am ee Se 32

fae Bertin ia epee 929 Shes (Se Sees Me NEIL OG oe ok ie st 96
PeLeemiare apalnetapropertyau 24 dace eee =. = Sickee ope mete sess b betes edisicle sis 4 51.0
Perceniice acainst tne: PersOlae yearn ae eee aie yo NS eS a A 15. 6
Percentage against public order.......- hcl SN Re i Ee ali gaa on Da 33. 4

dl Dea ay aie es Sat a gee ay 9S ere eet ay Mie oT a le a eee ee Res eee ee 100. 0

In view of these characteristics it is somewhat surprising that
there were no attempts to escape and that there were only nine
offenses against the order of the camp. A list of these offenders
is given in Table 29.

TABLE 29.—Offenders and offenses against the order of the camp.

Prison Crime for which con- Prison Crime for which con-

No. victed. Offense. No. victed. Offense.
AoA Sacre Larceny from car...... Fighting. QGueeuceee Assault to rape........ Unsatisfactory
6853.5 2.32 Selling liquor without Do. work.

license. PAE Se Waerancyneceereeeeeas Do.
OAs ee Bune lary see ee eee ee Do. SOs Saxon Wancenyeesekhertaae ae Cursing officer.
Beate Se aPC OD DED Yis seciocciar = esieis Do. Wee eee aes iBurglanyeceeecscs eee Stealing sugar.
(A Sener WacTaAn Gyre e-eessseee Unsalisiactory
work.

The general facts that all inmates were negroes and that prac-
tically all were from the city of Atlanta have been mentioned.

OFFICERS: NUMBER, SALARIES, AND DUTIES.

The county warden, as the representative of the State prison
commission and the board of county commissioners, was in general
charge of all camps and prisoners in the county, and it is estimated
that about one-tenth of his attention was devoted to the experi-
mental camp. Five officers under this official were in immediate
control of the camp. Their positions and respective salaries were
as follows:

Per month

and board.
IPdepubygwand ets... gerd be re atc soe apt aes nos oecg ee $75
emuniare lero oe slic Ay a See oe ee oe ie te a tain 50
IRGC Maca eyo ewer te ete i ee ei et ote ape eta eel aie Let od, 60
TE SGT AEST open in. ia Ae tee a ed te aca gh Ve No 40
inmchtwatehmian: J22. eee a AMAR ORBAN) AL 40

The deputy warden was the highest camp officer and was respon-
sible for the conduct and discipline of the camp and the satisfactory
prosecution of the road work. However, about three-fourths of
his time was devoted to the supervision of the road work, and there-
fore only one-fourth of his salary and the cost of his board have
been reckoned in the cost of maintaining the camp.

42 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The camp clerk acted as the deputy warden’s assistant in the
management of the camp, and in the absence of that officer was
in full charge of the camp. It also was his duty to keep all camp
records, to prepare all requisitions for supplies with the approval
of the deputy, and to receive such supplies when delivered. He was
in full charge of the commissary and of the issuing of food and sup-
plies to. the cook, foremen, etc. His entire salary and the full cost
of his board are properly chargeable against the cost of camp main-
tenance.

The work of the night watchman is implied by the name. He
entered upon his duties each day with the return of the convicts
from the road work and remained responsible for the safety of the
camp property and the security of the convicts until the force was
sent to work again in the morning. His entire salary and the expense
of his board are chargeable against the maintenance cost.

The two foremen were in charge of parts of the road work under
the deputy warden. Incidentally, of course, they exercised a reas-
onable surveillance over the convicts, but as the work could not have
been carried on successfully with less than two foremen, and as their
duties resembled those of foremen in charge of squads of free workmen
more closely than those of convict guards, it is believed that their
salaries and board are properly chargeable to the construction work.

None of the officers was armed in any way.

The cost of camp supervision for the months from January 10
to July 10 are shown in Table 30.

TABLE 30.—Costs of camp supervision from January 10 to July 10, 1916, Fulion County,
Ga., Experimental Convict Camp.

Deputy warden, 403 days, at $2. 724. - 2-42 fo. a ee eee eee $124. 64
Canip' clerks‘ 183-days, ‘at $i 8972240221 Bae 3 Be op a6 2 35 S8e 55 $347.20
Night watehman; /179 days, lati$io68.2 fa. Sh tet. Dee Sees Ee $280. 67

Total cost Jan. 10:to Uuly, 1022223 eae ee ee ee ee $752. 51
Total number of convict calendar days. . 322). <2) et ee ee ee 7, 174
Cost of camp supervision per convict per calendar day.........---.-------- $0. 1049

HEALTH OF THE CONVICTS.

All candidates for the camp underwent a thorough physical
examination before they were accepted to determine that they had
no physical defects or infirmities which would render them unfit
for road work or cause them to be a menace to the health of other
prisoners. The examinations of the first 48 men assigned were
made by an officer of the public health service, the others were
examined by the county physician. Convicts too weak to be of
service in the camp were refused admittance; others whom the ex-
amination showed to be suffering with infectious diseases also were
included. Those accepted were little if any above the average

AS r 4

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 43

standard of the entire county force in physical condition. This is
indicated in a measure by the fact that 35 per cent of those accepted
gave a history or showed positive evidence of disease in an infectious
form.

The character and-amount of the general medical attention received
by the inmates after assignment are described under the heading
“Medicine and Medical Attention.”’ In August, 1916, the services
of the county physician were supplemented by the appointment of a
dentist to visit the camps. The cost of this service was small, as the
dentist engaged was a recent graduate who was willing to accept the
opportunity to acquire experience as part payment for his work.
Though this step was taken upon the advice of the officer representing
the Public Health Service, the doctor was not appointed until the
cooperative arrangement was about to be terminated, and for this
reason the small cost does not appear in the statement of medical
expense for the first 6 months of operation.

Complete records were kept of the diagnosis, duration, and treat-
ment of each case of illness or injury that occurred in the camp. The
analysis of these records contained in Table 31 shows that none of the
illness was serious, and also shows the number of days’ labor lost on
account of the various indispositions from January 10 to July 10 and
from July 11 to August 22. The table shows that 31 days were lost
on account of sickness during the first inventory period. As there
were 7,174 convict calendar days in the period the percentage of time
lost on this account was 0.43 of 1 per cent. From July 11 to August
22, the percentage was somewhat larger on account of the large
number of injuries.

TaBLE 31.—Analysis of sick record.

January 10 to July 10. July 11 to August 22.
Diagnosis. Labor lost on account of— Labor lost on account of—
Injury. | Illness. Se a Injury. | Illness. | Malinger
g. ing.
Days Days. Days. Days. Days. Days

SUES oe PASO SRE DIOR: BORE NESCent ae eet tse) Ina ieee al POR Sree Ee) Ieee apne Uo em | eae
POLCIGVeSeamee on teemcn e man ee ee tea sa 2 1 Ee eset leet De | ete Sereda see
et clee ai yi mail eiios eee as eS 7 ein EE Se (ABE e © Bo SCRE IAR PSE eae Se] | ieee eee
Moothache Hs 222702. ergy ye. 22 Ne AHS S55 | fHd. RES hq LE cata s,U lal | ARE A ela a AT ee BR || Be Bat
ING Ural Oia Ae eter Se So eee Sua | Beebe See srt aah RAV cme ae Ee Eee oe
CIENT ie § hee 2 ind SRE eo ts a See iy ga AEE Bl) > See pen toe ot Ee a Bees Ral BR EO a oe
Owverheated! ge iso nee ee Se Since oe oe ocala mes Ol acclrasiesceeseje Seas Deltas as cae
Mashed Anger cel epee sae dees eee ate eee ial SGt aci5.3 aor laae sees Le Ee ne Be era ka | Ae ee ee
PUTS ITED AC Kans. reais ee ae at ie NT ee CNS Sel leet reTaeS 1 (cots onset 1
GIS CSTIONS S sas 22 Paseo cee ae do a a eee dee CHER Bes SERVES. Fata 5o Dial| oreretosete ite | rata ee
SOLCIDIN set) see are me seb Stk Sine LR ee Sopa dd paapce Seo MmoenaSrad MBEAt asad bor cane se
ROU SEAM TEES eee EP Cha ea ets ELE S| cpich a seme os aaae SAE oa Sheet ator abae 7B es po ae
EVI OUSTICSS 5 ease Sete cee eae eens en ee ow PAA SRO AG* HO ARE aoe ee Als iS eaten ot
WHE StaNGMeVertetasa: 2 S52) fs ee Seas as ee elt. 2c) acd. RR ee Sao I Pek yA SPSS Se
ALO erae era ae ee 2 St een on alist ies «gedit ae ctara eaten o rah Sot 1 Pl See ee reoaee ore
FUNCUMALISING 55 551-. $8e 222) 2 28 I eR OM SERA a | Seen Meee SRD Poko. olla ee eae

— BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DISCIPLINE AND MORALE.

The methods of discipline contrasted sharply with those practiced
in the other camps of the county, State, and section. So far as can
be learned, similar methods never have been applied in any convict
camp in the South, and for this reason the success of the system is
one of the most striking and important results of the experiment
which demonstrates conclusively that there is no foundation for the
belief that negro convicts are amenable only to the discipline of
locks, shackles, and lash. 3

In this camp no guard was armed and no convict was shackled;
the only building locked night or day was the commissary. Plain
gray clothing was substituted for convict stripes, and the use of the
whip was prohibited. In place of these negative measures order,
security, and obedience were obtained by the positive measures of
attractive food, light, airy quarters, clean and comfortable beds,
kind treatment, and greater privileges. During the day on the work
the constant menace of the gun was removed, and the men worked
under the foremen as freemen work. Whereas the practice in the
other camps is to put the men ‘‘on the chain’”’ immediately after
the evening meal, in this camp they were permitted to remain out-
side the buildings, reading, smoking, playing quoits or baseball
until dark, or in the mess room to enjoy a phonograph which was
provided for them. Saturday afternoons, during the summer, were
holidays, and the time was devoted to baseball and other games.

Minor infractions of the rules, disobedience, and unsatisfactory
work were punished by demeriting the offender. When the number
of such demerits exceeded the established limit the convict was re-
turned to the county headquarters camp to be placed again under
the more rigid discipline of one of the other camps. Serious offenses
were punished by immediate return to headquarters camp with a
recommendation that severe punishment be administered there.
Attempted escape would have been punished in a similar manner,
but it was unnecessary to administer any punishment for this cause
during the entire period of cooperation, and as late as November
23, ten months after the opening of the camp, there still had not
been a single attempt to escape.

Eight of the nine offenders listed in table 29 were punished by
return to the guarded camp. Convict No. 1 was the camp cook.
His offense was committed just before his discharge, and the sugar
was not missed until the monthly inventory was taken.

The full measure of the success of the system of discipline is
realized when it is understood that no attempt was made to hold the
men by rewards of money or allowances of ‘‘good time” greater
than those granted to other county convicts. The only measure of

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 45

this kind was the granting of the customary ration of tobacco.
From January 10 to July 10, inclusive, the expense for this privilege
was $58.32, the cost of 243 pounds of tobacco at 24 cents per pound.
As this expense was distributed over 7,174 convict calendar days,
the cost per convict per calendar day was $0.0081. The tobacco
was used at the rate of about one-quarter pound per convict per
week.

The morale of the force was excellent. With few exceptions the
men were content with the treatment they received, and freely
expressed their appreciation of it, not only in words, but in a willing-
ness to work and a prompt response to orders, such as is observed
seldom in convict camps.

THE CAMP FORCE.

The camp force consisted normally of three men, a cook, a cook’s
helper, and a ‘‘flunky.” Under extraordinary conditions, such as
immediately after the establishment of the camp when there was
much cleaning to be done, it was necessary to increase the number.
An average of seven men were thus employed for a period of about
2 weeks in the first 6 months, but for the rest of the time the three
men performed all the necessary work. It should be observed, how-
ever, that no laundering was done at the camp and that the general
camp work was also somewhat lighter than in the majority of camps,
because it was not necessary to carry the water and dispose of the
wastes by burial. It would have required at least one more camp
helper to care for this additional work. During the first 6 months 659

convict calendar days were used on camp work, which represents a

loss to the road work of 9.19 per cent.

SANITATION,

The camp clerk was charged with responsibility for the sanitary
condition of the camp and the direction of the work of the camp
force. The kitchen and mess room were cleaned daily by the cook
and his helper, and they presented a clean and neat appearance at all
times. The bunk house and other buildings and the grounds were
cleaned and kept in order by the camp “flunky.”’ Particular atten-
tion was paid to the toilets, spittoons, and bedding, which were kept
surprisingly clean. The floors were treated once every 2 weeks with
an agglutinative oil dressing which enabled them to be swept daily
without raising dust.

Though the interior of the buildings was kept scrupulously clean
from the start, the importance of keeping the grounds in the same
- condition was not realized at first by local officials. They were per-
mitted to become littered with tin cans, paper, wood, and other
débris, particularly in the vicinity of the commissary and the corral,

46 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

and it was only by systematic coaching and inspection that this con-
dition was improved.

While the camp was in course of construction at the first site an
inspection was made by an officer assigned by the Public Health
Service, who outlined plans for sanitation. These included the pro-
tection of the well which called for the construction of a water-tight
concrete casing to extend 4 feet below the surface and 18 inches
above the ground, a concrete shield covering the ground around the
well for a distance of 3 or 4 feet, and a water-tight cover of matched
boards. The well was not constructed exactly in accordance with
his instructions, and the protection provided was somewhat inade-
quate. The concrete casing was extended only 2 feet below and
6 inches above the ground surface, and no shield was provided, but
in its place a ditch was dug around the well about 4 feet outside of
the casing. The wooden cover was provided, as recommended, and
a fence was erected around the well to prevent walking over the
cover.

With the coming of the summer the flies became numerous and
troublesome. They undoubtedly had their origin in the mule corral
and it is probable that their numbers- would have been reduced
greatly by the application of borax to the manure, as suggested by
the Public Health Service, but it was impossible either to convince
the county authorities that the corral was the source or to persuade
them to try the treatment recommended. It is true that the large
surface area of the corral, over the entire extent of which the animal
droppings were scattered, might have rendered the complete exter-
mination of the flies impracticable, but the treatment would have
bettered the conditions greatly. The screens in the windows and
doors did not protect the interiors of the buildings. The flies came
in when the doors were opened, and they collected in large numbers,
particularly in the kitchen. When, finally, the abatement of the
nuisance received the serious consideration of the county authorities,
flytraps were constructed and fly paper was used liberally. These
measures served to improve the conditions, but this phase of the
experiment, at best, can not be regarded as a success.

The failures recited above are mentioned as matters of fact, but
it should not be supposed that the sanitary conditions, as a whole,
were bad. On the contrary, the camp presented an unusually clean
and well-kept appearance, and even in respect to the fly nuisance it
is quite likely that the conditions were somewhat better than the
average.

The cost of caring for the camp is not reckoned as a part of the
cost of maintaining the convicts themselves, and the direction of

their labor by the camp clerk is charged under the head of camp
supervision. :

as See ae Ws

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 47
RECORDS AND REPORTS.

The records and reports of the camp were kept on forms similar to
those suggested in United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin
No. 414, which are here reproduced. For a full discussion of the
purpose of the various forms and the manner of keeping them the
reader is referred to the former publication.

Form No. 1.1.

Sa ea artelars ners fs Gicicid aictarajeitie.e:cisisiaieeislers CONVICT ROAD FORCE.
(Name of county or State.) 5
REQUISITION.
Requisition N& ...... Supplies: tovbe'sents tows: co eee ee aes esc eee ste
5 (Place.)
Not later thats jo aces esse bocce mites eer eee eres 5 UBMs
Camp No. ...... i Datevotreq uisitiom ss easesiee eee eee ee ee eees 191..
Quantity
issued | Quantity
Quantity. Article. last on Order No.
month hand. -
(or week).
(Not to
be filled
by Supt.)

I certify that the quantities on hand and issued are correctly reported, the above articles are required,
and the quantities are not excessive.

PST IIE OMG Cnn ers eee rns a oer CA Io PONV GT GOM Sram. Be; (cry Weis At Ret ae lee ont ets LE pla , Supt.

1. Use different colored sheets for requisitions for food supplies and general supplies.

2. Whenever an emergency purchase is made locally, fill out this requisition form covering the purchase,
write the word *‘ Emergency’ on it, and mail it with the bill to the warden.

3. If the article is unusual, explain the need for it on the requisition.

FORM 1. SIZE, 8 BY 104 INCHES.

48 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Form No. 1.2.
PES Ieee ee OS Se Oslo alter e Gatiee ae CONVICT ROAD FORCE.
(Name oj county or State.)

PURCHASE ORDER.

Order No. .....- To Fill Requisition No. .....- rom Camp NOseseseseece- seco
Sivigia Bie b gine he as Sri sles Sere me pr eieec ea seems se Oly:
(Name of city or town.)
IN MAM Obs See sees ios otom ce eos ao hioe ere eR ee ELEC
INGA ESS ieee acns ole Se ee ea ne a Se
Piease ship) therfollowangdarticlestOva-e-ecee eee aeee en eenee eee ene eee
SOAS Ena See eae ne a Ame MER ere mmmnaiie ts St : PRA ein ey oe AE ne mien NU RAEAAS SP
andirender, the bill/on-the)inclosed voucher tormiitoy see sae ee oe ee eee eee eee eee cee
ee See Set yee a Signaturepsciitele ss (eee aes ee Oe 2 ae eee
(Purchasing Agent or Official in Charge.)
‘ . Contract
Quantity. Name of article. reference.

ee

FORM 2. SIZE 8 BY 103 INCHES.

iN ee

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 49

Form No. 1.3. Voucher No.....-..-

bbs. aiatoiniaie ibs talarouera ereieits ata eters CONVICT ROAD FORCE.
(Name of county or State.)

VOUCHERS FOR SUPPLIES AND SERVICES FURNISHED.

Ate ees ceineiene te tectociees pL Okee
abi (Name of county or State.)
TOR Sees oe aa at ta aa se adie acleteee eae eiaeoomeneeine Dr
Goods supplied on
Purchase Order No...-.-- ING OTESS Sm eee te ee OT eee ale elas eile lalate winicetsioleveievete
Na Oat EN Oca aie Pe od sabe welyeh Ths cate yatercett inl Stee tttaraleeetelchere ete tala fale e wees nolo wins wiclo/mininiemsciors
(Consult instructions on other side before preparing voucher.)
Leave
Boniad 7 ae Amount. bial)
reference - « uan- < n
oF all- Articles or service. tity Unit price
LEON ‘Dollars.| Cts. | Account.

I certify that the above bill is correct and just, and that payment therefor has not been received.
(Payeeisigmhere) ems. ce as tes cise tek sic

_I certify that the above articles have been received by me in good condition and in the quality and quan-
tity specified, or that the services were performed as stated.

EHF aK BBs) eset oat ees toe A HE A A en Supt.

Approved for $ : DESMA GIRO Re Pl ss eats duis neloiain stats Warden.

Paid by check No:..... sdatedessts eee rene mae hoor pees Oh bees

FORM 3. SIZE, 8 BY 104 INCHES.
Form No. 1.4. Sheet No
Bia bie palere eran eis lest ate pee ne Rice eee hehe CONVICT ROAD FORCE.
(Name of county or State.)

INVENTORY OF PROPERTY.

Guantity a Description Date of| Date | Origi- | Pres-

Dimensi imatesial ), | Pur- [received] nal ent
(Dimensions, materials, etc.). | chase. | here. | value. | value.

Total, |

ge

FORM 4. SIZE, 8 BY 104 INCHES.

5847°—18—Bull. 5834

=)
H
=
=) '
:
g “QUHONI FZ Ad ‘AZIS “¢ WUOT
TS ee a CT
a ninjelzisie sinleieisleinipieie) aie (rigleidis/e Poo} ,S199qJO JO 4809 [810],
EO aL ig POO} ,SJOTAUWOD JO 4809 [vqOT,
i ea i] WR a “s1o0ugo Aq posn poo] Jo soo yLUN osv1OA VY
Nee ei ge eee $10IAMOD AQ POsN POO} Jo 4800 4IUN O8e.10A VY
reece nwesoesrnnes CIAO OF PONSS! [8109 poysn([py
Ha Tis a) rie. Merle es Be ee aa SJOTAU0D 0} ponsst [e}0} posnlpy (-MoTod poye7s WInyor
Fa [etree teers eceeeccencnen qyuoul Jo puo 78 A10OjUoAUT || 1OJ UOSvoI pue ‘TY U0UT surmp POATo001 JUNOUIG WI0IJ POON pop og P[NoYs powsNjoI 104v] ING PoAtode1 poo, “asn Jo
H risipisicleinis givjeieinis {UOUL JO puo 7e puBy UO oq p[no IOUULU PU SOJep OAIZ PUB ‘pOSTLA PUB POJYCUOP POO] Jo JUNO JO 1 UOTOYL4S OCUT 104SBM JO OSNVO 0781) :SYIVUIOY
3 Y jJop puey prnoys Pp Pp pue p
< : . =
Ps isles pus =eieniall gieras niaipie||isieieia|| cieinaaleleseie||eigie;e ieleiels | ipieie/e) ielaie'ni| rieleie ieieie/gi|ietoiale||eysere | aie ier|| eel eee se marl se pope pers beer pet | Pinder liege aceil eisiciaiisieizis Jeeeejeeeeleeee * ponsstT [eI 0,7,
(>) Delo ers fa’ Peake" Ra em aaa cha cal eames elk ca adc wcll ahs see Lele Nee] mal bas PRM rr |e Pa ac ea 0 foo roe (nee! Sale eal ifr ae [ta fal eae ART, OMe ta bh da
S\eivinie/einie||iais|eie||\eisiaiell(iezie\ite.e.0ie) @ hae: esiaie le vehe ls) e/a) Areisisiaies|edelesell see Maks|iciarerg, mimes Se ill che veda Phe nie iegeee’ ie lin SPE eal ey eink elem co In eae ne rt Mal eee oneal eateaners fade a el hens illite en pea Meee? MASAO ())
dip) ROE a aM 20) ad il ak a o/s) miviiis)9/8:5 eapseict le teieu|ieiele se ekadRen aimee) eecal | aleiein nedelPic} isin iang niesete ea ea Pie er em ae ee Bie sie ae) stares eat sissell sratez Neues aaa, Thane SOLA MOD
P ‘1810.1 | TE | OF | 6% | 8S | LZ | 9S | GS | HS | ES | GS | TZ | 02 | GT | ST LUN COTME PE Met ol OL OT 6s [8 | -{) ¢ v (4 ll 6 T —0} ponss]
n
fae) a a a
ro ST a aereerpe near IO} poVUNOI® Oc, 07 [2IO,L, ICHIRS)
7, 5h a ace Sac P eS IES S| ela ali i ec ie Me aA RN a eee RR a, SUIT ah lain oinyeusig
A (SULA OLOTONSOOMTUMIDLERG GO| Fk Ce cee ee cece | CM yu ip meme 4 oe LGR Tlie BL rg
4 JO OJVP OATH) “YPUOUI BUTINP POATOOOY || nance ene e eee e eee e eect eee eee teeter eet eee eters cserestaeeestaecssaccrsscceseas on dueg
na) rupielaieie, crefalem nicinele ie Yyjuouw Jo Jsuy puey UO
4 Son ces alee er ame ie Aire oan a ot ere Releaaien he Gaie entire yess Segoe Bak acai malctri? jo yyuOW
410d
Peeceenceransadarsrerosnecscscsenss Ae laieleistdaiestercte worjer pens) j10d91 UOIWRY
(:aj019' 40 fyunod fo awDpy )
sinlaielsieielpieiriclelnis s.c/s\eirinicisie eisiciele rieleis ese cemalece tee ir TOT POO Urs Fe GOH: Ba Cin ft Yes BAR HO 9 WAIN O70 Vaile eater and” veuaben earn 26 migee Sha ca rth ae i pid cae

50

‘TZ ON WON,

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 51

Form No. 2.2.
LAD a see 18 aos 2 eat ae ete , CONVICT ROAD FORCE.
( Name of county or State.)
SUMMARY OF QUANTITIES AND COSTS OF FOOD ISSUED.
Monthiofensctssiiss ci coen aoa oeckeee

Samp Nor. 8S 3222s. IBC SS aS eecnoceceroaGoo sch | es eoneecgoceoritogroe. , Supt.

Quantity. Total cost. Number persons fed.

Item. Sarena anne LULL Days.
Con.} Off. Convicts. | Officers. Convicts. | Officers.

days.
Daily cost of food.

Per convict. | Per officer.

30
31
Number of visitor-food

TAN GIGCOLALCOS brett ert pe eta et hearer ee |e ere ee ne ON ees ee a ee ee ee

FORM 6. SIZE, 8 BY 12} INCHES.

52 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Form 2.3.
aie La tn Set a ee CONVICT ROAD FORCE. || -Acceuniie-s= ses eee
( Name of county or State.) :
Monthoor % At $o5 04 co Eee ee ee Pigs AY Vee
REPORT OF SERVICES AND SUPPLIES | Number of convict days since last inventory to first
OTHER THAN FOOD. of month.
Camp NO: 22 a-- see sno os wee sae ce a eee = |e See eee ee
Dinca soe ee ee on ae eee ee Number of convict days this month ..............
SIGN ALUN eae eas ae Sse Lo eee Total number of convict days to date .............
Supt
Last inventory value plus sub-
sequent purchases to first of
mwionth 22 2.5 523.ceeo ee ee
Date. Item. Purchased during month. =
a6 Shae cs
Raaniliy=| cost. cost.
a |
Pitesegoes Wt 5 Che abaniey wires iar Ss ae owiehe oe koe oc 9 ao
| }
sree ue ls ee ae
Sia es (ah Steg AY ty Ree bate ee ere Stet Maat ees Fess Se
a peesvccmmetncnngee ec ui
Totaliior month o 25 = ses Se Be ee eee ee eee $
(Grand (totals: 2 St a ae ae ee ee ene Soe Se $

FORM 7. SIZE, 8 BY 123 INCHES.

> ete a at SE

oD GeO ats ho ‘1210 | | | | ;
ee preter aE 5 ‘Ajnp dureo | | [eee 5 §
ier rere ag “1S | | (eal 8 3/38
sas tte ae “skep | | © = | 2
pe cs pam ay ue 2S | -foy pue Scepung | | < lees
au eae A Toyo Pee | | (eas pe ies ame a |g
Sh a tee eng : = i Pilg
S See -qna8_puv Surze919 | | ee : g
ee “Burazeic | | ea 4 :
Fe see tans *Aevjo-pues supa | | | | Se ae Ee Ee Sa eT E} 3
~ beatin “Bumou. | ieeeeas| $ $| 3
a Spa ters tas ‘suryunds | | | ] pa Sp ee
a ene eum est: *"yeL0} eur | | | pe ase ee Valeo ae ded OA Bois
a ee een ee _ |_9o8jns surtpeoids : o p=) a
2 835: 38, 2 "[eHI0} | | | | a| 2 Pale B
= Sass iis | -eur aovjms Suey a 4 3
Ssse 85 |g aeiiey | c= eies : z
rs Sao snac c 8 - BUI 90BJIMs SUTPCO'T BS iS s
S gedgces & | 2 [ooumesaue eee) :
ra ZZZMaba & 15 *yoor Surysnip | | | | 5 pS ma
Dp ales 3 2 2
& S a “yoor Surhiien& | | | | 5 Fs g
nn : 7, fo) ° S n
a ‘ 6 & 93010000 a a
= = Sued pur Surxty oa cs
S 1, #8 redid SuraeT | | al ‘ 4
is Zz “soSpliq Put S}IOA “ :
ian) ‘3 = -[00 1OJ WOTYBAROX | | | D
< iQ 2 2) ct 5S
2 iS! a A “TOTVABOXO ayes | | | | ; ig
Pe ee “U0T} | | E 8
S| aS 3 S -GAGOX9 YOOI 9so0o'T =
5 eS ites “TOMCAGOXO yo0r | | | ee
a vena
oO is S © “Aep sod oye | | | |
i.e) i ica
i~ (o)
ey fe :
sae
Om as H
ee
‘gouepue} ; Issxora |. pa .
Teng 1OQe] Pot “105 | SHeOL

54 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Form No. 3.2.
Be ELA TER NSA 5 PRA Ree ie rd CONVICT ROAD FORCE.

(Name of county or State.)
REPORT OF CONSTRUCTION.
ACCOUNG Sas. ne soe oseceans as. 225 ee eeeeenoes 7 Mouth ofss (ees costes) aca yAGIS.
INameonroade eee asseeee Kkandofroada eee CampsNos-eRlaceteeease eee Sionma tunes eecse eee

Date. Superintendence. Hired labor. Teams.

COIR ok wWHe

Total days,

Assumed
Tate.

Assumed.
amount.

Actual
Tate.

Actual
amlount.

Wage
Board
Total rate

Total amount

MATERIALS USED.

Item. Quantity. | Rate.| Cost. Item. Quantity. | Rate.| Cost.

Carried forward, Total cost,
TABLE OF UNIT Costs.

Assumed} Actual | Approxi-
eos labor labor mate unit Actual

Activity. Quantity. | Units. ;
cost. cost. cost.

FORM 9. SIZE, 12} BY 16 INCHES.

4

a

x < 3 cae
els ne SEAN Syl FS ;
.

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 55

Form No. 4.1.
Dee ee Sri) =. nto ais Skee inmates , CONVICT ROAD FORCE.
(Name of county or State.)
PRISONERS’ TIME SHEET.
Camp NOs ao-- 5-5 EMAC seo oe tonics) eee Mongol. eect ase siee a2. Obes
Sigmacume; —eascisats- Jassie eee cee eee , Supt.
Prison Dayson| Days Days | pays of ea ae Total
No EERE road dite. ect sickness. aan holi- Tae
ys.
Motale carried etarmw Ard scissors tcects | crore eke cise elle see Scere eco | crm raretnceiar tel era pace at (a ge pe cee eg
FORM 10. SIZE, 8 BY 104 INCHES.
Form No. 4.2.
a oe PN a) ais | Lea eee ee , CONVICT ROAD FORCE.
(Name of county or State.)
MOVEMENT OF PRISONERS.
CampiNowsaaseee RIACE, Rett. Seeds ged Sole, IMonthiotte eee. ye se eee , 191..
Signatures; sss sen. es Sa eS oe Bee , Supt
Ombhan geist Gay 10 Ler 0 mtn eae apes mere tt a hres

Hecelvediaunin samom Ghassemi esate e oe ss eee oe oe Been eee eee
Recaptured and returned during month
To be accounted for

Convictsionthand at endofmonth ye sie eee Se a
Total (should agree with total above)
Remarks:

FORM 11. SIZE, 8 BY 10} INCHES.

Form No. 4.3.

OBO SEES CO ESSE Ora nob aeeered , CONVICT ROAD FORCE.
(Name of county or State.)

DAILY REPORT OF SICKNESS.

PEACE IIESS (ASS Sty Ge SU CLOM nec aetee es eee ein ae OE cio ou oe uke ane tees cine snobby bene ses Betees
Name of convict

Se a)
ee i i i i ry
Se eee ee
eer eter eter etree eee tee et ewes ee eee cee wees et eee eee et eee ee ee ee ee ee esos
ee

FORM 12. SIZE, 8 BY 10} INCHES.

——

56 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

All the reports were prepared without difficulty by the camp
clerk, and the information was presented in such form as to render
the segregation of costs for the various items herein reported com-
paratively simple.

A supply of the forms sufficient to serve the camp of 40 men for a
period of about 2 years was printed for $95. The cost for the period
from January 10 to July 10 therefore was less than $25. As the ©
other duties of the camp clerk were of sufficient importance to have
required such an official, even if the records had not been kept,
the sole additional expense chargeable to the system of cost keeping
for the 6-month period was this cost of $25. To indicate the value
of the reports properly kept and used, it is necessary to state only
that the saving on food alone made sieeas by the use of the forms
during the period amounted to more than $350.

SUMMARIZED COSTS OF MAINTENANCE.

The various items entering into the maintenance of the convicts
have been fully described in the foregoing paragraphs, and the cost
of each has been stated on the basis of a convict calendar day.
These costs are now summarized in Table 32, which shows that the
total cost of maintaining one convict one calendar day during the
period from January 10 to July 10 was 55.09 cents.

TaBLE 32.—Cost of maintaining convicts.

Cost of | Cost of |
mainte- mainte-
nance Propor- nanee | Propor-
Item. percon-| tion of Item. per con- | tion of
vict per total. vict per | total.
calendar calendar
day. day. |
Cenis. | Per cent. | Cents. | Percent.
Preparation of site.........-.- 36 0275) Rucband Hehts-22-- ee -89 | 1.6
Interest aud depreciation on {| epHbsIstenee - ccs eee 17.47 | 31.7
buuldines-2522 sens case ne 6.23 12.4 || Medicine and medical atten-
Water oe aE RR eC: Pee oloek Sods fo SHON S 255238 oe ows eee 1.62 | 2.9 4
Sewage disposal. ........------ .57 1.0 || Transportation..--...--.-.-.- 4.75 | 8.7
Clothing Ce eae 4.12 7.5 || Camp supervision.........--.. | 10.49 | 19.0
Laundry ee 2.26 Aa Robacto.~. 252.5555 s eee ee -81 1.5
Furniture and equipment. ...- 2.91 Bas =
Kitchen and messequipment. . -30 0.5 Totaly.55-<- ee 54.49

To obtain the cost of maintaining one working convict one working
day, which is equivalent to the wage of the labor, it is necessary to
modify the above cost by dividing it by the percentage of time
actually applied to the work after deductions have been made for
bad weather, Sundays and holidays, camp duty, and sickness. The
losses are shown clearly by the camp reports and are given in table
33 in terms of convict days and percentages of the total available
time of 7,174 convict days.

:
&
5
:

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 57

TABLE 33.—Convict labor lost to road work.

Convict Percentage

Cause. days. of time lost.

ag weather. soo. ee lihs. ole TRIG Se A aa eo 371 5. 17
Spnaays and: holtdayss (16 32 52 - Ss)a0.8 CLL PRES gee Se 1, 056. 5 14. 72
aS CHUL, Pic apspeyct's = Bix ciosss,s vn fs te = ve dierd Baa oy Scleprye lene 659 9.19

- SRGICTC CER RSE Sse ES ieee ee ee Paired cee en eee 31 . 43
POtaltes SAE Seth Ekle ce Ue ST ERT ee ZANE 29. 51

It appears from the above table that only 70.49 per cent of the
total time of the convicts in the camp was applied to the road work.
Therefore it is evident that the cost of maintamimg one working
convict one working day is

54.49--.70.49—=77.30 cents.
ROAD WORK.

While the camp was under the observation of the Federal bureaus,
that is, from January 10 to August 23, the convicts were employed
on three different roads, namely, the Powers Ferry Road, Hemphill
Avenue, and Heards Ferry Road. Only on the Heards Ferry Road,
where the work consisted largely of road-machine construction, was
the anticipated work completed during the period of observation.

Powers Ferry Road.—The work on the road, which occupied the
major portion of the time of the men, was done upon a section of the
highway 9,900 feet in length, and consisted of grading, guttering, and
surfacing with topsoil, together with the construction of incidental
drainage structures. The width of right of way cleared was 40 feet.
The new road follows approximately the old road bed for a distance
of 7,000 feet, the remaining 2,900 feet being in new location. The
surrounding country is heavily wooded and very hilly, and owing to
right of way conditions and considerations of economy it was imprac-
ticable to reduce the maximum grade below 7 per cent, which, how-
ever, represented a notable inprovement over the old maximum grade
of 12 per cent. The clearing and grubbing amounted to 9 acres.
The total amount of excavation was 33,803.6 cubic yards, of which
30,255 cubic yards consisted of residual micaceous clay and 3,548.6
yards of rock, the latter a mica schist. Much of it was fresh and hard,
but a small amount was in an advanced state of decomposition.
Figure 1 shows a plan and profile of the road as constructed, and the
earthwork notes which are shown indicate the character of the con-
struction. The materials of excavation were transported in No. 24
steel scrapers and dump wagons, the haul varying from a few feet for
sidehill construction to a maximum of about 1,000 feet, the average
being a little over 600 feet.

58 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Two hundred and eighty-eight linear feet of 15-inch vitrified-clay
sewer pipe was placed for drainage purposes, and a concrete bridge
consisting of two 14-foot arches was begun at Long Island Creek.
Up to the time the Government engineer was withdrawn the excava-
tion for the foundations, consisting of 105 cubic yards of wet sand
and clay, had been completed, and 62 cubic yards of concrete had
been placed. The stone aggregate was secured from the excavation
between stations 63 and 68, and the sand was obtained from the
creek and hauled half a mile. Gutters on both sides of the road in
all cuts were paved for a width of 3 feet with stone from the excava-
tion, broken by hand to the required size; and 1,500 square yards of
the top-soil surfacing had been spread when the experiment was dis-
continued. The material was obtained from a field near station
2 plus 00 and was hauled an average distance of 1,200 feet.

This work, together with a small amount of miscellaneous work,
consisting principally of the moving of a small country store off the
right of way, cleaning gutters and repairing washouts, and the
Heards Ferry road-machine work constituted the occupation of the
convicts from January 10 to July 1, when the Hemphill Avenue con-
struction was begun. Up to August 23, 5 acres of right of way had
been cleared and 4,000 cubic yards of earth and 50 cubic yards of
rock had been excavated and moved. |

Superintendence and free labor.—The road work was under the gen-
eral supervision of the deputy warden who, though he also was respon-
sible for the conduct of the camp, devoted about three-fourths of
his time to the construction. He was assisted by two foremen who
were inimmediate charge of the work and men and whose entire time is
properly chargeable to the road work. The wages paid to these officers
are given on page 41. Besides these officials the only other citizens
employed on the work were a blacksmith, who received $2 per day
and board, and a driver, who was paid at the rate of $1.35 per day
and board for the time he was actually employed. The latter was
- employed primarily for the purpose of transporting men and supplies
from Atlanta, but a part of his time was devoted to the construction
work.

Teams.—From January to August an average of 12.92 pairs of the
county’s mules were kept in the stable attached to the camp. They
were valued at $600 per pair and it is estimated that they depreciated
at the rate of 10 per cent per year. Harness cost $40.50 per double
team, and it is estimated that it depreciated at the rate of 25 per
cent per year. Actual records of the cost of feed and bedding show
that this item amounted to $1.057 per double team per calendar day.
No account is taken in this connection of the cost of shoeing, but
proper allowance is made for it in connection with the cost of main-

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 59

taining the blacksmith shop. Based upon the above figures the
summarized cost of one team per calendar day is as follows:

Interest on’ cost of team: at'6 per cent per year: .-..------.--.-----+-------- $0. 098
Wepreciahlonvor a team ab LO per Cent per yeatert 2 -ss-.e52-2--- ee oe ie . 164
fatterest on’ cost of harness’ at 6 percent per year: (o/s... ...-------.-2-- = . 007

: Depreciation of harness at 25 per cent per year..:.....-----------+-------- . 027
‘ eed sania Hyped elias amma he To APA Ba Ne eR os aioe 1. 057
Hy Motaltcostapemeslendanday. .. 2.0.0 Usa eke eee ee. 1.353

The records of the camp show that up to August 10 maintenance
was provided for 2,351 team days, and the following table shows the
number of team days actually employed and lost:

Se ae hee

Number omteanndaysemployed x... t-te te eee ae tee eee le emer 1, 661. 0
INumaiber OF tearm day swdlense ssi ssc roi setae tre A Ree See olen See 244. 5
Number of team days lost by sickness. .............----------- ea eer So he
Number of team days lost by Sundays and holidays. ............--.------- 368. 0

otalaceammdays torAUucew lO io. oceans ese ke det onc See se Sones oe 2, 351. 0

Santee
ji

It is evident, therefore, that the team days actually employed
formed only 70.7 per cent of the total number for which maintenance
was provided, and the cost of a double team and harness per actual
working day therefore was

6 ea OU QUE Peep ay, =
" ‘

1.353--0.707=$1.91.

All work teams were driven by convicts except that part of the
time of the one free driver which was spent on the road work.

Construction equipment.—Table 34 is a complete list of the con-
struction equipment used in the course of the experiment.

TABLE 34.—Construction equipment.

fe re oe ee a

Item. Number.| Value. Item. Number.| Value.
ian
4 4
Ht Two-horse wagons..........-. 4 LEO) || Mattocks <j cian esis sec 27 $8
‘ One-horse wagon............-- 1 30) || Wheelbarrows:...-.....2-..-- 4 6
; INoH2+-wheelerstaeetese eto: 8 320 || Blasting machine............. 1 15
1 Small road machine. . ° 1 On| PEC KS iS Mee see el Sa 24 24
i Steam drill and accessories... 1 300 |} 39-pound stone hammers...... 8 6
f Portable pollens... c<c2e-2 sss 1 350 || Miscellaneous repairs, steel,
iv Blacksmith outfit and small leather, horseshoes, Glee wile eet cee 374
; BOOMS! /2/2 sjsicisicias eiewieeielesieie 1 100 || Stables , shop, CbCieemccsiscenleoce cance 150
: Gieding plowseat-. Sosete eee 2 50 eS
3% KOS tate ouysiorcem ciuieione cena oom 24 15 TO GALE ate ss wisisx Goce oe se| (Se te eeaicine 2,008
7 Short-handied Shovels. ....... 36 25

The customary allowances have been made for depreciation of this
equipment and the costs have been properly charged as ‘‘equip-
ment’ to each item of construction in Table 35.

60

Earth excavation: Cost.
SepPeLVisION 2. 2 bls 2 A oe eee ee eee
Poams. as ost. eee 2, 462. 85
Molerials. 22sec sss Peer ee te 314. 19
Equipment: =... ..25..5-.-2<2 22 ee ee eee 334. 95.
General'expense.. -..... 0-5. 22 So, Se ee 306. 91
Convick labor... 2... 2.4.3 ee 2, 325. 26

Total = oe 5o sis axe dS eee ee ere 6, 236. 81

BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TABLE 35.—Summary of cost of construction.
POWERS FERRY ROAD.

Quantity of excavation, 30,255 cubic yards.
Cost per cubic yard, 20.6 cents.

Rock excavation:

Clearing and grubbing: .
SUPEHVABION 7. G24 se See ee ee ee 86. 87
PRCAIIS io ek oa ses wc eine AE EK ee ee esey4/ 1
Materials.......- Steen res ern imme Wena Bet Oe 98. 62
Haqlipmentons.... <- Go kocse a. ace eee eee 8. 90
Generlexmense. foo. oo ns SONS eee he 2 eee ee 32. 30
Conwictlabor: 2.3020: = 0s ae he Se eee Le ee eee 360. 41 ©

dT IPS jee rp SNR na ements Sr cmt Hh Ra meee Ses ee PF 614. 17

Supervision.2: £s35-5 te see eee eee ee 193. 57
Teams): 2. sees. 2 Se Gee ee 296. 60
Matenals.o.5 5... . 25 bo ee ee ee 376. 79
Equipment: ...:.. .02. 2. es. tee co ece = ae a ee a eee 172. 00
General expense: -:-S2..225- cca abies ie eae ees cee ee 88. 00
Convict labore ts. S225 Skee ee Ee ae ee eee 800. 70

Totals. oo can cc hee as ee Ce eee 1, 927. 66

Quantity of excavation, 3,548.6 cubic yards.
Cost per cubic yard, 54.3 cents.

Area, cleared and grubbed, 9 acres.
Cost per acre, $68.24.

15-inch vitrified-clay pipe:

DUPERVAISIOR: 0. 2G ee ae ee ee ete a ee see See 2. 04
1 Fea Pe ero 1 paperanian RS 109. 68
HqUipmenGeice coo ee A ee en et eee a . 07
General-expenuse- 20 i eee ee ee ee 1.10
Convict lapor ss igo ee a ee nae ene ee 14. 05

Potal oe sceiis cic ecc mike os. Sa ee re 126. 94

Amount of pipe laid, 288 linear feet.
Cost per linear foot, 44 cents.

Concrete masonry:

NUPERVISION j= 870 Se Ce ee cid eel tee ee 30. 11
Meas 2 Fe oa ap ia Se ae ee ae oi en 7. 64
Materials oo 50. oie cas ee ee ee eee ee 186. 70
Equipments 32 fii) 324t Vie Bee, Ce ee Cee 1.09
General-expense.d 12 0.02 LISS. eee Re, ee ee 7.10
Convict labor 2:22:38 39! 6H eee ees ee 66. 38

Total -<.. 2225 Be Be eee 299. 02

Amount of masonry, 62 cubic yards.
Cost per cubic yard, $4.83.

Per cent.
3

‘f
9.
5.
5.
5.
re

Bul. 583, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE VIII.

PAVING GUTTERS TOP SOILING.

WET EXCAVATION DROP INLETS

DIAGRAMS SHOWING COMPARISON OF CosT OF CONVICT LABOR WITH TOTAL COST
OF WORK.

Bul. 583, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. PLATE IX.

EARTH EXCAVATION Rock EXCAVATION

VITRIFIED PiPe Concrete MASONRY

DIAGRAMS SHOWING COMPARISON OF COST OF CONVICT LABOR WITH TOTAL CosT
OF WORK.

ad

re eee xa <r

a ee

> Fae. =

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 61
Wet excavation for bridges: Cost. Per cent.
PHIDERWISIONM Eos Se oes ou rn Le es a eee Been ih H's $16. 28 22.5
Nea cl eieeesetig asiete Me Sc 2 ee Joos eee 10. 55 14.5
LEG ERE OVTaVST EGE = ie th eke gee ge RIP eo eee 42 6
Creme Lae eNOMB GA ne cae oe oe. A. a Biche Yea aro a Sioie 4.60 6. 2
CUBTERAVETE LRN COTE LSS NAG Set ne OE lo Pare eg 40. 61 56. 2
TNC TS eset oe he ores Nee oan nae yon eh pe cr 72. 46 100. 0
Quantity of excavation, 105 cubic yards.
Cost per cubic yard, 67 cents.
Construction of drop inlets:
DMC RVAnLO Mm me ge eet iar ol. 5 cl Pe ee 74 a 13.1
THSSUTE ES Beye ye ES Eo a ee Pa are lees SD 10. 86 6.5
BY PSS Te SoS gE ale ag a ade ay Pa 75. 95 45.7
Bquipment.. 22... 2. Sere Rte ae eee See an ala em 8 Bil | Saas co
PS DUUBED | ORG ASOT Eo Raed lege Re a a eg catia ps 5. 78 3.5
ESPEN AG glee Ona ets shen Pan NA SUN CS ON Ss eS 51. 92 31.2
MST Se ets a US IN aR Ss cane ee ae epee ee ere ee 166. 28 100. 0
Quantity of masonry, 51.6 cubic yards.
Cost per cubic yard, $3.22.
Gutter pavement: .
SERVE VISE OM nese te SS Moe eases e's 3 SUOCpm eigen as 112.35 13.1
AN SENTOOISE SRS 2 5 bt iy ee octet gen Re BU aS Ur 187.97 Palate)
j EVISU C3 NORE ET Fs sg cree SB a np IY 4.71 3)
ee TAM OR OUSOMeeE Se een rn Shoo be whee oes s ewe aes eee 54. 59 6.4
COnwlerrinmOlN sac ee eee erie Phresh oi lik ue ae OR 499.78 58.2
“Tt ees Sie eo eh ea eal rin apa ae mB a 859. 40 100.0
Area of gutter pavement, 4,747 square yards.
Cost per square yard, 18.1 cents.
Top-soil surface:
SUID SIP TA STOTT oe ee i re ieee Sue ae tinted rae eae age Ac IN AE 7.43 10.7
Ties nee So ASSES ee rag ie Ret gn es 34.38 49.0
1 EGTA OVS TVE LO Hg Se ees eae Se ee cg aM Ce, 25a oy 38 5
StOEE U3 sfo>j OCIA Sle nee ti et Seer a A any eA a ee 4.45 6.4
Coryl Ge ADOR rah. tee eee ea al nde ee eg 2 23.43 33.4
NUL ra San AOR, 2 IS gs a a ee ee Rs eee 70. 07 100.0
Area of surface, 1,500 square yards.
Cost per square yard, 4.7 cents.
Miscellaneous work:
TG EREN (ECO Ph rk SAR Bp Riles pag eee RLM alae lca ff Ae aU Mo SIN Pong INP $270
RECAPITULATION.
Cost of Power’s Ferry Road Work.
Beak RCO ena OTE eee are aisles vy ee eo SA Oe re hs A $6, 236. 81
LEGG) SSATP A OTT a ERO Sh ERR SO WRI, = Da at Ue RS ER 1, 927. 66
lest rn Op ier Oi Onset e vier= cme aN a Ao Ro kee ik be ee 614.17
MIMVCLiROMUCItE WACO Tews. owe nem nee a Po CSc e ee cee, Fc pee ae 126. 94
CIEE FOTIIG 1S 0502 ne ee ei ane Lol a oe See Rm ce 299. 02
Peano AO brMagene a1 temo ama ee lean is} Sa te ke eee 72.46
enamine tame A eret oth 53 Fe Cee eR teres oN eset tae aes 166. 28
SATIRE? TOS STE TAT eI eI eS eg me ee 859. 40
ap -soulsubiaces:. ->-. co. le kee PEE a oot ars Ge Seale eee Ne eae em 70.07
Mineo MAMEOUN NOL Kc co eso kl ta a ee PhS ot Lee veges 270.00
4 LGV SEN 7°07 AY ce a em pr ra te ae SSR Bop ae pice mam Cte 10, 642. 81

aces ae

.

aes

62 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
HEMPHILL AVENUE.

Earth excavation: Cost.
DUperVvisierec. 2.426 ee $37.90
Peg. oo. S82 eee 226. 67
Piquipment.._ 200... Se eee 28.55
General expense: 2°52. ..'.. 2. ere 31.40
Conuwitttabor:.- =! <2. ee eee 195. 23

Potal i. 2-2-3... 33.3.4 a eee eee 519.75

Quantity of excavation, 4,000 cubic yards.
Cost per cubic yard, 13 cents.

Rock excavation:

NUpenvVasION. :- .. 3.555 See ee eee 1.60
Teams... sun 5. .-)- 2 Sa 2S ee eo ee 3. 82
Materials... __... [22243 2 eee Se ee eee 13.35
Hiquipment... . . 2322 a nee eee 442
General expense. . . 222 eee oe ee ee ee ee .93
Convict labor. << 22... Sa ee ee a ee eee 7.02

Total. ..-.. 05222. 2, Se ee ee eee 28.44

Quantity of excavation, 50 cubic yards.
Cost per cubic yard, 56.9 cents.

DUPE VISION. -. 2.5 eS ee ee 11.61
Teams. 2... 2 ote ee ee Ce RR eee ee eee re 20.41
Materiaisi: .. .-. 22. sscceen ce ee ees eae es cee Ree ee 3.86
Equipment: .- ......<< Liege ee te ee eee 1.80
General Gxpense. ..2. 2.2 435-2522 Se ee eee 6.53
Convict labor. .-: <2 3ge ee a ae eee pee ee 63. 26

Total. 2. - . - cache ee es ae Be eee 107.47

Area cleared and grubbed, 5 acres.
Cost per acre, $21.49.

15-inch vitrified-clay pipe culverts:

Materials. < .. ee. = Se ee ee ee 11.52
General expense. "3 .. ) . 22. = abe eee eee eee . 26
ConvictJabors. 2.0. ....0 5. ee eee eee 3.90

Total 22.2225. cons ce eee 15. 68

Amount of pipe laid, 32 feet.
Cost per linear foot, 49 cents.

RECAPITULATION.

Cost of Hemphill Avenue work.

Harti excavation: 2.022942 2 ee eee eee
Rock excavation = 202 oa ee eee
Clearing and erabbing: -. 2 {22 eee
Culvert pipe in place... J...4 2-65. ee ee eee

Total cost. 2... 6 sce eee ee ee pe ee ge Se a

671. 34

LIOR Ee

CONVICT ROAD CAMP, FULTON COUNTY, GEORGIA. 63
HEARDS FERRY ROAD.

Clearing and grubbing: Cost. Per cent.
SUPCENISIOME acm ete sett TE eRe soe Ht $7. 70 8.3
[Meanie ase Neer eme re: oii). isd cre ea 1S 20. 71 22.0
IMG regia sare peek eye eee ee eS Seo i. Ue Se ieee orally 2 20. 64 21.9
Ein beeper iene seth 2. Sy ee de Ve27 1.4
GCN EETMONPeISOH er see Meee ae La. Se Bone Sener eee ou, © 4. 64 4.9
Convyicttlaporseres sees ees ee cee coe ee te eee eee we: 39. 05 41.5

INOUE eee GBR Get SA ne as Sage ean REP eI Sane 94.01 100.0

Area cleared and grubbed, 2 acres.
Cost per acre, $47.
Earth excavation (by road machine):

DUPenvwsIOn gee ety sere Sa ost ud J. eee ae eet 7. 24 6.8
NER YTNSE 2 os Seer PoE SBOE eee gee een Mee i bars Cage ot 42.02 39.8
i quilpume nip ese eee eres ne ee oe ae ue eg: W499) 2 2s
Cetiota Nex CUS MN prs weeretee mie Nt seine ash os Ck se aaa Capea 5. 92 5.6
WONNMACEMAD OI ee ee te ee ee ee ee eae cee tere 37. 49 35.5

Gio Cale eee rer ate sr es i cw au siti S ee nom ae 105. 66 100.0

Quantity of excavation, 1,667 cubic yards.
Cost per cubic yard, 64 cents.

RECAPITULATION,.

Cost of Heard’s Ferry Road work.

Glezmneandeecubbbimeem-saeeeere ses te ee ey pes, $94. 01
BanivexcayablOle eee ee rare a ee a aa 105. 66
INOUE oh gies SNS Bate RS ie a ph a pa ee sa ae 199. 67

In these tables the item “general expense” includes the wages and
board of foremen on Sundays and holidays, the wages and board of
the blacksmith, and the wages and board of the free driver when he
was employed on work of a general nature.

The total amount of this expense was $632.02, made up as follows:

GENERAL EXPENSE.

SUWIDOAMIENG MA As Sek DE SU I 2 6 ERE i i enna i ieee ge eae ea at $279. 35
IRC es mip ieee ie De eri RL Ee er le ae 333. 66
[Dee IGayiC eee ee te etme tel ik Fo ee 19.01

AOE ea Si ne CAST SIN a 0 a 632. 02

As the only saving which can be made by the use of convictlabor
must be derived from the labor itself, it follows that the kind of work
best adapted to the employment of convicts is that in which the labor
cost forms the largest part of the whole cost. To indicate the differ-
ences between the various kinds of work performed by the experi-
mental convicts, the column headed ‘‘per cent”’ has been added to
the cost tables, and the diagrams shown in Plates VIII and IX have
been prepared. They indicate very clearly that, of the various kinds
of work performed, clearing and grubbing and excavation are best
adapted to the employment of prisoners, and that such work as cul-

Lita 2 wei

—————— eee

¥

.

= =

eee f= a Soak cs ee

64 BULLETIN 583, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

vert and bridge construction is to be avoided whenever possible. It
should be noted that the exceptionally high percentage in the case of
gutter pavements represents only an apparent advantage in this
kind of work, as no charge is made for material which ordinarily
would form a large part of the cost. In the Atlanta construction
the rock was obtained from the excavation without cost other than
that of hauling and breaking to size.

The economy resulting from the employment of the convicts in ne
work and the high degree of efficiency with which they were main-
tained and organized are proved by the low unit costs of the work, as
shown by the tables of costs. That the efficiency of the experimental
camp workers was distinctly above that of the other county squads
was noted by all who observed them at the Lakewood fair grounds,
where they worked side by side with representatives of other camps.
Finally, the fact that such costs could be obtained under the severe
conditions surrounding this experiment affords the most convincing
proof of the soundness of the methods of organization, discipline, and
convict maintenance employed.

ADDITIONAL COPIES
OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM
THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON, D. C.
AT

25 CENTS PER COPY
V

ee rr

| wg
= soonoves 7 Seats | 3
CHECA CHIEF, ROAD ECONOMICS E-57 E

VI1nVww

ae

S4¢k 1ron ei
Frbnf with 2"ho/e

ro” -OINING ROOM PARTITION

US. OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS AND RURAL ENGINEERING
ROAD ECONOMICS

GENERAL VIEWS
PORTABLE mgcvsciag he CAMP BUILDING

SCALE, 5 =1-0"

| We fa

a)

|

2 Ply rooting
35" Wrdths

(Cover strips

a roaring

i

18-0"

END K/EW

10"Galv. iren ridge roll

[EE Ta0d 6 Pooring

a | |

SECTION H-H

5847°18—Bull. 588. (To face page 64.) No.1

Blsk jron plate
4xbxg with f hole

m2"

By .
ys
>

PL —

iz

7 ;
joe 9

fe Cy

— 2-0% an 5-94 oa bs
[7'-4%

CEO RLIL RS KITCHEN -DINING ROOM PARTIT/ON

US OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS AND RURAL ENGINEERING
ROAD ECONOMICS

GENERAL VIEWS
PORTABLE CONVICT CAMP BUILDING

SCALE, $"= 1-0"

correct —(§ 4. IT

Cine SOW sient inliaie 1
. 9
tte ms wes

ectonds

3
Tie

Ly ee

ee

Ws

alt
sts!
at
oy
oh '
F 4i
) a
retens f

ene

ea Hs

ewe cea)

art)
hm SN

WI WONRSRRAI «ae

Wr SRA wor NVED'S

U.S.OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS AND RURAL ENGINEERING
ROAD ECONOMICS
DETAILS
PORTABLE CONVICT CAMP BUILDING
SCALE, 13 1-0"

| ats
| Z)
pptean alee) cot ies py

APPROVED
-- =

~=—s e222

[:

: eee

246° for beams spread 2:24 crs.

fF
ya “intermediate s///

Hi 2x2" t
A
y . ex 2
| - a Gelvenized Screen
Aolts
: f Lv SL heeper

6x fro" Ls
flag sevens ;
eee
at

SECT/ON A-A

958 20d sill.

|

:
5
f

UPPER 000R ane
2 fe
FLY SCREEN SECTION E-E

PLAN AND ELEVATION QUARTER SECTION UNDER FLOOR STRUCTURE
Seale {31:07

|

—)g*.

Space fo receive standard sash
33x42: 6 Highs. 3/30 upper doors
See cera//

i

200R

WihelF round beading

U.S. OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS AND RURAL ENGINEERINS
ROAD ECONOMICS

DETAILS
PORTABLE CONVICT CAMP BUILDING

SCALE, I5= 1-0"

Ik : f
ay pe LE, baila an ea ae

SECTION G-C HIGHWAY ENGINEER

SECT/ON B-B
ELEVATION DOOR PANEL
Scale, /#=/0" ws rEdaanp apchert eee .

\ |b
st Se

1.588. (To face page 64.) No.2

€

Te EES
aie mo -

ih

ie
os &
4
if

i = * hk
d ie a ‘ >

eee aeee ian RE,

ne eo

GES = at sd goes
é Dixie ¥ wohl eee te ee a ¢ + —_ ee - ; a tt helena spe as tt nas re ~ane

v

nae ethan ae rt
®.
-2 ———
e228 ==

meg i ae

oe
*

9

-& WONEDSt-

Gents sie Seb a i ~~) ge

&

BAVTDUEATT HOO BAY |

runt “pe ets
aot!
eh See oe Sieskepee inpemisenaiinaaae

My 9 NG MBO
st
4
e ~
¥

eg ee 3
<> eaten t ¥

oe
iy

oe

mS

COLLAR BEAM

U.S. OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS AND RURAL ENGINEERING
ROAD ECONOMICS

DETAILS
PORTABLE CONVICT CAMP BUILDING

SCALE, 1} =1'-0"

ee ge ee Brat Delia a

ES/ ag wing
TRACI

CHET

Vi Sn --

a

=
uf

A

a3

ox
i:

i

ee Washers. t
‘ 5 a

oe ee coe aaa

= ee i: st 1 cre 7 tage t

-f-t-4ede

I
|
i} t
“e
dies 4
i :
e 3 +
wae 3
NON 3s
b
| g
| s
dl N
© IL $
ee
VENTILATOR
(required for each section
Seale /p2/0°

Bend at A to fit

8 required for single section structuge
harequired far each aaditions! sactian
Seale, 92/-0°

eae
-1- 2. Kesher
1) Wing aor
{ if =aAle
Py gL
Washer \__ 1.4 Sg%5 "barr

Iho gal
GABLE STUDD/NG BOLT 1 ip
Frequired Fariesch structure 6 0s (erg, fer penels~

28 bolts, 5'long, for collar beam.) \
Note.-For single section structure make | o> pairs Clon (ERT TIE

G 90 bolts, 5-long, for collar beam
For each additional section Ga FOSS OWT
Scale, 37/0" 10 bolts, 1-long, tor pane/s

For each structure mate (2 bolts, 7 long, far corner posts
Bm
16 +t J Fi ‘3

Note :- Gable section made in night 3nd
left-hand pieces.

ze
Loe saa

Tg

ke

baemmon ik Sn ear ema g

PACED ar... ALTE. 3
MECKED Br. & - OATE.
. 5847°—18— Bull. 583.

(To face page 64.)

No. 3

GABLE SECT/ON

(eae eae

|
4 =e

! feats
= eT tym | AV) 4
+ fhelas 2 4 | ose oa = \ i
i 7 ; —— .
Lee — 72° H t =
i 1 t y
JRON STRAP | > | l ¥. 1H
Sreguired far exch ventilator i s i t —
Sex /e, 331-0" 5 || ' ue I
EVE BOLT all 1 eee Hk
Wgrequired for sing/e section structure © |! Hl i
required for each aacitions/ section ay | 1 Til
| Saske, 3=/:0" x | H |
BS ne t_|
i i ‘ raat aaa
| ! (eres tol
im ‘@ Washers f 1 Set i
| oh SV) Wig rot ff eens s ea
} a) aol i, et
x — } Pa? StS) ene Ap oJ
[oe a" || Geen: 5
| [See aff SZC Fe=4
Zz " | iB
; De ero" — 263° — 2
| E fe: M23 — —-
U
7 - N
beget — ag? gt
EYE BOLT

ROOF SECTION

f eye bolt

4AWEE BRACE RAFTER CONNECTION

ic

7 --26"colar beam

2407
COLLAR 8EAM

U.S.OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS AND RURAL ENGINEERING
ROAD ECONOMICS

DETAILS
PORTABLE CONVICT CAMP BUILDING

SCALE, 1$ 71-0"

;
ee pone en eras

separa hf.
el way Mei
SS ae
aX dat
~
eet
A

SN 3

DB

AK
aa

a
i

oF nar
Pe

ww

-

-

i

ret ee

,

Bcd

A pee
s
ee
{3
geen
ars
Us
Pa
-
=

x

a

Ota as

f od Gans ts
Be Pattee

a

P
i

r

> a ie

dead
ow

a
. eas /
| ; 2 Gems
: es J ea ape re ee ‘ at
p © * ; ;
© a i Lo
Mra * Lee reese ie ee See ,
: & ; $ a ae oe ;
i 1 @ 5 F ¥ :
: Vans Eee Se ee aes fod “t AE

S&

; ic
TC [ake

} yeces with off

1 ted for each

(far connection angle)
6 required for sirgfe section structure
fereguired For exch additional! section

U.S. OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS AND RURAL ENGINEERING
ROAD ECONOMICS

FLOOR DETAILS
PORTABLE CONVICT CAMP BUILDING

| SCALE, 13°= |'-0"
correct __ a af

I oy

4 HIGHWAY ENGINEER
7

ApPRoveo & MG - Vi
1) ’chicr, ROAD ECONOMICS —

ieceeale =: = 9° te 9° — 7-63"
| |
T
| ghaxs7-9%F
SIDE SILL

ereguired for each section

for single section feng? =17* 10"
22g" ray" 7/827 - al stBH at i7d" ligfils 7 5 fe is ors eer ipdn SEE
Ir og 4 ig Toate 4 i 1-74 petete 1-83 aac 7-83 21212
i ee me | i 9x8ix (80° | Fyn ! | t |
i I Lah i H
f T { i
q | I 1
it ee 20g" a ree) 2 —— 202g" _ —— 2 2f" 24277 |
‘ — —- — 8-0" — = =
| END S/Zk
| 2required for single section structure
| None required for adolitions/ sections
105" 12 ieieiy = V5g~ accom ey = ote a star 17" +2 /-af" ai Hef age
4 = le = = di 1
] =, ] |
| | 248 1870" | | = i
| i | | | 1
= HE | {
Chr a Se EE ——= Senay ——— — 2-277 a —etaj* a er = —
13-0" =
INTERMEDIATE S/LL
Nore required for singfe section structirs 2
435 / required for exch adaitions( Section
3 .
ea 0g” a t2F 184" 6g" 12737 4244 2 Fag” {22 2] 1-837 2/124 zt
=a i i
ee ee H , 2x8 174" |
S| ets g te i
oh E f a
\ is AE, ein I pte i AE ES ware BeID == |
etig 7 2g 7 — 2°23 tare, = = 44 = 2-2 2-27 =
ins tes
JOST
Irequired foreach section
5] at a 28°
- = iF te Angle
246% 8-9" wo 0a
j at,
i ih
I 8-9" 8-3: holes for § hag screws. Ww 1 Scale 3%/'0"
FLOOR BEAMS: For singe section Structure make Saar
Wb required for each section 4 pieces as shown and F pieces with aff — 2 [
For interior of continued sections, length = 8°3~ bheles punched as 8. h— 6
& , exch
Bisse s Se required for FP
5 edditions! section. Gace)
a CONNECTION ANGLE 6 required for single section structure
ee To Ir (6x6 x446 eel) prequired for exch additions/ section
15429: D' rounded |
x
he 9-0" ~| te
FLOOR STRIP U.S. OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS AND RURAL ENGINEERING
erequired for each section ROAD ECONOMICS
SCALE, 13 =1-0"
CORRECT _
oes/aven we of Pasctenk pare 2

Teaceo ar _G. Ey.
eveeneo av Ad,

5847°-18—Bull. 583. (‘To face page 64.)

No. 4

‘ P a Me
vr Perey OE Es ian koa meena ae
3 yer

A+

Sten RR
OG «ugg cnanvose HeaMiieco Ao Vorishen ASN

CORNER POST
wired for each strucrure

ONG PLATE

ple section. Siructure.
A add itor! sector.

8-02.

Ix 6-6"

‘ECE (000R)

b structure.

7.

J prece on ygposiTe 5179.

i ! - 5 ) i “
i ,
- : ~— i r *s
ae it i a v ' i - a
- 7 i " . E i
i Se i —- j
7 i : fi ‘
i” a. = ss ‘ -
7 : . ae pe
: s ¢ ~ x ae
i { : a ;
, at {- Ae 5
y i 5 ‘i - ; uF 7
7 = - 7 i - { i
i ' ‘
h Fi ’ - e ay i
; i : : ' ; '
' } =. * -
\4 > A ‘ 7 “
— A
2 ‘ iy .
i ‘ il
A ‘

racy pp =) peep |
1 x dg Sp
a . " — R 3° aesireS
a T [2 58:0>, g 1 = ite] Ss ih | P=) 45 5%8+0
i= FE Her ce
Ba SSS el = — = | eal = : 10° a 2-397 oa"
a Hi Tl | Of pearler round beading +e (Seek :
] J
i =
ff iz 354 a= Saji 6) g:0°2 g— SECF-F SEC.6-6 :
7 i ci
ss 5
E 5 z — =
| t i ss 7 = CORNER POST
[108 - 6-5 + Frequired for each structure
if o-0° — +
SIDE PANEL PIECE
2reguired far asch panef
(6 with holes 3s shown I Z S Sy TG 5 > + =r
36 required For single section structira fs without hole | 4 Say ao SAH AFC ht B+ as
4 without any holes 3 f | 7 T =a
ae 20 required far exch adaitianahsection . i, hag ae i iz ALS a“ jeg af jae 2 aay re StH gL
hholes gf tee sti
li ic + en
2 7 + ; ; ; eta, i
jak = SS +) ¢ Fy + ¢ ]
ie ca 406 PLATE
| erequired far siighe section. structure.
4 required Por axh additions! section.
EY ie a
BOTTOM PANEL PIECE a Ht | fe
required Por exch pare SULL AND CENTER PANEL PIECE (Pb EE — AI at
For single structure make (8 as shown Tie ath,
, quired for each psra/ aie = ~
far exch additions! structure make 35 Shown Fe sige ae meee — Taanee = 3 a
For each additieos/ structure make (0 33 shown ap A 4 F,
F eat 3-3" 2-9" 0" t |
. beg eR ae )
- +12) 7 r | AE
= Py
FE —leeke'8 rounded) =I % 2x ROO S|
ERT s2K 2GReS | (romed) |, 20° z
rf 5 dag Fie: BG DW Se A= 8-0 —-!|
Bra a
| FeeaS 2S | el SIDE PIECE (000R)
i RE es =| ba ppie—tt. w—t — of | pa Propped foreach srrucrure
| out .| : : Make 2 with 13 piece on opposite side
TOP PAWEL PIECE eo
Irequired for exch pane!
Brequired for exh single section structure = 200R STRIP
W required for each saditione/ section 2reguired for exch structure
aa ee OsihSe, nia
[ ae ab [ VRIRS=2" ‘ {] Faas 2 *
7H fl :
13 i
% L 3-2 k
ve 4ofghotes + + == M67 fei | | i
= = =a a [x53 2-6" | ce — c J
eg fa re er re yk tek [ Lae eh 2 a2" |
157 are
i | ——— 2a?

=

—H.
SHORT PLATE

4 required for each sfructure

aes 254% 2-8
yj 2a ba

:

Fa
2-et

TOP PIECE (000K)
erequired fur exch strocture

|

\

| 3
pesrsneo ay ths (Hh Dustant. oare-

TRACED ar. G.
cxecneo ar.Zl.

fancbaek._ pare _A-4-(__

6847°—18—Bull, 583. (To face page 64.)

No.

3

TOP DOOR JAMB
ereguired for each structure

BOTTOM NAILING STRIP

(UPPER WINDOW)

0 required for single section structure
6 required Per exch sdaitiona/ sectian

TOP NAILIN STRIP

(COPPER WivooW)
00 required for single section structura
6 required Pir axch aa0ifrons/ section.

ye a “8
ay e AFG ee
[etn 2-43 jl * iS (B48 aS
le | 5 -
sere ie Wp ——— — 4-33 se {fe
|}_——2## —— : U.S. OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS ANO RURAL ENGINEERING
on 7 ROAD ECONOMICS
L — 58° _|

CROSS WAILING STRIP

(2008)

Frequired for each stroctire

DLAGONAL WAILING STRIP
(200k)
2 required for each structuré

SIDE DETAILS
PORTABLE CONVICT CAMP BUILDING
ete

SCALE, I} =1'-0"
CORRECT Ast
hae. "HIGHWAY ENGINEER.

a
Vk
APPROVED. ne fre ane

mit ~
2S SD RS HONE DSI A
Y *
7 ®

ha

oi ‘

_ SYEAQ YAMAS BAN)

. j y 7 . fi ‘ Ai of
_— _ * AL egos 9s 7
SUAS Kowigag, SNA.

ee
Sn eee ee ee llr

rrr ek terete fi Dea

Brow 2%
Ae ey

“~<?d
Py cay ¢

SORE She Ay
ke SERS. SOG As

a

a
“a a
“Se

owe
ec 3
~s- RS — Fs
— Ps

i
+
on

: :

otha inept cme
mm a

rn a . wd

Pinter marten eines

GABLE END STUDDING
Preguired: (OP C2C/? AT USLE

|

- ;- Sica
f = = < Tr = es r
s rs | d
ye : =]
5 x 7] IR IK~ “5g he Psd
STA : rill F a sey He
a
ee | die : |
apt) 3 |
f 3-77 —— Fa ie I
k 3-537 | [eseestee forrest ea)
PURLIN FULLER STRIP (EAVES) GABLE END STUODING
50 required for exch section Yreguiced for exch section Frequired: Vapasoieeucore
ff 2x4 KM 127 ats
3
<. 2"
qe a de
EPacver, Ebole for $29 borts e == }
Le coals Be
= on = ols
a va aes ons U-0% _|
< if { M13" - |
oo
re pa GABLE END RAFTER
rs Prequired for each structore
tye ta ae x
Set
oa : = — : as
. x4 (0-09 (ES Fe at
CONNECTING ANGLE C ‘FOR PURLIN) 1 | Se
80 required For single section structure jog al Pike sl Ere al py dae
100 required for each adaitians/ section
Scale, 32/0" $
| IL 9-85"
| = = CAD L 10-03"
== | (=
i zal B07 7OM PLATE(GABLE END)
4/24 ford turnbuckle 4 required for exch structure :
| - L. ay 2 el
Cc Ee 145 i pets Sn 43 =
i = za = fT
A it 2 Se he
| u =a A Si} tL
ee | 5 Ao ae ell
=e 2+67 — 1-85 foe OF Tt ie
fe Wor gf terabuckle OMe id) 1 |
te ee Por ff bolt 4°, wing nut : eae j
a(S commmmnhy f
fee ap |
dee dt Ua) = = ——+.-= +78"
8 Ir (3
BRACE RODS RAFTER
porta as Ay 6 Srequired for single section shroctore
or singfe section structure - 00 required for each additions! sectian
. . 2x643+0"
‘10 . .
\ For exch additions! section {i . .
Ws ae
Make talf with right hand threads
om IFAs 5
Scale = /-0
_———es as +
DESIENED MS Leabaade ware 2/5 ~ Me. =
TRACED BY: $S~-- ==. Dar.
CHECKED Mel ebak

eetaute pare 3-/0- ib.
5847°—18—Bull. 583,

(Wo face page 64.) No.

COLLAR BEAM

required for siagle section sfrocture
Srequired tar each advitions/ section

WSOFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS AND RURAL ENGINEERING
ROAD ECONOMICS

ROOF DETAILS
PORTABLE CONVICT CAMP BUILDING

SCALE, 131-0

APPROVED

if recaps cae

t

py” orem reavig) MASON | ve -
ODE eek Sean, Res NS CR

j ; , . anh 5 ;
ties ‘ f A nee came one pi wm ee tn ee alle. ay

4

c Ay Allaah tetas ehenieieee ind a aire A a ee
.
ee -
44 \ a ue ae eee ee
j BE ab ates er ry etna me Sin Ap lien pis Wlnalgn ea bother nail
= ents
js + eee —o mm FF PP Pe = SR he rns:
Z
; pleat hl li el lal nse et se Ll Gees Ne lt pti le ined akan
® i Mt Pe “ae ni
: £xps a:
‘ a! ie iain is hoch es stints cota Mane tak Ma
af
“ _ ry a
: ee ar cyiedb inn — a sheath re na
ay De 4 4 ‘ CO th oe AR Patra tll
F ' “4 %,
- asin
j a f oS a Pgh ety Kt a

QUEM

OS

oo Wa eu

oe ares 5 oe = *
NN —- — ee ¥ = ee Sa CR cee ee ee a
ae Sheng ~s = <s-5 ey 2 SSS a me
Pig “
+ <

ee
YE es ne

M8

f 7
: 7 “F . 5 : 7 ' 2 ; 7
- Y “
= = : = cry } : a : ap 7 Iu ar
. ' 4 = Lee 7 7
9 o 4 : -
me ‘ : A é . , oe if - 7 7 a V
e - 7 7 - aol it - ‘
7 ‘ - . = 7 -
a 7 -
cf i i
a 4 n ‘ . ‘ -~ 7 - . ’ 7 ys
‘ Fi =
- : T 7 1 oe ae } ; - ’ a t . er : 7 a L 4
= ry r i 7 7 1 i : : - i
; ’ a ~ ty : : ’ : et
4 ’ i = « rn *
" ' = og 5
- =f We 7 =
7 : ; io ‘ r R : :
=) : 1 : xh
re 1
i ’ 5 :
+ eo \ ig +.
‘ ‘ . .
' - . i 7 ’ 1 = 7
- i an r Mie 1 Frcs rm ; =
ae - { ar) 1 : Oe : =
1 ai ee : i on Fes t
’ : “= : -
| : ss ne - - me -
t : : i if i
- m ory a 4) -
7

[baits with
wing nurs 1

+H

7 sit Por partition

Screen frome of /"e2'piece:

1 cE = aes I] ekg”
gi6" Flooring (46> Una"
~4%6°——_ |
FRONT ELEVATION A-— 420%
ENO ELEVAT/ON SECTION

A-A
ee ere ee

ee y

eee

BACK aaa ENO ELEVAT/ON I)
Sh: Sie
————_——=

Pike fe

i ae
WL) 756 “basrots

PLAN
OETAIL OF SEAT

et US.OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS AND RURAL ENGINEERING
ROAD ECONOMICS

DETAILS
PORTABLE FLYPROOF PRIVY

SCALE, 1"=1"0"

DETAIL OF FRONT
SECTION ae (2,

HighWAY ENGINEER,

esierey eee.

TRACED an. ie
chee ae CAIN SEE ee
fla Ke A 9a CHIEF, ROAD ECOHOMICS

5847°—18—Bull. ¢

(To face page 64.) No.7

salva

. SREP SSS CES. es eer pe i i ai tt A eekstpath ial :
SF ae En toe cate WRIA OSPR. Derren Ss pROR ERE a7 ate

6

f +

IRS ee ee ee eae SL eA

Riel | antesee game connie tints lacie sespoms menttn, elem i

em Aa pe seh nna tetigg en sepa teases cel eK fame, <
ar

. ES ct ee

hk WOYERNSSA TORR

VIEW

END

U.S.OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS AND RURAL ENGINEERING
ROAD ECONOMICS

DETAILS OF MESS TABLE
PORTABLE CONVICT CAMP

SCALE- 13"= 1-0"

ORRECT __ Ab F Faartasle . ZF ya ee ae

HIGHWAY ENGINEER

(GN E }
SED APPROVED . a /
OME 7 CHIEF, ROAD ECONOMICS §

a

Sint at

els

5847°—18—Bull. 583.

(To face page 64.)

No. 8

i
t
Ho
Vat Wp
ea Wieal 1x10"
Hat Wd
4 res)
f 1
T t
x i i
Seuelll il aire
+! hy mm) Tle
Se il ' tl
iM}
I! Ly
1
F5 a
1 pla
| 0 ta 1x10"
Fa {ra
Ox eg aS 8p Ee es EN Se Sn a a ae ee
eS a —
TT | i iii ial
I
a {tel fina eae
Q fii ai x0
ts rd
y+ Lt Ht
a iL 5-07
i* 10-0"
PLAN
| ra y Ta fH
H ies
s
se
: l i
eee x4 }— 2x4"
~
S
|
oe im
geste ed Taehack osre 2-/516.
(UES ee rope

CORRECT

END VIEW

U.S.OFFICE OF PUBLIC ROADS AND RURAL ENGINEERING
ROAD ECONOMICS

DETAILS OF MESS TABLE
PORTABLE CONVICT CAMP

SCALE-13°= 1-0"

APPROVED _ B& fo oe =
7 CHIEF, ROAD ECONOMICS:

Paice st

ea : aM ae j

Nal Shh Ag PP Ct Ca,

a <4 E .

a