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61 ST CONGRESS "I ^F^ATF (DOCUMENT
2d Session f 1 No. 338
REPORTS OF THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION
IMMIGRANTS IN CITIES
A STUDY OF THE POPULATION OF SELECTED
DISTRICTS IN NEW YORK, CHICAGO, PHILA-
DELPHIA, BOSTON, CLEVELAND, BUFFALO,
AND MILWAUKEE
(IN TWO VOLUMES: VOL. I)
PRESENTED BY MR. DILLINGHAM
JANUARY 31, 1910. — Referred to the Committee on Immigration
and ordered to be printed with illustrations
WASHINGTON-
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1911
THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION.
Senator WILLIAM P. DILLINGHAM, Representative BENJAMIN F. HOWELL.
Chairman. Representative WILLIAM S. BENNET.
Senator HENRY CABOT LODGE. Representative JOHN L. BURNETT.
Senator ASBURY C. LATIMER.<* Mr. CHARLES P. NEILL.
Senator ANSELM J. McL/AURiN.6 Mr. JEREMIAH W. JENKS.
Senator LE ROY PERCY. c Mr. WILLIAM R. WHEELER.
Secretaries:
MORTON E. CRANE. W. W. HUSBAND.
C. S. ATKINSON.
Chief Statistician:
FRED C. CROXTON.
Extract from act of Congress of February 20, 1907, creating and defining the duties of the
Immigration Commission.
That a commission is hereby created, consisting of three Senators, to be appointed
by the President of the Senate, and three Members of the House of Representatives,
to be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and three persons
to be appointed by the President of the United States. Said commission shall make
full inquiry, examination, and investigation, by subcommittee or otherwise, into the
subject of immigration. For the purpose of said inquiry, examination, and investiga-
tion said^commission is authorized to send for persons and papers, make all necessary
travel, either in the United States or any foreign country, and, through the chair-
man of the commission, or any member thereof, to administer oaths and to examine
witnesses and papers respecting all matters pertaining to the subject, and to employ
necessary clerical and other assistance. Said commission shall report to Congress the
conclusions reached by it, and make such recommendations as in its judgment may
seem proper. Such sums of money as may be necessary for the said inquiry, examina-
tion, and investigation are hereby appropriated and authorized to be paid out of the
"immigrant fund" on the certificate of the chairman of said commission, including
all expenses of the commissioners, and a reasonable compensation, to be fixed by the
President of the United States, for those members of the commission who are not
Members of Congress; * * * .
a Died February 20, 1908.
& Appointed to succeed Mr. Latimer, February 25, 1908. Died December 22, 1909.
c Appointed to succeed Mr. McLaurin, March 16, 1910.
n
LIST OF REPORTS OF THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION.
Volumes 1 and 2. Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission, with Conclusions and Recom-
mendations and Views of the Minority. (These volumes include the Commission's complete reports
on the following subjects: Immigration Conditions in Hawaii; Immigration and Insanity; Immi-
grants in Charity Hospitals; Alien Seamen and Stowaways; Contract Labor and Induced and Assisted
Immigration; The Greek Padrone System in the United States; Peonage.) (S. Doc. No. 747, 61st
Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 3. Statistical Review of Immigration, 1819-1910— Distribution of Immigrants, 1850-1900. (S. Doc.
No. 756, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 4. Emigration Conditions in Europe. (S. Doc. No. 748, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 5. Dictionary of Races or Peoples. (S. Doc. No. 662, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volumes 6 and 7. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 1, Bituminous Coal Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong.,
2d sess.)
Volumes 8 and 9. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 2, Iron and Steel Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st
Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 10. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 3, Cotton Goods Manufacturing in the North Atlantic States—
Pt. 4, Woolen and Worsted Goods Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 11. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 5, Silk Goods Manufacturing and Dyeing— Pt. 6, Clothing
Manufacturing— Pt. 7, Collar, Cuff, and Shirt Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 12. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 8, Leather Manufacturing— Pt. 9, Boot and Shoe Manufac-
turing—Pt. 10, Glove Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 13. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 11, Slaughtering and Meat Packing. (S. Doc. No.' 633, 61st
Cong., 2dsess.)
Volume 14. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 12, Glass Manufacturing— Pt. 13, Agricultural Implement
and Vehicle Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 15. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 14, Cigar and Tobacco Manufacturing— Pt. 15, Furniture Man-
ufacturing—Pt. 16, Sugar Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 16. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 17, Copper Mining and Smelting— Pt. 18, Iron Ore Mining—
Pt. 19, Anthracite Coal Mining— Pt. 20, Oil Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 17. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 21, Diversified Industries, Vol. I. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong.,
2d sess.)
Volume 18. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 21, Diversified Industries, Vol. II— Pt. 22, The Floating Immi-
grant Labor Supply. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 19 and 20. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 23, Summary Report on Immigrants in Manufacturing
and Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 21 and 22. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 24, Recent Immigrants in Agriculture. (S. Doc. No.
633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
.Volumes 23-25. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 25, Japanese and Other Immigrant Races in the Pacific
Coast and Rocky Mountain States. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d«ess.)
Volumes 26 and 27. Immigrants in Cities. (S. Doc. No. 338, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 28. Occupations of the First and Second Generations of Immigrants in the United States — Fe-
cundity of Immigrant Women. (S. Doc. No. 282, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 29-33. The Children of Immigrants in Schools. (S. Doc. No. 749, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volumes 34 and 35. Immigrants as Charity Seekers. (S. Doc. No. 665, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 36. Immigration and Crime. (S. Doc. No. 750, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 37. Steerage Conditions— Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes— Immi-
grant Homes and Aid Societies— Immigrant Banks. (S. Doc. No. 753, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 38. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. (S. Doc. No. 208, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 39. Federal Immigration Legislation — Digest of Immigration Decisions — Steerage Legislation,
1819-1908— State Immigration and Alien Laws. (S. Doc. No. 758, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 40. The Immigration Situation in Other Countries: Canad'a— Australia— New Zealand— Argen-
tina—Brazil. (S. Doc. No. 761, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 41. Statements and Recommendations Submitted by Societies and Organizations Interested ia
the Subject of Immigration. (S. Doc. No. 764, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 42. Index of Reports of the Immigration Commission. (S. Doc. No. 785, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Ill
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAI.
THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION,
Washington, D. C., January 31, 1910.
To the Sixty -first Congress:
I have the honor to transmit herewith, on behalf of the Immigration
Commission, a report in two volumes, entitled: "Immigrants in
Cities, a Study of Selected Districts in New York, Chicago, Philadel-
phia, Boston, Buffalo, Cleveland, and Milwaukee," which report was
prepared under the direction of the Commission by E. A. Goldenweiser
and Mary Louise Mark, assisted by Nellie F. Sheets.
Respectfully, WILLIAM P. DILLINGHAM,
Chairman.
IV
CONTENTS.
PART I —SUMMARY OF SEVEN CITIES,
CHAPTER I. Introduction: Page.
Purpose of investigation 3
Results of investigation 3
Method and scope 7
II. Composition of population studied:
Nativity and race 11
Sex 16
Age 17
Years in the United States 25
III. Living conditions:
Congestion , 31
Boarders and lodgers 78
Home work 93
Care and equipment of home 97
Home ownership and rent 103
IV. Economic status:
Occupation in the United States and abroad 125
Earnings 136
Family income 139
V. Assimilation:
Residence in apartment, neighborhood, and city 143
Ability to speak English 146
Literacy 149
Citizenship 153
PART II —NEW YORK,
Map 158
CHAPTEE I. Introduction 159
II. Territory 163
III. Composition of population studied:
Nativity and race 173
Sex 176
Age 176
Years in the United States 180
IV. Living conditions:
Congestion 183
Boarders and lodgers 198
Home work 202
Care and equipment of home 205
Home ownership and rent 209
V. Economic status:
Occupation in the United States and abroad 215
Earnings 223
Family income 226
VI. Assimilation:
Ability to speak English 235
Literacy 238
Citizenship 241
Residence in apartment, neighborhood, and city 242
VI The Immigration Commission.
PART IIL— CHICAGO,
Page.
Map 248
CHAPTER I. Introduction 249
II. Territory 251
III. Composition of population studied:
Nativity and race 265
Sex 268
Age 269
Years in the United States 273
IV. Living conditions:
Congestion 275
Boarders and lodgers ,. 289
Homework 294
Care and equipment of home 297
Home ownership and rent 302
V. Economic-status:
Occupation in the United States and abroad 307
Earnings 315
Family income 318
VI. Assimilation:
Residence in apartment, neighborhood, and city 327
Years in the United States 330
Ability to speak English 332
Literacy 335
Citizenship 339
PART IV —PHILADELPHIA,
Map , 344
CHAPTER I. Introduction 345
II. Territory 347
III. Composition of population studied:
Nativity and race 357
Sex 360
Age 361
Years in the United States 364
IV. Living conditions:
Congestion 365
Boarders and lodgers 377
Home work 381
Care and equipment of home 383
Home ownership and rent 388
V. Economic status:
Occupation in the United States and abroad 395
Earnings 401
Family income 403
VI. Assimilation:
Residence in apartment, neighborhood, and city 413
Years in the United States 415
Ability to speak English 416
Literacy 418
Citizenship 421
PART V -BOSTON,
Map , 424
CHAPTER I. Introduction 425
,11. Territory 427
III. Composition of population studied:
Nativity and race 435
Sex 438
Age ' 439
Conjugal condition 442
Years in the United States ... 444
Contents. vn
CHAPTER IV. Living conditions: Page.
Congestion 447
Boarders and lodgers 459
Home work. 4G3
Care and equipment of home 464
Home ownership and rent .. 467
V. Economic status:
Occupation in the United States and abroad 473
Earnings 480
Family income 483
VI. Assimilation:
Ability to speak English 491
Literacy 496
Citizenship 502
Residence in apartment, neighborhood, and city 504
PART VI —CLEVELAND,
Map 510
CHAPTER I . Introduction 511
II. Territory 513
III. Composition of population studied:
Nativity and race 521
Sex 525
Age 526
Conjugal condition . . „ 530
Years in the United States 532
IV. Living conditions:
Congestion .- 537
Boarders and lodgers 550
Home work 555
Care and equipment of home 556
Home ownership and rent 561
V. Economic status:
Occupation in the United States and abroad 567
Earnings 574
Family income 577
VI. Assimilation:
Residence in apartment, neighborhood, and city 587
Years in the United States " 589
Ability to speak English 593
Literacy 599
Citizenship 605
PART VII— BUFFALO,
Map 610
CHAPTER I. Introduction 611
II. Territory 613
III. Composition of population studied:
Nativity and race 617
Sex 619
Age 620
Years in the United States 623
IV. Living conditions:
Congestion 625
Boarders and lodgers 638
Home work 643
Care and equipment of home 644
Home ownership and rent 646
V. Economic status:
Occupation in the United States and abroad 651
Earnings 656
Family income 658
viii The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER VI. Assimilation: Page.
Residence in apartment, neighborhood, and city 667
Years in the United States 669
Ability to speak English 670
Literacy 673
Citizenship • 676
PART VIII— MILWAUKEE,
Map 680
CHAPTER I. Introduction 681
II. Territory 683
III. Composition of population studied:
Nativity and race 691
Sex 695
Age 695
Conjugal condition 698
< Years in the United States 700
IV. Living conditions:
Congestion 703
Boarders and lodgers 715
Home work 718
Care and equipment of home 720
Home ownership and rent 725
V. Economic status:
Occupation in the United States and abroad 731
Earnings 737
Family income 739
VI. Assimilation:
Residence in apartments, neighborhood, and city 749
Years in the United States 751
Ability to speak English 753
Literacy 758
Citizenship 763
List of text tables 767
List of charts 793
Appendixes:
(A) List of blocks canvassed, by cities 797
(B) Schedules used in the investigation 801
PART I.-SUMMARY OF SEVEN CITIES.
-PART I— SUMMARY OF SEVEN CITIES,
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION.
Congestion of immigrants in large cities has long been considered
one of the most unfavorable features of the modern problem of
immigration. The Commission, convinced of the importance of
this phase of the problem, inaugurated an investigation of living
conditions among the residents of some of the most crowded quarters
of New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, Cleveland, Buffalo,
and Milwaukee. The purpose of the inquiry was to determine to
what extent congestion actually prevails among immigrants in
cities and the conditions peculiar to particular cities and races, and
also to find generally the economic and social status of the city-
dwelling immigrant.
All information was secured through personal visits by agents of
the Commission. The investigation covers 10,206 households, com-
prising 51,006 individuals. Emphasis must be placed upon the fact
that this is a study of congested or poor localities, and comparison
of races should be made with this limitation in mind.
Many social workers and tenement-house reformers have made
studies of individual families in congested districts, most of which
represent extreme cases of poverty. The present investigation
includes a great many households that live in poverty and under
insanitary and unhealthy surroundings; a study of some of the
individual schedules reveals the presence of highly undesirable and
objectionable conditions in many families. The Commission's agents,
however, did not confine themselves to records of the poorest families,
but obtained schedules from all the households within a neighborhood
selected for study. Thus the report tends to modify impressions
based on studies of extreme cases, and brings out the fact that a large
majority of the immigrants in cities lead a decent, hard-working life,
in homes that are clean, though in many cases poor, and that the
undesirable conditions prevailing in congested quarters often are not
brought about by the residents, but largely in spite of them.
RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION.
The most important results of the investigation are summarized in
the pages following. In view of the fact that this study is limited to
congested and poor districts of the cities investigated, it is important
to keep in mind that the report does not represent conditions outside
of such districts, and that comparisons by race apply only to those
representatives of each race who live in the poorer sections of the
cities.
3
The Immigration Commission.
1. The search for immigrant races in congested districts revealed
the fact that the population of such districts consists predominantly
of races representing recent immigration. Members of races repre-
senting the older immigration and their descendants when found in
the districts studied are for the most part remnants of an earlier
population, whose economic progress has not kept pace with that of
their fellows who have moved to better surroundings. In all seven
of the cities studied the Russian Hebrews and South Italians are
among the principal races in congested districts. In the cities on the
Great Lakes the Poles, Bohemians, and other Slavic races are rela-
tively much more numerous than in the Atlantic coast cities.
In the districts studied the most important races numerically
are the South Italian, Hebrew, Polish, Slovak, Syrian, and Lithu-
anian among the more recent immigrant races, and the Irish, Bohe-
mian, and German among the races which have been coming to this
country for a longer period of time. Comparatively few households
whose heads are native-born of native father were found in the
districts conyassed.
2. Forty-eight of every 100 foreign-born male heads of households
studied have come to the United States within the past ten years,
and 21 of every 100 have come within five years. Of the races
represented by 100 or more male heads of households the Magyars
have the largest per cent of arrivals within the past ten years, 84 in
100 having come within that time. The negroes (foreign-born) have
the next largest proportion. These are followed in order by the
Syrians, Slovenians, Lithuanians, Slovaks, Russian Hebrews, Poles,
Hebrews other than Russian, South Italians, Bohemians and Mora-
vians, Germans, Irish, and Swedes, only 10 Swedes in 100 having
come within the last ten years.
3. Immigration to the United States has been, on the part of the
immigrants in the districts studied, largely a migration from country
to city of people unfamiliar with urban conditions. Thirty-nine of
every 100 male heads of households who were 16 years of age or
over at the time of coming to the United States were engaged in
farming in the country of their former residence. Of the races rep-
resented by 100 or more persons the Irish show the highest proportion
who were farmers abroad — 69 in every 100. ' Then follow the Lithua-
nians, with 67 in 100, the Poles with 64 in 100, the Slovaks with 61,
the Slovenians with 57, the Magyars with 45, and the South Italians
with -44. Bohemians, Germans, and Syrians were farmers in less
than one-fourth of all cases. Few Hebrews, Russian or other, were
on farms in Europe.
4. Nearly one-tenth of all the families investigated own their homes.
The proportion varies from 1 family in 200 in New York to 1 family
in 5 in Milwaukee. In general much larger proportions of the older
immigrant races than of the more recent are home owners. Among
recent immigrant races represented by 100 or more families, the
Slavic races have high proportions of home owners; among races
representing older immigration the Germans have the highest pro-
portion, approximately 1 in 4.
5. Twenty-six households in every 100 studied keep boarders or
lodgers. The proportion is smallest in Milwaukee and largest in
Chicago. In New York, the largest city, the proportion among
households studied is 25 in 100. The proportion is smaller in house-
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
holds of the native-born whites than in foreign households. Con-
sidering all immigrants regardless of race, it will be found that the
proportion of households with boarders or lodgers is only about half
as great among immigrants who have lived in the United States ten
years or more as among more recent immigrants.
6. Forty-five in every 100 of the homes studied are kept in good
condition, and 84 in every 100 are kept in either good or fair condi-
tion. The proportion of clean homes is higher among the native-
born whites than among the immigrants, and much higher among
the white race as a whole than among the negro. As a rule the races
representing the older immigration have a higher proportion of w^ell-
kept apartments than have the recent immigrant races, but in general
the proportion of well-kept homes is high. The neglected appearance
of a great many of the streets is a result of indifference on the part
of the city authorities about keeping out-of-the-way districts clean,
rather than of carelessness on the part of the residents. In frequent
cases the streets are dirty while the homes are clean.
7. Sanitary equipment depends primarily on the city. The dis-
tricts investigated in Philadelphia and Cleveland make the least
satisfactory showing in this respect. Some of the races, however,
such as the South Italians and Syrians among recent and the Irish
among older immigrants, are not so well provided with sanitary equip-
ment as are other races.
8. In the households investigated the average number of persons
per 100 rooms is 134, and per 100 sleeping rooms 232. The cities
may be arranged in regard to crowding in the following order:
Boston, 144 persons per 100 rooms; Philadelphia, 141; Cleveland,
140; New York, 139; Buffalo, 133; Chicago, 126; Milwaukee, 114.
Density of population, or congestion per acre, is not the only factor
in determining the degree of crowding per room. Well-regulated
tenement houses are better adapted to the needs of a crowded city
than are private houses converted for the use of several families.
Enlightened tenement-house laws, effectively enforced, minimize
the unavoidable evils which arise from the crowding together of
large numbers of families.
Congestion per room is considerably greater in foreign than in native
households, whether white or negro. Considering only immigrant
races represented by 100 or more households, it is found that the
degree of congestion is greatest among the Slovenians, with whom
the average number of persons per 100 rooms reaches 172; with the
South Italians the average is 166; with the Slovaks, 161; with the
Poles, 155; with the Magyars, 153; with the Lithuanians, 151; and
with the Russian Hebrews, 147. The low averages are found among
the Swedes, with whom the average number of persons per 100
rooms is 93, and among the Germans, with whom the average is 99.
9. Rent among households studied is considerably higher in the
Atlantic coast cities than in the cities on the Great Lakes. Rents
are highest in New York, where the average per room is $3.89 per
month, and lowest in Cleveland, where the average per room is $2.03.
It is of interest in this connection .that the average number of persons
per 100 rooms is about the same in the two cities — 139 in New York
and 140 in Cleveland.
The races which pay very high rents per room are the Greek,
Syrian, Hebrew (Russian and other), foreign-born negro, and South
The Immigration Commission.
Italian, none of which averages as low as $3.25 per month per room.
The races which pay especially low rents are the Polish, Slovenian,
and Slovak, none of which pays, on an average, as high as $2.25
per room. It will be recalled that relatively large numbers of the
Slavic races studied are in the cities on the Great Lakes, where rents
are comparatively low; these races, however, will generally be found
to pay relatively low rents per room in all the cities where they have
been studied.
Households of immigrants as compared with native white house-
holds pay, on the whole, higher rents per room but considerably
lower rents per person. The lower rents per person among immi-
grants are, of course, due to the greater number of persons per room.
The larger size of the households is due in considerable degree to the
greater number of boarders and lodgers among immigrants, there
being on an average 62 boarders or lodgers to 100 immigrant house-
holds, as compared with 19 to 100 native white households.
10. A great majority of foreign-born male heads of households
who came to the United States before reaching 14 years of age are
now able to speak English and to read and write. Among those
studied practically.all native-born persons of foreign father speak the
English language and are able to read and write.
Among the male heads of households studied who have been in the
United States 5 years or over, and who were at least 21 years of age
at arrival in this country, 38 in every 100 have become citizens, 16
in every 100 have taken out first papers only, and 46 in every 100
have taken no action whatever in regard to becoming naturalized.
Many factors have a tendency to retard or to encourage naturalization,
and wide differences exist among the several races in this respect.
11. The great majority of immigrants in the districts studied have
come to join relatives or friends. This statement is based on the
answers to an inquiry made in this study relative to the reasons for
coming to the United States, to the city, and to the neighborhood
investigated. The original selection of a district as a center of
settlement by members of a given race is largely a matter of chance.
A study of the displacement of one race by another may be of interest
in the history of a city, but as a problem of immigration the important
fact is that certain races have formed colonies in American cities,
and that the colonies grow as a direct result of continued immigra-
tion of members of the same races.
Of the immigrant races represented in this study by 100 or more
households, the Bohemians and Moravians, South Italians, Poles,
and Slovenians report more than three-fourths of their households as
having spent the entire period of residence since the establishing of the
family in the United States in the neighborhood where they now reside,
usually a colony of their race. All immigrant races except the Irish
and Magyars report more than one-half of their households as having
had no residence outside of the neighborhood where they now live.
The groups of forces which keep the foreign colonies together may
be divided into two important classes: (1) Economic difficulty of
change, and (2) Racial cohesion. The difficulty and expense of mov-
ing, the risk connected with change in employment, and the necessity
of avoiding the expense of transportation to and from work, are per-
haps the most important economic factors. Friendly relations, kin-
ship, language, religious affiliations, dietary laws and preferences,
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
and the greater ease of securing boarders in districts where immi-
grants of the same race are centered, are some of the most important
constituent elements of racial cohesion.
On the other hand, economic progress, education, and social ambi-
tion tend to distribute immigrants throughout a city and to hasten
their absorption into the general body of residents. When the ex-
pense of moving ceases to be of great moment, when a firm economic
footing is gained by the immigrant, he is likely to begin to look
around for a more attractive place of residence. His ability to speak
and read English, his greater familiarity with transportation facili-
ties, and the increase in his general knowledge of conditions in other
parts of the city, help him in selecting a new home. The pressure
often comes through the children who grow up as Americans and pre-
fer not to be identified with distinctly foreign sections of a city.
METHOD AND SCOPE.
In undertaking an investigation which was to cover over 10,000
households, the Commission felt that it must not attempt to investi-
gate technical details of tenement-house construction or of sanitary
conditions. It aimed simply at obtaining the most essential general
facts about the lives of the immigrants in large cities.
The investigation included sections of New York, Chicago, Phila-
delphia, Boston, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Milwaukee. No student
of congestion could omit any of the first four cities, while Cleveland
was included because it was believed that this city is in process of
transition from the state of a small town with no danger of over-
crowding to that of a large center facing the problem of congestion.
Buffalo and Milwaukee belong to the type of large cities in which
village conditions have not disappeared. Tenements are few in
either city and the usual home consists of a small house with a yard
on at least ^one side. In studying cities of all three types the Com-
mission's aim was. to gain an idea of how the immigrants fare in
various city environments.
Within each city the unit of investigation was a block or, more
accurately, a frontage; that is, one side of a street between two other
streets. The plan was to select a certain number of such blocks and
then to secure information from every family living within their
limits. The" blocks were selected on the double principle of conges-
tion and racial homogeneity; that is, an effort was made to study in
each city the most crowded blocks inhabited as nearly as possible by
members of one race. In determining congestion, two elements were
taken into consideration — the number of households per lot and the
general condition of the houses, the blocks inhabited by the largest
number of households per lot and consisting of the poorest repre-
sentative dwellings being chosen for study. It was comparatively
easy to find the most congested districts ; -the building and health
departments of ^the cities, charitable institutions, and social settle-
ments are well informed as to the location of these districts. The
greatest difficulty was experienced in finding racial uniformity in the
population of the blocks. Under the constantly changing conditions
of the cities it is no easy matter to find blocks inhabited largely by
one race, and in some instances a block tentatively selected as being
inhabited by members of -one race proved, on closer examination,
8
The Immigration Commission.
to be distinctly cosmopolitan, or inhabited by another race the
members of which had recently displaced the previous residents.
In some cases the final canvass disclosed that the race that was
believed to predominate in a certain district formed in reality
only a minority of the households; when such districts are in-
cluded in the study it is because the race in question was not to be
found in isolated colonies in the given city. In a few cases all
the families belonging to one race and living in a limited area were
studied and families of other races were omitted. In the search for
racial uniformity the Commission's agents supplemented the informa-
tion obtained from city authorities and social workers by interviewing
physicians, district nurses, lawyers, clergymen, storekeepers, saloon
keepers, letter carriers, and janitors — in a word, all persons who were
likely to know the people in their neighborhood. Much difficulty was
encountered in finding blocks inhabited by Germans, Irish, and
Swedes, who are older immigrants and have had opportunities of
scattering throughout the cities. As regards households whose heads
are native-born white of native father, it proved to be impossible to
study these in homogeneous blocks. The only homogeneous blocks
discovered represented an economic level far in advance of that of the
other families investigated, and since it was felt that Americans of
native white parentage should be included in the study for purposes of
comparison, in some cities selected families living in poorer neighbor-
hoods were visited by the agents. It is a significant fact that the
search for American families in crowded districts of American cities
was attended with considerable difficulties.
As the investigation covered but 10,206 households, comprising
51,006 individuals, the population studied constitutes an insignifi-
cant proportion of the eight or more millions of inhabitants of the
seven cities studied. No attempt is made to estimate the proportion
of each city's population living under the conditions studied by the
Commission. The report aims to show the worst representative
conditions found in each city.
The number of households and the number of individuals studied
in each of the seven cities are shown in the following table and
accompanying chart:
TABLE 1. — Number of households and of individuals studied, by city.
City.
Number of
households.
Number of
persons.
New York
2,667
12, 478
Chicago
2,237
11. 567
Philadelphia
1 177
5 996
Boston
1,416
7,211
Cleveland
1,183
6,013
Buffalo
687
3 561
839
4,180
Total
10,206
51, 006
Of the 10,206 households included in this study, 48 per cent, or
almost half, live in New York or Chicago. The remaining half are
distributed among the five smaller cities, the proportion varying
from 13.9 per cent in the case of Boston to 6.7 per cent for Buffalo.
The scope of the study is shown graphically on the page following.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
9
Id
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25G080— VOL 26—11-
CHAPTER II.
COMPOSITION OF POPULATION STUDIED.
NATIVITY AND RACE.
The following tables, derived from General Table 369, present a
detailed statement of the number of households and individuals
studied in the various cities and the distribution of the households
by city and by general nativity and race. The race distribution of
the total number of households studied is given in the first table
following :
TABLE 2. — Number of households and of individuals studied, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
General nativity and race.
Number of
households.
Number of
persons.
Native-born of native father:
White
486
2,011
Negro
448
1,600
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
41
140
German
228
991
Irish
328
1,484
Polish
20
93
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
643
2,822
German
'567
2,428
Greek . .
49
235
Hebrew Russian
1,370
7,690
Hebrew, Other . .
281
1,423
Irish
806
3,908
Italian, North
77
454
Italian, South ...
1,980
10, 814
Lithuanian
337
1,990
Magyar
207
1,078
Negro
122
413
Polish . .
1,187
6,580
Servian
33
230
Slovak
371
1,919
Slovenian
116
666
Swedish
148
667
Syrian .
361
1,370
Grand total
10, 206
51,006
Total native-born of foreign father
617
2,708
Total native-born ...
1,551
6,319
Total foreign-born .
8,655
44,687
Eight thousand six hundred and fifty-five households, or nearly 85
per cent of the total number studied, are the households of immi-
grants; 617, or 6 per cent, are the households of the second generation
of immigrants; 486, or 4.8 per cent, are households with heads of
native white parentage; and 448, or 4.4 percent, are households with
heads of native negro parentage. Three immigrant races, the Rus-
sian Hebrews, South Italians, and Poles, are represented by more
than 1,000 households.
11
12
The Immigration Commission.
The race classification used by the United States Bureau of Immi-
gration and Naturalization is followed here and therefore Bohemians
and Moravians are grouped together. With very few exceptions,
however, the households studied are Bohemian.
The following table shows the number of households of each race
studied in each of the seven cities :
TABLE 3. — Number of households included in detailed study, by general nativity and
race of head of household and by city.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Boston.
Buffalo.
Chicago.
Cleve-
land.
Milwau-
kee.
New
York.
Phila-
delphia.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
123
64
26
31
105
85
52
486
Negro
251
197
448
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
20
21
41
German
48
60
66
54
228
Irish
76
45
35
94
78
328
Polish
20
20
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
228
56
82
277
643
German
47
179
143
198
567
Greek
49
49
Hebrew, Russian
249
72
210
115
102
480
142
1 370
Hebrew Other
50
34
23
139
35
2S1
Irish
205
104
117
239
141
806
Italian, North
77
77
Italian, South
326
212
364
143
148
421
366
1 980
Lithuanian
171
166
337
Magyar
27
137
43
207
Negro
122
122
Polish
104
194
441
132
150
166
1,187
Servian
33
33
Slovak
79
247
45
371
Slovenian ... .
116
116
Swedish
148
148
Syrian
113
50
198
361
Grand total
1 416
687
2 237
1 183
839
2 667
1 177
10 206
Total native-born of foreign
father
76
48
105
55
86
169
78
R17
Total native-born
199
112
131
86
191
505
327
1 551
Total foreign-born
1 217
575
2 106
1 097
648
2 162
850
8 655
The households of two immigrant races — the Russian Hebrew and
the South Italian — were studied in all of the 7 cities; immigrant
Poles were studied in all but one of the 7 cities, and immigrant
Irish and Hebrews other than Russian were studied in all but 2
cities. No other immigrant race was found in representative num-
bers in the poorer districts of more than 4 cities. Of the house-
holds whose heads are of native birth only the native whites of native
descent were studied everywhere. Households of second-generation
Irish were found in sufficient numbers for study in 5 cities, and
households of second-generation Germans in 4. It will be noted that
New York and Chicago afford ft considerably wider opportunity for
local comparative study of races than do the smaller cities.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
13
The city distribution of the several races appears in the following
table:
TABLE 4. — City distribution of households studied by race — Percentages.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Boston.
Buffalo.
Chicago.
Cleve-
land.
Milwau-
kee.
New
York.
Phila-
delphia.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
25.3
13.2
5.3
6.4
21.6
17.5
10.7
100.0
Negro
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
56.0
44.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
^Bohemian and Moravian. .
German
.0
.0
.0
21.1
.0
26.3
48.8
.0
.0
28 9
51.2
23 7
.0
o
100.0
100 0
Irish
23.2
.0
13.7
10.7
.0
28.7
23.8
100 0
Polish
.0
.0
.0
.0
100 0
.0
o
100 0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. .
German
.0
.0
.0
8.3
35.5
31.6
8.7
.0
12.8
25.2
43.1
34.9
.0
.0
100.0
100 0
Greek
100.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
o
o
100 0
Hebrew, Russian
18.2
5.3
15.3
8.4
7.4
35.0
10.4
100.0
Hebrew, Other . . .
.0
.0
17.8
12. 1 •
8.2
49 5
12 5
100 0
Irish
25.4
.0
12.9
14.5
.0
29.7
17 5
100 0
Italian North
.0
o
100 0
o
o
o
o
100 0
Italian, South
16.5
10.7
18.4
7.2
7 5
21 3
18 5
100 0
Lithuanian
50.7
.0
49.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
100.0
Magyar
.0
.0
13.0
66.2
.0
20.8
.0
100.0
Negro
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
100 0
o
100 0
Polish
8 8
16 3
37 2
11 1
12 6
o
14 0
100 0
Servian
.0
.0
100.0
.0
o
o
o
100 0
Slovak
.0
.0
21.3
66 6
o
12 1
o
100 0
Slovenian...
.0
.0
.0
100.0
.0
.0
.0
100.0
Swedish
.0
.0
100 0
.0
o
o
o
100 0
Syrian
31 3
13 9
o
o
o
54 8
o
100 0
Grand total
13 9
6 7
21 9
11 6
8 2
26 1
11 5
100 0
Total native-born of foreign
father
12.3
7 8
17 0
8 9
13 9
27 4
12 6
100 0
Total native-born .
12 8
7 2
8 4
5 5
12 3
39 6
21 1
100 0
Total foreign-born
14 1
6 6
24 3
12 7
7 5
25 0
9 8
100 0
One-fourth of all immigrant households studied and almost one-
third of all households with heads of native birth are in New York.
The high per cent of the latter class is largely due to the presence of
the households of native-born negroes. Chicago has only a slightly
lower proportion of the entire number of immigrant households than
has New York.
14
The Immigration Commission.
The racial distribution of the households included in the study of
each city is as follows :
TABLE 5. — Race distribution of households studied, by city — Percentages.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Boston.
Buffalo.
Chicago.
Cleve-
land.
Milwau-
kee.
New
York.
Phila-
delphia.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White.
8.7
9.3
1.2
2.6
12.5
3.2
4.4
4.8
Negro
9.4
16.7
4.4
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
1.7
.8
.4
German
7.0
2.7
7.9
2.0
2.2
Irish
5.4
2.0
3.0
3.5
6.6
3.2
Polish
2.4
.2
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. .
10.2
4.7
9.8
10.4
6.3
German
6.8
8.0
17.0
7.4
5.6
Greek
3.5
.5
Hebrew, Russian
17.6
10.5
9.4
9.7
12.2
18.0
12.1
13.4
Hebrew Other
2.2
2.9
2.7
5.2
3.0
2.8
Irish
14.5
4.6
9.9
9.0
12.0
7.9
Italian North
3.4
.8
Italian, South
23.0
30.9
16.3
12.1
17.6
15.8
31.1
19.4
Lithuanian
12.1
7.4
3.3
1 2
11 6
1.6
2.0
Negro
4.6
1.2
Polish
7 3
28 2
19.7
11.2
17.9
14.1
11.6
Servian
1.5
.3
Slovak
3 5
20 9
1.7
3.6
Slovenian
9.8
1.1
Swedish
6.6
1.5
Syrian
8.0
7.3
7.4
3.5
Grand total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign
father
5.4
7.0
4.7
4.6
10.3
6.3
6.6
6.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
14.1
85 9
16.3
83.7
5.9
94.1
7.3
92.7
22.8
77 2
18.9
81.1
27.8
72.2
15.2
84.8
In Chicago and Cleveland more than 90 per cent of the total num-
ber of households, in Boston, Buffalo, and New York more than 80
per cent, and in Milwaukee and Philadelphia more than 70 per cent
are households of immigrants. It will be seen that in Chicago and
Cleveland the per cents of the households of the native white of
native parentage are very low. These and the generally low per
cents or this class are explained by the fact, already stated, that in
no city was it possible to find a block predominantly native white of
native descent, and the households studied were found scattered
among households of other races, usually the races representing the
older immigration from northwestern Europe. In Milwaukee and
Boston, however, studies were made of selected households of the
native-born of native father throughout cosmopolitan districts of
considerable area where economic conditions were found to be com-
parable with prevailing conditions in immigrant neighborhoods.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
15
The table which follows gives the distribution, by city and by
general nativity and race of head of household, of the total number
of persons in the households studied:
TABLE 6. — Total number of persons in households, by general nativity and race of head
of household, and by city.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Boston.
Buffalo.
Chicago.
Cleve-
land.
Milwau-
kee.
New
York.
Phila-
delphia.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
485
287
107
118
429
335
250
2,011
818
782
1,600
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
73
67
140
German
220
275
289
207
991
Irish
327
222
143
390
402
1,484
Polish
93
93
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
1 064
232
368
1,158
2 822
German
184
807
648
789
2,428
Greek
235
235
Hebrew, Russian
1,314
370
1,125
655
552
2,929
745
7,690
Hebrew Other
255
181
109
669
209
1,423
Irish
985
593
561
1,082
687
3,908
Italian North
454
454
Italian, South
1,799
1,151
1.793
812
872
2,427
1,960
10,814
Lithuanian
974
1,016
1,990
Magyar
167
709
202
1 078
Negro
413
413
Polish
674
1,145
2,315
665
820
961
6,580
Servian ... .
230
230
Slovak
477
1 198
244
1 919
Slovenian.
666
666
Swedish
667
667
Syrian
418
204
748
1,370
Grand total
7,211
3,561
11,567
6,013
4, 180
12, 478
5,996
51,006
Total native-born of foreign
father
327
220
497
216
382
' 664
402
2,708
Total native-born.
812
507
604
334
811
1 817
1 434
6 319
Total foreign-born
6 399
3 054
10 963
5 679
3 369
10 661
4 562
44 687
There are, in the aggregate, 51,006 persons in the 10,206 house-
holds included in this study, of whom 44,687 are members of house-
holds of immigrants. Chicago, with a somewhat smaller number of
immigrant households than New York, shows a little larger number
of persons in immigrant households and the largest number studied in
any city. Of these more than 4,000 are in households of immigrants
of the Slavic races. By comparison of the figures of the table with
the data of Table 3 it will be seen that, in general, the distribu-
tion of persons in households is similar to the distribution of house-
holds.
For the majority of races the country of birth is sufficiently indi-
cated by the name of the race; thus, practically all of the Bohemians
come from Austria-Hungary, the Germans from Germany, etc. Gen-
eral Tables 371 and 37 la give this information in detail, and it is
necessary to mention here only those races whose nativity is not gen-
erally indicated by their designations. Of the 1,651 Hebrew heads
of households studied 1,370, or 83 per cent, come from Russia; 170,
or 10.3 per cent, from Austria-Hungary; 89, or 5.5 per cent, from
Roumama; 19, or 1.1 per cent, from Germany; and the remaining
16
The Immigration Commission.
three from Egypt, Switzerland, and Turkey. The foreign-born negro
heads of households practically all come from the West Indies. Of
the 1,187 Polish heads of households, 429, or 36.2 per cent, come from
Germany; 383, or 32.3 per cent, from Russia; 374, or 31.5 per cent,
from Austria-Hungary, and 1 from France. It may be noted here
that the Poles who represent an older Polish immigration are largely
of German origin.
SEX.
Persons in households studied are classified according to sex in the
following table, which is derived from General Table 369 :
TABLE 7. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Number.
Per cent of each sex.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Native-born of native father:
White
992
725
74
511
716
43
1,421
1,212
188
3,797
704
1,942
279
5,882
1,185
659
229
3,675
215
1,074
409
327
712
1,005
851
66
478
738
50
1,395
1,202
37
3,678
708
1,900
. 175
4,728
731
416
176
2,845
15
843
257
332
645
1,997
1,576
140
989
1,454
93
2,816
2,414
225
7,475
1,412
3,842
454
10,610
1,916
1,075
405
6,520
230
1,917
666
659
1,357
49.7
46.0
52.9
51.7
49.2
46.2
50.5
50.2
83.6
50.8
49.9
50.5
61.5
55.4
61.8
61.3
. 56.5
56.4
93.5
56.0
61.4
49.6
52.5
50.3
54.0
47.1
48.3
50.8
53.8
49.5
49.8
16.4
49.2
50.1
49.5
38.5
44.6
38.2
38.7
43.5
43.6
6.5
44.0
38.6
50.4
47.5
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German. .
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish...
Italian North
Italian, South I.
Lithuanian .
Magyar
Negro...
Polish.
Servian
Slovak.
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian. .
Grand total
26,971
23,271
50,242
53.7
46.3
Total native-born of foreign father
1,344
3,061
23,910
1,332
3,188
20,083
2,676
6,249
43, 993
50.2
49.0
54.3
49.8
51.0
45.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
In the households of the native-born white of native father, females
are slightly in excess of males; in the households of immigrants, males
are considerably in excess of females. Eleven immigrant races are
here represented by 1,000 or more persons. Of these the Hebrews,
Russian and other, and the three races representing the older immi-
gration— the Bohemians, Germans, and Irish — show males and females
in almost equal proportions; the Syrians show males in a slightly higher
proportion than females; and the South Italians, Lithuanian, Magyar,
Poles, and Slovaks report a marked excess of males. This excess is
an incident of the early stages of immigration. Later tables will
show that, in general, the proportions of boarders and lodgers are
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
17
high among those races which here appear with males in large pro-
portions. The great majority of boarders and lodgers are unmarried
men or men whose families are still in the old country. They are in
many instances the forerunners of families, but constitute, as a whole,
the less stable part of the population studied. Their presence in
this population is one of the causes of the higher degrees of congestion.
AGE.
The four tables and the chart which follow classify heads of house-
holds and members of households according to age. The first three
tables are based on General Table 372.
TABLE 8. — Per cent of heads of households within each specified age group, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Native-born of native father:
White
484
444
41
228
326
20
643
566
49
1, 3fi8
281
802
77
1,972
335
207
118
1,179
33
369
116
147
357
0.2
.7
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.8
22.1
17.3
53.7
27.2
20.9
65.0
19.1
8.7
49.0
20.9
15.3
8.2
20.8
21.9
24.8
29.5
42.4
26.6
69.7
30.4
28.4
7.5
43.7
42.8
52.0
36.6
49.6
50.0
35.0
46.7
36. 7
46.9
50.7
53.4
45.3
49.4
49.8
63.3
55.6
50.8
51.7
24.2
54.7
62.1
44.9
44.3
26.4
23.4
7.3
20.6
24.8
.0
24.3
31.6
.0
22.2
24.2
29.8
23.4
23.4
10.4
18.0
6.8
15.8
6.1
13.6
9.5
35.4
9.8
8.5
6.5
2.4
2.2
4.3
.0
10.0
23.0
2.0
6.1
7.1
16.7
6.5
5.0
1.5
1.4
.0
5.9
.0
1.4
.0
12.2
1.4
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish...
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Greek....
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other . . .
Irish...
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian .
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total . . .
10, 162
.1
21.9
49.2
21.6
7.2
Total native-born of foreign father
615
1,543
8,619
.2
.3
.1
26.8
22.6
21.8
48.5
47.7
49.4
21.3
23.5
21.2
3.3
5.8
7.4
Total native-born . . .
Total foreign-bom
18
The Immigration Commission.
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Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
19
Forty-nine and two-tenths per cent, or almost half of all heads of
households studied, are between the ages of 30 and 44, and 71.2 per
cent are under 45 years of age. As will be seen from the foregoing
chart, the age distribution is only slightly different when immigrants
are considered alone. From General Table 372 it will be seen that
all but a comparatively slight number of heads of households are
also heads of families. The figures of the foregoing table there-
fore indicate that many of the heads of families are at the age when
young children are being reared, the period in the history of the family
when economic pressure is particularly heavy and the consequent
inclination to reduce rent at a sacrifice of house space especially great.
Races differ widely in respect to the age composition of the heads
of households. Two races of recent immigration, the Greek and the
Servian, which are represented in this study largely by households
consisting of groups or men without families, report more than half
their heads of households as under 30 years old. On the other hand,
the three races with the longest residence in this country — the German
Irish, and Swedish — report fewer than 10 per cent of their heads of
households as under 30 and relatively high per cents as 60 years of age
or older.
The following table gives the ages of the heads of households of the
several cities, by general nativity:
TABLE 9. — Per cent of heads of households within each specified age group, by general
nativity of individual and by city.
General nativity of individual, by city.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
GO or over.
Native-born of native father:
White—
Boston
122
64
26
30
105
85
52
0.0
.0
.0
3.3
.0
.0
.0
18.0
17.2
15.4
26.7
22.9
31.8
21.2
35.2
51.6
46.2
43.3
44.8
40.0
48.1
30.3
26.6
26.9
16.7
28.6
21.2
26.9
16.4
4.7
11.5
10.0
3.8
7.1
3.8
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York...
Philadelphia...
Total
484
.2
22.1
42.8
26.4
8.5
Negro —
New York . . .
248
196
.4
1.0
20.6
13.3
57.7
44.9
15.3
33.7
6.0
7.1
Philadelphia
Total
444
.7
17.3
52.0
23.4
6.5
Native-born of foreign father:
Boston
76
48
105
55
86
169
76
.0
2.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
• 0
9.2
20.8
32.4
38.2
33.7
30.8
15.8
46.1
41.7
50.5
45.5
47.7
49.1
53.9
40.8
29.2
15.2
12.7
17.4
17.8
23.7
3.9
6.3
1.9
3.6
1.2
2.4
6.6
Buffalo
Chicago . .
Cleveland
Milwaukee . .
New York
Philadelphia
Total
615
.2
26.8
48.5
21.3
3.3
Native-born:
Boston
198
112
131
85
191
502
324
.0
.9
.0
1.2
.0
.2
.6
14.6
18.8
29.0
34.1
27.7
25.9
15.1
39.4
47.3
49.6
44.7
46.1
51.8
47.5
34.3
27.7
17.6
14.1
23.6
17.1
30.2
11.6
5.4
3.8
5.9
2.6
5.0
6.5
Buffalo . . .
Chicago .
Cleveland
Milwaukee.
New York
Philadelphia
Total „
1,543
.3
22.6
47.7
23.5
5.8
20
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 9. — Per cent of heads of households within each specified age group, by general
nativity of individual and by city — Continued.
General nativity of individual, by city.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Foreign-born:
Boston
1,216
569
2.102
1,093
648
2,148
843
0.2
.4
(a)
.1
.0
.0
.0
24.7
21.6
21.4
24.9
15.7
22.9
16.8
47.9
46.6
47.8
52.7
45.4
50.7
52.9
20.1
22.3
22.5
17.4
26.7
20.5
21.9
7.1
9.1
8.3
4.9
12.2
5.9
8.0
Buffalo
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
8,619
.1
21.8
49.4
21.2
7.4
Grand total:
Boston. .
1,414
681
2,233
1,178
839
2,650
1,167
.2
.4
<a,2
.0
W.2
23.3
21.1
21.9
25.6
18.5
23.5
16.4
46.7
46.7
47.9
52.1
45.5
50.9
51.4
22.1
23.2
22.2
17.1
26.0
19.8
24.3
7.7
8.5
8.0
5.0
10.0
5.7
7.8
Buffalo ....
Ch icago
Cleveland .
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia .
Total
10, 162
.1
21.9
49.2
21.6
7.2
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
In Cleveland the heads of households studied are, on the whole,
younger than in any other city; 25 per cent of all immigrant heads
and 35.3 per cent of all native heads are under the age of 30, and
only 22.3 per cent and 20 per cent, respectively, have reached the
age of 45 years. Immigrant heads of households in Milwaukee are,
on the whole, noticeably older than those in any other city. In all
cities studied relatively large numbers of the foreign-born heads of
households are between the ages of 30 and 44 years, the proportions
ranging from 45.4 per cent in Milwaukee to 52.9 per cent in Phila-
delphia.
The last table dealing with the age of the heads of households
presents the data by city and by general nativity and race.
TABLE 10. — Per cent of heads of households within each specified age group, by general
nativity and race of individual and by city.
General nativity and race of individual,
Number
reporting
Perc
ent withir
i each spec
ified age gi
•oup.
by city.
complete
data.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
122
0 0
18 0
35 2
30 3
16 4
Buffalo
64
o
17 2
51 6
26 6
4 7
"Chicago
26
o
15 4
46 2
26 9
11 5
Cleveland
30
3 3
26 7
43 3
16 7
10 0
Milwaukee
105
o
22 9
44 8
28 6
3 8
New York
85
o
31 8
40 0
21 2
7 i
Philadelphia
52
o
21 2
48 1
26 9
3 8
Total
484
2
22 1
42 8
26 4
8 5
Negro-
New York
248
4
20 6
57 7
15 3
6 0
Philadelphia
196
1 0
13 3
44 9
33 7
7 1
Total
444
7
17 3
52 0
23 4
6 5
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
21
TABLE 10.— Per cent
nativi
it of heads of households within each specified age group, by general
ivity and race of individual and by city — Continued.
General nativity and race of individual,
'by city.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under 20
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian-
Cleveland
20
21
0.0
.0
25.0
81.0
60.0
14.3
10.0
4.8
5.0
.0
New York
Total
41
.0
53.7
36.6
7.3
2.4
German-
Buffalo
48
60
66
54
2.1
.0
.0
.0
20.8
33.3
24.2
29.6
41.7
48.3
51.5
55.6
29.2
16.7
22.7
14.8
6.3
1.7
1.5
.0
Chicago
Milwaukee
New York
Total
228
.4
27.2
49.6
20.6
2.2
Irish-
Boston
76
45
35
94
76
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
9.2
31.1
45.7
20.2
15.8
46.1
53.3
37.1
53.2
53.9
40.8
13.3
14.3
22.3
23.7
3.9
2.2
2.9
4.3
6.6
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
Philadelphia
Total
326
20
.0
.0
20.9
65.0
50.0
35.0
24.8
.0
4.3
.0
Polish Milwaukee
Foreign-born :
Bohemian and Moravian-
Chicago
228
56
82
277
.0
.0
.0
.0
22.8
16.1
15.9
17.7
39.9
42.9
40.2
54.9
26.8
28.6
25.6
20.9
10.5
12.5
18.3
6.5
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Total
643
.0
19.1
46.7
24.3
10.0
German —
Buffalo
46
179
143
198
.0
.0
.0
.0
6.5
6.1
7.7
12.1
23.9
34.1
36.4
• 42.4
21.7
35.8
33.6
28.8
47.8
24.0
22.4
16.7
Chicago
Milwaukee...
New York
Total .
566
49
.0
2.0
8.7
49.0
36.7
46.9
31.6
.0
23.0
2.0
Greek Boston
Hebrew, Russian —
Boston
249
72
210
115
102
478
142
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
18.9
23.6
15.7
23.5
22.5
23.8
17.6
47.8
47.2
50.0
50.4
48.0
50.4
61.3
22.9
25.0
25.7
23.5
25.5
21.8
12.7
10.0
4.2
8.6
2.6
3.9
4.0
8.5
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,368
.1
20.9
50.7
22.2
6.1
Hebrew, Other-
Chicago
50
34
23
139
35
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
20.0
8.8
17.4
18.0
2.9
58.0
50.0
39.1
54.0
57.1
22.0
23.5
39.1
20.1
34.3
.0
17.6
4.3
7.9
5.7
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
281
.0
15.3
53.4
24.2
7.1
Irish-
Boston
205
104
117
237
139
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
6.3
7.7
6.8
13.1
4.3
42.0
49.0
35.0
53.2
42.4
33.7
28.8
37.6
21.9
31.7
18.0
14.4
20.5
11.8
21.6
Chicago
Cleveland . . .
New York
Philadelphia
Total
802
77
.0
.0
8.2
20.8
45.3
49.4
29.8
23.4
16.7
6.5
Italian, North, Chicago.
22
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 10. — Per cent of heads of households within each specified age group, by general
nativity and race of individual and by city — Continued.
General nativity and race of individual,
by city.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Foreign-born— Continued .
Italian, South-
Boston . .
326
210
364
141
148
419
364
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
26.7
18.6
22.0
26.2
24.3
21.7
16.8
45.1
53.8
49.2
51.1
54.7
49.4
50.3
22.7
19.5
25.3
17.7
19.6
25.1
26.1
5.5
8.1
3.6
5.0
1.4
3.8
6.9
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,972
.0
21.9
49.8
23.4
5.0
Lithuanian —
Boston
170
165
.0
.0
24.7
24.8
62.4
64.2
12.4
8.5
.6
2.4
Chicago
Total
335
.0
24.8
63.3
10.4
1.5
Magyar-
Chicago
27
137
43
.0
.7
.0
25.9
29.9
30.2
59.3
55.5
53.5
11.1
13.1
14.0
3.7
.7
2.3
Cleveland
New York
Total
207
118
.5
.0
29.5
42.4
55.6
50.8
13.0
6.8
1.4
.0
Negro New York
Polish-
Boston
104
191
439
132
150
163
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
36.5
20.4
30.3
30.3
10.0
30.1
55.8
' 47.6
47.6
63.6
46.7
59.5
7.7
27.2
14.6
4.5
26.7
9.8
.0
4,7
7.3
1.5
16.7
.6
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
Philadelphia
Total
1,179
33
.1
.0
26.6
69.7
51.7
24.2
15.8
6.1
5.9
.0
Servian Chicago
Slovak-
Chicago
79
245
45
.0
.0
.0
31.6
30.2
28.9
58.2
53.9
53.3
8.9
14.3
17.8
1.3
1.6
.0
Cleveland
New York
Total
369
116
147
.0
.0
.0
30.4
28.4
7.5
54.7
62.1
44.9
13.6
9.5
35.4
1.4
.0
12.2
Slovenian, Cleveland
Swedish, Chicago
Syrian-
Boston . .
113
50
194
.9
4.0
.0
43.4
50.0
42.3
38.9
32.0
50.5
13.3
12.0
7.2
3.5
2.0
.0
Buffalo...
New York
I
Toalt
357
.8
43.7
44.3
9.8
1.4
The Irish of foreign birth are here represented in five cities. The
comparative youth of the heads of New York households is apparent,
13.1 per cent being under the age of 30 years as contrasted with 7.7
per cent in Chicago, 6.8 per cent in Cleveland, 6.3 j>er cent in Boston,
and 4.3 per cent in Philadelphia; 66.3 per cent being under 45 years
of age, as compared with 56.7 per cent in Chicago, 48.3 per cent in
Boston, 45.7 per cent in Philadelphia, and 41.8 per cent in Cleveland;
and only 11.8 percent having reached the age of 60 years as con-
trasted with 21.6 per cent in Philadelphia, 20.5 per cent in Cleve-
land, 18 per cent in Boston, and 14.4 per cent in Chicago.
In the table following members of households, including the heads
of households, are classified according to age. The table is derived
from General Table 373.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
23
TABLE 11. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity
and race of head of household.
MALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
Hand
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
992
725
74
511
716
43
1,421
1,212
188
3,797
704
1,942
279
5,844
1,184
659
229
3,675
215
1,073
409
327
712
19.3
9.5
21.6
17.4
16.2
34.9
17.1
12.4
3.7
16.4
17.3
13.1
12.2
20.9
15.4
14.4
14.4
18.0
2.3
20.9
20.8
9.8
21.1
15.6
11.6
10.8
19.8
20.3
11.6
17.5
17.4
3.7
20.3
17.3
20.3
14.0
15.1
8.3
7.0
2.2
15.1
.0
14.1
8.8
16.8
17.6
2.7
2.2
1.4
2.7
4.9
2.3
4.9
4.5
.5
4.1
4.1
4.2
1.4
2.6
.8
1.1
.4
2.4
.0
1.8
1.5
5.2
1.5
6.8
4.0
2.7
8.6
7.1
4.7
7.8
8.0
9.0
9.5
9.9
8.9
8.2
7.5
3.9
9.7
2.2
7.3
13.0
6.5
4.9
5.8
4.1
18.4
23.6
36.5
20.0
16.8
30.2
19.4
18.4
51.6
19.5
18.2
17.3
29.4
21.0
32.1
28.7
45.9
25.7
67.4
24.7
29.8
17.1
2v>.2
21.7
36.3
20.3
23.5
23.0
16.3
20.5
19.3
29.8
20.0
21.7
22.1
25.8
22.3
34.4
33.1
31.4
24.4
14.4
25.9
29.1
26.3
21.9
15.5
12.8
6.8
8.0
11.7
.0
12.8
20.0
1.6
10.2
11.4
14.2
9.0
10.6
5.2
6.1
3.5
7.2
2.8
6.2
5.1
19.0
4.6
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total . . .
26.931
17.2
15.8
3.0
7.5
22.8
23.6
10.2
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
1,344
3,061
23,870
7.4
6.4
7.7
19.5
20.1
23.1
22.8
25.6
23.3
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father:
White
1 002
16 3
15 8
3 2
6.2
21.8
21.6
15 3
Negro
851
10.3
11.2
2.8
4.2
26.2
30.4
14.8
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
66
24.2
9.1
1.5
4.5
42.4
12.1
6.1
German...
478
15.3
20.1
4.4
6.7
20.5
21.5
11.5
Irish
738
16.8
19.1
3.0
6.2
18.2
21.8
14.9
Polish
50
30 0
22 0
2 0
4 0
30 0
10 0
2 0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
1,395
14.0
18.2
3.8
9.7
20.5
19.4
14.4
German
Greek
1,202
37
11.7
8.1
15.7
5.4
4.5
.0
10.1
18.9
16.0
45 9
19.7
16.2
22.2
5 4
Hebrew, Russian
3,678
17.5
21.5
4.6
11.7
17.6
17.4
9.7
Hebrew, Other
708
17.7
20 9
5 4
11.0
16 0
18.6
10 5
Irish
1 900
13 9
20 6
5 3
7 1
13 5
21 7
17 9
Italian, North...
175
21. 1
14.9
6.3
8.6
20.6
17.7
10 9
Italian, South
4 721
23 6
18 6
4 0
7 4
19 1
17 3
10 1
Lithuanian
731
23.8
14.5
1.5
7.1
29.4
20. 1
3.6
Magvar
416
21 4
14 2
1 7
7 2
28 1
20 9
6.5
Negro
176
18.2
4.0
2.3
4.5
43.8
23.9
3.4
Polish
2 845
24.2
18.6
3.1
8.5
21.7
16.9
6 9
Slovak
842
25 9
14 1
2 7
7 8
26 0
18 2
5 2
Slovenian
257
31.9
15.2
1.2
4.3
28.0
18 3
1 2
Swedish
332
10 2
23 2
4 8
9 3
13 0
19 3
20 2
Syrian
645
21 9
13 5
2 3
7 9
31 6
17 8
5 0
Grand total
23 260
19 2
18 1
3 8
8 4
20 4
19 1
11 1
Total native-born of foreign father..
Total native-born
1,332
3 185
17.1
15 0
19.1
15 9
3.4
3 2
6.2
5 7
20.6
22 5
20.8
23 6
12.8
14 1
Total foreign-born
20 075
19 9
18 4
3 9
8 8
20 0
18 4
10 6
24
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 11. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity
and race of head of household — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,994
1,576
140
989
1,454
93
2,816
2,414
225
7,475
1,412
3,842
454
10,565
1,915
1,075
405
6,520
230
1,915
666
659
1,357
17.8
10.0
22.9
16.4
16.5
32.3
15.6
12.1
4.4
17.0
17.5
13.5
15.6
22.1
18.6
17.1
16.0
20.7
2.6
23.1
25.1
10.0
21.4
15.7
11.4
10.0
19.9
19.7
17.2
17.9
16.6
4.0
20.8
19.1
20.5
14.3
16.7
10.7
9.8
3.0
16.6
.4
14.1
11.3
20.0
15.6
3.0
2.5
1.4
3.5
3.9
2.2
4.3
4.5
.4
4.4
4.7
4.7
3.3
3.2
1.1
1.3
1.2
2.7
.0
2.2
1.4
5.0
1.9
6.5
4.1
3.6
7.7
6.7
4.3
8.7
9.1
10.7
10.6
10.5
8.0
8.4
7.4
5.1
8.7
3.2
7.9
13.0
7.1
4.7
7.6
5.9
20.1
25.0
39.3
20.2
17.5
30.1
20.0
17.2
50.7
18.5
17.1
15.4
26.0
20.1
31.1
28.5
44.9
23.9
66.1
25.3
29.1
15.0
30.4
21.6
33.1
16.4
22.5
22.4
12.9
20.0
19.5
27.6
18.7
20.2
21.9
22.7
20.1
28.9
28.4
28.1
21.1
15.2
22.5
24.9
22.8
20.0
15.4
13.9
6.4
9.7
13.3
1.1
13.6
21.1
2.2
9.9
10.9
16.0
9.7
10.4
4.5
6.2
3.5
7.1
2.6
5.7
3.6
19.6
4.8
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German.
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian .*
German.
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other.
Irish
Italian, North..
Italian South
Lithuanian
Maevar
Negro .
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish. .
Syrian
Grand total
50, 191
2,676
6,246
43,945
18.1
17.3
15.6
18.5
16.8
3.4
7.9
21.7
21.5
21.8
24.6
21.0
10.6
Total native-born of foreign father..
Total native-born
19.2
16.1
16.9
3.6
3.1
3.4
6.8
6.0
8.2
20.1
21.3
21.7
11.2
13.2
10.3
Total foreign-born. . .
The members of immigrant households are, on the whole, younger
than the members of the households of the native-born white of native
father. Below the age of 20 years they show the larger proportions
of persons of each specified age, and in each of the higher age groups
the smaller proportions. Only among immigrant races representing
the older immigration have as many as 12 per cent of the members of
households reached the age of 45 years. The proportion of persons
under 1 6 years of age in the households of the several races is as follows :
Native-born of native father: Per cent.
White 36. 5
Negro 23. 9
Native -bora of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian 34. 3
German 39.8
Irish 40.1
Polish 51. 7
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian 37. 8
German 33.2
Greek 8.8
Hebrew, Russian 42. 2
Hebrew, Other 41. 3
Irish 38. 7
Italian, North . 33.2
Foreign-born — Continued. Percent.
Italian, South 42. 0
Lithuanian 30. 4
Magyar 28. 2
Negro 20. 2
Polish 40. 0
Servian 3.0
Slovak 39. 4
Slovenian 37. 8
Swedish 35. 0
Syrian 38. 9
Grand total 38. 3
Total native-born of foreign father. . 40. 1
Total native-born 34. 8
Total foreign-born 38. 8
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
25
Certain of the immigrant races, the Hebrews (Russian and other),
the South Italians, and the Poles, report at least 40 per cent of the
members of their households as being under 16 years of age. In
Greek and Servian households, which are largely composed of groups
of men, the percentages of children are very low.
The proportion of males between the ages of 20 and 44 in house-
holds with heads of native birth is slightly smaller than the cor-
responding proportion of females. In the households of immigrants,
on the other hand, the proportion of males who are between the
ages of 20 and 44 is considerably greater than the proportion of
females within these age limits, the percentages being 46.4 and 38.4,
respectively. This showing is explained in part by the fact that
boarders and lodgers, who in the great majority of cases are men in
the prime of life, constitute, as before stated, a considerable element
in the immigrant population studied.
YEAKS IN THE UNITED STATES.
The three tables and the chart which follow classify foreign-born
male heads of households according to the number of years since they
first arrived in the United States. These tables are derived from
General Table 374.
TABLE 12. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
Slates under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. .
German
539
457
48
1,254
249
612
72
1,887
322
186
108
1,112
32
346
114
117
333
96
47
19
358
45
16
22
321
69
92
53
247
26
58
17
1
117
105
33
14
351
86
52
19
563
128
64
32
340
4
141
59
11
120
117
86
15
376
69
132
21
651
111
22
16
297
2
87
31
38
91
221
291
""leg"
49
412
10
352
14
8
7
228
17.8
10.3
39.6
28.5
18.1
2.6
30.6
17.0
21.4
49.5
49.1
22.2
81.3
16.8
14.9
.9
35.1
19.5
7.2
29.2
28.0
34.5
8.5
26.4
29.8
39.8
34.4
29.6
30.6
12.5
40.8
51.8
9.4
36.0
21.7
18.8
31.3
30.0
27.7
21.6
29.2
34.5
34.5
11.8
14.8
26.7
6.3
25.1
27.2
32.5
27.3
41.0
63.7
.0
13.5
19.7
67.3
13.9
18.7
4.3
4.3
6.5
20.5
.0
17.3
6.1
57.3
1.5
Greek .«
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish.
Servian
Slovak. . .
60
7
67
5
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Total
7,788
1,604
2,122
2,162
1,900
20.6
27.2
27.8
24.4
25608°— VOL 26—]
26
The Immigration Commission.
U
U
10 LJ
in i
2fe
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2 <UJ w <
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10
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
27
The households of very recent immigrants do not predominate in
the districts under discussion. Of every 100 heads of households 24
have been in the United States twenty years or more and 52 have been
here ten years or more, while only 21 have come within five years.
The races of long residence in the United States are the Irish, with
67.3 per cent of the heads of households in this country at least twenty
years; the German, with 63.7 per cent; the Swedish, with 57.3 per
cent; and the Bohemian, with 41 per cent. South Italians, Poles,
and Hebrews, other than Russian, form an intermediate group with
respect to length of residence, about half of all heads of households
having come to the United States within ten years. Among the
more recent immigrants are the Slovaks, Slovenians, and Magyars
from Austria-Hungary, the Lithuanians and Hebrews from Russia,
the Syrians from Asia Minor, and the immigrant negroes found only
in New York City, practically all of whom have come from the West
Indies. Of these races the Magyars, Negroes, and Syrians are, on the
whole, the most recent immigrants. The foregoing chart shows
for the numerically more important races the proportions of heads of
households in this country under ten years, from ten to nineteen years,
and twenty years or over.
The table which follows shows, by city, the number and per cent
of immigrant heads of households who have been in the United States
each specified number of years :
TABLE 13. — Number and per cent of foreig?i-born male heads of households in the United
States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by city.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
City.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Boston
1,089
524
1,903
1,011
5G7
1,934
760
252
86
386
217
90
456
117
323
132
498
352
125
4G8
224
32.3
180
471
225
158
592
213
191
126
548
217
194
418
206
23.1
16.4
20.3
21.5
15.9
23.6
15.4
29.7
25.2
26.2
34.8
22.0
24.2
29.5
29.7
34.4
24.8
22.3
27.9
30.6
28.0
17.5
24.0
28.8
21.5
34.2
21.6
27.1
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York. . .
Philadelphia
Total
7,788
1,604
2,122
2,162
1,900
20.6
27.2
27.8
24.4
The immigrant heads of households studied in Milwaukee have
had, on the whole, a longer period of residence in the United States
than those studied in any other city. Thirty-four out of every 100
have been in this country for at least twenty years and 62 of every
100 have been here for ten years or more, while only 16 in 100 have
come within five years. The relative standing of the several cities
with respect to recency of immigration is at once apparent when
presented in the form of cumulative percentages.
28
The Immigration Commission.
Per cent i
n the Unit
ed States.
City.
Under 5
years.
Under 10
years.
Under 20
years.
23.1
52.8
82.5
Buffalo
16 4
41 6
76 0
Chicago
20.3
46.5
71.3
Cleveland ....
21.5
56.3
78.6
15 9
37 9
65 8
New York
23-6
47.8
78.4
Philadelphia
15.4
44.9
72.9
Total...
20.6
47.8
75.6
The following table presents the data relative to residence in the
United States, by city and by race:
TABLE 14. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual and by city.
[Byyearsin the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States; no deduction is made
for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual, by city.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian:
Chicago
191
48
71
229
39
8
15
34
42
. 8
14
41
33
5
9
70
77
27
33
84
20.4
16.7
21.1
14.8
22.0
16.7
19.7
17.9
17.3
10.4
12.7
cO.6
40.3
56.2
46.5
36.7
Cleveland
Milwaukee. . .
New York
Total
539
96
2
10
13
22
105
1
11
8
13
117
3
18
19
46
221
17.8
6.5
6.5
11.9
13.6
19.5
3.2
7.1
7.3
8.0
-21.7
9.7
11.6
17.4
28.4
41.0
German:
Buffalo
• 31
155
109
162
25
116
69
81
80.6
74.8
63 3
50 0
Chicago
Milwaukee
New York
Total
457
48
47
19
33
14
86
15
291
10.3
39.6
7.2
29.2
18.8
31.3
63.7
.0
Greek, Boston
Hebrew, Russian:
Boston
226
65
1S6
110
91
452
124
63
28
50
29
30
127
31
66
11
40
35
14
131
54
73
17
62
29
31
138
26
24
9
34
17
16
56
13
27.9
43.1
26.9
26.4
33.0
28.1
25.0
29.2
16.9
21.5
31.8
15.4
29.0
43.5
32.3
26.2
33.3
26.4
34.1
30.5
21.0
10.6
13.8
18.3
15.5
17,6
12.4
10.5
Buffalo
Chicago ....
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,254
47
31
20
123
28
358
10
5
2
26
2
351
25
9
7
35
10
3/6
169
28.5
28.0
30.0
14.9
29.0
20.0
31.7
35.7
13.5
10 6
25.8
35.10
18. 7
21.4
Hebrew, Other:
Chicago
9
4
39
10
5
8
7
23
6
21.3
10. 1
10.0
21.1
7.1
53.2
29.0
35.0
28.5
35.7
Cleveland . . .
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
249
45
86
10
4
4
27
7
69
21
13
13
60
25
43
103
72
73
99
65
18.1
34.5
27.7
19.7
74.6
80.0
80.2
51.0
65.7
Irish:
Boston
138
90
91
194
99
4
1
1
8
2
2.9
1.1
1.1
4.1
2.0
7.2
4.4
4.4
13.9
7.1
15.2
14.4
14.3
30.9
25.3
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
Philadelphia
Total...
Italian, North, Chicago. . . .
612
72
16
22
52
19
132
21
412
10
2.6
30.6
8.5
26.4
21.6
29.2
67.3
13.9
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
29
TABLE 14. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual and by city — Cont'd.
Race of individual, by cky.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Italian, South:
Boston
307
205
346
. 133
145
403
348
64
26
69
22
19
91
30
83
62
114
41
70
107
86
'112
77
106
41
46
152
117
48
40
• 57
29
10
53
115
20.8
12.7
19.9
16.5
13.1
22.6
8.6
27.0
30.2
32.9
30.8
48.3
26.6
24.7
36.5
37.6
30.6
30.8
31.7
37.7
33.6
15.6
19.5
16.5
21.8
6.9
13.2
33.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,887
321
44
25
563
64
64
651
352
17.0
26.7
15.9
29.8
34.5
29.1
40.1
18.7
5.5
3.2
Lithuanian:
Boston
Chicago
168
157
48
63
9
5
38.8
40.8
Total
Magyar:
Chicago
322
69
128
111
14
21.4
39.8
34.5
4.3
26
126
34
10
67
15
48
9
7
8
7
2
3
3
38.5
53.2
44.1
26.9
38.1
26.5
26.9
6.3
20.6
7.7
2.4
8.8
Cleveland
New York
Total
Negro, New York
Polish:
Boston
186
108
92
53
26
25
100
33
11
52
64
32
22
16
8
7
49.5
49.1
34.4
29.6
11.8
14.8
4.3
6.5
103
179
407
131
131
161
49
34
123
55
12
67
25
68
87
33
49
•35
3
52
97
10
59
7
25.2
14.0
24.6
25.2
8.4
32.3
47.6
19.0
30.2
42.0
9.2
41.6
24.3
38.0
21.4
25.2
37.4
21.7
2.9
29.1
23.8
7,6
45.0
4.3
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
Philadelphia.
Total
Servian, Chicago
Slovak:
Chicago
1,112
32
247
26
23
35
340
4
297
2
228
22.2
81.3
30.6
12.5
26.7
6.3
20.5
.0
77
227
• 42
34
93
14
14
5G
17
6
43
11
29.9
15.4
.0
44.2
41.0
33.3
18.2
24.7
40.5
7.8
18.9
26.2
Cleveland
New York
Total
346
114
117
58
17
]
141
59
11
37
24
59
87
31
38
60
7
f>7
lfi.8
14.9
.9
40.8
51.8
9.4
25.1
27.2
32.5
17.3
6.1
57.3
Slovenian, Cleveland
Swedish, Chicago
Syrian:
Boston
102
44
1*7
32
5
80
29
15
47
. 4
i
31.4
11.4
42.8
36.3
54.5
31.6
28.4
34.1
25.1
3.9
.0
.5
Buffalo
New York
Total
333
117
120
91
5
35.1
36.0
27.3
1.5
Considerable variation will be seen to exist among the several
cities with respect to the length of residences in this country of
immigrants considered race by race. Among the South Italians, for
example, 61 out of 100 heads of households in Milwaukee have come
to the United States within ten years, while in Philadelphia only 33
of every 100 have arrived within that period. In Milwaukee 82
Polish heads of households in 100 have been in this country, ten
years or longer, in Buffalo 67, in Chicago 45, in Cleveland 33, in
Boston 27, and in Philadelphia 26. The Poles of Milwaukee are a
noticeably older class of immigrants than the Poles of any other
city, 45 in 100 heads of households having come to the United
States fully twenty years ago.
30 The Immigration Commission.
The data relating to visits abroad have not been tabulated, but it
may be said in passing that such visits are relatively infrequent. It
is, as a rule, only by single men or by married men with families
abroad that visits home are made. These unattached men, the
potential forerunners of families, board or lodge in, the households
studied, just as many of the present heads of households might have
been found doing ten years ago. This part of the immigrant popu-
lation is most sensitive to industrial conditions. If work is slack,
they may find it profitable to return temporarily to the home
country, where they can live at small cost while awaiting reports
of better times in the United States. If they do not like this coun-
try, they are not hopelessly tied here, as are many families, by ina-
bility to save passage money home.
Few of the families interviewed state a definite intention of return-
ing permanently to their home abroad. Among the men it is usually
the unsuccessful who express a desire to return. The women, more
restricted to the home and more conservative than the men, may
frequently be found after many years still strangers in an alien country
with their longings centered on the country of their youth. Few of
them, however, have hopes of returning. Of the members of families
resident in this country it may be said that they are here to stay.
CHAPTER III.
LIVING CONDITIONS.
CONGESTION. °
The size of the household is considered in relation to the size of the
apartment in the following series of tables. The first three tables,
which are derived from General Table 375, deal with the number
of rooms per apartment.
TABLE 15. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apartments of each speci-
fied number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White
486
448
41
228
328
20
643
567
49
1,370
281
806
77
1,980
337
207
122
1,187
33
371
116
148
361
4.47
3.61
3.73
4.53
4.31
3.80
3.65
4.30
2.88
3.82
3.69
4.27
4.26
3.28
3.90
3.41
3.28
3.58
4.61
3.21
3.34
4.85
2.61
1.0
5.1
.0
.4
1.5
.0
.9
.9
18.4
1.0
1.8
1.1
1.3
3.3
1.5
1.4
.0
3.5
3.0
1.6
1.7
.0
15.8
3.1
3.1
4.9
3.1
4.3
5.0
5.9
5.6
28.6
9.6
11.4
5.2
5.2
23.2
5.3
21.7
.0
15.8
3.0
22.4
22.4
2.7
34.3
23.7
37.9
36.6
19.7
30.8
35.0
42.6
22.2
24.5
32.1
39.1
29.9
15.6
36.9
21.4
30.4
72.1
19.5
6.1
37.2
41.4
6.8
31.0
30.9
44.0
43.9
32.0
29.0
40.0
37.9
35.1
10.2
32.0
24.9
30.3
45.5
23.3
51.3
36.2
27.9
47.2
51.5
33.4
16.4
36.5
14.1
19.1
3.1
12.2
23.2
14.9
15.0
5.8
18.2
16.3
18.0
15.7
12.7
14.3
7.7
16.0
4.8
.0
9.5
27.3
3.0
12.1
18.9
2.8
14.2
3.6
.0
14.9
10.4
5.0
4.7
11.3
.0
4.6
3.2
13.2
13.0
3.7
3.9
3.4
.0
3.5
.0
2.2
5.2
29.7
.8
8.0
3.1
2.4
6.6
9.1
.0
2.2
6.7
2.0
2.7
3.9
7.7
5.2
1.7
.6
1.9
.0
.9
9.1
.3
.9
5.4
1.1
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of fa-
ther:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German . . .
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Ita'ian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total ..
10, 206
3.72
2.6
1.0
2.2
2.7
12.7
31.0
27.2
29.2
31.3
32.8
31.4
34.9
32.4
11.5
' '•-!-- —
17.8
14.0
11.0
6.2
3.3
Total native-born of for-
eign father .
617
1,551
8.655
4.34
4.17
3.64
3.9
3.4
14.4
11.2
9.9
5.5
7.5
6.4
2.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Congestion depends on many conditions other than the number of persons or adults per room and
per sleeping room. Most of these conditions are not susceptible of statistical measurement, and no
definite line can be drawn where overcrowding begins. In this section ol the report the terms "con-
gestion" and "degree of congestion" are expressly restricted to a comparison of the number of persons
or adults per room and per sleeping room.
31
32
The Immigration Commission.
The average size of the apartments occupied by immigrant house-
holds is 3.64 rooms and by households of the native-born of foreign
parentage 4.34 rooms. Among both groups the 4-room apartment
is the most usual size and the 3-room apartment only a little less
commonly occupied. The proportion of immigrant households in
apartments of fewer than 3 rooms is, however, much larger than the
corresponding proportion of the households of the native-born of
foreign father, the percentages being 17.1 and 4.9, respectively. Of
the households with heads who are native white of native parentage
54.6 per cent occupy apartments of 3 or 4 rooms and 41.3 per cent
occupy apartments of 5 or more rooms, as contrasted with 63.7 per
cent and 19.2 per cent, respectively, of the total number of immi-
grant households.
Among no group of people studied does the average apartment
include as many as 5 or as few as 2 rooms, and in no case does the
apartment most commonly occupied by the households of a race
consist of more than 4 rooms. Among the Greeks and Syrians the
most common size of apartment is 2 rooms; nowhere else it is so low.
Each of the three races represented in this study by more than 1,000
households averages between 3 and 4 rooms per apartment. Among
the South Italians the 3-room apartments are most usual, among the
Poles 4-room apartments are by far most numerous, and among the
Russian Hebrews apartments of 3 and of 4 rooms are found in about
equal proportions. That the showing of these races is partly a matter
of geographic location is suggested by the table which follows.
TABLE 16. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity of head of household and by city.
General nativity of head
of household, by city.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apartments of each speci-
fied number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White—
Boston
123
64
26
31
105
85
52
4.54
4.83
4.54
4.06
5.09
3.40
4.56
2.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.2
1.9
5.7
3.1
7.7
3.2
.0
1.2
3.8
18.7
9.4
19.2
32.3
10.5
63.5
11.5
30.9
43.8
19.2
32.3
22.9
31.8
34.6
22.0
15.6
23.1
19.4
29.5
1.2
23.1
8.9
15.6
26.9
12.9
24.8
.0
21.2
11.4
12.5
3.8
.0
12.4
1.2
3.8
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
Negro-
New York
486
4.47
3.49
3.77
1.0
.4
11.2
3.1
1.2
5.6
23.7
30.9
19.1
14.2
8.0
.0
7.1
251
197
48.6
24.4
49.0
37.6
.0
7.1
.8
7.1
Philadelphia
Total
448
3.61
5.1
3.1
37.9
44.0
3.1
3.6
3.1
Native-born of foreign
father:
Boston
76
48
105
55
86
169
78
4.38
5.27
4.71
4.40
4.60
3.54
4.59
6.6
2.1'
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.9
2.1
2.9
7.3
1.2
5.9
2.6
27.6
6.3
11.4
16.4
16.3
50.3
30.8
27.6
18.7
46.7
32.7
26.7
37.3
14.1
14.5
29.2
14.3
25.5
37.2
4.1
21.8
6.6
31.3
13.3
10.9
14.0
1.2
19.2
13.2
10.4
11.4
7.3
4.7
1.2
11.5
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee . . .
New York
Philadelphia
Total
617
4.34
1.0
3.9
27.2
31.4
17.8
11.2
7.5
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
TABLE 16. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity of head
of household, by city.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apa rtments of each speci-
fied number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more
Native-born:
Boston
199
112
131
86
191
505
327
4.48
5.02
4.68
4.28
4.87
3.50
4.09
4.0
.9
.0
.0
.0
.4
7.0
5.0
2.7
3.8
5.8
.5
2.8
4.6
22.1
8.0
13.0
22.1
13.1
51.7
23.9
29.6
33.0
41.2
32.6
24.6
42.2
31.5
19.1
21.4
16.0
23.3
33.0
l.G
13.1
8.0
22.3
16.0
11.6
19.9
.8
12.2
12.1
11.6
9.9
4.7
8.9
.6
7.6
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York..
Philadelphia
Total
1,551
4.17
2.2
3.4
17.3
20.7
8.8
17.1
8.2
11.9
26.8
29.2
33.2
23.3
16.5
32.5
34.4
51.2
24.0
34.9
27.4
26.3
49.2
28.4
27.9
29.4
18.4
14.0
10.2
13.2
12.7
12.8
22.8
6.2
7.4
9.9
6.4
Foreign-born:
Boston
1.217
575
2,106
1,097
648
2,162
850
3.37
3.68
4.05
3.59
4.17
3.34
3.43
6.8
4.3
.7
1.9
1.4
.2
8.6
3.0
7.1
9.4
4.4
9.4
.6
9.5
2.1
5. a
2.7
2.8.
5.9
.5
5.3
Buffalo
Chicago. ..
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
8,655
1.416
687
2,237
1, 183
839
2, 667
1,177
3.64
3.52
3.90
4.09
3.64
4,33
3.37
3.62
2.7
6.4
3.8
.7
1.8
1.1
.3
8.2
14.4
31.3
31.6
20.8
16.3
31.8
21.8
51.3
24.0
• 32.4
11.0
5.5
2.7
Grand total:
Boston
15.6
17.8
8.5
16.3
6.4
10.2
20.6
27.8
27.4
48.7
28.7
27.2
31.8
22.0
11.4
14.6
12.9
13.5
25.1
5.4
9.0
3.7
9.6
9.8
4.9
11.8
.6
10.3
3.5
6.1
3.1
3.0
6.6
.5
5.9
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia .
Total
10, 206
3.72
2.6
12.7
31.0
32.8
11.5
6.2
3. a
The average size of apartments visited is greater in the cities
situated on the Great Lakes than in the cities on the Atlantic coast,
being greatest in Milwaukee and smallest in New York. Only in
Milwaukee and Chicago do the apartments have on an average as
many as 4 rooms. Apartments of fewer than 3 rooms or of more than
4 rooms are, as a rule, not common in the cities investigated. For
convenience of comparison the per cents of households occupying
apartments of the several sizes may be arranged by cities as follows :
City.
land 2
rooms.
3 rooms.
4 rooms.
5 or more
rooms.
Boston
22.0
31.6
27.8
18.6
Buffalo
21.6
20.8
27.4
30.3
Chicago
9.2
16.3
48.7
25.8
Cleveland
18.1
31.8
28.7
21.4
Milwaukee.. .
7.5
21.8
27.2
43.5
New York
10.5
51.3
31.8
6.5
Philadelphia
28.8
24 0
22.0
25.2
Total
15.3
31.0
32.8
21.0
The comparative showing of the two larger cities is here seen at a
glance. In New York more than half of all apartments consist of 3
rooms, while in Chicago almost one-half consist of 4 rooms. In both
New York and Chicago apartments of 1 and 2 rooms are propor-
tionally few, but the proportion of apartments of more than 4 rooms
34
The Immigration Commission.
is much the higher in Chicago. The data by cities appear in greater
detail below:
TABLE 17. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number oj
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold, by city.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White-
Boston .
123
64
26
31
105
85
52
4.54
4.83
4.54
4.06
5.09
3.40
4.56
2.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.2
1.9
5.7
3.1
7.7
3.2
.0
1.2
3.8
18.7
9.4
19.2
32.3
10.5
63.5
11.5
30.9
43.8
19.2
32.3
22.9
31.8
34.6
22.0
15.6
23.1
19.4
29.5
1.2
23.1
8.9
15.6
26.9
12.9
24.8
.0
21.2
11.4
12.5
3.8
.0
12.4
1.2
3.8
Buffalo
Chicago...
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
486
4.47
3.49
3.77
1.0
.— -•• —
.4
11.2
3.1
1.2
5.6
23.7
30.9
49.0
37.6
19.1
.0
7.1
14.2
- —
.8
7.1
8.0
.0
7.1
Negro —
New York
Philadelphia
Total
251
197
48.6
24.4
448
3.61
5.1
3.1
37.9
44.0
3.1
3.6
3.1
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian-
Cleveland
20
21
4.05
3.43
.0
.0
10.0
.0
15.0
57.1
45.0
42.9
25.0
.0
.0
.0
5.0
.0
New York.
Total.
41
48
60
66
54
3.73
5.27
4.55
4.85
3.46
.0
4.9
36.6
6.3
11.7
10.6
51.9
43.9
18.7
50.0
22.7
35.2
12.2
.0
2.4
German-
Buffalo. .
2.1
.0
.0
.0
2.1
5.0
.0
5.6
29.2
11.7
43.9
5.6
31.3
11.7
16.7
1.9
10.4
10.0
6.1
.0
Chicago
Milwaukee
New York.
Total
228
4.53
.4
3.1
19.7
32.0
23.2
14.9
6.6
Irish-
Boston
76
45
35
94
78
4.38
4.93
4.60
3.62
4.59
6.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.9
.0
5.7
7.4
2.6
27.6
11.1
17.1
47.9
30.8
27.6
42.2
25.7
37.2
14.1
14.5
17.8
25.7
4.3
21.8
6.6
15.6
17.1
1.1
19.2
13.2
13.3
8.6
2.1
11.5
Chicago
Cleveland
New York. .
Philadelphia....
Total...
328
20
4.31
3.80
1.5
.0
4.3
5.0
30.8
35.0
42.1
19.6
20.7
54.2
29.0
40.0
36.8
26.8
25.6
44.8
14.9
15.0
3.9
12.5
23.2
.7
10.4
5.0
3.5
19.6
12.2
.4
9.1
.0
Polish, Milwaukee...
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian —
Chicago
228
56
82
277
3.48
4.45
4.20
3.47
1.3
3.6
1.2
.0
11.0
7.1
11.0
.0
1.3
10.7
6.1
.0
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Total..
643
47
179
143
198
3.65
5.49
4.54
4.61
3.59
.9
.0
1.1
1.4
.5
5.9
4.3
5.0
5.6
6.6
42.6
—
4.3
7.8
14.7
45.0
37.9
— .. ..._ .
21.3
4(1.4
24.5
35.9
5.8
- x ^
21.3
15.1
32.9
9.6
4.7
2.2
German —
Buffalo
27.7
18.4
11.2
1.0
21.3
6.1
9.8
1.5
Chicago....
Milwaukee
New York
Total
567
49
249
72
210
115
102
480
142
4.30
2.88
3.70
4.88
4.27
4.17
4.62
3.55
2.92
.9
18.4
5.6
28.6
10.4
.0
5.2
2.6
2.0
6.7
40.1
22.2
24.5
33.3
8.3
10.5
18.3
18.6
49.0
38.0
35.1
10.2
35.3
36.1
53.3
37.4
27.5
27.7
6.3
18.2
16.3
17.7
23.6
18.6
32.2
23.5
16.5
4.2
11.3
.0
6.7
2.0
1.6
13.9
2.9
1.7
9.8
.0
3.5
Greek, Boston
Hebrew, Russian —
Boston
.4
2.8
.0
2.6
2.0
.0
4.2
1.2
15.3
9.5
5.2
16.7
.2
3.5
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,370
3.82 1.0
9.6
32.1
32.0
18.0
4.6 2.7
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
35
TABLE 17. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity and
race of head of house*
hold, by city.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4. 5.
6.
7 or
more.
Foreign-born— Cont'd.
Hebrew, Other-
Chicago
50
34
23
139
35
4.26
4.24
4.78
3.25
3.40
0.0
2.9
.0
2.2
2.9
2.0
8.8
13.0
12.2
22.9
20.0
17.6
4.3
54.7
48. 6
50.0
23.5
21.7
20.1
11.4
14.0
35.3
34.8
10.8
5.7
8.0
5.9
8.7
.0
2.9
6.0
5.9
17.4
.0
5.7
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia. . ..
Total
281
3.69
4.20
5.25
4.57
3.56
4.58
1.8
3.4
.0
.9
.0
.7
11.4
6.8
1.0
4.3
7.5
2.8
39.1
24.9
15.7
3.2
3.9
Irish—
Boston
205
104
117
• 239
141
25.4
7.7
22.2
44.4
34.8
33.2
26.0
24.8
40.2
17.0
14.6
17.3
25.6
5.4
7.8
9.3
37.5
11.1
.8
23.4
7.3
10.6
11.1
1.7
13.5
Chicago
Cleveland . .
New York
Philadelphia
Total...
806
77
326
212
364
143
148
421
366
4.27
4.26
1.1
1.3
5.2
5.2
27.3
28.8
18.7
11.2
9.5
21.1
33.6
29.9
15.6
44.2
4.5.3
31.0
42.7
25.7
51.5
16.9
30.3
45.5
18.7
10.8
34.9
25.9
30.4
24.2
18.3
12.7
14.3
4.6
4.7
10.4
16.1
24.3
1.0
7.4
13.2
13.0
1.5
2.4
3.3
1.4
6.8
1.7
9.0
7.7
5.2
.9
.9
.5
2.8
3.4
.5
4.4
Italian, North, Chi-
cago
Italian, South-
Boston
3.03
2.88
3.48
3.62
4.03
3.12
3.28
2.8
7.1
1.1
.0
.0
.0
10.4
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwankpfl
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,980
3.28
3.3
23.2
36.9
23.3
7.7
3.7
1.7
Lithuanian-
Boston
Chicago
171
166
3.65
4.16
2.9
.0
6.4
4.2
35.1
7.2
40.4
62.7
11.1
21.1
3.5
4.2
.6
.6
Total
337
3.90
1.5
5.3
21.4
51.3 16.0
3.9
.6
Magyar-
Chicago
27
137
43
4.52
3.27
3.09
.0
1.5
2.3
7.4
27.0
14.0
3.7
27.0
58.1
55.6
36.5
23.3
7.4
5.1
2.3
18.5
1.5
.0
3.7
1.5
.0
Cleveland
New York
Total...
207
122
3.41
3.28
1.4
.0
21.7
.0
30.4
72.1
36.2
27.9
4.8
.0
3.4
.0
1.9
.0
Negro, New York....
Polish-
Boston .
104
194
441
132
150
166
3.49
3.70
3.88
3.05
3.45
3.25
.0
1.5
.5
4.5
2.7
16.3
13.5
24.7
9.3
24.2
11.3
21.7
39.4
9.8
8.8
37.1
41.3
13.3
37.5
40.2
69.2
29.5
31.3
31.3
6.7
16.5
8.4
4.5
9.3
10.2
1.9
5.2
3.2
.0
4.0
5.4
1.0
2.1
.7
.0
.0
1.8
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
Philadelphia
Total..
1,187
33
3.58
4.61
3.5
3.0
15.8
3.0
19.5
6.1
47.2
51.5
9.5
27.3
3.5
.0
.9
9.1
Servian, Chicago
Slovak—
Chicago
79
247
45
3.66
3.13
2.89
2.5
1.6
.0
15.2
25.1
20.0
10.1
39.7
71.1
60.8
29.1
8.9
8.9
1.6
.0
2.5
2.4
.0
.0
.4
.0
Cleveland....
New York
Total
371
116
148
3.21
3.34
4.85
1.6
1.7
.0
22.4
22.4
2.7
37.2
41.4
6.8
33.4
16.4
36.5
3.0
12.1
18.9
2.2
5.2
29.7
.3
.9
5.4
Slovenian, Cleveland.
Swedish, Chicago
Syrian —
Boston
113
50
198
1.78
3.60
2.84
46.0
10.0
.0
38.1
16.0
36.9
10.6
22.0
44.9
3.5
28.0
16.7
.9
14.0
1.0
.9
4.0
.0
.0
6.0
.5
Buffalo. . .
New York
Total
361
2.61
15.8
34.3
31.0
14.1
2.8
.8
1.1
36
The Immigration Commission.
The largest apartments, on an average, found among any group of
people in any city are among the immigrant Germans of Buffalo, who
average 5.49 rooms; the smallest are among the Syrians of Bostony
who average 1.78 rooms per apartment.
Attention has been called to the comparative showing of the three
races having the largest representation, with respect to the size of
apartment commonly occupied. It will be seen from this table that
a proportionally great number of Poles live in Chicago and in Buffalo,
where, in a high per cent of all cases, they occupy 4-room apartments.
Hebrews and South Italians, on the other hand, are largely repre-
sented in New York and in other Atlantic coast cities, where apart-
ments are, in general, smaller than in the cities on the Great Lakes.
Hebrew households in New York and Philadelphia most commonly
occupy 3-room apartments and in all other cities apartments of 4
rooms. South Italian households in Philadelphia are most often
found in apartments of 2 rooms, in Chicago and Milwaukee in apart-
ments of 4 rooms, and in all the other cities in 3-room apartments.
The next three tables, which are derived from General Table 376,
present the data relating to the size of the households studied :
TABLE 18. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White
486
448
41
228
328
20
643
567
49
1,370
281
806
77
1,980
337
207
122
1,187
33
371
116
148
361
4.14
3.57
3.41
4.34
4.52
4.65
4.39
4.28
4.80
5.61
5.06
4.85
5.90
5.46
5.91
5.20
3.39
5.54
6.97
5.17
5.74
4.51
3.80
1.4
5.1
2.4
3.5
2.4
.0
1.7
4.8
.0
.4
2.5
3.7
.0
.5
.3
1.4
4.9
1.2
.0
.8
.0
4.1
.6
20.2
27.0
24.4
18.4
14.3
10.0
16.2
19.0
32.7
8.3
10.7
15.6
5.2
8.1
7.7
13.0
24.6
10.0
12.1
9.4
6.9
9.5
21.1
13.0
21.2
26.6
29.3
20.6
19.2
20.0
20.5
16.9
18.4
11.2
14.6
15.9
11.7
12.8
8.6
14.0
32.0
11.7
12.1
13.5
16.4
16.9
27.4
22.0
16.7
24.4
14.5
18.9
20.0
17.3
19.0
6.1
14.5
14.6
14.8
18.2
17.7
9.2
19.8
19.7
15.0
3.0
13.2
16.4
21.6
23.3
14.0
10.7
14.6
13.6
19.2
30.0
17.4
16.6
10.2
16.4
19.9
13.5
19.5
16.5
16.0
16.4
9.0
15.0
6.1
21.6
16.4
17.7
14.1
10.3
6.3
2.4
14.0
12.5
5.0
13.1
9.0
6.1
15.0
12.8
11.4
9.1
14.0
17. S
8. 2
6.6
12.9
12.1
18.1
10.3
14.9
7.8
12.5
3.9
2.9
2.4
6.1
6.1
10.0
6.5
5.6
6.1
12.3
9.3
9.8
9.1
11.8
16.6
8.7
1.6
12.3
12.1
10.0
10.3
10.8
3.3
9.4
6.0
4.4
10.3
3.9
2.7
.0
4.8
3.0
.0
4.5
4.4
8.2
10.4
8.5
6.8
11.7
8.5
13.1
3.4
.8
9.6
21.2
7.5
8.6
4.7
1.4
1.6
1.8
.0
3.1
1.8
.0
1.7
2.1
4.1
6.9
3.2
4.5
6.5
4.6
6.5
7.7
.8
6.1
3.0
3.8
3.4
.0
1.1
1.4
.2
.a
1.3
2.4
5.0
1.1
2.5
8.2
4.6
3.9
4.0
9.1
5.5
4.2
7.2
.0
6.2
18.2
2.2
11.2
.0
.0
Negro
Native-born of for-
eign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and
Moravian
German
Irish
Polish....
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other. . .
Irish..
Italian, North
Italian, South....
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian..
Swedish .
Syrian
Grand total....
Total nat.ivp-born of
foreign father
10,206
617
1,551
8,655
5.00
4.39
4.07
5.16
1.7
15.7
16.6
17.7
18.8
16.2
15.9
17.2
14.3
16.1
7.2
3.4
3.4
7.8
4.2
2.1
1.9
4.6
3.9
2.8
3.0
1.5
16.4
20.6
11.6
20.4
22.4
14.5
12.2
9.9
13.0
1.9
1.3
4.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
37
The average number of persons in households studied is 5 ; the aver-
age in immigrant households is 5.16, in households of the native-born
or foreign father 4.39, and in the households of the native-born white
of native father 4.14. Thirty-nine and six- tenths per cent of the
households of native-born of foreign father and 42.8 per cent of the
households of the native-born white of native father, as contrasted
with 27.6 per cent of the households of immigrants, consist of fewer
than 4 persons, while 13.4 per cent of the households of the native-
born of foreign father and 10.8 per cent of the households of the
native white of native father, as against 27.2 per cent of foreign
households, are composed of 7 persons or more. A wide variation in
the size of the households of every race appears in the table. The
following grouping of percentages gives the relative standing of
races in respect to small and large households:
General nativity and race of head of household.
Per cent of households
of—
Not more
than 3
persons.
7 persons
or more.
Native-born of native father:
White 42. 8 10. 8
Negro 58. 7 7. 6
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian 56. 1 2. 4
German 42. 5 15. 3
Irish 35.9 13.3
Polish 30.0 15.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian 3S. 4 13. 8
German 40. 7 14. 6
Greek 51. 1 26. 6
Hebrew, Russian 19. 9 34. 2
Hebrew, Other 27. 8 24. 9
Irish 35.2 25.1
Italian, North 16. 9 36. 4
Italian, South 21. 4 30. 4
Lithuanian ' 16.6 40.4
Magyar... 28.4 27.0
Negro 61.5 3.2
Polish 22.9 34.2
Servian 24. 2 54. 5
Slovak. . 23. 7 23. 5
Slovenian 23. 3 33. 5
Swedish 30. 5 15. 5
Syrian 49. 1 5. 8
Grand total 30. 4 24. 7
Total native-born of foreign father 39. 6 13. 4
Total native-born 46 0 11.0
Total foreign-born 27. 6 27. 2
Three or more households of every 10 consist of 3 persons or fewer
among all groups of native birth, among the four immigrant races
having the longest residence in this country, and among the Greeks,
Syrians, and Negroes. The especially high proportions of small
households among negroes are further treated in the local studies.
Households of 7 or more persons occur in more than three-tenths of
all cases among Russian Hebrews, North Italians, South Italians,
Lithuanians, Poles, Servians, and Slovenians.
38
The Immigration Commission.
In the table which follows the size of households studied is shown
by city:
TABLE 19. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
of head of household and by city.
General nativity of
head of household,
by city.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of
persons
per
house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
2.4
3.1
.0
.0
.0
2.4
.0
Native-born of native
father:
White—
Boston
123
64
26
31
105
85
52
486
251
197
3.94
4.48
4.12
3-81
4.09
3.94
4.81
4.1
1.6
3.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
26.8
18.8
15.4
29.0
18.1
20.0
7.7
14.6
21.9
19.2
9.7
26.7
28.2
21.2
23.6
12.5
19.2
32.3
22.9
24.7
19.2
10.6
21.9
15.4
19.4
14.3
11.8
11.5
11.4
6.3
23.1
3.2
8.6
7.1
19.2
1.6
3.1
3.8
3.2
1.9
2.4
17.3
4.1
7.8
.0
3.2
3.8
2.4
3.8
0.8
3.1
.0
.0
3.8
1.2
.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee...
New York...
Philadelphia.
Total
Negro-
New York...
Philadelphia.
Total
4.14
1.4
6.0
4.1
20.2
33.1
19.3
21.2
26.3
26.9
22.0
15.5
18.3
14.0
10.3
3.9
3.9
1.6
.8
3.0
1.4
3.26
3.97
10.4
11.2
4.4
8.6
1.2
5.1
2.4
3.0
.0
.5
448
76
48
105
55
86
169
78
3.57
-~
4.30
4.58
4.73
3.93
4.44
3.93
5.15
5.1
27.0
26.6
16.7
=
15.8
10.4
17.1
21.8
20.9
18.9
15.4
10.7
6.3
10.5
16.7
12.4
5.5
11.6
10.1
20.5
2.9
2.7
1.8
.2
Native-born of for-
eign father:
Boston
Buffalo
5.3
8.3
1.0
3.6
.0
3.0
1.3
15.8
14.6
16.2
12.7
16.3
21.9
9.0
25.0
14.6
17.1
27.3
19.8
24.3
11.5
14.5
16.7
16.2
21.8
17.4
14.8
23.1
3.9
8.3
6.7
5.5
7.0
4.7
7.7
2.6
2.1
6.7
1.8
2.3
1.8
6.4
2.6
6.3
2.9
.0
3.5
.0
2.6
3.9
2.1
3.8
.0
1.2
.6
2.6
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee . . .
New York
Philadelphia
Total
• 617
199
112
131
86
191
505
327
4.39
2.8
10.4
214
17.7
17.2
12.1
19.6
16.0
20.9
15.7
12.1
14.1
12.2
6.0
77
5.4
6.1
4.7
4.2
2.6
7.6
3.4
3.5
5.4
5.3
2.3
3.1
2.2
4.0
2.1
1.9
3.0
2.7
3.1
.0
.5
.6
.9
Native-born:
Boston
4.08
4.53
4.61
3.88
4.25
3.60
4.39
4.5
4.5
1.5
2.3
.0
4.0
2.8
22.6
17.0
16.0
18.6
17.3
27.1
15.0
18.6
18.7
17.6
20.9
23.6
25.9
22.3
20.6
11.6
17.6
25.6
22.0
18.2
17.7
0.1
10.7
14.5
4.7
9.9
6.7
13.1
1.5
4.5
2.3
.0
3.7
.6
2.4
Buffalo
Chicago..
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia.. ..
Total
1,551
1,217
575
2,106
1,097
648
2,162
850
4.07
5.2H
5.31
5.21
5.18
5.20
4.93
5.37
3.0
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.5
2.5
1.4
1.4
20.6
22.4
18.8
14.3
9.9
4.4
3.4
1.9 1.3
Foreign-born:
Boston.
13.5
9.0
10.4
11.7
12.3
12.7
10.1
14.6
14.3
13.6
15.3
11.9
15.8
14.5
15.1
16. 2
16.2
15.5
15.1
17.7
15.6
13.1
15.3
17.4
16.0
19.0
16.8
14.4
13.6
14.8
13.4
13.0
12.5
12.0
12.9
9.8
10.6
11.6
10.6
9.6
9.2
10.8
8.4
8.0
8.6
6.6
5.9
7.4
9.3
4.4
5.6
3.9
4.6
5.2
4.3
6.0
6.1
4.7
3.7
5.3
6.0
2.7
4.9
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland .
Milwaukee...
New York
Philadelphia
Total
8,655
1,416
687
2,237
1,183
839
2,667
1,177
5.16
5.09
5-18
5.17
5.08
4.98
4.68
5.09
1.5
-
1.8
2.0
1.2
1.5
1.9
1.9
1.8
11.6
..: =
14.8
10.3
10.7
12.2
13.5
15.4
11.5
14.5
16.2
16.1
13.0
10.3 1 7.8
4.6
4.3
5.6
4.4
3.6
4.9
4.8
2.3
3.8
Grand total:
Boston
15.2
15.0
13.9
15.7
14.5
17.7
16.7
15.9
15.4
16.3
16.2
16.7
17.8
16.2
13.0
16.0
17.3
16.3
18.2
15.9
14.3
13.2
14.1
13.5
12.4
11.9
11.0
13.0
8.8
9.8
11.3
10.1
8.3
7.9
9.9
7.7
7.6
8.4
6.3
5.2
6.4
7.8
4.0
5.4
3.8
4.3
4.9
3.6
5.0
Buffalo .
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee.
New York
Philadelphia
Total
10,206
5.00
1.7
13.0
15.7
16.6
15.9
12.5
9.4
7.2
4.2
3.9
Considering all households regardless of nativity and race, it will
be noted that the average number of persons per household is slightly
above 5 in Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, and Philadelphia.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
39
In Milwaukee the average is slightly lower than 5 and in New York
considerably lower than in any other city, being only 4.68. If only
immigrant households be considered, it will be found that the average
number of persons per household is highest in Philadelphia, where it
is 5.37, and lowest in New York, where it is 4.93, and that only in
New York does it fall below 5. Among no other group of people
included in the table is the average number of persons per household
as high as 5, except in Philadelphia among the native-born of foreign
father. The smallest households, on an average, are found among
the negroes of native birth in New York City.
Households consisting of 2, 3, and 4 persons form higher propor-
tions in New York than in any other city. The highest proportion
of households of 5 persons is in Milwaukee ; the highest proportion of
households of 6 persons is in Buffalo, and the highest proportions
of households of 7 and 8 persons are in Chicago.
The data, by cities, are shown in further detail in the table following :
TABLE 20. — Per cent of households of each s
and race of head q, '
J'fied number of persons, by general nativity
<ehold and by city.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold, by city.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number of
persons
per house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White-
Boston
123
64
26
31
105
85
52
3.94
4.48
4.12
3.81
4.09
3.94
4.81
4.1
1.6
3.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
26.8
18.8
15.4
29.0
18.1
20.0
7.7
14.6
21.9
19.2
9.7
26.7
28.2
21.2
23.6
12.5
19.2
32.3
22.9
24.7
19.2
10.6
21.9
15.4
19.4
14.3
11.8
11.5
11.4
6.3
23.1
3.2
8.6
7.1
19.2
1.6
3.1
3.8
3.2
1.9
2.4
17.3
3.9
1.2
5.1
4.1
7.8
.0
3.2
3.8
2.4
3.8
0.8
3.1
.0
.0
3.8
1.2
.0
2.4
3.1
.0
.0
.0
2.4
.0
Buffalo .. .
Chicago . . .
Cleveland. ..
Milwaukee . .
New York. ..
Philadelphia.
Total
Negro-
New York....
Philadelphia .
Total
486
251
197
4.14
3.26
3.97
1.4
6.0
4.1
20.2
33.1
19.3
21.2
22.0
14.0
103
4.4
8.6
3.9
2.4
3.0
1.6
1.4
.0
.5
26.3
26.9
15.5
18.3
10.4
11.2
.8
3.0
448
3. 57
3.65
3.19
5.1
5.0
.0
27.0
10.0
38.1
26.6
30.0
28.6
16.7
10.7
6.3
2.9
5.0
.0
2.7
.0
.0
1.8
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father: '
Bohemian and
Moravian-
Cleveland
New York....
Total
German — •
Buffalo
Chicago
Milwaukee...
New York....
Total
Irish-
Boston
20
21
35. 0
14.3
15.0
14.3
.0
4.8
41
48
60
66
54
3.41
4.58
4.58
4.38
3.83
2.4
24.4
29.3
24.4
10.4
13.3
21.2
11.1
14.6
16.7
15.0
13.6
9.3
2.4
16.7
11.7
13.6
14.8
2.4
3.0
2.0
6.3
1.7
4.5
.0
1.0
2.1
3.3
.0
.0
8.3
1.7
.0
5.6
14.6
20.0
18.2
20.4
14.6
18.3
19.7
29.6
8.3
5.0
6.1
5.6
2.1
10.0
3.0
3.7
228
4.34
4.30
4.93
4.09
4.15
5.15
3.5
5.3
.0
2.9
2.1
1.3
18.4
15.8
11.1
14.3
19.1
9.0
20.6
14.5
13.6
14.5
17.8
25.7
18.1
23.1
14.0
6.1
-
3.9
8.9
5.7
5.3
7. 7
4.8
3.1
1.3
3.9
4.4
.0
1.1
2.6
76
45
35
94
78
25.0
15.6
25.7
20.2
11.5
15.8
22.2
14.3
24.5
15.4
10.5
13.3
8.6
8.5
20.5
2.6
2.2
2.9
1.1
6.4
2.6
4.4
.0
.0
2.6
Chicago
Cleveland
New York....
Philadelphia.
Total
Polish, Milwau-
kee
328
20
4.52
4.65
2.4
.0
14.3
10.0
19.2
20.0
18.9
20.0
19.2
30.0
12.5
5.0
6.1
10.0
" ~
3.0
.0
1.8
.0
2.4
5.0
40
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 20. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold, by city.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number of
persons
Der house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Foreign-bom:
Bohemian and
Moravian-
Chicago
228
56
82
277
4.67
4.14
4.49
4.18
1.3
3.6
3.7
1.1
14.9
16.1
19.5
16.2
18.0
32.1
15.9
21.7
16.7
7.1
17.1
19.9
18.4
16.1
11.0
18.8
12.3
8.9
14.6
14.1
6.6
10.7
8.5
5.1
6.6
3.6
4.9
2.9
3.5
1.8
1.2
.4
1.8
.0
3.7
.0
Cleveland
Milwaukee...
New York...
Total
643
4.39
1.7
16.2
17.0
15.1
18.9
23.2
20.5
17.3
17.4
13.1
6.5
4.5
1.7
1.1
German—
Buffalo
47
179
143
198
3.91
4.51
4.53
3.98
6.4
3.4
5.6
5.1
25.5
17.3
14.7
16.2
17.0
21.8
14.7
20.2
19.1
15.1
21.7
13.6
6.4
9.5
6.3
11.1
6.4
7.8
4.9
4.0
.0
5.0
4.9
4.5
.0
2.2
2.8
2.0
2.1
2.8
5.6
.0
Chicago
Milwaukee...
New York....
Total
567
49
249
72
210
115
102
480
142
4.28
4.80
4.8
.0
19.0
32.7
16.9
18.4
19.0
6.1
16.6
10.2
9.0
6.1
18.5
12.5
15.7
9.6
8.8
14.0
21.1
5.6
6.1
4.4
8.2
2.1
4.1
2.5
8.2
Greek, Boston....
Hebrew Rus-
sian-
Boston
5.28
5.14
5.36
5.70
5.41
6.10
5.25
.0
1.4
.5
1.7
1.0
.0
.7
10.8
8.3
7.6
7.0
4.9
6.7
14.1
14.9
9.7
14.3
11.3
14.7
7.7
10.6
13.7
23.6
15.2
13.0
18.6
12.7
14.1
14.5
18.1
17.1
20.0
17.6
16.3
14.1
10.8
12.5
12.4
12.2
18.6
12.7
9.2
8.8
6.9
9.0
9.6
6.9
14.6
5.6
4.8
5.6
5.2
9.6
5.9
8.5
7.0
3.2
1.4
2.9
6.1
2.9
6.9
3.5
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland...
Milwaukee..
New York...
Philadelphia
Total
1,370
5.61
.4
=-^ _— -
.0
5.9
.0
2.9
2.9
8.3
11.2
14.5
26.0
14.7
8.7
10.8
17.1
16.4
15.0
16.0
8.8
13.0
12.2
14.3
12.3
6.0
11.8
.0
10.1
14.3
10.4
j^
.0
5.9
4.3
2.9
5.7
4.6
2.0
11.8
4.3
2.2
5 7
Hebrew, Other-
Chicago
50
34
23
139
35
5.10
5.32
4.74
4.81
5.97
8.0
11.8
17.4
12.9
.0
8.0
14.7
8.7
18.7
11.4
22.0
8.8
43.5
19.4
14.3
12.0
5.9
.0
7.9
14.3
Cleveland
Milwaukee...
New York...
Philadelphia.
Total
281
205
104
117
239
141
5.06
4.80
5.70
4.79
4.53
4.87
2.5
10.7
14.6
14.6
19.9
12.8
9.3
8.5
3.2
3.9
Irish-
Boston
6.8
.0
5.1
2.5
2.8
16.6
14.4
13.7
16.7
14.9
14.1
11.5
16.2
15.1
22.7
13.7
11.5
12.8
18.8
13.5
10.7
12.5
11.5
17.6
10.6
14.1
7.7
13.7
10.9
9.2
7.3
17.3
12.8
9.2
6.4
8.3
8.7
3.4
5.9
7.8
3.4
7.7
2.6
2.9
7.8
4.9
8.7
5.1
.4
4.3
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
Philadelphia.
Total
806
77
326
212
364
143
148
421
366
4.85
5.90
5.52
5.43
4.93
5.68
5.89
5.76
5.36
3.7
.0
15.6
5.2
15.9
11.7
14.8
18.2
13.5
19.5
11.4
9.1
9.8
9.1
6.8
11.7
4.5
6.5
4.0
9.1
Italian, North,
Chicago
Italian, South-
Boston
.6
.5
.5
.0
.0
.2
1.1
12.3
5.7
11.0
8.4
6.8
3.3
9.0
15.0
13.7
15.9
9.1
8.8
10.5
13.1
16.3
16.0
17.6
21.7
11.5
19.5
18.9
12.3
17.5
18.7
11.9
20.9
18.3
15.6
12.3
19.3
12.4
17.5
21.6
11.6
12.3
9.8
11.3
12.6
9.8
7.4
15.7
10.9
7.7
8.5
7.7
9.1
6.1
9.0
10.1
4.0
3.8
2.5
4.9
7.4
6/9
4.1
9.8
3.8
1.1
7.7
9.5
5.0
4.9
Buffalo ...
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee...
New York....
Philadelphia.
Total
1,980
5.46
.5
8.1
12.8
17.7
16.5
15.2
16.9
14.0
11.8
15.8
17.5
8.5
11.1
15.1
4.6
7.0
6.0
5.5
3.5
4.8
1/ithuanian —
Boston
171
166
5.70
6.12
.6
.0
10.5
4.8
9.4
7.8
10.5
7.8
16.4
19.3
Chicago
Total
337
5.91
6.19
5.18
4.70
.3
.0
1.5
2.3
7.7
3.7
14.6
14.0
8.6
3.7
16.1
14.0
9.2
25.9
• 19.0
18.6
16.0
17.8
.0
8.8
11.6
16.6
13.1
6.5
4.2
7.4
8.8
2.3
Magyar-
Chicago
Cleveland
New York....
Total
Negro, New York.
27
137
43
18.5
14.6
20.9
18.5
7.3
7.0
3.7
2.2
7.0
18.5
7.3
2.3
207
122
5.20
3.39
1.4
4.9
13.0
24.6
14.0
32.0
19.8
19.7
16.4
9.0
8.2
6.6
8.7
1.6
3.4
.8
7.7
.8
7 2
.0
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
41
TABLE 20. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold, by city.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number of
persons
per house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
^2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Foreign-born — Con.
Polish:
Boston
Buffalo
104
194
441
132
150
166
1,187
33
6.48
5.90
5.25
5.04
5.47
5.79
0.0
1.0
1.4
.0
2.7
1.2
2.9
8.8
11.3
14.4
12.0
7.2
5.8
12.4
12.5
12.9
8.7
14.5
19.2
12.9
16.1
13.6
16.7
11.4
14.4
10.8
15.6
18.2
16.0
15.1
13.5
12.4
13.6
16.7
10.7
10.2
11.5
11.9
12.2
10.6
12.0
15.1
14.4
10.8
8.8
7.6
7.3
10.8
4.8
10.3
3.9
4.5
7.3
7.8
13.5
8.8
4.5
1.5
6.7
6.6
Chicago
Cleveland . . .
Milwaukee..
Philadelphia
Total
5.54
6.97
1.2
.0
1.3
.8
.0
10.0
12.1
1.3
13.0
4.4
11.7
12.1
5.1
17.0
8.9
15.0
3.0
7.6
15.0
13.3
15.0
6.1
30.4
17.4
28.9
12.9
12.1
24.1
15.0
24.4
12.3
12.1
10.1
10.9
4.4
9.6
21.2
8.9
6.9
8.9
6.1
3.0
5.1
2.8
6.7
6.2
18.2
Servian, Chicago
Slovak-
Chicago
Cleveland...
New York...
Total
79
247
• 45
6.04
4.85
5.42
6.3
1.2
.0
371
116
148
113
50
198
5.17
5.74
4.51
.8
.0
4.1
9.4
6.9
9.5
13.5
16.4
16.9
13.2
16.4
ill. 6
21.6
16.4
17.6
18.1
10.3
14.9
10.0
10.3
10.8
7.5
8.6
4.7
3.8
3.4
.0
2.2
11.2
.0
Slovenian, Cleve-
land
Swedish, Chicago.
Syrian —
Boston
Buffalo
3.70
4.08
3.78
.0
4.0
.0
23.0
18.0
20.7
28.3
20.0
28.8
24.8
18.0
23.7
14.2
16.0
13.6
4.4
16.0
7.6
2.7
4.0
3.5
.0
4.0
1.5
2.7
.0
.5
. .0
.0
.0
.0
New York....
Total
361
3.80
.6
21.1
27.4
23.3
14.1
7.8
3.3
1.4
1.1
The largest households, on an average, found among any group of
people in any locality are the Servian in Chicago, a group of only 33
households composed largely of men without families. Second
largest in average size are the Polish households in Boston, which
show 6.48 persons per apartment. Among no group of people is
the average number of persons per apartment as low as 3 or as high
as 7.
That the variation in size of household is not always dependent
upon the variation in size of apartment appears from a comparison
of this table with Table 17. It will be seen that the apartments of
Russian Hebrews in Buffalo are on the whole larger than the apart-
ments of this race in any other city, while the average number of
persons per apartment is seen in the above table to be smaller than
in the other cities. On the other hand the number of persons per
apartment is greatest in New York, where the average size of the
apartment is smaller than in any other city except Philadelphia.
Marked variations are to be seen in the case of other races.
The three tables following are derived from General Table 377.
The average numbers of persons in apartments of the several sizes are
shown by race in the table next presented.
25GOS0— VOL 20—11 4
42
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 21. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number
of rooms.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
(a)
2.20
3.62
4.11
4.23
4 68
5 59
4 14
Negro
2.61
3.21
3.09
3.74
4.14
5.56
6.14
3 57
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
(a)
3.07
3.56
(a)
(a)
3 41
German .
(a)
a)
3.56
4.47
4.00
5 32
6 13
4 35
Irish
(a)
2.29
4 01
4 28
4 90
5 50
6 70
4 52
Polish
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(o)
4 65
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
(a)
2 92
3 92
4 84
5 11
5 47
6 64
4 39
German. .
(a)
2.91
3.52
4.31
4.83
4.80
5 87
4 28
Greek
(a)
2.86
6.08
(a)
(a)
(a)
4 80
Hebrew, Russian
2.36
3.85
5.04
5.70
7.11
6.73
7.00
5 61
Hebrew, Other .
(a)
3.72
4.73
5.00
6.64
- (a)
7 55
5 06
Irish
(a)
2.45
3.70
4.95
5.69
6.08
7.58
4 85
Italian, North
a)
(a)
4.33
5.49
7.91
6 10
(a)
5 90
Italian, South
3.29
4.24
5.39
6.09
6.82
7.32
9.06
5.46
Lithuanian . .
(a)
3.56
4.90
6.32
6.69
7.08
(a)
5 91
Magyar
(a)
3.29
4.70
6.19
6.10
(a)
(0)
5.21
Negro
3.07
4.21
3 39
Polish
2.93
4.04
4.99
5.98
6.99
7.63
7.91
5.54
Servian
(a)
(a)
(o)
6.06
(a)
(a)
6 97
Slovak
(a)
4.06
5.04
5.92
6.55
(a)
(o)
5.17
Slovenian . .
(0)
4.15
4.85
6.11
9.14
(a)
(a)
5.74
Swedish
(o)
2.50
4.28
5 04
507
(a)
4 51
Syrian
2.82
3.52
3.84
4.92
5.50
(a)
(o)
3.80
Grand total
2.67
3.81
4.51
5.32
6.09
6. 03
7.04
5.00
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
(a)
2.47
2.42
2.57
3.79
3.48
4.32
4.05
4.48
4.35
5.39
5.09
6.48
6.08
4.39
4.07
Total foreign-born
2.70
3.86
4.68
5.57
6.49
6.34
7.44
5.16
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Averages have been computed wherever races are represented by
10 or more apartments of a given size. On the basis of such repre-
sentation the average number of persons per apartment is greatest
in the following cases: Apartments of 3 rooms, Greeks; 4 rooms, Lith-
uanians; 5 rooms, Slovenians; all other sizes, South Italians. It
will be seen that in apartments of each specified size the average num-
ber of persons is greater among immigrants than among the native-
born or native white fathers or the native-born of foreign fathers.
By dividing the average number of persons in apartments of each
specified size by the number of rooms in such apartments the figures
are reduced to a comparative basis. The averages thus obtained are:
In 1-room apartments, 2.67 persons per room; in 2-room apart-
ments, 1.91 persons per room; in 3-room apartments, 1.50 persons
per room; in 4-room apartments, 1.33 persons per room; in 5-room
apartments, 1.22 persons per room; in 6-room apartments, 1.01 per-
sons per room. rlhe figures show clearly that congestion is greater
in small than in large apartments; or, in other words, that while the
number of occupants per apartment in general increases with the
increase in the number of rooms, it does not increase as rapidly
as the number of rooms, and the number of occupants per room
decreases as the number of rooms becomes greater.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
43
The highest numbers of persons per room are found in South
Italian, Polish, Syrian, native negro, and Russian Hebrew households
occupying 1-room apartments. Eliminating the 1 and 2 room apart-
ments, which are comparatively rare, we find that the greatest degree
of congestion is found in 5-room apartments occupied by Slovenians
and in 3-room apartments occupied by Greeks.
The average numbers of persons in apartments of the several sizes
are shown by city below:
TABLE 22. — Average number of persons in apartments oj each specified number of roomy,
by general nativity of head of household and by city.
General nativity of head of house-
hold, by city.
Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number
of rooms.
'•
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
3.35
(a)
(a)
3.50
3 55
3.63
3.96
(a)
4.00
4.08
4.11
5.44
4.70
4.70
(a)
(a)
3.42
(?)
5.00
3.64
5.20
8
4.85
6.00
(a)
(a)
3.94
4.48
4.12
3.81
4.09
3.94
4.81
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
4.62
(0)
(0)
New York
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
3.72
(a)
Philadelphia.
4.82
Total
(a)
(a)
2.64
2.20
(a)
3.73
3. (>2
4.11
4.23
4.68
(a)
5.59
4.14
3.26
3.97
Negro —
New York
2.73
4.00
3.80
3.65
Philadelphia
4.14
5.50
6.14
Total
2.61
3.21
3.09
3.57
(a)
4.25
(a)
3.57
3.53
5.29
3.74
— _.. -
4.24
(a)
4.37
4.06
4.70
4.16
4.82
4.14
5.56
6.14
6.60
(a)
6.75
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
3.07
4.30
4.58
4.73
3.93
4.44
3.93
5.15
Native-born of foreign father:
Boston
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
2.40
(0)
5.00
3.64
3.87
4.36
4.59
(a)
4.94
(a)
6.00
5.93
(0)
4.25
(a)
5.33
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland..
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
(a)
2.42
1.80
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
2.21
3.60
3.79
3.45
(a)
4.18
3.11
3.56
3.20
4.36
4.32
4.48
4.79
4.08
3.90
4.20
4.02
(a)
4.70
5.39
4.19
5.68
5.57
4.90
4.66
(a)
5.25
6.48
4.39
4.08
4.53
4.61
3.88
4.25
3.60
4.39
Native-born:
Boston
(a)
(a)
3.85
4.05
4.35
4.04
4.38
3.94
4.09
6.25
6.00
6.62
(•)
4.94
(a)
5.84
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
(a)
2.65
Philadelphia.
Total
2.47
. ~ . . .—
2.58
3.12
2.47
2.24
(a)
(a)
3.11
2.57
3.62
4.17
3.53
3.62
3.57
3.82
4.50
3.48
4.05
6.02
6.08
5.32
5.60
5.41
5.51
6.15
4.35
7.14
6.01
6.20
6.78
5.61
7.47
6.35
5.09
6.08
4.07
5.26
5.31
5.21
5.18
5.20
4.93
5.37
Foreign-born:
Boston
5.06
5.26
4.34
4.66
4.49
4.51
5.18
6.78
5.80
5.98
7.35
6.08
7.23
6.73
9.44
5.59
7.30
7.74
7.16
7.50
7.73
Buffalo
Chicago..
Cleveland
Milwaukee .
New York
Philadelphia..
Total
2.70
3.86
3.53
4.11
3.50
3.59
3.54
3.74
4.44
4.68
_
4.90
5.15
4.33
4.58
4.37
4.26
4.95
5.57
5.70
5.68
5.27
5.47
5.20
5.12
5.33
6.49
6.59
5.55
6.03
6.46
5.14
7.36
5.68
6.34
7.44
" ~ '- '
7.88
5.71
7.17
7.34
6.47
8.92
7.06
5.16
5.09
5.18
5.17
5.08
4.98
4.68
5.09
Grand total:
Boston
2.53
3.04
2.47
2.24
(a)
(a)
3.00
5.98
5.76
5.95
6.93
5.54
6.82
6.24
Buffalo..
Chicago
Cleveland..
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
2.67
3.81
4.51
5.32
6.09
6.03
7.04
5.00
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
44
The Immigration Commission.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
45
Of the seven cities represented, Buffalo and Philadelphia show the
higher average numbers of persons in apartments of 1, 2, and 3 rooms,
while the highest average number of persons in apartments of 4 rooms
is in Boston, in 5 rooms is in New York, and in 6 rooms is in Cleveland.
It will also be noted that in every city represented there is a greater
average number of persons per apartment of each specified size
among immigrant households than among the corresponding native
households.
By dividing the average number of persons per apartment by the
number of rooms as in the discussion of the preceding table, the
average number of persons per room in apartments of each specified
size is obtained bv cities:
City.
1 room.
2 rooms.
3 rooms.
4 rooms.
5 rooms.
6 rooms.
Boston . . .
2.53
1.77
1.63
1.43
1.40
1.00
Buffalo
3.04
2 OH
1.72
1 42
1 11
.96
Chicago
2.47
1. 7.r>
1.44
1.32
1.21
.99
Cleveland
2.24
1.80
1.53
1.37
1 29
1.16
Milwaukee
(a)
1.77
1.46
1.30
1.03
.92
New York ....
(a)
1.87
1.42
1.28
1.47
1.14
Philadelphia
3 00
2 22
1 (.5
1 33
1 14
1 06
Total
2 67
1 91
1 50
1 33
1 22
1 01
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
From these figures it will be seen that the tendency almost invari-
ably is toward a decrease in the number of persons per room as the
number of rooms per apartment increases. In other words, the con-
gestion in all cities is, on an average, greater in the smaller than in
the larger apartments.
The accompanying chart (p. 44) shows the percentage of house-
holds in the various cities which have two or more persons per room.
Similar data are given both by city and by race in the table
following :
TABLE 23. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household and by city.
General nativity and race of head of
household, by city.
Average number of persons in apartments of each specified num-
ber of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
3.35
ft
3.50
3. 55
3.72
(«)
3.62
3.63
3.96
(°)
4.00
4.08
4.11
5.44
4.70
4.70
(a)
S^
^00
3.64
5.20
(a)
(a)
4.85
""i." 82"
6.00
(«)
(a)
3.94
4.48
4.12
3.81
4.09
3.94
4.81
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland ..
Milwaukee...
4.62
(«)
(a)
New York
(0)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Philadelphia
Total
(a)
2.20
4.11
4.23
"~4."i4'
4.68
5.59
4.14
Negro —
New York
(«)
2. 64
(«)
3.73
2.73
4.00
3.80
3.65
(a)
5.50
"'6."i4'
3.26
3.97
Philadelphia
Total
2.61
3.21 30.9
3.74
4.14
5.56
6.14
3.57
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
46
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 23. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity and race of head of
household, by city.
Average number of persons in apartments of each specified num-
ber of rooms.
1.
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Total.
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian —
Cleveland
(a)
(a)
3.33
&
(a)
(a)
(a)
3.C5
3.19
New York
Total
(a)
(a)
(a)
3.07
(a)
(a)
(a)
3.39
3. 56
(a)
4. <7
4.47
4. £3
(a)
3. 64
(a)
4.34
(a)
6.00
(a)
4.27
(a)
(a)
3.41
German —
Buffalo
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
4. 58
4.58
4.3S
3.83
Chicago
Milwaukee
New York
(a)
Total
(.,)
(a)
3. 56
4.47
4.24
4.21
ft.
. 4. £2
4.00
5.00
(«)
(a)
(a)
4.94
5.32
(a)
t»j
(a)
(•)
5.33
6.13
4. 35
Irish-
Boston
(«)
(a)
3.57
(a)
&
5.29
6.60
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
4.30
4.93
4.06
115
5.15
Chicago
Cleveland
(*)
(a)
(a)
New York
Philadelphia
Total
(a)
2.29
(a)
4.01
(a)
4.28
(a)
4.90
(a)
5.50
(a)
6.70
4.52
4. C5
4.f7
4.14
4.^9
4.18
Polish, Milwaukee. . .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian —
Chicago '.
(a)
ft
3.12
(a)
(a)
4.46
3.27
3.12
3.72
5.19
4.27
4.C2
4.71
(a)
(a)
5.32
(a)
(")
5.09
6.10
(a)
(«)
W
w
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Total
(a)
2.92
3.92
4.84
5.11
5. a
G.64
4.39
German—
B uflalo
(a)
(a)
(a)
2.69
(a)
4.21
3.71
3.40
4.50
4.11
4.34
4.51
3.80
5.22
tee
5.26
3.92
5. 15
4.44
(a)
4.20
6.09
7.07
(a)
3.91
4.51
4.53
3.98
Chicago
(a)
(a)
(a)
Milwaukee
New York
Total
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
2.91
2.86
3.00
3. 52
6.08
4.83
(0)
4.05
4.19
4.16
5.19
6.04
4.31
(«)
5. 28
5.23
5.13
5.19
5.00
6.88
(a)
4.83
(a)
7.18
4.82
6.51
7.05
5.71
8.39
(a)
4.80
5.87
(a)
4.28
4.80
5.28
5.14
5.36
5.70
5.41
6.10
5.25
Greek, Boston
Hebrew, Russian-
Boston
(a)
6.00
6.40
(,a9
ft
(a)
6.40
$
7.10
" " '(a) ' '
Buffalo
Chicago
3.55
8
3.84
4.33
Cleveland
$
Milwaukee
New York . . .
Philadelphia
(a)
Total
2.36
3.88
5.04
5.70
7.11
0.73
7.00
5.61
Hebrew, Other-
Chicago
(a)
(a)
(0)
3.24
(a)
4.00
(0)
(a)
4.79
5.41
5.12
(a)
(a)
5.21
(0)
(a)
7.67
(a)
6.73
(a)
$
• (a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
5.10
5.32
4.74
4.81
5.97
Cleveland
(a)
Milwaukee
New York ....
(a)
(•)
Philadelphia
(a)
(a)
Total
(a)
3.72
4.73
5.00
6.64
(a)
7.55
5.06
Irish-
Boston ....
(a)
2.36
(°)
(a)
2.44
(a)
3.37
(°)
3.58
3.95
3.69
5.21
4.81
4.34
5.04
4.79
5.57
5.83
5.67
6.77
4.55
6.05
6.51
5.46
(a)
5.85
8.93
7.09
7.00
(a)
6.95
4.80
5.70
4.79
4.53
4.87
4.85
5.90
Chicago
Cleveland...
(a)
New York...
Philadelphia
(0)
Total
(°)
(a)
2.45
(a)
3.70
4.33
4.95
5.49
5.69
7.91
6.08
6.10
7.58
(a)
Italian, North, Chicago
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
47
TABLE 23. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household and by city — Continued.
Average number of persons in apartments of each specified num-
ber of rooms.
household, by city.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Total.
Foreign-born— Continued .
Italian, bouth —
Boston
(a)
3.G2
5.72
6.48
9.60
(a)
(a)
5.52
Buffalo
3.67
4.70
5.60
6.78
6.90
(0)
(a)
5.43
Chicago
(a)
3. GO
4.63
5.46
5.89
6.17
(a)
4.93
Cleveland
3.50
4.84
6.08
7.26
(a)
(a)
5.68
Milwaukee
3.86
5.11
5.98
6.50
7.70
(a)
5.89
New York
4.05
5.66
6.72
(a)
(0)
(a)
5.76
Philadelphia
3.34
4.50
5.45
5.81
6. 59
6.91
8.44
5.36
Total
3.29
4.24
5.39
6.09
6.82
7.32
9.06
5.46
Lithuanian-
Boston
(a)
3.55
4.90
6.46
6.84
(0)
(a)
5.70
Chicago
(0)
4.92
6.22
6. GO
(a)
(«)
6.12
Total
(a)
3.56
4.90
6.32
6. 69
7.08
(0)
5.91
Magyar-
Chicago
(a)
(a)
5.27
(a)
(a)
(0)
6.19
Cleveland
(a)
3.05
4.49
6.82
(a)
(0)
(0)
5.18
(a)
(a)
4.84
4.40
(a)
4.70
Total
fa)
3.29
4.70
6.19
6.10
(a)
(a)
5.21
3.07
4.21
3.39
Polish-
Boston
5.21
5.54
7.51
(a}
(a)
(a)
6.48
Buffalo
(a)
3.83
5.53
6.56
7.25
8.10
(a)
5.90
Chicago
(a)
3.63
3.82
5.37
6.59
7.57
(0)
5.25
Cleveland
(a)
4.03
5.22
5.64
(a)
5.04
(a)
4 00
4 84
6.49
7.07
(a)
5.47
Philadelphia
3.11
4.33
5.45
7.37
7.00
(a)
(a)
5.79
Total
2.93
4.04
4.99
5.98
6.99
7.63
7.91
5.54
Servian Chicago
(a)
(a)
(a)
6.06
(0)
(a)
6.97
Slovak-
Chicago
(a)
4 42
(a)
6 58
(a)
(o)
6.04
Cleveland
(a)
3.84
4.87
5.50
(o)
(a)
(a)
4.85
New York
(a)
5.50
(a)
5.42
Total
(a)
4.06
5.04
5.92
6.55
(a)
(0)
5.17
Slovenian, Cleveland. . ..
(a)
4.15
4.85
6.11
9.14
(0)
(a)
5.74
Swedish Chicago
(a)
2.50
4.28
5.04
5.07
(a)
4.51
Syrian-
Boston
2.90
4 14
4.25
(a)
(o)
(a)
3.70
Buffalo
(a)
(a)
3.82
4.93
a
(«)
(a)
4.08
New York
3.26
3.79
4.73
(a)
(a)
3.78
Total
2.82
3.52
3.84
4.92
5.50
(a)
(a)
3.80
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Consider a o.e variation is found, from city to city, in the average
numbers of persons in apartments of the several sizes occupied by
households of the same race. Among the South Italians, for example,
the size of households in 2-room apartments varies from 3.50 persons
in Cleveland to 4.70 in Buffalo; in 3-room apartments the size varies
from 4.63 persons in Chicago to 5.72 in Boston; and in 4-room apart-
ments the variation is from households of 5.46 persons in Chicago to
households of 6.78 persons in Buffalo.
48
The Immigration Commission.
In the 3 tables which follow households are classified according
to the number of persons per room. The data which are derived
from General Table 378 are here presented in cumulative form.
TABLE 24. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of
persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race 01 nead
of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father:
White
486
448
41
228
328
20
643
567
49
1,370
281
806
77
1,980
337
207
122
1,187
33
371
116
148
301
0.93
.99
.92
.96
1.05
1.22
1.20
.99
1.67
1.47
1.37
1.14
1.38
1.66
1.51
1.53
1.03
1. 55.
1.51
1.61
1.72
.93
1.45
252
245
21
120
208
18
479
310
48
1,190
231
552
66
1,819
298
184
78
1,026
29
341
108
79
325
27
53
1
18
32
1
90
49
19
371
61
78
11
851
88
60
6
398
10
134
£0
1
130
4
14
1
4
51.9
547
51.2
52.6
63.4
90.0
74.5
547
98.0
86.9
82.2
68.5
85.7
91.9
88.4
88.9
63.9
86.4
87.9
91.9
93.1
53.4
90.0
5.6
11.8
2.4
7.9
9.8
5.0
14.0
8.6
38.8
27.1
21.7
9.7
143
43.0
26.1
29.0
4.9
33.5
30.3
36.1
43.1
.7
36.0
0.8
3.1
.0
.0
.9
.0
1.1
.5
8.2
43
2.5
.4
2.6
10.0
3.6
5.8
.0
7.3
3.0
7.3
4.3
.0
11.6
0.2
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
2.6
.9
.5
.0
1.4
.0
1.1
.9
.0
3.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
3
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
7
3
4
59
7
3
2
198
12
12
Greek
1
6
Hebrew, Russian . .
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South.
51
3
1
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish
87
1
27
5
17
4
1
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
42
ii
Grand total
10,206
1.34 8,027
2,539
490
100
78.6
24.9
4.8
1.0
.0
.3
1.1
Total native-born of foreign
father
617
1,551
8,655
1.01
.98
1.42
367
864
7,163
52
132
2,407
3
21
469
"'5'
95
59.5
55.7
82.8
8.4
8.5
27.8
.5
1.4
5.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The average number of persons per room in the 10,206 households
studied is 1.34. Of these households 8,027, or 78.6 per cent, have
at least 1 person per room; 2,539, or 24.9 per cent, have at least 2
persons per room; 490, or 4.8 per cent, have at least 3 persons per
room; and only 100, or 1 per cent, show as many as 4 persons per
room. The proportions of immigrant households in which each of
the above-specified degrees of congestion prevails are in all cases
much greater than the corresponding proportions of the households
of the native-born white persons of native fathers, and of the native-
born of foreign fathers. Among Negroes of native parentage, how-
ever, the occurrence of the higher degrees of crowding is relatively
rather frequent.
About one-fourth of all households studied have 2 or more per-
sons per room. The chart which follows shows the relative standing
of the races in this respect.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
49
o
CO
o
CD
o
N
ll ll ll
II
s
zz
SI
en -
a f-
o • o
rfgl
50
The Immigration Commission.
The fact has been noted that one-twentieth of all the households
investigated show 3 or more persons per room. Such a degree of
crowding is found in over 10 per cent of the South Italian and Syrian
households; in between 5 and 10 per cent of the Magyar, Polish, and
Slovak households; in less than 5 per cent of the Bohemian and Mo-
ravian, German, Hebrew, Irish, Lithuanian, and Slovenian house-
holds; and in none of the foreign Negro or the Swedish households.
A still higher degree of congestion indicated by 4 or more persons
per room is found in 1 household out of every 100 studied. The per-
centage is more than 2 in South Italian and Syrian households,
between 1 and 2 in Polish and Slovak households, and less than 1 in
Russian Hebrew, Lithuanian, Magyar, -and Slovenian households;
no cases of 4 or more persons per room are found in Bohemian and
Moravian, German, Hebrew other than Russian, Irish, Negro, or
Swedish households.
The number and percentage of households which average each
specified number of persons per room are next shown by city :
TABLE 25. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of
persons per room, by general nativity of head of household and by city.
General nativity of head of house-
hold, by city.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
123
64
26
31
105
85
52
0.87
.93
.91
.94
.80
1.16
1.05
59
30
14
16
37
62
34
7
4
48.0
46.9
53.8
51.6
35.2
72.9
65.4
5.7
6.3
.0
3.2
2.9
11.8
3.8
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.5
1.9
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.2
.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland.
1
3
10
2
Milwaukee
New York ' .
3
1
1
Philadelphia
Total
486
251
197
.93
252
27
15
38
4
"'u
1
-4-
51.9
5.6
.8
.0
7.1
.2
.0
2.0
Negro-
New York
.93
1.05
123
122
49.0
61.9
6.0
19.3
Philadelphia
Total
448
.99
.98
.87
1.00
.89
.96
1.11
1.12
245
39
23
60
29
49
116
51
53
14
4
54.7
51.3
47.9
57.1
52.7
57.0
68.6
65.4
11.8
13.2
.0
10.5
1.8
47
7.7
16.7
3.1
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign father:
Boston
7.6
48
105
55
86
169
78
10
2
2.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.3
Buffalo
Chicago. ..
11
4
13
13
Cleveland
Milwaukee... . .
New York
Philadelphia
1
Total
617
1.01
.91
.90
.99
.91
.87
1.03
1.07
367
98
53
74
45
86
301
207
52
3
59.5
49.2
47.3
56.5
52.3
45.0
59.6
63.3
8.4
8.5
3.6
8.4
2.3
3.7
7.5
16.2
. 5
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
4.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
1.2
Native-born:
Boston.
199
112
131
86
191
505
327
17
4
11
2
7
38
53
2
Buffalo
Chicago. . .
Cleveland
Milwaukee...
New York
3
16
1
4
Philadelphia
Total
1,551
.98
864
= r=
132
-__
21
5
55.7
=
8.5
....
1.4
.3
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
51
TABLE 25. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of
persons per room, by general nativity of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity of head of house-
hold, by city.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
2.1
1.9
.3
.5
.3
.6
3.6
3Toreign-born:
Boston
1.217
575
2,106
1,097
648
2,162
850
1.56
1.44
1.28
1.44
1.25
1.48
1.56
1,076
470
1,622
928
483
1,836
748
444
209
372
311
114
580
377
99
55
. 39
47
21
86
122
26
11
7
6
2
12
31
88.4
81.7
77.0
84.6
74.5
84.9
88.0
36.5
36.3
17.7
28.4
17.6
26.8
444
8.1
9.6
1.9
4.3
3.2
4.0
144
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee.. . .
New York
Philadelphia
Total
8,655
1.42
7,163
2,407
469
95
82.8
27.8
5.4
1.1
Grand total:
Boston..
1,416
687
2,237
1.44
1.33
1.26
1.40
1.14
1.39
1.41
1,174
523
1,696
973
569
2,137
955
461
213
383
313
121
618
430
101
55
39
47
21
89
138
26
11
7
6
2
13
35
82.9
76.1
75.8
82.2
67.8
80.1
81.1
32.6
31.0
17.1
26.5
144
23.2
36.5
7.1
8.0
1.7
4.0
2.5
3.3
11.7
1.8
1.6
.3
.5
.2
.5
3.0
Buffalo
Chicago.. ..
Cleveland
1,183
839
2,667
1,177
Milwaukee
New York . . .
Philadelphia
Total
10,206
1.34 8,027 2,539
490
100
78.6
249
48
1.0
The average number of persons per room varies from 1.44 in Bos-
ton to 1.14 in Milwaukee. In New York, the largest city, the average
number of persons per room is 1.39. In Philadelphia, where the
average is 1.41, the proportions of households with 2 or more persons
per room, with 3 or more persons per room, and with 4 or more
persons per room are higher than in any of the other cities. Of the
839 Milwaukee households 270, or 32.2 per cent, have more rooms than
persons. The accompanying chart shows the percentage of house-
holds in each city which have 2 or more persons per room.
Among immigrants the average number of persons per room varies
from 1.56 in Boston and Philadelphia to 1.25 in Milwaukee. Cases
of the higher degrees of congestion are relatively more frequent in
Philadelphia than elsewhere. Chicago, when only foreign households
are considered, makes almost as good a showing as Milwaukee.
Similar data appear by race and by city in the next table.
52
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 26. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number cf
persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city.
General nativity and race of head
of household, by city.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of
persons
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father:
White—
Boston
123
64
26
31
105
85
52
0.87
.93
91
.94
.80
1.16
1.05
59
30
14
16
37
62
34
7
4
48.0
46.9
53.8
51.6
35.2
72.9
65.4
5.7
6.3
.0
3. 2
2.9
11.8
3.8
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.5
1.9
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1. 2
.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
1
3
10
2
Milwaukee
New York
3
1
1
Philadelphia
Total
486
.93
.93
1.05
252
123
122
27
15
38
4
1
51.9
5.6
—
6.0
19.3
.8
.0
7.1
.2
.0
2.0
Negro-
New York
251
197
49.0
61.9
54.7
Philadelphia
14
4
Total...
448
20
21
.99
.90
.93
245
53
14
4
11.8
3.1
.0
.0
.9
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian —
Cleveland
10
11
50.0
52.4
.0
4.8
.0
.0
.0
New York
1
Total
41
.92
.87
1.01
.90
1.11
21
1
51.2
2.4
.0
15.0
4.5
11.1
.0
German-
Buffalo
48
60
66
54
23
33
31
33
47.9
55.0
47.0
61.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Chicago
9
3
6
Milwaukee
New York
Total
228
.96
.98
1.00
.89
1.15
1.12
120
18
52.6
7.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Irish-
Boston . .
76
45
35
94
78
39
27
19
72
51
10
2
1
6
13
2
51.3
60.0
54.3
76.6
65.4
13.2
4.4
2.9
6.4
16. 7
2.6
.0
.0
.0
1.3
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
Philadelphia
1
Total . .
328
20
228
56
82
277
1.05
1.22
208
18
185
30
53
211
32
1
52
2
7
29
3
63.4
90.0
81.1
53.6
64. 6
76.2
9.8
5.0
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Polish, Milwaukee
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian-
Chicago
1.34
.93
1.07
1.20
7
22.8
3.6
8.5
10.5
3.1
.0
.0
.0
Cleveland
Milwaukee. .
Now York
Total
643
47
179
143
198
1.20
.71
.99
.98
1.11
479
90
7
74.5
14.0
1.1
2.1
.0
1.4
.0
.0
German-
Buffalo . .
12
96
81
121
1
15
11
22
1
25.5
53.6
56.6
61.1
2.1
8.4
7.7
11.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
Chicago
Milwaukee
2
New York..
Total
567
49
249
72
210
115
102
480
142
.99
1.67
310
48
49
19
3
4
54.7
98.0
8.6
38.8
.5
8.2
.0
2.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.6
1.4
Greek, Boston
1
Hebrew, Russian-
Boston
1.43
1.05
1.26
1.36
1.17
1.72
1.80
219
46
164
98
75
457
131
58
4
27
15
9
176
82
3
2
1
3
1
25
24
"T
3
2
88.0
63.9
78.1
85.2
73.5
95.2
92.3
23.3
5.6
12.9
13.0
8.8
36.7
57.7
1.2
2.8
.5
2.6
1.0
5.2
16.9
Buffalo
Chicago...
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,370
1.47
• ' ' '_— — • _ —
1,190
- —
371
59
- -. - . -- —
6
=
86.9
27.1
4.3
.4
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
53
TABLE 26. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of
persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city — Con.
General nativity and race of head
of household, by city.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of
persons
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Foreign-born— Continued.
Hebrew, Other-
Chicago
50
34
23
139
35
1.20
1.26
.99
1.48
1.76
39
24
13
121
- 34
6
4
3
33
15
78.0
70.6
56.5
87.1
97.1
12.0
11.8
13.0
23.7
42.9
0.0
.0
.0
1L4
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Cleveland
New York
3
4
Philadelphia
Total
Irish—
Boston
281
1.37
231
61
7
82,2
21.7
2.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
205
104
117
239
141
.14
.09
.05
.27
.06
141
64
73
186
88
22
5
8
32
11
i
68.8
61.5
62.4
77.8
62.4
10.7
4.8
6.8
13.4
7.8
.5
.0
.0
.0
1.4
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
Philadelphia.
2
Total
Italian, North, Chicago
Italian, South-
Boston
806
77
.14
.38
552
66
78
11
3
2
— — - ' ~
35
39
12
2
5
41
64
68.5
85.7
Q3.9
94.8
85.4
91.6
88.5
96.2
91.3
9.7
14.3
.4
2.6
.0
.0
326
212
364
143
148
421
366
1.81
1.88
1.42
1.57
1.46
1.85
1.63
306
201
311
131
131
405
334
154
123
94
51
37
212
180
10
10
3
47.2
58.0
25.8
35.7
25.0
50.4
49.2
10.7
18.4
3.3
1.4
3.4
9.7
17.5
3.1
4.7
.8
.0
.0
1.7
5.7
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
7
21
Philadelphia
Total
1 980
1.66
1.56
1.47
1,819
851
51
37
198
51
91.9
89.5
87.3
43.0
29.8
22.3
10.0
5.3
1.8
2.6
1.8
.0
Lithuanian —
Boston
171
166
153
145
9
3
3
Chicago
Total
337
1.51
298
23
124
37
88
5
44
11
12
1
8
3
3
88.4
85.2
90.5
86.0
26.1
18.5
32.1
25.6
3.6
3.7
5.8
7.0
.9
.0
.0
2.3
Magyar-
Chicago
27
137
43
1.37
1.58
1.52
Cleveland
New York
1
Total .
207
122
1.53
1.03
184
78
98
174
345
118
130
161
60
6
56
71
82
53
47
89
12
1
88.9
63.9
94.2
89.7
78.2
89.4
86.7
97.0
29.0
4.9
5.8
.0
.5
.0
1.0
.5
.7
2.3
.7
4.8
Negro, New York . .
Polish-
Boston. . .
'.— :•_=
13
12
14
13
28
— -^ • -^— -
1
1
3
3
1
8
104
194
441
132
150
166
1.86
1.60
1.35
1.65
1.58
1.78
53.8
36.6
18.6
40.2
31.3
53.6
12.5
6.2
1.6
10.6
8.7
16.9
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee...
Philadelphia
Total....
1,187
33
1.55
1.51
1,026
29
76
222
43
398
10
27
84
23
87
1
5
15
7
17
1
2
1
86.4
87.9
; -. .-—=
96.2
89.9
95.6
33.5
30.3
34.2
34.0
51.1
7.3
3.0
1.4
.0
Servian, Chicago
Slovak-
Chicago
79
247
45
1.65
1.55
1.88
6.3
6.1
15.6
1.3
.8
2.2
Cleveland . . .
New York
Total.
371
116
148
113
50
198
1.61
1.72
.93
341
108
79
134
50
1
27
5
4
1
91.9
93.1
53. 4
36.1
43.1
.7
7.3
4.3
.0
1.1
.9
.0
9.7
.0
.0
Slovenian, Cleveland
Swedish, Chicago
Syrian —
Boston. .
. 2.08
1.13
1.33
111
37
177
84
10
36
34
7
...".
98.2
74.0
89.4
74.3
20.0
18.2
30.1
2.0
3.5
Buffalo
New York
Total
361
1.45
325
130
42
11
90.0
36.0
11.6
3.0
54
The Immigration Commission.
Attention has been called to the fact that the South Italians com-
pare unfavorably with most other races in respect to the number of
persons per room. From the table just given it will be seen that
their standing in each city is lower than that of most other races
represented and also that the congestion in households of the race
is m general greater in Boston, Buffalo, New York, and Philadelphia,
than in the cities farther west. The Syrians of Boston, however,
make a far worse showing than any other race in any locality, 74.3
per cent of these households having as many as 2 persons per room,
30.1 per cent having as many as 3, and 9.7 per cent having 4 or more.
Forty-three of the households studied did not report the number of
rooms regularly used for sleeping purposes. The other 10,163 house-
holds are classified in General Table 379 according to the number of
persons per sleeping room. The data are given in cumulative form
in the following table :
TABLE 27. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of
persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of persons
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White
484
447
41
228
328
20
641
567
49
1,361
281
804
76
1,968
337
205
122
1. 183
33
370
116
148
354
1.93
1.78
2.22
2.05
2.00
2.74
2.31
2.03
2.10
2.38
2.29
2.06
2.34
2.54
2.32
2.43
1.90
2.72
2.09
2.63
2.99
1.92
2.05
290
224
33
143
209
19
498
339
33
1. 004
205
515
62
1,657
264
162
72
1,015
22
320
111
80
240
91
49
10
46
68
9
192
114
7
410
79
156
19
782
83
67
21
561
4
162
66
21
85
27
11
3
12
8
3
54
47
2
130
27
33
3
275
13
24
4
227
4
1
2
2
1
2
59.9
50.1
80.5
62.7
63.7
95.0
77.7
59.8
67.3
78.2
73.0
64.1
81.6
84.2
78.3
79.0
59.0
85.8
66.7
86.5
95.7
54.1
67.8
18.8
11.0
24.4
20.2
20.7
45.0
30.0
20.1
14.3
30.1
28.1
19.4
25.0
39.7
24.6
32.7
17.2
47.4
12.1
43.8
56.9
14.2
24.0
5.6
2.5
7.3
5.3
2.4
15.0
. 8.4
8.3
4.1
9.6
9.6
4.1
3.9
14.0
3.9
11.7
3.3
19.2
.0
15.1
27.6
2.0
7.3
0.8
.2
4.9
.9
.0
10.0
2.7
2.8
2.0
3.1
2.8
.9
.0
4.4
.6
2.9
1.6
5.6
.0
5.7
13.8
.0
1.7
0.0
.0
2.4
.9
.0
.0
.8
.5
2.0
1.2
1.4
.4
.0
2.0
.3
1.0
.8
1.8
.0
1.9
5.2
.0
.3
Negro
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and
Moravian
German..
Irish
Polish
2
17
16
1
42
8
. 7
5
3
1
16
4
3
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other...
Irish...
Italian, North....
Italian, South
Lithuanian
87
2
6
2
66
39
1
2
1
21
Magyar
Negro
Polish ...
Servian
Slovak
56
32
3
26
21
16
...„
7
6
.....
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
10, 163
617
1,548
8,615
2.32
2.05
1.94
2.39
7,577
404
918
6,659
3,102
133
273
2,829
1,020
26
64
956
308
6
11
297
113
3
3
110
74.6
65.5
59.3
77.3
30.5
21.6
17.6
32.8
10.0
4.2
4.1
11.1
3.0
1.0
3^4
1.1
.5
.2
1.3
The accompanying chart shows the percentage of households of
the more important races with three or more persons per sleeping
room.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
55
•ts
g
CDX
\^
$
CQ-r rrmmS iXfOrn \r\r\^nf L! L_ U
i±CDCQ
LJ
QC
o
L.
ZL.CD
56
The Immigration Commission.
The average number of persons per sleeping room in the 10,163
households reporting sleeping arrangements is 2.32. In foreign house-
holds the average is 2.39, in the households of the second generation
of immigrants it is 2.05, and in the households of the native white of
native father it is 1.93. As in the showing for persons per room, the
percentage of immigrant households in which each degree of conges-
tion specified in the table prevails is in every case greater than the
corresponding percentage of the households of native white persons
of native parentage and of the native-born of foreign father.
Of the total number of households 74.6 per cent, or about three-
fourths, report 2 or more persons per sleeping room, and 30.5 per cent
3 or more persons per sleeping room. The percentage of households
in which the latter degree of congestion is found is shown by race in
the chart.
In 10 per cent of all households the number of persons per sleeping
room is 4 or more. The proportion of households with at least 4 per-
sons per sleeping room is 27.6 per cent among the Slovenians; between
10 and 20 per cent among the South Italians, Magyars, Poles, and
Slovaks; between 5 and 10 per cent in Bohemian and Moravian, Ger-
man, Hebrew, and Syrian households; and below 5 per cent in Irish,
Lithuanian, negro, and Swedish households. A still higher degree of
congestion, amounting to 5 or more persons per sleeping room, is
found in 3 per cent of all households studied. The proportion is 13.8
per cent among the Slovenians, between 5 and 10 per cent among
the Poles and the Slovaks, and less than 5 per cent or the households
of all other races represented by at least 100 households. Among
the Swedes no households report as many as 5 persons per sleeping
room. Finally, 6 or more persons per sleeping room are round in 1.1
per cent of all households studied; in 5.2 per cent of the Slovenian
households; in between 1 and 2 per cent of the Hebrew, South Ital-
ian, Magyar, Polish and Slovak households; in less than 1 per cent
of the Bohemian and Moravian, German, Irish, Lithuanian, negro,
and Syrian households; and in none of the Swedish households.
The number and percentage of households with each of the above
specified number of persons per sleeping room appear by city in the
next table:
TABLE 28. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of persons
per sleeping room, by general nativity of head of household and by city.
General nativity of
head of household,
by city.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of persons
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White-
Boston
Buffalo
123
63
26
31
105
85
51
1.78
1.91
1.98
2.03
1.78
2.19
2.19
68
33
17
23
51
C3
35
16
6
6
4
18
24
17
6
1
1
3
7
8
1
2
55.3
52.4
65.4
74.2
48.6
74.1
68.6
13.0
9.5
23.1
12.9
17.1
28.2
33.3
4.9
1.6
3.8
9.7
6.7
9.4
2.0
1.6
.0
.0
3.2
.0
1.2
.0
0
0000000
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee...
New York . . .
Philadelphia.
Total
1
1
484
1.93
290 | 91
27
4
59.9
18.8
5.6
.8 1 .0
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
57
TABLE 28. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of -persons
per sleeping room, by general nativity of head cf household and by city — Continued.
General nativity of
head of household,
by city.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of persons
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
eacli specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father— Continued .
Negro —
New York . . .
Philadelphia.
Total
251
196
1.72
1.85
122
102
224
39
22
64
34
65
123
57
17
32
2
9
48.6
52.0
6.8
16.3
0.8
4.6
0.0
.5
0.0
.0
1
447
1.78
49
13
5
22
12
23
30
28
11
1
50.1
11.0
2.5
.2
.0
Native-born of for-
eign father:
Boston
76
48
105
55
86
169
78
1.78
1.83
2.06
2.04
2.26
2.04
2.28
1
1
8
5
6
2
3
.....
2
3
.....
1
1
51.3
45.8
61.0
61.8
75.6
72.8
73.1
17.1
10.4
21.0
21.8
26.7
17.8
35.9
1.3
2.1
7.6
9.1
7.0
1.2
3.8
.0
.0
1.0
3.6
3.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
1.8
1.2
.0
.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia....
Total
617
2.05
404
133
26
2
9
8
13
12
13
6
2
3
65. 5
53.8
49.5
61.8
66.3
C0.7
61.0
59.7
21.6
14.6
9.9
21.4
18.6
21.5
14.1
23.7
4.2
1.0
.5
.0
.0
.8
1.2
.5
.0
.0
Native-born:
Boston
199
111
131
86
191
505
325
1.78
1.87
2.05
2.04
1.98
1.90
2.02
107
55
81
57
116
308
194
29
11
28
16
41
71
77
3.5
1.8
6.9
9.3
6.8
2.4
4.0
1.0
.0
.8
3.5
1.6
.2
.3
Buffalo
Chicago
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,548
1,216
571
2,092
1,097
647
2,143
849
1.94
918
907
433
1,592
889
500
1,636
702
273
345
230
623
426
245
543
417
64
111
87
166
144
114
127
207
11
22
24
38
54
51
23
85
3
9
10
10
16
16
4
45
59.3
74.6
75.8
76.1
81.0
77.3
76.3
82.7
17.6
28.4
40.3
29.8
38.8
37.9
25.3
49.1
4.1
9.1
15.2
7.9
13.1
17.6
5.9
24.4
,.7
.2
.7
1.8
.5
1.5
2.5
.2
5.3
Foreign-born:
Boston
2.28
2.48
2.34
2.50
2.48
2.28
2.66
1.8
4.2
1.8
4.9
7.9
1.1
10.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
8,615
1,415
682
2,223
1,183
838
2. C48
1,174
2.39
2.21
2.38
2.32
2.47
2.37
2.22
2.47
15,659
1,014
488
1,673
946
616
1,944
896
2,829
374
241
651
442
286
614
494
956
118
89
175
152
127
139
220
297
24
24
39
57
54
24
86
110
9
10
11
17
17
4
45
77.3
71.7
71.6
75.3
80.0
73.5
73.4
7C.3
32.8
"-' •--" '- —
26.4
35.3
29.3
37.4
34.1
23.2
42.1
11.1
. . •: =
8.3
13.0
7.9
12.8
15.2
5.2
18.7
3.4
1.7
3.5
1.8
4.8
6.4
.9
7.3
1.3
.6
1.5
.5
1.4
2.0
.2
3.8
Grand total:
Boston.
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
10, K3
2. 32 7, 577 3, 102
1,020
308
113
74.6
30.5
10.0
3.0
1.1
The average number of persons per sleeping room, all households
considered, varies from 2.21 in Boston to 2.47 in Cleveland and
Philadelphia. Cases of the higher degrees of congestion are rela-
tively most frequent in Philadelphia and least frequent in New York.
If immigrant households alone be considered, the showing of Phila-
delphia with regard to crowding in sleeping rooms is uniformly
worse than that of any other of the 7 cities. Of the 849 Philadelphia
households of immigrants included in the table, 417, or nearly one-
half, show 3 or more persons per sleeping room, and 207, or nearly
one-fourth, report 4 or more persons per sleeping room. One house-
hold of every 10 studied in this city reports not fewer than 5 persons
25608°— VOL 26—11 5
58
The Immigration Commission.
per sleeping room and 1 of every 20, 6 or more persons per sleeping
room.
Of the 2,143 New York households, on the other hand, only slightly
more than one-fourth show as many as 3 persons per sleeping room.
The prevailing structure of New York apartments, with small interior
bedrooms and space for all purposes very much limited, places greater
restriction on the possibilities of accommodating large numbers per
sleeping room than is general elsewhere. Chicago, the second city
in size, offers a contrast in this respect, apartments as a rule having
not only larger rooms but in many instances a fair amount of addi-
tional space in the form of pantries, closets, or rear porches.
The number and per cent of persons per sleeping room are further
shown by race and by city in the following table:
TABLE 29. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of persons
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city.
General nativity and
race of head of
household, by city.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of
persons
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of na-
tive father:
White—
Boston
123
63
26
31
105
85
51
1.78
1.91
1.98
2.03
1.78
2.19
2.19
68
33
17
23
51
63
35
16
6
6
4
18
24
17
6
1
1
3
7
8
1
2
55.3
52.4
65.4
74.2
48.6
74.1
68.6
13.0
9.5
23.1
12.9
17.1
28.2
33.3
4.9
1.6
3.8
9.7
6.7
9.4
2.0
1.6
.0
.0
3.2
.0
1.2
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland...
Milwaukee..
New York..
Philadelphia
Total
.....
1
484
1.93
1.72
1.85
290
122
102
91
17
32
27
2
9
4
59.9
48.6
52.0
18.8
6.8
16.3
5.6
.8
4.6
.8
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
Negro —
New York . . ,
Philadelphia.
Total
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and
Moravian —
Cleveland . . .
New York...
Total
German —
Buffalo
Chicago
Milwaukee . . .
New York...
Total
Irish-
Boston
251
196
1
447
1.78
224
49
11
1
50.1
70.0
90.5
11.0
2.5
15.0
.0
.2
10.0
.0
.0
5.0
.0
20
21
2.21
2.23
14
19
5
5
3
2
1
25.0
23.8
41
2.22
33
10
3
2
1
80.5
45.8
61.7
69.7
70.4
24.4
10.4
26.7
21.2
20.4
7.3
2.1
11.7
4.5
1.9
4.9
.0
1.7
1.5
.0
2.4
.0
1.7
1.5
.0
. 48
60
66
54
1.83
2.13
2.14
2.07
22
37
46
38
5
16
14
11
1
7
3
1
1
1
1
1
228
2.05
1.78
1.98
1.96
1.99
2.28
143
39
27
20
66
57
46
12
1
1
2
1
3
2
2
62.7
51.3
60.0
57.1
70.2
73.1
20.2
17.1
13.3
20.0
14.9
35.9
5.3
1.3
2.2
5.7
1.1
3.8
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
76
45
35
94
78
13
6
7
14
28
Chicago
Cleveland
New York..
Philadelphia.
Total.. .
Polish, Mil-
waukee
328
20
2.00
2.74
209
19
68
9
8
3
63.7
95.0
20.7
45.0
2.4
15.0
.0
10.0
.0
.0
2
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
59
TABLE 29. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of persons
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city —
Continued.
General nativity and
race of head of
household, by city.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of
persons
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.
2 or
mora
3 or
mora
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
mora
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian—
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee...
New York...
Total
228
56
82
275
2.54
2.04
2.42
2.17
190
32
69
207
86
11
32
63
31
2
10
11
12
1
3
1
4
.....
83.3
57.1
84.1
75.3
77.7
38.3
55.9
62.2
66.7
37.7
19.6
39.0
22.9
13.6
3.6
12.2
4.0
5.3
1.8
3.7
.4
1.8
.0
1.2
.0
641
2.31
1.60
2.02
2.24
2.02
498
192
3
33
46
32
54
1
10
26
10
17
1
2
12
1
5
1
..„.
30.0
8.4
2.7
.8
German —
Buffalo
Chicago
47
179-
143
198
18
100
89
132
6.4
18.4
32.2
16.2
2.1
5.6
18.2
5.1
2.1
1.1
8.4
.5
2.1
.0
1.4
.0
Milwaukee...
New York...
Total
Greek, Boston. . .
Hebrew, R u s-
sian—
Boston
567
49
2.03
2.10
339
33
114
7
50
13
48
31
32
156
80
47
2
11
1
12
7
10
49
40
16
1
1
3
1
59.8
67.3
69.9
68.1
72.3
76.5
74.5
84.0
90.8
20.1
14.3
20.1
18.1
23.3
27.0
31.4
32.8
56.3
8.3
4.1
2.8
2.0
.5
2.0
249
72
206
115
102
475
142*
2.13
2.07
2.23
2.36
2.32
2.49
2.94
174
49
149
88
76
399
129
4.4
1.4
5.8
6.1
9.8
10.3
28.2
.4
.0
1.5
2.6
5.9
2.3
12.7
.0
.0
.5
.9
.0
.4
8.5
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland . . .
Milwaukee..
New York .' .
Philadelphia
Total . .
3
3
6
11
18
1
1
2
12
1,361
50
34
23
139
35
2.38
1,064
37
26
12
100
30
410
130
42
16
78.2
30.1
j^
6.0
2.9
8.7
6.5
34.3
3.1
2.0
.0
.0
.0
20.0
1.2
Hebrew. Other-
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York...
Philadelphia.
Total
2.16
2.29
1.95
2.28
2.82
9
9
4
37
20
3
1
2
9
12
1
74.0
76.5
52.2
71.9
85.7
18.0
26.5
17.4
26.6
57.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
11.4
7
4
281
2.29
1.90
2.21
2.05
2.16
2.05
205
108
70
70
183
84
79
27
_-
8
4
5
7
9
8
4
73.0
28.1
9.6
3.9
3.9
4.3
2.9
6.4
2.8
1.5
.0
2.6
.0
.7
1.4
Irish-
Boston
205
103
117
238
141
31
22
27
48
28
3
1
52.7
68.0
59.8
76.9
59.6
15.1
21.4
23.1
20.2
19.9
.5
.0
.9
.0
.7
Chicago
Cleveland
New York . . .
Philadelphia.
Total
3
"T
1
.....
804
76
2.06
2.34
515
62
156
19
147
104
113
50
48
129
191
33
3
60
36
22
13
18
22
104
7
3
64.1
81.6
19.4
25.0
4.1
3.9
18.5
17.2
6.1
'9.1
12.2
5.2
28.5
.9
.0
.4
.0
1.8
2.4
.0
.7
2.7
.0
6.3
Italian, North,
Chicago
12
9
4
2
11
5
44
6
5
.....
4
Italian, South
Boston
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland....
Milwaukee...
New York . . .
Philadelphia.
Total
325
209
358
143
148
420
365
2.68
2.64
2.38
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.71
279
171
293
119
120
364
311
85.8
81.8
81.8
83.2
81.1
86.7
85.2
45.2
49.8
31.6
35.0
32.4
30.7
52.3
3. 7
4.3
1.1
1.4
7.4
1.2
12.1
23
1,968
171
166
2.54
2.20
2.45
1,657
126
138
782
275
87
39
84.2
73.7
83.1
39.7
18.1
31.3
14.0
4.4
.0
1.2
2.0
Lithuanian —
Boston
31
52
5
8
2.9
4.8
.0
Chicago
Total
2
1
337
27
137
41
2.32
2.46
2.47
2.28
264
83
13
2
4
2
1
"Y
i
78.3
77.8
81.8
70.7
24.6
3.9
.6
.3
.0
.7
2.4
Magyar-
Chicago
Cleveland
New York . . .
Total
Negro, New York.
21
112
29
9
46
12
3
16
5
33.3
33.6
29.3
11.1
11.7
12.2
.0
2.9
4.9
205
122
2.43
1.90
162
72
67
21
24
4
6
2
2
1
79.0
59.0
- .' -•.'•
32.7
17.2
11.7
3.3
2.9
1.6
1.0
.8
60
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 29. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of persons
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city—
Continued.
General nativity and
race of head of
household, by city.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of
persons
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Foreign-born — Con .
Polish-
Boston
Buffalo
104
193
439
132
149
166
2.41
2.86
2.54
2.83
3.09
2.91
87
166
362
118
134
148
28
102
175
75
83
98
5
47
56
29
48
42
83.7
86.0
82.5
89.4
89.9
89.2
26.9
52.8
39.9
56.8
55.7
59.0
4.8
24.4
12.8
22.0
32.2
25.3
0.0
6.7
2.3
6.8
12.8
9.0
0.0
2.1
.5
.8
6.0
3.0
13
10
9
19
15
4
2
1
9
5
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee . . .
Philadelphia.
Total
1,183
33
2.72
2.09
1,015
22
501
4
32
111
19
227
66
21
85.8
66.7
47.4
12.1
19.2
.0
13.9
15.8
13.6
5.6
.0
1.8
.0
Servian, Chicago.
Slovak-
Chicago
Cleveland....
New York...
Total
79
247
44
2.62
2.63
2.62
68
213
39
11
39
6
4
16
1
2
5
80.1
86.2
88.6
40.5
44.9
43.2
5.1
6.5
2.3
2.5
2.0
.0
370
2.63
320
162
56
21
16
7
6
86.5
95.7
54.1
88.5
58.0
£8.1
43.8
15.1
5.7
13.8
.0
4.4
2.0
.0
1.9
5.2
.0
.9
.0
.0
Slovenian, Cleve-
land .
116
148
113
50
191
2.99
1.92
2.53
1.87
1,90
111
80
100
23
111
66
21
51
8
26
32
3
20
2
4
56.9
14.2
45.1
16.0
13.6
27.6
2.0
17.7
4.0
2.1
Swedish, Chi-
cago .
Syrian-
Boston
Buffalo
5
1
1
New York. ..
Total
334
2.05
240
85
26
6
1
67.8
24.0
7.3
1.7
.3
The Russian Hebrews of Philadelphia, who show on the whole a
larger number of persons per room than the Russian Hebrews of any
other city, show also a considerably higher degree of congestion per
sleeping room. The average number of persons per sleeping room in
the households of the race in Philadelphia is only a little less than 3 ;
9 households of every 10 report 2 or more persons per sleeping room
and considerably more than half of all households report 3 or more.
In Philadelphia the degree of congestion per sleeping room among the
South Italians is also greater than in any of the other cities studied,
the percentages of households showing the higher degrees of crowding
being noticeably large. It will be recalled that with respect to con-
gestion per room these Philadelphia households compared favorably
with the South Italians of Buffalo, Boston, and New York, but their
evident tendency is to reserve more rooms proportionally for living
purposes, exclusive of sleeping, than do the households of the three
cities just named.
A somewhat more accurate measure of congestion, which makes
allowance for the presence of young children in the households
studied, is afforded by the following series of 13 tables in which all
persons 10 years of age or over are counted as adults and all persons
under 10 years of age have half the value of adults. The three tables
immediately following present the data of General Table 380 in
cumulative form.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
61
TABLE 30. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and 2 persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of adults
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room .
Per cent of households
having each spcciiied
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father:
White
486
448
41
228
328
20
643
507
49
1,370
281
806
77
1,980
337
207
122
1,187
33
371
116
148
361
0.80
.91
.79
.83
.91
.97
1,05
.89
1.61
1.27
1.18
1.00
1.23
1.41
1.33
1.36
.95
1.32
1.49
1.28
1.46
.84
1.22
173
202
9
83
158
8
382
255
46
1, 046
198
455
57
1,696
272
164
64
919
28
305
100
58
276
6
35
1
5
35. 6
45. 1
22.0
36.4
48.2
40.0
59.4
45.0
93.9
76.4
70.5
56.5
74.0
85.7
80.7
79.2
52.5
77.4
84.8
82.2
86.2
39.2
76.5
1.2
7.8
.0
.9
3.0
.0
4.4
3.0
38.8
12.6
11.4
2.7
6.5
22.2
12.5
16.9
.0
17.9
24.2
17.3
14.7
.0
22.7
0.2
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
8.2
1. L.
.0
.0
.0
3.6
1.5
2.9
.0
2.4
3.0
1.9
1.7
.0
5.3
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.7
.3
.0
.0
.3
.0
.3
.0
.0
1.1
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
bv race of father:
"Bohemian and Moravian
Gerrr an
2
10
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
28
17
19
172
32
22
5
440
42
35
2
Greek.
4
17
1
1
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
72
5
6
13
1
Magyar
Necro
Polish
212
8
64
17
""82"
29
1
7
2
4
Servian
Slovak
1
Slovenian
Swedish
4
Syrian
Grand total
Total native-born of foreign
father
10. 206
1.16
6,954
258
633
6,321
1,248
12
53
1,195
170
25
68.1
41.8
40.8
73.0
12.2
1.9
3.4
13.8
1.7
.2
617
1,551
8.655
.87
.86
1.22
.0
.4
1.9
OOCO
Total native-born
6 L.
164 25
Total foreign-bom
The average number of persons per room was found to be 1.34.
This figure when reduced to terms of adults is seen to. become 1.16;
that is to say, 3G of every 134 persons in the population 'studied are
children under 10 years of age. In the discussion of this and the
following tables it must be borne in mind that so-called " adults"
are not actual adult persons. The average number of adults per
room in immigrant households is 1.22; the average in the house-
holds of the second generation is 0.87, and in the households whose
heads are native white of native parentage the average is 0.80.
Among immigrants, households in which the number of adults is as
great or greater than the number of rooms are by far more common
than households with an excess of rooms over adults, 73 per cent, or
nearly three-fourths, of all immigrant households reporting 0110 or
more adults per room. Among native-born white persons of native
parentage the more common condition is the household with rooms in
excess of adults; only 35.6 per cent of the households of this group
show one or more adults per room.
The average number of adults per room is highest among Greeks
and Servians, two races represented in the study by small numbers of
households. Among the races represented by 100 or more house-
holds the South Italians and Slovenians make a relatively poor
showing, more than 85 per cent of their households having 1 or more
62
The Immigration Commission.
adults per room. The Syrian race, however, reports a relatively
greater frequency of the higher degrees of congestion, when measured
in terms of adults, than do either the South Italians or the Slovenians.
The number and per cent of adults per room are next shown
by city:
TABLE 31. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per room, by general nativity of head of household and by city.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity of head of
household, by city.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of
adults.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
123
64
26
31
105
85
52
0.77
.82
.77
.79
.70
1.00
.89
41
22
9
10
19
47
25
1
33.3
34.4
34.6
32.3
10.1
55.3
48.1
0.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
4.7
1.9
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.2
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
4
1
1
Philadelphia
Total
486
251
197
.80
.86
.97
173
96
106
6
4
31
1
._
35.6
38.2
53.8
1.2
1.6
15.7
.2
.0
2.5
.0
.0
.0
Negro —
New York
Philadelphia
5
Total
448
.-91
202
35
5
,45.1
7.8
1.1
.0
Native-born of foreign father:
Boston
76
48
105
55
86
169
78
.87
.75
.85
.76
.83
.97
.95
31
15
39
14
29
89
41
6
40-8
31.3
37.1
25.5
33.7
52.7
52.6
7.9
.0
.0
.0
1.2
.6
5.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
1
1
4
New York
Philadelphia
Total
617
199
112
131-
86
191
505
327
.87
.81
.79
.83
.77
.75
.92
.95
258
72
37
48
24
48
232
172
12
7
„-...
41.8
1.9
3.5
.0
.0
.0
.5
1.8
11.0
.0
.0
,0
.0
.0
.0
.2
1.5-
.0
Native-born:
36,2
33.0
36.6
27.8
25.1
45.9
52.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland .
Milwaukee
1
9
36
......
5
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,551
.86
633
53
6
40.8
3 4
.4
.0
Foreign-born:
Boston
1,217
575
2.106
1,097
648
2,162
850
1.37
1.21
1.12
1.20
1.08
1.28
1.33
989
419
1. 383
811
403
1,626
690
263
107
151
124
52
279
219
42
13
15
15
4
26
49
7
5
1
"""»'
9
81.3
72.9
65.7
73.9
62.2
75.2
81.2
21.6
18.6
7.2
11.3
8.0
12.9
25.8
3.5
2.3
.7
1.4
.6
1.2
5.8
.6
.9
W.o
.0
.1
1.1
Buffalo
Chicago .. ..
*• Cleveland
Milwaukee . . .
New York
Philadelphia
Total....
8. 655
1.22
6.321
1,195
164
25
73.0
13.8
1.9
3
Grand total:
Boston .
1,416
687
2,237
1,183
839
2.667
1,177
1.27
1.12
1.10
1.16
1.01
1.21
1.21
1.061
456
1, 431
835
451
1, 858
862
270
107
151
124
53
288
255
42
18
15
15
4
27
54
7
5
1
""3
9
74.9
66-4
64.0
70.6
53.8
69.7
73.2
19.1
15.6
'6.8
10.5
6.3
10.8
21.7
3.0
1.9
.7
1.3
.5
1.0
4.6
'.7
(a)
.0
.0
.1
.8
.2
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
10, 206
1.16
0,951 |l,248
1
170
25
68.1
12.2
1.7
Less, than 0.05 per cent.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
63
The relative standing of the several cities is little altered when
congestion is measured by adults instead of by persons. Boston,
from which was reported the highest average number of persons per
room, shows also the highest average number of adults per room,
and Philadelphia, which in the former table showed the greatest
relative frequency of the higher degrees of congestion, makes the
same showing here; in both tables conditions in Milwaukee appear
better than elsewhere. In New York, however, the average number
of adults per room is considerably in excess of the average for Cleve-
land, whereas the average number of persons per room was slightly
greater in Cleveland.
In no city do more than three-fourths of all households have as
many adults as rooms. More than 80 per cent of all immigrant house-
holds in Boston and Philadelphia and more than 75 per cent in New
York, however, show 1 or more adults per room, and more than 25
Eer cent of the foreign households studied in Philadelphia show at
iast 2 adults per room.
The data are presented by race and by city in the following table:
TABLE 32. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city.
[In this table each, person 10 years of age orover is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and race of head
of household, by city.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of adults
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
123
64
26
31
105
85
52
0.77
.82
.77
.79
.70
1.00
.89
41
22
9
10
19
47
25
1
33.3
34.4
34.6
32.3
18.1
55.3
48.1
0.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
4.7
1.9
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.2
.0
o
0000000
Buffalo
Chicago ... 1
Cleveland
Milwaukee
""4"
1
"T
New York
Philadelphia
Total
486
251
197
.80
.86
.97
173
6
1
35. 6
1.2
.2
.0
Negro-
New York
96
106
4
31
38.2
53.8
1.6
15.7
.0
2.5
.0
.0
.0
Philadelphia
5
Total
448
20
21
.91
.76
.82
202
35
5
45.1
7.8
1.1
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian —
Cleveland
New York
3
6
15.0
28.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Total
41
48
60
66
54
.79
.75
.85
.80
.95
9
15
23
21
24
22.0
.0
0000 || 0
.0
German-
Buffalo
31.3
38.3
31.8
44.4
.0
.0
1.5
1.9
0000
Chicago
Milwaukee
1
1
New York
Total
228
.83
83
2
36.4
.9
.0
.0
Irish-
Boston
76
45
35
94
78
.87
.85
.77
1.02
.95
31
16
11
59
41
6
40.8
35.6
31.4
62.8
52.6
7.9
.0
.0
.0
5.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
00000
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
Philadelphia
4
Total
328
20
.91
.97
158
10
48.2
40.0
3.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Polish, Milwaukee
64
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 32. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity and race of head
of household, by city.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of adults
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian —
Chicago
228
56
82
277
1.18
.84
.96
1.04
157
20
41
164
19
2
1
6
2
G8.9
35. 7
50.0
59.2
8.3
3.6
1.2
2.2
0.9
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Total
643
47
179
143
198
1.05
.68
00
382
10
28
1
5
2
^
59. 4
4.4
2 1
.3
.0
German —
Buffalo
21 3
0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Chicago
43.0
47.6
£0.5
2.8
2.8
3.5
.0
.0
.0
Milwaukee .
.88
.98
(.8
100
4
7
17
19
23
3
5
3
6
92
40
New York
Total
567
49
.89
- .. -•.
1.24
.90
1.08
1.14
.99
1.52
1.49
255
46
45. 0
93.9
3.0
38.8
.0
8.2
.0
2.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
Greek Boston
4
1
Hebrew, Russian —
Boston
249
72
210
115
102
<SQ
H2
194
31
131
£0
50
433
127
77.9
43.1
02.4
09.6
49.0
90.2
t9. 4
9.2
4.2
2.4
2.6
5.9
19.2
28.2
.0
1.4
.5
.0
1.0
1.5
4.9
Buffalo
1
1
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee . . .
1
7
7
""i"
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,370
1.27
1,046 172
17
i
76. 4
12. 6
.1.2
ooooo II b booob n't*
Hebrew, Other-
Chicago
50
34
23
139
35
1.02
1.07
.90
1.28
1.48
29
17
11
108
33
1
58.0
50.0
47.8
77.7
94.3
2.0
.0
4.3
15.1
25.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Cleveland ...
Milwaukee
1
21
9
New York
Philadelphia . .
Total
281
205
104
117
239
141
1.18
198
32
70 5
11.4
Irish—
Boston .
1.01
.95
.93
1.11
.96
120
48
58
160
- 69
4
3
1
6
8
58.5
46.2
49.6
66.9
48.9
2.0
2.9
.9
2.5
5.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Chicago
Cleveland
New York .
Philadelphia
Total
S06
77
1.00
1.23
455
57
22
5
56.5
74.0
2.7
6.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
1.9
.0
.0
.0
.5
1.6
Italian, North, Chicago
Italian, South-
Boston...
i
4
326
212
364
143
148
421
366
1.58
. 56
1.20
1.32
1.24
1.56
1.37
292
192
275
126
121
382
308
95
G6
36
9
12
119
103
12
11
4
89.6
90.6
75.5
88.1
81.8
90.7
84.2
29.1
31.1
9.9
6.3
8.1
28.3
28.1
3.7
5.2
1.1
.0
.7'
3.8
7.7
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
1
16
28
'""§"
6
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,980
171
166
1.41
' 1.36
1.29
1,696
140
132
440
27
15
72
5
13
1
85.7
81.9
79.5
22.2
15.8
9.0
3.6
.7
.6
.0
Lithuanian-
Boston
2.9
.0
Chicago
Total .
337
27
137
43
1.33
1.22
1.42
1.30
272
20
109
35
42
1
5
1
4
1
1
80.7
74.1
79.6
81.4
12.5
3.7
19.7
16.3
1.5
3.7
2.9
2.3
.3
.0
.0
.0
Magyar-
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
Total
207
122
1.36
.95
164
64
35
6
79.2
52.5
16.9
.0
2.9
.0
TZT. — T— -
.0
.0
Negro, New York
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
65
TABLE 32. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number^of adults
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity and race of head
of household, by city.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of adults
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Foreign-born— Continued.
Polish-
Boston
104
194
441
132
150
166
1.61
1.33
1.17
1.34
1.33
1.55
87
158
298
111
112
153
28
32
37
28
28
59
3
1
4
5
2
14
83.7
81.4
67.5
84.1
74.7
92.2
26.9
16.5
8.4
21.2
18.7
35.5
2.9
.5
.9
3.8
1.3
8.4
0.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
1.8
Buffalo
1
Cleveland
Philadelphia
3
Total
1,187
33
79
247
45
1.32
1.49
919
23
212
8
29
1
• ' —
2
4
1
4
77.4
84.8
92.4
76.9
93.3
17.9
24.2
24
3.0
.3
•0
Servian, Chicago
Slovak-
Chicago
1.44
1.16
1.58
73
190
42
16
37
11
1
20.3
15.0
24.4
17.2
14.7
.0
59.3
10.0
5.1
2.5
1.6
2.2
1.3
.0
.0
Cleveland
New York ,
Total
371
116
148
2.63
1.46
.84
305
100
58
64
17
7
2
1
82.2
86.2
39.2
97.3
56.0
69.7
1.9
1.7
.0
.3
.0
.0
Slovenian Cleveland
Swedish, Chicago
Syrian —
Boston
113
50
198
1.80
.99
1.09
110
28
138
67
5
30
18
"Y
4
15.9
.0
.5
3.5
.0
.0
Buffalo
Total
361
1.22
276
82
19
4
76.5
22.7
5.3
1.1
Of the 21 groups of households whose heads were born in this coun-
try 12 show no instance of congestion amounting to 2 adults per room.
Among immigrant races conditions are not so favorable. Among the
Greeks of Boston, the Hebrews of Philadelphia, the South Italians
of the Atlantic coast cities and Buffalo, the Poles of Boston and Phil-
adelphia, and the Syrians of Boston more than one-fourth of all
households have 2 or more adults per room. The Syrians of Boston
have by far the lowest standing in respect to the number of adults
per room. Of the 113 households of this race 67, or 59.3 per cent,
have at least twice as many adults as rooms and 18, or 15.9 per cent,
have at least three times as many, while in 4 households there are 4
or more adults to every room.
The data relative to adults per sleeping room appear in General
Table 381 and are here presented in the form of cumulative num-
bers and percentages in the three tables which follow.
66
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 33. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and
race of head of
households.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per sleep-
ing room .
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White
484
447
41
228
328
20
641
567
49
1,361
281
804
76
1,968
337
205
122
1,183
33
370
116
148
354
1.68
1.64
1.91
1.77
1.74
2.16
2.03
1.82
2.03
2.05
1.98
1.82
2.07
2.15
2.03
2.16
1.75
2.32
2.06
2.08
2.53
1.7*
1.72
205
177
24
98
157
13
391
268
31
815
156
386
43
1,354
204
132
58
857
21
263
97
61
160
32
17
4
14
13
2
90
69
7
194
37
48
6
351
29
36
3
311
3
79
37
7
33
42.4
39.6
58.5
43.0
47.9
65.0
61.0
'47.3
63.3
59.9
55.5
48.0
56.6
68.8
60.5
64.4
47.5
72.4
63.6
71.1
83.6
41.2
45.2
6.6
8.8
9.8
6.1
4.0
10.0
14.0
12.2
14.3
14.3
13.2
6.0
7.9
17.8
8.6
17.6
2.5
26.3
9.1
21.4
31.9
4.7
9.3
0.0
.2
2.4
.9
.0
5.0
2.2
2.6
4.1
2.5
2.8
.6
.0
3.7
.9
3.9
.8
4.8
.0
3.8
8.6
.0
1.7
0.0
.0
2.4
.4
.0
.0
.8
.7
2.0
.9
1.4
.1
.0
1.3
.3
.0
.8
.8
.0
.8
1.7
. 0
.3
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
2.0
.3
.0
.1
.0
.6
.0
.0
.8
.3
.0
.0
1.7
.0
.3
Negro
1
1
2
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and
Moravian
German
1
1
Irish
Polish
1
14
15
2
34
8
5
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian
5
4
1
12
4
1
1
German
Greek
1
4
1
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian, North....
Italian, South
Lithuanian
73
3
8
1
57
26
1
11
Magyar
Negro
1
10
1
4
Polish
Servian
Slovak
14
10
3
2
...„
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
6
1
1
Grand total. ...
Total native-
born of for-
eign father...
Total native-
born
10,163
617
1,548
8,615
2.00
1.77
1.70
2.06
5,971
292
674
5,297
1,422
33
82
1,240
255
4
5
250
73
2
2
71
26
26
58.8
14.0
2.5
.7 .3
47.3
43.5
61.5
5.3
5.3
15.6
.6
.3
2.9
.3
.1
.8
.0
.0
.3
Total foreign-
born
Of the 10,163 households reporting in regard to sleeping arrange-
ments 5,971, or 58.8 per cent, have at least 2 adults to every sleeping
room, 1,422, or 14 per cent, have at least 3, and 255, or 2.5 per cent,
have at least 4. Households with more than 4 adults per sleeping
room are uncommon; there are only 73 such households, of which 26
have as many as 6 adults per sleeping room. With regard to adults
per sleeping room, the Poles make the worst showing of all immi-
grant races and the Swedes the best.
The standing of the households of the native-born is, in compari-
son with immigrant households, not so good in respect to adults per
sleeping room as in respect to adults per room. Among persons of
native birth there is evident a greater tendency than among immi-
grants to reserve rooms for other than sleeping purposes at the expense
of sleeping accommodations. Apartments occupied by households
with native heads are, however, considerably larger, on the whole,
than those occupied by immigrant households and the amount of
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
67
room per adult is greater. The average number of adults per sleeping
room in immigrant households is 2.06 ; in the households of the native-
born of foreign father, 1.77; in the households of the native white
of native father, 1.68; and in the households of native negroes, 1.64.
The data relative to adults per sleeping room appear, by city, below:
TABLE 34. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per sleeping room, by general nativity of head of household and by city.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 19 one adult.]
General nativity of
head of household,
by city.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per sleep-
ing room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room .
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born:
199
111
131
86
191
505
325
1.58
.64
.73
.73
.71
.70
1.79
76
38
52
41
78
232
157
9
2
8
8
15
15
25
38.2
34.2
39.7
47.7
40.8
45.9
48.3
4.5
1.8
6.1
9.3
7.9
3.0
7.7
0.0
.0
.8
1.2
1.0
.0
.3
0.0
.0
.0
1.2
.5
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Buffalo
Chicago
1
1
2
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1
1
1
1,548
1.70
674
47
26
11
16
30
48
27
82
6
1
5
2
43.5
5.3
.3
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Native-born of native
father:
White-
Boston
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland . .
Milwaukee.
New York.
Philadelphia
Total
123
63
26
31
105
85
51
1.58
.68
.69
.72
.54
.88
.85
38.2
41.3
42.3
51.6
28.6
56.5
52.9
4.9
1.6
.0
9.7
7.6
10.6
9.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3
8
9
5
-,- —
484
1.68
205
94
83
32
3
14
42.4
6.6
.0
—
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
Negro —
New York...
Philadelphia.
Total
251
196
1.58
1.70
37.5
42.3
1.2
7.1
.0
.0
1
447
1.64
177
29
12
41
25
48
90
47
17
3
1
8
5
7
3
6
1
39.6
3.8
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Native-born of for-
eign father:
Boston
76
48
105
55
86
169
78
1.58
1.58
1.74
1.75
1.95
1.79
1.94
38.2
25.0
39.0
45.5
55.8
53.3
60.3
3.9
2.1
7.6
9.1
8.1
1.8
7.7
.0
.0
1.0
1.8
2.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.8
1.2
.0
.0
Buffalo
Chicago
1
1
2
Cleveland
1
1
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
617
1.77
292
33
4
24
27
36
36
37
23
67
2
7
3
7
6
9
6
33
47.3
58.1
61.1
60.7
65.3
64.8
57.0
72.7
5.3
12.9
18.4
13.1
17.5
24.0
9.0
31.1
.6
.3
.0
.3
.4
(a)
.2
.5
.1
1.3
Foreign-born:
Boston
Buffalo
1,216
571
2,092
1,097
647
2,143
849
2.00
2.07
2.04
2.08
2.15
1.97
2.27
706
349
1,269
716
419
1,221
617
157
105
275
192
155
192
264
4
2
1
2
3
3
11
2.0
4.7
1.7
3.3
5.7
1.1
7.9
.6
.5
.3
.5
1.4
.3
3.9
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
Grand total:
Boston
8, 615
2.06
5,297
1,340
250
24
27
37
37
39
23
68
71
7
3
7
7
10
6
33
26
61.5
55.3
56.7
59.4
64.0
59.3
54.9
65.9
15.6
2.9
.8
.3
1,415
682
2,223
1,183
838
2,648
1,174
1.94
2.00
2.02
2.06
2.04
1.93
2.13
782
387
1,321
757
497
1,453
774
106
107
283
200
170
207
289
4
2
1
2
3
3
11
11.7
15.7
12.7
16.9
20.3
7.8
24.6
1.7
4.0
1.7
3.1
4.7
.9
5.8
.5
.4
.3
.6
1.2
.2
2.8
.3
.3
(a)
.2
.4
.1
.9
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
10, 163
2.00
5,971
1,422
255
73
26
58.8
14.0
2.5
.7
.3
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
68
The Immigration Commission.
The average number of adults per sleeping room in the 10,163
households studied is 2. The average is highest in Philadelphia,
where it reaches 2.13, and lowest in New York, where it falls to 1.93.
Philadelphia also shows the greatest relative frequency of the higher
degrees of congestion as represented here, and New York the lowest.
If immigrant households alone be considered, it will be seen that only
in New York is the average number of adults per sleeping room less
than 2. In Philadelphia, where the average is highest, it is 2.27.
In households of native white persons of native parentage the aver-
age number of adults per sleeping room is highest in New York and
lowest in Milwaukee.
The following table further presents the data by race and by city:
TABLE 35. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and
race of head of
household, by city.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households hav-
ing each specified number
of adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households hav-
ing each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White—
Boston ..
123
63
26
31
105
85
51
1.58
1,68
1.69
1.72
1.54
1.88
1-85
47
26
11
16
30
48
27
6
1
38.2
41.3
42.3
51.6
28.6
56.6
52.9
4.9
1.6
.0
9.7
7-6
10.6
9.8
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Buffalo
Chicago....
Cleveland . .
Milwaukee .
New York.
Philadelphia
Total
3
8
9
5
484
251
196
1.68
205
32
42.4
6.6
.0
.0
.0
Negro-
New York
Philadelphia.
Total
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and
Moravian —
Cleveland....
New York
Total
German-
Buffalo
Chicago
Milwaukee...
New York...
Total
1.58
1.70
94
83
3
14
37.5
42.3
1.2
7.1
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
1
447
1.64
177
8
16
17
3
1
1
1
1
39.6
3.8
15.0
4.8
.2
.0
5.0
.0
.0
20
21
1.86
1.97
40.0
76.2
5.0
-0
.0
.0
41
48
60
66
54
1.91
1.58
1.79
1.90
1.78
24
12
26
35
25
4
1
7
5
1
1
1
58.5
9.8
2.1
11.7
7.6
1.9
2.4
2.4
.0
25.0
43.3
53.0
46.3
.0
1.7
1.5
.0
.0
.0
1.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1
1
228
76
45
35
94
78
1.77
1.58
1.G8
1.69
1.77
1.94
98
29
15
17
49
47
14
3
1
2
1
6
2
1
^1
43.0
38. 2
33.3
48.6
52.1
60.3
6.1
3.9
2.2
5.7
1.1
7.7
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Irish-
Boston.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Chicago
Cleveland....
New York...
Philadelphia.
Total . . .
Polish, Milwau-
kee
328
20
1.74
2.'16
157
13
13
2
47.9 1 4.0
65. 0 10. 0
1
.0
5.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
69
TABLE 35. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city —
Continued.
General nativity and
race of head of
household, by city.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households hav-
ing each specified number
of adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households hav-
ing each specified numbe'r of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
0.4
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian-
Chicago
228
56
82
275
2.24
1.84
2.18
1.87
164
25
60
142
49
4
20
17
11
4
1
71.9
44.6
73.2
51.6
21.5
7.1
24.4
6.2
4.8
.0
2.4
.4
1.8
.0
1.2
.0
Cleveland
Milwaukee...
New York...
Total
2
1
1
641
2.03
1.48
1.82
2.01
1.79
391
12
82
78
96
90
14
5
1
61.0
14.0
2.2
2.1
1.7
7.7
.0
.8
2.1
,0
2.1
.0
German —
Buffalo
47
179
143
198
2
16
38
13
1
3
11
1
25.5
45.8
34. 5
48.5
4.3
8.9
26.6
6.6
Chicago .
Milwaukee . . .
New York —
Total
3
567
49
249
72
206
115
102
475
142
1.82
2.03
1.85
1.77
1.92
1.97
1.96
2.20
2.40
2C8
31
118
32
102
65
55
330
113
69
7
15
2
22
7
14
82
52
15
2
1
4
1
47.3
C3.3
12.2
14.3
2.6
4.1
.4
.0
1.0
.9
2.0
3.2
9.2
2^0
.0
2.0
Greek, Boston. . .
Hebrew, Rus-
sian-
Boston.
1
47.4
44.4
49.5
56.5
53.9
69.5
79.6
6.0
2.8
10.7
6.1
13.7
17.3
36.6
.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
1.1
4.2.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
1.4
Buffalo
Chicago
2
1
2
15
13
Cleveland....
Milwaukee . . .
New York...
Philadelphia.
Total
, Hebrew, Other-
Chicago
1
..„.
6
...„
2
1. 361
2,05
815
24
18
9
79
26
194
34
12
4
59.9
14.3
2.5
.9
.3
50
34
23
139
35
1.84
1.96
1.76
1.97
2.39
4
2
2
15
14
1
48.0
52.9
39.1
56.8
74.3
55.5
8.0
5.9
8.7
10.8
40.0
2.0
.0
.0
.7
17.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
11.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Cleveland
Milwaukee...
New York
Philadelphia.
Total
.....
6
4
2S1
1.98
156
37
8
1
1
1
4
£...
13.2
2.8
1.4
.0
Irish-
Boston.
205
103
117
238
141
1.67
1.93
1.82
1.88
1.85
78
52
55
136
65
9
8
12
8
11
38.0
50.5
47.0
57.1
46.1
4.4
7.8
10.3
3.4
7.8
.5
1.0
.9
.0
1.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.7
Chicago
Cleveland....
New York....
Philadelphia.
Total
2
1
1
804
76
1.82
2.07
386
43
250
147
227
88
96
273
273
48
6
5
1
1
48.0
56.6
6.0
7.9
.6
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
Italian, North,
Chicago
2
2
Italian, South-
Boston
Buffalo
325
209
358
143
148
420
365
2.34
2.19
2.02
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.28
80
42
34
16
22
36
121
13
8
2
3
7
4
36
5
2
.....
76.9
70.3
63.4
61.5
64.9
65.0
74.8
24.6
20.1
9.5
11.2
14.9
8.6
33.2
4.0
3.8
.6
2.1
4.7
1.0
9.9
1.5
1.0
.0
!o
.0
4.9
.6
1.0
.0
,0
.0
.0
1.9
Chicago
Cleveland....
Milwaukee.. .
New York....
Philadelphia.
Total
18
7
1,968
171
166
2.15
1.92
2.15
1.354
351 j 73
26
11
68.8
17.8
4.7
12.7
3.7
1.3
.0
.6
.6
Lithuanian —
Boston
Chicago
Total
87
117
8
21
1
2
50.9
70. 5
.6
1.2
.0
.0
1
337
2.03
204
29
3
1
6
1
=^=
60- 5
8.6
.9
.3
.0
Magyar-
Chicago
Cleveland ....
New York....
Total
Negro, New York.
27
137
41
2.19
2.21
1.93
17
93
22
6
23
7
63.0
67.9
53.7
22.2
16.8
17.1
3.7
4.4
2.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
"Y
205
122
2.16
1.75
132
58
36
3
8
1
'"l
64.4
47.5
17.6
2.5
3.9
.8
.0
.8
.0
.8
70
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 35. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city —
Continued.
General nativity and
race of head of
household, by city.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households hav-
ing each specified number
of adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households hav-
ing each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Foreiern-born — Con.
Polish-
Boston.
104
193
439
132
149
166
2.09
2.38
2.20
2.30
2.59
2.53
54
139
301
102
121
140
11
57
81
37
59
66
51.9
72.0
68.6
77.3
81.2
84.3
10.6
29.5
18.5
28.0
39.6
39.8
0.0
9.3
2.3
3.0
10.1
6.0
4.8
.0
0.0
.0
.2
.0
3.4
2.4
0.0
.0
.0
.0
2.0
.6
.3
.0
Buffalo
18
10
4
15
10
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee...
Philadelphia.
Total
1
5
4
3
1
1.183
33
79
247
44
2.32
2.06
2.28
1.98
2.19
857
21
58
173
32
311
3
1 ___ —
18
54
7
57
10
4
72.4
63.6
26.3
9.1
.8
.0
Servian, Chicago.
Slovaks
Chicago
3
11
1
2
'
73.4
70.0
72.7
22.8
21.9
15.9
3.8
4.5
.0
1.3
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
Cleveland
New York....
Total
370
116
148
2.08
2.53
1.73
263
97
61
79
37
7
27
2
4
14
10
3
2
71.1
83.6
41.2
77.9
38.0
27 7
2.4
31.9
4.7
23.9
4.0
2.1
3.8
8.6
.0
5.3
.0
.0
.8
1.7
.0
.9
.0
.0
.0
1.7
.0
.9
.0
.0
Slovenian, Cleve-
land
2
Swedish, Chicago.
Syrian-
Boston
1
1
113
50
191
2.20
1.63
1.55
88
19
53
6
Buffalo
New York....
Total
354
1.72
160
33
6
1
1
45.2
9.3
1.7
.3
.3
The average number of adults per sleeping room in South Italian
and in Polish households nowhere falls as low as 2. Among South
Italians the average is lowest in Chicago, where it is 2.02, and highest
in Boston, where it is 2.34 ; among Poles it varies from 2.09 in Boston
to 2.59 in Milwaukee. It will be recalled that Polish households show
a smaller average number of adults per room in Milwaukee than in
several other cities. Syrian households in Boston, which have a very
much higher number of adults per room than the households of any
other group, report a lower average number of adults per sleeping
room and smaller proportions of the higher degrees of congestion per
sleeping room than do the Poles of Milwaukee and Philadelphia
or the Slovenians of Cleveland.
The next three tables present in cumulative form the data of Gen-
eral Table 382. Foreign households are here classified according to
the number of adults per room and are further classified according to
the number of years since the first arrival of the head of the house-
hold in this country. The table immediately following gives the
figures for the several races regardless of city of residence.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
71
TABLE 36. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number of
adults per room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult*
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian —
German
103
50
19
381
53
19
24
340
73
103
59
252
27
66
17
3
128
1.08
1.08
1.77
1.27
1.29
.83
1.28
1.50
1.34
1.31
1.00
1.46
1.60
1.36
1.50
(a)
1.22
63
33
19
285
44
8
17
300
56
78
35
213
24
60
13
7
4
6
49
6
1
61.2
66.0
(a)
74.8
83.0
(?)
70.8
88.2
76.7
75.7
59.3
84.5
88.9
90.9
(a)
(a)
75.8
6.8
8.0
(a)
12.9
11.3
(a)
4.2
27.6
17.8
15.5
.0
24.2
29.6
15.2
(a)
(«)
27.3
1.0
.0
(a)
1.0
.0
(0)
.0
4.1
1.4
1.0
.0
4.0
3.7
.0
(a)
%
0.0
.0
<«>„
.0
(°>.o
.3
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
(a)
W.S
Greek
2
4
1
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
1
94
13
16
Italian, South
14
1
1
1
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish ...
61
8
10
3
10
1
1
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
1
Swedish
Syrian
97
35
9
1
Total
1,717
1.32
1,345
313
44
4
78.3
18.2
2.6
.2
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Ill
35
0.99
.95
54
18
3
1
!
48.6
51.4
2.7
2.9
0.9
.0
0.0
.a
Greek
14
1.52
13
5
1
(0)
(a)
(o)
(0)
Hebrew, Russian
376
1.27
292
44
4
1
77.7
11.7
11
.3
Hebrew, Other
93
1.16
60
11
64.5
11.8
.0
.a
Irish
54
84
20
37.0
0
.0
o
Italian, North . .
20
1.25
16
1
80.0
5.0
.0
.0
Italian, South
584
1.43
508
122
21
5
87.0
20.9
3.6
.9
Lithuanian
129
1.30
111
16
1
1
86.0
12.4
.8
.8
Magyar
71
1.45
59
14
5
83.1
19.7
7.0
.0
Negro
36
.99
22
61.1
.0
.0
.0
Polish
343
1.31
265
60
11
2
77.3
17.5
3.2
.6
Servian
. 4
(a)
3
(a)
(0)
(a)
(a)
Slovak.
143
1.37
115
24
3
1
80.4
16.8
2.1
.7
Slovenian
60
1.35
51
5
85.0
8.3
.0
.0
Swedish
13
.71
3
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Syrian
123
1.22
91
24
7
2
74.0
19.5
5.7
1.6
Total
2,209
1.29
1,701
330
54
12
77.0
14.9
2.4
.5
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
72
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 36. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number of
adults per room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States — Cont'd.
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
number
of adults,
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having e..ch specified
number cf adults per
room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
420
480
16
604
135
727
32
1,040
133
32
25
589
2
162
39
132
103
0.94
.87
1.58
1.26
1.16
1.01
1.17
1.38
1.25
1.31
.77
1.28
(a)
1.17
1.60
.85
1.24
258
203
14
461
94
424
23
876
103
26
6
438
1
130
36
55
81
18
12
8
76
15
22
3
223
13
4
61.4
42 3
4.3
2.5
(a)
12. 6
11.1
3.0
9.4
21.4
9.8
12 5
0.0
.0
(a)
1.5
.0
.0
.0
3.6
2.3
.0
.0
1.4
(a)
2.5
2.6
.0
2.9
0.0
.0
W.o
.0
.0
oO
.7
.0
.0
.0
.2
(a)
.0
.0
.0
1.0
Greek
1
9
(a)
76.3
69.6
58.3
71.9
84.2
77.4
81 3
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South
37
3
7
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
24.0
74.4
(a)
80.2
92.3
41.7
78.6
.0
15.3
(a)
18.5
23.1
.0
22.3
Polish
90
8
1
Servian ...
Slovak
30
9
4
1
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
23
3
1
Total
4,671
1.16
3,229
546
66 1 9
69.1
11.7
1.4
.2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Five races are represented in the table by 100 or more households
whose heads have been in this country for each of the above specified
periods of time. Among the Bohemians and Moravians, the Poles,
and the South Italians the average number of adults per room is
smaller in the households of the older than in those of the more recent
immigrants, while among the Russian Hebrews and the Syrians
almost the same averages are maintained throughout the three periods
of residence.
The average number of adults per room in the households of the
4,671 immigrants who have been here ten years or more is noticeably
lower than the averages in the households of more recent immigrants,
and the proportions of households in which the higher degrees of con-
gestion prevail are in general considerably less. This is no doubt
due in part to the racial composition of the immigrants who have
been in this country for a longer time ; among them the races from
northwestern Europe predominate. It is not, therefore, safe to con-
clude from these figures that immigrants tend to reduce the conges-
tion in their homes as the length of their residence in this country
increases.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
73
Similar data appear by city regardless of race in the following table :
TABLE 37. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per room, by years head has been in the United States and by city.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
City.
Number
report-
ing
complete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Boston
272
90
409
234
99
483
130
1.52
1.23
1.28
1.31
1.16
1.28
1.54
229
70
306
187
68
367
118
87
19
55
35
8
60
49
16
2
5
3
1
6
11
2
1
84.2
77.8
74.8
79.9
68.7
76.0
90.8
32.0
21.1
13.4
15.0
8.1
12.4
37.7
5.9
2.2
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.2
8.5
0.7
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.8
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
......
Philadelphia
Total
1,717
1.32
1,345
313
44
4
78.3
18.2
2.6
.2
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Boston
337
135
520
358
131
493
235
1.44
1.26
1.15
1.31
1.15
1.42
1.53
281
108
361
281
93
367
210
76
27
31
45
7
70
74
13
4
4
7
1
9
16
4
1
1
83.4
80.0
69.4
78.5
71.0
74.4
89.4
22.6
20.0
6.0
12.6
5.3
14.2
31.5
3.9
3.0
.8
2.0
.8
1.8
6.8
1.2
.7
.2
.0
.0
.2
2.1
Buffalo
Chicago - - - -
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
1
5
Philadelphia
Total
2,209
1.29
1,701
330
54
12
77.0
14.9
2.4
.5
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Boston
- 606
347
1,159
500
418
1,161
480
1.28
1.20
1.06
1.10
1.04
1.27
1.23
478
239
703
340
212
868
359
100
61
63
44
37
145
96
13
7
6
5
2
11
22
1
3
""2"
3
78.9
68.9
60.7
68.0
57.9
74.8
74.8
16. 5
17.6
5.4
8.8
8.9
12.5
20.0
2.1
2.0
.5
1.0
.5
.9
4.6
0.2
.9
.0
.0
.0
.2
.6
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee . .
New York
Philadelphia
Total
4,671
1.16
3,229
546
66
9
69.1
11.7
1.4
.2
Philadelphia households whose heads have been in the United
States less than ten years, make, on the whole a poorer showing than
any of the other groups in this table. In the households of the more
recent group of Philadelphia immigrants the average number of
adults per room is 1.54, while 90.8 per cent of these households show
1 or more adults per room, 37.7 per cent show 2 or more, and 8.5
per cent report at least 3. Conditions are better among Chicago immi-
grants of not less than ten years' residence in this country than
among any other group of households shown in the table. In these
households the average number of adults per room is 1.06; 39.3 per
cent have more rooms than adults, and only 5.4 per cent have as
many as 2 adults per room.
25008° — VOL 26 — 11 6
74
The Immigration Commission.
In the three tables following the households studied are divided
into three groups according to years of residence of the head in this
country, and for each group the number of adults per sleeping room
is shown. The tables are a presentation in cumulative form of the
data of General Table 383.
TABLE 38. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United
States.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of
household.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Bohemian arid Mora-
vian
102
50
19
377
53
19
24
339
73
103
59
252
27
66
17
3
124
2.15
2.08
2.23
2.05
2.03
1.80
2.16
2.17
1.97
2.02
1.85
2.26
2.16
2.06
2.68
(•)
1.74
76
35
12
218
35
10
14
238
41
62
31
188
18
44
16
2
60
16
11
2
48
3
1
3
68
4
13
2
51
3
8
4
3
1
1
6
1
74.5
70.0
(a)
57.8
66.0
52.6
58.3
70.2
56.2
60.2
52.5
74.6
66.7
66.7
(a)
M
15.7
22.0
(a)
12.7
5.7
5.3
12.5
20.1
5.5
12.6
3.4
20.2
11.1
12.1
(a)
(a)
11.3
2.9
2.0
(a)
1.6-
1.9
.0
.0
2.9
.0
1.0
1.7
2.0
.0
.0
(")
(a)
l.G
0.0
.0
(a)
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.7
.4
.0
.0
(a)
(a)
.0
0.0
.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.7
.0
.0
.0
(a)
(a)
.0
German
"T
i
""i"
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, Nprth
Italian South
10
Lithuanian
Magyar
1
1
5
Negro
i
i
1
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
2
i
1
Swedish
Syrian
14
2
Total
1,707
2.08
1,100
251
33
5
3
64.4
14.7
1.9
.3
.2
/LN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
111
2.02
67
«
3
60.4
13.5
2.7
0.0
0 0
German
35
2.02
22
8
1
1
62 9
22 9
2 9
2 9
o
Greek
14
1.99
10
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(o)
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
376
93
53
2.03
1.96
1.76
214
48
24
57
13
2
12
4
5
3
1
56.9
51.6
45.3
15.2
14.0
3.8
3.2
4.3
.0
1.3
3.2
.0
.3
.0
o
Italian, North
19
2.02
11
1
(a)
(0)
(0)
(a)
(o)
Italian, South
579
2.14
389
95
19
8
1.
67.2
16.4
q q
1.4
• 9
Lithuanian
129
2 10
81
11
2
62 8
8 5
1 6
o
o
Magyar
70
2.30
48
14
4
68.6
20.0
5.7
.0
o
Negro
36
1.64
11
1
30.6
2.8
.0
.0
.0
Polish
342
2.22
235
81
11
3
1
68.7
23.7
3.2
.9
.3
Servian
4
(a)
2
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Slovak
143
2.26
108
31
3
3
75.5
21.7
2.1
2.1
.0
Slovenian
60
2.43
49
17
81 7
28 3
6 7
.0
o
Swedish
13
1 57
2
(o)
(o)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Syrian
123
1.73
52
13
2
1
1
42.3
10.6
1.6
1 ;8
( %
Total
2 200
2 09
1 373
361
65
24
4
62 4
16 4
3 0
1 i
2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
75
TABLE 38. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United
States — Continued .
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Race of head of
household.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
419
480
16
600
135
726
32
1,035
133
31
25
586
2
161
39
132
100
2.01
1.79
1.89
2.07
1.96
1.82
2.05
2.16
2.00
2.22
1.71
2.39
(a)
1.94
2.60
1.75
1.75
241
210
9
376
73
350
18
719
81
21
16
432
1
111
32
57
43
59
50
4
87
21
45
2
188
14
8
8
13
1
15
3
5
5
3
1
57.5
43.8
(a).
62.7
54.1
48.2
56.3
69.5
60.9
67.7
64.0
73.7
(a)
68.9
82.1
43.2
43.0
14.1
10.4
(a)
14.5
15.6
6.2
6.3
18.2
10.5
25.8
.0
30.4
(0)
24.8
41.0
4.5
6.0
1.9
2.7
&
2.2
.7
.0
4.3
.8
6.5
.0
7.0
(a)
6.8
10.3
.0
2.0
1.2
.6
(a)
1.0
.7
.1
' .0
1.7
.8
.0
.0
1.0
(a)
.0
2.6
-.0
.0
0.2
.0
(">)
!o
.1
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
(a)
.0
2.6
.a
.0
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
6
1
1
3
1
Italian, North
Italian, South
44
1
2
18
1
10
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro . . .
Polish
178
41
6
3
Servian
Slovak
40
16
6
6
11
4
Slovenian
1
1
Swedish
Syrian
2
Total
4,652
2.04
2,790
724
150
42
19
60.0
15.6
3.2
.9
.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the six races represented in the group of most recent immigrants
by 100 or more households the Syrians, with 1.74 adults per sleeping
room and only 48.4 per cent of households with 2 or more persons
per sleeping room, stand highest, and the Poles, with 2.26 adults per
sleeping room and 74.6 per cent of all households having at least 2
persons per sleeping room, make the poorest showing. In the group
of immigrants in the United States from five to nine years, 7 races
are represented by 100 or more households. Of these the Syrians
make the best showing and the Slovaks the poorest. Of the 1 1 races
represented by 100 or more households among immigrants of long
standing Swedes and Syrians have the highest standing and Poles the
lowest.
76
The Immigration Commission.
Similar data appear by city in the following table:
TABLE 39. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per sleeping room, by years head has been in the United States and by city.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
City.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults"
per sleep-
ing room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Boston
272
89
408
234
99
475
130
2.11
2.04
2.14
2.08
2.10
1.96
2.34
177
59
273
152
61
276
102
42
9
58
30
22
44
46
5
1
6
4
4
6
7
1
1
65.1
66.3
66.9
65.0
61.6
58.1
78.5
15.4
10.1
14.2
12.8
22.2
9.3
35.4
1.8
1.1
1.5
1.7
4.0
1.3
5.4
0.4
.0
.0
.4
.0
.2
1.5
0.4
.0
.0
.4
.0
.2
.0
Buffalo
Chicago.
Cleveland
1
1
Milwaukee . . .
New York
1
2
1
Philadelphia
Total . .
1,707
2.08
1,100
251
33
5
3
64.4
14.7
1.9
.3
.2
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Boston
336
1.98
183
42
6
2
1
54.5
12.5
1.8
0.6
0.3
Buffalo
133
2.01
81
21
6
1
1
60.9
15.8
4.5
.8
.8
Chicago . . .
516
2.02
304
53
5
1
58.9
10.3
1.0
.2
.0
Cleveland .
358
2.23
257
76
13
3
71.8
21.2
3.6
.8
.0
Milwaukee
131
2.16
91
33
6
1
69.5
25.2
4 6
.8
.0
New York
491
1.98
268
49
4
2
1
54.6
10.0
.8
.4
.2
Philadelphia
235
2.48
189
87
25
14
1
80.4
37.0
10.6
6.0
.4
Total
2,200
2.09
1,373
361
65
24
4
62. 4
16.4
3.0
1.1
.2
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Boston
606
1.96
346
73
13
4
2
57 1
12 0
2 1
0 07
0 3
Buffalo
346
2.11
209
75
20
2
1
60.4
21.7
5.8
.6
3
Chicago
1,152
2.02
681
163
25
6
1
59.1
14.1
2.2
.5
1
Cleveland
500
1.99
306
86
19
2
1
61.2
17.2
3.8
.4
Milwaukee
417
2.14
267
100
27
8
3
(14.0
24.0
6.5
1.9
New York
1,152
1.97
658
96
11
3
1
57.1
8.3
1.0
.3
1
Philadelphia....
479
2.18
323
131
35
17
10
67.4
27.3
7.3
3.5
2.1
Total
4 652
2 04
2 790
724
150
42
19
60 0
15 6
3 2
9
4
The average number of adults p>er sleeping room among immi-
grants of each specified period of residence is highest in Philadelphia.
This average is highest in Philadelphia households whose heads have
been in this country from five to nine years, where it reaches 2.48.
The lowest average number of adults per sleeping room among the
most recent immigrants is in New York and the lowest among immi-
grants who have spent ten years or more in the United States is in
Boston, the average being 1.96 in each case.
The two tables which follow are drawn from General Table 384 and
classify households reporting sleeping arrangements according to
the number of rooms which they reserve for living purposes, exclu-
sive of sleeping. The first table gives the data by general nativity
and race of the head of the household.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
77
TABLE 40. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of rooms
per house-
hold.
Average
number
of sleep-
ing rooms
per house-
hold.
Number of households
sleeping in-
Per cent of households
sleeping in —
All
rooms.
All
except
one
room.
All
except
two
rooms.
All
rooms.
All
except
one
room.
All
except
two
rooms.
Native-born of native
father:
White
484
447
41
228
328
20
641
567
49
1, 3(!l
281
804
76
1,9(58
337
205
122
1, 183
33
370
116
148
354
4.47
3.62
3.73
4.53
4. 31
3.80
3.05
4.30
2.88
3.82
3.69
4.27
4.26
3.28
3.90
3.40
3.78
3.58
4.61
3.21
3.34
4.85
2.61
2.15
2.00
1.54
2.12
2.23
1.70
1.90
2.11
2.29
2.36
2.21
2.35
2.53
2.15
2.54
2.15
1.78
2.04
3.33
1.97
1.92
2.34
1.85
11
34
98
166
7
39
97
3
247
123
27
600
112
290
30
978
161
109
66
367
23
186
60
9
157
185
205
20
80
130
13
278
235
1
418
87
295
27
423
113
48
48
497
8
111
47
68
39
2.3
7.6
.0
1.8
3.0
.0
2.7
2.6
42.9
12.9
14.6
2.7
6.6
22.7
12.2
15.6
.8
14.6
3.0
15.1
5.2
.7
42.1
20.2
37.1
17.1
17.1
29.6
15.0
38.5
21.7
55.1
44.1
39.9
36.1
39.5
49.7
47.8
53.2
54.1
31.0
69.7
50.3
51.7
6.1
44.4
38.2
45.9
48.8
35.1
39.6
65.0
43.4
41.4
2.0
30.7
31.0
36.7
35.5
21.5
33.5
23.4
39.3
42.0
24.2
30.0
40.5
45.9
11.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father by race of father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Irish
4
10
17
15
21
176
41
22
5
447
41
32
1
173
1
56
6
149
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish...
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar . . .
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak . .
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
10,163
617
1,548
8,615
3.72
4.34
4.17
3.64
2.16
2.14
2.10
2.17
1.263
14
59
1,204
3.955
146
410
3,545
3.376
243
633
2,743
12.4
2.3
3.8
14.0
38.9
33.2
Total native-born of for-
eign father..
23.7
26.5
41.1
39.4
40.9
31.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the 10,163 households included in this table 1,263, or 12.4 per
cent, sleep in all rooms, including the kitchen; 3,955, or 38.9 percent,
reserve only 1 room, usually the kitchen, for other than sleeping
purposes; and 3,376, or 33.2 per cent, reserve 2 rooms, usually the
kitchen and a general living room. The remaining 1,569 households,
which constitute 13.1 per cent of the total number, have 3 or more
rooms not regularly used as sleeping rooms.
In 14 per cent of all immigrant households all rooms, including the
kitchen, are used for sleeping purposes and in 41.1 per cent all rooms
but one are so used. Of the households whose heads are native white
persons of native parentage only 2.3 per cent sleep in all rooms and
only 20.2 per cent sleep in all but 1 room. The corresponding per-
centages for the households of the native-born of foreign parentage
are also low. The tendency among persons of native birth to reserve
rooms for other than sleeping purposes has been noted in connection
with the study of congestion per sleeping room.
78
The Immigration Commission.
The proportion of foreign households where all the rooms are slept
in is, for the races represented by 100 or more households, in descend-
ing order, as follows :
Per cent.
Syrian 42. 1
Italian, South 22.7
Lithuanian 15. 6
Slovak 15.1
Hebrew, Other 14. 6
Polish 14. 6
Hebrew, Russian 12. 9
Per cent.
Lithuanian 12. 2
Slovenian 5. 2
Bohemian and Moravian 2.7
Irish 2. 7
German ' 2. 6
Negro 8
Swedish.. .7
The data are presented, by city, as follows :
TABLE 41. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by city.
City.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number of households
sleeping in-
Per cent of households
sleeping in —
All
rooms.
All
except 1
room.
All
except 2
rooms.
All
rooms.
All
except. 1
room.
All
except 2
rooms.
Boston
1,415
682
2,223
1,183
838
2,648
1,174
304
118
119
93
28
394
207
679
199
646
517
178
1,318
418
319
203
1,001
410
287
816
340
21.5
17.3
5.4
7.9
3.3
j£j
48.0
29.2
29.1
43.7
21.2
49.8
35.6
22.5
29.8
45.0
34.7
34.2
30.8
29.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York. . .
Philadelphia..
Total
10, 163
1,263
3,955
3,376
12.4
38.9
33.2
The proportion of households sleeping in all rooms is highest in
Boston, where 21.5 per cent of all households use even the kitchen for
sleeping purposes, and lowest in Milwaukee, where only 3.3 per cent
of all households occupy the whole apartment at night. In Boston
69.5 per cent of all households sleep either in all rooms or in all but
1 room; in New York the corresponding percentage is 64.7. The
largest proportion of households with 3 or more rooms reserved for
living purposes exclusive of sleeping is found in Milwaukee which
reports 61.2 per cent of such households.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
No adequate comparison of races with respect to living conditions
can be made without taking into account the composition of house-
holds as well as their size. Sex and age composition have been shown
in Chapter III, and in the study of congestion per room and per
sleeping room the presence of young children has been roughly taken
into account. Nothing, however, is of greater importance in relation
to the subject than the degree of kinship existing in the household.
Since 3 households in every 4 have been found to have as many or
more persons than rooms and 1 in every 4 has reported at least 2
persons per room, and since 4 of every 5 households occupy apart-
ments of 4 rooms or fewer, it will readily be seen that conditions
prevail under which individual members of the household can have
little privacy, but must accept a very large measure of group life. It
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
79
is evident that this group life is most nearly normal in households
which consist only of father, mother, and children with or without
other close relatives on the same footing as members of the family.
From General Table 370 it will be seen that the majority of
households are of the simple type, a single family without boarders
or lodgers. Three main variations from this type will be found in
the general table: (1) Households consist of 2 or more families living
together in 322 cases, of which 189 occur among South Italians.
Among races other than Italian such households are usually found
to consist of related families; among Italians the component families
in many instances have no tie other than the common desire to reduce
living expenses. (2) Households consisting of 1 or more families
with boarders or lodgers are found among all races and aggregate
2,576. (3) Scattering households in which no family is present,
called for this reason " group households," are found among nearly
all races. These households are 299 in number and consist in most
instances either of a group of men who share all expenses, or of a
" boarding boss," usually a man without a family, and his boarders
or lodgers.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the per-
centages of households consisting of a single family with neither
boarders nor lodgers:
TABLE 42. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single family without
boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Consisting of a single
family without
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White... .
486
448
41
228
328
20
643
567
49
1,370
281
806
77
1,980
337
207
122
1,187
33
371
116
148
361
400
257
37
193
252
19
537
490
20
900
201
622
37
1,305
92
105
66
744
4
206
71
89
314
82.3
57.4
90.2
84.6
76.8
95.0
83.5
86.4
40.8
65.7
71.5
77.2
48.1
65.9
27.3
50.7
54.1
62.8
12.1
55.5
60.3
60.1
87.0
Negro.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish . . .
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian, North...
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar.
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
10,206
6,961
68.2
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
617
1,551
8,655
501
1,158
5,803
81.2
73.4
67.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
80 The Immigration Commission.
It is significant that 68.2 per cent of the households studied consist
of normal families, so that it is clearly seen that cases of overcrowd-
ing are not infrequently due to the fact that large families can not
afford to pay the rent of large apartments rather than to the pres-
ence of strangers in the households. Four hundred, or 82.3 per cent,
of the households whose heads are native white of native father con-
sist of a single family with neither boarders nor lodgers. The corre-
sponding proportion among immigrants is 67 per cent, and among the
second generation of immigrants 81.2 per cent. Among immigrant
races represented by 100 or more households, Lithuanians have the
lowest per cent of households of the simple type and Syrians the high-
est. The standing of the Lithuanians is therefore in reality relatively
worse than appears in the tables which deal with persons and adults
per room and per sleeping room, and the standing of the Syrians, on
the other hand, is better.
The ordinary distinction between boarders and lodgers is not clearly
drawn among immigrants. As among native Americans, boarders are
persons who take meals and lodging and pay for the same at some
stated rate per week or per month, but the systems under which
lodgers are kept differ with race and locality. Very generally, how-
ever, lodgers take their meals in the apartments where they live and
in many cases eat at the family table, the difference between the
so-called lodgers and boarders depending upon a technicality of finan-
cial arrangement with the landlord. It is a very common practice for
the housewife to do the cooking and marketing in return for a stipu-
lated amount (for example, 75 cents a month), carrying the lodger's
account book to the grocery store and having the cost of his provisions
charged to him. In other instances the lodger does the buying and
the housewife prepares the food, and in still other cases the lodger is
allowed the use of the kitchen stove and buys and prepares his own
meals. It is not unusual for the landlord to include with the price of
lodging some article of food or drink served once a day, as, for exam-
ple, coffee or soup. The payment of the lodger is, however, supposed
to include only the cost of lodging and the compensation for services
rendered by the housewife, which services may be very slight or may
include even the lodger's laundry work. Persons who room in house-
holds under these arrangements have the same freedom of the apart-
ment as persons who nominally receive board as well as lodging. The
percentages of households with boarders or lodgers appear in the table
and chart following. The data are taken from General Table 385.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary,
81
TABLE 43. — Number and per tent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
486
448
41
228
328
20
643
567
49
1,370
281
806
77
1,980
337
207
122
1,187
33
371
116
148
361
63
151
3
22
37
1
84
54
9
440
74
135
33
444
237
98
45
421
9
152
44
55
19
13.0
33.7
7.3
9.6
11.3
5.0
13.1
9.5
18.4
32.1
26. a
16.7
42.9
22.4
70. a
47.3
36.9
35.5
27. a
41.0
37.9
37.2
5.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German ... . .
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South . . . .*
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
10, 206
2, 030
25.8
Total native-born of foreign father
617
1,551
8, G55
63
277
2,353
10.2
17.9
27.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the 10,206 households included in this study 2,630, or 25.8 per
cent, keep boarders or lodgers. Thirteen per cent of the households
of native persons of native, white parentage and 33.7 per cent of the
households of native negroes of native origin keep boarders or lodgers.
In no group of households of the second generation of immigrants is
the percentage of households keeping boarders or lodgers as high as
12. The accompanying chart shows for all races represented by 100
or more households the percentages of households with boarders or
lodgers. Lithuanians resort most frequently and Syrians least fre-
quently to this method of reducing per capita living expenses. The
low proportion among Syrian households is doubtless in part due to
the fact that the members of many households are peddlers and have
to be able to leave their homes locked.
82
The Immigration Commission.
I
Illl
I
li
k
ou
a ill
o:
LJ
8
op z
U.CD
^ca
I
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
83
In the next table the number and percentage of households keep-
ing boarders or lodgers appear by city :
TABLE 44. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity of head of household and by city.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity of head of household, by city.
Total
number of
households.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
123
64
26
31
105
85
52
17
12
3
2
11
9
9
13.8
18.8
11.5
6.5
10.5
10.6
17.3
Buffalo . ,
Chicago
Cleveland...
Milwaukee .
New York
Philadelphia....
Total
486
63
13.0
Negro-
New York
251
197
77
74
30.7
37.6
Philadelphia
Total
448
151 33.7
Native-born of foreign father:
Boston
76
48
105
55
86
169
78
5
6
10
4
9
15
14
6.6
12.5
9.5
7.3
10.5
8.9
17.9
Buffalo .
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
617
63
10.2
Native-born:
Boston
199
112
131
86
191
505
327
22
18
13
6
20
101
97
11.1
16.1
9.9
7.0
10.5
20.0
29.7
Buffalo...
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York. . .
Philadelphia....
Total
1,551
277
17.9
Foreign-born:
Boston
1,217
575
2,106
1.097
648
2,162
850
393
106
658
336
119
555
186
32.3
18.4
31.2
30.6
18.4
25.7
21.9
Buffalo.
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York...
Philadelphia...
Total
8,655
2,353
27.2
Grand total:
Boston
1,416
687
2,237
1,183
839
2,667
1,177
• 415
124
671
342
139
656
283
29.3
18.0
30.0
28.9
16.6
24.6
24.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York...
Philadelphia
Total
10,206
2,630
25.8
Only in Chicago is the proportion of households with boarders and
lodgers, all households considered, as high as 30 per cent. In Boston
29.3 per cent, and in Cleveland 28.9 per cent of all households have
84
i he Immigration Commission.
boarders or lodgers. In Milwaukee the proportion is lowest, being
only 16.6 per cent. If immigrant households alone be considered it
will be found that in three cities, Boston, Chicago, and Cleveland,
the proportion of households with boarders or lodgers exceeds 30 per
cent. In no city do as many as 20 per cent of the households of the
native white of native father or of the second generation of immi-
grants keep boarders or lodgers.
The following table presents the data both by city and by race:
TABLE 45. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race of head of household and by city.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive botn board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of household, by city.
Total
number of
households.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
123
64
26
31
105
85
52
17
12
3
2
11
9
9
13. 8.
18.8
11.5
6.5
10.5
10.6
17.3
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia...
Total.
486
63
13.0
Negro-
New York
251
197
77
74
30.7
37.6
Philadelphia
Total
448
151
33.7
Native-born of foreign father by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian-
Cleveland ...
20
21
2
1
10.0
4.8
New York
Total . .
41
3
7.3
German-
Buffalo
48
60
66
54
6
7
8
1
12.5
31.7
12.1
1.9
Chicago
Milwaukee . .
New York
Total
228
22
9.6
Irish—
Boston
76
45
35
94
78
5
3
2
13
14
6.6
6.7
5.7
13.8
17.9
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
Philadelphia
Total
328
37
11.3
sTo
Polish, Milwaukee
20
1
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian —
Chicago
228
56
* 82
*- 277
33
3
8
40
14. 5
r A
9.8
14.4
Cleveland
Milwaukee . .
New York
Total
643 84
13.1
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
85
TABLE 45. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race of head of household and by city — Continued .
General nativity and race of head of household, by city.
' Households keeping
Total ! boarders or lodgers.
number of !
households, i
i Number.
Per cent.
Foreign-born— Continued .
German-
Buffalo 47
Chicago 179
Milwaukee
New York
Total 567
Greek, Boston
Hebrew, Russian-
Boston 249
Buffalo 72
Chicago 210
Cleveland 115
Milwaukee 102
New York 480
Philadelphia
Total 1 , 370 |
Hebrew, Other —
Chicago 50
Cleveland
Milwaukee 23
New York 139
Philadelphia 35
Total... 281
j —
Irish-
Boston I
Chicago j 104
Cleveland 117
New York 239
Philadelphia 141
Total 806
Italian, North, Chicago i 77
Italian, South-
Boston 326
Buffalo 212
Chicago 364
Cleveland , 143
Milwaukee 148
New York 421
Philadelphia 366
Total • 1, 980
Lithuanian —
Boston i 171
Chicago ! 166
Total i 337
Magyar —
Chicago 27
Cleveland 137
New York 43
Total | 207
Negro, New York I 122
54
70
17
55
33
22
229
14
440
135
444
115
122
237
45
47.3
36.9
86
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 45. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity and race of head of household, by city.
Total
number of
households.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Foreign-born— Continued.
Polish—
Boston
104
194
441
132
150
166
71
16
175
48
20
91
68.3
8.2
39.7
36.4
13.3
54.8
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
Philadelphia...
Total
1,187
421
35.5
Servian Chicago
33
9
27.3
Slovak-
Chicago
79
247
45
59
75
18
74.7
30.4
40.0
Cleveland
New York
Total.
371
152
41.0
Slovenian Cleveland
116
148
44
55
37.9
37.2
Swedish, Chicago
Syrian-
Boston
113
50
198
3
13
3
2.7
26.0
1.5
Buffalo
New York
Total
361
19
5.3
The highest per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers
is among the Slovaks of Chicago; the lowest is among the Syrians
of New York. The proportions of households with boarders or
lodgers among the Poles vary from 8.2 per cent in Buffalo to 68.3
per cent in Boston; among the Russian Hebrews, from 9.9 per cent
in Philadelphia to 47.7 per cent in New York; and among the South
Italians, from 12 per cent in Philadelphia to 36.5 per cent in Milwaukee.
In the table following the households of immigrant races are
divided into three groups according to the period of residence of the
head in the United States, and the number and percentage of house-
holds with boarders or lodgers are shown for each group. The
table is based on General Table 386.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
87
TABLE 46. — Number and per cent of foreign households keeping boarders or lodgers, by
race of head of household and by years head has been in the United States.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In the United States
under 5 years.
In the United States
5 to 9 years.
In the United States
10 years or over.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Bohemian and Moravian.. .
German
634
565
49
1,361
281
800
76
1,964
335
206
120
1,184
33
371
116
148
354
103
50
19
381
53
19
24
340
73
103
59
252
27
66
17
3
128
24
11
3
151
20
5
11
105
45
55
25
133
7
34
6
1
4
23.3
22.0
ft
37.7
(a)
45.8
30.9
61.6
53.4
42.4
52.8
25.9
51.5
(a)
(a)
3.1
Ill
35
14
376
93
54
20
584
129
71
36
343
4
143
60
13
123
21
3
4
144
26
15
12
161
110
32
14
173
2
71
22
5
9
18.9
8.6
(0)
38.3
28.0
27.8
60.0
"27.6
85.3
45.1
38.9
50.4
(a)
49.7
36.7
(a)
7.3
420
480
16
604
135
727
32
1,040
133
32
25
589
2
162
39
132
103
36
40
2
143
28
113
10
177
80
11
6
114
8.6
8.3
<S.r
20.7
15.5
31.3
17.0
60.2
34.4
24.0
19.4
(a)
29.0
41.0
37.1
5.8
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, North..
Italian, South..
.Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak
47
16
49
6
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian .
Total
8,597
1,717
640
37.3
2,209
824
37.3
4,671
878
18.8
a Not computed owing to small number involved.
This table affords a comparison of the households of equal periods
of residence in the United States, with reference to the keeping of
boarders or lodgers. It will be seen that in every residence group
the Bohemians and Moravians, Germans, and Syrians report low
percentages of households with boarders or lodgers, and the Lithuan-
ians and Alagyars report high percentages. The proportion of house-
holds keeping boarders or lodgers is only about half as great in the
group of older immigrants as in the groups of more recent comers.
In the next three tables the average number of boarders or lodgers
is presented in two ways. The first indicates the frequency of
boarders and lodgers in all households of the race under considera-
tion; the second, in the households which keep boarders or lodgers.
These tables are derived from General Table 385. In the first the
figures are shown by race regardless of city of residence.
88
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 47. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
(Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and Ic
.General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
Number of
boarders
or lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
Based on
total
number of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
Native-born of native father:
White
486
448
41
228
328
20
643
567
49
1,370
281
806
77
1,980
337
207
122
1,187
33
371
116
148
361
63
151
3
22
37
1
'84
54
9
440
74
135
33
444
237
98
45
421
9
152
44
55
19
90
282
4
34
80
2
124
94
26
783
112
276
89
1,008
668
330
81
1,094
38
316
164
71
31
0.19
.63
.10
.15
.24
.10
.19
.17
.53
.57
.40
.34
1.16
.51
1.98
1.59
.66
.92
1.15
.93
1.41
.48
.09
1.43
1.87
wtii
2.16
(a)
1.48
1.74
(a)
1.73
1.51
2.04
2.70
2.27
2.82
3.37
1.80
2.60
(a)
2.28
3.73
1.29
i.79
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German . . .
Irish *
Polish
foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South . .
Lithuanian
Magyar..
Negro
Polish
Servian..
Slovak
Slovenian . .
Swedish
Syrian..
Grand total
10, 206
2,630
5,830
. 57
2.22
Total native-born of foreign father
617
1,551
8,655
63
277
2,353
120
492
5,338
.19
.32
.62
1.90
1.78
2 27
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed owing to small number involved.
The average number of boarders and lodgers in immigrant house-
holds keeping boarders or lodgers is 2.27; the corresponding average
in households of the native-born white of native father is 1.43 ; and the
average in households of the native-born of foreign father is 1.90.
The average number of boarders or lodgers per household, all house-
holds considered, is 0.62 among the foreign-born and 0.19 among the
native white of native father and among the native-born of foreign
father. The Slovenians show the highest average number of boarders
and lodgers in households keeping them and the third highest average
number of boarders and lodgers based on the total number of house-
holds of the race. It will be recalled in this connection that the
Slovenians show, on an average, larger numbers of persons per room
and per sleeping room than any other race.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
89
Five races, the North Italian, Lithuanian, Magyar, Servian, and
Slovenian, average more than 1 boarder or lodger per household,
all households of the race considered. The Syrians have a lower
average based on the total number of households than has any other
group of people represented in the table.
Among immigrants, the Slovenians and Magyars average over 3
boarders or lodgers; the Irish, South Italians, Lithuanians, Poles,
and Slovaks average between 2 and 3, and the Bohemians, Germans,
Hebrews, Negroes, Swedes, and Syrians average less than 2. It is
evident that in the households of most races boarders or lodgers are
seldom kept as a business, but that a few boarders or lodgers are
added to the family in order to reduce living expenses.
The table which follows presents the average numbers of boarders or
lodgers per household by city:
TABLE 48. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity of
head of household and by city.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity of head of household, by
city.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
on total
number of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston 123
Buffalo 64
Chicago , 26
Cleveland 31
Milwaukee 105
New York... 85
Philadelphia
Total
Negro-
New York 251
Philadelphia 197
Total 448
Native-born of foreign father:
Boston 76
Buffalo 48
Chicago 105
Cleveland 55
Milwaukee
New York 169
Philadelphia
Total 617
Native-born:
Boston 199
Buffalo 112
Chicago 131
Cleveland
Milwaukee 191
New York 505
Philadelphia
Total... 1,551
63
151
63
22
18
13
6
20
101
97
277
90
128
154
282
120
44
25
26
9
27
177
184
402
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
25608°— VOL 26—11 7
0.22
.25
.27
.13
.11
.14
.23
.19
.51
.78
.63
19
.32
1.59
1.33
1.09
1.43
1.66
2.08
L.87
1.90
2.47
1.29
1.90
(a)
2.00
1.39
2.00
1.35
1.75
1.90
1.78
90
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 48. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity of
head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity of head of household, by
city.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
Based
on total
number of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Foreign-born:
Boston
1,217
575
2,106
1,097
648
2,162
850
393
106
658
336
119
555
186
1,081
215
1,483
815
232
1,048
464
0.89
.37
.70
.74
.36
.48
.55
2.75
2.03
2.25
2.43
1.95
1.89
2.49
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
8,655
2,353
5,338
.62
2.27
Grand total:
Boston
1,416
687
2,237
1,183
839
2,667
1,177
415
124
671
342
139
656
283
1,125
240
1,509
824
259
1,225
648
.79
.35
.67
.70
.31
.46
.55
2.71
1.94
2.25
2.41
1.86
1.87
2.29
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
10,206
2,630
5,830
.57
2.22
The average number of boarders or lodgers in the 10,206 households
studied is 0.57, or, in other words, there are, on an average, 57
boarders or lodgers to every 100 households included in the study.
In Boston the average number to every 100 households is 79 and in
Cleveland 70; in Milwaukee, where the average is lowest, there are
31 boarders or lodgers to every 100 households studied.
The average number based on the 2,630 households which keep
boarders or lodgers is 2.22. In Boston the average when computed
on this basis is again higher than in any other city, and in Milwaukee
again lower than elsewhere.
The average numbers of boarders and lodgers in the households of
immigrants, when computed on either basis, are highest in Boston.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
91
The figures are shown in further detail in the following table :
TABLE 49. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household and by city.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold, by city.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgera
per household.
Based on
total
number of
tiouseholds.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
• Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
Negro-
New York
Philadelphia
Total
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian-
Cleveland
New York
Total
German —
Buffalo
Chicago
Milwaukee
New York
Total
Irish-
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
New York. . .
Philadelphia
Total
Polish, Milwaukee
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian-
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Total
German-
Buffalo
Chicago
Milwaukee
New York
Total
Greek, Boston
123
64
26
31
105
85
52
486
251
197
448
41
48
54
228
328
20
228
56
82
277
643
47
179
143
198
567
49
63
90
128
154
151
282
22
34
37
80
84
124
54
94
20
tNot computed, owing to small number involved.
0.22
.25
.27
.13
.11
.14
.23
1.59
1.33
1.43
.51
.78
1.66
2.08
.63
1.87
10
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
15
1.55
2.62
1.29
.24
2.16
10
1.79
1.25
19
1.48
1.83
1.92
1.59
1.74
.53
(a)
92
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 49. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household and by city — Continued .
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold, by city.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
Based on
total
number of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Foreign-born— Continued.
Hebrew, Russian —
Boston 249
Buffalo 72
Chicago 210
Cleveland 115
Milwaukee... 102
New York 480
Philadelphia 142
Total 1, 370
Hebrew, Other:
Chicago 50
Cleveland 34
Milwaukee 23
New York 139
Philadelphia 35
Total 281
Irish-
Boston 205
Chicago 104
Cleveland 117
New York ... . . 239
Philadelphia 141
Total 806
Italian, North, Chicago 77
Italian, South-
Boston 326
Buffalo 212
Chicago . 364
Cleveland 143
Milwaukee 148
New York . 421
Philadelphia 366
Total 1 , 980
Lithuanian —
Boston 171
Chicago 166
Total "~ 337
Magyar-
Chicago 27
Cleveland 137
New York 43
Total 207
Negro, New York ~~ 122~
Polish-
Boston 104
Buffalo 194
Chicago 441
Cleveland 132
Milwaukee 150
Philadelphia 166
Total 1 , 187
Servian, Chicago 33
440
135
33
444
115
122
237
45
71
16
175
48
20
91
421
111
25
29
405
20
783
GO
112
63
276
298
135
95
99
115
175
91
1,008
323
345
668
240
42
330
81
248
31
395
94
45
281
1,094
0.45
.35
.40
.42
.28
.97
.14
.57
.44
.44
.26
.43
.26
.40
.33
.30
.15
.40
.45
.34
.91
.64
.26
.69
.78
.42
.25
.51
1.89
2.08
1.78
1.75
1.59
2.38
.16
.90
.71
.30
1.69
1.15
oNot computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
93
TABLE 49. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold, by city.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
Based on
total
number of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Foreign-born — Continued.
Slovak-
Chicago
79
247
45
59
75
18
175
133
38
2.22
.54
.84
2.97
1.77
2.11
Cleveland
New York
Total
371
152
346
.93
2.28
Slovenian, Cleveland .. ....
116
148
44
55
164
71
1.41
.48
3.73
r 1.29
Swedish, Chicago
Syrian-
Boston
113
50
198
3
13
3
7
21
6
.06
.42
.03
(a)
1.62
(a)
Buffalo
New York
Total
361
19
34
.09
1.79
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The highest average number of boarders and lodgers in households
keeping them is found among the Slovenians of Cleveland, and the
second highest, among the Magyars of Cleveland, both of which races
average more than 350 boarders or lodgers to 100 households. In
three groups the average numbers of boarders and lodgers based on
all households are in excess of 2 per household. These groups are the
Poles of Boston and the Slovaks and Lithuanians of Chicago. Among
the Russian Hebrews the highest average numbers of boarders or
lodgers, when computed on either basis, are found in New York;
among the South Italians the highest numbers are found in Boston.
HOME WORK.
In the next three tables the extent to which gainful occupations are
pursued within the home is shown. The nature of the employment
and the status in the household of persons so employed, as well as the
earnings per year from such employment, are shown by cities for
each household in General Tables 24, 78, 127, 179, 236, 290, and 340.
General Table 387 enumerates in summary, by general nativity and
race and by city, the apartments in which gainful employment is
pursued, but summarizes none of the details. The table following
is an enumeration of such households by general nativity and race of
head of household.
94
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 50. — Number and per cent of apartments in which
by general nativity and race of head q,
inful occupation is pursued,
usehold.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of apart-
ments.
With gainful employ-
ment.
Number.
Percent.
Native-born of native father:
White
486
448
41
228
328
20
643
567
49
1,370
281
806
77
1,980
337
207
122
1,187
33
371
116
148
361
17
, 149
2
10
9
1
58
24
3.5
33.3
4.9
4.4
2.7
5.0
9.0
4.2
.0
3.2
3.9
2.1
7.8
8.2
1.5
4.8
18.0
2.3
.0
1.3
.0
4.1
6.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
44
11
17
6
163
6
10
22
27
Hebrew' Other
Irish
Italian' South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
5
Slovenian
6
22
Syrian
Grand total
10,206
609
6.0
Total native-born of foreign father
617
1,551
8,655
22
188
421
3.6
12.1
4.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
In 1 out of every 3 homes of negroes of native birth employment is re-
ported; the proportion of apartments with home work among the for-
eign-born negroes is much less than this, though in high contrast to
other races. Home employment among negroes is almost invariably
laundry work. Bohemians and Moravians, in 9 per cent of whose
households employment is carried on, rank next to the negroes. In
the majority of cases employment in households of this race is laundry
work. In the households of South Italians, who rank next to the
Bohemians and Moravians in respect to frequency of home work, the
employment found in the great majority of cases is tailoring.
In only 6 of every 100 households studied is occupational work pur-
sued. Of the 8,655 immigrant households, only 421, or 4.9 per cent,
report work within the home, and among the native-born or foreign-
father and the native-born of native white father the percentages are
even lower.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
95
The percentage of apartments in which gainful employment is car-
ried on is shown, by city, below:
TABLE 51,. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful occupation is pursued,
by city.
City.
Total
number
of apart-
ments.
With gainful employ-
ment.
Number.
Per cent.
Boston
1,416
687
2,237
1,183
839
2,667
1,177
49
11
95
27
26
300
101
3.5
1.6
4.2
2.3
3.1
11.2
8.6
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York •> • •
Philadelphia
Total
10,206
609
6.0
The proportion of apartments in which home work is carried on is
nowhere large. In New York it is only 11.2 per cent and in Phila-
delphia only 8.6 per cent. In none of the other cities does it reach 5
per cent. Sewing and dressmaking, tailoring, and laundry work are,
in all but a small number of cases, the occupations pursued in the
homes studied. In the great majority of instances the wife of the
head of the household, or the widow, who is herself the head of the
household, is the person gainfully employed in the apartment. The
incomes derived from these home occupations are, in general, small.
Very few children under 14 years of age have been found in the home
Indus tiies. In a word, the comparatively few households where work
is carried on are not sweat shops, but homes where the wife finds time
to increase the family income by laundry work or by sewing. The
home industries found in the households studied do not present a
social problem, and their existence is natural in households that are
on the economic level of those investigated, particularly among races
with whom it is not customary for women to work outside the home
in the old country.
The third table shows the percentage of apartments in which occu-
pational work is carried on, by general nativity and race of head of
household and by city.
96
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 52. — Per cent of apartments in which gainful occupation is pursued, by general
nativity and race of head of household and by city.
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Boston.
Buffalo.
Chicago.
Cleve-
land.
Milwau-
kee.
New
York.
Philadel-
phia.
Total.
Total number.
Per cent with gain-
ful employment.
Total number.
1 Per cent with gain-
•0 . | ful employment.
Total number.
Per cent with gain-
ful employment.
M Total number.
Per cent with gain-
ful employment.
Total number.
Per cent with gain-
ful employment.
Total number.
co 1 Per cent with gain-
^ ^ £ 1 ful employment.
Total number.
Per cent with gain-
ful employment.
Total number.
-M *Pt
11
3.5
33.3
4.9
4.4
2.7
5.0
9.0
4.2
.0
3.2
3.9
2.1
7.8
8.2
1.8
4.8
18.0
2.3
.0
1.3
.0
4.1
6.1
6.0
3.6
12.1
4.9
Native-born of na-
tive father:
White
123
7.3
64
26
0.0
6.5
105
2.9
85
251
21
54
94
52
197
0.0
32.5
486
448
41
228
328
20
643
567
49
1,370
281
806
77
1,980
337
207
122
1,187
33
371
116
148
361
Negro
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and
20
5.0
German
48
2.1
60
45
3.3
6.7
66
3.0
Irish
76
3.9
35
5.7
78
Polish
20
82
143
5.0
6.1
2.8
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian
228
179
11.4
3.4
56
1.8
277
198
9.4
5.1
German
47
8.5
Greek
49
249
.0
2.0
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
72
1.4
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
2.9
2.0
2.9
7.8
4.7
1.8
115
34
117
5.2
11.8
.9
102
23
2.9
.0
480
139
239
2.5
2.9
1.3
142
35
141
7.7
5.7
4.3
Irish..
205
2.0
Italian North
Italian, South. . .
Lithuanian
Magvar
326
171
6.1
1.8
212
1.4
143
.0
148
1.4
421
24.7
366
4.6
137
2.9
43
122
14.0
18.0
"iee
""."e
Negro
Polish
104
1.0
194
1.0
441
33
79
3.2
.0
2.5
132
2.3
150
4.0
Slovak
247
116
1.2
.0
45
.0
Swedish
148
4.1
Syrian
113
3.5
50
.0
198
9.1
Grand total...
Total native-born of
foreign father
Total native-born . . .
Total foreign-born...
1,416
3.5
3.9
6.0
3.0
087
1.6
2.1
.9
1.7
2,237
4.2
4.8
3.8
4.3
1,183
2.3
5.5
5.8
2.0
S39
86
191
648
3.1
3.5
3.1
3.1
2,667
169
505
2,162
11.2
1,177
8.6
10,206
76
199
1,217
48
112
575
105
131
2,106
55
86
1,097
4.1
18.8
9.5
78
327
850
.0
19.6
4.4
617
1,551
8,655
The percentage of negro households in which gainful employment
is pursued is only a little higher in New York than in Philadelphia.
The third highest percentage of households in which home work is
found is among the South Italians of New York. In three cities —
Buffalo, Chicago, and Philadelphia — no instances are found of home
work in the apartments of white persons of native white fathers. * In
no citv do the households of immigrants in which gainful employ-
ment is pursued comprise 10 per cent of the total number of immi-
grant households.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
97
CARE AND EQUIPMENT OF HOME.
The sanitary equipment of houses is a matter that is largely
dependent on local legislation and on the standards of individual land-
lords. Persistent demands on the part of tenants ultimately may
result in improved conditions, but their opportunities of being heard
are limited. Many considerations, such as the expense of moving,
the (Uniculty of finding more desirable accommodations, the necessity
of being near work, and the love of the familiar neighborhood life, tend
to hold tenants in unsatisfactory quarters. The two tables which
deal with water supply are derived from General Table 388. The
first gives the data by general nativity and race of head of household.
TABLE 53. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each specijied number
of households, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of households where water supply is used by each
specified number of households.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
0.0
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.3
.2
9.
12.
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.9
.0
.0
.0
1.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
.7
15.
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
(°)
.0
.0
.1
16.
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
18.
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
36.
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Native-born of native
father:
White
485
446
41
228
328
20
643
567
49
1,369
281
805
77
1,978
337
207
122
1,187
33
371
116
148
361
89.9
74.2
92.7
93.0
85.4
75.0
95.0
94.7
77.6
97.4
92.9
82.1
92.2
73.5
98.8
82.6
100.0
78.0
100.0
75.5
68.1
100.0
49.9
3.5
8.3
4.9
4.4
4.9
10.0
3.6
2.8
16.3
1.4
1.4
7.0
7.8
10.3
1.2
10.6
.0
11.3
.0
11.1
29.3
.0
38.0
3.7
6.3
2.4
1.3
2.7
15.0
1.1
.2
6.1
.6
1.4
2.0
0
2.3
.0
2.9
.0
3.0
.0
4.6
1.7
.0
8.6
1.9
1.8
.0
1.3
5.5
.0
.2
1.4
.0
.4
3.9
8.2
.0
6.0
.0
3.4
.0
2.5
.0
3.5
.9
.0
1.7
0.6
1.8
.0
.0
1.2
.0
.0
.9
.0
.1
.4
.5
.0
.6
.0
.5
.0
.7
.0
1.3
.0
.0
1.7
0.2
5.2
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
1.7
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
1.9
.0
.0
.3
0.0
1.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.3
.0
.0
.0
0.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.8
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.1
.3
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and
Moravian
German
Irish
Polish.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian
German. ....
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South
Lith uanian
Masvar
Negro . . .
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father..
10,199
617
1,548
8,651
83.8
88.3
84.8
83.7
7.8
2.3
3.0
.6
.6
1.0
.5
.7
.1
.3
.1
.1
.0
.0
.2
TT
5.4
8.2
2.6
4.0
2.0
3.4
2.5
3.1
.2
1.6
.5
.0
.5
.1
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Less than 0.05 per cent.
98
The Immigration Commission.
Eighty-three and eight-tenths per cent of all households studied
have separate water supply; 13.1 per cent share water supply with
from one to three other households, and the remaining 3 per cent share
it with four or more households. The homes of the native-born white
of native and of foreign parentage have, on the whole, better facilities
in regard to water supply than have the homes of immigrants, but the
homes of negroes of native birth are relatively ill-equipped. Syrians
have poorer facilities of this kind than has any other group of people
studied, only one-half of all Syrian households having separate water
supply. South Italians and Poles, however, report the occurrence of
worse cases of ill-supplied needs than do any other races. Of the
races representing older immigration the Irish have the least satisfac-
tory water supply. In practically all cases investigated the water
supply was found to be either a faucet within the house or a yard
hydrant. The great majority of households with separate water sup-
ply were found to have a kitchen faucet.
The data are presented by city as follows :
TABLE 54. — Per cent of households where water supply
of households, by city.
sued by each specified number
City.
Number
of house-
holds re-
porting
complete
data.
Per cent of households where water supply is used by each speci-
fied number of households.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
12.
15.
16.
18.
36.
Boston
1,415
087
2,237
1,181
839
2. 667
1,173
90.5
69.4
97.5
73.5
83.2
86.5
62.7
5.4
14.4
2.3
14.7
8.6
4.8
16.1
2.5
2.5
.2
4.8
4.2
.2
7.2
0.8
2.8
.0
4.1
2.0
6.0
4.4
0.6
.0
.0
.5
1.9
.0
2.3
0.1
1.7
.0
1.0
.0
.3
3.0
0.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.6
0.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
1.7
0.0
2.2
.0
.8
"."6
.0
0.0
2.5
.0
.0
.0
.7
1.9
0.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.3
.0
0.0
2.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
2.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Buffalo
Chicago .
Cleveland
Milwaukee . .
New York
Philadelphia
Total
10, 199
83.8
7. 8| 2. 3
3.0
.6
.7
.1
.2
.2
.6
(0)
.3
.1
.1
Less than 0.05 per cent.
In descending order, by cities, the per cents of households having
separate water supply are as follows :
Per cent.
Chicago 97. 5
Boston 90. 5
New York 86.5
Milwaukee... 83.2
Percent.
Cleveland 73.5
Buffalo 69.9
Philadelphia 62. 7
Buffalo and Philadelphia are at the foot of the list. Buffalo more-
over shows the highest proportion of households sharing their water
supply with very large numbers of other households. In Chicago
no households are reported as sharing water supply with more than
two other households.
The two tables which deal with toilet facilities are drawn from
General Table 389. The first presents the data by general nativity
and race of head of household.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
99
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100
The Immigration Commission.
Only 30.6 per cent of all households studied have separate toilet
accommodations; the percentage is 28.4 among immigrants, 44.9
among the native-born of foreign father, and 53.7 among the native-
born white of native father. Among negroes of native birth the pro-
portion is very slightly higher than among immigrants. Nearly one-
half of all the households studied share toilet accommodations with
a second household; the percentages are 49.6 among the immigrants,
37.7 among the native-born of foreign father, and 31.5 among the
native-born white of native father. Twenty and seven-tenths per
cent, or about one-fifth of all households, have access only to toilet
accommodations used by three or more households.
Considering only the six races that are numerically most impor-
tant in this study, the per cents having separate toilet accommodations
or sharing them with one other household are, in descending 'order,
as follows:
Per cent.
German 87/9
Hebrew, Russian 87. 2
Bohemian and Moravian .79.2
Per cent.
Irish 78. 9
Polish 75.4
Italian, South 71. 5
The relative standing of the seven cities with respect to toilet
facilities appears in the next table.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
101
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102
The Immigration Commission.
The proportion of households sharing their toilet accommodations
with not more than one other household are shown below, in descend-
ing order, by cities:
Per cent.
Buffalo 91.3
New York 90.2
Milwaukee 79. 9
Philadelphia 77.9
Per cent.
Chicago. 77. 2
Boston 70.2
Cleveland . 63.2
In this respect Buffalo and New York make the best showing and
Boston and Cleveland the worst. The Cleveland households, more-
over, show the highest proportions of households that have access
to two or more toilets used promiscuously. In all cities except Phila-
delphia and Cleveland practically all toilets used by the households
studied are nominally flush.
Households are classified in the next table according to the degree
of care which characterized them at the time of the agent's visit.
In determining the degree of care both cleanliness and tidiness were
taken into consideration and uniformity of standards used by the
several agents was assured by a system of joint visits. The data,
which are derived from General Table 390, are shown by the general
nativity and race of head of household.
TABLE 57. — Per cent oj apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general nativity and
race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of house-
Number
for which
Per cei
%
it of apartm
ents where c
ire Is—
hold.
informa-
tion Avas
secured.
Good.
Fair.
Bad.
Very bad.
Native-born of native father:
White
482
58 3
33 8
6 8
1 0
Negro
446
34.5
38.8
17.9
8 7
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
40
225
82.5
73 3
10.0
24 0
5.0
1 8
2.5
9
Irish
324
40 7
46 3
11 4
1 5
Polish
20
65 0
30 0
5 0
o
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
634
562
65.8
71 5
30.3
23 1
3.8
4 6
.2'
7
Greek
49
12.2
67.3
20.4
o
Hebrew, Russian
1,359
45.5
38 9
13 0
2 6
Hebrew, Other
278
41 0
41 4
14 0
3 6
Irish
792
37 5
44 7
14 0
3 8
Italian, North
75
49 3
36 0
13 3
1 3
Italian, South
1,968
30.9
46.5
19.0
3 6
Lithuanian
334
31.7
47 3
17 7
3 3
Magyar
206
46 1
43 7
8 3
1 9
Negro
122
36 1
45 9
13 9
4 1
Polish
1 183
51 1
32 0
13 9
3 0
Servian
33
36 4
27 3
30 3
6 1
Slovak
370
52 2
30 3
10 8
6 8
Slovenian
116
30 2
49 1
20 7
o
Swedish
148
75.7
21.6
1.4
1 4
Syrian.. .
357
26 1
58 3
13 4
2 2
Grand total
10, 123
45.2
39 0
12 9
2 9
Native-born of foreign father
609
56 3
35 1
7 2
1 3
Total native-born
1,537
50.6
35.8
10.2
3 4
Total foreign-born
8,586
44.2
39.6
13.4
2.8
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
103
The care of the home was found to be good in 45.2 per cent, fair
in 39 per cent, bad in 12.9 per cent, and very bad in 2.9 per cent of
all households investigated. The apartments in good or in fair con-
dition constitute 84.2 per cent, or about seven-eighths of the total.
The care of the home is, on the whole, better in households of the
native-born white of native and foreign parentage than in foreign
households. In considerably more than half of the households with
heads of native birth, exclusive of negroes, the care of the apartment
is good; among the negroes of native birth there is a relatively large
proportion of badly kept homes. Swedes, Germans, and Bohemians
and Moravians are among the immigrant races with high proportions
of well-kept homes.
HOME OWNERSHIP AND RENT.
The owning of a home does not necessarily indicate a high economic
condition of the family, since the amount of indebetdness is in many
instances great, but it is an indication of thrift and shows the inten-
tion on the part of the family of remaining permanently in the present
location; besides, householders are taxpayers and are, therefore,
more directly interested in the community than are tenants. The
three tables which deal with this subject are derived from General
Table 391. The following table presents home ownership by general
nativity and race of head of family. In considering the figures it
must be kept in mind that the value of property varies with the
locality and that the comparative number of households of each race
in the different cities is a factor in determining the proportion of
home owners of the race.
TABLE 58. — Number and per cent of families owning homes, by general nativity and race
of head of family.
General nativity and race of head of family.
Total
number of
families.
Owning homes.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
501
486
43
1
231
3
316
3
21
1
649
1
1
3
578
28
1,428
281
782
88
2,184
346
21
3
7
4.2
.6
16.3
(a)
16.9
(a)
7.0
W .0
w
17.9
B
(a)
25.8
.0
6.4
5.7
12.5
10.2
6.1
6.6
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Canadian (other than French)
German
39
Hebrew
Irish .
22
Italian South
Polish
Swedish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
116
Canadian (other than French)
Croatian
English
German
149
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
91
16
98
9
134
23
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian. . .
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
104
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 58. — Number and per cent of families owning homes, by general nativity and race
of head of family— Continued.
General nativity and race of head of family.
Total
number of
families.
Owning homes.
Number.
Per cent.
Foreign-born— Continued .
Magyar. .
217
110
1.207
13
384
117
144
359
10
4.6
.0
17.0
w
9,9
11.1
19.4
.6
Negro ... .
Polish
205
Servian. .
Slovak
38
13
28
2
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
10, 526
1,024
9.7
Total native-born of foreign father
619
1,606
8,920
68
92
932
11.0
5.7
10.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Approximately one-tenth of all families studied own their homes.
The proportion of home owners among the native-born white of
native father is considerably less than half as great as among immi-
grants; the proportion among the native-born of foreign father is a
little greater than among the foreign-born. Of the immigrant races
the Germans report the largest proportion of home owners; the
Swedish rank second in this respect, the Bohemians and Moravians
third, and the Poles fourth. It should be recalled that the households
of all four races named are found, for the most part, in the cities on
the Great Lakes where land is cheaper and houses generally smaller,
and therefore more easily acquired than in the cities farther east.
With the single exception of the negroes all immigrant races repre-
sented by 100 or more families report instances of home ownership.
The proportion of families owning their homes appears, by city, in
the following table :
TABLE 59. — Number and per cent of families owning homes, by general nativity of head
of family and by city.
General nativity of head of family, by city.
Total
number of
families.
Owning homes.
Number.
Percent.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
123
68
27
32
109
85
57
4
6
3
1
4
3.3
8.8
11.1
3.1
3.7
.0
5.3
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia. . .
3
Total
501
21
4.2
Negro —
New York...
269
217
.0
1.4
Philadelphia
3
Total
486
3
.6
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
105
TABLE 59. — Number and per cent of families owning homes, by general nativity of head
of family and by city — Continued.
General nativity of head of family, by city.
Total
number of
families.
Owning homes.
Number. Per cent.
Native-born of foreign father:
Boston
80
45
104
52
95
163
80
9
12
19
11
13
1
3
11.3
26.7
18.3
21.2
13.7
.6
3.8
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
619
68
11.0
Native-bom:
Boston .
203
113
131
84
204
517
354
13
18
22
12
17
1
9
6.4
15.9
16.8
14.3
8.3
.2
2.5
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total :..
1,606
92
5.7
Foreign-born:
Boston
1,259
590
2,118
1,129
674
2,261
889
51
105
344
178
157
14
83
4.1
17.8
16.2
15.8
23.3
.6
9.3
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia ....
Total
8,920
932
10.4
Grand Total:
Boston
1,462
. 703
2,249
1,213
878
2,778
1,243
64
123
366
190
174
15
92
4.4
17.5
16.3
15.7
19.8
.5
7.4
Buffalo
Chicago . .
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York.
Philadelphia
Total
10, 526
1,024
9.7
The proportion of families which own their homes varies from 1 in
200 in New York to 1 in 5 in Milwaukee. The proportions of home
owners in Atlantic coast cities are in ah1 cases much lower than in the
cities on the Great Lakes, the percentage in Philiadelphia, which
stands the highest in this respect in the East, being less than half the
percentage in Cleveland, which shows the lowest proportion of home
owners in lake cities.
In Milwaukee and Philadelphia the proportions of home-owning
families among the foreign-born are very much higher than among
the native-born. Only in Boston and Chicago are the proportions of
home owners among persons of native birth higher than among immi-
grants.
The facts in regard to home ownership are further presented by race
and by city in the next table.
25608°— VOL 26—11 8
106
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 60. — Number and per cent of families owning homes, by general nativity and race
of head of family and by city.
General nativity and race of head of family, by city.
Total
number of
families.
Owning homes.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
123
68
27
32
109
85
57
4
6
3
1
4
3.3
8.8
11.1
3.1
3.7
.0
5.3
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York.
Philadelphia . . .
3
Total .
501
21
4.2
Negro-
New York
269
217
.0
1.4
Philadelphia
3
Total
486
3
.6
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian —
Chicago
1
20
1
21
(0)
35.0
(«)
.0
Cleveland .
7
Milwaukee
New York
Total
43
7
16.3
Canadian (other than French) Milwaukee
1
(a)
German-
Buffalo
45
60
2
73
51
12
14
26.7
23.3.
(a)
17.8
.0
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
13
New York
Total
231
39
16.9
Hebrew-
Boston
1
1
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
Cleveland
Philadelphia
Total
3
(a)
Irish-
Boston
77
41
29
91
78
9
4
1
3
11.7
12.2
13.8
1.1
3.8
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
Philadelphia
Total
316
22
7.0
Italian, South-
Boston
2
1
(a)
(»)
Philadelphia
Total..
3
(a)
Polish-
Chicago
1
20
(0)
.0
Milwaukee
Total
21
.0
Swedish, Chicago
f
(a)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian —
Chicago
232
57
82
278
41
34
37
4
17.7
59.6
45.1
1.4
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Total.
649
116
17.9
Canadian (other than French), Boston
1
1
(a)
(a)
Croatian, Cleveland...
a Not computed, owing to small number involved:
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
107
TABLE 60. — Number and per cent of families owning homes, by general nativity and race
of head of family and by city — Continued.
General nativity and race of head of family, by city.
Total
number of
families.
Owning homes.
Number.
Per cent.
Foreign-born — Continued .
English-
Boston
1
1
1
(a)
(«)
(°)
Buffalo
Philadelphia
Total
3
German —
Buffalo..
50
178
148
200
2
19
82
45
3
38.0
46.1
30.4
1.5
(<*)
Chicago
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
578
149
25.8
Greek, Boston
28
.0
Hebrew, Russian-
Boston
271
76
214
120
107
492
148
11
13
23
15
18
4.1
17.1
10.7
12.5
16.8
.0
7.4
Buffalo
Chicago .
Cleveland
Milwaukee...
New York
Philadelphia
11
Total
1,428
91
6.4
Hebrew, Other-
Chicago
51
34
22
138
36
2
6
3
3.9
17.6
13.6
.0
13.9
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York. .
Philadelphia
5
Total.
281
16
5.7
Irish—
Boston
193
104
116
233
136
20
26
37
10.4
25.0
31.9
.0
11.0
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
Philadelphia
15
Total
782
98
12.5
•Italian, North, Chicago
88
9
10.2
Italian, South-
Boston
361
216
376
155
162
524
390
13
9
28
16
10
7
51
3.6
4.2
7.4
10.3
6.2
1.3
13.1
Buffalo.
Chicago
Cleveland...
Milwaukee
New York. .
Philadelphia .
Total . ...
2,184
134
6.1
Lithuanian —
Boston
179
166
1
4
19
2.2
11.4
(a)
Chicago
Philadelphia
Total
346
23
6.6
Magyar-
Chicago
30
142
45
3
7
10.0
4.9
.0
Cleveland...
New York .
Total
217
10
4.6
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
108
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 60. — Number and per cent of families owning homes, by general nativity and race
of head of family and by city — Continued .
General nativity and race of head of family, by city.
Total
number of
families.
Owning homes. .
Number.
Per cent.
Foreign-born— Continued .
Negro-
New York
106
4
0.0
(a)
Philadelphia
Total
110
.0
Polish—
Boston
117
194
439
133
153
171
1
64
77
18
44
1
.9
33.0
17.5
13.5
28.8
.6
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
Philadelphia
Total
1,207
205
17.0
Servian, Chicago
13
(0)
Slovak-
Chicago
83
254
47
6
32
7.2
12.6
.0
Cleveland
New York
Total
384
38
9.9
Slovenian, Cleveland
117
144
13
28
11.1
19.4
Swedish, Chicago
Syrian-
Boston
108
53
198
2
1.9
.0
.0
Buffalo
Mew York
Total
359
2
.6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The Germans, who are more largely home owners than are the people
of any other race, are represented in four cities by 50 or more families.
In Chicago 46 per cent of all German families own their homes, in
Buffalo 38 per cent, in Milwaukee 30.4 per cent, and in New York
1.5 per cent. Among the Bohemians and Moravians, who are repre-
sented in four cities by more than 50 families, the proportion of home
owners varies from 59.6 per cent in Cleveland to 1.4 per cent in New
York. The proportion of home owners among the Cleveland Bohe-
mians is higher than among any other group of families included in
the table.
While home owning is the concern of the family, a stable financial
unit, rent is the concern of the household, in many cases a temporary
organization. The amount of rent paid per apartment, per room, and
per sleeping room is therefore shown for the household instead of for
the family. The three tables which set forth in cumulative form the
facts concerning rent per apartment are based on General Table 392.
The first presents the data by race regardless of location.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
109
TABLE 61. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying —
Under
J5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
$20.
Native-born of native father:
White
444
394
31
178
278
18
513
399
49
1,177
239
684
68
1,746
300
195
120
934
32
321
99
117
337
$10. 82
11.25
9.87
10.29
10.63
6.06
8.91
10.17
13. 19
13.11
12.71
10.48
10.12
10.36
9.46
8.54
11.10
7.25
11.67
6.99
6.92
11.82
9.15
1.8
.3
.0
2.2
1.8
(a)
8.8
4.3
2.0
1.2
2.1
3.5
.0
3.6
3.7
15.4
.0
17.1
.0
17.8
16.2
1.7
11.6
20.3
7.9
19.4
16.9
24.5
(a)
37.8
20.6
30.6
10.5
13.0
22.8
23.5
25.5
18.0
47.2
.8
57.1
6.3
68.2
63.6
10.3
30.6
41.2
28.7
32.3
39.3
47.8
(a)
59.3
41.6
38.8
25.6
26.4
44.9
44.1
47.8
51.0
62.6
14.2
81.7
25.0
80.7
86.9
23.9
54.6
69.4
73.4
83.9
78.1
76.6
(a)
87.9
76.9
65.3
46.2
48.5
75.1
75.0
73.1
88.7
86.2
78.3
95.3
75.0
94.4
99.0
62.4
82.2
86.9
88.6
100.0
88.8
87.8
(a)
98.8
91.5
69.4
62.1
65.7
87.6
89.7
84.0
97.3
95.4
97.5
97.8
84.4
99.1
100.0
72.6
94. 7
97.5
96.4
100.0
99.4
97.8
(a)
99.8
99.2
73.5
90.6
91.6
97.4
100.0
97.0
99.7
100.0
100.0
99.9
87.5
100.0
100.0
99.1
99.1
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German. .
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish .
Italian, North
Italian, South'
Lithuanian
Magvar
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
8,673
10.20
5.8
2T
1.6
6.6
27.5
237I~
17.8
29.2
48.1
74.7
86.0
97.0
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
505
1,343
7,330
10.30
10.75
10.10
45.5
39.2
49.7
78.4
73.9
74.8
89.3
88.3
85.6
98.6
97.6
96.9
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average rent paid per apartment by the 8,673 households
which are included in this table is $10.20. The average paid by for-
eign households is $10.10, by households of the second generation of
immigrants $10.30, by the native white of native parentage $10.82,
and by native negroes $11.25. The highest average rent per apart-
ment is paid by the Greeks, a race represented here by only 49 house-
holds; the second highest is paid by the Russian Hebrews, of whom
only 1 household in 4 pays less than $10. The average rent per
apartment is under $10 among Syrians, Lithuanians, and Magyars
and among all the Slavic races except the Servians. The fact will
be recalled in this connection that most of these races have large
proportional representation in the cities on the Great Lakes. The
variation in rents dependent upon locality appears in the table
following.
110
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 62. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity of head of household and by city.
General nativity of head of house-
hold, by city.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying—
Under
$5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
$20.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
Ill
54
23
27
97
85
47
$12. 59
8.83
9.04
7.33
10.39
12.78
9.12
0.9
1.9
4.3
7.4
.0
1.2
4.3
14.4
27.8
52.2
63.0
21.6
1.2
17.0
26.1
66.7
60.9
74.1
46.4
7.1
70.2
50.5
92.6
82.6
92.6
75.3
49.4
91.5
75.7
100.0
87.0
100.0
88.7
83.5
93.6
92.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.0
97.6
100.0
Buffalo
Chicago . .
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total ...
444
10.82
1.8
20.3
3.5
13.7
41.2
20.8
39.3
69.4
86.9
93.4
82.1
97.5
100.0
91.7
Negro-
New York
226
168
11.34
11.13
.0
.6
69.5
78.6
Philadelphia
Total
394
60
31
77
32
69
163
73
11.25
.3
7.9
28.7
73.4
88.6
96.4
Native-born of foreign father:
Boston.
10.54
9.26
9.45
6.61
8.75
12.58
9.40
1.7
3.2
2.6
9.4
5.8
.0
1.4
25.0
19.4
24.7
71.9
37.7
4.3
30.1
46.7
45.2
53.2
84.4
63.8
14.1
72.6
80.0
100.0
87.0
100.0
85.5
60.1
83.6
90.0
100.0
89.6
100.0
92.8
83.4
89.0
96.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.5
98.6
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee . . .
New York. ...
Philadelphia
Total
505
10.30
2.4
23.4
45.5
78.4
89.3
80.7
100.0
89.0
100.0
90.4
88.2
85.9
98.6
Native-born:
Boston.
171
85
100
59
166
474
288
11.87
8.99
9.36
6.94
9.71
12.03
10.36
1.2
2.4
3.0
8.5
2.4
.2
1.4
18.1
24.7
31.0
67.8
28.3
3.4
18.4
33.3
58.8
55.0
79.7
53.6
16.0
52.8
60.8
95.3
86.0
96.6
79.5
62.7
81.9
94.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.4
98.7
94.8
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee . . .
New York
Philadelphia
Total....
1,343
10. 75
1.6
4.9
18.6
3.9
18.3
11.7
.3
9.2
17.8
39.2
45.0
81.4
59.3
85.1
65.2
14.0
67.0
73.9
72.2
94.6
87.9
96.6
88.3
47.4
81.7
88.3
84.8
97.4
93.0
97.7
93.9
69.8
88.7
97.6
96.4
99.8
99.3
99.8
99.3
92.8
97.3
Foreign-born:
Boston.
1.121
424
1,674
884
445
2,084
698
10.55
7.45
9.09
6.89
8.40
13.27
9.13
23.9
51.2
32.4
68.7
45.4
1.4
39.7
Buffalo
Chicago..
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
7,330
10.10
6.6
4.4
15.9
3.9
17.7
9.2
.3
6.9
29.2
23.1
46.8
32.3
68.6
40.8
1.8
33.5
49.7
43.5
77.6
59.1
84.7
62.0
14.3
62.9
74.8
70.7
94.7
87.8
96.6
85.9
50.2
81.7
85.6
96.9
Grand total:
Boston
1,292
509
1,774
943
611
2,558
986
10.72
7.70
9.10
6.89
8.76
13.04
9.48
84.3
97.8
92.8
97.9
93.0
73.2
87.8
96.1
99.8
99.3
99.8
99.3
93.9
96.6
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia.
Total .
8,673
10.20
5.8
27.5
48.1
74.7
86.0
97.0
The average rent paid per month per apartment by the households
studied in New York is $13.04; the second highest average, $10.72, is
found in Boston. The proportions of households paying under each
specified amount are far lower in New York than in any of the other
cities; only 1.8 per cent pay under $7.50, as compared with 23.1 per
cent in Boston, the next lowest percentage, and only 14.3 per cent
pay under $10, as compared with 43.5 per cent in Boston. Rents
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
Ill
are lower in Cleveland than in the other cities, the average rent being
only $6.89, and the proportions of households paying under each
specified amount being in all cases larger than in any of the other six
cities.
The third table shows the distribution of rents per apartment by
race and by city.
TABLE 63. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household and by city.
•
General nativity and race of head
of household, by city.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying—
Under
$5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
$20.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
Ill
54
23
27
97
85
47
$12. 59
8.83
9.04
7.33
10.39
12.78
9.12
0.9
1.9
4.3
7.4
.0
1.2
4.3
14.4
27.8
52.2
63.0
21.6
1.2
17.0
26.1
66.7
60.7
74.1
46.4
7.1
70.2
50.5
92.6
82.6
92.6
75.3
49.4
91.5
75.7
100.0
87.0
100.0
88.7
83.5
93.6
92.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.0
97.6
100.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
444
10.82
.__• •-•••-
11.34
11.13
1.8
___
.0
.6
20.3
3.5
13.7
41.2
69.4
86.9
93.4'
82.1
97.5
100.0
91.7
Negro —
New York
226
168
20.8
39.3
69.5
78.6
Philadelphia
Total
394
11.25
.3
7.9
28.7
73.4
88.6
96.4
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian-
Cleveland
10
21
7.35
11.07
W.o
(°'.o
(a)
9.5
(a)
76.2
(a)
100.0
(a)
100.0
New York
Total
31
9.87
.0
19.4
32.3
83.9
100.0
100.0
German-
Buffalo
31
44
51
52
9.26
9.31
9.71
12.30
3.2
4.5
2.0
.0
19.4
25.0
23.5
1.9
45.2
56.8
52.9
7.7
100.0
84.1
80.4
57.7
100.0
86.4
90.2
82.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.1
Chicago
Milwaukee
New York
Total . .
178
10.29
2.2
16.9
39.3
78.1
88.8
99.4
Irish—
Boston
60
33
22
|
10.54
9.65
6.27
13.10
9.40
1.7
.0
13.6
.0
1.4
25.0
24.2
77.3
6.7
30.1
46.7
48.5
86.4
18.9
72.6
80.0
90.9
100.0
57.8
83.6
90.0
93.9
100.0
80.0
89.0
96.7
100.0
100.0
96.7
98.6
Chicago
Cleveland
N ew York
Philadelphia
Total
278
18
10.63
6.06
1.8
(a)
24.5
(0)
47.8
(a)
76.6
(a)
87.8
(a)
97.8
(a)
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.6
Polish, Milwaukee
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian-
Chicago
180
22
40
271
6.66
5.47
6.84
10.99
'l7.2
31.8
17.5
.0
82.8
90.9
62.5
.0
97.2
95.5
87.5
26.9
99.4
100.0
97.5
77.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.8
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Total
513
8.91
8.81
8.71
7.98
12.15
8.8
1 -^ '
7.7
2.2
12.6
.5
37.8
—
26.9
33.7
44.2
1.6
59.3
65.4
65.2
71.6
12.2
87.9
92.3
92.1
95.8
58.2
98.8
96.2-
95.5
97.9
85.7
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.4
German-
Buffalo
26
89
95
189
Chicago
Milwaukee
New York
Total
399
49
10.17
13.19
4.3
2.0
20.6
30.6
41.6
38.8
76.9
65.3
91.5
69.4
99.2
73.5
Greek, Boston
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
112 The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 63. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity and race of head
of household, by city.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying —
Under
$5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
$20.
Foreign-born- Continued.
Hebrew, Russian-
Boston
Buffalo
229
53
167
95
67
453
113
$12. 41
11.09
11.75
8.95
10.98
16.59
8.31
1.3
.0
.6
2.1
1.5
.0
6.2
10.5
11.3
9.6
25.3
11.9
.0
40.7
26.6
32.1
21.6
68.4
35.8
2.0
78.8
51.1
69.8
62.3
93.7
70.1'
9.9
92.9
72.1
83.0
77.8
97.9
85.1
29.8
94.7
94.3
100.0
97.6
98.9
98.5
80.4
97.3
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,177
13. 11
1.2
10.5
25.6
46.2
62.1
90.6
Hebrew, Other-
Chicago
46
26
18
126
23
11.26
9.31
11.17
14.97
8.23
.0
3.8
(a)
2.4
4.3
6.5
26.9
(a)
3.2
56.5
21.7
53.8
(a)
10.3
82.6
71.7
84.6
(a)
23.8
87.0
84.8
100.0
(0)
45.2
91.3
100.0
100.0
(a)
84.1
100.0
Cleveland
Milwaukee . .
New York...
Philadelphia
Total
239
12.71
2.1
13.0
26.4
48.5
65.7
91.6
Irish-
Boston
Chicago
175
78
72
236
123
9.95
10.72
6.21
12.69
9.34
6.9
.0
13.9
.4
.8
24.0
41.1
77.8
3.4
31.7
49.1
41.0
94.4
14.8
69.9
88.6
80.8
100.0
53.0
80.5
95.4
88.5
100.0
78.0
87.0
97.7
97.4
100.0
95.3
99.2
Cleveland
New York
Philadelphia
Total
684
68
10.48
10.12
3.5
.0
22.8
23.5
44.9
44.1
75.1
75.0
87.6
89.7
97.4
100.0
Italian, North, Chicago
Italian, South-
Boston
301
177
317
125
122
407
297
11.52
7.15
8.25
9.00
9.96
13.51
9.76
1.0
11.9
4.1
3.2
1.6
.0
6.7
11.3
57.1
40.4
38.4
19.7
.5
36.7
30.9
89.3
68.5
58.4
45.1
9.1
67 7
63.8
98.3
92.7
86.4
83.6
45.0
75.4
80.1
99.4
95.9
86.4
91.0
68.6
83.5
98.0
99.4
99.7
99.2
98.4
93.6
94.9
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee . . .
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,746
10.36
3.6
25.5
47.8
73.1
84.0
97.0
Lithuanian-
Boston
165
135
9.45
9.47
3.6
3.7
22.4
12.6
56.4
44.4
83.6
94.8
95.8
99.3
99.4
100.0
Chicago
Total
300
9.46
3.7
18.0
51.0
88.7
97.3
99.7
Magyar-
Chicago
24
128
43
10.25
6.96
12 29
.0
22.7
2.3
12.5
68.0
4.7
25.0
85.9
14.0
87.5
99.2
46.5
95.8
100.0
81.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
Cleveland
New York
Total...
195
120
8.54
11.10
15.4
.0
47.2
.8
62.6
14.2
86.2
78.3
95.4
97.5
100.0
100.0
Negro, New York
Polish-
Boston
102
127
351
109
103
142
8.97
6.20
7.79
5.31
5.38
8.44
.0
37.0
2.8
34.9
29.1
24.6
45.1
61.4
38.5
96.3
96.1
49.3
64.7
96.1
83.5
99.1
98.1
51.4
79.4
99.2
99.7
99.1
100.0
85.9
87.3
100.0
99.7
99.1
100.0
95.8
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland.
Milwaukee
Philadelphia....
Total
934
32
7.25
11.67
17.1
.0
57.1
6.3
81.7
25.0
95.3
75.0
97.8
84.4
99.9
87.5
Servian, Chicago
Slovak-
Chicago
70
208
43
8.63
5.53
11.34
2.9
26.4
.0
28.6
94.7
4.7
57.1
99.5
27.9
98.6
100.0
60.5
100.0
100.0
93.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Cleveland
New York
.Total
321
99
117
6.99
6.92
11.82
17.8
16.2
1.7
68.2
63.6
10.3
80.7
86.9
23.9
94.4
99.0
62.4
99.1
100.0
72.6
100.0
100.0
99.1
Slovenian, Cleveland
Swedish, Chicago
Syrian —
Boston
100
41
196
6.53
6.99
10.94
30.0
22.0
.0
70.0
61.0
4.1
87.0
75.6
33.7
94.0
97.6
73.0
97.0
100.0
92.3
98.0
100.0
99.5
99.1
Buffalo
New York
Total
337
9.15
11.6
30.6
54.6
82.2
94.7
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
113
The highest average rent per apartment paid by any race in any
city is $16.59, paid by the Russian Hebrews of New York; the second
highest average is $14.97, paid by the New York Hebrews other than
Russian; the lowest average rent is $5.31, paid by the Poles of
Cleveland. Two per cent of the Russian Hebrew households of New
York pay under $10 per month as contrasted with 99.1 per cent of
the Polish households in Cleveland. Wide variations within races,
dependent upon the city of residence, are to be found throughout the
table. Among the South Italians, for example, the average rent
in New York is $13.51, but only $7.15 in Buffalo, and 9.1 per cent
of the New York households of the race as contrasted with 89.3 per
cent of the Buffalo households pay under $10.
Part of the variation in rents in these three tables is due to differ-
ence in the size of the apartments. Although, as a rule, rents are
higher per room in small than in large apartments, yet size of apart-
ment is only a small factor in rents as presented in the following
three tables, which classify households according to the amount of
rent paid per room, presenting the data of General Table 393 in the
form of cumulative percentages.
TABLE 64. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying—
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father:
White
444
394
31
178
278
18
513
399
49
1,177
239
684
68
1,746
300
195
120
934
32
321
99
117
337
$2.51
3.00
2.83
2.42
2.59
1.60
2.63
2.62
4.59
3.51
3.52
2.58
2.41
3.28
2.46
2.55
3.38
2.13
2.47
2.24
2.20
2.49
3.60
0.0
.0
.0
.6
.4
(a)
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.6
.0
.0
.0
23.0
.8
12.9
23.0
21.6
(a)
25.7
22.1
.0
4.8
3.8
20.3
5.9
5.8
12.0
32.8
.0
35.8
6.3
37.1
17.2
12.8
5.0
64.2
41.4
35.5
67.4
59.0
(0)
56.7
53.6
8.2
33.1
32.6
59.5
86.8
37.3
82.3
74.4
9.2
50.9
75.0
82.9
85.9
74.4
27.6
89.6
92.1
93.5
92.1
87.4
(0)
98.4
87.5
24.5
55.6
61.5
89.8
98.5
68.1
96.3
89.7
88.3
64.2
96.9
92.2
97.0
100.0
45.7
97.7
99.5
100.0
98.9
97.5
(a)
99.8
98.2
44.9
84.4
77.8
98.5
98.5
85.5
100.0
94.9
100.0
67.5
100.0
98.4
100.0
100.0
77.7
99.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.2
(a)
100.0
99.7
65.3
97.7
98.3
99.9
98.5
95.0
100.0
99.5
100.0
67.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.9
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German .
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro .
Polish
Servian . . .
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
8,673
2.86
.1
15.6
52.9
79.8
92.5
98.0
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
Total foreign-bom
505
1,343
7,330
2.51
2.64
2.90
.4
.1
.1
23.4
16.6
15.5
61.8
56.6
52.2
89.9
90.5
77.8
98.2
99.2
91.4
99.0
99.3
97.7
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
114
The Immigration Commission.
The average rent per room exceeds $3.25 only among immigrants
of the following races: Greek, Russian Hebrew, Hebrew other than
Russian, South Italian, Negro, and Syrian. The average rent per
room falls below $2.25 only among the second-generation Poles, the
Poles of foreign birth, the Slovaks, and the Slovenians. The house-
holds of immigrants pay, on an average, a higher rent per room than
do native households exclusive of negroes, the amounts being $2.90 and
$2. 51, respectively. Seventy-seven and eight-tenths per cent of the
foreign-born, 89.9 per cent of the native-born of foreign father, and
89.6 per cent of the native white of native father pay under $4 ; 52.2 per
cent, 61.8 per cent, and 64.2 percent, respectively, pay less than $3.
The amount of rent paid per room can not be taken as an index
of the standards of the several races in respect to housing conditions.
The location of racial colonies in cities with relation to land values
and the desirability of the various races as tenants are important
factors in determining the amounts exacted by landlords. Races
located at a distance from the business centers, in whose households
thrift and neatness prevail, and among whom boarders and lodgers
are relatively infrequent, will, as a rule, be found to secure the greatest
amount of convenience and comfort per dollar expended for rent.
The data relative to rents per room appear by city in the following
table :
TABLE 65. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity of head of household and by city.
General nativity of head of house-
hold, by city.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying —
Under
11.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston.
Ill
54
23
27
97
85
47
$2.94
1.94
2.04
1.87
2.06
3.76
2.10
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
6.3
35.2
39.1
51.9
40.2
.0
29.8
42.3
98.1
95.7
96.3
93.8
3.5
91.5
88.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.0
64.7
95.7
91.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.8
100.0
96.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
444
2.51
3.25
2.72
.0
.0
.0
23.0
1.3
.0
64.2
23.5
65.5
89.6
89.4
95.8
97.7
100.0
98.8
99.1
100.0
100.0
Negro-
New York
226
168
Philadelphia
Total
394
3.00
2.61
1.88
2.14
1.61
1.97
3.57
2.10
.0
.0
3.2
.0
3.1
.0
.0
.0
.8
18.3
38.7
20.8
65.6
47.8
1.2
31.5
41.4
65.0
100.0
92.2
90.6
91.3
8.0
90.4
92.1
86.7
100.0
100.0
96.9
100.0
74.2
100.0
99.5
91.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.5
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father:
Boston.
60
31
77
32
69
163
73
93.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.4
100.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee . . .
New York ....
Philadelphia
Total
505
171
85
100
59
166
474
288
2.51
2.83
1.91
2.12
1.73
2.02
3.45
2.45
.4
23.4
61.8
50.3
98.8
93.0
93.2
92.8
14.6
76.0
89.9
87.7
100.0
100.0
98.3
99.4
79.7
96.9
98.2
91.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.9
99.3
99.0
95.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.8
100.0
Native-born:
Boston
.0
1.2
.0
1.7
.0
.0
.0
10.5
36.5
25.0
59.3
43.4
1.1
12.8
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee .
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,343
2.64
.1
16.6
56.6
90.5
99.2
99.3
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
115
TABLE 65. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity of head of house-
hold, by city.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying—
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Foreign-born:
Boston
1,121
424
1,674
884
445
2,084
698
$3.18
2.25
2.32
2.06
2.16
3.99
2.86
0.0
.2
.0
.5
.0
.0
.3
8.6
24.5
21.3
40.8
36.9
.0
7.3
37.6
79.5
81.8
91.1
85.6
8.5
47.9
68.6
93.4
98.7
98.8
98.4
48.8
79.8
89.2
97.6
99.8
99.4
98.9
78.4
95.1
95.9
98.8
99.9
99.7
99.6
95.2
98.7
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
7,330
2.90
.1
15.5
52.2
77.8
91.4
97.7
Grand total:
Boston
1,292
509
1,774
943
611
2,558
986
3.13
2.18
2.31
2.03
2.12
3.89
2.71
.0
.4
.0
.5
.0
.0
.2
8.8
•26.5
21.5
42.0
38.6
2
8.' 9
39.3
82.7
82.5
91.2
87.6
9.7
56.1
71.1
94.5
98.8
98.7
98.7
54.5
84.8
89.6
98.0
99.8
99.5
99.2
82.2
96.3
95.8
99.0
99.9
99.7
99.7
96.1
99.1
Buffalo
Chicago
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
8,673
2.86
.1
15.6
52.9
79.8
92.5
98.0
It will be seen from the chart on page 120 that, even when due
allowance is made for size of apartments, rents remain higher in the
Atlantic coast cities than in the cities on the Great Lakes. The aver-
age rent per room paid by New York households is $3.89. In only 9.7
per cent of all cases do New York households pay under $3 per room
and in only 54.5 per cent do they pay under $4 per room. Rents are
lowest in Cleveland, where 91.2 per cent of the households pay under
$3 per room and 98.7 per cent pay under $4. It is of interest to
recall in this connection that the average number of persons per room
is practically the same for the two cities. The average rents paid by
immigrants are in all cities higher than the average amounts paid
by native households exclusive of negroes.
In the next table rent per room is shown by race and by city:
TABLE 66. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household and by city.
Number
paying
Average
]
Per cent
paying—
of household, by city.
rent and
reporting
amount.
rent per
room.
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston.
Ill
$2.94
0.0
6.3
42.3
88.3
91.9
96.4
Buffalo
54
1.94
.0
35.2
98.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
Chicago
Cleveland
23
27
2.04
1.87
.0
.0
39.1
51.9
95.7
96.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Milwaukee . . .
97
2.06
.0
40.2
93.8
99.0
100.0
100.0
New York
Philadelphia
85
47
3.76
2. 10
.0
.0
.0
29.8
3.5
91.5
64.7
95.7
98.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
444
2.51
.0
23.0
64.2
89.6
97.7
99.1
Negro —
New York
226
3.25
.0
1.3
23.5
89. 4
100.0
100.0
Philadelphia
168
2.72
.0
.0
65.5
95 8
98 8
100.0
Total
394
3 00
o
3
41 4
92 1
99 5
100 0
116
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 66. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head, of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity and race of head
of household, by city.
Number
payiing
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying—
Under
$L
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under Under
$5. : $6.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian —
Cleveland
New York.. .
10
21
$2.04
3.23
(«}
0.0
(a)
0.0
(a)
19.0
(a)
95.2
(«) («)
100. 0 100. 0
Total...!
31
2.83
.0
12.9
35.5
93.5
100. 0 100. 0
German-
Buffalo
Chicago
31
44
51
52
1.88
2.20
2.08
3.55
3.2
.0
.0
.0
38.7
18.2
39.2
1.9
100.0
90.9
90.2
5.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
73.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Milwaukee
New York
Total
178
2.42
.6
23.0
67.4
92.1
98.9
100.0
Irish—
Boston
60
33
22
90
73
2.61
2.07
1.45
3.66
2.10
.0
.0
4.5
.0
.0
- 18.3
24.2
77.3
1.1
31.5
65.0
93.9
100.0
6.7
90.4
86.7
100.0
100.0
70.0
100.0
91.7
100.0
100.0
97.8
100.0
93.3
100.0
100.0
98.9
100.0
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
Philadelphia
Total
278 1 2. 59
18 1.60
.4
(a)
21.6
(a)
59.0
(a)
87.4
(«)
97.5
(a)
98.2
(a)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Polish, Milwaukee
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian —
Chicago
Cleveland
180
22
40
271
2.04
1.77
1.97
3.16
.0
4.5
.0
.0
58.3
45.5
42.5
.0
95.0
86.4
92.5
23.6
99.4
100.0
100.0
97.4
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
Milwaukee...
New York...
Total
German —
Buffalo
513
26
89
95
189
2.63
1.82
2.14
1.91
3.46
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
25.7
50.0
30.3
50.5
.0
56.7
100.0
89.9
95.0
9.0
98.4
100.0
98.9
98. 0
74.6
99.8
100.0
100.0
98.9
96.8
100. a
100.0
100.0
98.9
100.0
Chicago
Milwaukee...
New York
Total
Greek, Boston
399
49
2.62
4.59
.0
.0
22.1
.0
53.6
8.2
87.5
24.5
98.2
44.9
99.7
65.3
Hebrew, Russian-
Boston.
229
53
167
95
67
453
113
3.35
2.36
2.82
2.20
2.46
4.66
3.07
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.9
15.1
3.0
25.3
10.4
.0
2.7
26.2
92.5
55.1
93.7
77.6
.4
40.7
70.7
100.0
96.4
96.8
98.5
7.5
77.0
96.1
100.0
99.4
97.9
98.5
63.4
95.6
99.1
100.0
99.4
98.9
98.5
95.1
100.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee...
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,177
3.51
.0
4.8
33.1
55.6
84.4
97.7
Hebrew, Other-
Chicago
Cleveland . .
46
26
18
126
23
2.78
2.24
2.42
4.51
2.82
.0
.0
(a)
.0
.0
4.3
19. 2
(a)
.0
.0
543
88.5
(a)
2.4
56.5
97.8
100.0
(a)
29.4
91.3
100.0
100.0
(a)
57.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a)
96.8
100.0
Milwaukee
New York...
Philadelphia
Total
239
3.52
.0
— V •
.0
.0
1.4
.0
.0
3.8
18.3
26.9
80.6
.0
22.8
32.6
76.6
93.6
100.0
5.9
92.7
61.5
93.1
100.0
100.0
75.4
100.0
77.8
97.1
100.0
100.0
97.9
100.0
98.3
Irish—
Boston
175
78
72
236
123
2.02
2.11
1.49
3.56
2.13
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Chicago
Cleveland
New York .
Philadelphia
Total
684
68
2.58
2.41
.1
.0
—
20.3
5.9
59.5
86.8
89.8
98.5
98.5
98.5
99.9
98.5
Italian, North, Chicago.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
117
TABLE 66. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity and race of head
of household, by city.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying—
Under
<1.
Under
$2.
Under ! Under
$3. 94.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Foreign born— Continued.
Italian, South-
Boston
Buffalo
301
177
317
125
122
407
297
$3.84
2.61
2.42
2.57
2.54
439
3.32
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.7
0.7
141
12.9
11.2
9.0
.0
2.7
9.6
61.0
68.5
71.2
71.3
6.4
32.0
49.8
86.4
97.5
98.4
95.9
33.9
67.0
844
94.9
100.0
100.0
97.5
59.5
90.2
96.7
97.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
840
97.0
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee . . .
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,746
165
135
3.28
.1
5.8
37. 3 68. 1
85.5
100.0
100.0
95.0
100.0
100.0
Lithuanian —
Boston
2.50
2.30
.0
.0
12.1
11.9
1
72. 1 93. 3
94 8 100. 0
Chicago
Total
300
2.46
.0
12.0
20.8
46.1
.0
82.3
95.8
95.3
.0
96.3
100.0
100.0
53.5
100.0
100.0
Magyar-
Cleveland
24
128
43
2.30
2.15
3.97
.0
.0
.0
100.0
100.0
76.7
100.0
100.0
97.7
New York
Total
195
120
2.55
3.38
.0
.0
32.8
.0
744
9.2
89.7
88.3
949
100.0
99.5
100.0
Negro, New York
Polish-
Boston
102
127
351
109
103
142
2.52
1.95
2.05
1.83
1.67
2.69
.0
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
29.4
346
30.8
56.0
76.7
8.5
55.9
93.7
940
94.5
97.1
46.5
88.2
97.6
99.4
98.2
100.0
89.4
99.0
99.2
100.0
98.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.2
100.0
98.2
100.0
100.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
Philadelphia
Total
934
32
• 2.13
2.47
2.35
1.86
3.93
. 1 I 35. 8
. 0 | 6. 3
. 0 ! 8. 6
1. 0 I 54 3
.0 .0
50.9
75.0
87.1
97.6
47
642
93.9
67.5
100.0
67.6
100.0
Servian Chicago
Slovak-
Chicago
70
208
43
98.6
99.5
46.5
98.6
99.5
93.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Cleveland . .
New York
Total
321
99
117
2.24
2.20
2.49
3.25
2.09
3.87
.61 37. 1
.0 17. 2
. 0 j 12. 8
.0 3.0
.0 341
.0 .0
82.9
85.9
744
19.0
85.4
19.9
92 2
97.0
100.0
38.0
97.6
38.8
98.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
840
100.0
95.9
Slovenian, Cleveland
Swedish, Chicago . . .
Syrian-
Boston.
100
41
196
68.0
100.0
78.1
Buffalo
New York .
Total
337
3.60
.0 5.0
27.6
45.7
77.7
92.9
The Russian Hebrews of New York pay not only a higher average
rent per apartment than is paid by any other group of households, but
also a higher average rent per room. The New Vork households of
two other races — the Hebrews, other than Russian, and the South
Italians — pay on an average more than $4 per month per room, and
in a little more than two-fifths of all cases pay $5 or more per room.
Rents per room are on the whole lower among the South Italians
of Chicago than among the households of that race studied elsewhere,
and lower among the Hebrews, Russian and other, in Cleveland than
elsewhere.
118
The Immigration Commission.
In the next three tables households are classified according to the
amount of rent they pay per month per person. The data of General
Table 394 are presented in the form of cumulative percentages.
TABLE 67. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying—
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father:
White
444
394
31
178
278
18
513
399
49
1.177
239
684
68
1.746
300
195
120
934
32
321
99
117
337
$2.60
3.11
3.09
2.42
2.54
1.35
2.09
2.38
2.75
2.33
2.55
2.15
1.70
1.91
1.59
1.64
3.25
1.34
1.64
1.37
1.29
2.60
2.45
2.3
. 1.0
.0
4.5
3.6
(a)
8.8
4.3
4.1
1.4
.0
3.8
2.9
5.3
3.7
14.4
.0
20.4
.0
18.4
.8.1
.0
2.1
26.8
14.2
9.7
29.8
35.6
(a)
41.1
30.8
8.2
31.9
26.8
39.0
61.8
50.8
72.0
62.1
6.7
76.3
62.5
76.6
85.9
16.2
30.6
54.7
39.1
38.7
56.2
59.4
(a)
70.6
59.1
36.7
68.1
57.3
67.0
85.3
80.4
90.3
84.6
35.8
92.4
78.1
93.8
93.9
53.0
62.6
74.5
58.1
64.5
71.3
81.3
(0)
88.1
75.9
75.5
86.7
80.8
83.0
100.0
91.5
95.7
92.8
62.5
97.2
93.8
98.8
100.0
82.1
80.4
84.2
74.6
77.4
81.5
90.6
(a)
93.8
84.7
87.8
94.1
88.7
90.2
100.0
96.6
98.7
95.9
74.2
98.9
100.0
99.4
100. 0
92.3
92.0
89. G
86. a
93.5
93.8
94. ft
(«)
.97.1
92.2
89.8
97.1
93. a
95.2
100.0
98.7
99.3
97.9
87.5
99.7
100.0
99.7
100.0
97.4
96.1
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
8,673
505~
1,343
7, 330
2.06
2.47
2.69
1.97
6.2
472~
2.6
6.9
44.3
33.1
25.5
47.8
71.5
ssT
51.4
75.1
85.9
92.5
96.2
94T7)
90.5
97.3
77.2
70.7
88.7
86.9
82.4
94.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Attention has been called to the fact that immigrant households
pay, on the whole, higher rents per room than do native households
exclusive of negroes. From this table if will be seen that the rent
per person in foreign households is in general considerably lower
than in the native households of the white races. The explanation
lies in the fact that the households of immigrants are larger in pro-
portion to the number of rooms they occupy than the households of
the native-born in question. That their size is increased in an effort
to lighten the burden of rent is suggested by the relatively high aver-
age of boarders and lodgers among them. It will be recalled that there
are 62 boarders or lodgers to every 100 foreign households as com-
pared with 19 to every 100 households of the native-born exclusive
of negroes. It is reasonably certain that the amount of rent per
room is, in the long run, increased as a result of this effort to reduce
per capita rent to a minimum.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
119
In the following table and chart data relative to rent per room are
presented by city:
TABLE 68. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity of head of household and by city.
General nativity of head of house-
hold,*by city.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying—
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
Ill
54
23
27
97
85
47
$3.13
2.00
2.08
1.92
2.53
3.24
1.92
1.8
3.7
.0
3.7
4.1
1.2
.0
12.6
42.6
52.2
48.1
25.8
10.6
48.9
40.5
66.7
69.6
74.1
57.7
35.3
85.1
63.1
83.3
95.7
92.6
76.3
63.5
87.2
75.7
94.4
95.7
92.6
86.6
' 74.1
95.7
80.2
96.3
100.0
100.0
91.8
83.5
100.0
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
444
2.60
2.3
26.8
54.7
74.5
84.2
89.6
Negro-
New York
226
168
3.51
2.69
.0
2.4
8.8
21.4
28.3
53.6
48.2
71.4
67.3
84.5
81.9
92.3
Philadelphia
Total
394
3.11
4.00
2.04
2.01
1.79
2.01
3.20
1.80
1.0
1.7
3.2
6.5
3.1
11.6
.0
6.8
14.2
25.0
45.2
44.2
56.3
43.5
7.4
60.3
39.1
50.0
71.0
70.1
78.1
69.6
35.0
78.1
58.1
83.3
74.2
84.4
96.9
81.2
62.0
87.7
74.6
90.0
80.6
90.9
100.0
89.9
77.3
95.9
86.3
93.3
93.5
98.7
100.0
94.2
90.8
97.3
Native-born of foreign father:
Boston
CO
31
77
32
69
163
73
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
505
•--
171
85
100
59
166
474
288
2.47
— ._ _.._..„•„._
3.35
2.02
2.03
1.85
2.31
3.34
2.30
4.2
1.8
3.5
5.0
3.4
7.2
.2
3.1
33.1
17.0
43.5
46.0
52.5
33.1
8.6
35.8
58.1
43.9
68.2
70.0
76.3
62.7
31.9
64.9
77.2
70.2
80.0
87.0
94.9
78.3
55.7
78.1
86.9
80.7
89.4
92.0
96.6
88.0
71.9
89.2
94.5
84.8
95.3
99.0
100.0
92.8
85.2
94.8
Native-born:
Boston
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland . .
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
1,343
2.69
2.6
25.5
51.4
70.7
82.4
90.5
Foreign-born:
Boston
1,121
424
1,674
884
445
2,084
698
2.00
1.44
1.73
1.35
1.65
2.70
1.74
3.7
17.2
6.8
18.3
13.5
.1
7.6
45.9
71.2
58.0
76.9
58.7
16.9
60.6
73.5
89.4
82.9
93.2
83.1
54.7
83.7
89.4
95.5
93.8
97.9
93.3
76.6
93.0
95.1
98.6
97.0
99.0
96.6
87.7
97.1
97.7
99.3
99.0
99.8
98.9
93.5
98.6
Buffalo ....
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total ...
7,330
1,292
509
1,774
943
611
2,558
986
1.97
6.9
3.4
14.9
6.7
17.4
11.8
.1
6.3
47.8
42.1
66.6
57.3
75.4
51.7
15.4
53.3
75.1
85.9
82.2
92.2
77.6
50.4
78.2
88.7
86.8
92.9
93.5
97.7
89.2
72.8
88.6
94.4
93.2
97.1
96.7
98.8
94.3
84.8
94.8
97.3
96.0
98.6
99.0
99.8
97.2
91.9
97.5
Grand total:
Boston
2.12
1.52
1.74
1.37
1.81
2.79
1.89
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Hilwaukoe .
New York
Philadelphia
Total
8,673
2.06
6.2
44.3
71.5
85.9
92.5
96.2
120
The Immigration Commission.
h
0
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
121
It will be seen that in all cities rent per person is much lower than
rent per room. Forty-four and three-tenths per cent of all house-
holds pay under $2 and 85.9 per cent pay under $4. The average
rent varies from $1.37 in Cleveland to $2.79 in New York. As
might be expected from the showing of previous tables, the average
rent per person is higher in the Atlantic coast cities than in the
cities on the Great Lakes, but only in New York and Boston does it
exceed $2.
The data are further presented by race and by city in the following
table :
TABLE 69. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household and by city.
General nativity and race of head
of household, by city.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying—
Under
$L
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father:
White-
Boston
Ill
54
23
27
97
85
47
$3.13
2.00
2.08
1.92
2.53
3.24
1.92
1.8
3.7
.0
3.7
4.1
1.2
.0
12.6
42.6
52.2
48.1
25.8
10.6
48.9
40.5
66.7
69.6
74.1
57.7
35.3
85.1
63.1
83.3
95.7
92.6
76.3
63.5
87.2
75.7
94.4
95.7
97.6
86.6
74.1
95.7
80.2
96.3
100.0
100.0
91.8
83.5
100.0
B uff alo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
444
2.60
2.3
26.8
54.7
74.5
84.2
89.6
Negro-
New York
226
168
3.51
2.69
.0
2.4
8.8
21.4
28.3
53.6
48.2
71.4
67.3
84.5
81.9
92.3
Philadelphia
Total. ..
394
3.11
1.0
14.2
39.1
58.1
74.6
86.3
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian-
Cleveland
10
21
2.30
3.47
(a).o
(0)
4.8
(a)
28.6
(«)
52.4
(a)
66.7
(•)
90.5
New York
Total
31
31
44
51
52
3.09
2.04
2.11
2.25
3.15
•°
3.2
4.5
9.8
.0
9.7
45.2
38.6
35.3
7.7
38.7
71.0
63.6
62.7
34.6
64.5
74.2
81.8
76.5
55.8
77.4
—
80.6
88.6
86.3
71.2
93.5
— =
93.5
97.7
92.2
92.3
German —
Buffalo
Chicago
Milwaukee
New York
Total
178
2.42
4.5
29.8
56.2
71.3
81.5
93.8
Irish—
Boston
60
33
22
90
73
4.00
1.90
1.60
3.17
1.80
1.7
9.1
4.5
.0
6.8
25.0
51.5
72.7
7.8
60.3
50.0
78.8
86.4
36.7
78.1
83.3
87.9
100.0
67.8
87.7
90.0
93.9
100.0
83.3
95.9
93.3
100.0
100.0
90.0
97.3
Chicago
Cleveland
New York
Philadelphia
Total
278
18
180
22
40
271
2.54
1.35
1.45
1.58
1.93
2.62
3.6
(«)
22.2
18.2
2.5
.0
35.6
(a)
59.4
(a)
81.3
(«)
90.6
(«)
94.6
(«)
100.0
100.0
97.5
94.8
Polish, Milwaukee
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian —
Chicago
70.6
50.0
50.0
19.6
90.6
81.8
77.5
55.4
99.4
100.0
• 87.5
79.7
99.4
100.0
95.0
89.3
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Total
513
2.09
8. 8 | 41. 1
70.6
88.1
93.8
97.1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
25608°— VOL 26—11 9
122
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 69. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity and race of head
of household, by city.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying —
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Foreign-born— Continued .
German —
Buffalo
26
89
95
189
$2.03
1.87
1.77
3.05
3.8
5.6
11.6
.0
42.3
47.2
52.6
10.6
65.4
76.4
76.8
41.3
80.8
88.8
88.4
63.0
92.3
94.4
93.7
74.6
96.2
100.0
98.9
84.7
Chicago
Milwaukee . . .
New York... .
Total
399
49
2.38
2.75
4.3
4.1
30.8
8.2
59.1
36.7
75.9
75.5
84.7
87.8
92.2
89.8
Greek, Boston. .
Hebrew, Russian-
Boston..
229
53
167
95
67
453
113
2.36
2.21
2.16
1.54
2.10
2.71
1.64
1.3
.0
.6
4.2
1.5
.0
6.2
29.7
32.1
32.3
76.8
38.8
13.5
67.3
67.7
71.7
74.9
90.5
70.1
56.7
83.2
86.9
90.6
91.0
96.8
94.0
79.9
92.9
93.4
96.2
96.4
98.9
97.0
90.9
97.3
96.1
98.1
98.2
100.0
98.5
95.8
99.1
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia....
Total
1,177
46
26
18
126
23
2.33
2.26
1.66
2.61
3.09
1.46
1.4
.0
.0
(a)
.0
.0
31.9
28.3
57.7
(a)
11.1
78.3
68.1
78.3
76,9
(a)
39.7
91.3
86.7
94.1
97.1
95.7
100.0
(0)
89.7
100.0
Hebrew, Other-
Chicago . . .
89.1
92.3
(a)
73.0
95.7
93.5
100.0
(0)
82.5
100.0
Cleveland .
Milwaukee...
New York
Philadelphia
Total
239
2.55
.0
26.8
57.3
80.8
88.7
93.3
Irish-
Boston...
175
78
72
236
123
2.06
1.80
1.30
2.78
1.89
1.7
5.1
18.1
.0
4.9
43.4
56.4
75.0
16.5
43.9
65.1
80.8
93.1
52.5
73.2
83.4
91.0
97.2
73.3
87.8
90.9
92.3
98.6
83.9
95.1
97.1
97.4
100.0
90.3
97.6
Chicago
Cleveland
New York...
Philadelphia
Tot«l
684
68
2.15
1.70
3.8
2.9
1.7
18.6
5.4
7.2
5.7
.2
7.1
39.0
61.8
67.0
85.3
83.0
100.0
87.7
98.3
94.3
93.6
95.1
87.2
91.9
90.2
100.0
95.3
99.4
96.8
96.0
97.5
96.3
96.3
95.2
100.0
Italian, North, Chicago...
Italian, South-
Boston.
301
177
317
125
122
407
297
2.07
1.30
1.68
1.62
1.71
2.37
1.89
38.9
81.9
61.8
66.4
57.4
27.0
55.9
69.1
96.0
84.5
90.4
89.3
70.3
83.8
98.7
100.0
98.7
99.2
99.2
98.3
98.0
Buffalo
Chicago..
Cleveland...
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia..
TotaJ.
1,746
~
135
1.91
1.67
1.50
5.3
3.0
4.4
50.8
65.5
80.0
80.4
90.3
90.4
91.5
95.2
96.3
96.6
98.8
98.5
98.7
Lithuanian-
Boston
98.8
100.0
Chicago
Total.
300
1.59
3.7
72.0
90.3
95.7
— —
95.8
98.4
74.4
98.7
99.3
Magyar-
Chicago.
24
128
43
1.63
1.35
2.62
4.2
20.3
2.3
62.5
75.8
20.9
87.5
94.5
53.5
95.8
99.2
86.0
100.0
100.0
90.7
Cleveland...
New York..
Total.
195
120
-
102
127
351
109
103
142
1.64
3.25
=====
1.38
1.16
1.50
1.08
1.01
1.47
14.4
.0
' — — "
15.7
30.7
8.5
43.1
38.8
13.4
62.1
6.7
'-•-_ '_\
80.4
83.5
67.0
82.6
88.3
76.8
84.6
35.8
95.1
94.5
88.6
96.3
97.1
91.5
92.8
62.5
-
98.0
97.6
94.9
98.2
100.0
99.3
95.9
74.2
99.0
100.0
97.7
99.1
100.0
100.0
97.9
87.5
100.0
100.0
99.4
99.1
100.0
100.0
Negro, New York
Polish-
Boston
Buffalo..
Chicago . . .
Cleveland..
Milwaukee
Philadelphia
Total
934
32
=
1.34
1.64
20.4
.0
76.3
62.5
-
92.4
78.1
97.2
93.8
. .. '
98.9
100.0
=
99.7
100.0
Servian, Chicago
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
123
TABLE 69. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household and by city — Continued.
General nativity and race of head
of household, by city.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying—
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Foreign-born— Continued .
Slovak-
Chicago .
70
208
43
$1.42
1.17
2.09
11.4
24.5
.0
80.0
82.7
41.9
94.3
96.6
79.1
100.0
100.0
90.7
100.0
100.0
95.3
100.0
100.0
97.7
Cleveland
New York
Total
321
99
117
1.37
1.29
2.60
18.4
8.1
.0
76.6
85.9
16.2
60.0
56.1
10.2
93.8
93.9
53.0
83.0
82.9
48.0
98.8
100.0
82.1
99.4
100.0
92.3
99.7
100.0
97.4
99.0
97.6
94.4
Slovenian, Cleveland
Swedish Chicago
Syrian —
Boston
100
41
196
1.82
1.79
2.90
7.0
.0
.0
99.0
92.7
68.4
99.0
97.6
87.2
Buffalo.
New York
Total
337
2.45
2.1
30.6
62.6
80.4
92.0
96.1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
It has been noted that the Russian Hebrews in New York pay,
on an average, a higher rent per apartment and per room than any,
other group of householders. They pay, however, an average of
only $2.71 per person and in this respect rank fourteenth. This is an
illustration of the fact that while the householder may not be able to
fix the amount of rent paid per apartment or per room in a given
location he has the matter 01 per capita rent largely in his control.
Especially among races with large numbers of single men or men
without families in this country the problem of reducing the amount
of rent paid by the family by admitting other members into the
household is simrjle. With the exception of the Germans, Hebrews
other than Russian, and Negroes of New York, all instances of
average per capita rents of more than $3 occur among groups of the
native-born. The lowest average rent per person, $1.01, is paid by
the Poles of Milwaukee.
CHAPTER IV.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
OCCUPATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD.
Something of the equipment of immigrants for industrial life in
America is indicated by the following tables, which show for male
heads of households who were 16 years of age or older at the time of
their arrival in the United States the number and percentage who
were engaged in farming in the country of their former residence. In
some instances heads of households who were not farmers abroad lived
in country districts, but it can be said that at least to the extent
set forth in these tables immigration to America was an immigration
cityward. The three tables are derived from General Table 395.
TABLE 70. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households 16 years of
age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were engaged in farming abroad,
by race of individual.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Engaged in farming
abroad.
Number.
Per cent.
Bohemian and Moravian
452
345
47
1,082
183
468
71
1,668
310
182
99
936
32
312
114
99
301
109
79
29
39
10
324
50
732
208
82
7
605
25
189
65
17
65
24.1
22.9
61.7
3.6
5.5
69.2
70.4
43.9
67.1
45.1
7.1
64.6
78.1
60.6
57.0
17.2
21.6
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North . .
Italian South
Lithuanian..
Magyar
Negro ....
Polish
Servian
Slovak ;.
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Total foreign-born .
6,701
2,635
39.3
Nearly two-fifths of the male heads of households 16 years of age
or older at the time of arrival in this country were engaged abroad in
farming. The per cent of farmers for races represented in the table
by 100 or more persons appear in the accompanying chart.
125
126
The Immigration Commission.
RACE
s
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
127
The showing by city is as follows:
TABLE 71.— Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households 16 years of
age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were engaged in farming abroad,
by city.
City.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Engaged in farming
abroad.
Number.
Per cent.
Boston
988
395
1,646
929
388
1.704
651
423
223
816
442
148
325
258
42.8
56.5
49.6
47.6
38.1
19.1
39.6
Buffalo
Chicago .
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Philadelphia
Total
6,701
2,635
39.3
The proportion of immigrants with farm experience abroad is high-
est in Buffalo, where it is considerably more than one-half, and lowest
in New York, where it is a little less than one-fifth. The differences
are in part dependent upon racial composition. The following table
makes possible a comparison of the several cities by race:
TABLE 72. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households 16 years of
age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were engaged in farming abroad,
by race of individual and by city.
Race of individual, by city.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Engaged in fanning
abroad.
Number.
Per cent.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian-
Chicago
166
38
61
187
59
10
11
29
35.5
26.3
18.0
15.5
Cleveland
Milwaukee
New York
Total
452
109
24.1
German-
Buffalo
26
113
86
126
2
25
28
24
10.0
22.1
32.6
19.0
Chicago
Milwaukee.. . >
New York
Total.
345
47
79
29
22.9
61.7
Greek, Boston
Hebrew, Russian-
Boston
215
54
177
105
411
120
5
3
5
4
11
11
2.3
5.6
2.8
3.8
2.7
9.2
Buffalo
Chicago
Cleveland...
New York .
Philadelphia
Total...
1,082
39
3.6
Hebrew, Other-
Chicago
44
28
111
1
6
3
2.3
21.4
2.7
Cleveland
NewYork
Total
183
10
5.5
128
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 72. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households 16 years of
age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were engaged in farming abroad,
by race of individual and by city — Continued.
Race of individual, by city.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Engaged in farming
abroad.
Number.
Per cent.
Foreign-born— Continued .
Irish-
Boston 101
Chicago . .
Cleveland
New York 155
Philadelphia 79
Total... 468
Italian, North, Chicago 71
Italian, South-
Boston
Buffalo 163
Chicago..
Cleveland 116
Milwaukee 133
New York 368
Philadelphia 297
Total 1,
Lithuanian —
Boston 159
Chicago 151
Total 310
Magyar-
Chicago 25
Cleveland... . 124
New York 33
Total 182
Negro, New York 99
Polish-
Boston 97
Buffalo 125
Chicago 322
Cleveland 129
Milwaukee 108
Philadelphia 155
Total
Servian, Chicago 32
Slovak-
Chicago 74
Cleveland 206
New York 32
Total 312
Slovenian, Cleveland 114
Swedish, Chicago 99
Syrian-
Boston
Buffalo
New York 182
Total 301
65
43
50
107
324
50
119
125
195
59
2G
113
95
732
101
107
208
63
78
212
76
83
605
25
63
112
14
65
64.4
67.2
72.5
69.0
74.7
69.2
70.4
42.0
76.7
63.3
50.9
19.5
30.7
32.0
43.9
63.5
70.9
67.1
56.0
48.4
24.2
45.1
7.1
64.9
62.4
65.8
58.9
76.9
60.0
64.6
78.1
85.1
54.4
43.8
60.6
57.0
17.2
47.7
45.5
4.9
21.6
Immigrants in Cities: Summary. 129
Great variations, by city, are to be found among the South Ital-
ians and small variations among the Irish and Poles. The highest
proportion of farmers to be found in any group is 85.1 per cent among
the Slovaks of Chicago. The lowest proportions are among the
Hebrews.
As a matter of fact there is reason to believe that large numbers
of immigrants do leave the cities and settle in rural districts. This
investigation, however, is of necessity confined to households that
have remained in the city. In securing the schedules upon which the
foregoing tables are based the agents of the Commission were required
to ascertain as far as possible the attitude of these immigrants toward
prospective farm life in this country.
In the vast majority of cases the immigrants who have come to
sections of large cities to better their condition are willing to move
on with the same end in view. Most of those with farm experience
abroad express themselves as not averse to farming if they can
make a better living or even as good a living as in the city. Many,
however, would not be willing to go on farms as laborers. They
have come to the United States to escape the hard conditions under
which agricultural labor is performed in the home country, and they
prefer the known hardships of industrial life to the unknown possibili-
ties of labor on American farms. Surprisingly few have personal
knowledge of countrymen on farms in the United States. They are
generally ignorant of the agencies which would put them in the way of
becoming independent farmers and shrink from an enterprise no less
hazardous than their migration to this country. If their situation
is tolerable they prefer to let well enough alone. If their coming to
the United States has resulted disastrously they lack the means and
the courage to follow an unsuccessful initial venture by another with
equal elements of risk. Those who would be willing to engage in
farm labor hesitate to leave the industrial centers in search of em-
ployment which is likely to prove seasonal. The thoughts of the
dissatisfied turn more naturally to the farms they have left abroad
than to the farms they know nothing of, for hard conditions softened
in perspective are often preferred to uncertainties.
The inability to use the English language is a handicap on for-
eigners who might otherwise set out independently to improve unsatis-
factory conditions. Of the seven l 'farmer races " appearing in the chart
the Irish are the only English-speaking people; South Italians, Lithua-
nians, Magyars, Poles, Slovaks, and Slovenians, all are hampered by
alien languages. Only among Slovaks and Slovenians can as many
as four heads of households in ten speak English. Non-English-
speaking persons, even in the large industrial centers, are restricted
to a narrow field of employment. Inability to communicate with
fellow-workmen of other races and reluctance to travel about in a city
where English is used in oral and other directions to the stranger
limits their knowledge of industrial possibilities to the sections where
they live. The necessity of being directed in their work restricts them
to employment with a "boss" whom they understand. The Polish
carpenter, for example, who with an English-speaking contractor
could earn $4 a day has no choice but to work with a Polish con-
tractor at $3.50. This limitation of language which prevents immi-
grants from ranging the city in search of work operates also to prevent
them from seeking employment in farming communities.
130
The Immigration Commission.
Migration from the city to the farm can not be expected to take
place under conditions dissimilar to those which have brought about
the original immigration. Such a migration would be conditioned on
the success of pioneer families. The growth of independence oruthe
part of the family until it is ready to lead its life apart from the colony
is a slow process, and few immigrant families can be expected to be
sufficiently self-reliant for a radical change of racial environment
accompanied by the risk of a change of employment. If, however,
families should go out from these districts to farm communities and
report prosperity and opportunities for others in agriculture, relatives
and friends would doubtless follow, leaving the city on the same quest
on which they entered it. Many immigrants are attached, not to the
city as such, but to the colony where they live, and the ties of rela-
tionship and friendship, and of a common language and common
interests which have brought them to colonies in cities and maintain
them there would be equally effective in transplanting them to farm
communities if it should prove to their economic advantage to make
a second great change of residence.
The present occupations of members of households are shown in
the four tables which follow. Males 16 years of age or over, includ-
ing heads of households, are classified in the following table accord-
ing to the employment in which they were engaged within the year
ending with the taking of the schedule. The tabulation is by general
nativity and race of individual, and the figures are based on General
Table 396.
TABLE 73. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general
nativity and race of individual.
[The main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States Census with these
modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining,
and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transpor-
tation are distinct from each other. This table includes only races with twenty or more males reporting.
The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent.
OS
'•§§
a? g .
1||
1
IH Q)
SJ
I.
sf
o OT
PH
a
1
1
C3
I
i
i
I
1
£
1.2
.0
1.1
.7
11.2
1.1
4.8
2.4
11.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.6
Native-born of native
father:
White
728
443
182
417
143
645
145
164
27
23
618
539
172
1,849
349
0.1
.9
.5
1.9
.0
.0
.0
1.2
.0
.0
.3
.6
.0
8.0
34.8
1.1
4.1
.7
6.5
13.8
1.8
.0
.0
3.2
6.7
31.4
2.5
8.0
40.9
12.6
69.2
54.7
32.2
33.8
38.6
68.3
44.4
56.5
69.6
58.3
32.6
55.1
41.3
0.0
.0
= 0
.0
.0
.0
.7
.6
3.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
6.5
8.6
3.3
5.8
2.1
8.8
6.2
6.1
3.7
.0
2.8
6.9
.0
.5
2.0
2.1
.7
2.2
-.7
.0
1.2
3.4
.0
.0
.0
1.0
1.1
.0
1.6
2.6
14.6
10.6
12.1
16.8
42.0
14.1
16.6
3.7
22.2
26.1
12.3
10.2
32.6
33.6
35.2
22.7
28.9
7.1
12.2
6.3
29.3
10.3
4.3
3.7
17.4
4.4
6.7
2.9
2.8
4.6
0.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
4.0
2.7
3.3
3.1
5.6
5.1
5.5
11.6
11.1
.0
6.5
9.6
.6
2.7
5.4
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South .
Polish
Slovak
Swedish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
131
TABLE 73. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general
nativity and race of individual — Continued.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent.
"3
p
to
Domestic and
personal serv-
ice.
Man ufacturing
and mechani-
cal pursuits.
i
General labor
(not otherwise
entered).
03
oJ
1
|
1
fe
j
!
Fo reign-bo rn— Cont ' d .
Irish
727
102
3,062
602
468
143
1,804
177
514
274
135
408
0.0
1.0
.8
.7
.2
.0
.6
.0
.8
.0
1.5
.0
8.4
7.8
9.3
10.0
3.0
56.6
3.8
3.4
2.7
2.2
5.9
6.1
29.2
68.6
28.8
68.3
77.6
5.6
65.0
21.5
63.4
83.2
60.0
25.5
0.0
.0
1.0
.2
.4
.0
.6
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
21.2
4.9
31.9
3.5
8.1
4.9
9.1
50.8
6.4
1.1
3.0
1.5
0.4
2.9
1.5
.5
1.1
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
1.5
.2
6.5
7.8
12.8
5.5
1.1
8.4
6.4
7.3
6.0
1.5
11.1
55.4
25.6
4.9
9.4
7.8
3.2
21.0
8.4
15.3
16.1
7.7
14.1
5.4
0.4
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
8.4
2.0
4.2
3.7
5.1
2.8
5.3
1.7
4.3
4.4
3.0
5.9
0.0
.0
!o
.2
.7
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total .
14,911
1,777
2,948
11,963
.5
.6
.5
.5
1 7.5
5.1
10.3
6.9
47.2
46.1
39.8
49.1
.3
.2
11.9
6.2
•6.6
13.2
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.0
15.3
16.4
15.1
15.3
10.9
16.5
19.9
8.6
.1
.0
.1
4.7
5.1
4.5
4.7
.6
2.5
1.8
.3
Total native-born of for-
eign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. .
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Of the 14,911 men included in the table, 47.2 per cent are engaged
in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits; 10 of the 27 races report
over 60 per cent so employed, and with the exception of the negroes,
both native and foreign, all groups included in the table are well
represented.
The second largest proportion of males are in trade, the high per-
centages being found among the Syrians, the Hebrews of native and
foreign birth, and the Greeks.
With the exception of the Servians, South Italians, and Irish no
race reports as many as 10 per cent engaged in general labor. Negroes
and Greeks are largely employed in domestic and personal service.
The next table shows the per cent of females 16 years of age or
over who are at home, at school, and engaged in each specified indus-
try. The table is based on General Table 397.
132
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 74. — Per cent of females 16 years of age or over in each specified i
nativity and race of individual.
ndustry, by general
[The main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States Census with these
modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, ana
Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation
are distinct from each other. This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The
totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Total number.
Per cent.
1
11
|S
5
!.
§g
II
H
W)
fl
l|l
GRw
|i
^
3*
lit
§o-2
1
"c«
a
.2
I
a5
£
£
o
A
%
1
4*
•A
Native-born of native father:
White
588
580
225
23
475
138
570
134
33
204
36
44
661
31
27
542
31
1,750
351
842
94
2,244
400
242
94
1,291
412
125
150
391
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
.3
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
12.4
75.0
3.1
13.0
10.1
.7
11.9
3.7
81.8
8.8
5.6
4.5
12.4
25.8
18.5
18.6
3.2
3.9
6.3
21.3
2.1
2.1
10.3
13.6
64.9
11.5
16.5
3.2
16.7
2.8
16.5
2.9
52.9
4.3
26.1
34.8
25.8
30.6
.0
45.6
41.7
25.0
27.2
3.2
7.4
7.2
.0
18.3
17.4
3.1
23.4
20.5
13.8
15.3
1.1
7.4
11.2
4.8
8.7
10.2
0.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.5
.5
.0
.0
.2
1.4
.9
.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.4
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
7.8
.7
9.3
.0
10.1
36.2
6.8
2.2
.0
5.4
5.6
25.0
2.3
.0
.0
3.0
.0
7.0
5.7
3.0
.0
2.7
1.8
.0
.0
2.0
.7
.0
3.3
28.1
0.7
.2
.0
.0
.8
.0
2.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.7
.0
' 60.2
20.2
33.8
82.6
52.2
21.0
50.9
57.5
18.2
36.8
47.2
38.6
57.9
71.0
74.1
71.2
96.8
70.1
69.2
72.4
74.5
74.0
74.0
70.2
34.0
78.4
71.4
92.0
70.7
58.6
1.7
.5
.9
.0
.4
5.8
.9
2.2
.0
2.5
.0
4.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.7
1.4
.0
.0
(«)
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
Negro . .
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
English
German. . .
Hebrew.
Irish
Italian, South.
Negro
Polish...
Slovak
Swedish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian (other than
French)
English
German
Greek.
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other .
Irish
Italian, North... . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian . ..
Magyar. .
Negro
Polish...
Slovak
Slovenian.
Swedish..
Syrian
Grand total.
12,816
1,930
.2
12.5
16.6
(a)
.2
5.1
.2
64.7
.5
Total native-born of foreign
father.
.3
9.5
22.3
9.4
31.6
23.4
14.5
.T)
W.o
.5
.5
.1
9.7
7.7
4.2
1.1
.8
.1
45.9
43.8
71.4
1.4
1.3
.2
Total native-born
3,098
9,718
.2
.2
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Of the total number of females 16 years of age or over who report
data on employment, 64.7 per cent are at home and 0.5 per cent are
at school, while 34.8 per cent are gainfully employed. Among the
foreign races that are represented by 100 or more women 16 years
of age or over the proportion at home varies from 57.9 among the
Bohemians to 92 per cent among the Slovenians. A comparison,
race by race, of immigrant women with women of the second genera-
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
133
tion reveals the fact that among foreign-born women the proportion
at work is in general much lower than among those of native birth.
This is partly due to the fact that the natives include the daughters
in foreign households, while the foreign-born consist largely of the
housewives in those households.
Women at work are employed for the most part in manufacturing
and mechanical pursuits. Only among negroes are the proportions
of women in domestic and personal service large.
Children between the ages of 6 ancl 15 are classified in the next
table according to whether they were in school, at home, or at work
during the year ending with the agent's visit. The percentages are
derived from General Table 398.
TABLE 75. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes in each section only races with twenty or more reporting. The totals, however, are
for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent—
At home.
At school.
At work.
Native-born of native father:
White
475
98
257
231
570
440
20
629
73
516
117
34
70
92
53
26
417
61
23
362
31
36
117
47
41
8.2
3.1
4.7
6.1
4.0
8.6
5.0
4.8
11.0
12.6
24.8
11.8
7.1
1.1
3.8
3.8
4.6
.0
.0
5.8
16.1
5.6
17.9
19.1
.0
86.3
94.9
84.4
84.8
91.8
85.0
95.0
88.9
89.0
69.8
71.8
82.4
87.1
96.7
75.5
88-5
87.5
95.1
100.0
82.6
83.9
94.4
79.5
74.5
97.6
5.5
2.0
10.9
y. i
4.2
(. 1
.0
C.4
,0
17 G
3.4
5.9
5.7
2.2
20.8
7.7
7.9
4.9
.0
11 0
.0
.0
2.6
6.4
2.4
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German .
Hebrew
Irish . . .
Italian, Noith
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total .'.
4,892
7.3
85.1
7.6
Total native-born of foreign father.
3,081
3,654
1,238
7.6
7.6
6.5
84.5
85.0
85.5
7.9
7.4
8.0
Total rative-Lorn
Total foreign-Lorn
134
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 75. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at hoine, at school, and at
work, by general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent—
At home.
At school.
At work.
Native-born of native father:
White 460
Negro 117
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian 264
German 214
Hebrew 579
Irish 463
Italian, North... 24
Italian, South 643
Lithuanian 73
Magyar 24
Polish 481
Slovak 95
Slovenian 29
Swedish 88
Syrian 52
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian 36
Hebrew, Russian • 455
Hebrew, Other 86
Italian, South 373
Lithuanian 37
Magyar 41
Polish 120
Slovak 44
Syrian 50
Grand total _ 4,924
Total native-bom of foreign father 3,041
Total native-born 3, 618
Total foreign-born 1 , 306
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White 935
Negro 215
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian 521
German 445
Hebrew... 1,149
Irish 903
Italian, North... 44
Italian, South 1,272
Lithuanian 146
Magyar 43
Polish 997
Slovak 212
Slovenian 63
Swedish 158
Syrian 144
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian 89
German 44
Hebrew, Russian 872
Hebrew, Other 147
Italian, North... 36
Italian, South 735
Lithuanian 68
Magyar 77
Polish • 237
Slovak 91
Slovenian 21
Syrian 91
Grand total 9,816
Total native-born of foreign father 6, 122
Total native-born 7, 272
Total foreign-born 2,544
10.2
6.0
7.2
10.7
6.7
8.0
8-3
8.2
11.0
16.7
18.5
12.6
24.1
11.4
3.8
5.6
5.7
7.0
9.9
8.1
17.1
20.0
25.0
6.0
10.0
10.1
10.0
10.0
84.3
91.5
80.7
81.8
89.3
86.6
79.2
87.9
83.6
79.2
74.2
75.8
75.9
84.1
92.3
94.4
87.5
77.9
76.4
89.2
78.0
71.7
68.2
92.0
83.4
84.0
84.2
81.2
9.2
4.7
6.0
8.3
5,4
6.5
11.0
16.3
15.4
19.3
17.5
9.5
2.1
4.5
22.7
5.2
4.1
2.8
7.9
11.8
11.7
19.0
22.0
.0
3.3
8.6
8.8
8.8
8.3
85.3
93.0
82.5
83.4
90.5
85.8
86.4
88.4
86.3
81.4
71.9
73.6
79.4
85.4
95.1
83.1
72.7
87.5
85.0
91.7
79.5
86.8
85.7
75.5
71.4
100.0
94.5
84.3
84.2
84.6
83.3
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
135
Of the total number of 9,816 children between the ages of 6 and 15
who report data on employment, 8.6 per cent are at home, 84.3 per
cent are at school, and 7.1 per cent at work. The proportions at
work are 5.5 per cent of the native-born white children of native
parentage, 2.3 per cent of the native-born negroes, 6.9 per cent of the
native-born of foreign father, and 8.4 per cent of the foreign-born.
Among the foreign-born the higher proportions of children at home are
found among the Germans, Slovaks, and Poles, while the higher pro-
portions at work are among the South Italians, Bohemians and
Moravians, and Hebrews other than Russian. The proportions at
school vary from 71.4 per cent among the Slovaks to 100 per cent
among the Slovenians. Among second-generation immigrants the
largest proportions of children at home are found among the Slovaks,
Slovenians, Magyars, and Poles, while the largest proportions at work
are among the Poles and the Bohemians and Moravians. The pro-
portions at school vary from 71.9 per cent of the Poles to 95.1 per cent
of the Syrians.
Larger proportions of girls than of boys are at home both among
immigrants and among the native-born. The proportion of immi-
grant girls at work is slightly in excess of the proportion of boys,
while the opposite is true of the second generation of immigrants.
The table which follows offers a comparison of the first and second
generations of the more important races in respect to the proportions
of children between 6 and 15 years of age at home, at school, and at
work. This table also is derived from General Table 398.
TABLE 76. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school,
and at work, by race of father and by general nativity of child.
[This table includes only races with twenty or more children born in the United States and also twenty or
more born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
Race of father.
Birthplace of
child.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number—
Per cent —
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
Native-born:
White
United States.
United States.
United States.
Abroad
United States.
Abroad
935
215
521
89
445
44
1,149
1,019
44
36
1,272
735
146
68
43
77
997
237
212
91
63
21
144
91
86
10
31
4
37
10
62
51
3
1
83
58
16
8
7
9
154
45
41
20
11
798
200
430
74
371
32
1,040
888
38
33
1,124
584
126
59
35
66
717
179
156
65
50
21
137
86
51
5
60
11
37
2
47
80
3
2
65
93
4
1
1
2
126
13
15
6
2
9.2
4.7
6.0
4.5
8.3
22.7
5.4
5.0
6.8
2.8
6.5
7.9
11.0
11.8
16.3
11.7
15.4
19.0
19.3
22.0
17.5
.0
2.1
3.3
85.3
93.0
82.5
83.1
83.4
72.7
90.5
87.1
86.4
91.7
88.4
79.5
86.3
86.8
81.4
85.7
71.9
75.5
73.6
71.4
79.4
100.0
95.1
94.5
5.5
2.3
11.5
12.4
8.3
4.5
4.1
7.9
6.8
5.6
5.1
12.7
2.7
1.5
2.3
2.6
12.6
5.5
7.1
6.6
3.2
.0
2.8
2.2
Negro
Foreign-born :
Bohemian and Mora-
vian.
German
Hebrew
United States.
Abroad
United States.
Abroad
United States.
Abroad
United States.
Abroad
Italian, North . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
United States.
Abroad
United States.
Abroad
Polish
Slovak
United States.
Abroad
United States.
Abroad
Slovenian
Syrian
United States.
Abroad
3
3
4
2
136
The Immigration Commission.
The numbers of the two generations upon which comparisons are
based are, in the nature of things, disproportionate in the case of races
representing the older immigration ; for example, the numbers of chil-
dren of Bohemian and Moravian fathers born in the United States and
abroad are 52 1 and 89, respectively. Hebrews, however, as well as South
Italians, offer a good basis for comparison, and among both races there
seems to be a tendency for children born in this country to remain
in school instead of going to work. The children of native white
fathers are not in school in as large a proportion of cases as are the
native-born children of Hebrews and of South Italians. The num-
bers of children 14 and 15 years of age at school may be seen in the
General Table.
EARNINGS.
The yearly incomes of all persons 18 years of age or over who were
gainfully employed were ascertained by obtaining the weekly or daily
wage and multiplying it by the number of full weeks or days of
employment during the year preceding the time of the inquiry,
allowance being made for partial employment; in other words, only
the time actually employed was taken into account in making the
computation. The data were collected between June, 1907, and
June, 1909, and are therefore somewhat affected by the financial
depression which prevailed during a part of that period. Only a
small proportion, however, of the total number of households were
visiteu before the beginning of the depression, and therefore the
returns, while not representing entirely normal conditions, never-
theless permit a reasonably correct comparison of the several races.
Allowance should be made for some exaggeration of racial differences
owing to the fact that races representing the older immigration who
have acquired a better knowledge of the English language and of
general industrial conditions are in times of stress more successful in
securing temporary employment . The following table, which classifies
men according to the amount of their yearly earnings, is derived from
General Table 399:
TABLE 77. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and
reporting
amount.
A verage
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning—
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Native-born of native
father:
White
547
281
120
4
3
300
48
438
57
90
$595
441
518
i
541
535
413
403
38
24
21
1
132
123
47
1
1
68
19
154
29
49
283
224
75
3
2
165
31
257
48
73
505
281
112
4
3
284
43
411
57
89
6.9
8.5
17.5
(a)
$,
8.3
13.5
8.8
20.0
24.1
43.8
39.2
fa)
(a)
22.7
39.6
35.2
50.9
54.4
51.7
79.7
62.5
(a)
a)
55.0
64.6
58.7
84.2
81.1
92.3
100.0
93.3
8
94.7
89.6
93.8
100.0
98 9
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
Canadian (other
than French)
English
German... .
18
4
59
5
18
Hebrew
Irish..
Italian, South
Polish...
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
137
TABLE 77.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual — Continued.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and
reporting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning—
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father— Continued.
Slovak
8
1
16
1
493
1
3
1
404
59
957
176
587
79
2,137
484
412
66
1,498
6
2
173
438
243
114
98
(a)
(a)
$516
(a)
538
(a)
(a)
(a)
613
352
461
465
535
425
368
. 410
346
385
365
(a)
(a)
325
384
398
692
321
2
3
1
6
1
151
8
1
10
1
304
1
3
8
1
16
1
474
1
3
1
384
59
937
171
570
79
2,120
481
411
66
1,492
6
2
173
437
243
100
97
(a)
(a)
?a)
(a)
6.9
(a)
(a)
(a)
3.0
3.4
9.1
9.7
8.5
13.9
17.6
12.6
14.8
15.2
22.0
(a)
(a)
26.6
17.8
16.5
26! 5
")
°)
a)
30.6
(0)
(0)
(a)
18.3
86.4
42.2
43.8
31.2
44.3
61.6
47.9
60.9
56.1
59.6
8
71.1:
54.3
41.6
10.5
69.4
g
5
61.7
(a)
(0)
(a)
49.3
89.8
75.4
75.6
58.9
77.2
89.2
86.8
90.8
89.4
88.3
(a)
(a)
93.1
86.1
86.4
29.8
94.9
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
96.1
(a)
(0)
(a)
95.0
100.0
97.9
97.2
97.1
100.0
99.2
99.4
99. a
100.0
99.6
(a)
(a)
100.0
99.8
100.0
87.7
99.0
Slovenian
Swedish
Welsh . .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
34
Canadian (other
Croatian
1
2
English
German
12
2
87
17
50
11
377
61
61
10
329
2
46
78
40
1
26
74
51
404
77
183
35
1,317
232
251
37
893
2
2
123
238
101
12
68
199
53
722
133
346
61
1,906
420
374
59
1,322
6
2
161
377
210
34
93
Greek
Hebrew, Russian,...
Hebrew. Other
Irish..
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Magyar ......
Negro
Polish
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian .
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father
10,345
1.086
1,914
8,431
413
526
533
385
1,435
128
190
1,245
4,887
379
634
4,253
79,67
674
1,181
6,786
10, 122
1,029
1,815
8,307
13.9
11.8
9.9
14.8
47.2
34.9
33.1
50.4
77.0
62.1
61.7
80.5
97.8
94.8
94.8
98.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average earnings among foreign-born men are $385; one-half
of them earn under $400, and the proportion earning under $200 is
larger than the proportion earning $600 or over. The average
earnings of every group of the native-born are more than $400. Men
of native- white ^parent age average $595 per year and in nearly one-
half of all cases earn $600 or over. They earn less, however, than
German and Swedish immigrants, among whom average earnings are
over $600. Among the Swedes one man in eight earns $1,000 or
more.
The average earnings of Syrians are only $321. This figure is,
however, based on the returns of only 98 wage-earners. It will be
recalled that the Syrian race is represented in this study by 361
households. The small number of wage-earners is due to the fact
that men of this race are largely in business for profits and are there-
fore excluded from this table.
25608°— VOL 26—11-
-10
138
The Immigration Commission.
Similar data are presented for females 18 years of age or over in
the following table derived from General Table 400.
TABLE 78. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and
reporting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning—
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Native-born of native
father:
White
159
161
94
3
1
3
148
47
491
1
25
63
3
9
1
13
230
6
1
6
1
106
281
65
180
13
341
49
61
16
1
165
1
1
1
84
6
40
18
$278
207
315
(a)
(a)
(a)
317
327
294
(a)
270
211
(a)
B
327
300
(a)
(a)
(a)
(0)
204
259
230
213
232
179
191
198
121
(a)
168
3
a)
208
(a)
221
218
54
90
22
1
94
125
42
2
1
2
75
19
97
1
15
49
3
8
1
6
112
5
1
3
1
83
170
47
133
11
287
44
50
15
1
147
1
123
149
66
3
1
2
105
34
143
1
20
62
3
9
1
9
156
6
1
6
1
95
237
60
162
11
318
48
55
15
1
162
1
1
1
81
4
35
17
143
157
82
3
1
3
130
42
162
1
24
63
3
9
1
10
200
6
1
6
1
104
261
62
173
11
330
49
58
15
1
164
1
1
1
84
6
37
18
34.0
55.9
23.4
a)
a)
a)
25.0
19.1
29.3
(a)
32.0
44.4
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
32.6
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
61.3
34.5
46.2
49.4
(a)
66.3
' 57.1
52.5
(a)
(0)
61 8
3
(a)
42.9
(a)
52.5
(0)
59.1
77.6
44.7
(a
(a
(a
50 7
40.4
50.8
(a)
60.0
77.8
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
48.7
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
78.3
60.5
72.3
73.9
(a)
84.2
87.8
82.0
(a)
(a)
89.1
(a)
M
(a)
77.4
(a)
75.0
(«)
77.4
92.5
70.2
$
(a)
70.9
72.3
74.9
(a)
80.0
98.4
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
67.8
(a
(a
(a
(a
89.6
84.3
92.3
90.0
(a)
93.3
98.0
90.2
(a)
(a)
98.2
s
a)
96.4
(a)
87.5
(a)
'89.9
97.5
87.2
ft
is
89.4
84.8
(0)
96.0
100.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
87.0
a)
•
a)
98.1
92.9
95.4
96.1
(a)
96.8
100.0
95.1
(a)
(a)
99.4
(a)
(a)
(a)
100.0
(a)
92.5
(a)
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
Canadian (other
than French)
Danish
English...
2
37
9
56
1
8
28
2
3
German
Hebrew.
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Polish
Scotch
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
4
75
5
1
3
1
65
97
30
89
9
226
28
32
14
1
102
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
Canadian (other
than French)
Croatian
English
French
German
Hebrew, Russian....
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian, North...
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar . .
Negro
Norwegian...
Polish
Roumanian...
Ruthenian.
Scotch
1
36
2
21
8
1
65
2
30
14
Slovak . .
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian . . .
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign lather
2,595
602
922
1,673
239
292
275
219
1,163
—
173
317
846
1,763
==
321
540
1,223
2,205
459
731
1,474
2,424
===
534
834
1,590
44.8
•'.•=: =
28.7
34.4
50.6
67.9
.-_ —
53.3
58.6
73.1
85.0
76.2
79.3
88.1
93.4
88.7
90.5
95.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The women earn; as a rule, only slightly more than half as much as
the men. Two-thirds earn less than $300 a year. Here, as among
the men, the foreign-born are at a disadvantage when compared
with the native-born exclusive of negroes. The average earnings of
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
139
the foreign-born women of races represented by 100 or more wage-
earning women are: Bohemian and Moravian, $300; Russian Hebrew,
$259; Irish, $213; Slovak, $208; German, $204; South Italian, $179;
Polish, $168.
The comparatively high earnings of Bohemian and Moravian women
is explained by the fact that a large proportion of the women at work
pursue regular employment in cigar factories where machinery is not
used and where manual dexterity brings fairly good returns.
FAMILY INCOME.
The information relative to income was secured for the year
ending with the agent's visit. This study is confined to selected
families. Only those families are included whose incomes represent
wages and not profits and whose financial arrangements are not
complicated by the presence of other families within the home.
From the comprehensive study made by city only four tables are
selected for presentation here. The first shows the per cent of
families which have derived their income for the year, wholly or in
part, from each of five specified sources. The table is based on
General Table 401.
TABLE 79. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
[This table includes only races with twenty or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all
races. Families are excluded which report income as "none. "J
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of selected
families.o
Per cent of families having an income from—
Earnings of —
Contri-
butions
of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father:
White
374
179
33
169
222
472
431
721
149
599
53
1,269
260
182
37
959
308
100
113
34
86.6
73.2
100.0
83.4
86.9
81.4
77.0
85.3
77.9
77.5
88.7
93.8
96.2
90.1
94.6
90.9
93.5
98.0
77.9
85.3
16.0
64.2
45.5
16.0
20.3
34.7
20.2
7.8
12.1
19.6
13.2
16.8
6.5
22.5
67.6
10.7
14.6
.0
20.4
11.8
21.9
9.5
6.1
25.4
24.8
33.5
42.0
35.6
34.2
41.9
28.3
21.6
8.8
9.3
5.4
21.9
14.9
11.0
36.3
8.8
14.4
32.4
6.1
11.8
12.6
15.3
10.7
43.0
31.5
17.5
56.6
27.0
77.3
52.7
51.4
38.1
44.8
36.0
42.5
2.9
9.4
5.6
3.0
10.1
6.8
9.3
22.0
9.3
8.7
7.8
7.5
5.0
4.2
4.9
5.4
13.9
10.7
8.0
12.4
11.8
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German . .
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish .
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar. . .
Negro
Polish .
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
6.700
87.0
17.7
26.0
30.3
9.4
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
441
994
5,706
86.6
84.2
87.4
20.6
26.8
16.1
23.1
20.2
27.0
11.8
16.5
32.7
7.7
7.9
9.6
Total foreign-born
For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
140
The Immigration Commission.
In 13 per cent of the families the husband contributes nothing to
the family income. In 17.7 per cent of the families at least part
of the income is earned by the wife, and in 26 per cent, by the chil-
dren. Over 30 per cent of the families keep boarders or lodgers. The
foreign-born depend less on the earnings of the wife than do the native-
born of foreign father, but they depend more on the earnings of their
children and on keeping boarders or lodgers. In the case of four
immigrant races, the North Italians, Lithuanians, Magyars, and
negroes, more than half the families receive income from boarders or
lodgers. Two-fifths of the German and of the Irish families are
helped by the children.
The next table classifies all husbands at work according to the
amount of their earnings for the year. The data are from General
Table 402.
TABLE 80. — Per cent of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by
general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes only races with twenty or more male heads reporting. The totals, however, are for
all races. Only male heads of selected families are included. For selection of families, see Vol. II
p. 10.]
General nativity and race
of individual.
Num-
ber
earn-
ing.
Aver-
age
earn-
ings.
Per cent earning-
s'
m
•
1
&
T3
a
3 .
G8
I
s&
fc
-a
a
3 .
-08.
I®
3.4
13.0
6.1
.7
6.2
7.0
5.1
12.5
12.1
8.2
10.6
21.8
14.0
19.6
25.7
17.2
13.2
10.2
1.1
24.1
£
T3
(3
fe
-a
a
1
a
!
1
a
3
s
S '
id
|
£
-3 8
%%
8.6
17.6
9.1
7.8
10.4
14.8
8.4
18.4
21.0
14.0
10.6
21.6
20.4
24.5
22.9
19.6
19.8
20.4
6.8"
34.5
738
Ci2
03 ^
io7s
21.4
3.0
8.5
10.9
16.1
15.1
18.9
14.7
13.1
17.0
16.8
21.2
16.0
17.1
18.2
21.5
28.6
6.8
13.8
"O O
s*
15.4
17.6
21.2
20.6
16.6
16.4
14.8
16.4
16.4
14.7
12.8
13.5
18.8
12.3
8.6
11.5
12.2
19.4
12.5
3.4
•aS
l«»
17.0
7.6
12.1
22.7
14.5
14.8
13.3
10.7
8.6
14.7
19.1
5.6
7.6
8.6
2.9
7.7
10.4
4.1
29.5
6.9
^ ^
8
'/'
16.4
12.2
21.2
16.3
14.5
11.7
21.1
9.1
13.8
16.2
12.8
4.5
4.0
1.8
5.7
4.2
5.9
7.1
17.0
.0
03 *^
•gS
<s5>
e»
0
s&
Native-born of native father:
White
324
131
33
141
193
384
332
615
116
464
47
1,190
250
163
35
872
288
98
88
29
$657
465
632
• 674
601
552
630
463
484
557
449
390
419
390
369
379
402
433
703
356
1.5
2^3
.0
.0
2.6
1.6
.0
1.8
.9
1.1
.0
2.1
3.2
3.7
2.9
4.7
5.6
4.1
.0
6.9
2.2
5.3
3.0
1.4
5-2
4.4
2.7
7.3
6.0
5.2
17.0
11.8
8.4
10.4
11.4
14.3
11.1
4.1
1.1
6.9
9.0
2.3
15.2
5.7
5.2
5.5
8.7
1.5
2.6
5.0
.0
.8
1.2
1.8
.0
.8
.3
1.0
5.7
.0
5.9
.8
9.1
7.1
6.7
3.4
4.8
1.8
.9
4.3
.0
. 7
.4
.6
2.9
1.1
.0
1.0
5.7
3.4
9.9
.0
.0
9.2
7.3
4.2
6.0
1.6
2.6
3.7
.0
.9
.8
.6
.0
.6
.0
.0
13.6
.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other. . .
Irish ..
Italian, North..
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
5,825
382
837
4.988
475
625
612
452
2.4
1.3
1.6
2.5
8.4
3.9
3.5
9.2
13.1
4.7
5.5
14.4
17.3
9.7
10.5
18.4
16.5
9.7
11.9
17.2
14.5
18.3
17.1
14.1
10.5
16.8
15.4
9.7
9.3
15.2
15.2
8.3
2.9
6.0
6.6
2.3
2.4
7.1
5.6
1.8
2.7
7.3
7.2
1.9
Total native-born of foreign
father
Total native-born
Total foreign -born
Only 1.9 per cent of all foreign-born husbands earn $1,000 or more
Eer year. The proportion is highest among the Swedes and second
ighest among the Germans. Five races, the North Italians, negroes,
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
141
Slovaks, Slovenians, and Syrians, show no instance of a head of a
family earning as much as $1,000. It must be remembered, how-
ever, that persons in business for profit are excluded from the table.
The relative standing of the several races is more readily seen from
the following table, in which the data of the table just given arc
presented in cumulative form :
TABLE 81. — Per cent of male heads of families earning under $100, under $200. etc., per
year, by general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more male heads reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Only male heads of selected families are included. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
earning.
Average
earnings.
Per cent earning—
Under
$100.
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$800.
Under
$1,000.
Native-born of native father:
White
324
131
33
141
193
384
332
615
116
464
47
1,190
250
163
35
872
288
98
88
29
$657
465
632
674
601
552
630
463
484
557
449
390
419
390
369
379
402
433
703
356
1.5
2.3
.0
.0
2.6
1.6
.0
1.8
.9
1.1
.0
2.1
3.2
3.7
2.9
4.7
5.6
4.1
.0
6.9
3.7
7.6
3.0
1.4
7.8
6.0
2.7
9.1
6.9
6.3
17.0
13.9
11.6
14.1
14.3
19.0
16.7
8.2
1.1
13.8
15.7
38.2
18.2
9.9
24.4
27.9
16.3
40.0
40.5
28.4
38.3
57.2
46.0
58.3
62.9
55.8
49.7
38.8
9.1
72.4
42.0
77.1
42.4
39.0
51.8
60.4
46.1
75.3
71.6
56.3
68.1
87.5
86.0
86.5
88.6
85.6
83.3
86.7
28.4
89.7
75.3
96.9
75.8
78.0
80.8
87.0
80.4
95.1
94.0
87.1
100.0
97.6
98.4
96.9
97.1
97.5
99.7
98.0
75.0
96.6
90.1
100.0
100.0
90.8
92.7
95.8
94.0
98.4
97.4
96.3
100.0
99.1
99.2
99.4
100.0
99.4
100.0
100.0
86.4
100,0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish . .
Slovak
Slovenian .
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
5,825
475
625
612
452
2.4
1.3
1.6
2.5
10.8
5.2
5,0
11.7
41.2
19.6
21.0
44.6
72.2
47.6
50.1
75.9
92.0
79.6
80.6
93.9
97.3
92.7
92.8
98 1
Total native-born of foreign fa-
ther
382
837
4,988
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The earnings of the 5,825 male heads of families average $475
for the year covered by this study. The average earnings of the
husbands of every race of native birth, except the negroes, is over
$600. The average earnings of all foreign-born husbands is onlv
$452. About three-fourths of the foreign-born, as contrasted witn
less than one-half of the native-born exclusive of negroes, earn less
than $600, and about 45 per cent of all foreign-born husbands earn
under $400. If only races represented by 100 or more persons be
considered, it will be seen that the largest proportion or husbands
who have earned under $100 within the year is found among the
Slovaks and the largest per cent who have earned under $200 is
among the Poles. Among all but three immigrant races one or more
instances occur of husbands who have earned under $100 in the year
covered by the schedule.
142
The Immigration Commission.
The earnings of male heads of families appear by city in the next
table:
TABLE 82. — Per cent of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year,
by city.
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.]
Per cent earning —
u
&
1
1
g
a
G
|
G
C
|
^
s .
n
City.
OJ
§
X
o
o
o
o
^
s
S
S£
•s
s*
§£
§*
gSe
0
I
1
I5
r
I*
r
o>
g3
gT3
1*
§5
'O
|
Boston
794
$446
4 2
10.2
14 0
20 0
13 4
14 1
10 2
6 3
3 7
2 0
2.0
Buffalo .
375
408
2 7
12 0
21 1
20 8
14.1
11.7
6.7
5.6
1.6
1.3
2.4
Chicago
1,306
488
1.4
8.5
12.5
16.4
16.4
14.0
12.7
9.3
2.8
2.5
3.5
Cleveland
822
379
5 8
12 0
18 ?
20 7
18 2
11 Q
6.7
4.5
.7
.6
Milwaukee
534
508
1 3
6 0
11.4
17.6
17.8
16.3
9.2
10.9
2.6
2.6
4.3
New York
1,426
581
.4
2.6
5.8
11.7
18.0
17 5
14 4
16 4
5 0
4 3
3.9
Philadelphia
568
373
3 2
14 8
20 8
22 2
15.0
12 7
5.8
3.2
.9
1.1
.5
Total . .
5,825
475
2.4
8.4
13.1
17.3
16.5
14.5
10.5
9.3
2.9
2.4
2.7
Earnings of male heads of households are highest in New York,
where the average earnings are $581 and 44 per cent of all heads earn
$600 or over; they are lowest in Philadelphia, where the average is
$373 and only 11.5 per cent earn as much as $600 per year. The
highest proportion of husbands with very low earnings is, however, in
Cleveland, where 17.8 of the whole number earn under $200. It
will be remembered in this connection that rents are considerably
higher in New York and considerably lower in Cleveland than else-
where, and that Philadelphia ranks third highest in respect to the
amount of rent paid.
CHAPTER V.
ASSIMILATION.
RESIDENCE IN APARTMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND CITY.
The households selected as the basis for this report are in districts
chosen for study, because they approximate racial homogeneity.
All immigrant races, as represented in the report, therefore, live
largely in colonies, many of whose characteristics are determined by
the predominance of a foreign population. Since the contact of the
immigrant with the new country is for the most part his contact
with the particular section of the city in which the household is
located, the opportunities of acquaintance with the United States
are indicated roughly by the following table, which gives the history
of the household so far as residence is concerned. Group households
being essentially unstable organizations are not included in the
table. The figures are based on General Table 403. The degree of
homogeneity prevailing in the several colonies studied may be seen
in the first general table published for each of the seven cities.
TABLE 83. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States,
and by general nativity and race of head of household.
["Length of time established in the United States" is for families formed in the United States, the num-
ber of years since marriage, and for families formed abroad, the number of years the family has resided
in the United States.]
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in—
Per cent which have spent
whole time in —
Apart-
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Native-born of native father:
White
101
98
20
42
51
12
188
102
17
643
94
81
41
721
169
137
72
487
10
34
29
10
16
9
4
90
35
10
193
24
28
11
234
49
30
13
105
4
72
69
18
36
38
12
173
78
17
492
74
50
39
616
115
62
59
409
in
94
91
18
40
51
12
178
94
17
605
82
77
41
676
162
117
72
440
10
33.7
29.6
50.0
38.1
17.6
(0)
47.9
34.3
(a)
30.0
25.5
34.6
26.8
32.5
29.0
21.9
18.1
21.6
,'crt
71.3
70.4
90.0
85.7
74.5
(fl)
92.0
76.5
nti
78.7
61.7
95.1
85.4
68.0
45.3
81.9
84.0
(a\
93.1
92.9
90.0
95.2
100.0
(a)
94.7
92.2
(a)
94.1
87.2
95.1
100.0
93.8
95.9
85.4
100.0
90.3
(al
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German . .
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other
Irish...
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian.
Magyar
Negro
Polish
Servian. . .
Not<;omputed, owing to .small number involved.
143
144
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 83. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States,
and by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued.
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS— Continued.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in —
Per cent which have spent
whole time hi —
Apart
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Foreign-born — Continued .
Slovak
173
59
18
158
42
13
8
84
122
42
15
127
155
50
16
145
24.3
22.0
(a)
53.2
70.5
71.2
(a)
80.4
89.6
94.9
(a)
91.8
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
3,494
1,075
2,745
3,249
30.8
78.6
93.0
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
125
324
3,170
39
102
973
104
245
2,500
121
306
2,943
31.2
31.5
30.7
83.2
75.6
78.9
96.8
94.4
92.8
Total foreign-born
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Native-born of native father:
White
94
10
52
74
10.6
55 3
' 78 7
Negro
78
6
40
60
7.7
51.3
76.9
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
10
5
10
10
(a)
(a)
(a)
German
43
8
30
41
186
69 8
95 3
Irish...
55
11
36
50
20.0
65.5
90.9
Polish
5
2
5
5
(a)
(a)
(a)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
93
20
77
85
21.5
82.8
91.4
German
70
7
44
58
10.0
62 9
82 9
Greek
6
5
6
(a)
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
270
30
178
224
11. 1
65.9
830
Hebrew, Other
81
7
53
66
8 6
65 4
81 5
Irish
98
10
63
94
10.2
64 3
95 9
Italian, North
12
1
10
10
(a)
(a)
• (°)
Italian, South
530
71
411
469
13.4
77.5
88 5
Lithuanian
116
10
71
104
8 6
61 2
89 7
Magyar
44
3
15
30
6.8
34 1
68 2
Negro
23
2
17
22
8.7
73.9
95.7
Polish
246
26
180
194
10.6
73.2
78 9
Servian
2
2
2
(a)
(0)
(a)
Slovak
95
6
67
79
6.3
70.5
83 2
Slovenian
38
4
30
36
10 5
78 9
94 7
Swedish..
19
2
14
17
(a)
(a)
(a)
Syrian
104
18
71
81
17.3
683
77 9
Grand total
2,132
259
1,481
1,817
12.1
69 5
85 2
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
113
285
26
42
81
173
106
240
23.0
14.7
71.7
60 7
93.8
84 2
Total foreign-born
1,847
217
1 308
1 577
11 7
70 8
85 4
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Native-bora of native father:
White
266
9
111
164
3 4
41 7
61 7
Negro
183
6
47
112
3.3
25.7
61 2
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
9
1
8
9
(a)
(a)
(a)
German
129
14
82
113
109
63 6
87 6
Irish
179
12
99
152
6 7
55 3
84 9
Polish
3
3
3
(a)
(a)
(a) .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
350
22
238
319
6 3
68 0
91 1
German
370
20
200
307
5.4
54.1
83 0
Greek
4
3
3
(a)
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
439
16
238
328
36
542
747
Hebrew. Other...
96
2
41
70
2.1
42.7
72.9
Not completed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
145
TABLE 83. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States,
and by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued.
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER— Continued.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in —
Per cent which have spent
whole time in—
Apart-
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Foreign-born — Con tinued .
Irish....
577
23
601
48
20
3
413
1
93
18
104
70
35
235
16
448
24
10
484
20
507
35
15
2
335
6.1
.0
7.3
4.2
.0
W,4
(a)
2.2
(a)
4.8
5.7
40.7
69.6
74.5
50.0
50.0
(a)
74.1
(a)
50.5
(a)
71.2
64.3
83.9
87.0
84.4
72.9
75.0
(a)
81.1
(a)
64.5
(a)
89.4
78.6
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
44
2
Magyar
Negro
Polish..
18
306
Servian
Slovak:
2
47
15
74
45
60
16
93
55
Slovenian
Swedish
5
4
Svrian
Grand total
3,999
212
2,290
3,202
2?r
553
2,649
5.3
57.3
80.1
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
320
7G9
3,230
27
42
170
192
350
1,940
8.4
5.5
5.3
60.0
45.5
60.1
86.6
71.9
82.0
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White
461
53
235
332
11.5
51.0
72.0
Negro
359
41
156
263
11.4
43.5
73.3
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
39
16
36
37
41.0
92.3
94.9
German
214
38
148
194
17.8
69.2
90.7
Irish
285
32
173
253
11.2
60.7
88.8
Polish
20
6
20
20
30.0
100.0
100.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
631
542
132
62
488
322
582
459
20.9
11.4
77.3
59.4
92.2
84.7
Greek
27
10
25
26
37.0
92.6
96.3
Hebrew, Russian
1,352
239
908
1,157
17.7
67.2
85.6
Hebrew, Other
271
33
168
218
12.2
62.0
80.4
Irish...
756
73
348
655
9.7
46.0
86.6
Italian, North
76
12
65
71
15.8
85.5
93.4
Italian, South
1.852
349
1,475
1,652
18.8
79.6
89.2
Lithuanian
333
61
210
301
18.3
63.1
90.4
Magyar
201
33
87
162
16.4
43.3
80.6
Negro
98
15
76
96
15.3
77.6
98.0
Polish
1,146
149
895
969
13.0
78.1
84.6
Servian... .
13
4
12
12
(0)
(a)
(a)
Slovak
361
50
236
294
13.9
65.4
81.4
Slovenian.
115
17
87
108
14.8
75.7
93.9
Swedish
141
15
• 103
126
10 6
73 0
89 4
Syrian
332
106
243
281
31.9
73.2
84.6
Grand total
9,625
1,546
6,516
8,268
16.1
67.7
85.9
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
Total native-born
558~
1,378
92~
186
377~
768
5oT
1,099
leTIF
13.5
677<r
55.7
9073
79.8
Total foreign-born .
8,247
1,360
5,748
7,169
16.5
69.7
86 9
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigration to the United States was not an indefinite movement
westward on the part of the people studied. They came to a par-
ticular street in a particular city because relatives or acquaintances
146
The Immigration Commission.
who had come earlier were living in that locality; or lacking personal
connections they came to the city of their residence because it was the
place to which the migration from their section of the home country
had been directed. There was no choice of location; they came to
the only spot in America with which they were familiar by report.
They knew nothing of opportunities elsewhere in the United States,
and in many cases they still know nothing of the possibilities outside
of the section of the city where they live. Sixty-eight of every
100 families studied have always lived within the colony and 87 of every
100 within the city of their present residence. These proportions of
course include immigrants or many years' residence. Among recent
immigrants the percentages are considerably higher.
In the case of the second generation of immigrants the proportions
differ little from those above given, but among the native-born of
native father, both white and negro, they are considerably lower.
Among immigrants the Magyars, Irish, and Germans show the
smaller percentages of families whose entire period of residence has
been within the neighborhood of their present residence.
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
It will be seen from the following tables that the ability of the immi-
grant to speak English is largely dependent upon his age at the time
of arrival in the United States and on the length of his residence
in this country. The first table, derived from General Table 404,
shows the number and per cent of male heads of households who can
carry on conversation at least fairly well in the English language,
regardless of their age at arrival in this country or the length of time
spent here.
TABLE 84. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak English, by gen-
eral nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who speak
English.
Per cent
who speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
41
40
97.6
German
195
195
100 0
Polish
18
18
(a)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
539
215
39 9
German
455
324
71 2
Greek
48
35
72 9
Hebrew, Russian
1 252
611
48 8
Hebrew Other
248
146
58 9
Italian, North..
72
11
15 3
Italian, South
1 877
643
34 3
Lithuanian ..... .
'322
123
38 2
Magyar
185
63
34 1
Polish
1,104
401
36 3
Servian..
32
g
25 0
Slovak
345
185
53 6
Slovenian
114
80
70 2
Swedish.
117
107
91 5
Syrian
325
198
60 9
Grand total
7 289
3 403
-46 7
Total native-born of foreign father
254
253
99 g
Total foreign-born
7 035
3 150
44 8
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
147
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GENERAL MATIVIT
i|i|iiiii'iiiiiii IP
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148
The Immigration Commission.
Not one-half of the foreign-born male heads of households repre-
sented in this table speak English. Among the following races the
proportion falls below two-fifths: Bohemian and Moravian, North
Italian, South Italian, Lithuanian, Magyar, Polish, and Servian.
Only among the Swedes is the percentage high. Practically all of the
native-born of foreign father speak English. The accompanying
chart presents in graphic form the data for the principal races.
From the reports by cities it will be found that among most races
the women are able to speak English in considerably lower propor-
tions than the men. The almost universal employment of the men
outside the home naturally increases their contact with English-
speaking persons and their opportunities for acquiring the language.
In the following table ability to speak English is related to length
of residence in the United States. The table includes only male heads
of households and is based on General Table 405.
TABLE 85. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by years in the United States and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races. By years in the United States is meant years since
first arrival in the United States.*
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the
United States each
specified number
of years.
Number who speak
English, by years
in the United
States.
Per cent who speak
English, by years
in the United
States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German
539
455
48
1,252
248
72
1,877
322
185
1,104
32
345
114
117
325
96
47
19
358
45
22
320
68
92
242
26
58
17
1
114
95
33
14
351
85
19
561
128
64
339
4
140
59
11
117
338
375
15
543
118
31
996
126
29
523
2
147
38
105
94
6
10
9
97
13
32
17
13
168
44
1
143
42
27
95
2
67
36
9
68
177
297
13
346
89
10
468
65
17
283
2
103
29
98
71
6.3
21.3
(a)
27.1
28.9
.0
10.0
23.5
20.7
9.5
15.4
25.9
(a)
(a)
51.8
33.7
51.5
(a)
47.9
51.8
(«)
25.5
32.8
42.2
28.0
(a)
47.9
61.0
(a)
58.1
52.4
79.2
(a)
63.7
75.4
32.3
47.0
51.6
58.6
54.1
(a)
70.1
76.3
93.3
75.5
Greek . ..
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian, South
32
16
19
23
4
15
15
""59"
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Total
7,035
1,525
2,030
3,480
318
764
2,068
20.9
37.6
59.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Twenty and nine-tenths of the foreign-born heads of households
in the United States under five years, 37.6 per cent of those here
between five and nine years and 59.4 per cent of those of longer
residence can speak the English language. Among the most recent
immigrants Syrians have acquired the ability to speak the language
in much the largest proportion of cases. Their occupation as peddlers
would seem to account for this fact. All races show a marked increase
in the ability to speak English with increase in the length of residence
in this country. In comparing the ability to speak English of the
older immigrants of the several races it should be borne in mind that
in Table 12 appear great variations in the proportions of those who
have been in this country twenty years or more.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
149
The next table is based on General Table 406.
The table includes only male heads o'f households, who are classified
according to whether they were under or over 14 years of age at the
time of their arrival in this country, and are further classified accord-
ing to their ability to speak English.
TABLE 86. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each spec-
ified age at time
of coming.
Number who speak
English, by age
at time of coming.
Per cent who speak
English, by age
at time of coming.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Bohemian and Moravian
539
455
48
1,252
248
72
1,877
322
185
1,104
32
345
114
117
325
59
78
480
377
48
1,209
238
71
1,749
318
183
1,033
32
331
114
106
312
56
76
159
248
35
570
136
10
535
120
61
344
8
172
80
96
187
94.9
97.4
33.1
65.8
72.9
47.1
57.1
14.1
30.6
37.7
33.3
33.3
25.0
52.0
70.2
90.6
59.9
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
43
10
1
128
4
2
71
41
10
1
108
3
2
57
95.3
(a)
(a)
84.4
(a)
(a)
80.3
Hebrew Other
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak .
14
13
(a)
Slovenian
Swedish
11
13
11
12
0
Syrian
Total
7,035
434
6,601
389
2,761 I 89.6
41.8
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Nearly nine-tenths of the foreign-born male heads of households
who were under 14 years of age at the time of coming to this country
are able to speak English now, while of those who were 14 years of
age or older at the time of comijig scarcely more than two-fifths can
speak English. Five races are represented by more than 40 heads of
households who were under the age of 14 at their arrival in this
country, and every one of the five shows a very much higher propor-
tion of English speakers among those who came as young children
than among those who came later in life.
LITERACY.
The number and per cent of male heads of households who can read
and the number and per cent who are able both to read and to write
appear in the next three tables. The first table, which is derived
from General Table 407, shows the data relative to literacy regard-
less of the length of residence in the United States or the age at time
of arrival.
150
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 87.—
87. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and who read and
write, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Per cent who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father:
White .
406
304
41
194
264
18
538
452
48
1.252
246
600
70
1,868
321
184
106
1,101
32
344
114
116
325
404
262
40
190
259
18
529
447
46
1,063
224
545
59
1,038
242
174
99
841
25
273
108
115
287
404
259
40
190
259
18
524
445
46
1,019
215
532
59
1,019
200
174
99
790
25
267
107
115
283
99.5
86.2
97.6
97.9
98.1
(a)
98.3
98.9
95.8
84.9
91.1
90.8
84.3
55.6
75.4
94.6
93.4
76.4
78.1
79.4
94.7
99.1
88.3
99.5
85.2
97.6
97.9
98.1
(•)
97.4
98.5
95.8
81.4
87.4
88.7
84.3
54.6
62.3
94.6
93.4
71.8
78.1
77.6
93.9
99.1
87.1
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other.. . . .
Irish...
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak . .
Slovenian
Swedish . .
Syrian
Grand total
8,944
7,288
7,089
81.5
79.3
Total native-born of foreign father
517
1,227
7,717
507
1,173
6,115
507
1,170
5,919
98.1
95.6
79.2
98.1
95.4
76.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Out of a total of 8,944 reporting, 7,288, or 81.5 per cent, are able
to read and 7,089, or 79.3 per cent, are able to read and write.
Ninety-nine and a half per cent of the white persons who are native-
born of native fathers can read and write. The percentage is also
high for each race of the native-born of foreign father. Among the
foreign-born the percentage who read and write falls as low as 54.6
per cent for the South Italians, and is less than 80 per cent for the
roles, Servians, Slovaks, and Lithuanians. Among the Bohemians
and Moravians, Germans, and Swedes, on the contrary, the percentage
who can read and write is above 97. From the reports on the sev-
eral cities it will be seen that the percentages of women who read
and write are in general lower than the corresponding percentages
of men.
The relative standing of the principal races with respect to lit-
eracy is indicated in the chart, which shows the percentages who
can Doth read and write.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
151
8
8
3
0
M
• •
GENERALNATIVITrAND RACE
1 fc fel ft I. I III
§£z§209:om Oii*b-j5zflLO)c0(/)</)^z 2LTU
liJ iJj>- U <
1 IS 6 1
If
1 I
152
The Immigration Commission.
In the next table ability to read and write is related to length of
residence in the United States. The table includes only male heads
of households and is derived from General Table 408.
TABLE 88. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who read and
write, by years in the United States and race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number in the
United States each
specified number
of years.
Number who read
and write, by years
in the United
States.
Per cent who read
and write, by years
in the United
States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
German
538
452
48
1,252
246
600
70
1,868
321
184
106
1,101
32
344
114
116
325
95
47
19
358
45
16
22
319
68
91
52
241
26
58
17
1
114
105
32
14
350
84
52
18
559
127
64
31
338
4
139
59
11
117
338
373
15
544
117
532
30
990
126
29
23
522
2
147
38
104
94
93
47
18
295
40
13
18
171
37
86
48
169
20
46
14
1
101
104
32
14
274
72
48
16
288
73
60
28
234
3
105
58
11
99
327
366
14
450
103
471
25
560
90
28
23
387
2
116
35
103
83
97.9
100.0
(0)
82.4
88.9
h
(a)
53.6
54.4
94.5
92.3
70.1
76.9
79.3
(a)
(a)
88.6
99.0
100.0
E
85.7
92.3
(a)
51.5
57.5
93.8
90.3
69.2
(a)
75.5
98.3
£!e
96.7
98.1
(a)
82.7
88.0
88.5
83.3
56.6
71.4
96.6
100.0
74.1
(a)
78.9
92.1
99.0
88.3
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Total
7. 717
1,589
2,104
4,024
1,217
1,519
3,183
76.6
72.2
79.1
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
From the above figures it is apparent that little relation exists
between literacy and length of residence in this country. Of the
1,589 male heads of households in the United States under five years
76.6 per cent can read and write; of the 2,104 in this country from
five to nine years a smaller proportion, 72.2 per cent, can read and
write; and of the 4,024 older immigrants 79.1 per cent, a larger pro-
portion than either of the foregoing, are literate. The fluctuations in
percentages, when considered race by race, suggest that such varia-
tions may be due quite as much to changes in the character of immi-
gration as to influences brought to bear upon immigrants in this
country and may be said in general to represent conditions in the
native countries of the immigrants rather than in the United States.
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
153
The next table, which is based on General Table 409, relates literacy
to age at time of arrival in this country:
TABLE 89. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who read and
write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each spec-
ified age at time
of coming.
Number who read
and write, by age
at time of coming.
Per cent who read
and write, by age
at time of coming.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Bohemian and Moravian
538
452
48
1,252
246
600
70
1,868
321
184
106
1.101
32
344
114
116
325
59
78
479
374
48
1,209
236
517
69
1,739
317
182
103
1,031
32
330
114
105
312
58
77
466
368
46
981
205
455
58
932
196
172
96
728
25
254
107
104
270
98.3
98.7
97.3
98.4
95.8
81.1
86.9
88.0
'84; 1
53.6
61.8
94.5
93.2
70.6
78.1
77.0
93.9
99.0
86.5
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
43
10
83
1
129
4
2
3
70
38
10
77
1
87
4
2
3
62
88.4
(a)
92.8
(a)
67.4
(a)
8
88.6
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South .
Lithuanian
Magyar
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak
14
13
(a)
Swedish
11
13
11
13
i!
Syrian
Total
7,717
520
7,197
456
5,463
87.7
75.9
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Five races are represented by percentages in both age groups, and in
every case the proportion of heads of households who read and write
among those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the
United States is greater than among those who were 14 years of age
or over. The difference, however, is not nearly so striking as in the
corresponding table showing ability to speak English. Among heads
of households under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United
States, the Bohemians and Moravians and the Germans show high pro-
portions of literacy, while the South Italians show the lowest; among
heads of households 14 years of age or over at time of coining to the
United States, the Bohemians and Moravians, the Germans, and the
Swedes show high proportions of literacy, and again the South Italians
show the lowest.
CITIZENSHIP.
Ths status with respect to naturalization of immigrant heads of
households who were 2 1 years of age or over at the time of coming to
the United States, and who therefore could become citizens only by
their own initiative, is shown in the chart and in the two tables which
complete this summary. Only persons are included who have been
in this country long enough to acquire citizenship. The tables are
drawn from General Table 410.
25608°— VOL 26—11-
-11
154
The Immigration Commission.
sr
i I
f
d
en
I
I z
1 ffi
^ ^ I
\
O Lu
CD CD
Immigrants in Cities: Summary.
155
TABLE 90. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who
have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at
time of coming, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number —
Per cent—
Fully natu-
ralized.
Having first
papers only.
Fully natu-
ralized.
Having first
papers only.
Bohemian and Moravian. . . .
248
225
22
607
141
210
42
1,071
174
74
26
539
5
156
73
72
134
134
164
1
204
54
154
24
339
45
9
3
192
2
28
9
62
13
48
45
4
139
34
17
5
177
19
12
1
63
54.0
72.9
4.5
33.6
38.3
73.3
57.1
31.7
25.9
12.2
11.5
35.6
(a)
17.9
12.3
86.1
9.7
19.4
20.0
18.2
22.9
24.1
8.1
11.9
16.5
10.9
16.2
3.8
11.7
(a)
10.3
19.2
4.2
23.9
German
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North .
Italian South
Lithuanian ...
Magyar.
Negro
Polish
Servian
Slovak . .
16
14
3
32
Slovenian
Swedish.
Syrian
Total
3,819
1,437
629
37.6
16.5
It will be seen that little more than half of the foreign-born male
heads of households have taken any steps toward naturalization, thus
formally indicating that they regard their residence in this country as
permanent. The proportion who have become citizens is 37.6 per
cent; the proportion who have taken out only their first papers is
16.5 per cent. Naturalization is relatively frequent among Swedes,
Germans, and Irish, the races of long residence in the United States ;
in no one of these three does the proportion of citizens fall as low as 70
in 100. For the races represented in the table by more than 100 men
the proportions of citizens are indicated in the accompanying chart.
The degree of promptness in becoming naturalized is indicated in the
following table, which includes only heads of households who have
been in the United States from five to nine years :
TABLE 91. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who
have been, in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over at
time of coming, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number-
Per cent—
Fully natu-
ralized.
Having first
papers only.
Fully natu-
ralized.
Having first
papers only.
Bohemian and Moravian
68
28
11
278
34
15
443
101
7
4
31
17
1
89
22
6
3
89
14
10.3
14.3
(0)
12.2
20.3
26.5
W7.2
13.9
45.6
60.7
(0)
32.0
31.9
17.6
(a)
20.1
13.9
German .
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
34
14
9
1
32
14
Hebrew, Other.
Irish...
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian...
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
156
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 91. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who
have been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over at
time of coming, by race of individual — Continued.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number-
Per cent—
Fully natu-
ralized.
Having first
papers only.
Fully natu-
ralized.
Having first
papers only.
Magyar
56
19
243
4
83
46
8
83
3
10
1
25
5.4
: (0)3.3
(a)
6.0
4.3
(a)
6.0
17.9
(a)
10.3
(a)
10.8
19.6
(0)
24.1
Negro
Polish
8
1
5
2
3
5
Servian ...
Slovak
9
9
Slovenian ..
Swedish
Syrian
20
Total
1,589
142
346
8.9
21.8
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Among heads of households who have been in the United States
from five to nine years, the Irish report the largest proportion fully
naturalized. If, however, all who have taken any steps toward natu-
ralization be considered, it will be seen that 75 per cent of the Ger-
mans either have first papers or are fully naturalized as contrasted
with 44.1 per cent of the Irish. The Poles report the smallest per-
centage either fully naturalized or having secured first papers.
PART H -NEW YORK.
157
158
The Immigration Commission.
NEW YOHK
MAP
SHOVlyc CENEHAL LOCATION
Or EACH BLOCK OB DISTRICT
STUDIED AND FREDOMINANT RACE
PART II— NEW YORK,
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Congestion in New York means tenement-house congestion. No
other city in the world has so large an absolute number or so great a
proportion of tenement houses as has New York City. The law
defines a tenement house as "any house, building, or portion thereof,
which is rented, leased, let, or hired out, to be occupied or is occupied
as the home or residence of three families or more living independ-
ently of each other, and doing their cooking upon the premises, or
by more than two families upon any floor, so living and cooking, but
having a common right in the halls, stairways, yards, water-closets
or privies, or some of them." According .to a canvass completed by
the Tenement-house Commission on June 30, 1909, there are 102,897
tenement houses in New York City, with an estimated population of
3,775,343 men, women, and children.01
The estimate is obtained by multiplying the number of apartments
by 4-J, the average number of persons found in apartments at a previous
canvass. Among the legal tenement houses are included, with the houses
popularly known as tenements, all the grades of flat and apartment
houses. A line of demarcation has never been drawn satisfactorily
between the different kinds of dwellings which are massed together as
tenements by the law The Tenement-house Commission of 1900 says
in this connection that "if the line is to be drawn between those which
in their construction and maintenance require regulation for the pro-
tection of their inmates and those which will be properly built and
maintained from motives of self-interest without regard to legal regu-
lations, it is certain that more than 2,000,000 people — that is, more
than half the entire population of New York — are dependent upon the
existence and enforcement of a proper tenement-house law for their
health, protection against fire, and social environment."5
The proportion of the population of New York which lives in tene-
ment houses has increased since 1900. At that time there were 82,652
houses and 2,372,079 persons living in them; the total population
was 3,472,202, so that the tenement-house dwellers formed over 68
per cent of the population. Their number increased from 2,372,079
to 3,775,343 a from 1900 to 1909 — a net increase of 1,403,264, or almost
60 per cent. The population of New York City according to the
latest census figures was 4,766,883 in April, 1910. Of this figure the
3, 775,343 a dwellers in tenement houses form over 79 per cent. In
« The City Record, September 11, 1909, p. 10325.
b The Tenement House Problem, edited by Robert Weeks De Forest and Lawrence
Veiller, vol. 1, p. 37.
159
160
The Immigration Commission.
short, according to estimate, nearly four-fifths of the inhabitants of
New York City live in tenement houses.
The increase in the number of tenement houses has not been equal
in the different boroughs of New York. The following statement from
the report of the Tenement-house Commission brings out this point:
1900.
1909.
Increase.
Per cent
of
increase.
Manhattan
42. 700
42, 589
(a)
(6)
Brooklyn . .
33,771
48, 090
14,319
41.5
Bronx
4,365
7,240
2.875
65 9
Queens
1,398
4,415
3,017
216.0
Richmond ..
418
563
145
34.7
New York City
82, 652
102, 897
20, 245
24.5
a Decrease of 111.
Decrease of 0.3 per cent.
This table shows that the number of tenement houses in the Bor-
ough of Manhattan actually decreased from 1900 to 1909, while all
the other boroughs show a marked increase. The practically sta-
tionary number in Manhattan is due to the fact that the lower end of
the island and a constantly growing section of it is devoted to business.
The canvass of the Commission has been restricted to Manhattan
Island, and the houses visited are, with few exceptions, old-style
tenements.
The general description of the typical tenement house as made by
the Tenement-house Commission or 1900 may, therefore, be quoted
here as being applicable to the houses studied for this investigation:
The tenement house "was first constructed in New York about the
year 1879, and with slight modifications has been practically the sole
type of building erected since, and is the type of the present day. It
is a building usually five or six or even seven stories high, about 25
feet wide, and built upon a lot of land of the same width and about
100 feet deep. The building, as a rule, extends back 90 feet, leaving
the small space of 10 feet unoccupied at the rear, so that the back
rooms may obtain some light and air. This space has continued to
be left open only because the law has compelled it. Upon the
entrance floor there are generally two stores, one on each side of the
building, and these sometimes have two or three living rooms back of
them. In the center is the entrance hallway, a long corridor less
than 3 feet wide and extending back 60 feet in length. This hallway
is nearly always totally dark, receiving no light except from the street
door and a faint light that comes from the small windows opening
upon the stairs, which are placed at one side of the hallway. Each
floor is generally divided into four sets of apartments, there being 7
rooms on each side of the hall, extending back from the street to the
rear of the building. The front apartments generally consist of 4
rooms each and the rear apartments of 3 rooms, making altogether
14 upon each floor, or in a seven-story house 84 rooms exclusive of
the stores and rooms back of them. Of these 14 rooms on each floor
only 4 receive direct light and air from the street or from the small
yard at the back of the building. Generally, along each side of the
building is what is termed an ' air shaft/ being an indentation of the
Immigrants in Cities: New York. 161
wall to a depth of about 28 inches, and extending in length for a
space of from 50 to 60 feet. This shaft is entirely inclosed on four
sides, and is, of course, the full height of the building, often from
60 to 72 feet high. The ostensible purpose of the shaft is to provide
light and air to the five rooms on each side of the house which get no
direct light and air from the street or yard; but as the shafts are
narrow and high, being inclosed on all four sides, and without any
intake of air at the bottom, these rooms obtain, instead of fresh air
and sunshine, foul air and semidarkness. Indeed, it is questionable
whether the rooms would not be more habitable and more sanitary
with no shaft at all, depending for their light and air solely upon the
front and back rooms into which they open; for each family, besides
having the foul air from its own rooms to breathe, is compelled to
breathe the emanations from the rooms of some 11 other families.
Nor is this all — these shafts act as conveyors of noise, odors, and dis-
ease, and when fire breaks out serve as inflammable flues, often ren-
dering it impossible to save the buildings from destruction.' >a
This description, made in 1900, is applicable to conditions in the
districts studied at the time of this investigation. Some of the houses
have four 3-room apartments on each floor, but are similar to the
others in most respects. The size of the rooms varies considerably,
but is generally about as follows: Living room 12 by 15, kitchen 9
by 12, bedrooms 8-J by 8-J. The height is quite uniformly 9J feet.
There is usually a sink and running water in every apartment and
one flush toilet in the hall for the use of every two households.
There is another type of house which is found infrequently scat-
tered among the older tenement-house districts. It is the four or
five story tenement with four 2-room apartments on each floor.
The main room of the apartment is the kitchen, which serves also as
the living room and in many cases as a sleeping room; it is usually
about 12 by 17 feet in area and 9^ feet high, and ordinarily has two
windows facing the street or yard. The other room is a small bed-
room, about 8-J- by 8-J-, and is connected by a door with the kitchen,
from which it derives all its light and air. The tenement-house
department has recently installed sash windows between the kitchen
and the bedroom in such apartments, and has thereby improved the
ventilation in these little rooms. There is usually a sink and running
water in the kitchen of such houses, but sometimes the water supply
is in the hall and one faucet is then used by all four families on the
landing. The closets in these houses were originally in the yards, but
in many cases new ones have been installed between the two kitchens,
with doors from the two apartments, in small compartments protrud-
ing about 2 feet into each of the kitchens.
The types of houses described cover a large proportion of all the
houses investigated in New York, and in discussing conditions in the
various districts, it may be assumed that the houses are of one of the
usual type, unless something is said to the contrary.
a The Tenement House Problem, edited by Robert Weeks de Forest and Lawrence
Veiller, vol. 1, pp. 8 and 9.
CHAPTER II.
TERRITORY.
The districts studied in New York City were selected on the double
principle of congestion and racial uniformity, laid down in the gen-
eral introduction. A considerable number of the blocks, however,
were found to be inhabited by a cosmopolitan population. The
Jewish, the Italian, the Bohemian, and the negro blocks are solidly
occupied by members of these races. The population of the other
blocks is less nearly homogeneous.
The following blocks were covered by the canvass:
(1) Elizabeth street district. — Elizabeth street, between Spring and Houston streets,
east side.
(2) Forsyth street district. — Forsyth street, between Broom and Delancey streets,
east and west sides.
(3) Greenwich street district. — Greenwich street, between Leroy and Morton streets,
west side; Greenwich street, between Morton and Barrow streets, west side; Morton
street, between Greenwich and Washington, north and south sides; Greenwich street,
between King and Charlton streets, east side.
(4) Monroe street district. — Monroe street, between Jefferson and Clinton streets,
south side (Rudger place).
(5) Suffolk street district. — Suffolk street, between Grand and Hester streets, east
side. •
(6) Washington street district. — Washington street, between Morris and Rector streets,
east side, and several houses on adjoining streets.
(7) East Third street district. — East Third street, between Avenue A and Avenue B,
south side.
(8) West Twenty-seventh street district. — West Twenty-seventh street, between Ninth
and Tenth avenues, south side.
(9) West Forty-ninth street district. — West Forty-ninth street, between Tenth and
Eleventh avenues, south side.
(10) West Sixty-second street district. — West Sixty-second street, between Tenth and
Eleventh avenues, south side.
(11) East Seventy-third street district.— East Seventy-third street, between First
avenue and Avenue A, south side.
(12) East Eighty-first street district. — East Eighty-first street, between First avenue
and Avenue A, north side.
(13) East One hundred and fourteenth street district. — One hundred and fourteenth
street, between Second and First avenues, north side.
(14) East One hundred and twenty-fifth street district. — East One hundred and twenty-
fifth street, between Second and Third avenues, north and south sides.
The two Italian districts studied are Elizabeth street and One hun-
dred and fourteenth street. The racial composition of the Elizabeth
street district is given in the table next presented. This and all other
tables which show the racial composition of the districts studied are
drawn from General Table 270.
163
164 The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 1. — Number of households studied in the Elizabeth street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
English
Italian, South.
Foreign-born, Italian, South.
Grand total...
1
1
191
193
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total foreign-born
2
191
The population of Elizabeth street is almost entirely South Italian .
There is in fact only one household of another race on the block.
The 17 houses which were studied form a solid row of five and six
story tenements with stores on the ground floor. Most of the houses
are of the usual type and are old and in bad repair. Several houses
are not of any type previously described. One has only one 4-room
apartment on a floor and others have two. There is one rear house
five stories high with one 4-room apartment on each floor. The block
is the center of the South Italian colony in New York. It has a great
deal of community life. On saints' days it is decorated with flags and
illuminated by numerous electric lights strung across the street for the
occasion. Ordinarily the street is lined with pushcarts.
The racial composition of the Italian district on One hundred and
fourteenth street is as follows :
TABLE 2. — Number of households studied in the East One hundred and fourteenth street
district, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father; Italian, South.
Foreign-born:
Italian, North
Italian, South.
194
Grand total 201
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total foreign-born
200
This block is almost as nearly homogeneous as the Elizabeth street
district. Out of a total of 201 households 194 have foreign-born
South Italian heads and one a South Italian head of the second
generation. The remaining six households have foreign-born North
Italian heads.
The block consists entirely of four-story houses with cellars.
Fourteen of the houses have two 3-room apartments on each floor.
Each apartment consists of a kitchen and two bedrooms. The
kitchen and one bedroom face the street or yard, while the other
bedroom has a window leading into the hall. There are compara-
tively few stores on the block and no pushcarts. The block is located
in what is known as the upper east side. The district has until
Immigrants in Cities: New York. 165
recently been Irish, German, and native, but since 1900 a large num-
ber of Jews and Italians have settled in the neighborhood. The
general condition of the streets is better than that prevailing on the
lower east side; the houses are in many cases newer and in better
repair, the streets are more quiet, most of the business and traffic
being confined to the avenues.
The population consists of persons who have, on the average, been
in the United States longer than those living downtown. Of the
heads of households on Elizabeth street, 54.1 per cent have been in
the United States less than ten years; on One hundred and fourteenth
street the proportion is 48.1 per cent. Of the Elizabeth street house-
holds, 6.6 per cent have been here twenty years or over; of the house-
holds on One hundred and fourteenth street, 16.7 per cent.
The following table shows the racial composition of the Monroe
street district.
TABLE 3. — Number of households studied in the Monroe street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Hebrew
Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew . . .
Irish.
Italian, South.
Grand total.
2
2
236
1
2
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total foreign-born
243
.. . •..:
4
239
The Monroe street district is inhabited very largely by Hebrews.
Of 243 households, 236 are of that race. There are also 2 native
Hebrew households.
The houses are five and six stories high and differ little from the
general type, except that seven of them have 5-room apartments with
baths, in the front. This convenience, however, is more apparent
than real, as no hot water is available. These houses must, however,
be considered above the average in character. On the other hand,
the two houses on the corner of Clinton street are old and dilapidated,
with toilets in the yards.
The street is completely lined with push carts, and the sidewalk is
crowded with purchasers. In summer the block is ill smelling and
intensely hot.
166 The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows the racial composition of the households
studied in Suffolk street:
TABLE 4. — Number of households studied in the Suffolk street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Foreign-born:
English
1
German
1
Hebrew
135
Magyar "
1
Total
138
The second Hebrew district is on Suffolk street. Not a single
household canvassed on this block has a native-born head. Of the
138 households studied 135 are Hebrews and 3 are of other races.
The block begins at Grand street, which is the main artery of com-
merce of the lower East Side. The ground floors and many of the
basements are occupied by shops of various kinds, but there are no
push carts on the street, apparently because their owners prefer to
locate around the corner on Grand street. The houses of the block
are five and six stories high, and conform to one or the other of the
general types. One house, however, contains five 5-room apartments,
one on each floor. This house is old and in poor repair, but the rooms
are all light and airy and are a great deal more attractive than the
average apartment of the district. The character of the houses is
best at the Grand street end of the block.
The racial composition of the Forsyth street district follows:
TABLE 5. — Number of households studied in the Forsyth street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Hebrew.
Foreign-born:
Hebrew.
Russian.
G*and total.
Total native-born of foreign father .
Total foreign-born
The Forsyth street district is almost solidly Hebrew. In this dis-
trict there is a large admixture of Hebrew households other than
Russian; of the 93 households 62 are Russian Hebrew; most of the
non- Russian Hebrews came from Roumania.
There are only five tenement houses on this block, the rest being
small boarding houses. The tenement houses have no special fea-
tures of interest. The ground floors are occupied by stores; there
are few push carts on the street. A large synagogue is situated on
this block.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
167
The following table shows the racial composition of the East Third
street district:
TABLE 6. — Number of households studied in the East Third street district, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German ...................................
Hebrew ...................................
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian ....... ' ..........
German ..................................
Hebrew ..................................
Ruthenian
Slovak...
3
2
2
13
111
20
26
11
29
Grand total.
Total native-born of foreign father .
Total foreign-born
217
5
212
The table shows that the East Third street district is rather cos-
mopolitan. Out of 217 households investigated only five have heads
of native birth. Of the foreign households 111 are Hebrew, 29
Slovak, 26 Polish, 20 Magyar, 13 German, 11 Ruthenian, and 2
Bohemian.
The block consists of 16 front houses and 2 rear houses. The front
houses are of the usual kind, five or six stories high. The rear houses
are three and five stories high. The first floors of front houses are
occupied by stores and restaurants. A great many employment
agencies are located on the block, and many girls seeking domestic
employment are found in the offices and on the street. This is due
probably to the fact that the Slavic and Hungarian women who live
m this neighborhood often seek employment as domestic servants.
In the following table the racial composition of the East Seventy-
third street district is shown:
TABLE 7. — Number of households studied in the East Seventy-third street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Foreign-born — Continued .
Hebrew . . .
1
Bohemian and Moravian
19
Magyar
3
English.
1
Polish
3
German
4
Ruthenian
1
Irish
1
Slovak
14
Bohemian and Moravian
266
Grand total
325
English
1
French
1
Total native-born of foreign father
25
German
10
Total foreign-born
300
Of the 325 households studied on East Seventy-third street 266
are foreign-born Bohemian and 19 are second-generation Bohemian.
168
The Immigration Commission.
Of the other races represented here the Slovaks with 14 households
and the Germans with 10 are the most important.
The block is solidly built up with houses of the usual type, five
stories high, with few stores. The houses are in good repair and the
halls are clean. The general appearance of the block is rather neat
and pleasing. The street is rather high and has the benefit of the
breeze from the East River, which is near by.
The table which follows shows the racial composition of the East
Eighty-first street district:
TABLE 8. — Number of households studied in the East Eighty-first street district, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
4
Foreign-born — Continued .
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
Hebrew
42
father:
Irish
18
Bohemian and Moravian
2
Italian South
6
English ..
1
Magyar
17
German
12
Polish
3
Hebrew
6
Slovak
1
Irish
13
Swedish
3
Swedish
1
Foreign-born:
Grand total ...
225
Bohemian and Moravian
9
English
4
Total native-born of foreign father
35
French
1
Total native-born
39
German .
82
Total foreign-born
186
The population of the East Eighty-first street district is rather
heterogeneous. Thirty-nine of the households are native and 186
foreign. The most important race numerically is the German, which
is represented by 82 immigrant and 12 native households. Hebrew,
Irish, and Magyar households are of secondary importance, but
various other races are represented. The block forms part of the
upper East Side and has retained some of the older inhabitants of
that section of the city.
The 16 houses on the block are five stories high and are of the usual
type. There are comparatively few stores on this street.
The racial composition of the One hundred and twenty-fifth street
block follows :
TABLE 9. — Number of households studied in the East One hundred and twenty-fifth street
district, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
21
Foreign-born— Continued :
Irish
26
father:
Italian South
9
English
3
1
German
6
Scotch
2
Irish ..
11
Swedish
4
Canadian (other than French)
1
Grand total . .
100
English
3
Finnish
1
Total native-born of foreign father
20
French
1
Total native-born
41
German
10
Total foreign-born
59
Hebrew
1
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
169
Among the households studied on East One hundred and twenty-
fifth street 41 are native and 59 foreign. Among the foreign the
Irish and the Germans predominate, but there are considerable
numbers of other races on the block.
The district is located just beyond the business section of One
hundred and twenty-fifth street. The houses are five stories high.
They are old and in rather poor repair; they are in worse condition
on the north than on the south side of the street. The ground floors
are occupied by stores. Two elevated roads in the vicinity and a
great deal of traffic coming from the Harlem Bridge make the district
noisy and lend it a busy appearance. At the time of the investiga-
tion a great many of the apartments were found vacant; a total of
100 schedules in 10 five-story houses is a small number for New York.
The composition of the Greenwich street block is shown in the
following table:
TABLE 10. — Number of households studied in the Greenwich street district, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of "
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father by race of
14
Foreign-born— Continued.
Irish
81
father
Italian, North
1
English
6
Norwegian
7
German
7
Polish
1
Irish
27
Swedish
3
Scotch
1
Welsh
1
Armenian
1
Grand total
164
2
2
Total native-born of foreign father
41
French
1
Total native-born
55
German
9
Total foreign-born
109
The population of the Greenwich street district on the lower West
Side is predominantly Irish. Of the 164 households canvassed, 81
have heads of Irish birth and 27 have native-born heads of Irish
fathers. The rest of the population is made up of a number of Ger-
man and native American households, with scattering households of
other races.
The district includes two distinct sections. One near Morton street,
which consists of small two and one-half story houses originally built
for one family but occupied at present by two or three, and the
other, farther south, near Charlton street, which is a regular tenement-
house block in poor repair. The small houses belong to a large cor-
poration and are kept in fairly good condition. The elevated road
runs along Greenwich street through the entire district -and makes
the neighborhood noisy and unattractive as a place of residence.
25608°— VOL 26—11 12
170
The Immigration Commission.
The racial composition of the West Twenty-seventh street district
is as follows:
TABLE 11. — Number of households studied in the West Twenty-seventh street district, by
general nativity and race of head of households.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father:
White
28
Foreign-born — Continued.
Hebrew, Russian
1
Negro
18
Irish
39
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
Italian, North
1
father:
Italian, South
9
Canadian, French
1
Negro
2
Canadian Other
1
Norwegian
2
English . .
3
Polish
1
French
1
Scotch
3
German.
6
Swedish
6
Irish
23
Foreign-born:
Grand total
163
1
Canadian Other
1
Total native-born of foreign father
35
English...
4
Total native-born
81
French
3
Total foreign-born
82
German
9
Among the households studied on West Twenty-seventh street
there are 28 white and 18 negro households whose heads are native
of native parents. Among the rest of the population the Irish pre-
dominate, but there are many households of other races in the
district.
The block consists largely of five and six story buildings of much
better appearance than the average tenement house. Some of the
houses have brown-stone fronts. There is one four-story house with
one apartment on each floor, and one three-story frame house con-
sisting of a shop and two apartments.
The new building of the Hudson Guild, a social settlement, is on
this block, and there are several business houses. On the opposite
side of the street is a children's play ground, and the entire block has
more light and air than is usually found in the poorer sections of New
York.
TABLE 12. — Number of households studied in the West forty-ninth street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
18
Foreign-born— Continued .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
10
1
English
1
Magyar
1
German
16
Polish
2
Irish
17
Russian
1
Italian, South
1
Scotch
3
Polish
- 1
Slovak
1
Scotch
2
Swedish
5
Foreign-born:
Welsh
1
Armenian
2
Canadian (other than French) . ...
1
Grand total
228
English
3
French
1
Total native-born of foreign father.. .
38
German
C4
Total native-born
56
Hebrew Rhssian
2
Total foreign-born
172
Irish
74
Immigrants in Cities: New York. 171
There are 56 native households in the West Forty-ninth street
district, 16 of which are of German and 17 of Irish descent. Of the
foreign households a majority are also Irish or German, but a con-
siderable number of different races are represented.
The 14 houses investigated in this district form a block of brown-
stone fronts. They are of the ordinary five-story tenement type with
four apartments on a floor. There are no stores on this block except
two or three in basements. The condition of the block is only fair.
The negro colony known as "San Juan Hill" is represented in this
study by a block on West Sixty-second street, west of Amsterdam
avenue. The district is located on 'a hill sloping down toward the
Hudson. The few white families that live on the block are in the
corner houses and were not included in the investigation. The
houses are five stories high, of the usual type ; they are rather old but
in good repair. The following table shows the nativity of the negro
households studied:
TABLE 13. — Number of negro households studied in the West Sixty-second street district,
by general nativity of head of household.
General nativity of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father.
Native-born of foreign father.
Foreign-born
233
2
120
Grand total.
355
The Syrian district is centered on Washington street, from the
Battery to Rector street. Scattered Syrian families have been
studied in the adjoining streets. The total number of households
studied is 198. The district is peculiar in many ways. It is near
the Battery and is surrounded by large business establishments.
Some of the buildings are ordinary tenement houses, while others
are converted warehouses. In cases of the latter description the
transformation has been simple; running water has been carried
to each floor and one or two rooms have been partitioned off from
the loft and converted into tenements. Such houses are unsafe.
The stairs are little more than ladders and there is no railing around
the elevator shaft, the halls are dark and there is constant dan-
ger of falling down the shaft. The toilets, in some cases, are in the
yard. The repair of almost all of the houses is bad. On the other
hand, the neighborhood has some advantages over the congested
quarters of the East Side. This entire section of the island is prac-
tically deserted after business hours and is said to be one of the most
quiet at night. Washington street is wide and its proximity to the
Battery gives the tenants the benefit of the south breeze.
Some years ago the neighborhood was Irish, but most of the Irish
tenants have moved farther up town where they have obtained more
modern accommodations. A large number of stores are located on
the ground floors of the tenements. The district is the headquarters
of the Syrian peddlers throughout the eastern section of the country.
Several prosperous business concerns have stores in this neighborhood.
CHAPTER III.
COMPOSITION OF POPULATION STUDIED.
NATIVITY AND RACE.
The following table contains a detailed statement of the house-
holds visited in New York and of the households selected for further
study. The data, which are presented by the general nativity and
race of head of household, are from General Tables 270 and 271.
TABLE 14. — Total number of households studied in blocks investigated and households
included in detailed study, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households
studied In
blocks in-
vestigated.
Households Included In
detailed study.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
1
1
16
1
54
12
94
3
2
1
3
1
3
277
1
5
f
8
198
480
139
239
42?
i1
122
9
36
2
12
8
45
21
198
2
85
251
21
3.2
9.4
.8
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian French
Canadian Other
English
French
German . .
54
2.0
Hebrew
Irish
94
3.5
Italian South
Polish
Scotch
Swedish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
277
10.4
Canadian Other
Finnish
French
German
198
480
139
239
7.4
18.0
5.2
9.0
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish . .
Italian South
421
15.8
Lithuanian
Magyar
43'
1 122
1.6
4.6
Neero
Polish
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Slovak
45
1.7
Swedish
Syrian...
198
7.4
Welsh
Grand total
2,843
2,667
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
210
546
2,297
169
505
2,162
6.3
18.9
81.1
Total nativerborn
Total foreign-born
173
174
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 2,843 households visited, 2,667 were included in the detailed
study. No races of which less than twenty households were can-
vassed were so included; two races, the Polish and the Swedish, with
36 and 21 households, respectively, were excluded because they were
found scattered among other races and were not sufficiently uniform
in any way to be considered representative.
Of the total number of 2,667 households studied, 2,162 are foreign
households and 505 are native. Of the households whose heads are
native-born of native fathers, 85 are White and 251 are Negro. Among
the households whose heads are native-born of foreign parentage
there are 94 Irish, 54 German, and 21 Bohemian and Moravian.
The presence of a considerable number of native households on the
Irish and the German blocks makes these neighborhoods much less
distinctly foreign in character than neighborhoods inhabited by the
other races studied.
From the table it will be seen that the foreign races studied in New
York are, in order of numerical importance, Russian Hebrews, South
Italians, Bohemians and Moravians, Irish, Germans and Syrians,
Hebrews other than Russian, negroes, Slovaks, and Magyars.
The following table shows the extent of the study with reference to
members of households. The table is derived from General Table 271 .
TABLE 15. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was
secured by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Persons in households.
Persons for whom de-
tailed information
was secured.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
335
818
67
207
390
1,158
789
2,929
669
1,082
2,427
202
413
244
748
2.7
6.6
.5
1.7
3.1
9.3
6.3
23.5
5.4
8.7
19.5
1.6
3.3
2.0
6.0
335
810
67
207
370
1,153
788
2,739
661
1,067
2,415
202
405
244
737
2.7
6.6
.5
1.7
3.0
9.5
6.5
22.5
5.4
8.7
19.8
1.7
3.3
2.0
6.0
Negro
Native-bom of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish . ...
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Gennun
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other . .
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar. .
Negro
Slovak
Syrian ...
Grand total
2,667
12, 478
100.0
12,200
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
169
505
2,162
664
1,817
10,661
5.3
14.6
85.4
644
1,789
10, 411
5.3
14.7
85.3
Total foreign-born . . .
Of the 12,478 persons living in the households investigated detailed
information has been obtained for 12,200. The total number of
persons in households of immigrants constitutes 85.4 per cent of all
the persons studied ; the number of persons for whom detailed infor-
mation was secured in households of immigrants constitutes 85.3
per cent of all persons for whom detailed information was secured.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
175
The relative positions of immigrant races in respect to number of
persons in households are the same as the relative positions in respect
to the numher of households studied ; the Russian Hebrews rank first,
the South Italians second, and the Bohemians and Moravians, Irish,
Germans, Syrians, Hebrews other than Russian, Negroes, Slovaks,
and Magyars follow in the order named.
In the case of the Hebrews it is important to know the country
of birth in addition to the race. The following table is drawn from
General Table 273:
TABLE 16. — Country of birth of foreign-born Hebrew heads of households .
Country of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Austria-Hungary
96
15. 5
England . .
1
.2
Germany
12
1.9
Rouniania
29
4.7
Russia j
480
77.5
Turkey
1
.2
Total .... . . .
619
100.0
Of the 619 Hebrew households, 480, or 77.5 per cent, were born
in Russia, 96, or 15.5 per cent, in Austria-Hungary, 29, or 4.7 per
cent in Roumania, and 14, or 2.3 per cent, in other countries. The
nativity of the heads of South Italian households is given in the fol-
lowing table by province. The table is from General Table 273a.
TABLE 17. — Province of birth of foreign-born South Italian heads of households.
Number
Province of birth.
reporting
complete
Per cent
of total.
data.
Abruzzi and Molise
12
2.9
2
.5
Basilicata
44
10.5
Calabria
20
4.8
Campania
136
32.5
Roma . .
1
.2
Sicily
204
48 7
Total .. .
419
100.0
Of the 419 foreign-born heads of Italian households who rejjort the
province of birth, 48.7 per cent, or nearly half, are from Sicily, and
32.5 per cent, or almost one-third, are from Campania.
By reference to General Table 273 it will be seen that of the immi-
grant heads of negro households 96.7 per cent were born in the West
Indies.
176
The Immigration Commission.
SEX.
The sex of persons in the households studied is shown in the fol-
lowing table. The data are from General Table 271.
TABLE 18. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number.
Per cent of each sex.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Native-born of native father:
White.
166
367
32
106
187
554
400
1,397
319
546
1,261
97
229
108
400
169
443
35
101
183
599
388
1,342
342
521
1,154
105
176
136
337
335
810
67
207
370
1,153
788
2,739
661
1,067
2,415
202
405
244
737
49.6
45.3
47.8
51.2
50.5
48.0
50.8
51.0
48.3
51.2
52.2
48/0
56.5
44.3
54.3
50.4
54.7
52.2
48.8
49.5
52.0
49.2
49.0
51.7
48.8
47.8
52.0
43.5
55.7
45.7
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish . .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
6,169
6,031
12,200
50.6
49.4
Total native-born of foreign father
325
858
5,311
319
931
5,100
644
1,789
10,411
50.5
48.0
51.0
49.5
52.0
49.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
In the entire population studied males are only slightly in excess of
females. In immigrant households the proportion of males is higher
than in native households, the per cents being 51 and 48, respectively.
There is greater variation among immigrant races than among races
of native birth in respect to the proportion of the sexes. The high-
est per cent of males shown by any race is among the immigrant
negroes; the lowest per cent is among the Slovaks.
AGE.
Heads of households are classified according to age in the table
next submitted. The table is derived from General Table 274.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
177
TABLE 19. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Native-born of native father:
White
80
165
21
46
77
229
162
452
123
195
402
34
107
42
190
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
33.8
24.8
81.0
34.8
23.4
21.0
14.8
25.2
20.3
15.4
22.6
35.3
45.8
31.0
43.2
41.3
61.2
14.3
56.5
58.4
56.8
47.5
50.4
55.3
53.8
50.2
44.1
49.5
54.8
50.0
18.8
9.1
4.8
8.7
15.6
16.2
29.0
20.6
17.1
20.5
23.6
17.6
4.7
14.3
6.8
6.3
4.8
.0
.0
. 2.6
6.1
8.6
3.8
7.3
10.3
3.5
2.9
.0
.0
.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, South ^
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
2, 325
.0
26.1
51.8
17.6
4.5
Total native-born of foreign father
144
389
1,936
.0
.0
.0
35.4
30.6
25.2
51.4
53.5
51.4
11.8
12.1
18.8
1.4
3.9
4.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, Negro
83
1 2
12 0
50 6
27 7
8 4
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian ...
48
.0
2.1
45 8
43 7
8 3
German
36
o
o
19 4
27 8
52 8
Hebrew, Russian . .
26
.0
.0
50 0
42 3
7.7
Irish
42
o
2 4
50 0
28 6
19 0
Grand total
325
3
4 g
44 9
35 7
14 5
Total native-born of foreign father
25
o
4 0
36 0
52 0
8 0
Total native-born
113
.9
9.7
46.0
34.5
8.8
Total foreign-born . ...
212
o
1 9
44 3
36 3
17 5
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White ....
85
0 0
31 8
40 0
21 2
7 1
Negro
248
4
20 6
57 7
15 3
6 0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
21
54
.0
o
81.0
29 6
14.3
55 6
4.8
14 8
.0
0
Irish
94*
.0
20.2
53 2
22.3
4.3
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
277
.0
17.7
54.9
20.9
6.5
German
198
.0
12 1
42 4
28 8
16 7
Hebrew, Russian
478
o
23 8
50 4
21 8
4 0
Hebrew, Other. . .
139
.0
18 0
54 0
20.1
7 9
Irish
237
.0
13 1
53 2
21 9
11 8
Italian, South
419
.0
21.7
49.4
25.1
3.8
Magvar .
43
.0
30 2
53 5
14 0
2 3
Negro
118
o
42 4
50 8
6 8
o
Slovak
45
.0
28 9
53 3
17.8
.0
Syrian
194
o
42 3
50 5
7 2
o
Grand total
2,650
(a)
23 5
50 9
19 8
5 7
Total native-born of foreign father
169
.0
30 8
49 1
17 8
2 4
Total native-born
502
2
25 9
51 8
17 1
5 0
Total foreign-born
2 148
o
22 9
50 7
20 5
5 9
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
178
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 2,650 heads of households studied slightly more than half
are between the ages of 30 and 44, nearly one-fourth are under 30,
and a little more than one-fourth are 45 years of age or over. It will
be seen that the most usual age is between 30 and 44 among the
heads of households of every race except the second-generation
Bohemians and Moravians, a large majority of whom are between the
ages of 20 and 29. The female heads of households are, in general,
considerably older than the males, 50.2 per cent being 45 years of
age or over as compared with 22.1 per cent of the men.
The ages of persons in households studied, including the heads of
households, appear in the following table. The tabulation is by
general nativity and race of head of household. The per cents are
based on the data of General Table 275.
TABLE 20. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household.
MALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
166
367
32
106
187
554
400
1,397
319
546
1,261
97
229
108
400
19.9
8.4
15.6
19.8
15.5
18.8
15.5
14.0
17.2
12.5
22.1
17.5
14.4
26.9
22.5
12.7
10.6
6.3
19.8
17.1
18.6
17.3
20.0
16.9
19.6
14.5
16.5
2.2
15.7
24.5
3.0
2.2
.0
1.9
2.7
3.8
4.0
3.7
2.2
2.2
2.1
1.0
.4
2.8
1.5
7.2
4.4
6.3
6.6
6.4
6.5
8.5
10.2
9.1
7.1
7.2
8.2
2.2
6.5
1.5
22.3
28.1
59.4
20.8
21.4
16.4
16.0
23.1
20.4
20.9
21.2
25.8
45.9
19.4
23.0
20.5
39.0
9.4
25.5
26.7
25.5
23.5
20.0
23.2
25.6
22.5
22.7
31.4
23.1
23.8
14.5
7.4
3.1
5.7
10.2
10.5
15.3
8.9
11.0
12.1
10.3
8.2
3.5
5.6
3.3
Negro ...
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German I . .
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar .
Negro
Slovak
Syrian . .
Grand total .
6,169
17.1
17.0
2.7
7.2
22.5
24.1
9.5
Total native-bora of foreign father..
Total native-born
325
858
5,311
16.9
13.9
17.6
16.9
13.4
17.5
2.2
2.3
2.7
6.5
5.7
7.5
24.9
25.8
22.0
24.6
30.0
23.1
8.0
9.0
9.6
Total foreign-born
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
179
TABLE 20. — Per cent of persons within each age group, "by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household-^ Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
Hand
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
169
443
35
101
183
599
388
1,342
342
521
1,154
105
176
136
337
20.1
11.1
25.7
12.9
14.2
14.7
11.9
16.5
17.0
18.0
22.2
19.0
18.2
22.1
21.1
14.8
9.7
8.6
19.8
17.5
18.9
18.6
19.8
20.8
20.3
19.1
17.1
4.0
14.7
17.5
1.8
2.3
.0
5.9
3.8
4.0
3.4
4.5
4.7
3.5
4.0
1.9
2.3
2.2
.9
4.7
3.8
5.7
5.9
4.9
7.8
8.2
15.7
11.1
5.4
8.7
9.5
4.5
12.5
5.6
27.8
30.9
48.6
24.8
16.9
19.2
16.5
19.7
16.1
15.9
20.7
21.9
43.7
25.0
34.1
18.9
31.2
5.7
19.8
26.8
23.5
23.2
16.5
19.6
24.2
15.9
23.8
23.9
16.9
19.9
11.8
11.1
5.7
10.9
15.8
11.9
18.3
7.4
10.8
12.7
9.4
6.7
3.4
6.6
<0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro . .
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
6,031
17.4
17.8
3.6
2.8
3.7
9.2
5T3~
4.5
10.0
22.0
22.9
27.6
21.0
20.3
22.3
25.9
19.3
9.8
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
319
931
5,100
15.0
14.1
18.0
17.2
13.2
18.7
13.2
11.9
9.4
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White
335
20.0
13.7
2.4
6.0
25.1
19.7
13.1
Negro
810
9.9
10.1
2.2
4 1
29 6
34.7
9.4
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
67
20 9
7 5
o
6 0
53 7
7 5
4 5
German . . ,
207
16.4
19.8
3.9
6.3
22.7
22.7
8.2
Irish
370
14 9
17.3
3 2
5 7
19 2
26 8
13 0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
1,153
16.7
18.7
3 9
7 2
17 9
24 5
11 2
German
788
13 7
17 9
3 7
8 4
16 2
23 4
16 8
Hebrew, Russian
2,739
15.2
19.9
4 1
12 9
21 4
18 3
8 1
Hebrew, Other
661
17 1
18 9
3 5
10 1
18 2
21 3
10 9
Irish
1,067
15.2
20.0
2.8
6 3
18 5
24 9
12 4
Italian, South
Magyar
2,415
202
22.2
18 3
16.7
16 8
3.0
1 5
7.9
8 9
21.0
23 g
19.4
23 3
9.9
7 A
Negro
405
16.0
3 0
1 2
3 2
44 9
28 1
3 5
Slovak
244
24 2
15 2
2 5
9 8
22 5
19 7
6 1
Syrian
737
21.8
21.3
1.2
3 4
28 1
22 0
2 2
Grand total
12, 200
17.2
17.4
3 1
8 2
22 2
22 2
9 6
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
644
1,789
10,411
16.0
14.0
17 8
17.1
13.3
IS 1
3.1
2.6
3 2
5.9
5.1
8 7
23.9
26.7
21 5
23.4
27.8
21 3
10.6
10.5
9 5
180
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 12,200 persons included in this table 37.7 per cent are under
16 years of age, 30.4 per cent are between 16 and 29, and 31.8 per
cent are 30 years of age or older. The per cent of persons in every
age group under 20 is larger among the foreign-born than among the
native, and, on the other hand, the per cents are larger for the
natives in every age period above 20, so that in general it may be
said that the foreign population investigated is, on the average,
younger than the native.
The per cents of children under 16 years of age in the households
of the several races are as follows :
Native-born of native father: Percent.
White 36.1
Negro 22.2
Native-born of foreign father:
Bohemian and Moravian 28. 4
German 40. 1
Irish 35.4
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian 39. 3
German.. . 35.3
Foreign born — Continued. Per cent.
Hebrew, Russian 39. 2
Hebrew, Other 39.5
Irish 38. 0
Italian, South 41. 9
Magyar 36. 6
Negro 20. 2
Slovak 41.9
Syrian 44. 3
The low per cents of children are among the negroes, both native
and foreign, and among the second-generation Bohemians and Mora-
vians. The Bohemians and Moravians are young families. It will
be recalled that more than 80 per cent of the heads of households of
this race are between the ages of 20 and 29 years. It can not be said
of the negro families that they are, on the whole, especially young.
The small proportion of children in negro households is due in large
measure to the small size of families formed a number of years ago.
YEARS IN THE UNITED STATES.
The degree in which this study deals with the households of recent
immigrants is evident from the following tables, which classify for-
eign-born male heads of households according to the number of years
since their first arrival in the United States. The tables are based on
General Table 276.
TABLE 21. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of
years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of
years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. .
German .-
229
162
452
123
194
403
34
108
42
187
34
22
127
26
8
91
15
53
"'so'
41
13
131
35
27
107
9
32
14
59
70
46
138'
39
60
152
7
16
17
47
84
81
56
23
99
53
3
7
11
1
14.8
13.6
28.1
21.1
4.1
22.6
44.1
49.1
.0
42.8
17.9
8.0
29.0
28.5
13.9
26.6
26.5
29.6
33.3
31.6
30.6
28.4
30.5
31.7
30.9
37.7
20.6
14.8
40.5
25.1
36.7
50.0
12.4
18.7
51.0
13.2
8.8
6.5
26.2
.5
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish . . . .'
Italian, South
Magvar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Total
1,934
456
468
592
418
23.6
24.2
30.6
21. e
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
181
It will be seen that of the 1,934 immigrant heads of households
included in this table 21.6 per cent have been in the United States
twenty years or more and 52.2 per cent have been in this country
ten years or more. The races having the longest residence in the
United States are the Irish, 51 per cent of whom have been here
twenty years or over and 81.9 per cent of whom have been here ten
years or over; the Germans, 50 per cent of whom have been here
at least twenty years and 78.4 per cent of whom have been here at
least ten years; and the Bohemians and Moravians, 36.7 per cent of
whom have been here at least twenty years and 67.3 per cent of
whom have been in this country at least ten years. The comparative
standing of the races representing recent immigration is most clearly
seen from the following cumulative percentages:
TABLE 22. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United States under
5 years, under 10 years, and under 20 years, by race of individual,
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in the United States each
specified number of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
Bohemian and Moravian
229
162
452
123
194
403
34
108
42
187
14.8
13.6
28.1
21.1
4.1
22.6
44.1
49.1
.0
42.8
32.8
21.6
57.1
49.6
18.0
49.1
70.6
78.7
33.3
74.3
63.3
50.0
87.6
81.3
49.0
86.8
91.2
93.5
73.8
99.5
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Total
1,934
23.6
47.8
78.4
The Negroes, Syrians, and Magyars are the most recent comers to
the United States. The Hebrews, Russian and other, and the South
Italians occupy a medium position with reference to length of resi-
dence in this country. The Slovaks are earlier comers than any of
the races except the Irish, Germans, and Bohemians and Moravians.
Somewhat over three-fourths of the foreign-born heads of house-
holds studied in New York have been in the United States under
twenty years, not one-half have been here as long as ten years, and
not one-fourth have been here as long as five years.
CHAPTER IV.
LIVING CONDITIONS.
CONGESTION. a
The size of apartments occupied by the households studied appears
in the following table, which is derived from General Table 278.
TABLE 23. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each _
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
number of
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apartments of
each specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
3.40
3.49
3.43
3.46
3.62
3.47
3.59
3.55
3.25
3.56
3.12
3.09
3.28
2.89
2.84
1.2
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
2.2
.0
.0
2.3
.0
.0
.0
1.2
1.2
.0
5.6
7.4
.0
6.6
6.7
12.2
7.5
21.1
14.0
.0
20.0
36.9
63.5
48.6
57.1
51.9
47.9
54.2
45.0
49.0
54.7
44.4
51.5
58.1
72.1
71.1
44.9
31.8
49.0
42.9
35.2
37.2
44.8
35.9
27.7
20.1
40.2
24.2
23.3
27.9
8.9
16.7
1.2
.0
.0
5.6
4.3
.7
9.6
16.5
10.8
5.4
1.0
2.3
.0
.0
1.0
0.0
.8
.0
1.9
1.1
.4
1.0
.2
.0
.8
1.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.2
.0
.0
.0
2.1
.0
1.5
.0
.0
1.7
.5
.0
.0
.0
.5
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German...
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magvar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
2,667
3.37
3.54
3.50
3.34
.3
.0
.4
.2
10.2
5.9
2.8
11.9
51.3
50.3
51.7
51.2
31.8
37.3
42.2
29.4
5.4
4.1
1.6
6.2
.6
1.2
.8
.6
.5
1.2
.6
.5
Total native-born of foreign
father
169
505
2,162
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Congestion depends on many conditions other than the number of persons or adults per room and
per sleeping room. Most of these conditions are not susceptible of statistical measurement, and no
definite line can be drawn where overcrowding begins. In this section of the report the terms " con-
gestion " and " degree of congestion " are expressly restricted to a comparison of the number of persons
or adults per room and per sleeping room,
183
184
The Immigration Commission.
More than half of all of the apartments investigated in New York
consist of three rooms, and 31.8 per cent consist of four rooms,
the two sizes together comprising 83.1 per cent of all apartments.
The per cents of households living in three-room and in four-room
apartments, with the j>er cents living in apartments smaller than
cither of the two prevailing sizes, and the per cents living in larger
apartments are as follows:
General nativity and race of head of household.
land 2
rooms.
3 rooms.
4 rooms.
5 or more
rooms.
Native-born of native father:
White
2.4
63.5
31.8
2.4
Negro
1.6
48.6
49.0
.8
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
.0
57.1
42.9
.0
German
5.6
51.9
35.2
7.5
Irish
7.4
47.9
37.2
7.5
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
.0
54.2
44.8
1.1
German
7.1
45.0
35.9
12.1
Hebrew, Russian
6.7
49.0
27.7
16.7
Hebrew, Other
14.4
54.7
20.1
10.8
Irish
7.5
44.4
40.2
7.9
Italian, South
21.1
51.5
24.2
3.2
Magyar
16.3
58.1
23.3
2.3
Negro
.0
72.1
27.9
.0
Slovak
20.0
71.1
8.9
.0
Syrian...
36.9
44.9
16.7
1.5
Grand total . .
10.5
51.3
31.8
6.5
Total native-born of foreign father
5.9
50.3
37.3
6.5
Total native-born .'. . .
3.2
51.7
42.2
3.0
Total foreign-born
12.1
51.2
29.4
7.3
The per cent of households living in one or two room apartments
is 10.5, and in apartments of five or more rooms, 6.5 per cent.
Among the native-born the per cent living in one or two room apart-
ments is only 3.2, while among the foreign-born it is 12.1. On the
other hand, a somewhat larger proportion, 7.3 per cent, of the for-
eign-born live in apartments of more than four rooms, while the pro-
portion among the native-born is only 3 per cent. The greatest pro-
portion of households in one or two rooms, 36.9 per cent, is found
among the Syrians; next come the South Italians with 21.1 per cent,
the Slovaks with 20 per cent, and the Magyars with 16.3 per cent.
The size of apartments largely depends on the accommodations
available in the district in which a people are located. The initial
choice of neighborhood is largely a matter of chance and is not
entirely dependent on the character of the housing. The first settlers
having established themselves in a district, however, the later arrivals
cluster around their countrymen, regardless of living accommodations.
The households studied are classified in the table following accord-
ing to the number of persons of which they are composed. The per
cents are based on the data in General Table 279.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
185
TABLE 24.— Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Aver-
age
number
of per-
sons per
house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
3.94
3.26
3.19
3.83
4.15
4.18
3.98
6.10
4.81
4.53
5.76
4.70
3.39
5.42
3.78
0.0
6.0
.0
5.6
2.1
1.1
5.1
.0
2.9
2.5
.2
2.3
4.9
.0
.0
20.0
33.1
38.1
20.4
19.1
16.2
23.2
6.7
12.9
16.7
3.3
14.0
24.6
4.4
20.7
28.2
26.3
28.6
29.6
20.2
21.7
16.2
is!?
15.1
10.5
14.0
32.0
8.9
28.8
24.7
15.5
14.3
11.1
24.5
19.9
20.2
12.7
10.8
18.8
19.5
18.6
19.7
13.3
23.7
11.8
10.4
14.3
9.3
18.1
18.8
13.6
16.3
19.4
17.6
18.3
20.9
9.0
28.9
13.6
7.1
4.4
4.8
14.8
8.5
14.1
11.1
14.0
12.2
10.9
11.6
11.6
6.6
24.4
7.6
2.4
1.2
.0
5.6
5.3
5.1
4.0
12.7
10.1
9.2
15.7
7.0
1.6
4.4
3.5
2.4
2.4
.0
3.7
1.1
2.9
4.5
14.6
7.9
5.9
9.0
7.0
.8
8.9
1.5
1.2
.8
.0
.0
.0
.4
2.0
8.5
2.9
2.9
6.9
2.3
.8
6.7
.5
2.4
.0
.0
.0
1.1
.0
.0
6.9
2.2
.4
5.0
2.3
.0
.0
.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Hebrew, Russian. .
Hebrew, Other
Irish . . .
Italian South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
Total native-born
2,667
169
505
2,162
4.68
3.93
3.60
4.93
1.9
15.4
17.7
17.8
15.9
11.0
7.9
- - -• —
4.7
2.6
9.2
6.4
--- —
1.8
2.2
7.4
3.6
.0
.6
4.3
2.3
.6
.6
2.7
3.0
4.0
1.4
21.9
27.1
12.7
24.3
25.9
15.8
18.9
18.2
17.7
14.8
12.1
16.8
10.1
6.7
12.0
Total foreign-born
A somewhat more graphic presentation of the size of households
among the several races studied in New York follows. Households
of 1, 2, and 3 persons are considered small households and those of
7 or more persons are considered large households, and the per cents
which the households of each class form of the total number of house-
holds per race are given.
House-
House-
House-
House-
General nativity and race of
head of household.
holds of
1, 2, or 3
holds of
7 or more
General nativity and race of
head of household.
holds of
1, 2, or 3
holds of
7 or more
persons.
persons.
persons.
persons.
Native-born of native father:
Foreign-born— Continued .
White
48.2
8.4
Italian, South
14.0
36.6
Negro -.
65.4
4.4
Magyar...
30.3
18.6
Native-born of foreign father,
Negro ......
61.5
3.2
by race of father:
Slovak
13.3
20.0
Bohemian and Moravian. .
66.7
.0
Syrian
49.5
5.5
55 6
9 3
Irish
41 4
7 5
Grand total
35.0
20.2
Bohemian and Moravian. .
39.0
8.4
Total native-born of foreign
German
44 5
10 5
father
49.2
7. 1
Hebrew, Russian.
14.4
42.7
Native-born
57.0
6.0
Hebrew, Other
34.5
23 1
Foreign-born
29.9
23.6
Irish
34 3
18 4
25G080— VOL 26—11-
-13
186
The Immigration Commission.
The highest proportion of small households are found among the
second-generation Bohemians and the negroes of native and foreign
birth, among whom between 60 per cent and 70 per cent of the
households consist of 1, 2, or 3 persons, and less than 5 per cent of
the households have 7 or more persons. The greatest proportion of
large households are among the Russian Hebrews and the South Ital-
ians; more than 85 per cent of the households of these two races
consist of 4 or more persons, while 42.7 per cent of the Russian
Hebrew and 36.6 per cent of the South Italian households consist of
7 or more persons. The Slovaks report a lower per cent of small
households than the two races just discussed, but they also have a
smaUer proportion of large households. In the totals for the races
the foreign-born have the highest proportion of large households,
more than 70 per cent consisting of 4 or more persons, and 23.6 per
cent consisting of 7 or more persons.
The average number of persons per apartment is shown, by size
of apartment in the following table. The table is derived from
General Table 280.
TABLE 25. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number
of rooms.
household.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
(a)
(a)
3.72
4.11
(a)
(a)
3 94
Negro
(a)
(<*)
2.73
3.80
(a)
3.26
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian.
3.33
(a)
3.19
German
(a)
3.39
4 53
(a)
(a)
3 83
Irish
(aj
3.67
4.26
«
(«)
(o)
4.15
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
3 72
4 71
(a)
(a)
4 18
German. ...
(a)
2.69
3.40
4.51
5.26
(a)
(a)
3.98
Hebrew Russian
3 84
5 19
6 88
8 39
(a)
6.10
Hebrew, Other
(a)
3.24
4.79
5.21
6.73
4.81
Irish
2.44
3.95
5 04
6.77
(a)
(o)
4.53
Italian, South
4.65
5.66
6.72
(a)
(a)
(a)
5.76
Magyar
(a)
(a)
4.84
4.40
(a)
4.70
Negro
3 07
4 21
3 39
Slovak. .
(a)
5.50
(a)
5.42
Syrian
3 26
3 79
4 73
(a)
(a)
3.78
Grand total
(a)
3 74
4.26
5.12
7.36
6.82
8.92
4.68
Total native-born of foreign father
2.40
3.53
4.16
(a)
(a)
(o)
3.93
Total native-born
(a)
2 21
3 20
3 94
(a)
(a)
(aj
3.60
Total foreign-born
(a)
3.82
4.51
5.51
7.47
7.23
7.50
4.93
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Six races have 10 or more households living in apartments of two
rooms, of three rooms, and of four rooms. Of these races the South
Italians have the highest average number of persons in two-room
apartments and in three-room apartments, and the second highest
average in four-room apartments; the Russian Hebrews have the
second highest average in apartments of two rooms and of three
rooms, and the highest average in apartments of four rooms.
The average number of persons per room in apartments of each
size may be easily obtained from the table. For all households
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
187
studied, the average numbers of persons are: In two rooms, 1.87;
in three rooms, 1.42; in four rooms, 1.28; in five rooms, 1.47; in six
rooms, 1.14. It will be seen that, in general, the number of persons
per room tends to decrease as the number of rooms per apartment in-
creases. The one exception is in the case of apartments of five
rooms, which, especially among Russian Hebrews, accommodate large
households.
The following table classifies the households studied, according to
the number of persons per room. The data of General Table 281 are
presented in the form of cumulative numbers and percentages.
TABLE 26. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of
persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father:
White . .
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
1.16
.93
.93
1.11
1.15
1.20
1.11
1.72
1.48
1.27
1.85
1.52
1.03
1.88
1.33
62
123
11
33
72
211
121
457
121
186
405
37
78
43
177
10
15
1
6
6
29
22
176
33
32
212
11
6
23
36
3
1
72.9
49.0
52.4
61.1
76.6
76.2
61.1
95.2
87.1
77.8
96.2
86.0
63.9
95.6
89.4
11.8
6.0
4.8
11.1
6.4
10.5
11.1
36.7
23.7
13.4
50.4
25.6
4.9
51.1
18.2
3.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
5.2
2.2
.0
9.7
7.0
.0
15.6
3.5
1.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
1.7
2.3
.0
2.2
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German . .
Hebrew, Russian
25
3
3
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, South
41
3
7
1
Magvar
Negro
Slovak
7
7
1
Syrian
Grand total
2,667
169~
505
2,162
1.39
1.11
1.03
1.48
2,137
116
301
1,836
618
is"
38
580
89
-2.
80.1
68.6
59.6
84.9
23.2
7.7
7.5
26.8
3.3
To"
.6
4.0
.5
.0
.2
.6
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
86
1
12
Total foreign-born
The average number of persons per room for the total number of
households studied in New York is 1.39, among the foreign-born it
is 1.48, among the natives 1.03. Arranged in descending order for
the foreign races, the averages are as follows:
Averages.
Slovak 1. 88
Italian, South 1.85
Hebrew, Russian 1.72
Magyar 1. 52
Hebrew, Other 1. 48
Averages,
Syrian 1. 33-
Irish 1.27
Bohemian and Moravian 1. 20
German 1.11
Negro 1. 03
In no case is the average number of persons per room as high as 2.
Among all the races except the Slovaks, South Italians, Russian
Hebrews, and Magyars the average is lower than 1.5.
The Slovaks show, on the whole, the highest degree of congestion;
51.1 per cent of the households of the race report two or more persons
per room, and 15.6 per cent report three or more persons per room.
188
The Immigration Commission.
The South Italians also show two or more persons per room in more
than half of their households and, on the whole, rank second in point
of congestion. They are followed by the Russian Hebrews. The
negroes of native birth and the second-generation Bohemians and
Moravians show, on the whole, the lowest degree of congestion. Of
the 2,162 immigrant households included in the table, 26.8 per cent
report two or more persons per room; 4 per cent report three or more;
and 12 households, or 0.6 per cent, report as many as four persons per
room.
The households studied are classified in the following table accord-
ing to the number of persons per sleeping room. The table presents the
data of General Table 282 in the form of cumulative numbers and
per cents.
TABLE 27. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of
persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Num-
ber re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
275
198
475
139
238
420
41
122
44
191
2.19
1.72
2.23
2.07
1.99
2.17
2.02
2.49
2.28
2.16
2.45
2.28
1.90
2.62
1.90
63
122
19
38
66
207
132
399
100
183
364
29
72
39
111
24
17
5
11
14
63
32
156
37
48
129
12
21
19
26
8
2
1
74.1
48.6
90.5
70.4
70.2
75.3
66.7
84.0
71.9
76.9
86.7
70.7
59.0
88.6
58.1
28.2
6.8
23.8
20.4
14.9
22.9
16.2
32.8
26.6
20.2
30.7
29.3
17.2
43.2
13.6
9.4
.8
.0
1.9
1.1
4.0
5.1
10.3
6.5
2.9
5.2
12.2
3.3
13.6
2.1
1.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.5
2.3
.0
.0
1.2
4.9
1.6
2.3
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
2.4
.8
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father.:
Bohemian and Mo-
German
1
1
11
10
49
9
7
22
5
4
6
4
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
1
1
11
......
German
Hebrew, Russian . .
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Matrvar
5
2
2
1
.....
1
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father
2,648
169
505
2,143
2.22
2.04
1.90
2.28
1,944
123
308
1,636
614
30
71
543
.139
2
12
127
24
4
73.4
72.8
61.0
76.3
23.2
17.8
14.1
25.3
5.2
1.2
2.4
5.9
.9
.2
.0
.0
.2
.0
.2
1.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
1
23
" "4"
The average number of persons per sleeping room for the entire
number of households studied in New York City is 2.22; among the
foreign-born it is 2.28, and among the native-born, 1.90. Arranged
in descending order the averages for the foreign-born are as follows:
Averages.
Slovak 2.62
Hebrew, Russian 2. 49
Italian, South 2.45
Hebrew/Other 2. 28
Magyar 2. 28
Averages.
Bohemian and Moravian 2. 17
Irish 2. 16
German 2. 02
Negro 1.90
Syrian 1. 90
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
189
The averages are high among the races which show high averages
of persons per room. The Slovaks, South Italians, and Russian
Hebrews report the large percentages of the higher degrees of con-
gestion and the native-born Negroes and Bohemians and Moravians
the lower percentages.
Turning to the range of averages, it will be seen that 26.6 per cent
of all the households average less than two persons per sleeping
room and 73.4 per cent two or more persons, that 23.2 per cent
average three or more persons, 5.2 per cent four or more persons,
and 0.9 per cent five or more persons. Only four households average
as many as six persons per sleeping room. A calculation based on
a study of dimensions of rooms from the records of the tenement-
house department shows that the average cubic capacity of a room
in New York is about 1,000 cubic feet. According to this estimate
it appears that 23.2 per cent of the households average 333 cubic
feet or less per person; that 5.2 per cent of the houses average less
than 250 cubic feet per person; that 0.9 per cent of the households
average less than 200 cubic feet per person, and 0.2 per cent average
less than 167 cubic feet per person. The minimum average pre-
scribed by law is 400 cubic feet per person. It is quite obvious from
the above figures that in nearly one-fourth of all the households
studied in New York the average cubic air space per person is below
that required by law.
The following table is a summary giving the average numbers of
persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room.
TABLE 28. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average number of persons per —
Apart-
ment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father:
White...
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
3.94
3.26
3.19
3.83
4.15
4.18
3.98
6.10
4.81
4.53
5.76
4.70
3.39
5.42
3.78
1.16
.93
.93
1.11
1.15
.20
,11
.72
.48
.27
.85
.52
.03
.88
.33
2.19
1.72
2.23
2.07
1.99
o2.17
2.02
& 2. 49
2.28
c2.16
<*2.45
e2.28
1.90
/2.62
(71.90
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish ..
Italian, South .
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Svrian. ...
Grand total
2,667
4.68
.39
A 2. 22
Total native-born of foreign father.
169
505
2.162
3.93
3.60
4.93
.11
.03
.48
2.04
1.90
t'2.28
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
a Based on 275 households.
b Based on 475 households,
c Based on 238 households.
d Based on 420 households.
« Based on 41 households.
/ Based on, 44 households.
g Based on 191 households.
A Based on 2,648 households,
t Based on 2,143 households.
190
The Immigration Commission.
The following tables take up the question of congestion in a some-
what different manner. In this series of tables two children under
10 years of age are considered equal to one adult, and all persons
10 years of age or older are considered adults.
Table 29, which follows, is based upon General Table 283, and gives
in cumulative form the number and per cent of households having
each specified number of adults per room.
TABLE 29. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult, and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of adults
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
1.00
.86
.82
.95
1.02
1.04
.98
1.52
1.28
1.11
1.56
1.30
.95
1.58
1.09
47
96
6
24
59
164
100
433
108
160
382
35
64
42
138
4
4
1
55.3
38.2
28.6
44.4
62.8
59.2
50.5
90.2
77.7
66.9
90.7
81.4
52.5
93.3
69.7
4.7
1.6
.0
1.9
.0
2.2
3.5
19.2
15.1
2.5
28.3
16.3
.0
24.4
5.1
1.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.5
.0
.0
3.8
2.3
.0
2.2
.5
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
1
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
6
7
92
21
6
119
7
Hebrew Russian
7
1
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian, South .
16
1
2
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
11
10
1
1
Syrian
Grand total
2,667
1.21
1,858
288
27
3
69.7
10.8
1.0
.1
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
169
505
2,162
.97
.92
1.28
89
232
1,626
1
9
279
52.7
45.9
75.2
.6
1.8
12.9
.0
.2
1.2
.0
.0
.1
1
26
'"3"
Total foreign-born . .
Three races in this table, the Russian Hebrews, the South Italians,
and the Slovaks, show more than 90 per cent of households with one
or more adults per room. Approximately 20 per cent of the Russian
Hebrew households and between 20 per cent and 30 per cent of the
South Italian and Slovak households report two or more adults per
room. With the exception of these three races, the Hebrews other
than Russian, and the Magyars, the proportions of households among
the other races in which there are two or more adults to a room
are in all cases less than 6 per cent. The least congestion is found
among the second-generation Bohemians and Moravians and the
Negroes of native birth. Of households of the former race only 28.6
per cent have as many as one adult per room, and none have as
many as two adults per room. Among the negroes of native birth
38.2 per cent of the households have one or more adults per room,
and four households, or 1.7, per cent have two adults per room. In
the totals, the immigrant households show the highest degree of
congestion. Slightly more than three-fourths of the 2,162 house-
holds of foreign birth have one or more adults per room, and 279
households, or 12.9 per cent, have two or more adults per room.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
191
The number of adults per sleeping room is shown in cumulative
form in the following table, based upon General Table 284.
TABLE 30. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per sleeping rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Num-
ber re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
number
of
adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
275
198
475
139
238
420
41
122
44
191
1.88
1.58
1.97
1.78
1.77
1.87
1.79
2.20
1.97
1.88
2.07
1.93
1.75
2.19
1.55
48
94
16
25
49
142
96
330
79
136
273
22
58
32
53
9
3
1
1
1
17
13
82
15
8
36
7
3
7
4
56.5
37.5
76.2
46.3
52.1
51.6
48.5
69.5
56.8
57.1
65.0
53.7
47.5
72.7
27.7
10.6
1.2
4.8
1.9
1.1
6.2
6.6
17.3
10.8
3.4
8.6
17.1
2.5
15.9
2.1
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
3.2
.7
.0
1.0
2.4
.8
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of fa-
ther:
Bohemian and Mo-
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
1
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
15
1
5
2
Irish
Italian, South
4
1
1
Magyar.
Negro
1
1
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
2,648
1.93
1,453
90
232
1,221
207
23
—
6
---'• —
3
•
54.9
53.3
45.9
57.0
7.8
.9
.0
.0
1.1
.2
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.1
Total native-bora of for-
eign father
169
505
2,143
1.79
1.70
1.97
3
15
192
1.8
3.0
9.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
23
6
3
The greatest degree of congestion in sleeping rooms is, on the
whole, among the Kussian Hebrew households, 69.5 per cent of which
report two or more adults per sleeping room, 17.3 per cent three or
more, and 15 households, or 3.2 per cent, four or more adults per
sleeping room. Two other races, the second generation Bohemians
and Moravians and the Slovaks report higher percentages of house-
holds having two or more adults to a sleeping room, but do not show
as high proportions having three or more to a sleeping room, and
report no households in which four, five, or six adults sleep in one
room. The least congestion in sleeping rooms is among the Syrians.
Sixty-two and three-tenths per cent of the households of this race
have fewer than two adults per sleeping room, and but four of the
191 households, or 2.1 per cent, report as many as three adults per
sleeping room. The Syrians show larger averages of both persons
and adults per room than the native-born white of native father,
but smaller averages per sleeping room. This indicates a tendency
among the native-born white to crowd into fewer sleeping rooms in
order to reserve rooms for other purposes.
192
The Immigration Commission.
The totals for the foreign-born show a slightly larger proportion
of households haying two or more adults per sleeping room than the
totals for the natives, and the foreign-born households report the only
cases in which as many as four adults sleep in one room.
A summary table showing the average number of adults per
apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, follows:
TABLE 31. — Average number of adults per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult, and two persons under 10, one adult.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average number of adults per—
Apartment, i Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
3.39
2.99
2.81
3.30
3.09
3.61
3.52
5.38
4.17
3.95
4.87
4.03
3.11
4.57
3.09
1.00
.86
.82
.95
1.02
1.04
.98
.52
.28
.11
.56
.30
.95
.58
.09
1.88
1.58
1.97
1.78
1.77
a 1.87
1.79
62.20
1.97
Pi. 88
<*2.07
«1.93
1.75
/2.19
01.55
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German . .... ...
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian .
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, South
Ma^var
Negro ...» .
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
2,667
4.07
1.21
h 1.93
Total native-born of foreign father
169
505
2,162
3.46
3.21
4.27
.97
.92
1.28
1.79
1.70
«1.97
Total native-born
Total foreign-born ...
a Based on 275 households
b Based on 475 households,
c Based on 238 households.
d Based on 420 households.
e Based on 41 households.
/ Based on 44 households.
Q Based on 191 households.
h Based on 2,648 households.
i Based on 2,148 households.
The largest households, measured by number of adults, are among
the Russian Hebrews, who show an average of 5.38 adults per apart-
ment. The South Italians and the Slovaks follow, each reporting an
average of more than four and one-half adults per apartment. The
smallest households are among the Bohemians and Moravians of the
second generation, who show but 2. 81 adults per apartment. Three
races, the Russian Hebrews, the South Italians, and the Slovaks
show higher average number of adults per room and sleeping room
than do any of the other twelve races. Each of these three races has
an average of over one and one-half adults per room, and over two
adults per sleeping room. The lowest average number of adults per
room, 0.82, is found among the Bohemians and Moravians of native
birth, and the lowest average per sleeping room, 1.55, among the
Syrians.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
193
A summary of the tables dealing with congestion as measured,
both by number of persons and of adults per apartment, per room,
and per sleeping room, is presented in the following table in the form
of averages:
TABLE 32. — Average number of persons and adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult, and two persons under 10, one adult.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average number
per apartment.
Average number
per room.
Average numbe"r
per sleeping room.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
3.94
3.26
3.19
3.83
4.15
4.18
3.98
6.10
4.81
4.53
5.76
4.70
3.39
5.42
3.78
3.39
2.99
2.81
3.30
3.69
3.61
3.52
5.38
4.17
3.95
4.87
4.03
3.11
4.57
3.09
1.16
.93
.93
1.11
1.15
1.20
1.11
1.72
1.48
1.27
1.85
1.52
1.03
1.88
1.33
1.00
.86
.82
.95
1.02
1.04
.98
1.52
1.28
1.11
1.56
1.30
.95
1.58
1.09
2.19
1.72
2.23
2.07
1.99
a 2. 17
2.02
62.49
2.28
c2.16
d2.45
«2.28
1.90
/2.62
(71.90
1.88
1.58
1.97
1.78
1.77
al.87
1.79
62.20
1.97
el. 88
d2.07
•1.98
1.75
/2.19
01.55
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian...
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian...
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak . .
Syrian
Grand total
2,667
4.68
4.07
1.39
1.21
A 2. 22
A 1.93
Total native-born of foreign
father
169
505
2,162
3.93
3.60
4.93
3.46
3.21
4.27
1.11
1.03
1.48
.97
.92
1.28
2.04
1.90
»2.28
1.79
1.70
»1.97
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Based on 275 households.
6 Based on 475 households,
c Based on 238 households.
d Based on 420 households.
e Based on 41 households.
/Based on 44 households.
9 Based on 191 households.
h Based on 2,648 households.
i Based on 2 148 households.
The races in which the greatest differences are observable between
the average number of persons and the average number of adults are,
of course, the races which have the larger proportions of small chil-
dren. For example, the Syrians show a greater average number of
persons per room than the Irish of foreign birth, but a smaller average
number of adults per room, indicating that the higher degree of con-
gestion in rooms among the Syrians is due to the presence of children.
The two tables which follow classify the households studied accord-
ing to the number of adults per room and per sleeping room and
according to years in the United States. The tables are presented
to make comparisons possible between households of earlier immi-
grants and households of more recent immigrants, and to bring out
any differences in degree of congestion which may exist between the
households of earlier immigrants and of those who have lived in the
United States for a shorter time.
194
The Immigration Commission.
Table 33, based on General Table 285, classifies the households
according to number of adults per room and according to years in
the United States.
TABLE 33. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.)
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of household.
Number
report-
ing com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
0.0
.0
.0
.0
Wo
W.o
w.o
Bohemian and Moravian
German .
37
22
131
28
9
97
18
59
1
81
0.93
1.17
1.45
1.44
(a)
1.61
1.21
1.00
(a)
1.00
17
15
117
25
5
88
13
35
1
51
45.9
68.2
89.3
89.3
(a)
90.7
(a)
59.3
(a)
63.0
0.0
13.6
13.7
17.9
&
Wo
(a)
1.2
0.0
.0
.8
.0
ft
Wo
Wo
3
18
5
Hebrew, Russian
1
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
31
2
5
Magyar.
Negro
Slovak
Syrian.
1
Total
483
1.28
367
60
6
76.0
12.4
1.2
.0
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Bohemian and Moravian.
45
0.96
23
51.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
German
13
.86
5
(a)
Ca)
(o)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
135
1.39
117
22
2
1
86.7
16.3
1.5
1 ;7
Hebrew, Other.
38
1.22
27
5
71.1
13.2
.0
.0
Irish
27
93
13
48 1
0
0
.0
I talian, South
Magyar
112
13
1.55
1 34
99
10
34
3
5
1
88.4
(a)
30.4
(a)
4.5
(a)
.0
fa)
Negro
36
.99
22
61.1
.0
1 n
0
Slovak
14
1.33
12
1
(0)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Syrian
60
1 10
39
5
1
65 0
Si
1 7
0
Total
493
1 42
367
70
9
j
74 4
14.2
1.8
.2
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Bohemian and Moravian
190
1 07
119
6
62 6
3 2
0.0
0.0
German
163
97
80
4
49 1
2 5
0
.0
Hebrew, Russian
207
1.56
192
49
4
92.8
23.7
1.9
.0
Hebrew, Other
73
1 26
56
11
76 7
15 1
.0
.0
Irish
201
1.14
140
6
69.7
3.0
.0
.0
Italian, South .
211
1.54
194
54
6
2
91 9
25.6
2.8
.9
Magyar
11
1 38
11
1
(a)
(a)
(o)
(a)
Negro
25
.77
6
24.0
1 0
v o
v;o
Slovak. . .
30
1.70
29
10
1
96 7
33 3
3.3
.0
Syrian
50
1 20
41
4
82 0
8 0
o
o
Total
1,161
1 27
868
145
11
2
74 8
12 5
.9
.2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In this table it will be seen that the Russian Hebrews and the South
Italians show relatively high degrees of congestion in each group.
Among the households in the United States ten years or over, the
Slovaks show, on the whole, greater congestion than any other race,
but they are closely followed by the Russian Hebrews and the South
Italians, all three races reporting more than 90 per cent of households
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
195
with one or more adults per room and more than 20 per cent with two
or more adults per room.
Among the households which have been in the United States under
five years and five to nine years the least congestion is found among
the Bohemians and Moravians, approximately half of whom report
less than one adult per room in each of the two periods of residence.
Among the households in the United States ten years or over the
negroes show the least congestion, 76 per cent of negro households
reporting less than one adult per room, and no households reporting
as many as two adults per room.
With the exception of the Bohemians and Moravians and the
Syrians, the table does not indicate any uniform tendency either
among individual races or in the totals toward a greater or a less
degree of congestion with longer residence in the United States. The
two races which are excepted show in successive year groups less
congestion among more recent immigrants than among earlier immi-
grants.
Table 34, based on General Table 286, presents in cumulative form
the data concerning adults per sleeping room according to years in
the United States.
TABLE 34. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United
States.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years hi the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of house-
hold.
Num-
ber
re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
number
of
adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Bohemian and Moravian
German
36
22
128
28
9
97
18
59
1
77
1.90
2.09
2.14
2.14
(a)
2.08
1.82
1.85
(a)
1.42
22
17
86
21
7
63
10
31
1
18
4
3
17
2
11
3
2
1
61.1
77.3
67.2
75.0
(•)
64.9
(a)
52.5
&
11.1
13.6
13.3
7.1
(°)
11.3
(°)
3.4
(0)
1.3
2.8
.0
1.6
3.6
(ia)o
ft
Wo
0.0
.0
.0
.0
Wo
ft
Wo
0.0
.0
.0
.0
(0)o
(?7
W.o
Hebrew, Russian
2
1
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
1
Magyar
Negro
1
1
1
Slovak
Syrian
1
Total
475
1.96
276
44
6
1
1
58.1
9.3
1.3
.2
.2
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Bohemian and Moravian
45
1.83
22
2
48.9
4.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
German
13
2 00
8
3
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
135
38
2.22
1.89
93
19
24
4
4
2
1
68.9
50 0
17.8
10 5
3.0
.0
1.5
.0
(\7
.0
Irish
27
1 81
14
2
51 9
7 4
.0
o
o
Italian South
111
2.03
69
7
62.2
6.3
.0
.0
.0
Magyar
12
- 2.12
6
1
(a)
(a)
fa)
(a)
(a)
Negro
36
1.64
11
1
306
V8
* 0
1 o
k o
Slovak
14
2.27
11
3
(a)
(a)
(a)
(o)
(a)
Syrian .
60
1.58
15
2
25 0
JL3
0
e
.0
Total
491
1.98
268
49
4
2
1
54.6
10.0
.8
.4
.2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
196
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 34. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United
S tates — Continu e d .
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Race of head of house-
hold.
Num-
ber
re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
number
of
adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Bohemian and Moravian
German
189
163
205
73
200
211
10
25
29
47
1.86
1.74
2.20
1.95
1.88
2.08
1.89
1.71
2.16
1.67
94
71
144
39
114
140
5
16
20
15
11
7
39
9
5
18
2
49.7
43.6
70.2
53.4
57.0
66.4
(a)
64.0
69.0
31.9
5.8
4.3
19.0
12.3
2.5
8.5
Wo
13.8
2.1
0.0
.0
3.9
.0
.0
1.4
Wo
.0
.0
0.0
.0
1.5
.0
.0
.0
«o
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
W.o
.0
.0
Hebrew, Russian
8
3
1
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian, South
3
Magyar. .
Negro
Slovak
4
1
Syrian
Total. ...
1,152
1.97
658
96
11
3
1
57.1
8.3
1.0
.3
.1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Among the households in the United States under five years, the
Germans and the Hebrews other than Russian show, on the whole,
the greatest congestion in sleeping rooms, 77.3 per cent of households
of the former race and of 75 per cent of the households of the latter
race having two or more adults per sleeping room. The Russian He-
brews rank third.
Of the households which have been in the United States fiv e to nine
years, and ten years or over, the Russian Hebrews report the largest
percentages of households with relatively great congestion in sleeping
rooms, showing, among the more recent immigrants, 68.9 per cent of
households having two or more adults per sleeping room, and 17.8 per
cent having three or more adults per sleeping room, and among the
earlier immigrants 70.2 per cent of households with two or more adults
and 19 per cent with three or more adults per sleeping room. In the
two groups just discussed, the South Italians also show relatively
great congestion. The Slovaks rank second among households in the
United States ten years or over in degree of congestion in sleeping
rooms.
No uniform tendency toward greater or less congestion in sleeping
rooms is observable as the period of residence increases, with the
possible exceptions of the Russian Hebrews and the Syrians, who seem
to show slightly greater congestion among the earlier immigrants.
The table next presented classifies households according to the num-
ber of rooms which they do not use for sleeping purposes. The table
is derived from General Table 287.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
197
TABLE 35. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
rooms
per
house-
hold.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
sleeping
rooms
per
house-
hold.
Number of households
sleeping in —
Per cent of households
sleeping in —
All
rooms.
All
except
room.
All
except
2
rooms.
All
rooms.
All
except
room.
All
except
2
rooms.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
275
198
475
139
238
420
41
122
44
191
3.40
3.49
3.43
3.46
3.62
o3.47
3.59
&3.S5
3.25
<• 3. 56
o"3. 12
« 3. 09
3.28
/2.89
02.84
1.80
1.89
1.43
1.85
2.09
1.93
- 1.97
2.45
2.12
2.09
2.35
2.10
1.78
2.07
2.00
3
5
37
110
5
22
45
129
83
283
68
131
182
19
66
28
110
38
116
11
24
39
131
92
101
37
86
58
9
48
4
22
3.5
2.0
.0
5.6
3.2
1.5
3.5
16.6
20.9
2.5
41.0
29.3
.8
27.3
30.4
43.5
43.8
23.8
40.7
47.9
46.9
41.9
59.6
48.9
55.0
43.3
46.3
54.1
63.6
57.6
44.7
46.2
52.4
44.4
41.5
47.6
46.5
21.3
26.6
36.1
13.8
22.0
39.3
9.1
11.5
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian.
German
3
3
4
7
79
29
6
172
12
1
12
58
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
German
Hebrew, Russ'an
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
2,648
169
505
2,143
h 3. 37
3.54
3.50
i 3. 34
2.11
1.93
1.89
2.17
394
6
14
380
1.318
72
219
1.099
816
74
228
588
14.9
3.6
2.8
17.7
49.8
:."-T.._. :- -
42.6
43.4
51.3
30.8
- —
43.8
45.1
27.4
Total native-born of foreiern
father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Based on 277 households,
b Based on 480 households.
c Based on 239 households.
d Based on 421 households.
c Based on 43 households.
/ Based on 45 households.
g Based on 198 households,
ft Based on 2,667 households.
i Based on 2,162 households.
Of all the households canvassed in New York, 14.9 per cent regu-
larly use all of the rooms in their apartments for sleeping purposes,
49.8 per cent reserve one room for other purposes, and 30.8 per cent
reserve two rooms for other purposes. Only 4.5 per cent reserve
more than two rooms for living purposes exclusive of sleeping.
Among the native-born only 2.8 per cent of the households use all
the rooms for sleeping purposes; among the foreign-born the per-
centage is 17.7. Arranged in descending order the per cents of
foreign households which use all the rooms for sleeping purposes
are as follows:
Per cent.
Italian, South 41.0
Syrian 30. 4
Magyar 29. 3
Slovak 27. 3
Hebrew, Other 20.9
Per cent.
Hebrew, Russian 16. 6
German 3. 5
Irish 2.5
Bohemian and Moravian ] . 5
Negro 8
It will be seen that the Germans, the Irish, the Bohemians and
Moravians, and the negroes almost always reserve at least one room
for other than sleeping purposes. The figures indicate, in general,
that rooms reserved for purposes other than sleeping are more com-
mon in native than in foreign households, and in those of older immi-
grants than in those of more recent immigrants.
198
The Immigration Commission.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
The number and per cent of households which keep boarders or
lodgers appear in the following table, drawn from General Table
288.
TABLE 36. — Number and per cent of households keeping hoarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
9
77
1
13
40
22
229
41
47
93
17
45
18
3
10.6
30.7
4.8
1.9
13.8
14.4
11.1
47.7
29.5
19.7
22.1
39.5
36.9
40.0
1.5
Negro . . . .
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South . . .
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
2,667
656
24.6
Total native-born of foreign father
169
505
2,162
15
101
55$
8.9
20.0
25.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
Of the 2,667 households canvassed in New York, 656, or 24.6 per
cent, keep boarders or lodgers. The per cent is 20 among the native
and 25.7 among the foreign households. Arranged in descending
order the per cents for the foreign races are as follows :
Per cent.
Hebrew, Russian 47. 7
Slovak 40. 0
Magyar 39. 5
Negro 36. 9
Hebrew, Other 29.5
Per cent.
Italian, South 22. 1
Irish 19.7
Bohemian and Moravian 14. 4
German 11. 1
Syrian 1. 5
The low per cent among the Syrians is due to their occupation.
The Syrians are for the most part peddlers, and leave their homes
locked up while they travel with their wares. In the summer their
homes may often be found empty, the members of the families being
scattered through the various summer resorts selling oriental goods.
With the exception of the Syrians all of the recent immigrants show
much larger per cents of households with boarders or lodgers than
the older immigrants. The Italians show a comparatively low per
cent, which fact is partially accounted for by a peculiarity of the
Italians. Instead of taking boarders or lodgers Italian families fre-
quently prefer to occupy an apartment jointly with one or more
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
199
other families, and in this way they reduce their rent without
technically taking boarders or lodgers. This arrangement is found
in 164 of the Italian households, or in 31.3 per cent of the total of 524.
The following table excludes all two-family households and all
group households. It shows the number and per cent of the house-
holds of each race which consist only of the immediate family with,
perhaps, a near relative on the same footing as a member of the
family, but with no boarders or lodgers. The table is derived from
General Table 272.
TABLE 37. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single family without
boarders or lodgers.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Consisting of a single
family without board-
ers or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
76
161
20
49
76
233
174
251
96
185
325
" 26
67
27
195
89.4
64.1
95.2
90.7
80.9
84.1
87.9
52.3
69.1
77.4
77.2
60.5
54.9
60.0
98.5
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German . .
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian .. . .
Hebrew Other
Irish ..
Italian South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total . .
2,667
1,961
73.5
Total native-born of foreign father
169
505
2,162
145
382
1,579
85.8
75.6
73.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The table shows that the order of races in the proportion of house-
holds consisting of one family without boarders or lodgers is sub-
stantially the reverse of that of the per cent of households keeping
boarders or lodgers. Even when allowance is made for double fami-
lies, the Italians still show a fairly high proportion of households
where one family without boarders or lodgers constitutes the entire
membership and pays the entire rent. It is evident from this that
the households that consist of more than one family in the great
majority of cases keep boarders or lodgers besides; the single families
without boarders or lodgers represent a higher economic level.
200
The Immigration Commission.
The following table gives the average number of boarders or lodgers
in households keeping boarders or lodgers, and the average number of
boarders or lodgers, when all households are considered. The table
is derived from General Table 288.
TABLE 38. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
Based on
total num-
ber of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
9
77
1
1
13
40
22
229
41
47
93
17
45
18
3
12
128
2
1
34
50
35
465
60
96
175
42
81
38
6
0.14
.51
.10
.02
.36
.18
.18
.97
.43
.40
.42
.98
.66
.84
.03
(a)
1.66
(a)
(a)
2.62
1.25
1.59
2.03
1.46
2.04
1.88
2.47
1.80
2.11
(a)
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish . ..
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magvar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
2,667
656
1.225
.46
1.87
Total native-born of foreign father
169
505
2,162
15
101
555
37
177
1,048
.22
.35
.48
2.47
1.75
1.89
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average number of boarders or lodgers based on the total
number of households investigated is 0.46, and based on the number
of households keeping boarders or lodgers, 1.87. The latter average
is 1.75 for native and 1.89 for foreign households. Arranged in
descending order the average numbers of boarders or lodgers in
foreign households keeping boarders or lodgers are as follows:
Average.
Negro 1. 80
German 1. 59
Hebrew, Other 1. 46
Bohemian and Moravian 1. 25
Average.
Magyar 2. 47
Slovak 2.11
Irish 2. 04
Hebrew, Russian 2. 03
Italian, South 1. 88
The number of Syrian households keeping boarders or lodgers is
so small that the average has not been computed. The averages are
high among the Magyars, the Slovaks, the Irish, and the Russian
Hebrews, all of whom average more than two boarders or lodgers per
household keeping them. The high averages of boarders or lodgers
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
201
based on all households are among the Magyars, Kussian Hebrews, and
Slovaks. These averages furnish some indication of the part boarders
and lodgers play in the comparatively high averages of persons per
room shown by the Slovaks and Russian Hebrews.
The proportion of households keeping boarders or lodgers is
analyzed by the length of residence of the head of the household in
the United States, in the following table, which presents the data of
General Table 289, in the form of numbers and per cents:
TABLE 39. — Number and per cent of foreign-born households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by race of head and by years head has been in United States.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of head of household.
Number
report-
ing com-
plete
data.
In the United States
under 5 years.
In the United States
5 to 9 years.
In the United States
10 years or over.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German
272
198
473
139
237
420
42
120
45
191
37
22
131
28
9
97
18
59
1
81
9
5
70
12
4
26
8
25
24.3
22.7
53.4
42.9
(a)
26.8
(a)
42.4
(a)
1.2
45
13
135
38
27
112
13
36
14
60
11
24.4
(a)
57.8
26.3
33.3
24.1
&
<?7
190
163
207
73
201
211
11
25
30
50
18
17
79
19
33
40
4
6
14
1
9.5
10.4
38.2
26.0
16.4
19.0
(a)
24.0
46.7
2.0
Hebrew, Russian
78
10
9
27
5
14
4
1
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro . . ....
Slovak
Syrian . .
1
Total
2,137
483
160
33.1
493
159
32.3
1,161
231
19.9
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the households whose heads have resided in this country less
than five years 33.1 per cent keep boarders or lodgers; the propor-
tions vary from 53.4 per cent among Russian Hebrews to 1.2 per cent
among Syrians. The Germans and the Bohemians and Moravians
show comparatively low per cents of households in this group which
keep boarders or lodgers. Of the households whose heads have been
in this country from five to nine years, 32.3 per cent have boarders or
lodgers, the proportions varying from 57.8 per cent among Russian
Hebrews to 1.7 per cent among Syrians. In the group of still earlier
immigrants only 19.9 per cent of all households keep boarders or
lodgers; the Slovaks show the highest per cent and the Syrians, as
in the other groups, show the lowest. Bohemians and Moravians,
Germans, and Irish all report fewer than 20 per cent of their house-
holds as keeping boarders or lodgers.
The data for boarders and lodgers may be summarized as follows :
1. Boarders or lodgers are found in about one-fourth of all of the
households studied. The proportion is considerably higher among
the foreign than among the native households.
2. The proportion of households with boarders or lodgers is greater
among recent immigrants than among older immigrants.
25608°— VOL 26—11 14
202
The Immigration Commission.
3. The average number of boarders or lodgers kept is less than two
per household keeping boarders or lodgers and is somewhat higher
in immigrant than in native households. The races among which the
average numbers of boarders and lodgers are high are the Magyars,
the Slovaks, the Irish, and the Russian Hebrews, and those among
which the averages are low are the Germans and the Bohemians and
Moravians.
HOME WORK.
The percentages of homes where occupational work is pursued
appear in the table which follows. This table and the three which
follow are derived from General Table 290.
TABLE 40. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful employment is pursued,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number.
Apartments in which
gainful employment
is pursued.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
122
43
45
198
3
85
1
5
1
26
10
12
4
3
104
6
22
3.5
33.9
4.8
9.3
1.1
9.4
5.1
2.5
2.9
1.3
24.5
4.9
51.1
.0
9.1
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, South . .
Masfvar
Negro .
Slovak
Syrian
18
Grand total
2,667
300
11.2
Total native-born of foreign father
169
505
2,162
7
95
205
4.1
18.8
9.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Gainful occupations were found in 300, or 11.2 per cent, of the 2,667
households studied in New York. The highest proportion of cases,
51.1 per cent, is among the immigrant negroes; the second highest,
33.9 per cent, is among the negroes of native birth; and the third
highest, 24.5 per cent, is among the South Italians. The proportion
among the native-born white of native father is 3.5 per cent and the
proportion among all immigrants is 9.5 per cent.
The table following gives the number of households in which each
specified kind of work is pursued.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
203
TABLE 41.— Number of apartments in which each specified kind of gainful employment is
pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
with
gainful
employ-
ment.
Number in which each specified kind of employment is
pursued.
Dress-
making
and
sewing.
Laundry
work.
Pressing
shirt
waists.
Shoe-
making.
Tailor-
ing.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Native-born of native father:
White
3
85
1
5
1
26
10
12
4
3
104
6
22
18
2
3
1
82
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
1
3
1
1
16
8
1
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
3
1
3
3
1
«5
3
3
3
1
1
6
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
3
1
2
2
1
21
Irish '
Italian South
2
« 95
1
2
1
Magyar
Svrian
15
2
Grand total
300
a 42,
136
2
5
a 102
14
1
1
13
Total native-born of foreign
father
95
205
3
8
a 34
2
85
51
1
1
a 101
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . . .
2
5
a Including 1 apartment with 1 male in "tailoring" and 2 females in "dressmaking."
In negro households the employment is almost invariably laundry
work; in more than 90 per cent of Italian households tailoring is the
occupation followed. Of the 300 households which report occupa-
tional work in the home 136 report laundry work, 102 tailoring, 42
dressmaking and sewing, and 21 work of other kinds.
The following table shows the number of persons at work in each
apartment where gainful employment is carried on:
TABLE 42. — Number of apartments in which gainful employment
nativity and race of head of household.
pursued, by general
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Number
with
gainful em-
ployment.
Number in which gainful employment is pursued
by each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Native-born of native father:
White
3
85
1
5
1
26
10
12
4
3
104
6
22
18
2
79
1
5
1
26
9
8
4
3
56
5
20
12
1
5
Negro
1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German . . .
1
1
Hebrew, Russian
3
Hebrew Other
Irish...
Italian South
44
1
2
6
3
1
Magyar
Negro
Syrian
Grand total
300
231
62
6
1
Total native-born of foreign father
7
95
205
7
88
143
Total native-born
6
56
1
5
Total foreign-born . . .
1
204
The Immigration Commission.
In 231 cases out of 300 there was only one member of the household
employed in the home industry, in 62 cases there were two, in 6 cases
three, and in 1 case four. More than one person employed was found
most frequently in South Italian households.
The following table shows the status in the household of persons
engaged in home work:
TABLE 43. — Number of apartments in which gainful employment is pursued by male head
of household, wife of head, etc. , by general natimiy and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
with
gainful
employ-
ment.
Number in which gainful employment is pursued by —
Male
head of
house-
hold.
Wife of
head.
Female head of
household.
Other per-
sons 16
years of age
or over.
Other per-
sons under
16.
Widow.
Other.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Native-born of native father:
White
3
85
1
5
1
26
10
12
4
3
104
6
22
18
2
48
1
29
ol
5
7
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian.
German
1
1
2
1
5
4
1
1
1
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
German
6
14
4
4
3
2
91
1
15
17
1
1
2
Hebrew, Russian
8
2
o2
Hebrew Other
1
Irish
1
4
4
3
Italian South
5
1
1
6
2
48
1
1
4
Magyar. . .
Negro
2
2
Svrian
Grand total
I
300
28
202
56
Q
5
65
1
4
Total native-born of foreign
father
7
95
205
1
1
27
1
51
151
33
23
1
1
4
1
9
56
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
5
4
1
4
a Including 1 apartment where persons not members of household are employed.
It will be seen that employment in the apartment is generally car-
ried on by the wife of the head or the female head of the household.
Children under 16 were found employed only among the South
Italians.
The amount of income from the home industry was reported in
278 cases which are classified according to the amount earned per
year in General Table 291. In 153, or 55 per cent of all cases, the
income was under $200; in 86 cases, or 30.9 per cent, the income
was between $200 and $400; and in 39 cases, or 10.4 per cent, the
income exceeded $400 a year. In general, the home inoiustries found
in the households studies may be described as predominantly occupa-
tions of the wives in the families. Children were seldom employed,
and the incomes derived from home work were small.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
205
CARE AND EQUIPMENT OF HOME.
All of the households studied in New York are supplied with
water from, pipes inside of the house. The per cent of households
where the water supply is used by each specified number of house-
holds is shown in the f oUowing table derived from General Table 292 :
TABLE 44. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each specified number of
households, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Per cent of households where water supply is used
by each specified number of households.
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
12.
15.
16.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
2J7
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
91.8
100.0
100.0
94.4
89; 4
100.0
96.5
98.5
91.4
81.6
62.0
93.0
100.0
93.3
48.0
.1.2
.0
.0
3.7
.0
.0
1.0
.4
.7
.4
3.1
7.0
.0
6.7
51.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0'
.7
.4
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
7.1
.0
.0
1.9
10. G
.0
2.5
1.0
7.2
17.6
18.5
.0
.0
.0
1.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
4.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
To"
.0
.2
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
8.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian .
German j». . .
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak . .
Syrian
Grand total
2,667
169
505
2,162
86.5
4.8
.1
6.0
.3
To"
.0
.4
.7
Tb~
.0
.9
1.3
~To
.0
1.6
Total native-born of foreign father
92.3
96.0
84.3
1.2
.6
5.S
.0
.0
.2
6.5
3.4
6.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
Of the entire number of households studied 86.5 per cent have a
separate water supply, 4.8 per cent share their Water supply with
one other household, and 6 per cent with three other households. In
- a few cases more than four households have but one water supply,
and in 1 .3 per cent of the cases there is one water supply for the use
of sixteen households — that is, one faucet is the sole source for an
entire tenement house.
A comparison of the native-born and the foreign-born shows that
96 per cent of the native and 84.3 per cent of the foreign households
are provided with separate water supply. In no case are there more
than four households to one water supply among -the native-born,
while 3.1 per cent of the foreign households use a water supply used
also by not fewer than four other households.
All of the households which use a water supply used also by four
or more other households are among the South Italians. As a
matter of fact, this exceptional state of affairs was found only in the
row of tenement houses en Elizabeth street, which was solely
inhabited by South Italians. In general, it appears that the Bohe-
mians and Moravians, the negroes, the Russian Hebrews, and the
Germans are best provided with water. The Irish, the Syrians, and
the South Italians have the less satisfactory accommodations.
206
The Immigration Commission.
The following table, which is derived from General Table 293,
shows the per cent of households where one toilet is used by each
specified number of households:
TABLE 45. — Per cent of households where toilet is used by each specified number of house-
holds, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
report-
ing com-
plete
data.
Per cent of households where 1 toilet is used by
each specified number of households.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
197
3.5
.8
.0
3.7
8.5
.4
4.0
7.7
14.4
6.3
10.0
.0
.8
.0
2.5
69.4
99.2
95.2
79.6
62.8
98.6
84.3
88.5
83.5
70^3
90.7
99.2
86.7
96.4
2.4
.0
4.8
1.9
3.2
1.1
4.5
.4
.0
.4
2.1
4.7
.0
2.2
.0
24.7
.0
.0
14.8
23.4
.0
7.1
3.3
2.2
23.4
17.6
4.7
.0
11.1
1.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish . . .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other .
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
2,666
5.4
579~
3.0
6.0
84.8
7272~
85.1
84.7
1.3
3.0
1.4
1.2
8.4
.1
.6
.2
0)
.1
.6
.2
(a)
Total native-born of foreign father
169
505
2,161
17.8
10.1
8.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Only 5.4 per cent of all households studied in New York have sepa-
rate toilet accommodations.
Eighty-four and eight-tenths per cent of all households have access
to a toilet which is used by two households, and 8.4 per cent of the
households use a toilet used by four households. The large propor-
tion of households with one or the other of these arrangements is
explained by the prevailing location of the toilet in the New York
tenement houses canvassed. One or two toilets at one end of the
hall on each floor accommodate the two or four households on that
floor.
The native households are not as well provided with toilet facilities
as the immigrants. This is due in all probability to the fact that
more of the native than of the immigrant households studied live in
small houses, where only one toilet is available for use of all the ten-
ants. The worst accommodations in this respect are found among
the Irish, among whom in a few cases households have access to a
toilet used by five and six households.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
207
The numbers and per cent of households which have access to flush
toilets and to dry toilets are as follows :
TABLE 46. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each specified kind
of toilet, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number of
households.
Number of households
which have access to —
Per cent of households
which have access to —
Flush toilet.
Dry toilet.
Flush toilet.
Dry toilet.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
82
251
21
53
86
277
193
462
130
211
262
41
122
33
198
3
96.5
100.0
100.0
98.1
91.5
100.0
97.5
96.3
93.5
88.3
62.2
95.3
100.0
73.3
100.0
3.5
.0
.0
1.9
8.5
.0
2.5
3.8
6.5
11.7
37.8
4.7
.0
26.7
.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
1
8
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian .
German
5
18
9
28
159
2
Hebrew, Russian . . .
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South.
Magyar. . .
Negro
Slovak
12
Syrian .
Grand total
2,667
2,422
245
90.8
9.2
Total native-born of foreign father
169
505
2,162
160
493
1,929
9
12
233
94.7
97.6
89.2
5.3
2.4
10.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the total number of 2,667 households canvassed in New York
2,422, or 90.8 per cent, are provided with flush toilets, while 245, or
9.2 per cent, use dry toilets. The percentage using dry toilets is 2.4
per cent among the native and 10.8 per cent among the foreign house-
holds. The highest per cent of dry toilets is found among the
Italians, who use them in 37.8 per cent of all cases. The Slovaks rank
second with 26.7 per cent, and the Irish, with 11.7 per cent, rank third.
On the whole, dry toilets are the exception in New York, but instances
of dry toilets are found in almost all of the districts in the southern
part of Manhattan, and are quite frequent in some.
Households are classified in the table next submitted according
to the degree of cleanliness and order which characterized them at
the time of the agent's visit. The table is based on General Table
294.
208
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 47. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general nativity and
race of head of household.
Number
for which
Percei
it of apartrm
nts where cs
re is —
household.
informa-
tion was
secured.
Good.
Fair.
Bad.
Very bad.
Native-born of native father:
White .
84
51.2
41.7
7.1
0.0
Negro
249
29.7
40.6
18.1
11.6
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
20
80 0
15 0
5 0
0
German ..
52
51.9
46.2
1.9
.0
Irish
92
40.2
42.4
17.4
.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian "
T\
58.8
38.0
3.3
.0
German ,
194
61.3
33.5
5.2
.0
Hebrew, Russian
472
34.1
56.8
8.7
.4
Hebrew Other
138
34.1
51.4
13.0
1.4
Irish
233
39.1
48.9
11.6
.4
Italian South
419
16.9
49.2
32.2
1.7
Magvar .
42
59.5
35.7
4.8
.0
Negro
122
36.1
45.9
13.9
4.1
Slovak
45
57.8
35.6
2.2
4.4
Syrian
196
33.7
57.7
7.7
1.0
Grand total . ...
2,632
38.3
46.7
13.1
1.9
Total native-born of foreign father
164
48.8
40.2
11.0
.0
Total native-born
497
39.6
40.6
13.9
5.8
Total foreign-born
2,135
38.0
48.1
12.9
1.0
It appears that the native white households take good care of their
apartments in a larger percentage of cases than do the foreign white,
but that the proportion of well-kept homes is low among the negroes,
and consequently that the percentage for all natives is only slightly
higher than that for the foreign-born.
Arranged in descending order the foreign households show the f ol-
lowing percentages of households taking good care of the apartment:
Per cent.
German 61.3
Magyar 59. 5
Bohemian and Moravian 58. 8
Slovak 57.8
Irish.. . 39.1
Per cent.
Negro 36. 1
Hebrew 34.1
Syrian 33.7
Italian, South 16.9
On the whole, 85 per cent of all the households studied take good
or fair care of then* apartments. The Bohemians and Moravians
and the Germans show a high degree of cleanliness, while the Irish
fall, behind the other older immigrants in this respect. The number
of households taking bad care of their apartment is highest among
the South Italians, the negroes, the Hebrews (other than Russian),
and the Irish. Very bad care is not found in many instances; the
native negroes show by far the highest per cent of households in very
bad condition.
Recency of immigration does not appear to be the determining
factor in the degree of cleanliness. Thus the Magyars, the Slovaks,
the Syrians, and the Russian Hebrews have good records of cleanli-
ness, while the Irish, the negroes, and the non-Russian Hebrews make
a poorer showing.
The number and per cent of households living in basement apart-
ments are shown in the table next presented.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
209
TABLE 48. — Number and percent of households living in basement apartments, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Households living in
basement apartments.
Number.
Per cent.-
Native-born of native father:
White
85
251
21
54
94
277
198
480
139
239
421
43
122
45
198
0.0
1.2
.0
.0
5.3
.4
1.5
1.9
4.3
1.3
.2
4.7
.0
6.7
.0
Negro
3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
5
1
3
9
6
3
1
2
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish .
Italian South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak .
3
Syrian
Grand total
2,667
36
1.3
Total native-born of foreign father . .
169
505
2,162
5
8
28
3.0
1.6
1.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The total number of households in basement dwellings found in
New York is only 36, or 1.3 per cent of all the households studied.
Only among the Slovaks and the second generation Irish do as many
as 5 per cent of the entire number of households live in such
apartments.
HOME OWNERSHIP AND RENT.
The numbers and per cents of families which own their homes are
given in the following table. The data are from General Table 295.
TABLE 49. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race
of head of family.
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Owning home.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
269
21
51
91
278
200
192
138
233
524
45
106
47
198
0.0
.0
.0
.0
1.1
1.4
"1.5
.0
.0
.0
1.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
1
4
3
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, South .
7
Magyar
Negro
Slovak . .
Syrian . .
Grand total
2,778
15
.5
Total native-born of foreign father. .
163
517
2,261
1
1
14
.6
.2
.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
210
The Immigration Commission.
The table shows that only 15, or 0.5 per cent, of the families studied
in New York own their homes. Instances of home ownership occur
only among the second generation Irish, and the foreign-born Bohe-
mians and Moravians, Germans, and South Italians.
Practically all the households studied in New York are tenants.
The following table classifies the households according to the amount
of rent they pay per month per apartment. The table presents the
data of General Table 296, in the form of cumulative per cents.
TABLE 50. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying —
Under
$5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
$20.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
226
21
52
90
271
189
453
126
236
407
43
120
43
196
$12.78
11.34
11.07
12.30
13.10
10.99
12.15
16.59
14.97
12.69
13.51
12.29
11.10
11.34
10.94
1.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
2.4
.4
.0
2.3
.0
.0
.0
1.2
3.5
.0
1.9
6.7
.0
1.6
.0
3.2
3.4
.5
4.7
.8
4.7
4.1
7.1
20.8
9.5
7.7
18.9
26.9
12.2
2.0
10.3
14.8
9.1
14.0
14.2
27.9
33.7
49.4
69.5
76.2
57.7
57.8
77.9
58.2
9.9
23.8
53.0
45.0
46.5
78.3
60.5
73.0
83.5
93.4
100.0
82.7
80.0
97.8
85.7
29.8
45.2
78.0
68.6
81.4
97.5
93.0
92.3
97.6
100.0
100.0
98.1
96.7
99.6
98.4
80.4
84.1
95.3
93.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.5
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish '
Foreign-born:
•Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other.
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak..
S vrian
Grand total
2,558
13.04
.3
1.8
14.3
50.2
73.2
93.9
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
163
474
2,084
12.58
12.03
13.27
.0
.2
.3
4.3
3.4
1.4
14.1
16.0
14.0
60.1
62.7
47.4
83.4
88.2
69.8
97.5
98.7
92.8
Total foreign-born
The average rent paid per apartment by the 2,558 households
included in this table is $13.04. Slightly more than half of all house-
holds pay less than $12.50 and only 14.3 per cent pay less than $10.
More than one-fourth of all households pay $15 or over.
Average rents per apartment are lower than $11 only among the
Bohemians and Moravians of foreign birth and among the ^ Syrians.
More proportionally of the Syrians than of the Bohemians and
Moravians pay very high and very low rents. Of the two races the
Bohemians and Moravians, who are situated on the upper East Side,
have much the better apartments. The Hebrews, Russian and
Other, pay, on an average, higher rents per apartment than any
other race and report the largest proportion of households which
pay as much as $15 and as much as $20 per apartment. The South
Italians are second to the Hebrews in this respect.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
211
The next table deals with rent per room, by far the more significant
item. The table presents the data of General Table 297 in the form
of cumulative percentages:
TAB^E 51. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying—
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Under
$7.
Native-born of native father:
White.. ..
85
226
21
52
90
271
189
453
126
236
407
43
120
43
196
$3.76
3.25
3.23
3.55
3.66
3.16
3.46
4.66
4.51
3.56
4.39
3.97
3.38
3.93
3.87
0.0
1.3
.0
1.9
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.5
23.5
19.0
5.8
6.7
' 23.6
9.0
.4
2.4
5.9
6.4
.0
9.2
4.7
19.9
64.7
89.4
95.2
73.1
70.0
97.4
74.6
7.5
29.4
75.4
33.9
53.5
88.3
46.5
38.8
98.8
100.0
100.0
96.2
97.8
100.0
96.8
63.4
57.9
97.9
59.5
76.7
100.0
93.0
78.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.9
100.0
100.0
95.1
96.8
100.0
84.0
97.7
100.0
100.0
95.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.3
98.4
100.0
99.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian. .
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
2,558
163~
474
2,084
3.89
3.57
3.45
3.99
.2
a
.0
9.7
sTo"
14.6
8.5
54.5
74.2
79.7
48.8
82.2
9775~
98.9
78.4
96.1
99.4
99.8
95.2
99.7
100.0
100.0
99.6
The average rent per room in the households studied in New York
is $3.89. Among the foreign-born it is $3.99, and among the natives
$3.45. The fact that the foreign households pay the higher rent per
room is closely related to the higher degree of crowding in the foreign
households. High rent is unquestionably a powerful incentive
toward crowding, but on the other hand it is frequently asserted that
the landlords are able to collect higher rents from immigrants for the
very reason that the latter are willing to take in boarders and to
reduce their rent per person by increasing the size of the household.
It seems probable that the two phenomena, high rent and crowding,
stand to each other in the relation of cause as well as effect; both of
them, however, reflect the lower economic status of the immigrants,
In general, the races which are located in districts in the north end
of Manhattan Island secure better apartments for a given expendi-
ture per room than the races situated on the lower East Side or on
the lower West Side.
212
The Immigration Commission.
The following table deals with rent per person. The data of
General Table 298 are presented in the form of cumulative percentages:
TABLE 52. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
paying
rent and
report-
ing
amount.
Aver-
age
rent
per
per-
son.
Per cent paying—
Un-
der
ft.
Un-
der
$2.
Un-
der
$3.
Un-
der
$4.
Un-
der
$5.
Un-
der
$6.
Un-
der
$8.
Un-
der
$10.
Un-
der
$12.
Native-born of native father:
White
85
226
21
52
90
271
189
453
126
236
407
43
120
43
196
$3.24
3.51
3.47
3.15
3.17
2.62
3.05
2.71
3.09
2.78
2.37
2.62
3.25
2.09
2.90
1.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
2.3
.0
.0
.0
10.6
8.8
4.8
7.7
7.8
19.6
10.6
13.5
11.1
16.5
27.0
20.9
6.7
41.9
10.2
35.3
28.3
28.6
34.6
36.7
55.4
41.3
56.7
39.7
52.5
70.3
53.5
35.8
79.1
48.0
63.5
48.2
52.4
55.8
67.8
79.7
63.0
79.9
73.0
73.3
87.2
74.4
62.5
90.7
68.4
74.1
67.3
66.7
71.2
83.3
89.3
74.6
90.9
82.5
83.9
96.3
86.0
74.2
95.3
87.2
83.5
81.9
90.5
92.3
90.0
94.8
84.7
95.8
89.7
90.3
98.3
90.7
87.5
97.7
94.4
97.6
93.8
100.0
96.2
96.7
98.5
95.8
98.9
94.4
97.5
99.5
100.0
95.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
95.6
100.0
96.2
98.9
99.3
97.9
99.6
98.4
99.2
99.5
100.0
95.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.7
100.0
98.1
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.0
100.0
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian .
German.
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
German
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
2,558
2.79
.1
15.4
50.4
35.0
31.9
54.7
72.8
84.8
91.9
90.8
85.2
93.5
97.7
86.9
95.6
98.2
98.7
98.2
97.3
99.1
99.8
99.4
99.2
99.9
Total native-born of foreign
father
163
474
2,084
3.20
3.34
2.70
.0
.2
.1
7.4
8.6
16.9
62.0
55.7
76.6
77.3
71.9
87.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The average rent per person among all of the households studied
in New York is $2.79 a month. Among the native-born the average
is $3.34 and among the foreign-born $2.70. The Slovaks pay the
lowest average rent per person, $2.09. About four-fifths of the house-
holds of this race pay under $3 and all pay under $8. The South
Italians pay $2.37 per person, next to the lowest average paid by any
race. More than one-fourth of the households of this race pay under
$2 per person.
A comparison of the number of persons per room and the rent per
person is made below:
Race.
Persons
per room.
Rent per
person.
Race
Persons
per room.
Rent per
person.
Slovak
'l.88
$2.09
Syrian
1.33
$2.90
Italian, South
1.85
2.37
Irish
1.27
2.78
Hebrew, Russian
Magyar
1.72
1.52
2.71
2. 02
Bohemian and Moravian
German
1.20
1.11
2.62
3.05
Hebrew, Other
1.48
3.09
Negro
1.03
3.25
From the figures above it will be seen that, in general, the rent per
person is low where the number of persons per room is high. This
suggests that crowding is the result or attempts on the part of tenants
to reduce rent by increasing the size of their households. As .men-
tioned above, high rents themselves are to some extent due to the fact
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
213
that tenants are willing to take lodgers and thereby enable them-
selves to pay higher rents than would otherwise be possible. But in
the main each individual household resorts to crowding as the sole
means of lightening the heavy burden of rent.
The average rents per apartment, per room, and per person appear
in summary in the table below:
TABLE 53. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
paying rent
and
reporting
amount.
Average rent per —
Apartment.
Room.
Person.
Native-born of native-father:
White
85
226
21
52
90
271
189
453
126
236
407
43
120
43
196
$12. 78
11.34
11.07
12.30
13.10
10.99
12.15
16.59
14.97
12.69
13.51
12.29
11.10
11.34
10.94
$3.76
3.25
3.23
3.55
3.66
3.16
3.46
4.66
4.51
3.56
4.39
3.97
3.38
3.93
3.87
$3.24
3.51
3.47
3.15
3.17
2.62
3.05
2.71
3.09
2.78
2.37
2.62
3.25
2.09
2.90
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German...
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total..
2,558
13.04
3.89
2.79
Total native-born of foreign father
163
474
2,084
12.58
12.03
13.27
3.57
3.45
3.99
3.20
3.34
2.70
Total native-born
Total foreign-born ;
The average rent per apartment paid by the 2,558 households
included in this table is $13.04, the average rent per room is $3.89,
and the average rent per person is $2.79. The Russian Hebrews
Eay the highest average rents per apartment and per room, but a
)wer average rent per person than any other race except the
Bohemians and Moravians, the South Italians, the Magyars, and
the Slovaks.
CHAPTER V.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
OCCUPATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD.
The economic status of immigrants is largely dependent upon their
equipment for American industrial life. In a study of this subject
it is interesting to know how many of the men investigated were
farmers before coming to this country. The data, which are avail-
able for 1,704 foreign-born male heads of households, are presented
in the following table, based on General Table 299:
TABLE 54. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households 16 years of
age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were engaged in farming abroad,
by race of individual.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Engaged In farming
abroad.
Number.
Per cent.
Bohemian and Moravian .
187
126
411
111
155
368
33
99
32
182
29
24
11
3
107
113
8
7
14
9
15.5
19.0
2.7
2.7
69.0
30.7
24.2
7.1
43.8
4.9
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar. . .
Negro ...
Slovak
Syrian
Total
1,704
325
19.1
The table shows that with the exception of the Hebrews, the
Syrians, and the negroes, all of the races have changed their occupa-
tions in a large proportion of cases in order to adapt themselves to
urban conditions. A large proportion of the immigrants come from
rural districts and when they settle in cities they have to change their
method of making a livelihood.
Of the 1,704 heads of households included in the table, 325, or 19.1
per cent, were engaged in agriculture before coming to the United
States. The largest proportion is found among the Irish, of whom
69 were farmers in the old country. Of the Slovaks, 43.8 per cent
were engaged in agriculture ; of the South Italians, 30.7 per cent ; of the
Magyars, 24.2 per cent; of the Germans, 19 per cent, and of the
Bohemians, 15.5 per cent.
215
216
The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows the most usual occupations pursued by
male heads of households who were gainfully employed within the
year ending at the time of the agent's visit. The table is derived from
Ge^erlf Table 300 :
TABLE 55. — Occupation of male heads of households ranking first and second in numerical
importance, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
gainfully
employed
and re-
porting
occupa-
tion.
First rank.
Second rank.
Occupation.
Num-
ber
em-
ploy-
ed.
Per cent
of total
gainfully
em-
ployed.
Occupation.
Num-
ber
em-
ploy-
ed.
Per cent
of total
gainfully
em-
ployed.
Native-born of native father:
White
78
165
21
43
74
219
155
446
115
186
394
32
108
41
185
Drivers and
teamsters.
Laborers
(«)
(Drivers and
\ teamsters.
Drivers and
teamsters.
Cigar and
c i g a rette
factory,
employees.
Bakers, em-
ployees.
Tailors, em-
ployees.
Tailors, em-
ployees.
Laborers
Laborers
Cabinet
makers.
E levator
men.
Laborers
P e d d 1 ers,
proprie-
tors.
Laborers
Drivers and
teamsters.
Drivers and
teamsters.
Tailors,
employees.
17
37
21.8
22.4
Clerks
5
26
6.4
15.8
Negro
Porters
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian. .
German
(6)
1 Painters,
employees.
Plumbers,
steam-
1 fitters,
and gas
fitters, em-
ployees.
Laborers
(c)
Drivers and
teamsters.
Pe ddlers,
proprietors.
Store p r o-
p r i etors,
not other-
wise speci-
fied.
Longshore-
men.
Peddlers,
proprie-
tors.
(d)
Porters
Tailors,
employees.
Factory em-
ployees,
not other-
wise speci-
fied.
Tailors,
employees.
Painters,
employees.
Laborers
Laborers
} 6
26
49
18
181
20
46
130
4
32
11
105
14.0
35.1
22.4
11.6
40.6
17.4
24.7
33.0
12.5
29.6
26.8
56.8
4
4
4
9.3
9.3
5.4
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. .
German
14
33
11
31
9.0
7.4
9.6
17.7
7.9
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro
26
3
12
24.1
9.8
6.5
Slovak .
Syrian
Grand total
2,262
268
11.8
242
10.7
Total native-born of foreign
father.
Total native-born
138
381
1,881
34
63
242
24.6
16. 5
12.9
8
43
225
5.8
11.3
12.0
Total foreign-born
a 4 occupations, in each of which 2 persons are engaged.
b 13 occupations, in each of which 1 person is engaged.
c 4 occupations, in each of which 13 persons are engaged.
d 3 occupations, in each of which 3 persons are engaged.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
217
The table indicates great diversity of occupation among the heads
of households studied. The occupation of greatest numerical
importance, all heads of households considered, is that of unskilled
laborer about factories and elsewhere, 268, or 11.8 per cent, being so
employed. The occupation of second importance is that of tailor.
Among the foreign-born, 242 men, or 12.9 per cent, are tailors, and
225, or 12 per cent, are laborers. Among the races with the largest
representation, the Russian Hebrew and the South Italian, the most
usual occupations are tailoring and unskilled labor, respectively.
Among the members of one race, the Syrian, do more than one-half
of the male heads of households follow the same occupation.
In the following table the number and per cent of male heads of
households who are in business for profits are shown. This table is
also derived from General Table 300.
TABLE 56. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In business for profits.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
80
166
21
46
77
229
162
454
123
196
404
34
110
42
193
4
9
2
2
1
17
9
118
39
5.0
5.4
9.5
4.3
1.3
7.4
5.6
26.0
31.7
.0
17.8
2.9
.0
4.8
72.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian South
72
1
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
2
139
Syrian
Grand total
2, 337
415
17.8
Total native-born of foreign father . .
144
390
1,947
5
18
397
3.5
4.6
20.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. . . .. .
Of the total number of heads of households, 18.3 per cent are in
business for themselves. The highest proportion, 75.1 per cent, is
found among the Syrians; the next highest, 33.9 per cent, among the
non-Russian Hebrews; and the third highest, 26.5 per cent, among the
Russian Hebrews. The proportion among the South Italians is 18.3
per cent. All the other races fall far behind in this respect. The fig-
ures suggest that small business concerns which do not aft the proprie-
tors out of the ranks of the needy are found mostly among recent
immigrants. The members of older races who live in crowded
districts are generally wage-workers.
25608°— VOL 26—11-
-15
218
The Immigration Commission.
The next table presents similar data for female heads of households.
The table is derived from General Table 300.
d per cent of female heads of households who are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In business for profits.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
5
85
8
17
48
36
26
16
43
17
9
12
3
5
2
5
w i.
ft
4.2
2.8
15.4
(a)
11.6
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a) .
(0)
Negro ....
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German ...
Irish
1
2
1
4
1
5
1
2
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian ....
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian South
Magyar
Negro ...
Slovak
Syrian
4
Grand total ....
330
28"
8.5
Total native-born of foreign father
25
115
215
1
8
20
4.0
7.0
9.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 330 female heads of households 28, or 8.5 per cent, are in
business for themselves. Instances of one or more female heads of
households with this status are found in all races except the second
generation Germans and the immigrant Negroes and Slovaks.
The per cent of males 16 years of age or over at home and at school
and the per cent employed in each specified industry appear in the
following table. The table is based on General Table 301.
TABLE 58. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Per cent —
General nativity and
race of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
In agri-
cul-
tural
pur-
Drtft+fl
In do-
mestic
and
per-
sonal
In
manu-
factur-
ing and
me-
chani-
In gen-
eral
labor
(not
other-
wise
In pro-
fes-
sional
service.
In
trade.
In
trans-
porta-
tion.
At
home.
At
school.
suits*
service.
cal pur-
en-
suits.
tered).
Native-born of native
father:
White
139
0.0
10. 1
31. 7
2.2
2.9
18.0
29. 5
5.0
0.7
Negro
234
9
41.9
8. 1
9.0
.4
10.3
26.9
2.6
.0
Wative-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
56
.0
.0
62. 5
1.8
3. 6
19. 6
8. 9
1. 8
1.8
German. . .
90
.0
5.6
51. 1
5.6
.0
20.0
13.3
4.4
.0
Hebrew
38
.0
.0
28.9
2.6
.0
52. 6
5.3
2.6
7.9
Irish .
149
*0
8 1
28.2
6 0
2 7
11 4
39 <j
4.0
.0
Italian, South. . .
26
.0
15.4
46.2
3.8
.0
15.4
7.7
3.8
7.7
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
219
TABLE 58. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual — Continued.
Pe
r cent—
General nativity and
race of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
Slete
ata.
In agri-
cul-
tural
pur-
~nif«
In do-
mestic
and
per-
sonal
In
manu-
factur-
ing and
me-
chani-
In gen-
eral
labor
(not
other-
wise
In pro-
fes-
sional
service.
In
trade.
In
trans-
porta-
tion.
At
home.
At
school.
service.
cal pur-
en-
suits.
tered).
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian ....
247
0.0
4.9
75.7
1.6
0.4
8.9
4 0
4 5
0 0
German
183
.0
12.6
57.4
3.3
1. 1
10.4
9.8
5.5
.0
Hebrew, Russian
643
.0
3.1
66.4
.0
2.5
23.6
2.0
1.6
.8
Hebrew, Other
160
6
6 9
39 4
1 9
2 5
38 1
4 4
5 6
6
Irish..
213
.0
12.7
23.0
17.8
.0
6.6
34.3
5 6
.0
Italian, South
572
.0
12.8
33.0
28.5
.9
17.3
4.5
2.8
.2
Magyar. ...
37
.0
18.9
48.6
2.7
10.8
8.1
5.4
5 4
.0
Negro..."
141
.0
57.4
5.7
5.0
.0
8.5
20.6
2. 1
.7
Slovak.
48
.0
6.3
54.2
16. -7
.0
16.7
4 2
2 1
.0
Syrian. .
207
o
4 8
18 8
o
o
70 0
1 9
4 3
o
Grand total
3,191
.1
12.6
41.4
8.5
1.3
20.6
11.5
3.4
.5
Total native-born of
foreign father
367
.0
4.5
40.1
4.6
1.6
19.9
21.8
3.5
1.9
Total native-born
740
.3
18.4
28.4
5.5
1.5
16.5
24.9
3.5
1.1
Total foreign-born
2,451
(a)
10.9
45.3
9.4
1.3
21.8
7.5
3 4
.3
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
The entire number of males 16 years of age or over from whom in-
formation about employment was secured is 3,191. Of this number
41.4 per cent are employed in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,
20.6 per cent in trade, 12.6 per cent in domestic and personal service,
11.5 per cent in transportation, 8.5 per cent in general labor, 1.3 per
cent in prof essional service, and 0.1 per cent in agriculture. Only 0.5
per cent are at school and 3.4 per cent at home.
The proportion of males in domestic service is highest among the
immigrant and native negroes. The largest proportion of all the males
studied are engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits;
the proportion is especially high among the Bohemians and Mora-
vians of both generations, the Russian Hebrews, and the Germans of
both generations. The highest proportion in general labor is found
among the South Italian and the Irish. The highest proportion in
professional service, excluding the Magyars, of whom there are only
37, is found among the native Bohemians, the native white of native
father, the native Irish, and the foreign Hebrews. The highest pro-
portion engaged in trade is found among the Syrians, of whom 70
per cent are engaged in that occupation; the next highest percentage,
52.6 per cent, is found among the native Hebrews, next come the non-
Russian foreign Hebrews and the Russian Hebrews. In transporta-
tion the Irish, with 34.3 per cent, are decidedly in the lead. The
negroes also have a fairly high percentage in that occupation.
220
The Immigration Commission.
The following table presents similar data for females 16 years of age
or over. The table is derived from General Table 302.
TABLE 59. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Per cer
it-
General nativity and race of in-
dividual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In do-
mestic
and per-
sonal
service.
In manu-
facturing
and me-
chanioal
pursuits.
In trade.
Other-
wise em-
ployed.
At home.
At school.
Native-born of native father:
White
97
8 2
21.6
4.1
3 1
62.9
0.0
Negro
314
78.3
1.9
.3
1.0
18.2
.3
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
62
104
.0
16 3
62.9
27 9
9.7
11 5
.0
1 9
25.8
41 3
1.6
1.0
Hebrew .
47
.0
46.8
36.2
.0
12.8
4.3
Irish
130
12 3
17.7
7.7
1 5
60 8
.0
Italian, South
24
8.3
41.7
.0
.0
50.0
.0
Negro .
33
81 8
.0
.0
.0
18.2
.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
304
173
14.1
34.7
47.4
3.5
1.0
2.9
.3
.0
37.2
59.0
.0
.0
Hebrew, Russian
633
4.6
24.3
5.1
.0
65.4
.6
Hebrew, Other .
161
9 3
15 5
6 2
0
67 7
1 2
Irish
240
19.6
1.7
1.7
.0
77.1
.0
Italian, South...
544
4 2
37.9
2.2
.2
55 5
.0
Magyar. . .
52
17.3
19.2
.0
.0
63.5
.0
Negro ....
93
65.6
.0
.0
.0
34.4
.0
Slovak
51
7 g
29 4
3 9
o
58 8
o
Syrian
203
.5
10.3
33.5
.0
55.7
.0
Grand total
3,292
18.5
22.4
5.7
.4
52.6
.3
Total native-born of foreign
father
412
15 3
30 3
11.2
1 0
41 3
1 0
Total native-born
823
38 5
18 5
6 2
1 2
35 0
6
Total foreign-born . .
2,469
11.9
23.8
5.5
.1
58.5
.2
Of the entire number of 3,292 females 16 years of age or over from
whom information has been secured, 52.6 per cent are at home, 0.3
per cent are at school, and the remaining 47.1 per cent are engaged
in gainful occupations. Of the 47.1 per cent gainfully employed, 22.4
per cent are in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, 18.5 per cent
are in domestic and personal service, 5.7 per cent are in trade, and
0.4 per cent are otherwise employed. Arranging the per cent of for-
eign-born women who are at home or at school, in descending order,
we obtain the following results:
Per cent.
Irish 77. 1
Hebrew, Other 68. 9
Hebrew, Russian 66. 0
Magyar 63. 5
German.. . 59.0
Per cent.
Slovak 58.8
Syrian 55. 7
Italian, South 55. 5
Bohemian and Moravian 37. 2
Negro 34. 4
The Irish, the Hebrew, and the Magyar women remain at home or
at school in the largest proportion of cases. The German, the Slovak,
the Syrian, and the South Italian women come next, and the Bohe-
mian and Negro women are gainfully employed in the greatest propor-
tion of cases. The Bohemian Women are generally employed in
tobacco factories, while the Negro women are in domestic service.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
221
The comparatively large proportion, 45.5 per cent, of the Italian
women at work is rather significant, because apparently economic
pressure in this instance overcomes what is popularly believed to be a
racial custom.
The table which follows classifies children between the ages of 6 and
15 years according to whether they are at home, at school, or at work.
The table is from General Table 303.
TABLE 60, — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are
for all races.]
MALE.
Total num-
Per cent —
ber.
At home.
At school.
At work.
Native-born of native father:
White
80
7 5
87 5
5 0
Negro ....
47
6.4
91.5
2.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian .
112
5.4
85.7
8.9
German
74
4.1
83 8
12 2
Hebrew. ... . ".
220
6.8
89.5
3.6
Irish
110
5.5
89.1
5.5
Italian, South.
115
1.7
92.2
6.1
Syrian
77
.0
98.7
1.3
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian . . ....
136
7.4
86.0
6.6
Italian, South
82
6.1
87.8
6.1
Syrian
25
.0
96.0
4.0
Grand total.. . ....
1,154
6.3
88.0
5.7
Total native-born of foreign father
734
6.7
87.6
5.7
Total native-born
861
6.7
87 8
5 5
Total foreign-born
293
5.1
88.4
6.5
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father:
White
82
8 5
84 1
7 3
Negro
53
9.4
86.8
3.8
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
122
7.4
79.5
13.1
German
84
11.9
83.3
4.8
Hebrew...
200
9.0
89.0
2.0
Irish..
118
11.9
83.9
4.2
Italian, South
140
7.9
90.7
1.4
Syrian
34
.0
100.0
.0
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
165
4.8
88.5
6.7
Hebrew, Other.
33
6.1
75.8
18 2
Italian, South
106
6.6
71.7
21.7
Syrian
28
3.6
92.9
3.6
Grand total
1,232
8.1
85.2
6.7
Total native-born of foreign father
728
9.3
86.4
4.3
Total native-born
863
9.3
86.2
4.5
Total foreign-born
369
5 4
82 9
11 7
222
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 60. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
Total num-
Per cent—
ber.
At home.
At school.
At work.
Native-born of native father:
White
162
8.0
85 8
6 2
Negro
100
8 0
89 0
3 0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
234
6 4
82 5
11 1
German
158
8 2
83 5
8 2
Hebrew
420
7.9
89 3
2 9
Irish
228
8 8
86 4
4 8
Italian, South
255
5.1
91.4
3.5
Slovak.
36
52 8
44 4
2 8
Syrian
111
o
99 1
9
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
301
6 0
87 4
6 6
Hebrew, Other
51
3.9
84 3
11.8
Italian, South
188
6 4
78 7
14 9
Magyar
21
o
95 2
4 g
Syrian
53
1.9
94 3
3 8
Grand total..
2,386
7.3
86.5
6.2
Total native-born of foreign father
1,462
8.0
87.0
5.0
Total native born
1,724
8 0
87 0
5 0
Total foreign-born
662
5.3
85.3
9.4
Of the 2,386 children between 6 and 15 years of age who report
data for this table, 86.5 per cent are at school, 7.3 per cent are at home,
and 6.2 per cent are at work. The proportion at work is 9.4 per cent
among the foreign-born and 5 per cent among the native-born; the
proportions at school are 85.3 per cent and 87 per cent, respectively.
Comparing the two. sexes, it will be seen that of the females 6.7 per
cent are employed and of the males 5.7 per cent. Of the native females
a smaller proportion are employed than of the native males, and the
great difference is found among the foreign-born, among whom 11.7
per cent of the girls and 6.5 per cent of the boys are gainfully
employed. On the other hand, a correspondingly larger proportion
of the boys, 88.4 per cent, are at school, while of the girls the percent-
age is 82.9. It would seem from these figures that among the for-
eign-born there is a tendency for the girls to leave school and go to
work earlier than the boys, which may be accounted for by the gen-
eral attitude in some of the foreign countries toward the necessity of
education for women.
The per cents of this table are presented in a second form for the
children of Bohemian and Moravian, Hebrew, South Italian, and
Syrian fathers and for the children of white fathers of native birth.
The table follows.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
223
TABLE 61. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school,
and at work, by race of father and by birthplace of child.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or more born
abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
•
Total
Number —
Per cent—
num-
ber of
Race of father.
Birthplace of
child.
chil-
dren 6
At
At
At
At
At
At
under
home.
school.
work.
home.
school.
work.
16.
Native-born, White
United States .
162
13
139
10
8 0
85 8
6 2
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
United States.
234
15
193
26
6.4
82.5
11.1
Abroad
20
1
16
3
5 0
80 0
15 0
Hebrew. . .
United States
420
33
375
12
7 9
89 3
2 9
Abroad
352
20
306
26
5 7
86 9
7 4
Italian, South. . . .
United States
255
13
233
9
5 1
91 4
3 5
Abroad
188
12
148
28
6 4
78 7
14 9
Syrian
United States
111
110
o
99 1
g
Abroad
53
i
50
2
1.9
94.3
3.8
The table shows that in every instance a much larger proportion
of children are at work among the foreign-born than among the
native-born. The difference is least pronounced among the Bohe-
mians and most decided among the South Italians. The children of
foreign birth of every race except the Syrian are at work in larger
proportions than are the children of native-born white fathers.
Only the children of Bohemian and Moravian fathers and the foreign-
born children of South Italian fathers are in school in smaller propor-
tions than the children of native-born white fathers.
EARNINGS.
The general method of ascertaining yearly earnings was to obtain
the weekly wage and to multiply it by the number of weeks of employ-
ment during the^year ending with the agent's visit, allowance being
made for the periods when only part of the time was occupied. Part
of the schedules were secured in the half year following the financial
panic of 1907, and are therefore affected by the industrial depression.
In the table next presented males 18 years of age or over are classi-
fied according to the amount of their earnings. The table presents
the data of General Table 304, in the form of cumulative numbers
and percentages.
224
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 62. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race
of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earn-
ings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$600.
Un-
der
$1,000.
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$600.
Un-
der
$1,000.
Native-born of native
father:
White
101
136
35
59
16
105
12
1
205
141
400
80
179
370
30
65
37
$640
499
618
592
482
679
586
(a)
603
668
509
488
671
526
547
385
519
""io"
i
i
i
4
16
42
10
13
7
18
3
46
93
16
28
11
35
7
1
104
47
269
57
67
278
20
58
23
93
136
33
56
16
95
12
1
195
134
394
78
169
362
29
65
37
0.0
7.4
2.9
1.7
(a)
3.8
(«)
(a)
2.0
2.1
4.3
7.5
.0
1.4
3.3
15.4
5.4
15.8
30.9
28.6
22.0
(a)
17.1
(a)
(a)
21.0
12.1
30.5
38.8
7.3
21.4
20.0
55.4
24.3
45.5
68.4
45.7
47.5
(a)
OO 0
oo. o
(a)
(a)
50.7
33.3
67.3
71.3
37.4
75.1
66.7
89.2
62.2
92.1
100.0
94.3
94.9
<&.
$
95.1
95.0
98.5
97.5
94.4
97.8
96.7
100.0
100.0
Negro .
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South.
Slovak
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
4
3
17
6
43
17
122
31
13
79
6
36
9
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish .
Italian, South
5
1
10
2
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Grand total
1,972
228
465
1,507
563
65
465
1,160
1,905
3.3
23.6
22.4
23.4
23.6
58.8
96.6
-
93.4
95.1
97.1
Total native-born of for-
eign father
627
502
554
7
17
48
51
109
356
98
237
923
213
442
1,463
3.1
3.7
3.2
43.0
51.0
61.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born..
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average earnings for all of the males 18 years of age or over,
who report the amount of their earnings, is $563 a year. The native-
born earn $592 and the foreign-born $554. The difference would be
even greater if allowance were made for the Negroes, who earn on
an average $499 a year. Arranged in descending order the foreign-
born males of the different races average the following amounts :
Average.
Slovak $519
Hebrew, Russian 509
Hebrew, Other 488
Negro 385
Average.
Irish $671
German 668
Bohemian and Moravian 603
Magyar 547
Italian, South 526
The Irish, the Germans, and the Bohemians average more than
a year; the Magyars, South Italians, Slovaks, and Russian
Hebrews average more than $500 a year, while the other Hebrews
average $488 and the Negroes $385 a year. The great majority,
93.3 per cent, of all the males earn between $400 and $600 a year,
and the natives are doing better than the foreign-born, while among
the latter the older immigrants are distinctly better off than the
more recent ones. The figures emphasize the fact that the financial
condition of the immigrant is largely dependent on the length of
his stay in the United States.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
225
The following table is concerned with the earnings of females 18
years of age or over. The table presents the data of General Table
305, in the form of cumulative numbers and percentages.
TABLE 63. — Yearly earnings (approximate') of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race
of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earn-
ings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning —
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$300.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$500.
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$300.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$500.
Native-born of native
father:
White
21
85
35
34
21
35
7
1
1
157
1
1
50
122
36
45
157
14
16
13
$382
229
374
314
348
322
ft
(a)
352
(«)•
(a)
165
324
239
225
209
275
121
300
3
41
5
9
3
7
2
1
4
62
11
15
9
13
3
1
9
76
19
23
15
25
3
1
1
91
1
1
47
90
34
39
142
12
15
10
16
82
26
31
18
28
7
1
1
130
1
1
50
106
35
44
150
12
15
13
14.3
48.2
14.3
26.5
14.3
20.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
19.1
(a)
(a)
78.0
18.0
36.1
53.3
59.9
(0)
(a)
(a)
19.0
72.9
31.4
44.1
42.9
37.1
(°)
(a)
(a)
36.3
(a)
(0)
90.0
45.1
75.0
64.4
79.6
(a)
(°)
w
42.9
89.4
54.3
67.6
71.4
71.4
(a)
(a)
(a)
58.0
(a)
(0)
94.0
73.8
94.4
86.7
90.4
a)
a)
a)
76.2
96.5
74.3
91.2
85.7
80.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
82.8
8
100.0
86.9
97.2
97.8
95.5
(a)
(a)
(a)
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South.
Scotch
Slovak
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
30
57
Canadian (other than
French)
English
""39"
22
13
24
94
5
14
3
"'45'
55
27
29
125
9
15
5
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian, South.
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Grand total
852
279
336
302
270
315
_
27
71
244
485
-•"-" ' -^-—
52
118
367
654
87
172
482
767
112
210
557
37.0
20.1
29.6
39.9
56.9
38.8
49.2
60.0
76.8
90.0
Total native-born of for-
eign father
134
240
612
64.9
71.7
78.8
83.6
87.5
91.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average earnings of native-born white women of native fathers
is $382 a year, the average earnings of native-born white women of
foreign fathers is $336 a year, the average earnings of foreign-born
women is $270 a year, and the average earnings of native Negro
women is $229 a year.
Among foreign-born women the average earnings in descending
order, by race, are as follows :
Average.
Bohemian and Moravian $352
Hebrew, Russian 324
Slovak 300
Magyar 275
Hebrew, Other 239
Average.
Irish $225
Italian, South 209
German 165
Negro 121
It is interesting to note in this connection that the women among
the recent immigrants, with the exception of the South Italians and
the Negroes, earn decidedly more than the German and Irish women.
The Bohemian and the Hebrew women earn the largest amounts.
226
The Immigration Commission.
Apparently this is due to the fact that the Irish and the German
women do not engage in regular occupations, and work only part of
the time, while the Bohemian and the Hebrew women have perma-
nent employment.
Nine-tenths of the women working earn less than $500 a year,
three-fourths of them earn less than $400 a year, considerably more
than one-half earn less than $300, and more than one-third earn
less than $200 a year. The different races compare in range sub-
stantially in the same way as in average earnings.
FAMILY INCOME.
The family income in the tables for New York is the sum of the
earnings of the husband, the wife, and the children, together with
the payments of boarders and lodgers. Only families all the working
members of which earn wages or salaries are included in the tabula-
tion. Families deriving part or all of their income from independent
business pursuits are eliminated. It must also be remembered in
discussing yearly income that the payment of boarders and lodgers,
which are included in their entirety, are not all profit. The data,
however, are valuable as a basis for comparison of the economic
status of the different races, even though they may not be accepted
as an exact statement of the amount of money at the disposal of
the family.
The following table is concerned with the amount of the family
income. The table presents the data of General Table 306 in the
form of cumulative percentages.
TABLE 64. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount,
by general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Five families are included which report income as "none."]
Number
Average
Perce
nt of famil
ies having
a total inc
ome—
head of family.
selected
families."
family
income.
Under
$300.
Under
$500.
Under
$750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$1,500.
Native-born of native father:
White
69
$838
1.4
14.5
46.4
69.6
97.1
Negro
108
574
13.9
48.1
74.1
95.4
99.1
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
36
776
2 8
11 1
55.6
77.8
97 2
Irish
64
883
1.6
18.8
37.5
71.9
95.3
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German . .
221
147
879
839
.5
6.1
12.2
17.0
40.7
42.2
73.8
74.8
95.0
93.9
Hebrew, Russian
297
813
4 7
20.2
54.2
74.7
93.3
Hebrew, Other...
78
634
10.3
41.0
66.7
87.2
97.4
Irish
189
849
2.1
16.9
45.0
70.9
94.2
Italian, South
336
688
3 3
27.7
69.6
87.2
96.1
Magyar...
31
629
12.9
38.7
64.5
93.5
96.8
Negro
37
511
16.2
51.4
83.8
94.6
97.3
Slovak
35
689
11 4
22 9
60.0
80 0
100.0
Grand total
1,665
771
4.8
23.2
55.0
79.0
95.5
Total foreign-born of foreign
father
117
868
2.6
14.5
40.2
70.1
96.6
Total native-born
294
753
6.5
26 9
54.1
79.3
97.6
Total foreign-born
1,371
775
4.4
22.5
55.1
78.9
95.0
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
227
The average yearly income of all of the families included in this
study is $771. The families whose heads are native white of native
father average $838 a year, the foreign families average $775 a year,
and the negro families $574 a year. ^ Arranged in descending order,
by race, the average incomes of immigrant families are as follows :
Average.
Bohemian and Moravian $879
Irish 849
German 839
Hebrew, Russian 813
Slovak.. 689
Average.
Italian, South $688
Hebrew, Other 634
Magyar 629
Negro 511
Relatively high average incomes are found among the Bohemian,
Irish, German, and Russian Hebrew families, all of which earn, on
the average, more than $800 a year; Slovak, South Italian, non-
Russian Hebrews, and Magyar families have average incomes between
$600 and $700 a year; and the average income of the negro families
is $511 a year.
The majority of all the families studied have incomes of between
$500 and $1,000 a year; and somewhat less than one-fourth of the
incomes are between $500 and $750 a year. Arranged in descending
order, by race, the per cents of foreign families with incomes under
$750 are as follows:
Per cent.
Negro 83.8
Italian, South 69. 6
Hebrew, Other 66. 7
Magyar 64. 5
Slovak 60. 0
The families of the older immigrant races have higher incomes than
those of recent immigrants; among the latter the Russian Hebrews
are the most and the South Italians next to the least prosperous.
The foreign negro families are by far the poorest of any of the immi-
grant families investigated.
The number of families studied in which the husband is present and
the number and per cent of husbands who have worked within the
year appear in the next table :
TABLE 65. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
Per cent.
Hebrew, Russian 54. 2
Irish 45.0
German 42. 2
Bohemian and Moravian. . 40. 7
General nativity and race of individual.
Number of
selected
families.o
Number of
husbands.
Number of
husbands
at work.
Per cent of
husbands
at work.
Native-born of native father:
White
69
66
65
98.5
Negro
108
75
73
97.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
17
17
17
fb)
German
36
32
31
969
Irish
64
54
54
100.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
221
190
183
96.3
German
147
125
121
96 8
Hebrew, Russian
297
277
272
98 2
Hebrew. Other...
78
66
57
86.4
Irish
189
163
156
95 7
Italian, South
336
317
305
96.2
Magyar
31
26
24
92 3
Negro
37
35
35
100 0
Slovak
35
34
33
97,1
Grand total
1,665
1,477
1,426
96.5
Total native-born of foreign father
117
103
102
99 0
Total native-born
294
244
240
98 4
Total foreign-born
1 371
1 233
1 IOC
96 2
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
& Not computed, owing to small number involved.
228
The Immigration Commission.
Large numbers of families are without husbands among the Negroes
of native birth and among the immigrant Bohemians and Moravians,
and in every race except the second generation Bohemians and
Moravians one or more such families is to be found. Only among the
second generation Irish and the immigrant negroes are all husbands
at work. More than 90 per cent, however, of the husbands of every
race are at work with the single exception of the Hebrews other than
Russian.
Husbands at work are classified in the following table according
to the amount of their earnings. The data of General Table 309
are presented in the form of cumulative numbers and percentages.
TABLE 66. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race oj
individual.
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.]
General nativity and race
of individual.
*"* W)o5
a> fl <u
<D
?i
Number earning—
Per cent earning —
**&
X
•i
y
l|
t>S
ii
p«*
ll
p^
li
p«*
S3 oo
t>^
li
PS*
!§
p^
o •
fl OJ
t>^
ll
£)&
V •
^0
fl o
t>*»
•§o
c §
P~
o3 o
«
&5J
Native-born of native
father:
White
65
73
17
31
54
183
121
272
57
156
305
24
35
33
$724
510
662
663
751
612
676
520
508
676
519
580
369
507
3
20
4
3
7
36
15
75
21
11
*l
22
i
14
37
255
20
49
6
11
14
93
37
174
39
57
232
15
31
21
799
43
71
11
25
35
149
91
253
53
127
293
20
34
33
57
73
17
28
47
173
114
267
56
146
302
23
35
33
0.0
2.7
('?o
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.9
3.0
0.0
6.8
Wo
3.7
1.6
2.5
5.1
5.3
.0
1.6
.0
14.3
6.1
14.6
27.4
(?7
13.0
19.7
12.4
27.6
36.8
7.1
20.3
16.7
62.9
27.3
30.8
67.1
(a)
35.5
25.9
50.8
30.6
64.0
68.4
36.5
76.1
62.5
88.6
63.6
66.2
97.3
(0)
80.6
64.8
81.4
75.2
93.0
93.0
81.4
96.1
83.3
97.1
100.0
87.7
100.0
(a)
90.3
87.0
94.5
94.2
98.2
98.2
93.6
99.0
95.8
100.0
100.0
Negro
2
5
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian ...
German
Irish
...
2
3
3
14
3
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
German
Hebrew , Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish.
Italian South
5
Magyar
Negro
i
5
2
Slovak
Grand total
1,426
102
240
1,186
581 5
710
42
2
7
35
1,238
1,371 .4
2.9
20.5
56.0
86.8
96.1
90.2
92.5
96.9
Total native-born of for-
eign father
31
100
699
71
185
1,053
92
222
1,149
.0
*
2.0
2.9
3.0
13.7
15.4
21.5
30.4
41.7
58.9
77! 1
88.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 1,426 husbands included in this table, 56 per cent earn less
than $600. The proportion of foreign-born husbands who have
earned less than $600 is 58.9 per cent; the proportion of native-born
is 41.7 per cent. The highest proportion of low wage-earners among
the races of native birth is shown by the negroes. Immigrant races,
in the order of their rank in respect to per cent earning under $600
are as follows:
Per cent.
Negro 88. 6
Italian, South 76.1
Hebrew, Other 68. 4
Hebrew, Russian 64. 0
Slovak.. . 63.6
Per cent.
Magyar 62. 5
Bohemian and Moravian 50. 8
Irish 36.5
German.. 30.6
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
229
It will be seen that the low percentages of wage-earners with in-
comes under $600 a year are among the races with a comparatively
long residence in the United States.
The number of families in which wives are present and the number
and per cent of wives at work are as follows:
TABLE 67. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number of
selected
families-^
Number of
wives.
Number of
wives at
work.
Per cent of
wives at
work.
Average
yearly
earnings
of wives
at work.
Native-born of native father:
White
69
69
7
10.1
(6)
Negro . . .
108
107
77
72.0
$227
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian. .
17
17
13
(6)
414
German
36
36
9
250
(b)
Irish
64
63
17
27.0
213
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
221
219
124
56.6
352
German
147
143
48
33 6
166
Hebrew, Russian
297
295
13
4.4
239
Hebrew, Other..
78
78
14
17 9
192
Irish
189
185
34
18.4
252
Italian, South
336
332
108
32 5
181
Mavgar
31
31
9
29 0
(b)
Negro . . .
37
36
25
69.4
179
Slovak
35
35
g
22 9
(b)
Grand total
1 665
1 646
506
30 7
249
Total native-born of foreign father
117
116
39
• 33 6
291
Total native-born
294
292
123
42 1
253
Total foreign-born . .
1,371
1,354
383
28 3
248
Per cent.
Slovak 22. 9
Irish 18. 4
Hebrew, Other 17. 9
Hebrew, Russian 4. 4
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The proportion of wives at work is lowest, 10.1 per cent, in white
American families, and highest, 72 per cent, in native negro families.
Arranged in descending order, by race, the per cent of wives at work
are for immigrants as follows :
Per cent.
Negro 69. 4
Bohemian and Moravian 56. 6
German 33. 6
Italian, South 32. 5
Magyar 29. 0
The wives in negro families are at work in more than two-thirds of
the cases and in Bohemian families in more than half of the cases.
Among the German, South Italian, and Magyar families the propor-
tion is about one-third, among the Slovak, Irish, and non-Russian
Hebrew families it is in the neighborhood of one-fifth, and finally,
among the Russian Hebrews families it is less than one-twentieth.
The prevalence of employment among married women is undoubtedly
dependent to a considerable extent on racial custom, but it is also
in direct relation to the income of the husband. The two tables
next presented throw light on this point.
230
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 68. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or
lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
of selected
families.o
Number of husbands
earning—
Number
of wives
having
employ-
ment or
keeping
boarders
or lodgers
Number of wives hav-
ing employment or
keeping boarders or
lodgers where hus-
bands' earnings are —
Under
S400.&
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Under
$400. c
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
66
74
17
32
53
188
121
275
66
- 159
313
26
34
34
4
21
4
4
7
41
17
79
30
16
71
6
21
10
17
29
2
8
7
57
22
99
18
45
170
11
9
12
45
24
"ll
20
39
90
82
97
18
98
72
9
4
12
11
51
13
7
18
114
45
164
31
49
144
14
31
21
2
18
3
2
5
32
11
47
16
7
33
5
20
5
3
19
1
4
4
43
10
63
11
12
90
5
8
10
6
14
9
1
9
39
24
54
4
30
21
4
3
6
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish . . .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew. Other.. .
Irish
Italian, South..
Magvar
Negro
Slovak
Grand total..
1,458
102~
242
1,216
331
15~
40
291
506
IT
63
443
621
70~
139
482
713
38~
100
613
206
io~
30
176
283
9
31
252
224
19
39
185
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. Of the selected families only those which have both hus-
band and wife present appear in this table.
& This column includes 44 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as " none."
cThis column includes 26 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
TABLE 69. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers,
by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for
all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. Of the selected families only those which have
both husband and wife present appear in this table.]
Per cent of wives having employment or keeping
boarders or lodgers, where husbands' earnings
are—
Under
$400.a
$400 and
under $600.
$600 or over.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
(b)
17.6
13.3
16.7
Negro .
85.7
65.5
58.3
68.9
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
(b)
50.0
5.0
21.9
Irish.. .
71.4
57.1
23.1
34.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
78.0
75.4
43.3
60.6
German
64.7
45.5
29.3
37.2
Hebrew Russian
59.5
63.6
55.7
59.6
Hebrew, Other.. .
53.3
61.1
22.2
47.0
Irish
43.8
26.7
30.6
30.8
Italian, South. .
46.5
52.9
29.2
46.0
Magyar . .
83.3
45.5
44.4
53.8
Negro
95.2
88.9
(6)
91.2
Slovak .
50.0
83.3
50.0
01.8
Grand total
62.2
55.9
36.1
48.9
Total native-born of foreign father..
66.7
52.9
27.1
37.3
Total native-born
75.0
49.2
28.1
41.3
Total foreiern-born.. .
60.5
56.9
38.4
50.4
a This column includes 26 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as
& Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
231
Among families where the husband earns under $400 a year 62.2
per cent of the wives are employed either outside of the home or in
keeping boarders or lodgers; among families where the husband
earns between $400 and $600 a year the wives are employed in 55.9
per cent of the cases; and among families where the husband earns
$600 or more the wives are employed in 36.1 per cent of the cases.
In comparing these tables with Table 67 it is notable that some
of the races among which married women rarely work outside of the
home resort to keeping boarders or lodgers in large numbers. This
is especially noticeable among the Russian Hebrews, among whom
only 4.4 per cent of the wives are at work, while 59.6 per cent con-
tribute something to the family budget. It may be said, in general,
that racial customs and preferences tend to determine the mode of
employment of the wives. When the husband's income is insufficient
to support the family and the children are not old enough to help, the
wives find themselves confronted with the necessity of contributing
to the family income in whatever manner is best suited to their habits
and qualifications.
The three tables which follow deal with the source of family
income. The first shows the per cent of families with income from
each of the five sources; the second classifies the families according
to the source or combination of sources from which they derive their
entire income; the third shows the proportion of the total income
derived from each of the five classified sources. The first and second
tables are based'on General Tables 307 and 308, respectively.
TABLE 70. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Five families are excluded which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
ofselected
families. a
Per cent of families having an income from —
Earnings of —
Contribu-
tions of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father:
White...
69
108
36
64
221
147
296
78
188
333
31
37
35
94.2
67.6
86.1
84.4
82.8
82.3
91.9
73.1
83.0
91.6
77.4
94.6
94.3
10.1
71.3
25.0
26.6
56.1
32.7
4.4
17.9
18.1
32.4
29.0
67.6
22.9
17.4
7.4
22.2
23.4
26.7
35.4
37.2
34.6
27.7
21.3
6.5
5.4
17.1
8.7
26.9
2.8
12.5
17.2
10.9
56.1
33.3
20.2
20.1
41.9
51.4
45.7
1.4
7.4
2.8
4.7
1.8
2.0
1.4
5.1
2.1
3.0
3.2
5.4
.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German . ..
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish...
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro..
Slovak
Grand total
1,660
85.9
30.5
25.5
26.7
2.7
Total native-born of foreign father
117
294
1,366
87.2
81.6
86.8
33.3
41.8
28.0
19.7
14.6
27.9
8.5
15.3
29.2
3.4
4.4
2.3
Total native-born .
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
232
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 71. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals however, are for all races-
Five families are excluded which report income as "none."]
Per cent of families having entire income from —
i
£
1
|.
I
1
|.
1
03^
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
ofselected
families.o
i
*u
*J
it
1
It
l!
o
fi«S
"of
a
ij
&
•da
I 0
Hi
d
|S
|
°<^ M
m ° 2
JQ
ja
1
Jj °
£^
.
03
0
-S
3
e
3
3
S=!
2H
£3
g—1
3^
0
rj.2 2>
w
w
w
W
w
&
& .
£
o
W
S
Native-born of native father:
White
69
63 8
4 3
14 5
1.4
8.7
4 3
0 0
0.0
1 4
0.0
0 0
1.4
Negro
108
19.4
28.7
1.9
.9
4.6
15.7
1.9
7.4
1.9
.0
.0
17.6
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
36
61 1
8 3
8 3
5.6
.0
5 6
5 6
.0
2 8
.0
0
2.8
Irish
64
46 9
1? 5
7 8
6.3
7.8
3 1
1 6
1.6
4 7
.0
1 6
6.3
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. .
221
24.4
29.9
8.1
7.2
6.8
4.1
5.4
3.2
2.3
.9
.0
7.7
German
147)41.5
10.2
12.2
8.8
8.2
.7
9.5
.7
41
.0
,0
4.1
Hebrew, Russian
296
20 3
1 7
14 9
.7
39.2
0
1 0
.3
4 7
1.7
0
15.5
Hebrew, Other
78
29 5
5 1
12 8
.0
20.5
2.6
3 8
2.6
10 3
2.6
0
10.3
Irish
188
45 2
4,8
12.8
3.7
14.9
2 1
4.8
1.6
4 3
.5
1 6
3.7
Italian, South
333
37 8
?0 1
9 3
3.0
12.3
1 5
1 8
.3
3 6
.9
0
9.3
Magyar...
31
32 3
6.5
3.2
3.2
25.8
9.7
.0
6.5
.0
.0
6,5
6.5
Negro .
37
8 1
32 4
0
.0
24.3
0
? 1
.0
0
.0
0
32.4
Slovak
35
25 7
14 3
11 4
2.9
37.1
0
0
5.7
0
.0
0
2.9
Grand total
1,660
33.3
14.6
10.2
3.5
16.5
2.9
3.2
1.7
3.6
.8
.4
9.4
Total native-born of foreign
father
117
47,9
19.7
6.8
5.1
4.3
3.4
2.6
.9
3.4
.0
.9
5.1
Total native-born
294
41.2
19.4
6.8
2.7
5.4
8.2
1.7
3.1
2.4
.0
.3
8.8
Total foreien-born. . .
1.366
31. fi
13.5111.0
3.7
18.9
1.8
3.5
1.4
3.9
1.0
.4
9.5
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
TABLE 72. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children,
boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races
Five families are excluded which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
ofselected
families. a
Per cent of total income from—
Earnings of—
Children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father:
White .
69
108
36
64
221
147
296
78
188
333
31
37
35
81.4
60.0
73.6
71.8
57.7
66.3
58.6
58.5
65.8
68.4
71.3
68.3
69.4
4.0
28.2
8.4
6.4
22.5
6.5
1.3
5.4
5.3
8.4
12.5
23.6
10.1
11.1
5.2
16.5
16.2
15.1
23.2
31.0
30.7
17.8
18.7
5.6
1.7
12.4
3.3
3.0
.6
3.6
3.4
3.5
9.0
4.2
10.3
3.3
9.9
5.0
8.1
0.2
3.6
.9
2.0
1.4
.6
.1
1.1
.7
1.2
.7
1.4
.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German. . .
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German.
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian, South. ...
Magyar
Negro. . .
Slovak
Grand total
1,660
64.5
9.8
19.3
5.5
1.0
Total native-born of foreign father
117
294
1,366
71.2
70.7
63.2
11.2
14.1
8.9
13.6
10.6
21.1
2.7
2.9
6.0
1.3
1.7
.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born... .
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
233
Per cent.
Slovak. 25.7
Bohemian and Moravian 24. 4
Hebrew, Russian 20. 3
Negro 8. 1
Eighty-five and nine-tenths per cent of all the families studied
derive all or part of their income from, the husband; one- third, 33.3
per cent, depend entirely on the husband, and 64.5 per cent of the
total income of all the families come from the husbands. The
variations in the last respect are not very great for the different races.
A comparison by race of the per cents of families that derive all
their income from the husband show greater diversities. Among
the white American families this proportion reaches 63.8 per cent,
among the foreign families it is 31.6 per cent, and among the native
negro families 19.4 per cent. Arranged in descending order, by
race, the per cents of foreign families deriving all of their income
from the husbands are as follows:
Per cent.
Irish 45.2
German 41. 5
Italian, South 37.8
Magyar 32. 3
Hebrew, Other 29. 5
The Irish and the German families are among the most prosperous,
and depend on the earnings of the husbands alone in the nighest per
cent of cases. The Bohemian families have the highest average
incomes, but they have other sources of income besides the earnings
of the husbands in more than three-fourths of the cases. The South
Italian families have a comparatively high per cent of those depend-
ent entirely on the husband, while the Russian Hebrews are next to
the last in the list. The percentage is by far the lowest among the
negro families, among which only 8.1 per cent depend entirely on
the earnings of the husband. Of the 1,660 families reporting data
on income, 30.5 per cent derive all or part of the income from the
wives, the wife's earnings are the sole support of the family in 2.9
per cent of the cases, and 9.8 per cent of the entire family income of
all of the families is derived from the wives.
The contributions of children form part or all of the family income
in 25.5 per cent of the families, 3.6 per cent of the families are entirely
supported by the children, and 19.3 per cent of the income of all the
families studied is supplied by the children.
Children are sources of income in 17.4 per cent of the American
white families, in 27.9 per cent of the foreign families, and in 7.4
per cent of the native negro families. Arranged in descending order,
by race, the per cents of foreign families having incomes from children
are as follows:
Per cent.
Hebrew, Russian 37. 2
German 35. 4
Hebrew, Other 34. 6
Irish 27. 7
Bohemian and Moravian.. . 26.7
Per cent.
Italian, South 21.3
Slovak 17.1
Magyar 6. 5
Negro 5. 4
The Hebrew and the German families show the highest per cents;
the Irish, Bohemian, South Italian, and Slovak families have lower
per cents, and the Magyar and negro families are far below any of
the others in this respect.
25608°— VOL 26— 11-
-16
234 The Immigration Commission.
Of the payments of boarders and lodgers it needs only to be said
in this connection that they appear in 26.7 per cent of the family
budgets, but form only 5.5 per cent of the entire family income, and
are the sole means of support in only 0.4 per cent of all the families.
Boarders and lodgers are taken to help pay the rent and seldom are
profitable enough to enhance the family income to any considerable
extent.
Sources of income, other than those enumerated, appear in 2.7 per
cent of the families, and form 1 per cent of the total income. These
sources are so heterogeneous and of so little importance in the aggre-
gate that they need not be discussed in detail.
CHAPTER VI.
ASSIMILATION.
ABILITY TO -SPEAK ENGLISH.
One of the strongest bonds among members of immigrant races
is the tie of a common language. The inability to use the language
of this country operates to restrict members of non-English-speaking
races to residence in foreign colonies and to prevent their assimila-
tion. The extent to which the ability to speak English is found
among the heads of households of non-English-speaking races is
indicated by the following table. The table is derived from General
Table 311.
TABLE 73. — Number and per cent of male "heads of households who speak English, by general
nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who speak
English.
Per cent
who speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
21
20
95 2
German
46
46
100 0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
229
94
41 0
German
162
116
71 6
Hebrew, Russian
451
148
32 8
Hebrew, Other
122
65
53 3
Italian, South
401
92
22 9
Magyar
34
12
35 3
Slovak
42
20
47 g
Syrian
179
106
59 2
Grand total
1 687
719
42 6
Total native-born of foreign father. . . .
67
66
98 5
Total foreign-born.. . . .
1 620
653
40 3
Among native-born male heads of households the ability to
speak English is practically universal, the only exception being one
second generation Bohemian.
Arranged in descending order by race the per cents of males who
speak English are as follows :
Per cent.
German 71. 6
Syrian 59. 2
Hebrew, Other 53. 3
Slovak . 47. 6
Percent.
Bohemian and Moravian 41. 0
Magyar 35. 3
Hebrew, Russian 32. 8
Italian, South 22. 9
The Germans lead in ability to speak English; the Syrians and
non- Russian _Hebrews speak English in more than half of all cases;
235
236
The Immigration Commission.
the proportion is lower than half among the Slovaks, Bohemians,
and Magyars, and lower than one-third among the Russian Hebrews
and South Italians. The low proportion of male heads of households
who speak English among the Russian Hebrews and South Italians
is partly accounted for by the fact that the colonies of these races are
the most isolated of those studied in New York.
The following table presents the data in regard to English speaking
for female heads of households and wives of heads. The table is from
General Table 312.
TABLE 74. — Number and per cent of females who speak English, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only female heads of households and wives of heads of non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who speak
English.
Per cent
who speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
14
14
(a)
German
37
37
100.0
Swedish
1
1
(a)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
276
79
28 6
Egyptian
1
(a)
German
160
106
66.3
Hebrew, Russian .... ...
462
80
17 3
Hebrew Other
141
53
37 6
Italian, South
401
20
5.0
Magvar
47
6
12 8
Polish
1
(a)
Russian • .
1
(a)
Slovak
47
5
106
Syrian
192
55
28.6
Grand total
1,781
456
25 6
Total native-born of foreign father
52
52
100.0
1 729
404
23 4
a .Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The proportions of English-speaking persons are much lower
among the females than among the males. Arranged in descending
order by race the per cents are as follows:
Per cent.
German 66. 3
Hebrew, Other 37.6
Bohemian and Moravian 28. 6
Syrian 28. 6
Per cent.
Hebrew, Russian 17. 3
Magyar 12. 8
Slovak 10.6
Italian, South 5. 0
The difference between the males and the females in this respect
emphasizes the fact that the ability to speak English is determined
largely by the mode of life and the occupation of the immigrant.
The women stay at home and do not come in contact with English-
speaking people, and the percentage able to speak English is much
lower among them than among the males. For similar reasons
the Syrians, who are peddlers and of necessity come in contact with
a great many people who are unable to speak the Syrian language,
acquire English more readily than most of the other races.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
237
The following table shows the relation between ability to speak
English and years in the United States. The table is derived from
General Table 313.
TABLE 75. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English by years in the United States and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races. By years in the United States is meant years since
first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the
United States each
specified number
of years.
Number who speak
English by years
in the United
States.
Per" cent who speak
English, by years
in the United
States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German
229
162
451
122
401
34
42
179
34
22
127
26
91
15
41
13
131
34
106
9
14
56
154
127
193
62
204
10
28
46
3
4
23
8
5
3
12
10
37
15
16
3
4
33
79
102
88
42
71
6
16
33
8.8
18.2
18.1
30.8
5.5
(a)
29.3
(a)
28.2
44.1
15.1
(a)
(a)
58.9
51.3
80.3
45.6
67.7
34.8
(a)
57.1
71.7
Hebrew, Russian . .
Hebrew, O ther
Italian, South
Magyar
Slovak
Syrian
77
40
51.9
Total
1,620
392
404
824
86
130
437
21.9
32.2
53.0
a Not computed, owing to small nnmber iuvolved.
The table shows that the proportion of persons able to speak
English increases very decidedly with the length of residence in the
United States, and that the racial differences as shown in Table 73
are less apparent when allowance is made for length of residence;
thus the Germans, in the period of residence under five years, ac-
quire English less rapidly than the non- Russian Hebrews and the
Syrians.
Even more important than the length of residence in the United
States is the age at the time of arrival in this country. The fol-
lowing table, which is derived from General Table 314, relates the
two sets of facts:
TABLE 76. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each spe-
cified age at time
of coming.
Number who speak
English, by age
at time of coming.
Per cent who speak
English, by age at
time of coming.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Bohemian and Moravian
German
229
162
451
122
401
34
42
179
28
21
15
6
22
1
4
1
201
141
436
116
379
33
38
178
26
21
13
6
18
1
3
1
68
95
135
59
74
11
17
105
92.9
100.0
8
81.8
(0)
(a)
(a)
33.8
67.4
31.0
50.9
19.5
33.3
44.7
59.0
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Magvar
Slovak
Syrian
Total
1,620
98
1,522
89
564
90.8
37.1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
238
The Immigration Commission.
Of the males who were under 14 years of age at the time of landing,
90.8 per cent are able to speak English, while of those who were 14
years of age or over, only 37.1 per cent speak English. Among the
South Italians 81.8 per cent of those who came under 14, and only
19.5 per cent of those who came later are able to speak the language
of this country.
In general, it appears that the ability to speak English depends on
the age at the time of coming to this country, on the length of
residence here on the degree of isolation in racial colonies, and, as
cited in the case of the Syrians, on the occupation of the immigrant
and his mode of life.
LITERACY.
The information in regard to literacy is available only for heads
of households and their wives. The following table shows the number
and per cent of male heads of households who read and who read and
write. The table is drawn from General Table 315.
TABLE 77. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and who read and
write, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Per cent who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father:
White
80
165
21
46
77
228
161
451
121
192
401
33
106
42
179
80
153
21
46
77
224
161
387
116
181
230
30
99
37
174
80
153
21
46
77
224
161
369
113
177
226
30
99
36
174
100.0
92.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.2
100.0
85.8
95.9
94.3
57.4
90.9
93.4
88.1
97.2
100.0
92.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.2
100.0
81.8
93.4
92.2
56.4
90.9
93.4
85.7
97.2
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
2,303
2,016
1,986
87.5
86.2
Total native-born of foreign father
144
389
1,914
144
377
1,639
144
377
1,609
100.0
96.9
85.6
100.0
96.9
84.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The figures show that all of the native-born male heads of house-
holds with the exception of a few negroes are able to read and write.
Among the foreign-born the percentage of literacy by race in descend-
ing order is as follows:
Per cent. Per cent.
German 100. 0 Magyar 90. 9
Bohemian and Moravian 98. 2 Slovak 85. 7
Syrian 97.2 Hebrew, Russian 81.8
Hebrew, Other 93.4 Italian, South 56.4
Negro 93.4 Total foreign-born 84.1
Irish.. 92.2
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
239
All of the Germans and more than nine-tenths of the Bohemians
and Moravians, Syrians, non-Russian Hebrews, negroes, Irish, and
Magyars are able to read and write; the proportion among the
Slovak is 85.7 per cent, and among the Russian Hebrews 81.8 per
cent, while the Italians fall far below any of the other races, showing
only 56.4 per cent able to read and write. Among the Hebrews, the
Irish, the South Italians, and the Slovaks there are small percentages
of males who read but can not write.
The following table shows the per cent of female heads of house-
holds and wives of heads who read and who read and write. The
table is based on General Table 316.
TABLE 78. — Number and per cent of female heads of households and wives of heads who
read and who read and write, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who—
Per cent who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-bora of native father:
White
63
256
26
4
58
5
81
8
2
1
1
273
1
1
8
1
161
463
137
229
400
45
77
1
1
47
145
63
210
26
4
58
5
80
6
2
1
1
262
1
1
7
1
158
216
105
203
134
41
75
1
1
29
98
63
204
26
4
58
5
80
6
2
1
1
257
1
1
7
1
157
206
104
197
131
40
75
1
1
26
98
100.0
82.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
(a)
98.8
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
96.0
(a)
ft
W*l
46.7
76.6
88.6
33.5
91.1
97.4
(a)
(0)6..7
67.6
100.0
79.7
100.0
(a)
100.0
(a)
98.8
94.1
(a
97.5
44.5
75.9
86.0
32.8
88.9
97.4
8
55.3
67.6
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Engrlish
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Scotch . .
Scotch-Irish
Swedish . . . ..
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian (other than French)
Danish
English
French
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other....
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar. . .
Negro
Russian
Scotch .
Slovak
S 3 rian
Grand total
2,495
1,789
1,753
71.7
70.3
Total native-born of foreign-father
186
505
1,990
183
456
1,333
183
450
1,303
98.4
90.3
67.0
98.4
89.1
65.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 2,495 females included in this table 71.7 per cent are able to
read and 70.3 per cent to read and write. Of the native whites all
except a small proportion of those of Irish descent are able to read and
write; of the native negroes 79.7 per cent are literate. Among the
foreign-born the highest percentage of literacy is found among the
Germans of whom 97.5 per cent are able to read and write; the Negroes
and the Bohemians, have almost as high percentages. The percent-
ages are considerably lower among the Magyars, the Irish, the non-
Russian Hebrews, and lowest among the Syrians, the Slovaks, the
Russian Hebrews, and the South Italians. The difference in literacy
between males and females is rather marked among all of the races,
but it is especially great among the Russian Hebrews, the Slovaks, the
240
The Immigration Commission.
Syrians, and the South Italians. These four races are apparently
affected by the old world opinion that literacy is not as important for
women as it is for men.
The following table presents the facts about literacy among heads
of households, by years in the United States. The table is based on
General Table 31 7.
TABLE 79. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and write, by years
in the United States and race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the
United States
each specified
number of years.
Number who read
and write, by
years in the
United States.
Per cent who read
and write, by
years in the
United States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German
228
161
451
121
192
401
33
106
42
179
33
22
127
26
8
91
14
52
41
13
131
33
27
106
9
31
14
56
154
126
193
62
157
204
10
23
28
46
32
22
108
26
7
51
13
48
"~73~
41
13
102
31
26
58
8
28
12
56
151
126
159
56
144
117
9
23
24
45
97.0
100.0
85.0
100.0
(a)
56.0
(a)
92.3
"94."8"
100.0
(a)
77.9
93.9
96.3
54.7
(a)
90.3
(a)
100.0
98.1
100.0
82.4
90.3
91.7
57.4
(0)
100.0
85.7
97.8
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magvar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
77
Total .
1,914
450
461
1,003
380
375
854
84.4
81.3
85.1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 450 male heads of households in the United States under
five years 84.4 per cent read and write; of the 461 in the country
from five to nine years 81.3 per cent read and write; and of the 1,003
in the United States ten years or over 85.1 per cent are literate.
The showing of the several races can not be said to indicate any close
relation between literacy and length of residence in the United
States.
In the following table ability to read and write is related to age at
time of coming to the United States. The table is derived from
General Table 318.
TABLE 80. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who read and
write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each
specified age at
time of coming.
Number who read
and write, by
age at time of
coming.
Per cent who read
and write, by age
at time of com-
ing.
Under
14.
14 or
over.
Under
14.
14 or
over.
Under
14.
14 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian
228
161
451
121
192
401
33
106
42
179
28
21
15
6
18
22
1
3
4
1
200
140
436
115
174
379
32
103
38
178
28
21
14
6
17
15
1
3
4
1
196
140
355
107
160
211
29
96
32
173
100.0
100.0
(a)
(a)
(°68.2
(a)
(a
(a)
(0)
98.0
100.0
81.4
93.0
92.0
55.7
90.6
93.2
84.2
97.2
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian , South
Magvar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Total
1,914
119
1,795
110
1,499 | 92.4
83.5
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
241
In general the figures on literacy among the foreign-born represent
European conditions rather than American conditions. This is
emphasized by the fact that of the males who were under fourteen
years of age at the time of coming to the United States 92.4 per cent
are able to read and write, while among those who were fourteen or
over at the time of coming the proportion is 83.5 per cent. This indi-
cates that those immigrants who landed in this country before the
expiration of their school age have in a considerable number of
instances availed themselves of the opportunities of learning to read
and write.
CITIZENSHIP.
In discussing citizenship only those males have been included who
were of age at the time of coming to this country and could therefore
not acquire citizenship in any other way than by applying for it
themselves. The following table is derived from General Table 319.
TABLE 81. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who have
been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time
of coming, by race of individual .
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first papers
only.
Bohemian and Moravian
92
74
207
61
65
215
13
26
21
85
34
43
51
21
42
39
2
3
6
2
20
24
31
13
9
48
4
1
3
17
37.0
58.1
24.6
34.4
64.6
18.1
(0)
11.5
28.6
2.4
21.7
32.4
15.0
21.3
13.8
22.3
W 3.8
14.3
20.0
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magvar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
Total
859
243
170
28.3
19.8
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of all the foreign males who are eligible for citizenship and who
report the data 28.3 per cent are fully naturalized, and 19.8 per
cent have declared their intention of becoming citizens of the United
States.
Arranged in descending order by race the proportion of citizens
among the foreign-born is as follows:
Per cent.
Irish 64.6
German 58. 1
Bohemian and Moravian 37. 0
Hebrew, Other 34. 4
Slovak.. 28.6
Per cent.
Hebrew, Russian 24. 6
Italian, South 18. 1
Negro 11. 5
Syrian 2.4
The Irish become citizens in the greatest proportion of cases, the
Germans do not fall far behind them, the Bohemians and the non-
Russian Hebrews follow, while the Russian Hebrews and the South
Italians show much smaller percentages, and the Negroes and the
242
The Immigration Commission.
Syrians are very low in the list. The following table gives the data
for male heads of households who have been in the United States
between five and nine years:
TABLE 82. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who have
been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over at time of
coming, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first papers
only.
Bohemian and Moravian
24
8
94
25
17
82
6
19
9
50
3
9
6
20
7
3
15
2
1
12.5
(°>n.7
24.0
«H
(a)
(a)
(a)
.0
37.5
(a)
21.3
28.0
(a)
18.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
16.0
German
Hebrew Russian
11
6
7
1
1
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian South
Magvar
Negro
Slovak
2
Syrian
8
Total
334
31
71
9.3
21.3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 334 male heads of households in the United States from
five to nine years, only 31, or 9.3 per cent, have become citizens, and
71 others, or 21.3 per cent, have taken out first papers. The figures
for the Hebrews other than Kussian indicate relative promptness to
take action with reference to naturalization. -
RESIDENCE IN APARTMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND CITY.
Once a foreign colony is established there are many forces tending
to keep it together. Some of the most important ones are kinship,
language, occupation, habit, and the expense of moving. In addition
to this a considerable number of the breadwinners have positions in
the neighborhood of their residence, and thereby save car fare and
the expense of their midday meal. Furthermore, the possibility of
finding boarders and lodgers is greater in a foreign colony than in a
less homogeneous neighborhood. On the other hand, there are a
great many forces tending to scatter the immigrants through the
different parts of the city. First among these is economic advance-
ment, and, second, increased familiarity with the English language
and with the ways of American life. Every family that establishes
itself in a new district attracts others, which cluster around it, and in
this way the number of colonies of each race continually multiplies.
As the numbers of the colonies increase they become less and less
homogeneous, and after a certain length of time there is practically
no colony left and the foreign households become absorbed in the life
of the city.
Immigrants in Cities: New York.
243
In the following table the per cent of households which have always
lived in the apartment, neighborhood, and city of their present
residence are shown. The table is derived from General Table 310.
TABLE 83. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States,
and by general nativity and race of head of household.
[Length of time established in the United States is, for families formed in the United States, the number
of years since marriage, and, for families formed abroad, the number of years the family has resided in
the United States.]
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in—
Per cent which have spent
whole time in—
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Native-born of native father:
White
23
60
14
9
17
80
46
235
48
38
157
23
72
13
81
10
17
7
3
15
44
12
7
10
77
34
214
42
23
131
19
59
9
77
21
56
12
9
17
79
45
233
46
37
150
22
72
10
77
43.5
28.3
«
?a
(°)
47.5
28.3
35.3
27.1
34.2
35.7
26.1
18.1
(a)
70.4
65.2
73.3
w
r
(a)
96.3
73.9
91.1
87.5
60.5
83.4
82.6
81.9
(a)
95.1
91.3
93.3
(a)
(a
(a)
98.8
97.8
99.1
95.8
97.4
95.5
95.7
100.0
(a)
95.1
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
38
13
83
13
13
56
6
13
German
Hebrew Russian.
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
Syrian
57
Grand total
916
40
123
793
329
io"
37
292
773
29~
88
685
886
is"
115
771
35.9
25.0
30.1
36.8
84.4
72.5
71.5
86.4
96.7
9s7o
93.5
97.2
Total native-born of foreign father ...
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Native-born of native father:
White
24
2
14
21
8.3
58.3
87.5
Negro
45
3
19
32
6.7
42.2
71.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian .
4
2
4
4
(a)
(a)
(a)
German
10
2
7
10
w
(a)
(«)
Irish
17
2
10
17
(a)
(a)
(a)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
37
9
32
36
24.3
86.5
97.3
German
27
1
12
22
3.7
44.4
81.5"
Hebrew, Russian
102
12
90
96
11.8
88.2
94.1
Hebrew Other .
35
1
24
31
2.9
68.6
88.6
Irish ".
38
28
38
.0
73.7
100.0
Italian, South
120
21
94
116
17.5
78.3
96.7
Magyar
11
8
10
(a)
(a)
(a)
Negro
23
2
17
22
8.7
73.9
95.7
Slovak
13
12
13
(a)
(a)
fa)
Syrian
61
17
59
59
27.9
96.7
96.7
Grand total
567
74
430
527
13.1
75.8
92.9
Total native-bora of foreign father
Total native-born
31
100
6
11
21
54
31
84
19.4
11.0
67.7
54.0
10.00
84.0
Total foreign-born
467
63
376
443
13.5
80.5
94.9
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
244
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 83. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States,
and by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued.
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in—
Per cent which have spent
whole time in —
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City,
A part-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Native-born of native father:
White
35
99
3
28
52
153
114
138
51
149
137
8
3
19
44
1
22
7
3
15
30
90
54
116
24
88
110
4
27
51
3
25
46
146
98
124
43
131
133
5
2
16
42
2.9
.0
Si
3.8
4.6
3.5
.7
.0
4.0
9.5
(a)
(a)
%
62.9
7.1
(*)
53.6
57.7
58.8
47.4
84.1
•47.1
59.1
80.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
93. 2
77.1
51.5
(a)
89.3
88.5
95.4
86.0
89.9
84.3
87.9
97.1
(0)
(a)
(a)
95.5
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
2
2
7
4
1
Irish....
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German . . .
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish .
6
13
Italian, South
Magyar
Negro
Slovak
12
41
Syrian
4
Grand total
1,033
83~
217
816
40
35
616
48~
77
539
892
^4~
152
740
3.9
47§T
2.3
4.3
59.6
57.8
35.5
66.1
86.4
89~2
70.0
90.7
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White.
82
13
51
69
15.9
62.2
84 1
Negro
204
20
70
139
9 8
34 3
68 1
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father :
Bohemian and Moravian
21
9
19
19
42.9
90.5
90.5
German
47
7
29
44
14.9
61.7
93 6
Irish
86
4
50
80
4.7
58.1
93.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
270
54
199
2G1
20 0
73 7
96 7
German
187
18
100
165
9.6
53.5
88.2
Hebrew, Russian
475
96
420
453
20.2
88.4
95.4
Hebrew, Other...
134
14
90
120
10.4
67.2
89.6
Irish
225
19
139
206
8.4
61.8
91.6
Italian, South
414
90
335
399
21.7
80.9
96.4
Magyar . .
42
6
31
37
14.3
73.8
88.1
Negro
98
15
76
96
15.3
77.6
98.0
Slovak
45
33
39
.0
73.3
86.7
Syrian..
186
78
177
178
41.9
95,2
95.7
Grand total
2,516
443
1,819
2,305
17.6
72.3
91.6
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born .
154
440
20
53
98
219
143
351
13.0
12.0
63.6
49.8
92.9
79.8
Total foreign-born
2,076
390
1,600
1,954
18.8
77.1
94.1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the entire number of households studied in New York City and
reporting data on this subject, 91.6 per cent have never had their
residence outside of New York City since their arrival in the United
States. The proportion is much higher among foreign than among
native households. For the foreign households the highest propor-
tion, 98 per cent, of families who have never lived outside of New
Immigrants in Cities: New York. 245
York City since coming to this country is found among the negroes and
the next' highest among the Bohemians. Then follow in order the
South Italians, Syrians, Russian Hebrews, Irish, Hebrews other than
Russian, Germans, -Magyars, and Slovaks. The proportion decreases
with the length of residence in the United States, as might be expected,
and perhaps the most significant fact in this connection is that nine-
teen out of every twenty foreign households studied in New York
City have never lived in this country outside of that city.
The proportion of households that have always lived in the same
neighborhood since their establishment or their arrival in the United
States is 72.3 per cent. It is higher among the foreign households,
with 77.1 per cent, than among the native households, with 49.8 per
cent. Among the foreign households the Russian Hebrews have lived
in the same neighborhood ever since their establishment in the United
States in 88.4 per cent of the cases, and the South Italians in 80.9
per cent, while the percentage is highest among the Syrians, of whom
95.2 per cent have always lived in the same neighborhood. Here
again the length of residence in the United States is a decided factor
in determining the proportion of families who have always been in
the same neighborhood.
A considerable proportion of the households studied, 17.6 per cent,
have always lived in the same apartment since their arrival in this
country ; this proportion is higher among the foreign-born than among
the natives and is highest among the Syrians, the South Italians,
the Russian Hebrews, and the Bohemians. The proportion is 35.9
per cent among households that have been in this country under five
years, 13.1 per cent among those that have been here five to nine years,
and 3.9 percent among those that have lived here ten years or more.
PART III -CHICAGO.
247
248
The Immigration Commission.
MAP
SHOWING GENERAL LOCATION
OF EACH BLOCK OR DISTRICT
STCD1ED AND PREDOMINANT RACE
PART IIL-CHICAGO,
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
No natural barriers fix a limit to the growth of Chicago on the
west, south, or north. In these directions the city may spread out
over the prairie, and where the cost of land is low, cheap tenement
structures may be profitably offered at comparatively low rentals.
Wide area calls for many miles of street and drainage. The task
of draining the sodden soil and of building streets several feet above
the original level of the land is very heavy, so that newer neighbor-
hoods have so far been left in almost their natural state. In parts
of South Chicago the streets are not yet graded or improved, and
every passing wagon stirs up the soil from many inches below. In
the stock-yards district many streets have been graded and wooden
paving blocks have been widely used. Such streets, however, at the
time this neighborhood was studied were in exceedingly bad condi-
tion. The blocks had settled unequally and had left holes, sometimes
several feet across, which were filled with muddy water. It was said
that wagons could not pass along certain stretches of street for fear
of upsetting in these blind holes. The districts chosen north of
Twentieth street represent older neighborhoods where streets as a
rule are paved, though in many instances not well kept. In summer
the dust from unpaved or ill-kept streets is a menace to the health
in this city of high lake breezes.
Land in all the neighborhoods under study being comparatively
low in price, the tendency has been toward extensive building rather
than toward compact housing, and toward building cheaply rather than
substantially. The owner of a lot, when the locality is developing,
finds it profitable to build a cheap structure for one or two house-
holds and to rent it at low prices. Later, in order to meet the demand
for an increasing number of apartments, the small frame house is
moved from the front to the rear of the lot and a new frame or cheap
brick building, usually of from four to eight apartments, is erected on
the old site. In some of the older neighborhoods easily accessible
from the center of the city, like those represented in this study by
the Cleaver street and Allport street districts, a third tenement is
not uncommonly found occupying much of the space between the
front and the rear houses. Cases are to be found, in the Hebrew
quarter for example, of building so like patchwork and so continuous
that the visitor can not tell where one lot or street number ends and
another begins. The building on the lot is thus a growth, the out-
come of attempts to meet immediate demands and get immediate
returns for relatively small expenditures. The result is an unecono-
mical use of lot space and the sacrifice of convenience, healthfulness,
and attractiveness.
25608°— VOL 26— H 17 249
250 The Immigration Commission.
The average number of households per lot used for dwelling pur-
poses in the total of the 19 Chicago blocks or districts studied is
3.13; the average number of persons per lot is 16. Seven districts, six
of which are north of Twenty-first street, have higher averages per
lot, both of households and of persons, than the above.
Many varieties of building are found, sometimes within a single
block. Certain things, however, are characteristic of most of the
neighborhoods under discussion.
(1) The number of stories is seldom more than three above the
basement, even in new houses in localities where the demand for
apartments is greatest. Some idea of the height of Chicago tenements
in the districts studied can be had from the following statement:
Two hundred and thirty-six households, or 10.5 per cent, live in
basement apartments; 906 households, or 40.5 per cent, in first-floor
apartments; 835 households, or 37.3 per cent, in second-floor apart-
ments; 233 households, or 10.4 per cent, in third-floor apartments;
27 households, or 1.2 per cent, in fourth-floor apartments.
(2) Front houses usually occupy the width of the lot with the
exception of a strip 3 or 4 feet wide. This space is utilized as the
approach to the houses on the rear of the lot and to the rear base-
ment apartments of the front house. A half dozen wooden steps lead
down from the sidewalk to a wooden walk at the level of the lot.
Occasionally exceptions to this plan are found. The occupants of a
rear house on Allport street could reach the street only by going
down one flight of outside stairs to the level of the lot, up one flight
of outside stairs to the first floor of the front house, up one flight of
stairs within the front house, down one flight to the main entrance,
and down the short outside flight to the sidewalk.
(3) The newer tenement at the front of the lot, whether of frame
or brick, has, as a rule, a series of outside wooden stairways at the
rear, leading from the ground to the top story, with fairly com-
modious railed landings at each floor. Often there is a similar out-
side stair leading from the yard to the upper floor of the rear house.
(4) Within the front house the system of stairways and hallways
varies. The lack of uniformity in interior arrangement is striking.
Great stress seems to be laid on privacy of approach to the apartment,
and much space, comparatively, is utilized in achieving this privacy.
In some houses front apartments are reached by one set of stairways
and rear apartments by another set entirely disconnected from the
first.
(5) Most apartments have some closet space, and many are well
provided with closets and pantries. The Chicago apartments studied
are probably superior in this respect to those studied in any other
city. Separate water supply within the apartment is almost invari-
ably available.
(6) The toilet accommodations, generally speaking, are situated
at some distance from the apartment, usually under the sidewalk,
in the yard, or in the basement. The use of keys is rare; in most
instances all households on the lot have access to any one of the
toilets.
(7) Basement apartments are to be found in all but one of the
districts studied, although in some districts they are exceptional.
They are dampest and most unhealthful in the newer neighborhoods
where drainage is least adequate.
CHAPTER II.
TERRITORY.
The blocks and districts selected as representative of immigrant
races in congested parts of Chicago are as follows :
Bohemian and Moravian: Allport street district.
German: West Twentieth street district.
Hebrew: Jefferson street district.
Irish: Huron street block; West Forty-fifth street block.
Italian, North: Oakley avenue district.
Italian, South: Ewing street block; Gault court block; Peoria street block.
Lithuanian : Paulina street block ; West Thirty- third street block .
Magyar : Mackinaw avenue district (South Chicago) .
Polish: Cleaver street block; Wood street block; Buffalo avenue block (near Eighty-
second street, South Chicago).
Servian: Clybourne avenue block.
Slovak: Laflin street block.
Swedish: Townsend street district; Buffalo avenue block (near Eighty-eighth street,
South Chicago).
The accompanying map (p. 248) shows the distribution throughout
the city of the neighborhoods studied. The territorial extent of the
study in each neighborhood follows, with the description of each
block or district. The tables showing the racial composition of the
blocks studied are in all cases derived from General Table 107.
The Allport street district was chosen as representative of the
Bohemians and Moravians. This district is made up of two blocks:
(1) The west side of Allport street between Nineteenth and Twenty-
first streets, and (2) both sides of Nineteenth street between May and
Fisk streets. Of the two blocks the Allport street is much the more
populous. Lot space is largely taken up at the front by 2 and 3 story
brick houses with basements, accommodating in all six or eight house-
holds, and at the rear by small one or two apartment frame houses.
Only one lot in three is without the house at the rear. On Nineteenth
street rear houses are uncommon and front houses are small frame or
brick dwellings accommodating only three or four households. The
repair of the houses on both blocks is in general very good. The
average number of households per lot used for dwelling purposes is
5.68; the average number of persons per lot is about 26.
251
252
The Immigration Commission.
The racial composition of the district is as follows :
TABLE 1. — Number of households studied in the Allport street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
1
Foreign -born— Continued .
Polish...
1
father:
Slovak
2
Bohemian and Moravian
17
Swedish
1
English
1
Polish
2
Grand total
233
Bohemian and Moravian
199
Total native-born of foreign father
20
Croatian
7
Total native-born
21
German
1
Total foreign-born
212
Irish
1
Eighty-five and four-tenths per cent of the households in this dis-
trict have foreign-born Bohemian and Moravian heads. Of the 233
households only 5 are of races other than Slavic.
The West Twentieth street district was selected as representing the
worst prevailing conditions among the Germans. Two blocks were
studied here : (1) Both sides of West Twentieth street between Hoyne
and Leavitt, and (2) both sides of Twenty-second place between Robey
and Leavitt. The blocks are similar in character. The houses as a
rule are frame 2-story structures with basements which are almost
entirely below street level. There are no rear houses. Almost every
dwelling has a smah1 garden and grass plot in the rear and in front a
porch on street level and extending to the street. The houses are in
food repair and a general air of neatness characterizes the neighbor-
ood. The average number of households per lot used for dwelling
purposes is 2.35 ; the average number of persons is about 1 1 .
The following table gives the racial composition of the district :
TABLE 2. — Number of households studied in the West Twentieth street district, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father:
White
1
Foreign-born — Continued .
German
98
Negro
1
Lithuanian
4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
Polish .... .
21
father*
Slovak
1
German
33
Swedish
3
Irish
4
Polish
1
Grand total
178
Swedish .
1
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
8
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
39
41
English
2
Total foreign-born.
137
Of the 178 households 131, or nearly three-fourths, are German,
first or second generation; 98, or 55.1 per cent, are foreign-born Ger-
mans, and 33, or 18.5 per cent, are American-born of German fathers.
The Jefferson street district was chosen as representative of the
Hebrew race. The foUowing blocks make up this district: (1) Both
sides of Halsted street from Fourteenth place to Fourteenth street;
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
253
(2) the south side of Liberty street, Union street to Jefferson street;
(3) both sides of Thirteenth street, Jefferson street to Clinton street;
(4) the east side of Jefferson street, Twelfth street to Thirteenth street.
Two blocks of the four, Halsted and Jefferson, are on business streets.
The Jefferson street block is in the midst of the Jefferson street market,
with all its confusion of pushcarts and crowds. On the Halsted street
block are several large buildings used exclusively for business pur-
poses. On both blocks first floors are given up wholly to business
except in rare cases where apartments are found back of stores.
There are no basement dwellings. Practically half of all apartments
are on second floors and half on third floors. Rear houses are rare,
but the front buildings extend far back on the lots. They are fairly
substantial structures, usually of brick. On both of these blocks the
size of apartments is above the average. No apartments have fewer
than three rooms and approximately four-fifths have four or more
rooms. About two-fifths have at least five rooms; six and seven
rooms are not uncommon.
The Thirteenth street block and the Liberty street block are on
residence streets. The houses of brick or frame are built flush with
the narrow streets. The Thirteenth street block presents a somewhat
better appearance from the street than the Liberty street block, but
the same kind of building characterizes both. In both blocks the lot
space is very largely covered with houses, some lots with 2 or, more
rarely, 3 story tenements of brick or frame designed and built origi-
nally to cover all but a small part of the lot, and others with the
original house occupying a small space, but with additions of varying
materials and structure covering practically all of the lot. The street
grade in this part of the city is not great, and basement apartments
are rare. The average number of households per lot used for dwelling
purposes is 3.47; the average number of persons is about 18. These
averages should not be used comparatively as any indication of the
amount of building per lot, since, as before stated, much space is used
for business purposes.
The racial composition of the households in this district follows:
TABLE 3. — Number of households studied in the Jefferson street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
1
Foreign-born— Continued .
Lithuanian
4
father:
Polish
9
German
1
1
Hebrew
1
Slovak
1
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
3
Grand total
281
Chinese
1
German
2
2
Hebrew, Russian
208
Total native-born
3
Hebrew, Other
49
Total foreign-born
278
It will be seen that the foreign-born Hebrews constitute 91.5 per
cent of all the households canvassed in the district.
The Irish are represented by two blocks: (1) Huron street block.
Both sides of Huron street between Franklin and Orleans streets are
254
The Immigration Commission.
included in this study. This is a small block of old 3-story frame
houses, most of which are in poor or only fair repair. On three of the
lots there are rear houses. Basement apartments are not common.
The average number of households per lot is 3.13; the average num-
ber of persons is a little under 17.
The racial composition of the block is as follows :
TABLE 4. — Number of households studied on the Huron street block, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father by race of
1
Foreign-born— Continued .
Irish .. .
24
father
Italian South
4
English
1
Polish
3
2
Irish .
6
Grand total
47
Foreign-born:
Canadian (other than French)
1
Total native-born of foreign father
9
English ..
2
Total native-born
10
German
2
Total foreign-born
37
Greek
1
Of the 47 households on this block 30, or 63.8 per cent, are Irish of
native or of foreign birth. The other races are scattering.
(2) West Forty-fifth street block: Both sides of West Forty-fifth
street between Wallace and Stewart are included in this study. Just
east of this block are railroad tracks, and a little west of the block are
one or two streets distinctly better than the rest of this section of the
city. On the north side of the block is a long row of low, brick cottages
of uniform appearance but of varying interior arrangements, originally
built to accommodate one household but now in most cases remodeled
to accommodate two or more. In some cases the attics of these
houses are occupied. All of the houses are in good or fair repair.
On the south side of the street, where the building is less regular, are
the usual 2 and 3 story frame houses, some of which are in bad repair.
There are no rear houses and few basement dweUings. The average
number of households per lot occupied is 1 .90 ; the average number of
persons is about 10.
The racial composition of the block appears below:
TABLE 5. — Number of households studied on the West Forty-fifth street block, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
8
Foreign-born— Continued .
German
5
father:
Irish
48
Canadian (other than French) . ...
1
Norwegian
1
English
1
Swedish
3
French
1
German. . .
6
Grand total
97
Irish
15
Foreign-born '
Total native-born of foreign father
24
Canadian, French.
1
Total native-born
32
Canadian, Other
6
Total foreign-born
65
English
1
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
255
Sixty-three households, or 64.9 per cent, are Irish by birth or
descent. The native-born of native father and races from the north-
west of Europe are also represented on the block.
The North Italians were studied in the Oakley avenue district.
This district is made up of two blocks. (1) Both sides of Oakley ave-
nue, bet ween Twenty-third and Twenty-fifth streets ; (2) Twenty-fourth
place between Oakley and Western avenues. Brick houses of 2, some-
times 3, stories are the most usual in this district. The houses on
West Twenty-fourth place are of the cottage type and are built far
enough back from the street to give light and air in basement apart-
ments. In some cases there are small gardens. The houses on
Oakley avenue are more modern, and those with business places on
the first floor are flush with the street. Although buildings in bad
condition are to be found, the repair of houses in the district is on the
whole fairly good. There are a few rear houses. The average num-
ber of households per lot occupied is 2.55; the average number of
persons is about 14.
The racial composition of the block is as follows :
TABLE 6. — Number of households studied in the Oakley avenue district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father'
Foreign-born— Continued .
Lithuanian
7
3
Polish
2
Irish
2
Slovenian
1
Swedish
6
2
German
6
Grand total
101
Greek . .
1
Hebrew
1
Total native-born of foreign father
5
Irish
2
Total native-born
5
Italian, North
67
Total foreign-born
90
Italian, South
1
Households of the North Italian race form 66.3 per cent of the
total households of the district. Ten. other immigrant races are
found represented here by one or more households.
Three blocks were chosen as representative of the South Italians:
(1) Ewing street block. — Both sides of Ewing street, between
Desplaines and Jefferson streets, are included in this study. This
section of Ewing street is occupied on both sides by 2 and 3 story
tenements without basement apartments, accommodating usually
from four to six households. The houses on the north side of the
street as a rule are of brick and are larger than the frame houses on
the south side. On about every third lot there is a rear house, and in
many cases the front house extends far back on the lot. The south
side of the street is the more densely populated. Most of the houses
on this street are in bad repair, and a number are in a state of dilapi-
dation. The average number of households found per lot used for
living purposes is 4.91 ; the average number of persons is about 25.
256
The Immigration Commission.
The racial composition of the block is indicated by the following
table :
TABLE 7. — Number of households studied on the Ewing street block, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number of
households.
Foreign-born:
Italian, North.
Italian, South.
Total...
5
108
113
The population of this block is solidly Italian. Of the 113 house-
holds 108 are South Italian and 5 are North Italian.
(2) Gault court block. — This is a short street extending, without a
break, from Chicago avenue to Oak street. The east side and the
northern end of the west side of the street are included in the study.
The commonest type of house is the 2-story frame or brick, accom-
modating four households. Basement dwellings are common on this
street; about every sixth household is in such an apartment. Small
rear houses are to be found on one lot of every six. The average num-
ber of households per lot occupied is 3.02; the average number of
persons falls a little short of 14. The repair of the houses on the block
is in general bad.
The racial composition at present is given below:
TABLE 8. — Number of households studied on the Gault court block, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father:
White
1
Foreign-born — Continued.
Italian, -North
1
Negro.
1
Italian South
155
Native-born of foreign father by race of
Polish
4
father:
Swedish
2
1
Irish
5
Grand total
177
Po'ish
2
Scotch
1
Total native-born of foreign father .
9
Foreign-born *
Total native-born
11
German
1
Total foreign-born
166
Irish .
3
The total number of households canvassed in this block is 177.
Of these, 155, or 87.6 per cent, are South Italian. A few households
of the races from the northwest of Europe are still left, the remnant
of the former population of the block.
(3) Peoria street block. — Both sides of Peoria street between Austin
and Grand avenues are included in this study. The building along
this section of Peoria street is rather irregular. The houses, usually
frame, vary in height from one to four stories. The brick houses of
the district are, as a rule, in better repair than the frame houses. In
general the repair of buildings in the district is bad. There are a
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
257
number of basement dwellings. Rear houses are to be found on
about half of the lots. The average number of households per lot
used for dwelling purposes is 4.41; the average number of persons
per lot is about 23.
The racial composition of the block is given below.
TABLE 9. — Number of households studied on Peoria street block, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
Foreign-born— Continued .
Norwegian
1
Danish
1
Polish
1
I
Swedish
Grand total
75
French
1
Total native-born of foreign father
3
German
2
Total foreign-born
72
Italian, North
3
Italian, South
64
Of the 75 households in Peoria street, 64, or 85.3 per cent, are South
Italian. The remaining 14.7 per cent is made up of North Italians,
Poles, and races from northwestern Europe.
The Lithuanians were studied in two blocks.
(1) Paulina street block. — Both sides of Paulina street between
Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth streets are included in this study. This
is a street of 2-story frame houses, some of them with business estab-
lishments in the first stories, few of them with basements. The
houses are of the long, narrow type so common in Chicago and accom-
modate usually two households to a floor. The great majority of
the houses on this block are in good repair, but there are a few
instances of bad repair. The average number of households per lot
at the time this study was made was 3.55; the average number of
persons was about 21.
The racial composition of the block appears below.
TABLE 10. — Number of households studied on the Paulina street block, .by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number of
households.
Foreign-born:
Irish
1
104
Polish
41
Russian
1
Slovak
1
Total
148
Of the 148 households on this block, 104, or 70.3 per cent, are
Lithuanians, and 41, or 27.7 per cent, are Poles.
(2) West Thirty-third street Uodc.—Both sides of West ^ Thirty-
third street between Halsted and Auburn are included in this study.
258 The Immigration Commission.
The houses of this block are nearly all in good repair; none is in
really bad repair. The dwellings on the south side of the street are
for the most part brick houses of one story and a basement. There
are more 2-story houses on the north side, where the building is
less regular in character and more scattering than on the south side.
All the houses have small yards, and in some instances small gar-
dens are found. The average number of households per lot occu-
pied is 3; the average number of persons per lot is about 19. There
are no rear houses. A large Lithuanian church and parochial school
is within stone's throw of this block.
The racial composition of the block is indicated by the following
table :
TABLE 11. — Number of households studied on the West Thirty-third street block, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number of
households.
Foreign-born:
German
2
Lithuanian
44
Polish
7
Total
53
Forty-four, or 83 per cent, of the households of the West Thirty-
third street block are Lithuanians. Among these Lithuanians live 7
Polish and 2 German households.
The Magyars are found intermingled with the Slovaks in the
Mackinaw avenue district in South Chicago. No settlement with
a larger proportion of Magyars was found. The district is made
up of two blocks: (1) Both sides of Mackinaw avenue between
Eighty-sixth and Eighty-eighth streets; (2) Greenbay avenue be-
tween Eighty-sixth and Eighty-eighth streets. The former street
is a block from the steel mills; the latter street faces them. The
whole neighborhood gets the din and the smoke from the mills in
addition to the sand and dust in summer and the black ooze in winter
from the unpaved streets. The district is not completely built up.
There are many vacant lots and no rear houses. The houses are
low-lying frame cottages. The houses on Greenbay avenue are the
older and in poorer repair. In every house in this row there is a
saloon. When the schedules were taken these houses had dry toilets,
but the owners were being compelled to put in plumbing. The
houses on Mackinaw avenue are largely owned by a resident grocer
and are kept in fairly good repair. The average number of house-
holds per lot is 2.03; the average number of persons is about 12.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
259
The district was until recently a Swedish settlement. The racial
composition of the block at present is as follows:
TABLE 12. — Number of households studied on the Mackinaw avenue block, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father by race of
1
Foreign-born — Continued.
Slovenian
1
father
Swedish
11
German
1
Irish
1
Grand total
79
Foreign-born:
German
2
Total native-born of foreign father
2
21
Total native-born
3
Polish
14
Total foreign-born
76
Slovak
27
Of the 79 households in this district, the Slovaks form 34.2 per cent,
the Magyars 26.6 per cent, the Poles 17.7 per cent, and the Swedes
13.9 per cent. Other races are represented by only one or two
households each.
Three blocks were selected as representative of the Polish race:
(1) Cleaver street block. — The east side of Cleaver street between
Blanche and Blackliawk is included in this study. The west side of
the street is occupied by a schoolhouse surrounded by very large
grounds. The front houses on this block, therefore, face a large open
space. The houses are in most cases frame, two, or more rarely three,
Story buildings, extending well back on the lots. More than half of
the lots have also small rear houses. Some houses on this block are
in good repair, but the great majority are not in good condition. The
average number of households per lot is 4.52; the average number
of persons is about 21.
The racial composition of the block appears in the following table:
TABLE 13. — Number of households studied on the Cleaver street block, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
1
Foreign-born — Continued .
Polish
93
father Polish
5
Grand total
103
Foreign-born :
Bohemian and Moravian
1
Total native-born of foreign father
5
German
2
Total native-born
6
Lithuanian
1
Total foreign-born. . .
97
Households of Poles of foreign and of native birth constitute 95.1
per cent of the households of this block. The Poles are old residents
in this neighborhood, many having been here for more than a
generation.
260
The Immigration Commission.
(2) Wood street block. — Both sides of Wood street from Forty-
seventh to Forty-eighth streets are included in this study. The houses
are neat two-story frame buildings without basements. They are not
old houses and are in pretty good repair. There are no rear houses.
;The average number of households per lot is 2.93 and the average
number of persons is about 14.
The following table shows the racial composition of the block:
TABLE 14. — Number of households studied on the Wood street block, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Foreign-born — Continu ed .
German
8
Bohemian and Moravian
1
Lithuanian
1
German.
3
Polish
53
Irish
1
Slovak
4
Polish
1
Grand total
86
T?^vr£ii rm K/M-n •
Bohemian and Moravian
13
Total native-born of foreign father
6
English.
1
Total foreign-born
80
The Poles constitute 61.6 per cent of the population of the block.
Five other immigrant races are represented, of which the Bohemian
and Moravian households are most numerous and the German house-
holds next in point of numbers.
(3) Buffalo avenue block. — This South Chicago street was studied
on both sides from Eighty-second to Eighty-third streets. TJie
street is a dreary stretch of mud near the steel mills. The houses are
long, narrow, two-story frame structures of cheap construction, built,
as a rule, to accommodate four households. The repair is only fairly
good, and in many instances houses are in bad condition. Only
about one lot in 10 has a rear dwelling. Basement apartments are
not uncommon on this block. The average number of households per
lot occupied at the time of this study was 2.74; the average number
of persons was between 14 and 15. This block was said to be far less
populous than the previous year, before the emigration from the
locality resulting upon the business depression of the winter of 1907-8
had begun.
The racial composition of the block at the time the schedules were
taken appears in the following table:
TABLE 15. — Number of households studied on the Buffalo avenue block (near Eighty-
second street}, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father
Foreign-born— Continued.
Norwegian
1
German
2
Polish
138
Polish
2
Swedish
1
Grand total
155
Foreign-born:
German
9
Total native-born of foreign father
5
Hebrew
2
Total foreign-born
150
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
261
The households of Poles of the first and second generations con-
stitute 90.3 per cent of the total number of households canvassed on
this South Chicago street. The other households are remnants of the
former population of the neighborhood.
The Servians were studied on the east side of Clybourn avenue
between Marshfield avenue and Terra Cotta place. The houses are
two-story frame buildings in all degrees of repair; few, however, are
in good repair. Basement apartments are rare. There are no rear
houses. The average number of households per lot used for living
purposes is 2.71; the average of persons per lot is nearly 16.
That the block is quite cosmopolitan is indicated by the following
figures :
TABLE 16. — Number of households studied on the Clybourn avenue block, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
2
Foreign-born— Continued .
Polish
11
father:
Russian
1
German
2
Servian ...
33
Irish
2
Slovak
2
Foreign-born :
Croatian
1
Grand total
90
English
1
German . . .
27
Total native-born of foreign father
4
Irish
4
g
Magyar
4
Total foreign-born
84
The Servian households form 36.6 per cent of the total number
studied, the Germans 30 per cent, and the Poles 12.2 per cent. The
remaining 21.2 per cent is made up of the households of six immi-
grant races and six native households.
The Slovaks were not found to constitute a majority of the house-
holds in any neighborhood. They were, however, found in large
numbers in the Laflin street district and in the Mackinaw avenue
district in South Chicago. The latter has been described as repre-
sentative of both Magyars and Slovaks, for the two races live side by
side in this district as in the old country.
The Laflin street district is a triangle formed by Laflin street,
Gross avenue, and Forty-fifth street. At the junction of Forty-fifth
street and Gross avenue is an entrance to the stock yards. At this
corner of the triangle saloons are numerous; the buildings are two-
story frame houses in poor repair. Toward Laflin street on Gross
avenue and on Forty-fifth street are small brick cottages. Laflin
street is most populous, but even here the houses do not exceed two
stories with a basement. Building is exceedingly irregular in this
triangle. There are large open spaces; there are also lots almost
entirety covered with buildings. There are houses in good repair and
houses in very bad repair. The average number of households per
lot used for living purposes is 2.97; the average number of persons
is about 17.
262
The Immigration Commission.
The racial composition of the district is as follows :
TABLE 17. — Number of households studied in the Laflin street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father:
White
1
Foreign-born — Continued .
Lithuanian
I
Negro
1
Polish
40
Native-born of foreign lather, by race of
Portuguese
1
father:
Slovak..
39
Irish
1
Scotch
1
Grand total . . .
98
Bohemian and Moravian
2
Total native-born of foreign father .
2
English
2
Total native-born
4
Irish
4
Total foreign-born
94
Italian, South
5
Of the 98 households 40 are Polish and 39 are Slovak. House-
holds of four native-born and six immigrant races are found living
here among the Poles and Slovaks.
The Swedes are represented in this study by two districts:
(1) Townsend street district. — This district is made up of the follow-
ing blocks : (1 ) The west side of Townsend street between Oak and Elm
streets, and (2) the north side of Oak street between Sedgwick and
Orleans streets. This part of Chicago was in existence before the
great fire. In spite of efforts to keep the houses on Townsend street
in good repair they have long since become dilapidated. They are
frame structures ill adapted to household uses. Two lots of every
five have rear as well as front dwellings. The front houses on Oak
street are of brick and fairly well built. The first and second floors
are kept in good repair; the basement and third floor are very poorly
kept up. The rear houses are of frame and are in bad repair. The
average number of households per lot used for dwelling purposes is
4.29; the average number of persons is nearly 19.
This is a neighborhood whose racial character is changing. At
present, though predominantly Swedish, it has a sprinkling of many
races. The racial composition follows:
TABLE 18. — Number of households studied on the Townsend street block, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of
house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of
house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
4
Foreign-born— Con tinued .
German.
8
father:
Irish .
10
English
2
Italian, North
1
French..
1
Italian, South
27
German
5
Magvar
2
Hebrew
1
Norwegian .....
Irish
7
Swedish
85
Swedish
2
Foreign-born :
Grand total.. . . .
101
English
2
Total native-born of foreign father
18
Finnish.
1
Total native-born ... . .
22
French
1
Total foreign-born
139
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
263
Fifty-four per cent of the 161 households are Swedish of the first
and second generation. The majority of the households of other
races are of the first and second generations of races from the north-
west of Europe. Next to the Swedes the race most important numer-
ically is the South Italian. The South Italian settlement is expand-
ing in this direction and already 27 households have moved into this
section of the street, the majority into basement apartments.
(2) Buffalo avenue Hock. — Both sides of Buffalo avenue between
Eighty-sixth and Eighty-eighth streets are included in this study.
The houses are frame structures of two and three stories, accommo-
dating one household to each floor. The most usual apartment is
the apartment of six rooms. Basement apartments are rare. The
houses, as a rule, are in good repair. There are no rear houses. The
average number of households per lot occupied is 1.94; the average
number of persons is about 10.
The racial composition of the block is as follows:
TABLE 19. — Number of households studied on the Buffalo avenue block (near Eighty-
eighth street), by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of
house-
holds.
General nativity and race oi head of
household.
Number
of
house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
4
Foreign-born— Continued .
Scotch
I
father:
Slovak
2
German. . .
1
Swedish
37
Irish.. .
1
Welsh
j
Swedish
2
Foreign-born:
Grand total...
68
English
1
German
4
Total native-born of foreign father
4
Irish.
g
Norwegian . . .
4
Total foreign-born
60
Polish ..
3
Thirty-nine, or 57.4 per cent, of the households on this block are
Swedish of foreign and of native birth. With the exception of three
Polish and two Slovak households, all the households studied in this
block are of races representing the older immigration from the north
and west of Europe.
CHAPTER III.
COMPOSITION OF POPULATION STUDIED.
NATIVITY AND RACE.
Further study of conditions by block is not practicable. The pur-
pose of this study is the presentation of certain groups of related facts
for each of the several races. Since blocks can seldom be found which
adequately represent a single race and exclude all other races, and
since the blocks chosen are representative of the poorest prevailing
conditions, the total number of households of each race regardless of
the block or district of residence is hereafter taken as the basis of the
study. The following table shows (1) the extent of the canvass, (2) the
extent of the detailed study, and (3) the proportion which the house-
holds of each race form of the total number of households studied in
detail. The table is derived from General Tables 107 and 108.
TABLE 20. — Total number of households studied in blocks investigated and households
included in detailed study, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total num-
ber of
households
studied in
blocks in-
vestigated. a
Households included in
detailed study.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Native-bom of native father:
White
26
3
18
1
1
5
2
60
2
45
1
13
2
7
228
1
8
1
8
12
1
2
179
2
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
8
441
26
1.2
Negro . .
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian (other than French) . .
Danish
English
French
German
60
2.7
Hebrew
Irish
45
2.0
Norwegian
Polish
Scotch
Swedish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
228
10.2
Canadian French
Canadian, Other
Chinese
Croatian
English .
Finnish
French
German
179
8.0
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
9.4
2.2
4.6
3.4
16.3
7.4
1.2
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian ...
Magvar
Norwegian
Polish:..
441
7
a See General Table 107.
25608°— VOL 26—11 18
265
266
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 20. — Total number of households studied in blocks investigated and households
included in detailed study, by general nativity and race of head of household — Contd.
General nativity and race of head of household.
berof
households
studed in
blocks in-
vestigated.
detailed study.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Foreign-born— Continued.
1
3
1
33
79
2
148
1
Russian
Scotch
33
79
1.5
3.5
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
148
6.6
Welsh
Grand total .
2,343
2,237
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
157
186
2,157
105
131
2,106
4.7
5.9
94.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Total num- Households included in
From the above table it will be seen that only those immigrant
races which are adequately represented by one or more blocks or dis-
tricts have been included in the detailed study ; that households of the
second generation of such races have been included in the study only
in case the race is represented by 20 or more households, and that the
native white born of native father have been included on the same
basis of representation.
Of the 2,237 households included in the detailed study the Poles
have 441, or 19.7 per cent, the largest representation of any race.
Next in order come the South Italians, with 16.3 per cent ; the Hebrews,
Russian and other, with 11.6per cent; and the Bohemians and Mora-
vians, with 10.2 per cent. The native white born of native father
and the Magyars have only 1.2 per cent each of the total number of
households.
The country or province of birth of the three races having the largest
representation is given below. The tables are founded on General
Tables 110 and llOa.
TABLE 21. — Country of birth of foreign-born Polish heads of households.
Country of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Austria-Hungary
Ill
25.2
Germany
160
36.3
Russia " .
170
38.5
Total
441
100.0
TABLE 22. — Country of birth of foreign-born Hebrew heads of households .
Country of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Austria-Hung ary
16
6.2
Germany
2
.8
Roumania
32
12.3
Russia . ...
210
80.8
Total
260
' 100.0
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
267
TABLE 23. — Province of birth of foreign-born South Italian heads of households .
Province of birth.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent
of total.
Apulia
2
0.6
Basilicata
'18
5.0
Calabria
29
8.0
Campania ....
84
23 2
Sicily
229
63 3
Total
362
100 0
From the above tables it will be seen that four-fifths of the Hebrew
heads of households are from Russia; that the Poles have a large
representation from each of the three countries from which they come,
and that 63.3 per cent of the South Italians are from Sicily. In all
following tables the Russian Hebrews are shown separately from the
other Hebrews.
The table which follows shows the extent of the study as regards
persons in households. It is based on General Table 108.
TABLE 24. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information
was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Persons in households.
Persons for whom de-
tailed information
was secured.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
ather:
German
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
148
107
275
222
1,064
807
1,125
255
593
454
1,793
1,016
167
2,315
230
477
667
0.9
2.4
1.9
9.2
7.0
9.7
2.2
5.1
3.9
15.5
8.8
1.4
20.0
2.0
4.1
5.8
107
274
222
1,063
796
1,110
254
586
454
1,791
964
167
2,303
230
475
659
0.9
2.4
1.9
9.3
6.9
9.7
2.2
5.1
4.0
15.6
8.4
1.5
20.1
2.0
4.1
5.8
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar.
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
2, 237
11.567
100.0
11,455
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
105
131
2,106
497
604
10,963
4.3
5.2
94.8
496
603
10,852
4.3
5.3
94.7
Total foreign-born
The races which have the largest representation of persons in this
study are the Polish, South Italian, Russian Hebrew, and Bohemian
and Moravian. Those represented by the smallest number of persons
are the native-born of native father, the Magyar, the Irish of native
birth, and the Servian, which last race has third from the smallest
number of households and fourth from the smallest number of persons.
268
The Immigration Commission.
SEX.
The sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured
appears below. Such persons form 99 per cent of the total popula-
tion in households studied. The percentages below, therefore, repre-
sent fairly accurately theproportion of each sex in households studied.
The table is based on General Table 108.
TABLE 25. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Number.
Per cent of each sex.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German . .
55
147
104
553
401
566
134
313
279
980
610
101
1,350
215
318
327
52
127
118
510
395
544
120
273
175
811
354
66
953
15
157
332
107
274
222
1,063
796
1,110
254
586
454
1,791
964
167
2,303
230
475
659
51.4
53.6
46.8
52.0
50.4
51.0
52.8
53.4
61.5
54.7
63.3
60.5
58.6
93.5
66.9
49.6
48.6
46.4
53.2
48.0
49.6
49.0
47.2
46.6
38.5
45.3
36.7
39.5
41.4
6.5
33.1
50.4
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak I
Swedish
Grand total
6, 453
5,002
11,455
56.3
43.7
Total native-born of foreign father
251
306
6,147
245
297
4,705
49G
603
10,852
50.6
50.7
56.6
49.4
49.3
43.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
In all households except those of the native-born Irish and the
Swedish there is a preponderance of males. In Servian households
the percentage of males is much higher than in the households of
other races. More than half of the Servian households are composed
entirely of men, a condition peculiar to this race. Four races, the
Slovaks, Lithuanians, North Italians, and Magyars have more than
60 per cent of males. Males comprise 56.6 per cent of the population
of foreign-born households and only 50.7 per cent of native-born
households. The high percentage of males among immigrants and
especially among the races quoted above is due in part to the presence
of large proportions of boarders or lodgers, the great majority of
whom are men.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
269
AGE.
The age of heads of households, 97 per cent of whom are also heads
of families, appears below. The table is derived from General Table
111.
TABLE 26. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting, The totals, however,
are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each Ipecified age group.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Native-born of native father, White
21
53
36
191
155
187
47
91
73
349
157
26
410
32
77
117
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
19.0
34.0
33.3
26.7
7.1
17.6
21.3
6.6
21.9
22.9
25.5
26.9
31.5
68.8
32.5
9.4
47.6
49.1
52.8
38.7
35.5
• 50.8
57.4
53.8
50.7
50.4
65.0
61.5
49.3
25.0
59.7
50.4
28.6
15,1
13.9
24.6
33.5
23.0
21.3
25.3
20.5
23.8
7.0
7.7
13.7
6.3
7.8
35.0
4.8
1.9
.0
9.9
23.9
8.6
.0
14.3
6.8
2.9
2.5
3.8
5.4
.0
.0
5.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian. .
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian ...
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total .
2.022
(a)
23.5
49.5
20.3
6.7
Total native-born of foreign father
89
110
1,912
.0
.0
.1
33.7
30.9
23.1
50.6
50.0
49.5
14.6
17.3
20.4
1.1
l.S
7.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
37
0.0
2.7
45.9
37.8
13 5
German.
24
.0
.0
25 0
50 0
25 0
Hebrew, Russian
Polish.
23
29
.0
.0
.0
13 8
43.5
24.1
47.8
27 6
8.7
34 5
Swedish
30
o
o
23 3
36 7
40 0
Grand total
211
o
6 2
32 7
40 3
20 9
Total native-born of foreign father
16
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
Total native-born
21
.0
19.0
47.6
19.0
14.3
Total foreign-born
190
0
4 7
31 1
42 6
21 6
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
& Not computed, owing to small number involved.
270
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 26. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
165
27
439
33
79
147
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
15.4
33.3
31.1
22.8
6.1
15.7
20.0
7.7
20.8
22.0
24.8
25.9
30.3
69.7
31.6
7.5
46.2
48.3
53.3
39.9
34.1
50.0
58.0
49.0
49.4
49.2
64.2
59.3
47.6
24.2
58.2
44.9
26.9
16.7
13.3
26.8
35.8
25.7
22.0
28.8
23.4
25.3
8.5
11.1
14.6
6.1
8.9
35.4
11.5
1.7
2.2
10.5
24.0
8.6
.0
14.4
6.5
3.6
2.4
3.7
7.3
.0
1.3
12.2
Irish
Foreign-born;
Bohemian and Moravian
German.
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total ,
2,233
(a)
21.9
47.9
22.2
8.0
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
105
131
2,102
.0
.0
(a)
32.4
29.0
21.4
50.5
49.6
47.8
15.2
17.6
22.5
1.9
3.8
8.3
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Of the 2,233 heads of households included in this table 211 are
women. Five races have more than 20 households with female heads.
These women as a rule are widows and in every one of the races form
an older class than the male heads of households. Their presence
among the foreign-born Germans is sufficient to raise the most usual
age of heads of households to between 45 and 60 years.
The most usual age of heads of families regardless of sex is between
30 and 45 years among all races except the Germans of foreign birth,
slightly more of whom are between 45 and 60, and the Servians, the
great majority of whom are between 20 and 30 years of age. Of the
other 14 races those having a larger proportion above than below the
predominant age group are the native-born of native father, the
Bohemians and Moravians, the Hebrews (Russian and other) , the for-
eign-born Irish, the Italians, North and South, and the Swedes;
those having a larger proportion below than above the predominant
age group are the second generation Germans and Irish, the Lithu-
anians, the Magyars, the Polish, and the Slovaks. Of all the races
the foreign-born Germans, Irish, and Swedes have the highest propor-
tions of heads of households 45 years of age or over and the nighest
proportions 60 years of age or over, and are, on the whole, the oldest
families.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
271
In the table below the members of households are classified accord-
ing to sex and age. The table is based on General Table 112.
TABLE 27. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and race
of head of household.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are
for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 to 15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
55
147
104
553
401
566
134
313
279
980
610
101
1,350
215
318
327
30.9
19.0
16.3
17.4
10.5
13.6
20.9
14.4
12.2
20.1
14.9
13.9
16.5
2.3
15.4
9.8
14.5
23.8
23.1
17.0
18.2
22.1
12.7
21.1
14.0
12.9
8.0
5.9
12.5
.0
7.9
16.8
1.8
2.0
5.8
5.4
4.5
5.5
3.7
4.5
1.4
2.7
1.1
.0
2.5
.0
.9
5.2
3.6
6.1
4.8
9.0
9.2
9.7
9.7
10.5
8.2
7.2
3.3
4.0
6.6
13.0
6.0
5.8
10.9
19.0
20.2
21.5
16.0
18.2
20.9
16.9
29.4
22.6
31.8
32.7
30.3
67.4
34.6
17.1
25.5
23.1
23.1
16.3
17.5
19.3
23.9
20.4
25.8
23.8
35.2
37.6
24.9
14.4
30.5
26.3
12.7
6.8
6.7
13.4
24.2
11.7
8.2
12.1
9.0
10.8
5.6
5.9
6.7
2.8
4.7
19.0
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magvar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
6,453
15.4
14.1 | 3.1
7.4
25.9
23.9
10.1
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
251
306
6,147
17.9
20.3
15.2
23.5
21.9
13.7
3.6
3.3
3.1
5.6
5.2
7.5
19.5
18.0
26.3
23.1
23.5
24.0
6.8
7.8
10.2
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
52
127
9.6
18 1
17.3
18.1
7.7
3 9
9.6
6 3
25.0
22 8
19.2
22 0
11.5
8 7
Irish
118
17.8
22.9
1.7
5.9
16.9
21.2
13 6
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German ....
510
395
14.9
11.4
18.4
14.2
3.7
7.1
11.4
9.4
20.4
18.0
16.3
17.7
14.9
22 3
Hebrew, Russian
544
17.6
21.5
4.0
11.2
13.8
19.5
12.3
Hebrew, Other
120
22.5
17.5
5.0
10.8
19.2
20.0
5 0
Irish
273
15 0
23 1
6 2
9 2
15 4
19 0
12 1
Italian, North
175
21.1
14.9
6.3
8.6
20.6
17.7
10 9
Italian, South
811
23.3
19 1
3 8
6 7
20 3
16 6
10 1
Lithuanian
354
24.6
14.1
.8
7.6
29.7
18.1
5.1
Magyar
66
21.2
18.2
4.5
7.6
27 3
15 2
6 1
Polish
953
22 5
18 2
2 5
7 7
24 2
17 2
7 8
Slovak
157
28.7
11.5
.0
3.8
34.4
17.8
3 8
Swedish
332
10 2
23 2
4 8
9 3
13 0
19 3
20 2
Grand total
5 002
19.1
18 4
3 8
8 5
20 7
18 0
11 5
Total native-born of foreign father..
Total native-born
245
297
18.0
16 5
20.4
19 9
2.9
3 7
6.1
6 7
20.0
20 9
21.6
21 2
11.0
11 1
Total foreign-born
4,705
19.3
18.3
3.8
8.7
20.7
17.7
11.5
272
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 27. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and race
of head of household— Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 to 15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German...
107
274
222
1,063
796
1,110
254
586
454
1,791
964
167
2,303
230
475
659
20.6
18.6
17.1
16.2
10.9
15.6
21.7
14.7
15.6
21.6
18.5
16.8
19.0
2.6
19.8
10.0
15.9
21.2
23.0
17.7
16.2
21.8
15.0
22.0
14.3
15.7
10.3
10.8
14.9
.4
9.1
20.0
4.7
2.9
3.6
4.6
5.8
4.8
4.3
5.3
3.3
3.2
1.0
1.8
2.5
.0
.6
5.0
6.5
6.2
5.4
10.2
9.3
10.5
10.2
9.9
8.4
7.0
4.9
5.4
7.0
13.0
5.3
7.6
17.8
20.8
18.5
21.0
17.0
16.0
20.0
16.2
26.0
21.6
31.0
30.5
27.8
66.1
34.5
15.0
22.4
22.6
22.1
16.3
17.6
19.4
22.0
19.8
22.7
20.5
28.9
28.7
21.7
15.2
26.3
22.8
12.1
7.7
10.4
14.1
23.2
12.0
6.7
12.1
9.7
10.5
5.4
6.0
7.1
2.6
4.4
19.6
Irish .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South. .
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
11,455
17.0
16.0
3.4
7.9
23.6
21.3
10.7
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
496
603
10,852
17.9
18.4
16.9
22.0
20.9
15.7
3.2
3.5
3.4
5.8
6.0
8.0
19.8
19.4
23.9
22.4
22.4
21.3
8.9
9.5
10.8
Total foreign-born
That the Servian households included in this study are of a type
different from the households of all other races is indicated by this
and the preceding tables. Of the 33 households, 29 are composed either
of men who are boarding and lodging with a " boarding boss" and his
wife or of men who have taken an apartment and are boarding them-
selves. This preponderance of groups of adult males explains much
that is striking in the showing of this race in later tables.
Excepting the Servians, the races with the smallest percentages of
very young children in their households are the Swedes, Germans, and
Irish of foreign birth. The percentages of children under 16 in the
households studied are as follows:
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White . 41. 2
Native-born of foreign father:
German.., 42.7
Irish 43. 7
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian 38. 5
German 32. 9
Hebrew, Russian 42. 2
Hebrew, Other 41.0
Irish 42. 0
Italian, North 33. 2
Italian, South 40. 5
Lithuanian.. 29.8
Per cent.
Foreign-born — Continued.
Magyar 29. 4
Polish 36.4
Servian 3. 0
Slovak 29.5
Swedish 35.0
Grand total.. 36.4
Total native-born of foreign father. 43. 1
Total native-born 42. 8
Total foreign-born 36. 0
From the above it will be seen that the races with the smallest
percentages of children per household are, besides the Servians, the
Lithuanians, Magyars, and Slovaks.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
273
YEARS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Foreign-born male heads of households are classified in the follow-
ing table according to the number of years since their first arrival in
the United States. In the great majority of cases this is the period
of actual residence in this country, since visits to the old country are
rare. The table is derived from General Table 113.
TABLE 28. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under five years, five to nine years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made
for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German
191
155
186
47
90
72
346
157
26
407
32
77
117
39
10
50
10
1
22
69
25
10
100
26
23
1
42
11
40
25
4
19
114
64
7
123
4
34
11
33
18
62
7
13
21
106
63
7
87
2
14
38
77
116
34
5
72
10
57
5
2
97
20.4
6.5
26.9
21.3
1.1
30.6
19.9
15.9
38.5
24.6
81.3
29.9
' .9
22.0
7.1
21.5
53.2
4.4
26.4
32.9
40.8
26.9
30.2
12.5
44.2
9.4
17.3
11.6
33.3
14.9
14.4
29.2
30.6
40.1
26.9
21.4
6.3
18.2
32.5
40.3
74.8
18.3
10.6
80.0
13.9
16.5
3.2
7.7
23.8
.0
7.8
57.3
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian. .
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
6
67
Swedish
Total
1,903
386
498
471
548
20.3
26.2
24.8
28.8
The races showing the longest residence are the Irish, with 80 per
cent in the United States at least twenty years and 94.4 per cent at
least ten years; the Swedes, with 57.3 per cent here at least twenty
years and 89.8 per cent here at least ten years ; and the Germans, with
74.8 per cent in this country at least twenty years and 86.4 per cent
here at least ten years. More than half of the Bohemians and Mora-
vians and of the Russian Hebrews have been in this country ten years
or over, but of the two races the Bohemians and Moravians are the older
immigrants. All the other Slavic races, the Italians, the Hebrews other
than Russian, the Lithuanians, and the Magyars report more than half
of male heads of households in the United States under ten years. The
most recent immigrants of all are the Servians, of whom 81.3 per cent
have been in the United States under five years and none has been in
the country as long as twenty years.
CHAPTER IV.
LIVING CONDITIONS.
CONGESTION.0
The size of the apartments occupied by the households studied is
shown in the following table, drawn from General Table 115:
TABLE 29. — Per cent of households occupying apartments oj 'each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apartments of each speci-
fied number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native fa-
ther, White
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
148
4.54
4.55
4.93
3.48
4.54
4.27
4.26
5.25
4.26
3.48
4.16
4.52
3.88
4.61
3.66
4.85
0.0
.0
.0
1.3
1.1
.0
.0
.0
1.3
1,1
.0
.0
.5
3.0
2.5
.0
7.7
5.0
.0
11.0
5.0
5.2
2.0
1.0
5.2
18.7
4.2
7.4
9.3
3.0
15 2
2.7
19.2
11.7
11.1
42.1
7.8
10.5
20.0
7.7
15.6
31.0
7.2
3.7
8.8
6.1
10.1
6.8
19.2
50.0
42.2
36.8
46.4
53.3
50.0
26.0
45.5
34.9
62.7
55.6
5L5
60.8
36.5
23.1
11.7
17.8
3.9
15.1
18.6
14.0
17.3
14.3
10.4
21.1
7.4
8.4
27.3
8.9
18.9
26.9
11.7
15.6
3.5
18.4
9.5
8.0
37.5
13.0
3.3
4.2
18.5
3.2
.0
2.5
29.7
3.8
10.0
13.3
1.3
6.1
2.9
6.0
10.6
5.2
.5
.6
3.7
.7
9.1
.0
5.4
Native - born of foreign
father, by race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish.
Grand total
Total native-born of foreign
father
2,237
4.09
.7
8.5
16.3
48.7
12.9
9.8
3.1
105
131
2,106
4.71
4.68
4.05
.0
.0
.7
2.9
3.8
8.8
11.4
13.0
16.5
46.7
41.2
49.2
14.3
16.0
12.7
13.3
16.0
9.4
11.4
9.9
2.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The apartment of four rooms is the average and by far the most
usual size found in the Chicago study 48.7 per cent or nearly half of
the households living in such apartments. The four-room apart-
ment is the predominant apartment among all groups of people studied
except the native-born white of native father and the foreign-born
Irish, who most usually are found in six-room apartments, and the
Bohemians and Moravians, who most commonly occupy three-room
apartments. Apartments occupied by the Irish average the highest
number of rooms, and those occupied by Bohemians, Moravians,
a Congestion depends on many conditions other than the number of persons or adults
per room and per sleeping room. Most of these conditions are not susceptible of sta-
tistical measurement, and no definite lino can be drawn where overcrowding begins.
In this section of the report the terms "congestion " and "degree of congestion " are
expressly restricted to a comparison of the number of persons or adults per room and
per sleeping room.
275
276
The Immigration Commission.
and South Italians average the lowest. The average number of
rooms occupied by native households is considerably greater than
the average for foreign households.
The size of households studied appears below. The table is based
on General Table 116.
TABLE 30. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race
of father:
German
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
148
412
458
493
467
451
5.36
5.10
5.70
5.90
493
6.12
6.19
5.25
6.97
6.04
451
3.8
1.7
.0
1.3
a4
.5
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
1.4
.0
1.3
41
15.4
20.0
11.1
149
15.1
7.6
8.0
144
5.2
11.0
48
3.7
11.3
12.1
1.3
9.5
19.2
18.3
15.6
18.0
17.3
14.3
8.0
11.5
11.7
15.9
7.8
3.7
12.5
12.1
5.1
16.9
19.2
13.3
22.2
16.7
21.8
15.2
26.0
11.5
18.2
17.6
7.8
25.9
16.1
3.0
7.6
21.6
15.4
15.0
17.8
18.4
15.1
17.1
22.0
12.5
19.5
18.7
16.9
18.5
15.6
6.1
30.4
17.6
23.1
11.7
13.3
12.3
9.5
15.7
16.0
7.7
9.1
12.4
19.3
.0
13.6
12.1
24.1
14.9
3.8
5.0
8.9
6.6
7.8
12.4
ao
17.3
9.1
12.6
17.5
18.5
12.2
12.1
10.1
10.8
0.0
10.0
2.2
6.6
5.0
9.0
12.0
8.7
11.7
7.7
15.1
3.7
8.8
21.2
8.9
47
0.0
1.7
44
3.5
2.2
5.2
.0
7.7
6.5
2.5
6.0
18.5
3.9
3.0
5.1
.0
0.0
3.3
44
1.8
2.8
2.9
2.0
8.7
9.1
1.1
48
7.4
4.5
18.2
6.3
.0
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other...
Irish...
Italian, North.,..
Italian, South....
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak. .
Swedish
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
2,237
105
131
2,106
5.17
..,-
473
461
5.21
1.2
— ' —
1.0
1.5
1.2
10.7
— . .
16.2
16.0
10.4
13.9
17.1
17.6
13.6
16.3
17.1
17.6
16.2
i
17.3
16.2
16.0
17.4
13.5
12.4
14.5
13.4
11.3
— - ;-— •
6.7
6.1
11.6
8.4
.-?--_ , ~
6.7
5.3
8.6
3.8
2.9
2.3
3.9
3.6
3.8
3.1
3.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born —
A wide variation in the size of the households of every race appears
in the table and no strikingly frequent occurrence of households of
any given size is noticeable. The following grouping of percentages
gives the relative standing of races in regard to small and large
households :
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Per cent of house-
holds of—
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Per cent of house-
holds of—
Not more
than 3
persons.
8 persons
or more.
Not more
than 3
persons.
8 persons
or more.
Native-born of native father,
White.
38.4
40.0
26.7
34.2
35.8
22.4
16.0
25.9
16.9
27.4
0.0
15.0
11.0
11.9
10.0
17.1
14.0
25.1
27.3
11.3
Foreign-born— Continued .
Lithuanian
12.6
7.4
25.2
24.2
7.7
30.5
25.9
29 6
17.2
42.4
20.3
4.7
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German ... . .
Magyar...
Polish.
Servian
Irish
Slovak
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
German
Swedish
Grand total
25.8
15.8
Total native-born of foreign
father
Hebrew, Other
34.3
35.1
25.2
J3.4
10.7
16.2
Irish
Italian, North
Total native-born
Italian, South
Total foreign-born
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
277
The native-born of native father, the native-born Germans, and
the foreign-born Bohemians and Moravians and Germans all have
more than a third of their households composed of one, two, or three
members.
Among immigrant races the Servians report the highest percentage
of households consisting of eight or more persons and the Swedes the
lowest. The relatively high proportion of small households among
the total native-born and of large households among the total foreign-
born is noteworthy.
The following table gives the average number of persons in apart-
ments of one room, two rooms, etc. The table is derived from
General Table 117.
TABLE 31. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
Average number of persons in apartments of each specified num-
ber of rooms.
household.
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
(a)
(o)
(a)
(a)
(a)
fa)
412
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
German
(a)
(a)
4 47
(a)
(a)
(o)
4 58
Irish „
w
421
(o)
(a)
(a)
4.93
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
(a)
3.12
446
5.19
(0)
(a)
(o)
467
German
(a)
(a)
4 21
4 11
5 22
5 15
6 09
4 51
Hebrew, Russian
3.55
4.05
5.13
6.51
6.40
(o)
5.36
Hebrew, Other..
(a)
4 00
5 12
(o)
(o)
(0)
5 10
Irish
(a)
(o)
4.81
5.83
6.51
7.09
5. 70
Italian, North..
(a)
(a)
4 33
5 49
7 91
6 10
(o)
5 90
Italian, South
(a)
3 69
4 63
5 46
5 89
6 17
(o)
4 93
Lithuanian
(a)
4.92
6 22
6 60
(a)
(a)
6 12
Magyar
(a)
(a)
5.27
(o)
a
a
6. 19
Polish
(a)
3.63
3.82
5 37
6 59
757
(0)
5 25
Servian
(a)
(o)
(a)
6 06
Co)
(a)
6 97
Slovak
(a)
4.42
(•)
6 58
(«)
(o)
6 04
Swedish
(o)
2 50
428
5 04
5 07
(a)
4 51
Grand total
2 47
3 50
4 33
5 27
6 03
5 95
7 17
5 17
Total native-born of foreign father
(a)
4.25
4.37
3.87
5.93
6.75
4 73
Total native-born
(a)
4 ig
4 35
3 90
5 57
6 62
4 61
Total foreign-born
2.47
3 53
4 34
5 32
6 20
5 98
7 30
5 21
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Averages have been computed wherever races are represented by
10 or more apartments of any given size. On the basis of such rep-
resentation the average congestion is highest among the following
races: Apartments of 2 rooms, Slovaks; 3 rooms, Lithuanians;
4 rooms, Slovaks; 5 rooms, North Italians; 6 rooms, Poles; and 7 or
more rooms, Irish.
In apartments of all sizes the average number of persons per
apartment is greater among the foreign-born than among the native-
born. A better idea of the crowding in apartments of the several
sizes can be had when the figures are reduced to a comparative basis.
The average number of persons per room in foreign Households is:
In 2-room apartments, 1.77; in 3-room apartments, 1.45; in 4-room
apartments, 1.33; in 5-room apartments, 1.24; in 6-room apartments,
1. The average among native households is: In 3-room apartments,
1.39; in 4-room apartments, 1.09; in 5-room apartments, 0.78; in
278
The Immigration Commission.
6-room apartments, 0.93. In general, the number of occupants per
apartment may be said to increase as the number of rooms per
apartment increases and the number of occupants per room to
decrease as the number of rooms increases.
The crowding per room is shown in detail in the table which
follows. The data from General Table 118 are here presented in
cumulative form :
TABLE 32. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of persons
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons
per room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father.
White
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
148
0.91
1.01
1.00
1.34
.99
.26
.20
.09
.38
.42
1.47
.37
.35
51
65
.93
14
33
27
185
96
164
39
64
66
311
145
23
345
29
76
79
53 8
55.0
60.0
81.1
53.6
78.1
78.0
61.5
85.7
85.4
87.3
85.2
78.2
87.9
96=2
53.4
0.0
15.0
4.4
22.8
8.4
12.9
12.0
4 8
14.3
25.8
22.3
18.5
18.6
30.3
34/2
.7
0.0
.0
.0
3.1
.0
.5
.0
.0
2.6
3.3
1.8
3.7
1.6
3.0
6.3
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
.7
.0
1.3
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
9
2
52
15
27
6
5
11
94
37
5
82
10
27
1
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German . .
7
Hebrew, Russian
1
Hebrew, Other
Irish..
"Y
12
3
1
7
1
5
...„
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar ....
Polish
3
"~i
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
2,237
105
131
2,106
1.26
1.00
.99
1.28
1,696
60
74
1,622
383
11
11
372
39
7
75.8
17.1
1.7
.0
.0
1 9
.3
Total native-born of foreign
father.
57.1
56.5
77.0
10.5
8.4
!7. 7
.0
.0
.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
39
7
Of the 16 races studied the Slovaks have the highest average num-
ber of persons per room and the largest percentage of households of
every specified degree of crowding. Their high average, then, is due
to a widespread tendency to crowd rather than to extreme congestion
in a small proportion of households. In 7 of the 16 races no house-
holds are found with as many as three persons per room ; the native-
born of native father have no households with as many as two persons
per room; and only among three races are there households with as
many as four persons per room. By far the most common is the
apartment which contains more persons than rooms but not twice
as many. In every race except the Germans of foreign and of native
birth this is the most usual degree of congestion. The proportion of
households where a greater degree of crowding than this prevails varies
from 34.2 per cent in the case of the Slovaks to none in the case of the
native-born of native father; the proportion for the foreign-born is
17.1 per cent and for the native-born 8.4 per cent. The average
number of persons per room in foreign households is 1 .28 and in native
households 0.99.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
279
Fourteen of the households studied did not report the number of
rooms regularly used for sleeping purposes. The other 2,223 house-
holds are classified in General Table 119 according to the number of
persons per sleeping room. These data appear in cumulative form
below :
TABLE 33. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of persons
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
26
60
45
228
179
206
50
103
76
358
166
27
439
33
79
148
1.98
2.13
1.98
2.54
2.02
2.23
2.16
2.21
2.34
2.38
2.45
2.46
2.54
2.09
2.62
1.92
17
37
27
190
100
149
37
70
62
293
138
21
362
22
68
80
6
16
6
86
33
48
9
22
19
113
52
9
175
4
32
21
1
7
1
31
10
12
3
4
3
22
8
3
56
65.4
61.7
60.0
83.3
55.9
72.3
74.0
68.0
81.6
81.8
83.1
77.8
82.5
66.7
86.1
541
23.1
26.7
13.3
37.7
18.4
23.3
18.0
21.4
25.0
31.6
31.3
33.3
39.9
12.1
40.5
14.2
3.8
11.7
2.2
13.6
5.6
5.8
6.0
3.9
3.9
6.1
4.8
11.1
12.8
.0
13.9
2.0
0.0
1.7
.0
5.3
1.1
1.5
2.0
.0
.0
1.1
1.2
.0
2.3
.0
5.1
.0
0.0
1.7
.0
18
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
.5
.0
2.5
.0
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race
of father:
German
1
1
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
12
2
3
1
4
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other..
Irish
1
Italian, North...
Italian, South. . .
Lithuanian
4
2
1
Masvar
Polish
10
2
Servian
Slovak
11
3
4
2
Swedish . . . .
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
2,223
105
131
2,092
2.32
1,673
651
22
28
623
175
39
11
75.3
61.0
61.8
76.1
29.3
7.9
1.8
.5
1.0
.8
.5
2.06
2.05
2.34
64
81
1,592
8
9
166
1
1
38
1
1
10
21.0
21.4
29.8
7.6
6.9
7.9
1.0
08
1.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
It will be seen that, in respect to sleeping rooms as in respect to all
rooms, the Slovaks report a greater degree of crowding than any other
race and that here again the high average is due to a widespread tendency
to crowd rather than to a comparatively small number of cases of
extremely bad crowding. In every one of the 16 races over half of
the households average two or more persons per sleeping room; in
four of the races at least one-third of the households average three or
more persons per sleeping room. Nine of the 16 races show instances
of households with five or more persons per sleeping room and six
races have one or more households with six or more persons per sleep-
ing room.
280
The Immigration Commission.
For convenience of comparison the average number of persons per
apartment, per room, and per sleeping room are shown in parallel
columns below:
TABLE 34. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Average number of persons per—
Apartment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father, White
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
148
4.12
4.58
4.93
4.67
4.51
5.36
5.10
5.70
5.90
4.93
6.12
6.19
5.25
6.97
6.04
4.51
0.91
.01
.00
.34
.99
.26
.20
.09
.38
.42
.47
.37
.35
.51
.65
.93
1.98
2.13
1.98
2.54
2.02
o2.23
2.16
62.21
C2.34
d2.38
2.45
2.46
«2.54
2.09
2.62
1.92
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian ....... k
Hebrew^ Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak.
Swedish
Grand total
2,237
5.17
1.26
/2.32
Total native-born of foreign father
105
131
2,106
4.73
4.61
5.21
1.00
.99
1.28
2.06
2.05
02.34
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Based on 206 households.
b Based on 103 households,
c Based on 76 households.
d Based on 358 households.
e Based on 439 households.
/Based on 2,223 households.
g Based on 2,092 households.
The average numbers of persons per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room are considerably greater for immigrant than for native
households. The figures for the Swedes are, on the whole, indicative
of the best conditions existing among foreign households.
In a number of cases marked differences are observable in the rela-
tive standing of a given race in respect to crowding per room and per
sleeping room. For example, the roles show 1.35 persons per room,
the seventh average in order from the highest, but 2.54 persons per
sleeping room, the second highest average in the column. Relatively
speaking, the tendency in Polish households is to use a small propor-
tion of the rooms at their disposal for sleeping purposes. The rela-
tive positions of the Servians indicate the opposite tendency in the
households of that race.
The comparative standing of the several races and of the foreign
and native households in respect to congestion per room and per
sleeping room is not adequately set forth unless due allowance is made
for the proportion of occupants who are small children. It will be
recalled that Table 27 shows marked differences between races in the
age composition of households. In the four tables which follow the
presence of little children in households is roughly taken account of by
counting every child under 10 years of age as equal to half an adult.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
281
The table immediately following is based on General Table 120. It
gives the data in regard to adults per room in cumulative numbers
and per cents.
TABLE 35. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult, and two persons under
10 one adult.]
General nativity said race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of adults
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
148
0.77
.85
.85
1.18
.90
1.08
1.02
.95
1.23
1.20
1.29
1.22
1.17
1.49
1.44
.84
9
23
!6
157
77
131
29
48
57
275
132
20
298
28
73
58
34.6
38.3
35.6
68.9
43.0
62.4
58.0
46.2
74.0
75.5
79.5
74.1
67.6
84.8
92.4
39.2
0.0
.0
.0
8.3
2.8
2.4
2.0
2.9
6.5
9.9
9.0
3.7
8.4
24.2
20.3
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
1.1
.0
3.7
.9
3.0
2.5
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.3
.0
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
19
5
5
1
3
5
36
15
1
37
8
16
2
.....
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other .
Irish /....
Italian, North..
""4"
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magyar
1
4
1
2
Polish
Servian
Slovak
1
Swedish .
Grand total .
2,237
1.10
1,431
151
15
1
64.0
6.8
.7
(0)
Total native-born of foreign
father
105
131
2,106
.85
.83
L12
39
48
1,383
37.1
36.6
65.7
.0
.0
7.2
.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
(a)
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
151
15
1
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
In the households studied there are seldom as many as three adults
per room. In only 15 of the 2,237 households Were there three or
more adults per room, and in only 1 of the 15 is the number of adults
as high as four per room. All of these 15 households are among
the foreign-born. In no case is a native household found with as
many as two adults per room and only 36.6 per cent of the native
households average as high as one adult per room. Of the foreign
households 65.7 per cent nave one or more adults per room and 7.2
per cent have two or more per room. The average number of adults
Eer room in all foreign households is 1.12 and in all native house-
olds 0.83.
25608°— VOL 26—11-
-19
282
The Immigration Commission.
The data in regard to adults per sleeping room are given below in
cumulative numbers and per cents. The table is based on General
Table 121.
TABLE 36. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
. per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over Is considered an adult, and two persons under
10 one adult.]
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of
adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
moie.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
Native-born of
foreign father, by
race of father:
German. . .
26
60
45
228
179
206
50
103
76
358
166
27
439
33
79
148
1.69
1.79
1.68
2.24
1.82
1.92
1.84
1.93
2.07
2.02
2.15
2.19
2.20
2.06
2.28
1.73
11
26
15
164
82
102
24
52
43
227
117
17
301
21
58
61
42.3
43.3
33.3
71.9
45.8
49.5
48.0
50.5
56.6
63.4
70.5
63.0
68.6
63.6
73.4
41.2
0.0
11.7
2.2
21.5
8.9
10.7
8.0
7.8
7.9
9.5
12.7
22.2
18.5
9.1
22.8
4.7
0.0
1.7
.0
4.8
1.7
1.0
2.0
1.0
.0
.6
1.2
3.7
2.3
.0
3.8
.0
• o.o
.0
.0
1.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
.2
.0
1.3
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
7
1
49
16
22
4
8
6
34
21
6
81
3
18
7
1
Irish . . .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian
German
11
3
2
1
1
4
1
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian, North....
Italian, South....
Lithuanian
2
2
1
10
1
*"i"
Magyar . . .
Polish
Servian
Slovak
3
i
Swedish
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
2,223
2.02
1,321
283
8
8
275
37
1
1
36
7
1
59.4
12.7
1.7
1.0
.8
1.7
.3
.0
.0
.3
(a)
.0
.0
(0)
105
131
2,092
1.74
1.73
2.04
41
52
1,269
39.0
39.7
60.7
7.6
6.1
13.1
7
1
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Only 1 of the 2,223 households included in this table has as many
as six adults per sleeping room and only 7 report as many as five per
sleeping room. Of these 7, 4 are Bohemian and Moravian, 1
Lithuanian, 1 Polish, and 1 Slovak. The difference between native
and foreign households becomes greater when measured in terms of
adults. Native households show only 39.7 per cent with as many as
two adults per sleeping room, foreign 60.7 per cent ; native have only
6.1 per cent with as many as three adults and 0.8 per cent with as
many as four adults per sleeping room, while foreign households show
13.1 per cent and 1.7 per cent, respectively. The high proportion of
adults in foreign households is partly accounted for by the large
number of boarders and lodgers among them. From Table 45 it will
be seen that for every two boarders or lodgers in native households
keeping boarders or lodgers there are seven in foreign households
keeping them.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
283
The average number of adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room appear in parallel columns below:
TABLE 37. — Average number of adults per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over Is considered an adult, and two persons undef
10 one adult.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average number of adults per—
Apart-
ment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father, White
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
148
3.50
3.85
4.18
4.11
4.07
4.61
4.34
4.98
5.22
4.18
5.38
5.52
4.53
6.86
5.25
4.06
1.77
.85
.85
1.18
.90
1.08
1.02
.95
1.23
1.20
1.29
1.22
1.17
1.49
1.44
.84
1.69
1.79
1.68
2.24
1.82
al.92
1.84
61.93
c2.07
<*2.02
2.15
2.19
«2.20
2.06
2.28
1.73
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebre >\r, Russian
Hebre.v, Other...
Irish
Italian, North ;
Italian, South..
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak . ...
Swedish
Grand total
2,237
4.51
1.10
/2.02
Total native-born of foreign father
105
131
2,106
3.99
3.89
4.55
.85
.83
1.12
1.74
1.73
02.04
Total native-born
Total foreign born. .
a Based on 206 households.
6 Based on 103 households.
c Based on 76 households.
d Based on 358 households.
« Based on 439 households.
/ Based on 2,223 households.
9 Based on 2,092 households.
The 16 races listed above may be divided into two groups of 8
races each. In the first group, consisting of Bohemians and Mora-
vians, North and South Italians, Lithuanians, Magyars, Poles,
Servians, and Slovaks, each race averages more than two adults per
sleeping room and more than one adult per room. In the second
group, composed of the three races of native birth, the Hebrews, and
the races from the north and west of Europe, each race averages more
than one and less than two adults per sleeping room and all but the
Hebrews average less than one adult per room, the Hebrews averag-
ing only slightly more than one adult per room.
284
The Immigration Commission.
The table which follows shows by means of contrasting averages
the amount of reduction for children in the various races. The
showing is for apartment, room, and sleeping room. The table is in
its nature a summary of the six tables which have preceded it:
TABLE 38. — Average number of persons and of adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average number
per apartment.
Average number
per room.
Average number
per sleeping room.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Native-born of native father,
White
20
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
148
4.12
4.58
4.93
4.67
4.51
5.36
5.10
5.70
5,90
4.93
6.12
6.19
5.25
6.97
6.04
4.51
3.50
3.85
4.18
4.11
4.07
4.61
4.34
4.98
5.22
4.18
5.38
5.52
4.53
6.86
5.25
4.06
0.91
1.01
1.00
1.34
.99
1.26
1.20
1.09
1.38
1.42
1.47
1.37
1.35
1.51
1.65
.93
0.77
.85
.85
1.18
.90
1.08
1.02
.95
1.23
1.20
1.29
1.22
1.17
1.49
1.44
.84
1.98
2.13
1.98
2.54
2.02
o2.23
2.16
62.21
c2.34
d2.38
2.45
2.46
c 2. 54
2.09
2.62
1.92
1.69
1.79
1.68
2.24
1.82
ol.92
1.84
. 61.93
c2.07
d2.02
2.15
2.19
e2.20
2.06
2.28
1.73
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar. . .
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
2,237
5.17
4.51
1.26
1.10
/2.32
/2.02
Total native-born of foreign
father
105
131
2,106
4.73
4.G1
5.21
3.99
3.89
4.55
1.00
.99
1.28
.85
.83
1.12
2.06
2.05
02.34
1.74
1. 73
F2.04
Total native-born ....
Total foreign-born
a Based on 206 households.
b Based on 103 households,
c Based on 76 households.
d Based on 358 households.
e Based on 439 households.
/ Based on 2,223 households.
g Based on 2,092 households.
If the races were rearranged in each of the six columns according to
degree of congestion, the following facts would appear: (1) The rela-
tive position of races in regard to number of persons per apartment is
very little altered by reducing to adults, the only change being in the
positions of the Germans of native and foreign birth. (2) Reducing
the number of persons per room to terms of adults changes the relative
places of 10 races. Conditions appear relatively better when shown
for adults instead of persons in the households of the Germans and
Irish of native birth, the South Italians, the Poles, and the Slovaks,
and relatively worse in the households of the Bohemians nad Mora-
vians, the Germans of foreign birth, the North Italians, the Magyars,
and the Servians. (3) For sleeping rooms the showing by adults is
relatively better than by persons in the households of the Germans
and Irish of native birth, the Hebrews, Russian and other, and the
South Italians, and relatively worse in the households of the Germans
of foreign birth, the North Italians, the Servians, and the Swedes.
The native-born of native father have the smallest households and
may be said, on the whole, to show the least congestion. The Swedes
are second only to the native-born of native father in this respect.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
285
The Slovaks show, on the whole, the greatest degree of congestion.
The position of the Russian Hebrews is most nearly a mean, this race
being eighth in order from the least congested as regards the number
of persons and adults per room, ninth as regards persons per sleeping
room, and seventh as regards adults per sleeping room.
In the tables which have dealt with adults per room and per sleep-
ing room immigrant races have been compared regardless of the
length of time in the United States. The two tables which follow
make it possible to compare races of the same period of residence in
the United States in respect to the degree of congestion indicated by
adults per room and per sleeping room. The table below gives in
cumulative form the data of General Table 122.
TABLE 39.— Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Bohemian and Moravian
43
10
54
11
2
24
71
27
10
103
27
24
3
1.30
103
1.12
1.16
(a)
.28
.29
.29
.27
.30
.60
.43
(a)
33
7
33
8
6
1
96.7
(«)
61.1
(a)
(a)
70.8
77.5
70.4
(a)
76.7
88.9
100.0
(a)
14.0
ft
8
4.2
18.3
11.1
(a)
13.6
29.6
20.8
(a)
2.3
Wo
(a)
wo
1.4
.0
ft
3.7
.0
(a)
0.0
W.o
(a)
W.o
.0
.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
(a)
G erman
Hebrew, Russian
3
1
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
17
55
19
7
79
24
24
1
13
3
1
14
8
f 5
Italian, South.
1
"T
i
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Total
409
1.28 306
55
5
74.8
13.4
1.2
.0
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Bohemian and Moravian
43
1.10
24
3
1
55 8
7 0
2 3
0 0
German.
12
98
6
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
46
1.09
30
65.2
.0
1 ;o
o
Hebrew, Other..
26
.95
14
53 8
o
o
o
Irish
5
(a)
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Italian, North
20
1.25
16
i
S.Q
5 0
o
( \
Italian, South.
119
1 13
91
6
76 5
5 0
o
o
Lithuanian *. .
65
1.36
56
5
86 2
7 7
o
o
Magyar . .
g
(a)
5
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Polish
125
1 12
g9
7
2
65 6
5 6
1 6
o
Servian
4
(0)
3
......
(a)
(o)
Co)
(a)
Slovak
34
1 48
30
g
1
1
88 2
23 5
Sti
2 9-
Swedish
13
71
3
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Total
520
1 15
361
31
4
1
69 4
6 0
g
2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
286
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 39. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States —
Continued.
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER,
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Bohemian and Moravian
139
155
109
13
95
32
169
72
9
211
2
21
132
1.18
.88
1.06
1.03
.98
1.17
1.18
1.25
(0)
1.14
(a)
1.38
.85
98
63
67
7
47
23
166
55
8
134
1
19
55
10
4
2
70.5
40.6
61.5
(0)
49.5
71.9
74.6
76.4
(a)
63. 5
(a)
90.5
41.7
7.2
2.6
1.8
(a)
3.2
9.4
9.5
9.7
(a)
7.1
(a)
14.3
.0
0.0
.0
.9
(a)
.0
.0
1.8
.0
(a)
.5
(a)
4.8
.0
0.0
.0
.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
W.o
Wo
.0
German.
Hebrew, Russian
1
Hebrew, Other
Irish
3
3
16
7
Italian, North
""3"
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
15
1
Servian
Slovak . ...
3
1
Swedish
Total
1,159
1.06
703
63
6
60.7
5.4
.5
.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In the group showing households whose heads have been in the
United States under five years eight races are represented by 20 or
more households. Of these, the four Slavic races report a high aver-
age number of adults per room. The Poles and Bohemians and Mora-
vians, however, are closely followed by the Lithuanians and North
and South Italians. The Russian Hebrews are t he least congested of
the eight. The Servians not only report a considerably higher aver-
age than any other race, but they also have r, larger percentage of
cases of three or more adults per room.
In the group of heads of households who have been in the United
States from five to nine years eight races are represented by 20 or
more households. The Hebrews, Russian and other, are the least con-
gested of these and show no case of as many as two adults per room.
The Slovaks are the most congested on the average and also show the
worst cases of crowding.
In the group of households with heads who have been in the United
States ten years or more 10 races are represented by 20 or more
households. Of these, the Swedes, the Germans, and the Irish have
the lowest average number of adults per room and the largest pro-
portion of households with more rooms than persons.
The totals in each of the three groups seem to indicate a slight
tendency on the part of the foreign-born to improve their condition
in respect to crowding as their period of residence in this country
increases. The lowering of averages and of the proportion of instances
of the higher degrees of crowding, however, may be entirely due to
changes in the character of immigration.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
287
The degree of congestion as regards sleeping rooms is set forth in
the table below. This table is a presentation in cumulative form of
the data in General Table 123.
TABLE 40. — Number and per cent of foreign households' which have each specified number
of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United
States.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult, and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of
household.
Num-
ber re-
port-
ing
com-
plete,
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
0.0
W.o
&
.0
.0
.0
W.o
.0
.0
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
43
JO
53
11
2
24
71
27
10
103
27
24
3
2.37
1.82
1.94
1.82
(a)
2.16
2.16
2.07
2.15
2.21
2.16
2.23
(?)
38
5
23
6
1
14
52
16
5
75
18
18
2
8
2
6
2
. ....
88.4
(a)
43.4
(a)
(a)
58.3
73.2
59.3
(a)
72.8
66.7
75.0
18.6
(a)
11.3
fa)
(°)
12.5
21.1
11.1
(a)
12.6
11.1
16.7
4.7
(a)
1.9
$
1.4
.0
(a)
1.0
.0
.0
0.0
<a)o
1
.0
.0
Wo
.0
.0
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
3
15
3
1
13
3
4
.....
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
1
1
Polish
Servian . . .
Slovak
Total
(0)
(a)
408
2.14
273
58
6
66.9
14.2
1.5
.0
.0
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
43
2 18
29
7
2
67 4
16 3
4.7
0 0
0 0
German
12
1.79
6
(a)
(a)
fa)
fa)
fa)
Hebrew, Russian
46
1.81
18
2
39 1
4 3
1 ;n
1 ;o
Q 'o
Hebrew, Other
26
1.75
10
2
38 5
7 7
o
o
o
Irish
4
(a)
3
(a)
fa)
(a)
fa)
fa)
Italian, North
19
2.02
11
1
(a)
(a)
M
(")
m
Italian, South
117
1.94
65
6
55 6
Vl
1 'o
1 'o
* ;o
Lithuanian
65
2.24
48
9
1
73 8
13 8
1 5
o
o
Magyar
8
(a)
5
1
(a)
§)
fa)
fa)
fa)
Polish . .
125
209
79
16
I
63 2
;8
( }8
0
0
Servian.. .
4
(a)
2
(a)
(a)
fa)
fa)
fa)
Slovak
34
227
26
8
1
1
7fc.fi
Vs
2.9
"9
1 ;0
Swedish
13
1.57
2
1
fa)
fa)
fa)
fa)
fa)
Total
516
2 02
304
53
5
1
58 9
10 3
1 0
2
n
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
139
2 22
94
34
7
4
1
67 6
24 5
5 0
2 9
0 7
German
155
1.83
70
14
3
45 2
9 0
1 9
0
0
Hebrew, Russian
107
1.97
61
14
1
57 0
13 1
9
o
o
Hebrew, Other
13
2.03
8
2
1
fa)
S)
fa)
fa)
fa)
Irish...
95
1 95
48
g
1
50 5
4
vv
1 '0
* %
Italian, North
32
2.05
18
2
56 3
6 3
o
o
o
Italian, South
166
2.02
106
13
1
63 9
7 8
6
0
o
Lithuanian
72
2 11
52
g
j
i
72 2
IOC
Magyar . . .
9
(a)
7
4
fa)
(a)
(a\
(a\
(o\
Polish
209
2 25
145
51
g
j
69 4
24 4
V;o
fl
a
.Servian
2
(a)
1
fa)
fa)
(a\
(a\
(d\
Slovak
21
238
14
g
2
66 7
28 6
95
0
0
.Swedish
132
1.75
57
6
......
43 2
4 5
0
0
Q
Total
1,152
2 02
681
163
25
g
1
59 1
14 1
2 2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
288
The Immigration Commission.
Of the eight races with the largest representation in the group of
households of recent immigrants, the races of the Slavic group
show the greatest congestion per sleeping room, Bohemians and
Moravians leading in this respect; the Italian group follows the
Slavic, the Lithuanian race comes next, and the Russian Hebrews
show the least congested sleeping rooms. This last is the only race
which reports more than half of its households with fewer than two
adults per sleeping room.
Among the households whose heads have been in the United States
from five to nine years, the Hebrews, Russian and other, make the
best showing. The average number of adults per sleeping room is
1.81 for the Russian Hebrews and 1.75 for the Hebrews other than
Russian, and neither of these races has any household with as many
as four adults per sleeping room.
Among the immigrants with a residence of ten years or over the
three races from the northwest of Europe have the lowest averages
of adults per sleeping room, while the three Slavic races represented
have the highest averages, and also five of the six cases of greatest
crowding. It will be noted that the worst cases of congestion, as
measured by adults per sleeping room, do not occur among the
more recent immigrants.
The table which follows classifies the households studied according
to the number of rooms reserved for living purposes exclusive of
sleeping. The table is derived from General Table 124.
TABLE 41. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Num-
ber re-
port-
ing
.com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of rooms
per house-
hold.
Average
number
of sleep-
ing rooms
per house-
hold.
Number of house-
holds sleeping
in —
Per cent of house-
holds sleeping
in-
All
rooms.
All
ex-
cept
room.
All
ex-
cept
2
rooms.
All
rooms.
All
ex-
cept
room.
All
ex-
cept
rooms.
Native-born of native father,
White... . . .
26
60
45
228
179
206
50
103
76
358
166
27
439
33
79
148
4.54
4.55
4.93
3.48
4.54
a 4. 27
4.26
Z>5.25
c4.26
d3. 48
4.16
4.52
«3.88
4.61
3.66
485
2.08
2.15
2.49
1.84
2.23
2.40
2.36
2.59
2.53
2.07
2.50
2.52
2.06
3.33
2.30
2.34
5
8
6
99
22
55
15
10
30
164
64
7
95
23
34
9
7
30
22
93
88
108
22
31
27
118
86
14
250
8
29
68
0.0
.0
.0
3.9
2.8
3.9
4.0
1.0
6.6
12.6
1.8
.0
6.4
3.0
13.9
.7
19.2
13.3
13.3
43.4
12.3
26.7
30.0
9.7
39.5
45.8
38.6
25.9
21.6
69.7
43.0
6.1
26.9
50.0
48.9
40.8
49.2
52.4
44.0
30.1
35.5
33.0
51.8
51.9
56.9
24.2
36.7
45.9
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
Irish
9
5
8
2
1
5
45
3
"'28'
1
11
1
Foreign-born :
Bohemian and Moravian...
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian North
Italian , South
Lithuanian
Macvar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
2,223
1
105
131
2,092
/4.09
.. -..,— .. . . ..
4.71
4.68
04.05
2.23
2.30
2.25
2.23
119
""iig"
646
14
19
627
1,001
52
59
942
5.4
29.1
45.0
Total native-born of foreign
father
.0
.0
5.7
13.3
14.5
30.0
49.5
45.0
45.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Based on 210 households.
b Based on 104 households,
c Based on 77 households.
d Based on 364 households.
e Based on 441 households.
/ Based on 2,237 households.
a Based on 2,106 households.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago. 289
Attention is called to the fact that data in regard to living arrange-
ments are here given for only a part of the households studied, the
proportion being 79.5 per cent. The remaining 20.5 per cent have three
or more rooms not used as sleeping rooms. It will be seen that of all the
races the native-born of native father have the largest proportion of
households which have three or more rooms devoted to living purposes
exclusive of sleeping. As a rule the households which reserve two
rooms for purposes other than sleeping use one as a living room and
the other as a kitchen and dining room. Households which have one
room not slept in, most commonly use this as a kitchen and dining
room, for the kitchen is the last room to be encroached upon. The
households which sleep in all rooms must, of course, convert the
kitchen into a bedroom at night.
Of the 2,223 Chicago households included in this table, 119, all
foreign, use all rooms for sleeping purposes, 646 sleep in all but one
room, and 1,001 sleep in all but two rooms. Of the immigrants, 5.7 per
cent use all rooms to sleep in, 30 per cent use all but one room, and 45 per
cent use all but two rooms; of the native, 14.5 per cent sleep in all
but one room and 45 per cent sleep in all but two rooms. The largest
proportions of households sleeping in all rooms are among the South
Italians and the Slovaks ; the largest proportion using all but one room
is found among the Servians.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
From General Table 109 it will be seen that there are three
methods for reducing expenses by increasing the number of occu-
pants in the apartment: (1) A number of households, most com-
monly North and South Italians, consist of two or more families living
together. Among races other than Italian such households are
usually found to consist of related families; among the Italians the
component families are often found with no tie binding them except
the common desire to curtail expenses. (2) The general table records
a number of "group " households. Most of these households are com-
posed entirely of men who are living on as cheap a scale as possible
and sharing all household expenses. With this arrangement addi-
tional "partners" may be admitted indefinitely. The Servians will
be seen to have a preponderance of such households. (3) Households
of all races have recourse to keeping boarders or lodgers.
290
The Immigration Commission.
If from the total number of households the three classes previously
described be deducted, there will remain the households which are
made up of the natural family with, perhaps, a grandmother, uncle,
or other relative or friend whose status is the same as a member of the
family. The numbers and percentages appear below:
TABLE 42. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single family without
boarders or lodgers.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Consisting of a single
family without board-
ers or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father. White
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
148
23
51
33
188
157
153
32
84
37
266
39
12
252
4
20
89
88.5
85.0
73.3
82.5
87.7
72.9
64.0
80.8
48.1
73.1
23.5
44.4
57.1
12.1
25.3
60.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
Irish.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other. . .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian ...
Slovak
Swedish . ...
Grand total
2,237
1,440
64.4
Total native-born of foreign father
105
131
2,106
84
107
1,333
80.0
81.7
63.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the 2,237 households, 1,440, or 64.4 per cent, consist of a single
family without boarders or lodgers. Five races, the native-born of
native father, the native-born German, the Bohemian and Moravian,
the foreign-born German, and the foreign-born Irish, have more than
four-fifths of their households composed of family households of the
simple type. At the other end or the scale are Servians with 12.1
per cent, Lithuanians with 23.5 per cent, and Slovaks with 25.3 per
cent of such households. It will be recalled that the three races just
named are among those with the highest degree of congestion.
Only in the cases of the North and South Italian races and the
Servians are the two-family households or the groups of partners of
proportional importance. The keeping of boarders and lodgers is,
however, a general custom; 3 of every 10 of the households studied
were found resorting to this means of reducing expenses. In the great
majority of instances these boarders and lodgers are men, some of
them neighbors or friends from Europe, a few of them relatives, but
many of them strangers. Their presence in the households tends to
destroy much that is normal in family life, adding intangibly to the
evils of congestion and therefore accentuating or lessening the differ-
ences between races, as expressed by the ratio of adults to rooms and
sleeping rooms.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
291
The number and percentage of households keeping boarders or
lodgers appears below. The data are taken from General Table 125.
TABLE 43. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
{Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father White
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
148
3
7
3
33
18
55
17
17
33
50
122
15
175
9
59
55
11.5
11.7
6.7
14.5
10.1
26.2
34.0
16.3
42.9
13.7
73.5
55.6
39.7
27.3
74.7
37.2
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German .
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar. . . .
Polish
S rvian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
2,237
671
30.0
Total native-born of foreign father
105
131
2,106
10
13
658
9.5
9.9
31.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
^ The races which appear in this table as having the largest propor-
tion of households with ' boarders or lodgers are, in the order named,
the Slovaks, Lithuanians, and Magyars, among all of whom house-
holds with boarders or lodgers are more common than households
without. By referring to the general table it will be found that
of the 122 Lithuanian households which constitute the 73.5 per
cent above, 100 keep only lodgers. Among these people, as among
some of the Slavic races, there is a custom of furnishing lodging with
the additional service of marketing and cooking, all for a sum which
is nominally the payment for lodging. The lodger has an account
book which the housewife carries to the grocery store and in which she
has charged to him his share of the provisions which she buys and
cooks. ^ In return for this service she is sometimes allowed to enter
the price of the food for the members of the family on the account
books of her lodgers. The nominal price of lodging is low among the
Lithuanians, usually $3 a month, and the minimum of comforts is given
in return. ^The difference between boarders and lodgers in these
households is a technicality of financial arrangement. Both eat at
the common table and use the common living room and are present in
the apartment an equal proportion of the time.
292
The Immigration Commission.
In the following table households are divided into three groups
according to the years the head of the household has been in the
United States, and wherever a race is represented by 20 or more
households the per cent keeping boarders or lodgers is shown. The
data are from General Table 126.
TABLE 44. — Number and per cent of foreign households keeping boarders or lodgers, by race
of head and by years head has been in the United States.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In the United States
under 5 years.
In the United States
5 to 9 years.
In the United States
10 years or over.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German
225
177
209
50
102
76
359
164
27
439
33
79
148
43
10
54
11
2
24
71
27
10
103
27
24
3
12
1
21
5
27.9
(a)
38.9
i
45.8
18.3
70.4
59.2
25.9
91.7
(a)
43
12
46
26
5
20
119
65
8
125
4
34
13
7
2
17
7
3
12
19
58
3
74
2
28
5
16.3
(a)
37.0
26.9
(a)
60.0
16.0
89.2
(a)
59.2
(a)
82.4
(a)
139
155
109
13
95
32
169
72
9
211
2
21
132
13
15
17
5
13
10
18
43
4
39
""9"
49
9.4
9.7
15.6
(«)
13.7
31.3
10.7
59.7
(a)
18.5
(a)
42.9
37.1
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
11
13
19
8
61
7
22
1
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Total
2,088
409
181
44.3
520
237
45.6
1,159
235
20.3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the more recent immigrants, the Slovaks report the highest
percentage of households with boarders or lodgers, the Lithuanians
second highest, and the Polish third. The South Italians show the
lowest percentage, and the Servians next to the lowest. Among the
households in this country from five to nine years the South Italians
again show the lowest percentage. The Lithuanians in this group are
highest and the Slovaks rank second. Among the older immigrants
the Bohemians and Moravians have the smallest proportion of house-
holds with boarders or lodgers and the proportion of such households
among the Germans is only slightly higher. Here again the Lithu-
anians show the highest percentage. They are the only race in this
group with more than half of the households keeping boarders or
lodgers.
The average number of boarders or lodgers per household is derived
from General Table 125.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
293
TABLE 45. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders
or lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
Based on
total
number of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
Native-born of native father, White
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
148
3
7
3
33
18
55
17
17
33
50
122
15
175
9
59
55
7
11
8
56
33
85
22
31
89
95
345
48
395
38
175
71
x 0.27
.18
.18
.25
.18
.40
.44
.30
1.16
.26
2.08
1.78
.90
1.15
2.22
.48
(a)
8
1.70
1.83
1.55
1.29
1.82
2.70
1.90
2.83
3.20
2.26
(a)
2.97
1.29
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
Irish
Foreign -born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German ...
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian North
Italian' South
Lithuanian
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish ....
Grand total
2,237
671
1,509
.67
2.25
Total native-born of foreign father
105
131
2,106
10
13
658
19
26
1,483
.18
.20
.70
1.90
2.00
2.25
Total native-born ...
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average number of boarders or lodgers is here presented in two
ways. The first indicates the frequency of boarders and lodgers, all
households of the race considered; the second, the frequency in the
households which keep boarders or lodgers. For example, in the 2,237
households studied, 67 boarders or lodgers were found for every 100
households and in the 671 households keeping boarders or lodgers 225
boarders or lodgers were found to every 100. One race, the Magyar,
averages more than 3 boarders or lodgers in the 15 households keep-
ing them, and four races — the Slovak, the Lithuanian, the North
Italian, and the Polish — average more than 2 boarders or lodgers in
households where they are kept. The average number of boarders
or lodgers based on the total number of households is more than two
among the Slovaks and the Lithuanians and between one and two
among the Magyars, North Italians, and Servians. Among all other
races the average is less than one.
294
The Immigration Commission.
The degree of congestion due to the presence of boarders and lodg-
ers in the households studied is indicated in the following table
derived from General Tables 108 and 125:
TABLE 46. — Number and per cent of persons in apartments who are boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
persons in
apartments.
Total boarders and
lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
107
275
222
1,064
807
1,125
255
593
454
1,793
1,016
167
2,315
230
477
667
7
11
8
56
33
85
22
31
89
95
345
48
395
38
175
71
6.5
4.0
3.6
5.3
4.1
7.6
8.6
5.2
19.6
5.3
34.0
28.7
17.1
16.5
36.7
10.6
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Irish
Foreign-born: .
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magyar j
Polish
Servian . ...
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
11,567
1,509
13.0
Total native-born of foreign father
497
604
10, 963
19
26
1,483
3.8
4.3
13.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
From the above table it will be seen that if households were without
boarders or lodgers, congestion, as measured by persons, would be
reduced 36.7 per cent among the Slovaks, 34 per cent among the
Lithuanians, 28.7 per cent among the Magyars, 19.6 per cent among
the North Italians, 17.1 per cent among the Poles, and 13.5 per cent
among all the foreign-born. It has been stated that these boarders
and lodgers are usually men. The high proportions of males among
the races with the high percentages in the above table may be seen
by reference to Table 25.
HOME WORK.
The number of apartments in which some kind of gainful employ-
ment is carried on is given in the table next presented, which is
derived from General Table 127.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
295
TABLE 47. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful employment is pursued,,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number.
Apartment
gainful <
is pursue
s in which
imployment
i.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
26
0 0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German .
60
2
3.3
Irish
45
3
6 7
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian .
228
26
11 4
179
6
3 4
Hebrew, Russian
210
6
2 9
Hebrew Other
50
1
2 0
Irish
104
3
2.9
Italian North
77
6
7 8
Italian, South
364
17
4.7
Lithuanian
166
3
1 8
Magyar
27
.0
Polish
441
14
3 2
Servian
33
.0
Slovak
79
2
2 5
Swedish . . . -
148
6
4.1
Grand total
2,237
95
4.2
Total native-born of foreign father
105
5
4 g
Total native-born
131
5
3 &
Total foreign-born
2,106
90
4 3
Of the 2,237 households, only 95, or 4.2 per cent, pursue gainful
employment within the apartment. All races except the three having
the smallest representation have one or more apartments in which
employment is carried on, but in no case is the number or proportion
of such apartments large. The sex and status in the household of
these home workers appear below in & second table derived from Gen-
eral Table 127.
TABLE 48. — Number of apartments in which gainful employment is pursued by male
head of household, wife of head, etc., by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Number
of apart-
ments in
which
gainful
employ-
ment is
pursued.
Number in which gainful employment is pursued by —
Male head
of house-
hold.
Wife of
head.
Female head of
household.
Other persons 16
years of age or
over.
Females
under 16.
Widow.
Other.
Male.
Female.
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by race of father:
German
2
3
26
6
6
1
3
6
17
3
14
2
6
2
1
17
2
2
1
1
4
12
1
10
2
2
I
Irish
2
. 7
2
1
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
2
2
3
2
3
ol
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
1
1
2
«3
Italian, North
""5"
1
3
Italian, South
1
Lithuanian
1
Polish
1
2
Slovak...
Swedish
1
3
Grand total
1
1
95
5
90
16
57
16
' 2
14
1
1
&16
Total native-born of for-
eign father
3
54
Total foreign-born
16
1
1
616
a Including 1 apartment in which persons are employed who are not members of the household,
b Including 2 apartments in which persons are employed who are not members of the household.
296
The Immigration Commission.
In 57 of the 95 apartments the wife of the head is gainfully em-
Eloyed; in 16 apartments the widow, herself the head of the house-
old/ is a worker; in 16 apartments other women are at work; and
in 1 apartment a girl under 16 years of age is working. There are
16 apartments in which the male head of the household is at work.
The nature of the employment pursued in these apartments is
given in a third table based on General Table 127.
TABLE 49. — Number of apartments in which each specified kind of gainful employment
is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of apart-
ments in
which
gainful
employ-
ment is
pursued.
Number in which each specified kind of emploj7-
ment is pursued.
Dress-
making
and
sewing.
Laundry
work.
Shoe-
making.
Tailor-
ing.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
2
3
2G
G
G
1
3
G
17
3
14
2
G
1
2
17
Irish .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
1
j
1
1
2
German
Hebrew, Russian
1
Hebrew, Other
Irish
2
1
Italian, North.
ll
Italian, South
i
1
i
Lithuanian
1
7
1
G
.....
1
Polish
4
Slovak . . .
Swedish
I
Grand total
95
5
90
30
2~
28
25
3
22
9
25
6
Total native-born of foreign father
Total foreign-born
9
25
6
In none of the apartments studied is more than one kind of gainful
employment pursued. Dressmaking and sewing is the occupation
the most commonly found and the most generally distributed by race.
Laundry work and tailoring are next frequent, laundry work being
found chiefly in Bohemian and Moravian apartments and tailoring
most often in South Italian apartments.
Jmmigrants in Cities: Chicago.
297
CARE AND EQUIPMENT OF HOME.
All the households studied are dependent for water supply upon
water piped to the lot and usually into the house. The per cents of
households which have their private water supply and which share
their supply with other households appear below. This table is
based on. General Table 128.
TABLE 50. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each specified number
of households, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Per cent of households where water
supply is used by each specified
number of households.
1.
2.
3.
Native-born of native father, White
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
1 148
96.2
100.0
100.0
95.2
99.4
99.0
98.0
100.0
92.2
92.3
100.0
96.3
99.3
100.0
98.7
100.0
3.8
.0
.0
3.5
.6
1.0
2.0
.0
7.8
7.4
.0
3.7
.7
.0
1.3
.0
0.0
.0
.0
1.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German .
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish .
Italian, North
Italian, South .
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
. 2,237
^7.5
2.3
.2
Total native-born of foreign father
105
131
2,106
100.0
99.2
97.4
.0
.8
2.4
.0
.0
.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Only 55, or 2.5 per cent, of the households studied are without a
separate water supply. Fifty-one, or 2.3 per cent, use a supply which
is used by another household and 4, or 0.2 per cent, have access to a
supply which is used by 2 other households. In some cases the
common source of supply is in the hall or yard and in other cases it
is in the kitchen of another household. Where a household has its
private source of water supply the water is nearly always found piped
into the kitchen.
25608° -^VOL 26 — 11-
-20
298
The Immigration Commission.
The table which follows classifies households according to their
toilet facilities.
TABLE 51. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each specified kind of
toilet, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number of households
which have access to-
Per cent of households
which have access to —
Flush
toilet.
Dry toilet.
Flush
toilet.
Dry toilet.
Native-born of native father, White
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
148
26
59
43
228
178
210
50
102
77
364
166
27
436
33
76
147
100.0
98.3
95.6
100.0
99.4
100.0
100.0
98.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.9
100.0
96.2
99.3
0.0
1.7
4.4
.0
.6
.0
.0
1.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.1
.0
3.8
.7
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
G erman .
1
2
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian . .
German
1
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
2
Italian North
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish . .
5
Servian
• Slovak
3
1
Swedish
Grand total.*.
2.237
2,222
15
99.3
.7
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
105
131
2,103
102
128
2,094
3
3
12
97.1
97.7
99.4
2.9
2.3
.6
Total foreign-born
The law requires that toilets must be made flush "whenever con-
nection with a public sewer is in any way practicable, and the depart-
ment of health of the city shall be the sole judge as to the practica-
bility of such connection with the public sewer." ° From the above
table it will be seen that this provision is well enforced. Of the
2,237 households only 15 were found which had no access to flush
toilets. Hopper toilets are included in this count as flush. The
statement that toilets are flush does not mean that they are neces-
sarily in good condition. That they are not is in many cases indicated
by the odor in the yard nearby or in basement apartments which
face them.
The law makes certain requirements in regard to location and use
of toilet facilities:
(1) New houses must be built with the toilet located in the apart-
ment or immediately connected with it. 6 No change of location is
required by law for the toilets of tenements built before the present
law went into effect.6 All but a slight proportion of the houses in
neighborhoods studied were built before the new law went into effect.
A great majority of the toilets were at some distance from the
apartments. They were found situated under the sidewalk, in the
yard, or, less frequently, in the basement.
a See Revised Municipal Code, Chapter XV, Article IX, section 658, p. 434.
&See Revised Municipal Code, Chapter XV, Article IX, section 659, p. 435.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
299
(2) It is required that ' ' one such water-closet a shall be provided for
every two apartments in each existing tenement house." 6 That
this provision was not well enforced at the time this study was made
appears from the following table, which presents in the form of per
cents the data of General Table 129:
TABLE 52. — Per cent of households where one toilet is used by each specified number of
households, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent of households where
one toilet is used by each
specified number of house-
holds.
Per cent of house-
holds where two
toilets are used by
each specified
number of house-
holds.
Per
cent,
etc.,
where
three
are
used,
etc.
Per
cent,
etc.,
where
four
are
used,
etc.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3.
5.
7.
9.
5.
13.
Native-born of native father ,
White
26
59
44
228
179
65.4
61.0
54.5
12.3
49.2
19.2
28.8
27.3
38.6
38.5
49.5
46.0
22.1
41.6
34.6
35.5
37.0
56.3
57.6
30.4
14.2
0.0
3.4
9.1
20.2
5.0
5.2
10.0
4.8
14.3
26.3
4.2
3.7
12.6
.0
20.3
13.5
3.8
.0
.0
3.5
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
10.3
.6
.0
2.1
.0
1.3
4.1
0.0
1.7
2.3
2.2
.6
.0
.0
1.9
.0
2.5
.0
.0
1.6
.0
.0
.0
3.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.9
.0
3.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.8
3.4
4.5
7.0
5.6
1.4
.0
':2
.0
1.8
.0
1.6
.0
.0
0.0
1.7
.0
6.1
.6
1.9
48
.0
.0
.6
.0
.7
.0
1.3
.0
0.0
.0
2.3
3.5
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
2.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.7
0.0
.0
.0
2.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
:8
:?
.0
3.8
.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.3
.0
.c
!c
.0
. 7
0.0
.0
.0
4.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
= 0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Native - born of foreign
father, by race of father:
German
Irish..
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
German
Hebrew, Russian
210
50
104
77
358
166
27
437
33
79
148
41.9
40.0
65.4
44.2
20.1
57.2
59.3
25.2
42.4
46.8
64.2
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian.
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
Total native-born of foreign
father
2,225
103
129
2,096
37.8
39.4
28.2
26.4
40.2
12.9
2. 9 1. 2
.0 1.9
.8 1.6
3. 0 1.1
.8
.0
.8
.8
2.1
3.9
3.9
2.0
1.2
1.0
.8
1.2
.9
.2
.0
.0
. 2
. 2
.4
.0
.0
.6
58.3
59.7
36.5
5.8
4.7
13.4
1.0
.8
1.0
.0
. 2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the 2,225 households reporting data on this point, 456, or 21.5
per cent, are using toilet facilities under conditions which do not
conform to law. The Bohemians and Moravians and South Italians
are, on the whole, less adequately provided with toilet accommoda-
tions than the other races, but it will be seen that bad conditions are
not confined to the households of a few races. The table can not be
said to represent actual conditions fully, because it is impossible to
give due prominence to the promiscuous use of toilets. Though in
some instances toilets are kept locked and keys are used, this degree
of care is the exception. For example, some of the households
entered here as using a toilet used by two households, while nomi-
nally in this condition are in reality using any one of the three toilets
used by six households. The location of the water-closets at some
distance from the apartments encourages carelessness in this respect.
a Viz: A flush toilet as described in Revised Municipal Code, section 659, p. 435.
&See Revised Municipal Code, Chapter XV, Article IX, section 659, p. 435.
300
The Immigration Commission.
The table offers a case of indiscriminate use of four toilets by 13
households, 10 of which are included in the detailed study. These
toilets are situated under the sidewalk at the front of the lot. The
age and sex of the 67 persons who are members of the 13 households
follows :
Age.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Under 6 years
5
4
g
6 to 14 years ... .'
5
8
13
15 to 19 years
4
6
10
20 to 39 years
13
9
22
40 years or over . . .
9
4
13
Total
36
31
67
Where careless housekeeping is in evidence it contributes materially
to the appearance of bad surroundings of households in congested
districts. Good housekeeping, however, is an achievement in
crowded apartments with few conveniences, especially where the
housewife has the duty of preparing the food of boarders and lodgers
in addition to the care of small children or where some kind of em-
ployment is carried on in the apartment. Apartments are here
classified under four heads, according to the degree of cleanness and
order which characterized them at the time of the agent's visit.
The table is based on General Table 130.
TABLE 53. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general nativity and
race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
for which
informa-
tion was
secured.
Per cent of apartments where care is—
Good.
i
Fair.
Bad.
Very bad.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
25
59
43
223
179
209
50
102
75
362
163
27
438
33
79
148
52.0
74.6
58.1
67.7
78.2
45.0
40.0
55.9
49.3
35.6
51.5
51.9
61.0
36.4
48.1
75.7
40.0
23.7
27.9
29.1
16.2
36.4
38.0
27.5
36.0
34.3
34.4
40.7
28.1
27.3
36.7
21. 6
4.0
.0
11.6
3.1
5.0
13.9
12.0
13.7
13.3
25.1
11.7
.0
8.9
30.3
11.4
1.4
4.0
1.7
2.3
.0
.6
4.8
10.0
2.9
1.3
5.0
2.5
7.4
2.1
6.1
3.8
1.4
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other.. .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar . . .
Polish .
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
2,215
55.8
erTe"
64.6
55.3
30.0
11.3
2.8
Total native-born of foreign father
102
127
2,088
25.5
28.3
30.1
4.9
4.7
11.7
2.0
2.4
2.9
Total nati ve-born
Totil foreign-born
It will be seen that of all the households studied 55.8 per cent show
good care, 85.8 per cent show good or fair care, and only 14.1 per
cent show bad or very bad care. The Germans, both native and
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
301
foreign, and the Swedes, make the best showing in this table, and
the South Italians and Servians make the poorest. That the care
of the apartment does not necessarily appear worse, as the number of
persons per room increases, is seen from a comparison of the Bohe-
mians and Moravians with the total foreign-born. Eighty-one and
one- tenth per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians and 77 per cent
of the total foreign-born have more than one person per room; 22.8
per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians and 17.7 per cent of the
total foreign-born have two or more persons per room; and 3.1 per
cent of the Bohemians and Moravians and 1.9 per cent of the total
foreign-born have three or more persons per room; yet 67.7 per
cent of the apartments of the Bohemians and Moravians show good
care as against 55.3 per cent of the foreign-born. A circumstance
favorable to the Bohemian housewife is the small proportion of house-
holds keeping boarders or lodgers. On the other hand, 11.4 per
cent of the Bohemian and Moravian households have some occupa-
tional work in the apartment, while only 4.3 per cent of the total
foreign households carry on home work.
The number and per cent of apartments located in the basement
or cellar of houses canvassed appear below:
»
TABLE 54. — Number and per cent of households living in basement apartments, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Households living in
basement apartments.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
26
60
45
228
179
210
50
104
77
364
166
27
441
33
79
148
5
4
3
27
20
3
2
8
9
54
18
19.2
6.7
6.7
11.8
11.2
1.4
4.0
7.7
11.7
14.8
10.8
.0
14.5
6.1
7.6
7.4
Native-born of foreign father:
German ...
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar.
Polish
64
2
6
11
Servian.. . .
Slovak...
Swedish
Grand total
2,237
236
10.5
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
105
131
2,106
7
12
224
6.7
9.2
10.6
Total native-born .
Total foreign-born
Of the 2,237 households studied 236 or 10.5 per cent live in base-
ment apartments. Chicago law defines a basement as " a story partly
but not more than one-half below the level of the street grade nearest
the building," a cellar being defined as more than one-half below
street level.0 The distinction between basements and cellars is not
observed in this study; all are considered basements. Of the 236
a See Revised Municipal Code, Chapter XV, Article IX, section 10.
302
The Immigration Commission.
basement apartments, 224 are occupied by foreign households and
12 are occupied by native households. Of the foreign households,
10.6 per cent and of the native households 9.2 per cent live in base-
ments. The percentage of households in basement apartments is
partly a matter of location of the race. In the Hebrew neighborhood,
for example, the difference in street grade is slight, while in the North
Italian neighborhood the street has a grade of several feet. As a rule
the streets of the districts studied are above the level of the lots.
Many of the neighborhoods studied were originally swamp land and
are yet inadequately drained. The basement apartment, so far as
health is concerned, is one of the worst characteristics of the Chicago
conditions under discussion.
HOME OWNERSHIP AND RENT.
The extent to which the families studied own their homes is shown
in General Table 131 and in the following table drawn therefrom.
Home ownership may, in general, be regarded as an indication of the
permanence of the family in this country and in the neighborhood of
its present place of residence, which is in many cases a foreign colony.
TABLE 55. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of
head of family.
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number re-
porting
complete
data.
Owning home.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-bora of native father, White
27
1
60
41
1
1
2.32
178
214
51
104
88
376
160
30
/39
13
83
144
3
11.1
(a)
23. 3
12.2
(«)
(«)
17.7
46.1
10.7
3.9
25.0
10.2
7.4
11.4
10.0
17.5
(a)
7.2
19.4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
14
5
Irish...
Polish '
Swedish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian .
41
82
23
2
26
9
28
19
3.
77
"~6
28
German
Hebrew, Russian . •.
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North .
Italian South
Lithuanian . . .
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
2,249
366
16.3
Total native-born of foreign father
104
131
2,118
19
22
344
18.3
16.8
16.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In respect to home ownership there is little difference between the
native-born and the foreign-born, the percentage of home owners in
the one case being 16.8 and in the other 16.2. Eight foreign-born
races are represented in this table by more than 100 families. Of these
the Germans have the highest proportion of home owners and the
Irish the second highest. The other races follow in the order given :
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
303
Swedish, Bohemian and Moravian, Polish, Lithuanian, Russian He-
brew, and South Italian. The proportions vary from 46.1 per cent
of the Germans to 7.4 per cent of the South Italians. It will be noted
that the percentage of home owners is not as great among the native-
born Germans and Irish as among the Germans and Irish of foreign
birth.
The facts concerning home ownership have been given for the fam-
ily. The tables which follow deal with the rents paid by the house-
hold; that is, rent is here considered in its relation to housing rather
than in the relation which it, as an expenditure, bears to the income
of the family. The average and the distribution of rents per apart-
ment appear below. The percentages, which are cumulative, are
based upon the figures in General Table 132.
TABLE 56. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying—
Under
$5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
$20.
Native-born of native father.
White
23
44
33
180
89
167
46
78
68
317
135
24
351
32
70
117
$3.04
9.31
9.65
6.66
8.71
11. 75
11.26
10.72
10.12
8.25
9.47
10.25
7.79
11.67
8.63
11.82
4.3
4.5
.0
17.2
2.2
.6
.0
.0
.0
4.1
3.7
.0
2.8
.0
2.9
1.7
52.2
25.0
24.2
82.8
33.7
9.6
6.5
14.1
23.5
40.4
12.6
12.5
38.5
6.3
28.6
10.3
CO. 9
53.8
48.5
97.2
65.2
21.6
21.7
41.0
44.1
C8.5
44.4
25.0
83.5
25.0
57.1
23.9
82.6
84.1
90.9
99.4
92.1
62.3
71.7
89.8
75.0
92.7
94.8
87.5
99.7
75.0
98.6
C2.4
87.0
86.4
93.9
100.0
95.5
77.8
84.8
88.5
89.7
95.9
99.3
95.8
99.7
84.4
100.0
72.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
• 100.0
97.6
100.0
97.4
100.0
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.5
100.0
99.1
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish . .
Italian North
Italian, South..
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
1,774
77~
100
1,674
9.10
9.45
9.36
9.09
3.9
2Te~
3.0
3.9
32.3
24.7
31.0
32.4
59.1
53.2
55.0
59.3
87.8
87.0
83.0
87.9
92.8
89.6
93^0
99.3
100.0
100.0
99.3
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Five of the 16 races included in the table have a relatively narrow
range of rents. The Bohemian and Moravian and the Slovak house-
holds all pay under $15. The Hebrews other than Russian, the
North Italians, and the Magyars all pay between $5 and $20. The
widest distribution of rents is seen among the Russian Hebrews, the
South Italians, and the Swedes, each of which has one or more house-
holds paying under $5 and one or more paying $20. The Bohemians
and Moravians have a strikingly large percentage of households
paying under $5. The average rent paid by foreign households
is $9. 09, ^ by native households, $9.36, and by the total of native
and foreign, $9.10. Fifty-five per cent of native households and
59.3 per cent of foreign households pay under $10. The lowest
average rent, $6.66, is paid by the Bohemians and Moravians, and
the^highest average rent, $11.82, is paid by the Swedes. This wide
variation in rents per apartment is partly accounted for by the fact
that some races are paying for larger apartments than otters. An
304
The Immigration Commission.
illustration is afforded by the relative standing of the North and
South Italians in this and the following table. The table is derived
from General Table 133.
TABLE 57. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying —
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father,
White
23
44
33
180
89
167
46
78
C8
317
135
24
351
32
70
117
$2.04
2.20
2.07
2.04
2.14
2.82
2.78
2.11
2.41
2.42
2.30
2.30
2.05
2.47
2.35
2.49
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
39.1
18.2
24.2
58.3
30.3
3.0
4.3
26.9
5.9
12.9
11.9
20.8
30.8
6.3
8.6
12.8
95.7
90.9
93.9
95.0
89.9
55.1
54.3
93.6
86.8
68.5
94.8
95.8
94.0
75.0
87.1
74.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.4
98.9
96.4
97.8
100.0
98.5
97.5
100.0
100.0
99.4
96.9
98.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.4
100.0
99.4
100.0
100.0
98.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.4
100.0
100.0
98.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German.
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other.
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South.
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
1,774
2.31
2.14
2.12
2.32
.0
To"
.0
.0
21.5
208"
25.0
21.3
82.5
92.2
93.0
81.8
98.8
100.0
100.0
98.7
99.8
100.0
100.0
99.8
99.9
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born.
77
100
1,C74
100.0
100.0
99.9
The average rents per room in North Italian and in South Italian
apartments are practically the same, but the North Italians pay
$10.12 per apartment and the South Italians $8.25. The lower rent
per apartment paid by the South Italians is, therefore, owing to the
fact that they occupy the smaller apartments. Besides the number
of rooms per apartment, other factors likely to be operative in deter-
mining the amount of rent per apartment are its location and the
amount of comfort and convenience which it affords. Differences
due to these causes are best seen in the above table, where the factor
of size of apartment has been to a great extent eliminated. For
example, the high average rents per room paid by the Russian He-
brews and their relatively larger proportions of households paying $3
or over are largely explained by the location of many of the apart-
ments on business streets. a The high average rents per room paid
by the Swedes owe their explanation in part to a large proportion
of comparatively attractive and convenient apartments. Generally
speaking, those races which live in the older and more improved parts
of the city pay the higher rents per room.
'It can not be said, however, that with due allowance for location,
rent per room is, in general, an accurate index of housing conditions.
Some races seem to have the ability to get more convenience and
See description of Hebrew district, pp. 252, 253.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
305
comfort per dollar expended for rent than others. The Bohemians
and Moravians, for example, pay $2.04 per room and the Slovaks pay
$2.35. Presumably, then, the Slovaks should have the higher
standard as regards housing conditions, but as a matter of fact the
Bohemians for an average expenditure of $2.04 a room have better
apartments on better streets than the Slovaks secure for $2.35. The
higher rent per room paid by the Slovaks, who keep many boarders
and lodgers, is doubtless due in part to the fact that landlords in
many instances increase the rent per apartment in accordance with
the number of occupants in the household.
In the following table the amount of rent paid is related to the size
of the household. The table is a presentation in cumulative form of
the data in General Table 134.
TABLE 58. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying —
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father,
White
23
44
33
180
89
167
46
78
68
317
135
24
351
32
70
117
$2.08
2.11
1.90
1.45
1.87
2.16
2.26
1.80
1.70
1.68
1.50
1.63
1.50
1.64
1.42
2.60
0.0
4.5
9.1
22.2
5.6
.6
.0
5.1
2.9
5.4
4.4
4.2
8.5
.0
11.4
.0
52.2
38.6
51.5
70.6
47.2
32.3
28.3
56.4
61.8
61.8
80.0
62.5
67.0
62.5
80.0
16.2
69.6
63.6
78.8
90.6
76.4
74.9
78.3
80.8
85.3
84.5
90.4
87.5
88.6
78.1
94.3
53.0
95.7
81.8
87.9
99.4
88.8
91.0
89.1
91.0
100.0
94.3
96.3
95.8
94.9
93.8
100.0
82.1
95.7
88.6
93.9
99.4
94.4
96.4
93.5
92.3
100.0
96.8
98.5
95.8
97.7
100.0
100.0
92.3
100.0
97.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.2
95.7
97.4
100.0
98.7
100.0
100.0
99.4
100.0
100.0
97.4
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew' Other
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
1,774
1.74
6.7
57.3
82.2
93.5
93. 7
99.0
Totalnative-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
77
100
1,674
2.01
2.03
1.73
6.5
5.0
6.8
44.2
46.0
58.0
70.1
70.0
82.9
84.4
87.0
93.8
90.9
92.0
97.0
98.7
99.0
99.0
Total foreign-born
Rent per person, like rent per room, is subject to the variations
due to location and to differences in ability to secure equally good
accommodations for a given expenditure. The amount paid per
person is, however, more largely within the discretion of the house-
holder than is the amount paid per room and the result is a wider
range of variation in rents per person than in rents per room. The
Irish of foreign birth, for example, have no households paying as
much as $4 per room; but have households which do not increase the
number of persons proportionally to their rent, but pay between $4
and $5, between $5 and $6, or $6 or more per person. The average
rent per person for all households included in the table is $1.74.
Fifty-seven and three-tenths per cent pay under $2 and 50.6 per cent
pay between $1 and $2. The smallest percentage paying under $2
are found among the Swedes and the Hebrews; the highest, among
306
The Immigration Commission.
the Lithuanians and Slovaks. The Slovaks and the North Italians
have the narrowest range of rents per person, ah1 their households
paying under $4.
The comparative standing of the several races as indicated by the
average rents per apartment, per room, and per person appears below.
TABLE 59. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
paying rent
and report-
ing amount.
Average rent per —
Apartment.
Room.
Person.
Native-born of native father, White. . .
23
44
33
180
89
167
46
78
68
317
135
24
351
32
70
117
$9.04
9.31
9.65
6.66
8.71
11.75
11.26
10.72
10.12
8.25
9.47
10.25
7.79
11.67
8.63
11.82
$2.04
2.20
2.07
2.04
2.14
2.82
2.78
2.11
2.41
2.42
2.30
2.30
2.05
2.47
2.35
2.49
$2.08
2.11
1.90
1.45
1.87
2.16
2.26
.80
.70
a. 68
.50
.63
.50
.64
.42
2.60
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
Irish..
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
TTfibrfiw, Othur
Irish
Italian, North.
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian . . ....
Slovak
Swedish. . .
Grand total
1,774
9.10
2.31
1.74
Total native-born of foreign father
77
100
1,674
9.45
9.36
9.09
2.14
2.12
2.32
2.01
2.03
1.73
Total native-born .
Total foreign-born
It will be noted that there is least variation in average rent per
room, since this represents only those factors in determining rent
over which the household has least control. The variation between
races in the average rent rate per person is of greatest interest because
over this they have immediate control. The household which is
restricted by necessity or preference to a small area within walking
distance of work occupied by households of the same race may be
forced to rent an apartment larger than is desired in a location which
is relatively high priced. The recourse in such cases is to an increase
in the number of occupants. Boarders and lodgers are gathered in
until, as a rule, the average number of persons is considerably in
excess of the number of rooms and the rent per person is thereby re-
duced to a smaller amount than the rent per room. It will be seen
that the native-born of native father and the Swedes are the only
races studied which pay a higher average rent per person than per
room.
CHAPTER V.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
OCCUPATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD.
The heads of the households which are included in this study are
city dwellers with opportunities of occupation limited mainly by their
adaptability and efficiency. The numbers who were _ engaged in.
farming abroad are of interest as indicating the preparation for their
present industrial life and as giving some idea of the number of cases
m which immigration to the United States has meant migration from
country to city. The table below is from General Table 135:
TABLE 60. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households 16 years of
age or over at time of coming to the United States who were engaged in farming abroad,
by race of individual.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Engaged in farming
abroad.
Number.
Per cent.
Bohemian and Moravian .
166
113
177
44
64
71
308
151
25
322
32
74
99
59
25
5
1
43
50
195
107
14
212
25
63
17
35.5
22.1
2.8
2.3
67.2
70.4
63.3
70.9
56.0
65.8
78.1
85.1
17.2
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian .
Slovak
Swedish
Total
1,646
816
49.6
The heads of households included in the table were all old enough
to have an occupation at the time of their arrival in this country.
The percentages of those who were engaged in farming can not be
taken as representing the entire number who came from rural dis-
tricts. Some who report that they were shoemakers, carpenters,
laborers, and so forth, are also from the country. But it can be said
that at least 49.6 per cent of all the heads of households included in
the table came from rural districts, and that at least 85.1 per cent
of the Slovaks, 78.1 per cent of the Servians, 70.9 per cent of the
Lithuanians, and 70.4 per cent of the North Italians were country
dwellers abroad. It is also safe to assert that the Hebrews, Swedes,
Germans, and Bohemians and Moravians were mainly city dwellers
in the old country.
The present occupation of male heads of households appears in
General Table 136. From this list the two occupations of greatest
307
308
The Immigration Commission.
numerical importance have been selected for each race, with the
number of persons engaged in each occupation. The percentage such
number forms of the total number of* the race who are gainfully
employed has been computed in the table which follows:
TABLE 61. — Occupation of male heads of households ranking first and second in numerical
importance, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race
of individual.
Number
gainfully
employed
and re-
porting
occupa-
tion.
First rank.
Second rank.
Occupation.
Num-
ber.
Per cent
of total
gainfully
em-
ployed.
Occupation.
Num-
ber.
Per cent
of total
gainfully
em-
ployed.
Native-born of native
father, White.
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
German
20
51
35
172
136
178
43
83
72
340
152
25
388
32
77
114
Watchman
/Driver and
\ teamster.
Laborer
3
} 6
8
51
35
40
60
6
32
50
246
92
14
222
22
56
12
15.0
11.8
22.9
29.7
25.7
22.5
14.0
140
38.6
69.4
72.4
60.5
56.0
57.2
68.8
72.7
10.5
Butcher, em-
ployee.
(Laborer.
2
4
4
5
20
16
21
3
3
6
5
12
9
9
2
13
3
. 4
10
10.0
7.8
7.8
14.3
11.6
11.8
11.8
7.0
7.0
7.2
6.9
3.5
5.9
5.9
8.0
3.4
9.4
5.2
8.8
\ Piano factory
( employee.
Driver and
teamster.
Tailor, em-
ployee.
Carpenter
Pedler, pro-
prietor.
Laborer
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian.
German
Laborer
Laborer
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Tailor, em-
ployee.
Peddler pro-
prietor.
Tailor, em-
ployee.
Laborer
Laborer
Salesman
Driver and
teamster.
Painter, em-
ployee.
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
/Carpenter
\Saloon keeper.
Saloonkeeper.
Saloon keeper .
Salesman
Car repairer...
Driver and
teamster.
Italian North
Italian, South
Laborer
Lithuanian
Laborer
Magyar
Laborer
Polish
Laborer
Servian -:
Laborer
Slovak
Laborer
Swedish
Laborer
Grand total
1,918
Laborer .
860
448
Tailor, e m -
ployee.
86
4.5
Total native-born of for-
eign father.
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
86
106
1,812
Laborer
12
13
847
140
12.3
46.7
Driver and
teamster.
Driver and
teamster.
Tailor, e m -
ployee.
11
12
86
12.8
11.3
4.7
Laborer.
Laborer
From the general table it will be seen that a wide diversity of occu-
pation prevails. But the most usual occupation among the foreign-
born, among the native-born, and among all persons except the
native-born of native father, the second generation Germans, and
the Hebrews, Russian and other, is that of laborer. This class com-
prises men engaged in general labor, men who do unskilled labor in
or about factories, street sweepers, hod carriers, etc. In seven races,
all of foreign birth, the most usual occupation, that of laborer, is the
occupation of more than half of the heads of households. The
races are North and South Italian, Lithuanians, Magyars, Poles,
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
309
Servians, and Slovaks. The South Italians and Servians are
mainly laborers with pick and shovel outside the factory. The North
Italians, Lithuanians, Magyars, and Poles are for the most part
workers in large manufacturing plants. These are the races, which
with the Irish, appear in Table 60, as being a majority of heads of
households with farm training previous to coming to the United
States. The Irish by reason of their speaking English have more
opportunities open to them upon arrival in this country than have
the other races just named and are immigrants of much longer stand-
ing. This may explain the lower percentage of laborers among them.
The most important occupation among the Russian Hebrews is that
of tailor; among the Hebrews other than Russian the two of first
importance are peddler and tailor. The most usual occupation of
the second generation Germans is that of driver and teamster. Of
the 20 native-born of native father 3, or 15 per cent, are watchmakers.
Among the most important occupations only one, that of peddler,
is a business for profits, and this occurs in but one race. Among the
second most important occupations the occupation of peddler occurs
in two races and the occupation of saloon keeper in three. The num-
ber and per cent of male heads of households who are in business for
profits appear in the table below, which also is based on General
Table 136.
TABLE 62. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In business for profits.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father White
21
53
35
190
154
187
47
91
73
349
158
26
411
32
77
117
1
3
1
10
16
84
12
3
9
35
19
4
24
4
5
11
4.8
5.7
2.9
5.3
10.4
449
25.5
3.3
12.3
10.0
12.0
15.4
5.8
12.5
a 5
9.4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German ...
Irish . .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar.
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
2,021
241
11.9
Total native-born of foreign father
88
109
1,912
4
5
236
4.5
4.6
12.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
310
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 2,021 male heads of households 241, or 11.9 per cent, are in
business for themselves. These are shopkeepers, peddlers, proprie-
tors of small manufacturing establishments, saloonkeepers, etc.
This class is proportionally most numerous among the Russian
Hebrews and among the Hebrews other than Russian. It also con-
stitutes more than 10 per cent of the Magyars, the Servians, the
North Italians, the Lithuanians, and the Germans.
TABLE 63. — Number and per cent of female heads of households who are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual.
Number
Number
Number
Number
General nativity and race of
reporting
in busi-
General nativity and race of
reporting
in busi-
individual.
complete
ness for
individual.
complete
ness for
data.
profits.
data.
profits.
Native-born of native father,
Foreign-born— Continued .
White
5
Lithuanian
8
1
Native-born of foreign father,
Magyar. . .
1
by race of father:
Polish
29
1
German
7
Servian
1
1
Irish
9
1
Slovak
2
1
Foreign-born:
Swedish
31
3
37
German
24
3
Grand total
212
17
23
3
Hebrew, Other
3
1
Total native-born of foreign
Irish
13
2
father
16
1
Italian, North .
4
Total native-born
21
1
Italian, South
15
Total foreign-born
191
16
From the above table it will be seen that there are 212 female
heads of households, of whom 17, or 8 per cent, are in business for
themselves. Of the foreign-born 16, or 8.4 per cent, are in business
for profits. Of the five races with a large representation the Germans,
Russian Hebrews, and Swedes each show three female heads of house-
holds working for profits, the Polish one, and the Bohemians and
Moravians none.
The percentage of males 16 years of age or over who are at home,
at school, and in each class of occupations is given below, the per
cents being based on General Table 137.
TABLE 64. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race
of individual.
Num-
b°r re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent —
At
school
In domes-
tic and
personal
service.
In manu-
facturing
and me-
chanical
pursuits.
In general
labor (not
otherwise
entered).
In
trade.
In
trans-
porta-
tion.
In other
occupa-
tions.
At
home.
Native-born of native
father White
48
53
135
21
102
28
54
23
14.6
1.9
3.0
.0
2.9
7.1
3.7
.0
33.3
67.9
60.0
23.8
27.5
42.9
66.7
56.5
6.3
3.8
1.5
.0
7.8
10.7
5.6
.0
18.7
17.0
13.3
42.9
24.5
10.7
5.6
26.1
16.7
3.8
15.6
9.5
27.5
17.9
3.7
17.4
2.1
.0
1.5
.0
2.9
3.6
.0
.0
6.3
5.7
3.7
19.0
4.9
3.6
9.3
.0
2.1
.0
1.5
4.8
2.0
3.6
5.6
.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of fa-
ther:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Swedish...
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
311
TABLE 64. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual — Continued.
Per cent
Num-
ber re-
General nativity and race
of individual.
porting
com-
Slete
ata.
In domes-
tic and
personal
service.
In manu-
facturing
and me-
chanical
pursuits.
In general
labor (not
otherwise
entered).
In
trade.
In
trans-
porta-
Jion.
In
other
occupa-
tions.
At
home.
At
school.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
211
1 4
62 6
1 4
18 0
6 2
1 4
9 0
0 0
German
168
5.4
57.7
5.4
11.3
7.1
.6
12.5
.0
Hebrew, Russian . .
253
2.8
40.7
2.0
45.8
2.0
1.6
4.3
.8
Hebrew, Other.. ..
60
10.0
48.3
5.0
23.3
5.0
1.7
6.7
.0
Irish
101
8.9
47.5
13.9
1 0
17.8
2 0
8 9
.0
Italian, North
97
6.2
71.1
5.2
8.2
3.1
4.1
2.1
.0
Italian, South.
457
5.9
22.3
41.4
10.9
13.6
3 1
2 8
.0
Lithuanian
177
7.9
66.7
5.6
10.7
7.3
.6
1.1
.0
Magyar ... .
64
4.7
46 9
39.1
1.6
4.7
1 6
.0
1.6
Polish
546
3.5
71 8
7 1
5 3
5 5
4
6 0
4
Servian
177
3.4
21.5
50.8
7.3
15.3
.0
1.7
.0
Slovak
109
2 8
74 3
n 9
5 5
4 6
o
&
o
Swedish
135
5.9
60.0
3.0
11.1
14.1
3 0
3 0
.0
Grand total
3,028
4.6
51.2
14.2
13.7
9.4
1 5
4 9
Total native-born of for-
eign father
425
2.8
50.4
4 2
18.1
15 1
1 4
5 6
2 4
Total native-born
473
4.0
48.6
4.4
18.2
15.2
1.5
5.7
2.3
Total foreign-born
2,555
4.7
51.7
16.0
12.9
8.3
1.4
4.8
.2
Of the 3,028 males included in this table 2,863, or 94.6 per cent, are
engaged in some form of gainful employment; 149, or 4.9 per cent, are
at home; and 16, or 0.5 per cent, are at school. Persons at work
have been classified in the general table under nine distinct heads, of
which the five numerically most important appear separately above.
Fifty-one and two-tenths per cent of the total number included in the
table are in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. A greater ten-
dency toward manufacturing and mechanical pursuits and general
labor is observable on the part of the foreign-born than on the part
of the native, and a greater tendency toward trade and transportation
among the native than among the foreign-born.
The predominant industry among all the foreign-born races except
the Russian Hebrews, South Italians, and Servians is mechanical and
manufacturing pursuits; among the Russian Hebrews it is trade, and
among the South Italians and Servians, general labor. Seven races
are represented by twenty or more persons of the second generation.
Of these, the Bohemians and Moravians, the Germans, and the Poles
show no noteworthy differences from the total foreign-born as regards
distribution in the several industries; the Hebrews have fewer propor-
tionally in manufacturing, none in certain industries before repre-
sented, and more at home and at school; the Irish have fewer
proportionally in manufacturing and general labor and more in trade
and transportation; the South Italians have more in manufacturing
and only about a fourth as many proportionally in general labor; and
the Swedes have more proportionally in trade and transportation.
The percentages of females 16 years of age or over who are at home,
at school, and engaged in each of the several classes of employment
are derived from General Table 138.
312
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 65. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of indi-
vidual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent—
In domes-
tic and
personal
service.
In manu-
facturing
and me-
chanical
pursuits.
In
trade.
In other
occupa-
tions.
At
home.
At
school.
Native-born of native father, White. . .
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
59
85
134
25
78
78
43
215
171
239
60
97
89
360
173
32
420
84
150
6.8
2.4
4.5
.0
11.5
5.1
4.7
13.0
5.8
3.8
1.7
8.2
2.2
.3
5.2
6.3
3.1
3.6
16.7
15.3
58.8
31.3
24.0
20.5
41.0
25.6
10.2
11.7
12.1
21.7
1.0
24.7
22.8
9.8
3.1
9.0
4.8
8.7
8.5
12.9
11.9
52.0
9.0
5.1
25.6
3.7
3.5
12.6
1.7
.5.2
.0
4.7
4.0
.0
1.4
.0
3.3
1.7
.0
1.5
.0
7.7
.0
2.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.7
64.4
• 25.9
50.7
16.0
50.0
47.4
37.2
73.0
78.9
70.7
75.0
85.6
73.0
72.2
80.9
87.5
85.5
91.7
70.7
3.4
.0
.0
8.0
1.3
1.3
4.7
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.1
.0
.0
.0
German.
Hebrew
Irish
Polish
Swedish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
G erman
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish . ...
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Swedish.
Grand total
2,636
5.4
16.4
5.8
.6
71.3
.5
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
464
523
2,113
5.4
5.5
5.4
34.7
32.5
12.4
13.6
13.0
4.0
1.9
1.9
.2
42.7
45.1
77.8
1.7
1.9
Total foreign-born
Only six of the races in the above table have any females 16 years
of age or over in school. The per cents of women who are gainfully
employed appear, by race, below :
Per cent.
Native-born of Hebrew father 76. 0
Native-born of Bohemian or Mo-
ravian father 74. 1
Native-born of Swedish father 58. 1
Native-born of Polish father 51. 3
Native-born of German father 49. 3
Native-born of Irish father 48. 7
Native-born of native father 32. 2
Swedish 29. 3
Hebrew, Russian 28. 5
Per cent.
Italian, South 27. 8
Bohemian and Moravian 27. 0
Hebrew, other than Russian 25. 0
German 21. 1
Lithuanian 19. 1
Italian, North '. . I 17.0
Polish 14.5
Irish 14.4
Magyar .- 9. 4
Slovak.. 8.3
The manufacturing industry offers the largest field of employment
to the working women of all the native-born races except the Hebrew
and the Swedish, high proportions of whom are in trade. ^The
percentage of women at work among the foreign-born in no case is as
high as 30. Three immigrant races, however, have more than 20 per
cent of all women in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, namely,
the Hebrews other than Russian and the North and South Italians.
Relatively high percentages of the Bohemians and Moravians, the
Irish, and the Swedes are in domestic and personal service. Among
women this column is largely made up of servants, which among
men can not be said to be the case, since policemen, city firemen,
men employed about amusement places, etc., are included.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
313
The table which follows gives the percentages of boys and girls
under 16 who are at home, at school, and at work. General Table
139 is the basis for the percentages.
TABLE 66. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes in each section only races with twenty or more persons reporting.
ever, are for all races.]
MALE.
The totals, how-
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent —
At home. At school. At work
Native-born of native father, White 74
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian 87
German 79
Hebrew 88
Irish 73
Italian, North 20
Italian, South 85
Lithuanian 41
Polish 165
Swedish 70
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian 30
Hebrew, Russian 71
Italian, North 23
Italian. South 61
Polish. 33
Grand total 1 , 069
Total native-born of foreign father 729
Total native-born 803
Total foreign-born 266
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White 68
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian 91
German 69
Hebrew 87
Irish 77
Italian, North 24
Italian, South 103
Lithuanian 32
Polish 144
Swedish 88
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian 56
Italian, South 73
Polish 36
Grand total 1, 053
Total native-born of foreign father 773
Total native-born 801
Total foreign-born 252
10.8
6.9
11.4
1.1
5.5
5.0
4.7
19.5
11.5
7.1
6.7
1.4
.0
8.2
18.2
8.2
8.5
8.6
86.5
80.5
84.8
97.7
89.0
95.0
85.9
80.5
81.8
87.1
73.3
94.4
100.0
78.7
78.8
85.6
86.0
86.1
84.2
2.7
12.6
3.8
1.1
5.5
.0
9.4
.0
6.7
5.7
20.0
4.2
.0
13.1
3.0
5.9
5.8
5.5
7.1
7.6
6.6
10.1
4.6
6.5
8.3
2.9
21.9
18.1
11.4
14.3
6.8
19.4
9.5
10.2
10.7
76.5
80.2
76.8
92.0
93.5
79.2
97.1
78.1
77.1
84.1
85.7
80.8
75.0
84.0
85.1
84.4
82.9
13.2
13.0
3.4
.0
12.5
.0
.0
4.9
4.5
.0
12.3
5.6
5.6
5.3
5.4
6.3
25608° — VOL 26 — 11-
-21
314
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 66. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school^ and at
work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
Number
reporting
Per cent—
complete
data.
At home.
At school.
At work.
Native-born of native father, White
142
14 1
81 7
4 2
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
178
6.7
80 3
12 9
German
148
10 8
81 1
8 1
Hebrew. . .
175
2.9
94.9
2 3
Irish
150
6 0
91 3
2 7
Italian, North
44
6 8
86 4
6 8
Italian, South
188
3.7
92 0
4 3
Lithuanian
73
20 5
79 5
0
Polish
309
14.6
79.6
5 8
Slovak
26
11.5
88 5
o
Swedish
158
9 5
85 4
5 1
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
49
6.1
81 6
12 2
Hebrew, Russian
127
7.1
90.6
2.4
Hebrew, Other
30
.0
86.7
13 a
Italian, North
36
2 8
91 7
5 6
Italian, South
134
7.5
79.9
!*>. 7
Lithuanian .
25
16.0
84 0
.0
Polish
69
18 8
76 8
4 3
Grand total
2 122
9 4
84 8
5 7
Total native-born of foreign father
1,462
8.9
85.6
5 5
Total native-born
1 604
9 4
85 2
5 4
Total foreign-born
518
9.7
83.6
6.8
Of the 2,, 122 children included in the table, 84.8 per cent are at
school, 9.4 per cent are at home, and 5.7 per cent are at work. The
few children" who have some employment — for example, selling
papers — outside of school hours are shown here as at school. The
total foreign-born will be seen to show a slightly lower percentage of
children at school and a slightly higher percentage at work than the
native-born. From the general table it will be seen that 268 of the
3,371 native-born children and 91 of the 642 foreign-born children are
of working age. The percentage of boys at work is highest and the
percentage at school is lowest in the case of the Bohemians and Mora-
vians of foreign birth. The North Italians of both generations and the
Lithuanians of native birth show no boys at work. The highest per-
centages of girls at work are among the second-generation Bohemians
and Moravians, Germans, and North Italians, and the foreign-born
South Italians. The highest proportions of girls at school are found
among the second-generation South Italians, Irish, and Hebrews, all
of whom show over 90 per cent; the lowest percentages of girls at
school are found among the foreign-born Poles, the native whites of
native father, and the native-born Germans.
For the purpose of convenient comparison of the children born in
the United States with those born abroad, the percentages of the
above table, together with the numbers which are their basis, are
given for all races, with adequate representation in each class.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
315
TABLE 67. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by race of father and by birthplace of child.
[This table includes only races with twenty or more children born in the United States and also twenty or
more born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
Num-
ber re-
1
"fumber-
1
3er cent-
Race of father.
Birthplace of
child.
porting
com-
plete
data.
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
Native-born of native father.
White
United States
142
20
116
6
14 1
81 7
4 2
Foreign- born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
/United States.
\Abroad
178
49
12
3
143
40
23
6
6.7
6 1
80.3
81 6
12.9
12 2
Hebrew
/United States.
175
5
166
4
2.9
94.9
2.3
Italian, North
/United States.
44
3
38
7
3
5. 7
6.8
89. 8
86.4
4. 5
6.8
Italian, South
\Abroad
/United States.
36
188
1
7
33
173
2
8
2.8
3-7
91.7
92.0
5.6
4.3
Polish
\Abroad
/United States.
134
309
10
45
107
246
17
18
7.5
14.6
79.9
79.6
12.7
5.8
\Abroad
69
13
53
3
18-8
76.8
4.3
The Hebrews, South Italians, and Poles show the higher proportion
of children at school in the second generation, while the Bohemians
and Moravians and the North Italians show the higher proportion at
school among the foreign-born. Hebrews and North Italians of both
nerations and South Italians of the second generation all show
igher proportions of children at school than do the native-born
whites of native father.
EARNINGS.
The table which follows classifies male wage-earners according to
the amount of earnings for the year. The year under consideration
includes several months of depression immediately following the
panic of 1907. The figures of General Table 140 are presented here
in cumulative form.
TABLE 68. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning—
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Native-born of native
father, White
34
30
96
3
75
11
31
16
$720
472
603
<°)
573
402
517
516
2
8
4
1
7
"~3
3
11
19
1
22
5
9
6
10
21
58
3
40
10
17
10
28
28
88
3
69
11
31
16
5.9
26.7
4.2
(0)
9.3
(a)
9.7
(a}
8.8
36.7
19.8
(a)
29.3
29.0
fa'*
29.4
70.0
60.4
(a)
53.3
(a)
518
(a\
82.4
93.3
91.7
(0)
92.0
£&o
fa\
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German.
Hebrew...
Irish....
Italian, South
Polish
Swedish...
Not computed, owing to small number Involved.
316
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 68. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual — Continued.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cont earning—
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$000.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
163
124
111
37
82
74
312
141
57
447
173
98
114
$491
632
476
493
624
429
367
429
470
413
325
404
692
14
2
6
2
2
10
40
18
5
71
46
10
1
61
16
48
13
19
33
204
65
17
219
123
56
12
110
58
82
25
41
56
279
116
43
370
161
86
34
160
116
109
37
75
74
309
138
57
444
173
97
100
8.6
1. 6
5.4
5.4
2.4
13.5
12.8
12.8
8.8
15.9
26.6
10.2
.9
37.4
12.9
43.2
35.1
23.2
44.6
65.4
46. 1
29.8
7L1
57.1
10.5
67.5
46.8
73.9
67.6
50.0
75.7
89.4
82.3
75.4
82.8
93.1
87.8
29.8
98.2
93.5
98.2
100.0
91.5
100.0
99.0
97.9
100.0
99.3
100.0
99.0
87.7
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish ....
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total . .
2,229
262
296
1,933
468
553
572
452
252
23
25
227
962
73
76
886
1,630
159
169
1,461
2,163
246
274
1,889
11.3
8.8
8.4
11.7
43.2
73.1
________
60.7
57.1
75.6
97.0
Total native-born of for-
eign father
27.9
25.7
45.8
93.9
92.6
97.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . . .
« Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 1,933 immigrant wage-earners 227, or 11.7 per cent, have
earned under $200; 886, or 45.8 per cent, have earned under $400;
1,461, or 75.6 per cent, have earned under $600 ; and 1,889, or 97. 7 per
cent, have earned under $1 ,000. In other words, not quite one-fourth
have earned as much as $600 and only 2.3 per cent nave earned as
much as $1,000 within the year. Of all the persons included in this
study the Servians report the lowest yearly earnings. Their average
earnings are $325; seven out of every ten men make under $400
per year and none earns as much as $1,000. These men, however,
are younger and of more recent arrival in the United States than
other immigrants. The percentage under 30 years of age shown in
Table 27 is very nearly the same as if tabulated by race of the indi-
vidual, since nearly all members of foreign Servian households are
themselves Servians of foreign birth. The Swedes earn the highest
wages among the foreign-born and are second only to the wage-earners
of native parentage. The Swedes, Germans, and Irish form a group
of immigrant races whose yearly earnings are distinctly higher than
the earnings of the other immigrant races. It will be recalled that
these are the races longest established in this country, and .therefore
the races most favorably circumstanced with reference to adaptation
to their changed environment. They are also the races whose lan-
guage is most closely akin to English. The Irish have the language
at their service on their arrival in this country, and the Swedes and
Germans show great readiness in acquiring this most valuable
equipment for industrial life. Some idea of the relative ability of
the several races in regard to English speaking may be gained from
Table 82. It is no accident that the three races under discussion have
a similar standing in the tables showing earning ability and ability to
use English. A part of the year for which earnings are recorded was
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
317
within a period of severe industrial depression when the workman, not
limited to a narrow field by the necessity of working with a "boss"
who could speak his mother tongue, was free to range over a great
industrial center in search of work. The difference in earnings
between the group of older immigrants and the others is therefore
probably caused in part by the abnormal conditions at the time of the
investigation.
The yearly earnings of women are shown below. The table gives
in cumulative form the data of General Table 141.
TABLE 69. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and
reporting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning—
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Native-born of native
father, White
18
31
45
6
23
1
2
13
13
48
1
1
18
31
7
9
13
62
7
2
1
44
4
40
$321
333
355
(a)
374
c
327
185
(0)
(a)
317
268
(°)
(a)
232
156
(°)
(a)
(a)
200
(a)
221
4
4
8
1
. 7
1
8
10
17
1
7
1
1
6
6
36
1
1
8
15
4
7
11
55
5
1
1
36
2
30
10
23
27
5
9
1
2
13
9
42
1
1
12
26
5
8
11
60
6
2
1
43
4
35
16
29
37
6
15
1
2
13
10
46
1
1
16
31
6
9
11
61
7
2
1
44
4
37
(0)
12.9
17.8
(a)
30.4
(a)
(0)
(a)
(a)
64.6
(a)
(a)
(a)
29.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
71.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
47.7
(a)
52.5
(a)
32.3
37.8
(a)
30.4
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
75.0
(a)
(a)
(«)
48.4
(a)
(a)
(a)
88.7
(a)
(a)
(a)
81.8
(a)
75.0
(0)
74.2
60.0
(«)
39.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
87.5
(0)
(a)
(a)
83.9
(a)
(a)
(a)
9fi.8
(a)
(a)
(a)
97.7
(a)
87.5
(a)
93.5
82.2
(a)
65.2
(a)
(a)
(a)
(0)
95.8
(a)
(a)
(a)
100.0
(«)
(a)
(a)
98.4
(a)
la\
(°)
100.0
(a)
92.5
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South
Polish
2
4
31
1
1
8
9
3
5
9
44
4
.....
21
1
21
Swedish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
Canadian (other
than French)
English
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian
Polish...
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father
440
134
152
288
252
336
335
208
190
27
31
159
270
49
57
213
356
89
99
257
406
113
129
111
43.2
20.1
20.4
55.2
61.4
' •__ — -— -
36.6
37.5
74.0
80.9
" — ^ —
66.4
65.1
89.2
92.3
84.3
84.9
96.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Percentages are computed only for the eight races which are repre-
sented in this table by twenty or more women. Of these the South
Italians have the lowest average earnings and the largest percentage of
women who earn under $200. The native-born of Irish father have
the highest average earnings and the smallest percentage of women who
earn under $500. The earnings of the total foreign-born are very
noticeably lower than the earnings of the native-born.
318
The Immigration Commission.
FAMILY INCOME.
The following series of tables is a study of family incomes based on
selected families. Families living two or more in one household with
financial arrangements so complicated as to make total incomes diffi-
cult of determination are excluded from the study as are also families
with earning members working for profits, since gross earnings are
often given by such members. The sources of family incomes are
classified under five heads: Earnings of husband, of wife, and of chil-
dren, payments of boarders and lodgers, and other sources. It will
be seen that part of the income represented by the first three sources
is net, by the fourth is gross, and by the fifth may be either net or
gross. The total family income for the years is shown in General
Table 142. The table below presents the data in cumulative per-
centages. No families living entirely on savings are included in this
table.
TABLE 70. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount,
by general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
Average
Per ce
nt of farnr
ies having
a total inc
ome —
head of family.
selected
families.**
family
income.
Under
$300.
Under
$500.
Under
$750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$1,500.
Native-born of native father.
White
22
$766
9.1
27.3
59.1
81.8
86.4
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
44
914
.0
13.6
40.9
68.2
84.1
Irish .
28
868
7.1
17.9
60.7
75.0
89.3
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
146
125
731
1 027
7.5
4 8
31.5
10 4
61.6
33 6
80.1
58 4
94.5
82 4
Hebrew, Russian. .
91
647
15.4
39.6
71.4
87.9
96.7
Hebrew. Other
29
641
10 3
27.6
65.5
93.1
100 0
Irish
78
1,049
3.8
15.4
32.1
56.4
83.3
Italian. North
53
763
9.4
32.1
50.9
77.4
96.2
Italian, South
219
504
25.1
60.7
85.8
93.2
98.6
Lithuanian
117
544
17.9
50.4
82.1
92.3
99.1
Magyar
20
831
5.0
15 0
35 0
75 0
95 0
Polish
338
563
16 6
47 6
77 2
91 7
97 6
Slovak .
65
568
16.9
50.8
78.5
90 8
98.5
Swedish
113
888
4 4
12 4
40 7
70 8
89 4
Grand total
1,495
694
13 2
37 2
64 8
82 5
94 2
Total native-born of foreign
father
72
896
2 8
15 3
48 6
70 8
86 1
Total native-born
94
866
4.3
18.1
51.1
73 4
86.2
Total foreign-born
1,401
683
13.8
38.5
65 7
83 2
94 7
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
The information tabulated here was secured in the spring after
the panic of 1907. The year under consideration therefore includes
several months of industrial depression.
The above showing is poorest in the case of the South Italians.
Sixty families in 100 have incomes of under $500 and 25 of the 60
have less than $300. Not only is there the greatest proportion of low
incomes but the average income for the families of the race is the
lowest in the table. The average income for all Chicago families
studied is $694, for the foreign-born, $683, and for the native-born,
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
319
Of the 1,495 families studied 197, or 13.2 per cent, have
incomes under $300, an average of less than 83 cents per day. Of
these 197 families 193 are foreign.
Payments for shelter, food, and clothing are the principal items
of expenditure of the families studied. Rent payments must usually
be met before all others. It requires but little calculation to dis-
cover that even a small family in a low-priced apartment with a net
income of $300 can not be properly nourished for the amount that
can be spared for food. In some cases families have had savings to
draw on and in a much larger number of cases they have had credit,
usually with the grocer, more rarely with the landlord. A South
Chicago grocer, for example, had a whole, community of his country-
men in his debt in the summer of 1908 both for groceries and for the
rent of their apartments. But in spite of much kindness and even
sacrifice on the part of certain immigrants in behalf of their less
prosperous fellows, not a few cases of the want of necessities were
encountered in the course of this study.
The table which follows shows for each race the percentage of the
total income from each of the five sources previously enumerated:
TABLE 71. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, childrent
boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
of
selected
families.a
Per cent of total income from —
Earnings of —
Pay-
ments of
board-
ers or
lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Children.
Native-born of native father, White
22
44
28
146
125
91
29
78
53
219
117
20
338
65
113
78.7
69.8
68.7
53.6
50.8
54.8
69.8
53.5
52.2
67.9
75.2
54.1
66.6
68.0
61.6
0.8
3.6
1.1
3.5
1.2
.8
.0
.8
4.5
4.7
.8
.0
1.9
1.9
4.7
8.8
14.9
28.2
33.8
34.2
22.3
22.9
35.7
13.8
19.7
7.2
11.9
15.5
1.2
21.1
7.8
2.5
.4
5.8
2.7
6.0
7.1
5.9
27.7
4.2
12.9
34.0
10.1
28.9
7.7
4.0
9.1
1.6
'3.4
11.2
16.1
.1
4.1
1.9
3.6
3.9
.0
6.0
(»4.9
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish *
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
1,495
61.4
2.4
21.8
8.8
5.7
Total native-born of foreign father...
72
94
1,401
69.4
71.3
60.6
2.7
2.3
2.4
19.9
17.6
22.1
1.7
3.0
9.3
6.3
5.8
5.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
b Less than 0.05 per cent.
Attention has been called to the fact that income from earnings
is net and from boarders or lodgers is gross. The total amount
under " Other sources" is about 90 per cent receipts from rent, the
remaining 10 per cent being largely the contributions of relatives or
friends who pay either more or less than the regular rates of boarders
320
The Immigration Commission.
or lodgers. Income from this fifth source may then be considered
gross. The proportion of the total income which is gross affects
the value of the averages in Table 75. For example, the 28 families
whose heads are native-born of Irish father have only 2 per cent of
their average income from boarders or lodgers and other sources, that
is, the $868 is practically a net income ; the $568 income of the Slovaks
is 28.9 per cent gross.
It wm be seen that the Germans and Irish of foreign birth, the
two races which show average incomes of over $1,000, are among
those races which have the smallest proportion of income from the
earnings of the husband and the greatest proportion from the earn-
ings of children.
The table showing the percentage of the families studied which
derive their income from each of the five classified sources is drawn
from General Table 143. In the general table each family is listed
as many times as it has sources of income; therefore the percentages
in the table below are not mutually exclusive as regards the families
they represent.
TABLE 72. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
of select-
ed fami-
lies.a
Per cent of families having an income from —
Earnings of —
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodg-
ers.
Other
sources.
Hus-
band.
Wife.
Children.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
22
44
28
146
125
91
29
78
53
219
117
20
338
65
113
61.8
84.1
92.9
80.1
80.0
76.9
86.2
84.6
88.7
95.4
95.7
90.0
89.9
96.9
77.9
4.5
9.1
10.7
18.5
8.0
7.7
.0
3.8
13.2
18.7
2.6
.0
6.8
4.6
20.4
27.3
22.7
25.0
37.0
44.0
29.7
27.6
44.9
28.3
24.7
9.4
15.0
20.7
3.1
36.3
18.2
11.4
3.6
17.1
9.6
38.5
41.4
17.9
56.6
17.4
79.5
65.0
43.5
76.9
42.4
9.1
«
15.9
7.1
8.9
38.4
17.6
3.4
15.4
7.5
1.8
6.8
.0
13.3
1.5
12.4
Irish.;
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish .
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian ....
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
1,495
87.4
10.4
26.6
35.7
11.8
Total native-born of foreign father
72
94
1,401
87.5
86.2
87.4
9.7
8.5
10.5
23.6
24.5
26.8
8.3
10.6
37.3
12.5
11.7
11.8
Total native-born
Total foreign born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
Of the families studied the immigrant Irish and German have the
largest proportion with children earning, the percentages being 44.9
and 44. The showing of these two races in the preceding tables and
in Table 27 is of interest in this connection. The data in Table 27
would seem to indicate that the families of these races are on an aver-
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
321
age the oldest studied and the most likely to have children of working
age. The high proportion of German families having income from
"Other sources '^may be explained by the fact that 46 families have
income from rent.
If the total of foreign families be compared with the total of native
it will be seen that for every one of the five classified sources the per-
centage of families having an income from that source is greater among
the foreign-born than among the native-born ; in other words, the im-
migrant family is on the whole dependent for its income upon a greater
variety of sources than is the native family. There is a much more
widespread reliance upon the payments of boarders or lodgers among
foreign than among native families, 37.3 per cent of the foreign and
only 10.6 per cent of the native reporting an income from this source.
In the following table the source of family income is presented in
another way. Each family is listed but once, according to the
source or combination of sources from which it derives its entire
income. The percentages are based on General Table 144.
TABLE 73. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. J
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number of selected fam-
ilies.a
Per cent of families having entire income from—
1
w
!
•§
c3
-a
c
!3
W
1
T3
§£
•a -a
1
W
-a
fl
03
•Sd
££
f°~:3
I1
W
i
«
tt
13 W>
Is
1o
|S
w
4
d
2
o
•a
«2
£
fe
co
|
11
rQ tJO
is
«2
£
s
£
1
•el
1
jl
i
3
t_t
o
g
•s
§
PQ
&4
•2 8*2:
822
ǤS
S-g*
JH o*a3;
co
Native-born of native father,
White
22
44
28
146
125
91
29
78
53
219
117
20
338
65
113
45.5
52.3
53.6
35.6
33.6
29.7
41.4
35.9
26.4
43.8
14.5
20.0
31.7
18.5
23.0
0.0
2.3
7.1
7.5
1.6
1.1
.0
1.3
5.7
15.5
.0
.0
2.4
1.5
7.1
18.2
11.4
21.4
15.1
14.4
5.5
6.9
23.1
7.5
16.0
1.7
5.0
7.1
1.5
12.4
0.0
.0
.0
3.4
1.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.9
13.6
11.4
3.6
11.0
4.0
27.5
27.6
10.3
24.5
14.2
66.7
65.0
34.6
69.2
23.0
0.0
2.3
3.6
2.7
.8
.0
.0
1.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
1.8
0.0
4.5
.0
2.7
.0
4.4
.0
1.3
.0
.9
.9
.0
.3
.0
3.5
4.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
lo
.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
.9
.0
1.8
9.1
.0
3.6
7.5
4.0
6.6
6.9
6.4
1.9
3.2
.0
10.0
3.3
.0
2.7
0.0
.0
.0
1.4
.0
1.1
6.9
1.3
3.8
.0
1.7
.0
.3
.0
1.8
0.0
.0
.0
1.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.9
.0
.9
.0
1.2
3.1
.0
9.1
15. 9
7.1
11.6
40.0
24.2
10.3
19.2
28.3
5.0
12.8
.0
17.5
6.2
22.1
16.5
12.5
11.7
16.8
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian . . .
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
1,495
72
94
1,401
32.5
4.8
4.2
3.2
4.9
10.8
.7
==
.0
.0
.8
26.7
.9
— _. '
2.8
2.1
.8
1.3
==
2.8
2.1
1.2
.5
.0
1.1
.4
3.7
.9
.7
Total native-born of foreign
father
52.8
51.1
31.3
15.3
16.0
10.4
8.3
9.6
27.8
1.4
3.2
3.8
.0
.0
.9
.0
.0
.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see VoL II, p. 10.
Disregarding the last column of this table as miscellaneous in char-
acter it is found that among 10 of the 15 races the earnings of the
husband is the most usual source of entire income ; among Lithuanian,
322
The Immigration Commission.
Magyar, Polish, and Slovak families the most usual source is the earn-
ings of husband, together with the payments of boarders or lodgers.
Of the total native families 51.1 per cent and of the total foreign
31.3 per cent derive their entire income from the earnings of the
husband. Among native families the most common way of supple-
menting the husband's earnings is by the earnings of children; among
immigrant families, however, it is by keeping boarders or lodgers.
The proportion of families with income composed entirely of earn-
ings and therefore net is the sum of the percentages in columns 3, 4, 5,
6, 8/9, and 11.
Per cent.
Native - born of native father,
White 72. 8
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German 72.8
Irish 89.3
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian 74. 5
German 56. 0
Hebrew, Russian 47. 3
Hebrew, Other 55. 2
Irish 69.3
Italian, North 41.5
Per cent.
Foreign-born — Continued .
Italian, South 80. 8
Lithuanian 17. 1
Magyar 35. 0
Polish 45.7
Slovak 21.5
Swedish.. 51.5
Grand total 54.7
Total native-born of foreign father. 79. 3
Total native-born 77. 7
Total foreign-born 53. 2
Thus far in this study no account has been taken of the composition
of the family. The table below gives the number of families in which
husbands are present and the number and percentage of husbands
who are wage-earners:
TABLE 74. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number of
selected
families. o
Total
number of
husbands.
Number of
husbands
at work.
Per cent of
husbands
at work.
Native-born of native father, White
22
18
18
100.0
Native-born of foreign father by race of father:
German . .
44
39
37
94.9
Irish
28
26
26
100.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian . ....
146
127
117
92.1
German
125
116
100
86 2
Hebrew, Russian .
91
77
70
90.9
Hebrew Other
29
27
25
92.6
Irish...
78
70
66
94.3
Italian, North
53
49
47
95.9
Italian, South ".
219
213
209
98.1
Lithuanian . ....
117
113
112
99.1
Magyar
20
19
18
94.7
Polish .
338
322
304
94.4
Servian
7
6
6
(ft)
Slovak
65
64
63
98.4
Swedish
113
91
88
96.7
Grand total
1,495
1,377
1,306
94.8
Total native-born of foreign father
72
65
63
96.9
Total native-born ....
94
83
81
97.6
Total foreign-born
1,401
1,294
1,225
94.7
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. 6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
From this table it appears that every race includes one or more
families with no husband present and that in all but two races there
are cases of one or more husbands who show no earnings within
the year. The proportion of nonearning husbands is greatest
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
323
among the Germans of foreign birth who report only 86.2 per cent at
work. Tne German families where the huso and is not at work are
largely dependent for their incomes upon rents and the earnings of
grown children. The proportion of families without husbands is
noticeably high among the Swedes, a fact which explains the low per-
centage of families of that race with income from husband's earnings,
as shown in Table 77.
The husbands at work are classified according to the amount of
their yearly earnings in General Table 145. The following is a pres-
entation of the facts in cumulative form:
TABLE 75. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of
individual.
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.]
General nativity and
race of individual.
Num-
ber
work-
ing for
wages.
Aver-
age
earn-
ings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning —
8
3
b
•o
. a
P
1
a
£
1
a
ID
u
1
fe
-a
a
t>
13
23
21
109
78
68
24
48
47
206
107
17
294
6
63
66
«©
8
T3
fl
0
8
•<•
|
1
fe
T3
a
P
fe
T3
a •
p
0.0
5.4
11.5
37.6
11.0
41.4
28.0
19.7
38.3
66.5
46.4
27.8
44.4
(a)
57.1
9.1
£
T?
a
|3
s
>«o
a
P
<e
&
$
Native-born of native
father White
18
37
26
117
100
70
25
66
47
209
112
18
304
6
63
88
$737
5
13
8
80
44
55
15
29
32
190
93
13
242
54
25
16
31
24
115
92
70
25
59
47
20f
110
18
302
6
63
76
0.0
.0
.0
2.6
.0
1.4
.0
.0
.0
2! 7
.0
3.0
%
.0
0.0
.0
.0
10.3
1.0
5.7
4.0
1.5
17.0
14.8
13.4
5.6
13.8
S?3
1.1
27.8
35.1
30.8
68.4
44.0
78.6
60.0
43.9
68.1
90.9
83.0
72.2
79.6
(a)
85.7
28.4
72.2
62.2
80.8
93.2
78.0
97.1
96.0
72.7
100.0
98.6
95.5
94.4
96.7
(a)
100.0
75.0
88.9
83.8
92.3
98.3
92.0
100.0
100.0
89.4
100.0
98.6
98.2
100.0
99.3
iSlo
86.4
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
German
759
642
652
461
519
663
449
358
428
500
416
(a)
398
703
Q
3
44
11
29
13
18
139
52
13£
4
36
8
Irish
3
""i
'"}
c
"~9
""i
12
1
^
1
1
8
31
15
1
42
J
1
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Hebrew, Russian . .
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian. South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish ..
Servian
Slovak.
Swedish
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father
1,306
488
18
129
506
.1= J
501
903
21
26
877
1,190
44
57
1,133
1,260
55
71
1,189
1.4
.0
.0
1.5
9.9
.0
.0
10.5
38.7
7.9
6.2
40.9
69.1
33.3
32.1
71.6
91.1
69.8
70.4
92.5
96.5
87.3
87.7
97.1
63
81
1,225
711
717
473
Total native-born
i Total foreign-born
18
129
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The South Italians here, as in Table 70, make the poorest showing
of all the races. The average earnings of South Italian husbands is
$358, which is $40 less than the next lowest average, that of Slovak
husbands, and is only half as much as the average income of native-
born husbands. Thirty-one South Italians earn under $200 per year
and 139, or 66.5 per cent, earn under $400. For all Chicago families
studied the average earnings of husbands at work are $488; for the for-
eign-born the average is $473, and of the native-born, $717. None
of the native-born earns under $200, but 129 foreign-born, or 10.5
per cent, earn less than this amount.
324
The Immigration Commission.
The number of families with wife present, the number and percent-
age of wives at work, and the average earnings of wives at work
appear below.
TABLE 76. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of selected
families.o
Total
number of
wives.
Number
of wives at
work.
Per cent
of wives at
work.
Average
earnings
of wives at
work.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
22
44
22
44
1
4
4.5
9 1
(6)
(b)
Irish
28
28
3
10 7
*)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
146
143
27
18 9
$137
German ....
125
122
10
8 2
151
Hebrew, Russian
91
90
7
7 8
(b)
Hebrew, Other. . .
29
29
.0
Irish ....
78
78
3
3 8
(b)
Italian, North
53
53
7
13.2
(*>)
Italian, South
219
218
41
18 8
127
Lithuanian
117
117
3
2.6
(6)
Magyar
20
20
.0
Polish
338
338
23
6 8
153
Servian. . .
7
7
(6)
Slovak
65
64
3
4 7
(b)
Swedish
113
111
23
20.7
205
Grand total
1 495
1 484
155
10 4
159
Total native-born of foreign father
72
72
7
9 7
(6)
Total native-born
94
94
8
8.5
w
Total foreign-born
1,401
1 390
147
10 6
155
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. 6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Ten of the 16 races in the table have no families with no wife pres
ent. Of the 1,495 families studied, only 11 are without the wife
and these are all foreign-born. Of the 1,484 wives, 155, or 10.4
per cent, are at work. The highest percentage of wives at work is
20.7 in the case of the Swedes. It will be recalled that Table 72
shows the highest proportion of women without husbands in the
families of this race; half of these wives at work are widows. The
Swedish wives at work have average earnings of $205, which is more
than $50 higher than the average for any of the other races.
For the tables which follow, a still further selection, of families has
been made. From the 1,495 families included in the study of family
income, the 1,366 which have both husband and wife present have
been chosen for a closer study of the tendency of the wives of the
several races to supplement the earnings of the husbands.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
325
TABLE 77. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers,
by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
of selected
families, a
Number of husbands
earning —
Number
of wives
having
employ-
ment or
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
Number of wives having
employment or keep-
ing boarders or lodgers
where husbands' earn-
ings are—
Under
$400. &
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Under
$400. c
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
18
26
124
113
76
27
70
49
212
113
19
322
6
63
89
5
11
5
36
33
26
8
16
14
51
41
8
107
1
18
17
13
24
18
37
56
15
10
37
15
19
19
5
62
1
9
61
3
6
3
38
18
34
11
15
28
76
90
13
154
5
50
46
3
5
1
7
10
9
6
8
9
3
14
3
19
1
6
32
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
4
3
51
24
35
9
17
20
142
53
6
153
4
36
11
1
Irish
2
20
5
9
3
3
11
58
48
3
81
4
32
5
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew Russian
11
3
16
2
4
8
15
28
7
54
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magyar .
Polish
Servian
Slovak
12
9
Swedish
Grand total
1,366
568
397
401
590
284
2~
2
282
170
1
1
169
136
6
9
127
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
65
83
1,283
7
7
561
16
21
376
42
55
346
9
12
578
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. Of the selected families only those which have both husband
and wife present appear in this table.
b This column includes 64 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
f This column includes 20 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
The footnotes to this table state that of the 64 husbands who have
not worked within the year 20 have had wives at work or adding to
the family income by keeping boarders or lodgers. The racial dis-
tribution of the 20 cases is as follows: Polish 10; Bohemian and
Moravian, and German, each 2 ; and Russian Hebrews, other Hebrews,
Irish, North Italian, South Italian, and Swedish, each 1.
The significance of the figures in the table is most readily seen in
the form of percentages.
326
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 78. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers,
by earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are
for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. The families here represented are only those
where both husband and wife are present.]
sr cent of wives having employment or keeping
boarders or lodgers where husbands' earnings
General nativity and race of head of family.
Under
$400.o
$400 and
under $600.
$600 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
(6)
9.1
20 8
15 4
Irish
(*)
.0
5.6
11.5
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
39 2
30 6
18 9
30 6
German
20.8
9.1
17.9
15.9
Hebrew Russian
25.7
61.5
60.0
44 7
Hebrew O ther
33 3
25 0
60 0
40 7
Irish
17.6
25.0
21.6
21.4
Italian North
55.0
57 1
60.0
57 1
Italian South
40 8
29 4
15 8
35 8
Lithuanian .
90.6
68.3
73.7
79 6
Polish
52.9
50 5
30 6
47 8
Slovak
88.9
66.7
66.7
79.4
Swedish
45.5
52.9
52.5
51.7
Grand total
50.0
42.8
33.9
43.2
Total native-born of foreign father
28.6
6.3
14.3
13.8
Total native-born
28.6
4.8
16.4
14.5
Total foreign-born
50 3
44 9
36 7
45 1
o This column includes 20 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
fc Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The five races represented in the table by 1 00 or more families are
the Bohemian and Moravian, German of foreign birth, South Italian,
Lithuanian, and Polish. Of these, the. Lithuanians have the largest
percentage of wives at work and the Germans have the smallest.
Among the Germans and Lithuanians the lowest proportion of wives at
work is in the group where husbands earn from $400 to $600, and the
highest proportion is in the group where the husbands' earnings are
under $400. Among the Bohemians and Moravians, the South
Italians, and the Poles, the proportion of wives at work or keeping
boarders or lodgers decreases as the income of the husband increases.
This is true also for the total foreign-born and for the grand total
of all families studied.
CHAPTER VI.
ASSIMILATION.
RESIDENCE IN APARTMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND CITY.
The households which furnish the data for this report live in blocks?
or districts chosen for study because of their approximation to racial
homogeneity and are therefore in racial colonies, so far as racial
colonies could be found. In the detailed study the households of
each foreign race may be said to be representative of one or more
racial communities, which communities are themselves representative
of the race in congested districts. The exceptions are the Magyars
and the Slovaks, whose households, although representative of the
race, are found in largest numbers intermingled with each other or
with the Poles. a
Residence in racial colonies can not be said to be favor \ble to
assimilation, for acquaintance with the United States is, to some
extent, limited by the place of residence. The following table gives
the number and percentage of the households of each race whose
entire residence has been in the apartment, the neighborhood, and
the city, by the number of years the household has been established.
Group households are not included in this table because, lacking the
permanent nucleus of the family, they are essentially unstable and
have an indefinite period of existence. The table is derived from
General Table 146.
TABLE 79. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States and-
by general nativity and race of head of household.
[" Length of time established in the United States " is, for families formed in the United States, the number
of years since marriage, and for families formed abroad, the number of years the family has resided in the
United States.]
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in—
Per cent which have spent
whole tune in —
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Native-born of native father.
White
6
14
8
73
25
84
23
10
1
7
2
38
11
28
7
2
4
12
6
68
19
77
15
8
6
13
8
70
22
79
15
9
(6)
(&)
(b)
52.1
44.0
33.3
30.4
(b)
(&)
ti
93.2
76.0
91.7
65.2
(b)
w
8
95. 9>
88.0
94.0
65.2
(b)
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. . . .
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish...
a See General Table 107.
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
327
328
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 79. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States and
by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued.
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS— Continued.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole tune in —
Per cent which have spent
whole time in—
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Foreign-born— Continued.
Italian North
41
154
74
14
196
10
51
18
11
51
25
4
46
4
13
8
39
136
63
11
170
10
45
15
41
140
71
11
181
10
47
16
26.8
33.1
33.8
c
c
(a)
95.1
88.3
85.1
(a)
86.7
(a)
88.2
(a)
100.0
90.9
95.9
(a)
92.3
(a)
92.2
(«)
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
801
258
698
739
32.2
87.1
92.3
Total native-born of foreign
father
22
28
773
9
10
248
18
22
676
21
27
712
40.9
35.7
32.1
81.8
78.6
87.5
95.5
96.4
92.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Native-born of native father,
White
2
1
2
2
(°)
(a)
(a)
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
15
4
11
14
(a)
(a)
fa)
Irish
11
2
g
10
(a)
(a)
(a)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
39
23
8
5
32
17
35
19
20.5
21 7
82.1
73 9
89.7
82 6
Hebrew, Russian
37
7
27
28
18.9
73.0
75 7
Hebrew. Other
19
3
11
12
(a)
(a)
(a)
Irish
20
1
12
19
5.0
60.0
95.0
Italian, North
12
1
10
10
(a)
(a)
(o)
Italian South
95
6
72
74
63
75 8
779
Lithuanian
65
5
53
64
7.7
81.5
98 5
Magyar
6
3
3
(a)
(a)
(a)
Polish
85
9
71
73
10.6
83.5
85.9
Servian
2
2
2
(a)
(a)
(a)
Slovak
19
2
14
14
(<*)
(a)
(«)
Swedish
19
2
14
17
(°)
(a)
(0)
Grand total...
469
56
359
396
11.9
76.5
84.4
Total native-born of foreign
father....
26
6
19
24
23.1
73.1
92 3
Total native-born
28
7
21
26
25 0
75 0
99 9
Total foreign-born
441
49
338
370
11.1
76.6
83.9
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Native-born of native father,
White.
18
30
19
114
123
85
8
74
23
94
2
4
9
21
9
89
73
51
2
33
16
60
12
27
12
106
106
58
3
58
20
75
(a)
13.3
(a)
9.6
9.8
4.7
n.4
(a)
70.0
(a)
78.1
59.3
60.0
(a)
44.6
69.6
63.8
(a)
90.0
(a)
93.0
86.2
68.2
WT,4
87.0
79.8
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
11
12
4
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
4
Italian, North
Italian, South . . .
7
7.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
329
TABLE 79. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States and
by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued.
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER— Continued.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in—
Per cent which have spent
whole time in—
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Foreign-born— Continued .
Lithuanian
25
7
143
1
9
104
2
18
6
97
22
7
116
8.0
4.8
72.0
«*.•
B
71.2
88.0
89.4
Magyar.
Polish
6
Servian
Slovak
2
5
8
74
8
93
Swedish
Grand total
877
59
566
723
6.7
64.5
82.4
Total native-born of foreign
father
49
67
810
4
6
53
30
39
527
39
51
672
8.2
9.0
6.5
61.2
58.2
65.1
79.6
76.1
83.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father,
White
26
4
15
20
15.4
57 7
76 9
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
59
15
44
54
25 4
74 6
91 5
Irish
38
4
23
30
10.5
60 5
78 9
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
226
171
57
28
189
109
211
147
25.2
16 4
83.6
63 7
93.4
86 0
Hebrew, Russian
206
39
155
165
18.9
75 2
80 1
Hebrew, Other
50
10
28
30
20 0
56 0
CO 0
Irish
104
7
53
86
6 7
51 0
8^ 7
Italian, North..
76
12
65
71
15 8
85 5
93 4
Italian South
343
64
268
289
18 7
78 1
81 3
Lithuanian ....
164
32
131
157
19 5
81 7
95 7
Magyar
27
4
20
21
14 8
74 1
77 8
Polish
424
61
338
370
14 4
79 7
87 3
Servian
13
4
12
12
(a)
Co)
fa")
Slovak
79
17
67
69
21 5
84 8
87 3
Swedish
141
15
103
126
10 6
73 o
89 4
Grand total...
2 147
373
1 623
1 858
17 4
75 6
88 5
Total native-born of foreign
father
97
19
67
84
19 6
69 1
88 6
Total native-born
123
23
82
104
18 7
66 7
84 6
Total foreign-born
2 024
350
1 541
1 754
17 3
76 1
86 7
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 2,024 foreign households included in this table 1,754, or 86.7
per cent, have spent their whole period of residence in this country in
the city of Chicago, and 1,541, or 76.1 per cent of the whole number,
have resided exclusively in the neighborhood in which they now live.
In other words, only 13.3 per cent of the immigrant households
studied have lived in the United States elsewhere than in Chicago and
only 10.6 per cent have lived in Chicago elsewhere than the neigh-
borhood. Movement within the neighborhood is indicated by length
of residence in the apartment. Only 17.3 per cent of the foreign
households studied have spent their whole period of residence in the
one apartment, while 82.7 per cent have lived in more than one
apartment.
25608°— VOL 26—11-
-22
330
The Immigration Commission.
The races with the smallest proportions of households which have
lived elsewhere in the United States than in Chicago are the Lithu-
anians, the Bohemians and Moravians, and the North Italians. The
Hebrews, other than Russian, have the largest percentage of house-
holds with residence outside of Chicago ; 20 of their households, com-
prising 40 per cent of the total number, have resided elsewhere, and
10 of these lived in New York City before coming to Chicago.
The percentages of the foreign households of each race which have
resided entirely in the neighborhood are as follows:
Italian, North 85.5
Slovak 84.8
Bohemian and Moravian 83. 6
Lithuanian 81. 7
Polish 79.7
Italian, South 78. 1
Hebrew, Russian 75. 2
Magyar 74. 1
Swedish 73.0
German 63. 7
Hebrew, other than Russian ... 56.0
Irish 51.0
The races from northwestern Europe, which, with the Hebrews other
than Russian, appear at the foot or the list, are found upon exami-
nation to have the highest percentages which have resided elsewhere
in Chicago, 31.7 per cent of the Irish households, 22.3 per cent of the
German, and 16.4 per cent of the Swedish having had residence in the
city outside of the neighborhood. The races whose languages are
not dissimilar to English show less firm attachment to the neighbor-
hood than the races farther removed in speech.
All the households of recent immigrants and also the households of
the recently married appear in the first division of the table. The per-
centages of households whose entire period of residence has been in
Chicago are above 90 for seven of the nine races, and vary from 100 in
the case of the North Italians to 65.2 in the case of the Hebrews, other
than Russian. Three races, the North Italians, the Bohemians and
Moravians, and the Russian Hebrews, have more than 90 per cent
of their households with entire residence in the neighborhood.
In the division of the table representing less recent immigrants and
the less recently married, the Lithuanians, Irish, and Bohemians and
Moravians have the largest percentages of households which have
never lived outside the city, and the Poles, Bohemians and Mora-
vians, and Lithuanians have the largest percentages which have never
lived outside the neighborhood.
Of the households of foreign races which represent the older immi-
grants and the older families, the Bohemians and Moravians, the
Lithuanians, and the Swedes show the highest percentages with entire
residence in Chicago and also with entire residence in the neighbor-
hood. The Russian Hebrews have the largest percentage of house-
holds which have lived elsewhere than Chicago, and the Irish have
the largest percentage with residence outside the neighborhood.
YEARS IN THE UNITED STATES.
The table following gives for foreign-born male heads of households
the number of years since first arrival in the United States, which is,
in all but a small proportion of cases, the length of residence in the
United States. The table is based on General Table 113.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
331
TABLE 80. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under five years, five to nine years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.
for time spent abroad.]
No deduction is made
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German
191
155
186
47
90
72
346
157
26
407
32
77
117
39
10
50
10
1
22
69
25
10
100
26
23
1
42
11
40
25
4
19
114
64
7
123
4
34
11
33
18
62
7
13
21
106
63
7
87
2
14
38
77
116
34
5
72
10
57
5
2
97
20.4
6.5
26.9
21.3
1.1
30.6
19.9
15.9
38.5
24.6
81.3
29.9
.9
22.0
7.1
21.5
53.2
4.4
26.4
32.9
40.8
26.9
30.2
12.5
44.2
9.4
17.3
11.6
33.3
14.9
14.4
29.2
30.6
40.1
26.9
21.4
6.3
18.2
32.5
40.3
74.8
18.3
10.6
80.0
13.9
16.5
3.2
7.7
23.8
.0
7.8
57.3
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
6
67
Swedish
Total
1,903
386
498
471
548
20.3
26.2
24.8
28.8
From the distribution throughout the four periods, it will be seen
that the Irish are the oldest immigrants, the Germans the second
oldest, and the Swedes third. The Bohemians and Moravians and the
Poles show large proportions in the United States twenty years or
over, but they also show considerable numbers in each of the other
year groups. The comparative standing of races in regard to recent
immigration is best seen in the cumulative percentages below:
TABLE 81. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United States under
five years, under ten years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made
for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Percent of persons in United States
each specified number of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
Bohemian and Moravian
191
155
186
47
90
72
346
157
26
407
32
77
117
20.4
6.5
26.9
21.3
1.1
30.6
19.9
15.9
38.5
24.6
81.3
29.9
.9
42.4
13.5
48.4
74.5
5.6
56.9
52.9
56.7
65.4
54.8
93.8
74.0
10.3
59.7
25.2
81.7
89.4
20.0
86.1
83.5
96.8
92.3
76.2
100.0
92.2
42.7
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Total. .
1,903
20.3
46.5
71.2
The percentage of recent arrivals is exceptionally high among the
Servians, who show 81.3 per cent in this country under five years.
Next to the Servians are the Magyars with 38.5 per cent, the North
Italians with 30.6 per cent, the Slovaks with 29.9 per cent, and the
332
The Immigration Commission.
Russian Hebrews with 26.9 per cent. The proportion in the United
States under ten years is again highest in the case of the Servians,
who have 93.8 per cent in this group. Then follow the Hebrews,
other than Russian, with 74.5 per cent, and the Slovaks with 74 per
cent. Of the 1,903 foreign-born male heads of households, 20.3 per
cent have been in the country under five years, 46.5 per cent under
ten years, and 71.2 per cent under twenty years.
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
The bond of a common language is one of the strongest forces
operative in the formation and perpetuation of racial colonies. So
long as the members of a race do not speak English they avoid resi-
dence in English-speaking neighborhoods and cling to the community
where their mother tongue is heard on the street. The table below
gives the number and percentage of male heads of households who
speak English. The Irish, being an English-speaking race, is excluded
from the table. The table is based on General Table 147.
TABLE 82. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak English, by
general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who speak
English.
Per cent
who speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, German . .
53
53
100.0
Foreign-born .
Bohemian and Moravian
191
47
24.6
German .
153
114
74.5
Hebrew , Russian
385
73
39.5
Hebrew, Other. .
47
24
51.1
Italian North
72
11
15 3
Italian, South. . .
344
50
14.5
Lithuanian
157
30
19.1
Magyar
25
7
28.0
Polish
'01
100
24.9
Servian . .
32
8
25.0
Slovak ..
77
10
13.0
Swedish
117
107
91.5
Grand total
1 854
634
34.2
Total native-born of foreign father
53
53
100.0
Total foreign-born
1,801
581
32.3
It will be seen that the races from northwestern Europe have the
highest percentages of members who speak English, the Hebrews being
next to the highest in this respect ; that the Magyars come next below
the Hebrews and are closely followed by the Slavic races exclusive of
the Slovaks; and that the Lithuanians, the two Italian races, and
the Slovaks follow in order, the Slovaks, with 13 per cent of English-
speaking heads, having the lowest proportion of all the races. Of the
1,801 foreign-born heads of households only 581, or 32.3 per cent, can
speak the English language. All the races except the Swedes, Ger-
mans, and Hebrews have fewer than one-third of their heads of house-
holds able to speak English.
^ The table which follows gives the number and percentage of women,
either heads of households or wives of heads, who speak English.
The table is derived from General Table 148.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
333
TABLE 83. — Number and per cent offemaUs who speak English, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only female heads of households and wives of heads of households of non-English-
speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who speak
English.
Per cent
who speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
17
17
(a
Canadian French
1
1
(a
Danish . . .
2
2
(a
French
1
(a
German . ..
57
57
100.0
Hebrew
1
1
(a)
Italian, North
2
2
(a)
Italian South
3
3
(a)
Polish
27
26
96.3
Swedish
2
2
(0)
Foreign-born:
203
30
14.8
French
1
(a)
German .
148
86
58.1
Hebrew Russian
202
44
21.8
Hebrew, Other . .
47
17
36.2
Italian North
72
9
12.5
Italian , South
312
25
8.0
Lithuanian
154
6
3.9
Magyar
25
2
8.0
Norwegian
2
2
(«)
Polish
385
59
15.3
Servian
13
1
(a)
Slovak
85
3
3.5
Slovenian ... .
1
1
(°)
Swedish
139
114
82.0
Grand total
1 902
510
26.8
Total native-born of foreign father
113
111
98.2
Total foreign-born
1,789
399
22.3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The percentage of women who speak English will be seen to be
lower than men in every race except the second-generation Ger-
man, in which race all of the women speak English, as do all of
the men. The women are more dependent upon the immediate
neighbors for their acquaintance with English than are the men,
many of whom acquire the use of the language at their work. They
also show a greater timidity in attempting the use of the strange
tongue and a stronger disinclination toward neighbors who speak
other languages. While 32.3 per cent of the men of foreign birth
speak English, only 22.3 per cent of the immigrant women are found to
speak the language. Among the women of foreign birth, as among
the foreign-born men, the races of northwestern Europe, and next to
them the Hebrews, have the highest proportions who speak English.
In this connection it will be remembered that the races of north-
western Europe have the largest proportions of households that have
resided in the city outside of the neighborhood. Of all the races the
Slovak and Lithuanian women show the slightest tendency to learn
the English tongue.
334
The Immigration Commission.
For male heads of households the ability to speak English is given
by years in the United States in the table below. The table is based
neral Table 149.
TABLE 84. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by years in the United States and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races. By years in the United States is meant years since
first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the
Un i t e d States
each specified
number of years.
Number who speak
English by years
in the United
States.
Per cent who speak
English by years
in the United
States.
Un-
der 5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Un-
der 5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Un-
der 5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German
191
153
185
47
72
344
157
25
401
32
77
117
39
10
50
10
22
69
25
10
97
26
23
1
42
11
40
25
19
113
64
7
122
4
34
11
110
132
95
12
31
162
68
8
182
2
20
105
5
5
14
15
1
6
7
2
13
2
3
9
42
106
55
9
10
43
21
4
85
2
7
98
0.0
(a)
8.0
Wo
1.4
8.0
(0)
2.1
15.4
.0
(«)
11.9
(a)
35.0
60.0
(a)
5.3
10.9
(a)
10.7
(a)
8.8
(a)
38.2
80.3
57.9
<&.
26.5
30.9
(a)
46.7
(0)
35.0
93.3
3
4
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Italian North
Italian, South.
1
2
1
2
4
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak .
Swedish
Total .
1,801
382
492
927
17
82
482
4.5
16.7
52.0
oNot computed, owing to small-number involved.
Six races are represented by twenty or more persons in each year
group. Of these the Russian Hebrews show, on the whole, the great-
est facility in acquiring English and the South Italians the least.
Eight per cent of the Russian Hebrews in the United States under five
years, 35 per cent in the United States from five to nine years, and
57.9 per cent in the United States ten years or over have learned to
speak the language of the country; the corresponding proportions for
the South Italians are 1.4 per cent, 5.3 per cent, and 26.5 per cent.
It will be seen that only among the Hebrews, Russian and other, are
the percentages of English speaking persons high among those in the
country under ten years.
The table which follows gives the ability to speak English by age at
the time of coming to this country. The table is derived from Gen-
eral Table 150.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
335
TABLE 85. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
N u mb e r each
specified age at
time of coming.
Number who
s p ea k English,
by age at time of
coming.
Per cent who speak
English, by age
at time of coming.
Under
14.
14 or
over.
Under
14.
14 or
over.
Under
14.
14 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian
191
153
185
47
72
344
157
25
401
32
77
117
17
32
7
1
1
24
3
174
121
178
46
71
320
154
25
367
32
. 77
17
30
7
1
1
20
2
30
84
66
23
10
30
28
7
71
8
10
96
W
93.8
(a
(a
(a
83.3
(a)
17.2
69.4
37.1
50.0
14.1
9.4
18.2
28.0
19.3
25.0
13.0
90.6
German .
Hebrew, Russian '
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar. . .
Polish
34
29
85.3
Servian
Slovok '.
Swedish
11
106
11
(a)
Total.
1,801
130
1,671
118
463
90.8
27.7
aNot computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 1,801 persons included in this table 130 were under 14 years
of age at the time of coming to the United States and 1,671 were 14
years of age or over. Of the 130 who were under 14 years old 118
or 90.8 per cent now speak English; of the 1,671 who were over 14
years of age 463 or 27.7 per cent now can speak the language. Three
races are represented by more than twenty persons in each age group.
Of the persons who came before they were 14 years old 93.8 per cent
of the Germans, 85.3 per cent of the Poles, and 83.3 per cent of the
South Italians can speak English. The three races show a much
greater variation in proportions who speak English among those who
came when they were older. Sixty-nine and four-tenths per cent
of the Germans, but only 19.3 per cent of the Poles and 9.4 per cent
of the South Italians, have learned to speak English.
LITERACY.
The tables which follow are concerned with the literacy of male
heads of households and of women who are either heads of house-
holds or the wives of heads. The table next presented is based on
General Table 151 and shows the number and percentage of the
male heads of households who read and who read and write.
336
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 86. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and who read and
write, by general nativity and race of individual .
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who—
Per cent who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of fa-
ther:
German . .
16
52
32
191
152
186
46
80
70
336
156
25
400
32
76
116
16
50
32
186
148
146
40
76
59
179
112
24
309
25
55
115
16
50
32
183
148
143
38
75
59
175
95
24
294
25
52
115
(a)
96.2
100.0
97.4
97.4
78.5
87.0
95.0
84.3
53.3
71.8
96.0
77.3
78.1
72.4
99.1
(a)
96.2
100.0
95.8
97.4
76.9
82.6
93.8
84.3
52.1
60.9
96.0
73.5
78.1
68.4
99.1
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish ..
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total . .
1,966
1,572
1,524
80.0
77. 5
Total native-born of foreign father. ..
84
100
1,866
82
98
1,474
82
98
1,426
97.6
98.0
79.0
97.6
98.0
76.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The highest proportion of literacy is shown b}^ the second generation
of Irish, all of whom read and write. Then follow the Swedes with
99.1 per cent who read and write, the Germans with 97.4 per cent, the
second-generation Germans with 96.2 per cent, the Magyars with 96
per cent, the Bohemians and Moravians with 95.8 per cent, and the
Irish with 93.8 per cent. The low proportions of literacy are among
the South Italians, 52.1 per cent of whom read and write, the Lithu-
anians, 60.9 per cent of whom read and write, and the Slovaks, 68.4
per cent of whom can read and write. Of the 1,966 heads of house-
holds included in this table 1,572, or 80 per cent, can read and 1,524,
or 77.5 per cent, can both read and write. -
The number and percentage of women either heads of households
or wives of heads who can read and who can read and write appear
in the table next submitted. The table is from General Table 152.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
337
TABLE 87. — Number and per cent of female heads of households, and wives of heads who
read and who read and ivrite, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Per cent who—
Read.
Read and
write.
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father White
35
18
3
1
60
1
30
2
3
28
4
203
1
3
1
157
202
50
79
68
303
154
24
2
482
13
84
1
136
35
17
3
1
60
1
30
2
3
26
3
183
1
3
1
145
101
26
77
49
82
70
24
2
257
6
61
1
135
35
17
3
1
60
1
30
2
3
26
3
174
1
3
1
143
97
23
77
49
82
34
24
2
215
6
53
1
131
100.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
(0)
(a)
92.9
(a)
90.1
1
°92.4
50.0
52.0
97.5
72.1
27.1
45.5
100.0
(a)
53.3
72.6
(a)
99.3
100. 9
8
j;w
° 92.9-
(a)
85.7
(a)
(a)
91.1
48.0"
46.0
97.5
72.1
27.1
22.1
100. 0
(a)
96.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
\ father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Danish
French
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Polish
Swedish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian (other than French) .
English
French
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South .
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian
Polish . .
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Grand total
2,148
1,405
1,297
65.4
60.4
Total native-born of foreign father
150
185
1,963
146
181
1,224
. 146
181
1,116
97.3
97.8
62.4
97.3-
97.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The percentage of literacy among the women is in general much
lower than among the men. Of the 2,148 women included in the
table 1,405, or 65.4 per cent, can read and 1,297, or 60.4 per cent, can-
both read and write. Much more variation among the races is observ-
able in the case of women than of men. Of the races represented
above by twenty or more persons four report all of their number able
to read and write. On the other hand, only 22.1 per cent of the
Lithuanians, 27.1 per cent of the South Italians, 44.6 per cent of the
Poles, 46 per cent of the Hebrews other than Russian, read and
write. Among immigrants the percentage of literacy is highest in
the case of the women from the northwest of Europe, being above
90 per cent in each of the three races.
338
The Immigration Commission.
The number and percentage of male heads of households who read
and write is given below by years in the United States. This table
is based on General Table 153.
TABLE 88. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and write, by years
in the United States and race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the
United States
each specified
number of years.
Number who read
and write, by
years in the
United States.
Per cent who read
and write, by
years in the United
States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German
191
152
186
46
80
70
336
156
25
400
32
76
116
39
10
50
10
1
22
68
25
10
97
26
23
1
42
10
40
25
4
18
111
63
7
122
4
33
11
110
132
96
11
75
30
157
68
8
181
2
20
104
38
10
35
6
42
10
34
23
4
16
58
38
7
91
3
21
11
103
128
74
9
71
25
81
44
8
140
2
14
103
97.4
(a)
70.0
(a)
(a)
81.8
52.9
52.0
(a)
64.9
76.9
73.9
(a)
100.0
(a)
85.0
92.0
(a)
k{,
60.3
(a)
74.6
(a)
63.6
(a)
93.6
97.0
77.1
(a)
94.7
83.3
51.6
64.7
(0)
77.3
(a)
70.0
99.0
Hebrew, Russian . .
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
18
36
13
9
63
20
17
1
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
Total
1,866
382
490
994
266
358
802
69.6
73.1
80.7
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Six races are represented by 20 or more persons in each of the
year groups. Among the Lithuanians and the Poles the older the
immigration the higher is the percentage of literates; among the
South Italians the older the immigration the lower is the percentage
of literates, the decrease here, however, being very slight. The
Bohemians and Moravians and the Russian Hebrews have their high-
est percentage of literates in the group in this country five to nine
years, while the Slovaks have their lowest percentage of literates in
this group. Of all the races represented among the most recent
immigrants by 20 or more persons the Bohemians and Moravians have
the highest per cent of literates. Among immigrants of from five
to nine years' standing the Bohemians and Moravians are again first
with 100 per cent literate. Of the older immigration the Swedes
have the highest percentage of literacy, followed by the Germans,
the Irish, and the feohemians and Moravians, all of whom show more
than 90 per cent of the male heads of households able to read and write.
The table following shows the number and per cent of literates
among male heads of households who came to the United States
before they were 14 years of age and among those who came after they
were 14 years of age. The table is derived from General Table 154.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
339
TABLE 89. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who read and
write, by age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
Race of individual.
Number
report-
ing com-
plete
data.
Number each speci-
fied age at time
of coming.
Number who read
and write, by age
at time of coming.
Per cent who read
and write, by age
at time of coming.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Bohemian and Moravian
191
152
186
46
80
70
336
156
25
400
32
76
116
17
32
7
1
14
1
24
3
174
120
179
45
66
69
312
153
25
367
32
76
105
16
32
6
1
14
1
15
3
167
116
137
37
61
58
160
92
24
265
25
52
104
(Ao
a
a
a
62.5
(a)
96.0
96.7
76.5
82.2
92.4
84.1
51.3
60.1
96.0
72.2
78.1
68.4
99.0
German .
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
poHsh.:::::::::::::::::::::""
33
29
87.9
Servian
Slovak
Swedish
11
11
(a)
Total.
1,866
143
1,723
128
1,298
89.5
75.3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Three races, the Germans, South Italians, and Poles, are repre-
sented by 20 or more persons in each age group. All of the Germans
who came to the United States before they were 14 years old and 96.7
per cent who came after they were 14 can read and write. Of the
South Italians 62.5 per cent who were under 14 years of age and 51.3
per cent who were 14 years or over are literate. Of the Poles 87.9
per cent of those who came before the age of 14 and 72.2 per cent of
those who were 14 years of age or over at coming are literate. The
proportion of literates among all immigrants who came under 14 is
89.5 per cent and among those who came at 14 years of age or over
is 75.3 per cent.
CITIZENSHIP.
The number of foreign-born male heads of households who have
become fully naturalized and the number who have taken the first step
toward naturalization are .shown in General Table 155 and in the fol-
lowing tables derived therefrom.
These tables include only those male heads of households who were 2 1
years of age or over at the time of their arrival in the United States
and who have been in the country long enough to have become
citizens. The Irish have the highest percentage of citizens and
the Swedes and Germans have the second highest. The high pro-
portion of Hebrews, other than Russian, who have only their first
papers is explained by the fact that 20 of the 23 have been in this
country less than ten years.
340
The Immigration Commission.
If to the percentage of fully naturalized be added the percentage
who have declared their intention of becoming citizens the relative
standing of the races is :
Per cent.
Irish 93.1
German 92. 4
Swedish 90. 3
Hebrew, other than Russian . ; 78, 2
Per cent.
Italian, South 51. 9
Lithuanian 51. 8
Polish 47. 0
Slovak.... 21.9
Total 63.
Hebrew, Russian 78. 0
Bohemian and Moravian 77. 1
Italian, North 69. 0
The promptness of immigrant races in acquiring citizenship is
shown in the following table, which is also drawn from General Table
155:
TABLE 90. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who have
been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time
of coming, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully
naturalized.
Having first
papers only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having first
papers only.
Bohemian and Moravian
96
79
91
23
29
42
202
85
12
181
5
32
72
60
68
55
7
27
24
94
39
3
74
2
5
62
14
5
16
11
62.5
86.1
60.4
30.4
93.1
57.1
46.5
45.9
(0)
40.9
(a)
15.6
86.1
14.6
6.3
17.6
47.8
.0
11.9
5.4
5.9
W 6.1
W 6.3
4.2
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian North
5
11
5
2
11
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Servian
Slovak
1
Swedish..
Total..
949
520
85
54.8
9.0
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 91. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who have
been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over at time of
coming, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully
naturalized.
Having first
papers only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having first
papers only.
Bohemian and Moravian
28
11
33
20
3
15
93
46
7
92
4
21
8
3
3
14
5
1
1
13
13
11
4
7
10
10.7
(a)
42.4
25.0
8
14.0
28.3
W6.5
W,s
(°)
39.3
(a)
21.2
50.0
(0)
(a)
7.5
8.7
W 17
W »
(a)
German . ...
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
3
7
4
2
8
Italian, South. ...
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
6
1
1
3
Slovak
2
Swedish
Total
381
64
58
16.8
15.2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Chicago.
341
Of the more recent immigrants, the Russian Hebrews have the
highest percentage of citizens, the Lithuanians the second highest,
and the Hebrews, other than Russian, the third highest. The per
cents which have taken any action in regard to citizenship are :
Per cent.
Hebrew, other than Russian 75. 0
Hebrew, Russian 63. 6
Bohemian and Moravian 50. 0
Lithuanian 37. 0
Italian, South 21.5
Only 32 per cent of the 381 persons who were eligible at time of
coming to the United States have taken any steps toward citizenship
within the first ten years. Of the seven races the Hebrews have shown
the greatest inclination to take advantage of their opportunity to
become citizens, and the Slovaks and Poles have shown the least.
Per cent.
Polish 15.2
Slovak 14.3
Total.. 32.0
PART lY.-PHILADELPHIA.
343
344
The Immigration Commission.
MAP
SHOWING GENERAL LOCATION
OF BACH BLOCK OR DISTRICT
STUDIED AND PREDOMINANT RACE.]
LEGEND
PART IV.— PHILADELPHIA,
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Until recently Philadelphia has enjoyed the reputation of having
practically no housing problem. A large proportion of her popula-
tion live in small houses, and tenements are rare. This does not
indicate, however, that housing conditions in Philadelphia are neces-
sarily superior to conditions in cities having a larger proportion of
tenements. The following quotation from Miss Emily W. Dinwid-
die's Dwelling Conditions in Philadelphia describes the situation
accurately :
Those who discuss Philadelphia's housing problems are often met by the surprised
exclamation, "I thought Philadelphia had no bad conditions; that it was a city of
homes." Yet the intricate network of courts and alleys with which the interior of the
blocks are covered is a conspicuous feature, and also the crowding together of the
houses so closely that a large proportion have no open space at the rear or side, all
light and air coming from the front windows opening on the narrow court, so that ven-
tilation through the house is impossible. In many of the courts there is only surface
drainage, slops are thrown into the gutter, and if the alley is not properly paved and
graded, as is frequently the case, the foul water remains in stagnant pools before the
houses. Often there are stables among the dwellings and the tenants must go over
or around manure pits into which the refuse from these is thrown. There are a few
large tenements nearly all of which were built before the passage of the tenement-
house act of 1895, and are of a bad type, but far more important are the number of
smaller houses, not built for tenements, and not containing accommodations adequate
for more than one family, which are occupied by three, four, five, six or more
separate households. * * a
The type of court common in Philadelphia has been characterized as the horizontal
tenement. The name is not a bad one. The tenants of little alley houses live together
on much the same terms as those of a large tenement house. They share the use of
courts and passageways, and usually of water-supply fixtures and toilet accommoda-
tions as well. The same condition of dirt and neglect are apt to result in both cases
from the divided responsibility. What is everybody's business is commonly found
to be nobody's business. In tenements and alleys all the worst conditions of inade-
quacy of water supply and sanitary accommodations are found . The lack of light and
ventilation is frequently similar in the two types. Yard space is often sacrificed in
order to crowd the largest possible number of families upon a lot. A large proportion
of the alley houses have no yards; where they are found they are generally so small
as not to deserve the name. * * *b
The courts or horizontal tenements to which Miss Dinwiddie refers
are a characteristic feature of the district studied by the commission
in which the South Italians and the negroes live. The entrance to
these courts is usually a narrow passageway 3 or 4 feet wide between
two buildings facing on the street. The courts themselves are paved
and range in width from 6 to 20 feet. The houses usually consist of
three small rooms, about 10 by 12 feet, one above the other. The
« Pages 1 and 2. & Page 4.
25608°— VOL 26—11 23 345
346 The Immigration Commission.
court extends the depth of the original lot, the depth varying in
different parts of the city. As a rule there is no yard space and little
or no space between the rear of the court and the backs of the
houses on the next street, so that practically all of the light and air
must come from above. One day in April an attempt was made at
3 o'clock in the afternoon to photograph, one of these courts, but it
was found impossible to do so without a flash light. In the parts
of the city where the largest number of courts were found, surface
drainage is the rule, and a stream of dirty water trickles down the
middle or down one side of the passageway most of the time, fre-
quently making it difficult to reach the houses on the court without
getting one's feet wet.
Some of the streets in the South Italian and negro districts studied
are only wide enough to admit a vehicle. On some streets there are
not even sidewalks. Surface drainage is often the chief if not the
only kind of drainage on the street. In winter the surface water
freezes and in the narrow passageways between the houses the ice
is sometimes a foot or two thick. The yards, with the exception of
the Blabon street and the CaUowhill street districts, even in the
blocks studied on the better streets, are in the rear only, and seldom
exceed 14 by 16 feet. Dry toilets were found in some of the most
crowded parts of the city, in the district lying between the Delaware
River and South Broad street and Pine street and Washington avenue.
While Philadelphia's housing problem is somewhat different from
the problem in other large cities, and is perhaps restricted to a smaller
territory, it is none the less serious. It presents the same evils arising
from, crowding as are found in other cities, and from the standpoint of
sanitation and the surroundings in which the inhabitants in the more
congested sections live, Philadelphia contains some of the worst con-
ditions found in any of the cities studied by the Commission.
Five races, the South Italians, the Poles, the Irish, the Hebrews,
and the negroes, were chosen for special study in Philadelphia.
Three of these races, the Hebrews, the South Italians, and the negroes,
were found in colonies in a comparatively small district, extending
from the Delaware River on the east to South Broad street, and Pine
street on the north to Washington avenue. The Poles were studied in
three districts, one on CaUowhill street near the Schuylkill River,
and two in the northern part of the city, one near Nicetown Station
and one near Wayne Junction. The Irish were studied on three or
four streets north of Vine street, between Seventeenth and Nineteenth
streets, and in a small triangle south and west of the United States
Naval Asylum.
CHAPTER II.
TERRITORY.
A detailed list of the blocks or districts canvassed in Philadelphia
and a brief description of each is given below.
(1) Blabon street district. — Ruffner street, Schuyler to Blabon,
both sides; Blabon street, between Hunting Park avenue and the
Reading car tracks, east side.
(2) Callowhill street district. — Solid block, between Callowhill and
Hamilton, Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth streets.
(3) Carlton street district. — Pearl, Wood, and Carl ton streets,
Seventeenth to Eighteenth, both sides; Carlton street, Eighteenth
to Nineteenth, both sides.
(4) Fitzwater street district. — St. Albans street, Seventh to Eighth,
both sides; Clymer street, Seventh to Eighth, both sides; Fitzwater
street, Seventh to Eighth, both sides; Seventh street, Bainbridge to
Catherine, west side; Eighth street, Bainbridge to Catherine, east
side.
(5)) Lombard street district. — Lombard street, Fourth to Fifth,
both sides; Monroe street, Second to Third, south side.
(6) Montrose street district. — Christian street, Seventh to Eighth,
south side; Salter street, Seventh to Eighth, both sides; Montrose
street, Fifth to Sixth, both sides.
(7) Newcomb street district. — Cayuaga street, Wayne to Clarissa,
north side; Newcomb street, Wayne to Clarissa, both sides.
(8) Rodman and Twelfth street district. — Rodman street, Twelfth to
Thirteenth, both sides; Addison street, alley off Alder street, both
sides; Alder street, Waverly to Addison, both sides; Hutchinson
street, Pine to Lombard, west side; Waverly street, Ninth to Tenth,
south side; Waverly street, Tenth to Eleventh, both sides; Kater
street, Twelfth to Thirteenth, both sides; Naudin street, Tenth to
Eleventh, both sides; St. Albans street, Twelfth to Thirteenth, both
sides.
(9) Webster street district. — Webster street, north side, from No.
2513 to 2649, south side from 2514 to 2632; Catherine street, north
side from No. 2603 to 2643, south side from 2600 to 2646; Twenty-
sixth street between Catherine and Webster; Stillman street, and
three short courts known as Mohlen court, Gibbon's court, and
Asylum place.
The largest number of households studied was among the South
Italians. Two neighboring districts, outlined just above, were
chosen, the Fitzwater street district and the Montrose street district.
347
348 The Immigration Commission.
The following table, derived from General Table 320, gives the
number of households of each race in the Fitzwater street district:
TABLE 1. — Number of households studied in Fitzwater street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race>f head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Italian, South
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian, South
Grand total.
190
Total native-born' of foreign father 5
Total foreign-born 185
. i
It will be seen that the blocks included in this district are inhabited
almost entirely by South Italians; only 9 of the 190 households from
whom schedules were taken in the district belong to other races than
first or second generation South Italian. Comparison with the block
tables for other districts will show that with the exception of the
districts in which the negroes were found, this district is the most
nearly homogeneous of those studied. The district is located in the
heart of the Italian colony. The first Italians who came to Phila-
delphia settled in this neighborhood, and many of them still live
there. The district studied consists of two streets, Seventh and
Eighth, running north and south, and three streets connecting the
two others, St. Albans, Clymer, and Fitzwater.
The neighborhood is closely built up ; on none of the blocks studied
do the houses have anything but the small back yards usual in
Philadelphia, averaging about 14 by 14 feet. The houses were
practical! v all built for one household, though many of them are now
occupied by two. The average number of households per lot is 1.37,
the space occupied by each house on a rear court being counted as a
separate lot.
Fitzwater, Seventh, and Eighth streets have, on the whole, better
houses and better sanitary equipment than Clymer and St. Albans.
The three former streets are underdrained; the houses have city
water piped into the kitchen and in some cases have a bathroom
also; about half of the houses have for each household separate
flush toilets located within the house. All three streets are business
streets in this neighborhood. Eighth street is the most prosperous,
and its buildings and stores are unusually well kept. The houses on
Seventh street have been built at different times and vary widely in
character and repair. Some are old frame structures, while others
are large modern brick buildings with stores or markets below and
living apartments above. The worst feature of Seventh street in
the district studied is two courts, both of which are unfavor-
ably situated and very crowded. Kenilworth court is in the rear
of two large store buildings; one side of the court is occupied by
several small houses of the type previously described, and the other
side by three houses and a stable. The stable is surrounded by a
high board fence, but the odors from it and from the neglected privy
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
349
vaults at the rear of the court make conditions almost unbearable
in summer time. Both courts have surface drainage and dry toilets.
All but two of the houses on Kenilworth court are dependent for
water supply upon one hydrant; the second court has but one hydrant
for the eight houses.
St. Albans and Clymer streets are narrow paved streets built up
solidly with brick houses, except for small rear yards about 12 by 12
feet in size. St. Albans is scarcely more than an alley, the houses
facing the backs of the houses on Clymer street. Both streets have
open drainage. The houses on St. Albans street are two stories high
with two rooms on each floor. Those in Clymer street are three
stories high with two rooms on each floor. Water is piped into
more than half of the houses, but the toilets are in the yards; a
few dry toilets remain, though most of them are flush and in more
or less bad repair.
The second Italian district is situated on Montrose and neigh-
boring streets. The table following shows the number of house-
holds of each race found in this district:
TABLE 2. — Number of households studied in Montrose street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
1
Foreign-born — Continued.
Italian , North
3
father:
Italian South
176
Irish
2
Italian, North
1
Grand total
190
Italian, South
2
Forei gn-born :
Total native-born of foreign father
5
French
1
Total native-born
6
Hebrew, Russian
3
Total foreign-born
184
Irish
1
More races are represented in this district than in the Fitzwater
district, though the number of immigrant South Italian households is
the same.
On the whole, the crowding in the Montrose street district is greater
than in the Fitzwater district. The average number of households
per lot is 2.06.
The houses on Montrose street between Seventh and Eighth are in
rather better repair and rather better equipped than on the other block
studied in the district. They are 2-story brick houses, with 3 rooms
on each floor, and occupied, as a rule, by but one household. The
street has underdrainage, water is piped into the houses, and each
house has a separate flush toilet in the back yard. So far as yard
room is concerned, the inhabitants in this block have only a small
space in the rear and are little better situated than the occupants of
tne houses in the Fitzwater street district.
Salter street running parallel to Montrose, is somewhat poorer and
narrower. The houses are similar to those on Montrose, but are in
worse repair and in most cases the water supply is only the hydrant
in the yard. There is supposed to be underdrainage, but much of the
waste water is emptied into the gutterway in the rear of the houses.
350
The Immigration Commission.
Christian street between Seventh and Eighth consists of a row of
3-story brick houses usually of 9 rooms and a cellar. The street
is underdrained and the toilets in the yards are flush, but the houses
are, as a rule, in bad or only fair repair. Six of the nine cases of base-
ment dwellings found in the districts studied are in this block. The
toilets on both Christian and Salter streets are flush and are situated
in the back yards.
Montrose street between Fifth and Sixth streets has the poorest
houses and the poorest equipment of any block studied in the dis-
trict. The street is just wide enough to admit a vehicle. The drain-
age runs down the center of the street. There are several courts off
the street in this block of the type described at the beginning of the
introduction. The water supply is from hydrants in the small rear
yards, and the toilets, almost without exception, are dry.
The Poles in Philadelphia, comprising the second largest number of
households, were studied in three districts, the Callowhill street dis-
trict, the Newcomb street district, and the Blabon street district.
The number of households of each race found in the Callowhill
street district is given below :
TABLE 3. — Number of households studied in Callowhill street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
6
Foreign-born— Continued .
Polish...
61
father
Russian
2
English
2
Welsh
1
Irish
17
Foreign-born:
Grand total
127
English
1
German
2
Total native-born of foreign father
19
Hebrew, Russian
8
Total native-born
25
Irish
18
Total foreign-born..
102
Italian South
9
The district was originally Irish, and the first and second generation
Irish still make up more than one- fourth of the inhabitants. The
Poles form the largest proportion of the households. Nine house-
holds of South Italians and 8 households of Russian Hebrews have
moved into the block recently.
The Callowhill district consists of an irregular block between
Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth streets and Callowhill and Hamilton
streets. The block is intersected by two alleys, which were formerly
solidly built up with rows of houses; many of the houses are now
torn down or have fallen down. The block is being held for a manu-
facturing site, and the houses are in the worst repair of any found
in the city. Those on Callowhill, Hamilton, and Twenty-fifth streets
have been condemned and are gradually being torn down. The
houses are of brick, stone, and a kind of stucco, part of which has
fallen off, leaving the framework of the houses exposed to the weather.
A row of houses facing on the alley between Callowhill and Hamilton
streets are three-story brick with three rooms each, one above another.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
351
The lots on Callowhill and Hamilton streets between this alley and
Twenty-fifth street are from 3 to 5 feet below the level of the sidewalk,
and an open drain runs the length of the block in front of the houses,
which are set back on the lots some 3 feet. A wooden walk is built
from the sidewalk across the drain to the front door, the first floor, as
a rule, being somewhat below the level of the sidewalk.
The toilets on Callowhill and on Twenty-fourth streets are all dry
and in bad repair. Those on Hamilton are in some cases dry toilets
and in others, hopper toilets. As a rule the toilets are not more than
6 or 8 feet from tne houses and are in bad condition.
The two other Polish districts were chosen in north Philadelphia,
both in Nicetown. The racial composition of the Newcomb street
district is given below:
TABLE 4. — Number of households studied in Newcomb street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father-
Foreign-born— Continued.
Polish... .
42
1
Ruthenian
5
Irish
1
Slovak
10
Foreign-born •
Swedish...
2
5
Irish
6
Grand total . ....
78
Italian, North
2
Italian, South.
3
Total native-born of foreign father
2
Magvar
1
Total foreign-born.
76
Two other Slavic races, the Slovaks and the Ruthenians, were
found living with the Poles in this district. A considerable sprinkling
of Irish and Germans were also found.
The two streets, Newcomb and Cayauga, present an unusually
neat and prosperous appearance. The street is underdrained and is
kept clean. The houses have been built but a few years, are in good
repair, and are well equipped. They are 2-story brick houses of
four rooms, two on each floor, not including a bathroom on the first
floor. Water is piped into the kitchen and a tank provided near the
kitchen range for hot water. The kitchen range is part of the equip-
ment of the house. The toilets are flush and are situated in the small
paved courts in the rear.
Considering the crowding in these houses, the care of the apartments
is remarkably good. Eight and ten lodgers, in addition to the family,
are not infrequently found, and few families are without 3 or 4
lodgers. It was asserted by the German and Irish inhabitants of the
blocks that in summer time as many- as 20 persons besides the
family are lodged in some of the houses, in which case the rear courts
are used for sleeping purposes.
352
The Immigration Commission.
The Blabon street district is south of the Newcomb district near
the Nicetown Station, and the^ Reading car {racks. The number of
each race found in the district is given below:
TABLE 5. — Number of households studied in Blabon street district, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
4
Foreign-bom— Continued .
Polish. .
53
father:
Ruthenian
1
2
Irish
1
Grand total
67
English. .
2
Total native-born of foreign father
3
German...
2
Total native-born
7
Irish
2
Total foreign-born
60
This block has a larger proportion of Polish households than the
Newcomb street block. The Poles in this district represent a some-
what older immigration than those in the Newcomb street district.
Many of them came there to be near work in the oilcloth factory in
which many of them are employed.
The Reading Railroad has already purchased the Blabon street
block for car shops and extensions of the tracks, and it is expected
that the Ruffner street neighborhood will be occupied by a factory
within a few years. The houses here, as in the Callowhill street dis-
trict, show the effects of the change from a residential to an industrial
district. All of the houses have fair-sized yards, but, aside from the
yards, are for the most part undesirable as places of residence. They
are two-story double houses of brick, with four rooms and kitchen.
The houses on Ruffner street are generally in a fair state of repair, but
the repair of those on Blabon street has been much neglected. The
water supply on Ruffner street is from hydrants in the yards, and on
Blabon street from two wells, situated at the edge of the sidewalk
and supplying some 30 f amilies. The toilets are all dry. The streets
are low, unpaved, and poorly drained.
Two Irish districts were studied, one, the Webster street district,
west of the Naval Asylum, and a second, the Carlton street district,
between Seventeenth and Eighteenth streets, just north of Vine street.
The number of households of each race found in the Webster street
district is shown in the table below:
TABLE 6. — Number of households studied in Webster street district, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father. White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
27
Foreign-born — Continued.
Irish
51
Italian, South.
1
English.
1
• Scotch.
3
German
1
Irish.. . .
37
Grand total
132
Foreign-born:
English
3
Total native-born of foreign father
39
French
2
Total native-born .
66
German
6
Total foreign-born
66
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
353
The first and second generation Irish comprise 66.6 per cent of the
households studied, and the native white of native father include 20.5
per cent. Many of the latter are of Irish descent.
The character of the building and the equipment of the houses in
the district are fairly uniform. Most of the houses are two-story brick
of from four to six rooms. There are no front or side yards, and the
back yards are small and many of them paved. The streets are^in
fairly good repair, and underdrained, although there is surface drain-
age for the three courts and at the rear of houses on Webster street.
The houses are built for but one household, but some are occupied
by two. The average number of households per lot in the district
is 1.35.
The houses on Webster and Catherine streets are two-story brick
buildings in fair repair. The water supply for a large majority of the
houses is from hydrants in the back yards. The five bathrooms
found in the district are in houses on these streets. The toilets are
for the most part dry, in fair repair, and situated in the back yards.
The type of houses and the conditions on Stillman and Twenty-
sixth streets and in Gibbon's court are practically the same as on
Catherine and Webster streets. The water supply in all cases is from
hydrants in the back yards. All of the toilets are situated in the back
yards, and those on Stillman and Webster streets are dry toilets.
Stillman street has surface drainage.
Mohlen court consists of a small triangle, formed by Webster street
and the wall surrounding the United States Naval Asylum, occupied
by four small one-and-a-half-story frame houses. One hydrant and
four dry toilets in the space in front of the houses furnish the water
supply and toilet accommodations for the four households. A sur-
face drain runs along the side of the court.
Asylum place, popularly known as "The Devil's Pocket," is a sec-
ond triangle formed by Webster street and the wall of the United
States Naval Asylum. The ten houses in the court are two-story
brick, poorly built and in bad repair. The water supply and the toil-
ets, all of which are dry, are in the small back yards. A surface drain
runs along the rear of the houses.
The composition of the population in the second Irish district
studied is given below:
TABLE 7. — Number of households studied in Carlton street district, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father:
White ....
11
Foreign-born— Continued.
Hebrew. Other
1
Negro
1
Irish
G2
Native-born of foreign father by race of
Italian South
1
father:
Polish ...
English
1
French
1
Grand total
105
j
Irish
20
Total native-born of foreign father
24
Scotch
1
36
Foreign-born:
Total foreign-born
69
English
4
354
The Immigration Commission.
The Irish form a larger proportion of the households in this district
than in the Webster street district; the first and second generation
Irish include 78.1 per cent of all households. The native white of
native father include, approximately, 10 per cent of the households.
The other races represented in this district are much the same as are
found in the Webster street district.
The blocks between Seventeenth and Eighteenth streets on Pearl,
Wood, and Carlton are so nearly alike as not to require separate
description. The houses are for the most part three-room front
houses although there are a number of rear houses of like type. About
half of the houses have water piped into the kitchens; the water
supply for the other households is from hydrants in the back yards.
The toilets, with one or two exceptions, are flush, and a large propor-
tion of them are situated in the back yards. The Pearl street block
has open drainage ; the other streets are underdrained.
The Lombard street district was chosen for the study of Hebrew
households. The composition of the population in this district is
given in the table below :
TABLE 8. — Number of households studied in Lombard street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father:
White
3
Foreign-born— Continued .
Roumanian
1
Negro..
1
Russian
1
Native-born of foreign father by race of
Ruthenian
3
father, Hebrew
1
Slovak
1
Foreign-born :
Swedish
1
1
Greek. -
3
Grand total
186
Hebrew Russian
128
Hebrew , O ther
31
Total native-born of foreign father
1
Irish
1
Total native-born
5
Lithuanian
1
Total foreign-born
181
Polish
9
The Russian Hebrews comprise 69.3 per cent of the households
studied in the district, and the Hebrews from other countries 16.7 per
cent. There is a greater mixture of races in this district than in any
other district studied. This is partially due to the fact that consid-
erable business is carried on in the vicinity. Practically the only
tenements in the districts studied in Philadelphia were found here.
A majority of the houses on Lombard street between Fourth and
Fifth streets are four stories high and contain, as a rule, three or four
apartments; three houses have six apartments, and four have but
one apartment. The houses on Monroe street are two and three
stories high and accommodate from 1 to 6 households. On Bainbridge
street is a large new tenement, four stories high, which contains 26
apartments. A majority of the other houses in the street are occupied
by one or two households.
The repair of the houses in Lombard street varies considerably.
The majority are in bad repair, and only one or two can be said to be
in good repair. All of the houses have water piped into the halls and,
in most cases into each apartment. The toilets are all flush, and most
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia. 355
of them are situated in the yards. Many of the households share a
single toilet with other households; in one case five households use
one toilet.
The houses on Monroe street are in fair repair, with water piped
into the apartments and flush toilets situated in the yards.
Many of the houses on Bainbridge street are old and in rather
poor repair. All have water piped into the apartment and flush
toilets, some in the yards and some in the buildings. The large tene-
ment is in good repair and the halls clean and free from obstructions.
Water is piped into each apartment; there are, however, but nine
toilets (all within the building and all flush) for the 26 households.
The negroes were studied in a number of blocks, called, for con-
venience, the Rodman and Twelfth street district. The racial com-
position of the district is given below.
TABLE 9: — Number of households studied in Rodman street and Twelfth street district,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, Negrd.
Foreign-born, Negro
Grand total
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
195
10
205
195
10
With the exception of ten foreign negro households, the district
consists entirely of native negroes. The houses in the district are,
for the most part, brick buildings, three stories high. About half
are in bad repair but a few are in good condition. The blocks are
built up solidly, the only yard space being a small space in the
rear, which is usually paved and often covered by a shed and toilets.
The district shows some of the worst conditions, from the point of
view of sanitation, of any found in Philadelphia. Much of the
drainage is surface and approximately three-fourths of the toilets are
dry. In many cases they are in bad repair. As a rule each house-
hold has separate facilities, and in no case do more than three house-
holds use a single toilet. About three-fourths of the households
have their sole access to water supply from hydrants in the yards
or courts, and one hydrant is frequently used by as many as six
households.
The best conditions were, on the whole, in Rodman and St. Albans
streets. The houses are in fair repair, and nearly all of the households
have separate toilet and water supply. The other blocks do not vary
greatly; the houses on Hutchinson street, on Kater street between
Twelfth and Thirteenth streets, and on Waverly street are in poorer
repair, and the toilet facilities and water supply less nearly adequate
than on the other blocks studied.
CHAPTER III.
COMPOSITION OF POPULATION STUDIED.
NATIVITY AND RACE.
The tables considered thus far include all households for which
schedules were taken. From the detailed study which follows,
such races as are represented only by scattering households are
omitted, excepting the native-born of native father and the second
generation of the immigrant races studied, which are included for
comparative purposes wherever represented by 20 or more households.
The extent of the canvass, and of the study in detail which fol-
lows, is indicated in the following table. The table is derived from
General Tables 320 and 321.
TABLE 10. — Total number of households studied in blocks investigated and households
included in detailed study, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households
studied in
blocks in-
vestigated.
Households included
in detailed study.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Native-born of native father:
White
52
197
4
1
5
1
78
1
7
1
1
10
3
15
3
142
35
141
8
366
1
1
10
166
1
3
9
3
11
3
1
52
197
44
16.7
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
English
French
German
Hebrew . . .
Irish
78
6.6
Italian North
Italian, South
Scotch
Foreign-born:
Albanian
English
French . .
German
Greek
Hebrew Russian
142
35
141
12.1
3.0
12.0
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South. ..
366
31.1
Lithuanian
Magyar. .
Negro
Polish
166
14.1
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Slovak
Swedish
Welsh
Grand total
1,280
1,177
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
98
347
933
78
327
850
6.6
27.8
72.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
357
358
The Immigration Commission.
It will be seen from a comparison of columns 1 and 2 of the table
that 103 households, or 8 per cent, were scattering households of
other races found living in colonies of the races studied. The races
represented in the table by only a few households were nowhere in
the city found in sufficiently representative numbers to be included
in this study.
Of every 100 households included in the detailed study 72 are the
households of immigrants and 7 the households of the second gen-
eration of immigrants. The most important race numerically is the
South Italian, which is represented by nearly twice as many house-
holds as any other race, and includes nearly one-third of all house-
holds studied. Of the five immigrant races, the Hebrews other
than Russian have by far the smallest representation ; of the three
races of native birth, the white of native descent is represented by
the smallest number of households.
For three of the immigrant races studied, the Hebrews, the South
Italians, and the Poles, the name of the race does not indicate defi-
nitely from what country or district the individuals come. The fol-
lowing tables, based on General Tables 323 and 323a, give the country
or province of birth of the heads of households of these three races:
TABLE 11. — Country of birth of foreign-born Hebrew heads of households.
Country of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Austria-Hungary
20
11 3
Germany
2
1.1
Roumania
13
7 3
Russia
142
80 2
Total
177
100 0
TABLE 12. — Country of birth of foreign-born Polish heads of households.
Country of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent "
of total.
Austria-Hungary
120
72.3
Germany
7
4.2
Russia
39
23.5
Total
166
100.0
TABLE 13. — Province of birth of foreign-born South Italian heads of households.
Province of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Province of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Abruzzi and Molise
78
21.3
Roma
1
.3
Apulia
16
4.4
Sicily . .
45
12.3
Basilicata
37
10 1
Tuscany
4
1.1
Calabria
36
9.8
Not reported t
11
3.0
136
37 2
Emilia
1
.3
Total
366
100.0
Liguria
1
.3
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
359
Of the Hebrews, four-fifths are from Russia, and about half of these
are from the provinces of Kiev and Kovno. The Russian Hebrews
represent a comparatively recent immigration, more than two-thirds
of the heads of households of this race having been in the United
States under ten years.
More than half of the South Itah'ans are from the south central
provinces of Abruzzi, Molise, and Campania. Practically all of the
rest are from the extreme southern provinces, including the island of
Sicily. The South Italians, except for the Sicilians, represent a com-
paratively old immigration to Philadelphia, two-thirds of the heads
of households having resided in the United States ten years or over.
The Polish heads of households representing the most recent immi-
gration of any race studied in Philadelphia, come mostly from Galicia
and from Russian Poland.
Table 14 below, based on General Table 321, gives the number of
persons in the households included in the detailed study.
TABLE 14. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information
was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Persons in households.
Persons for whom de-
tailed information
was secured.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Native-born of native father:
White
52
197
78
142
35
141
366
166
250
782
402
745
209
687
1,960
961
4.2
13.0
6.7
12.4
3.5
11.5
32.7
16.0
250
766
399
743
209
681
1,896
948
4.2
13.0
6.8
12.6
3.5
11.6
32.2
16.1
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other...
Irish ..
Italian. South...
Polish.
Grand total
1, 177
5,996
100.0
5,892
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
78
327
850
402
1,434
4,562
6.7
23.9
76.1
399
1,415
4,477
6.8
24.0
76.0
Total native-born. .
Total foreign-born
Upon the total number of persons in all households studied are
based all tables dealing with living conditions. Upon the number
for whom detailed information was secured are based all tables giving
information regarding the individual.
360
The Immigration Commission.
The proportion that each race forms of the total is not changed
greatly by a consideration of persons instead of households. The
negroes fall from 16.7 per cent of the total to 13 per cent; the South
Italians rise from 31.1 per cent to 32.2 per cent; and the Poles from
14.1 per cent to 16.1 per cent. The households of the two latter races
are therefore on the whole larger than the households of negroes.
SEX.
The sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured is
shown below in Table 15, based on General Table 321.
TABLE 15. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number.
Per cent of each sex.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Native-born of native father:
White.
137
358
207
366
97
335
1,004
591
113
408
192
377
112
346
892
357
250
766
399
743
209
681
1,896
948
54.8
46.7
51.9
49.3
46.4
49.2
53.0
62.3
45.2
53.3
48.1
50.7
53.6
50.8
47.0
37.7
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish...
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
3,095
2,797
5,892
52.5
47.5
Total native-born of foreign father
207
702
2,393
192
713
2,084
399
1,415
4.477
51.9
49.6
53. 5
48.1
50.4
46.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Among the native-born the greatest difference between the sexes is
found in the case of the native white of native father, where 54.8 per
cent of the total number of persons are males. The negroes show nearly
as large a preponderance of females. Contrary to the usual showing
among races with relatively large proportions of group households
and of boarders and lodgers, among the negroes approximately half
of the persons in group households are females, and fully half of the
boarders and lodgers are females. There is also a larger proportion of
female heads of households than in any other race except the Irish.
The greatest difference in the proportions of the sexes is found in
Polish households, 62.3 per cent of the members being males. The
difference is easily accounted for by the large number of boarders and
lodgers, practically all of whom are men. Table 35 shows that 29.2
per cent of the members of Polish households are boarders or lodgers.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
361
AGE.
The following table, based on General Table 324, gives the age of the
heads of households :
TABLE 16. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are
for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Native-born of native father:
White
45
139
66
125
28
98
349
159
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
24.4
14. 4
16.7
18.4
3.6
5.1
17.5
30.8
51.1
48.9
59.1
60.8
64.3
51.0
51.3
59.7
24.4
29.5
22.7
12.0
28.6
27.6
24.9
8.8
0.0
7.2
1.5
8.8
3.6
16.3
6.3
.6
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total . .
1,009
.0
17.9
54.3
21.6
6.1
Total native-born of foreign father.
66
250
759
.0
.0
.0
16.7
16.8
18.3
59.1
52.0
55.1
22.7
26.8
19.9
1.5
4.4
6.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, Negro
57
3.5
10.5
35 1
43 9
7 0
Foreign-born Irish
41
o
2 4
22 0
41 5
34 1
Grand total
158
1 3
6 3
32 9
41 1
18 4
Total native-born of foreign father .
10
(o)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Total native-born
74
2 7
95
324
41 9
13 "5
Total foreign-born
84
.0
3 6
33 3
40 5
22 6
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White
52
0.0
21.2
48 1
26 9
3 8
Negro
196
1.0
13.3
44.9
33 7
7 1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
76
.0
15 8
53 9
23 7
6 6
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian. . .
142
.0
17 6
61 3
12 7
8 5
Hebrew, Other
35
o
2 9
57 1
34 3
5 7
Irish
139
.0
4 3
42 4
31 7
21 6
Italian, South
364
o
16 8
50 3
26 1
6 9
Polish
163
o
30 1
59 5
9 8
g
Grand total
1 167
2
16 4
51 4
24 3
7 8
Total native-born of foreign father
76
o
15 8
53 9
23 7
6 6
Total native born
324
.6
15 1
47 5
30 2
6 5
Total foreign-born
843
o
16 8
52 9
21 9
8 3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
25608°— VOL 26—11 24
362
The Immigration Commission.
Attention is drawn to the fact that among the native white of
native father none of the male heads of households are 60 years of
age or over, and that three-fourths of them are under 45 years of age.
These American households were found living among other races, and
the heads in a large number of cases represent young families with
small children, whose incomes are not sufficient to move to less
crowded quarters where rents are higher.
Among the foreign-born, the Irish show 16.3 per cent of male
heads of households 60 years of age or over, and but 56.1 per cent,
the lowest percentage of any race, under 45 years of age. The Irish
represent the oldest immigration of any race studied in Philadelphia,
65.7 per cent of the male heads of households having resided in the
United States twenty years or over. The Poles have the largest
proportion of young heads of households, 89.6 per cent being under
45 years of age, and represent the most recent immigration of any
race studied in Philadelphia.
The female heads of households, most of whom are widows, are,
in general, older than are the males. More than twice as large a
proportion of women as of men are 45 years of age or over. More
than three-fourths of the Irish women who are heads of households
are 45 years of age or over, and more than a third 60 years of age
or over.
The large proportion of female heads of households among the
negroes is worthy of note; cases of desertion are frequent in the
households studied.
The ages of all persons in the households studied is given in the
following table, based on General Table 325 :
TABLE 17. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are
for all races. This table includes many persons for whom sex and age were the only items of informa-
tion secured.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13
14 and
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White .. . ..
137
358
207
366
97
335
1,004
591
22.6
10.6
18.8
21.9
14.4
9.9
23.4
16.1
20.4
12.6
22.7
23.0
28.9
17.9
19.9
9.5
2.2
2.2
7.2
3.6
7.2
6.6
3.0
1.0
8.0
3.6
6.3
8.7
10.3
11.0
6.5
6.3
17.5
19.0
12.1
12.8
10.3
14.3
14.9
31.5
19.0
33.5
22.2
21.6
19.6
25.4
20.3
29.9
10.2
18.4
10.6
8.5
9.3
14.9
12.0
5.8
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian .
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian South
Polish
Grand total....
3,095
18.3
18.8
15.4
19.1
17.7
22.7
17.1
17.9
3.4
7~2~
3.7
3.3
7.0
673~
5.3
7.6
18.0
24.4
11.2
10.6
14.5
10.2
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born .
207
702
2,393
12.1
16.7
18.4
22.2
27.4
23.6
Total foreign-born..
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
363
TABLE 17. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
113
408
192
377
112
346
892
357
14.2
9.6
19.3
22.0
14.3
10.4
22.5
28.6
14.2
12.7
18.2
22.0
25.0
19.7
20.1
11.8
3.5
3.4
3.6
5.6
7.1
6.4
4.5
1.4
8.0
4.7
8.9
6.4
13.4
7.8
7.0
8.4
15.9
21.1
17.2
17.5
14.3
8.7
16.0
27.7
28.3
29.7
20,8
17.5
17.0
23.1
18.8
18.8
15.9
18.9
12.0
9.0
8.9
24.0
11.1
3.4
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish .
Italian South
Polish
Grand total
2,797
18.9
18.0
4.3
7.3
17.6
21.2
12.7
Total native-born of foreign father..
Total native-born
192
713
2,084
19.3
12.9
21.0
18.2
14.4
19.2
3.6
3.5
4.6
8.9
6.3
7.6
17.2
19.2
17.0
20.8
27.1
19.2
12.0
16.5
11.4
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White
250
18.8
17.6
2.8
8.0
16.8
23.2
12.8
Negro
766
10.1
12.7
2.9
4.2
20.1
31.5
18.7
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
399
19.0
20.6
5.5
7.5
14.5
21.6
11.3
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
743
21.9
22.5
4.6
7.5
15.2
19.5
8.7
Hebrew, Other . .
209
14.4
26.8
7.2
12.0
12.4
18.2
9.1
Irish
681
10.1
18.8
6.5
9.4
11.5
24.2
19.5
Italian. South . . .
1,896
23.0
20.0
3.7
6.7
15.5
19.6
11.6
Polish
948
20.8
10.3
1.2
7.1
30.1
25.7
4.9
Grand total .
5,892
18.6
17.8
3.8
7.1
17.8
22.9
11.9
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
399
1,415
19.0
14 1
20.6
15 8
5.5
3 6
7.5
5 8
14.5
18.0
21.6
27.2
11.3
15.5
Total foreign-born
4,447
20.0
18.5
3.9
7.6
17.8
21.5
10.8
The inclusion of all members of the household, many of them
children, reduces the proportion of persons in the higher age groups.
The largest proportion of males and the second largest proportion
of females 45 years of age or over as well as the smallest percentage
of children under 16 years of age are found among the negroes.
The relatively small proportion of children of this race is not due to
the fact that the families are relatively very old or very young, but
to the fact that the families are small. Among the Poles, 26.6 per
cent of the males and 41.8 per cent of the females are under 16 years
of age. The low proportion of males under 16 is explained by the
large number of boarders and lodgers, most of whom come in the age
groups between 20 and 45. It will be seen that the percentage of
Polish men between 20 and 44 years of age is greater than the cor-
responding percentage for any other race.
364
The Immigration Commission.
YEARS IN THE UNITED STATES.
The number of years that the members of the several races in
Philadelphia have been in the United States is indicated by the
table below, based on General Table 326. The table includes" only
male heads of households.
TABLE 18. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male "heads of households in the United
States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, 10 to 19 years, and 2'0 or over, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first; arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
date.
Number in the United States
each specified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Hebrew Russian
124
28
99
348
161
31
2
2
30
52
54
10
7
86
67
26
10
25
117
35
13
6
65
115
7
25.0
7.1
2.0
8.6
32.3
43.5
35.7
7.1
24.7
41.6
21.0
35.7
25.3
33.6
21.7
10.5
21.4
65.7
33.0
4.3
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Total
760
117
224
213
206
15.4
29.5
28.0
27.1
Ninety-one per cent of the Irish, 66.6 per cent of the South Ital-
ians, and 57.1 per cent of the Hebrews other than Russian have been
in the United States ten years or over. The Russian Hebrews and
the Poles are more recent immigrants, less than a third of the male
heads o£ households of each of these races having resided in the United
States as long as ten years.
CHAPTER IV.
LIVING CONDITIONS.
A general idea of the living conditions among various races in the
crowded sections of Philadelphia has already been given in the de-
scription of the blocks, where mention was made of the size of lots,
yard space, average number of houses, households, and persons per
lot, water supply, drainage,, and toilet facilities. The tables in this
section take up in detail the conditions within the apartments.
CONGESTION. a
The size of the apartments in which the households of the various
races live is an indication in a very general way of the living condi-
tions within the apartment, and while not necessarily indicating the
degree of crowding, it frequently happens that very great crowding
is in small apartments.
The table, based on General Table 328, shows the per cents of house-
holds occupying apartments ranging in size from 1 to 7 or more rooms.
TABLE 19. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White.
52
197
78
142
35
141
366
166
4.56
3.77
4.59
2.92
3.40
4.58
3.28
3.25
1.9
11.2
.0
4.2
2.9
.7
10.4
16.3
3.8
5.6
2.6
40.1
22.9
2.8
33.6
21.7
11.5
24.4
30.8
38.0
48.6
348
16.9
13.3
346
37.6
141
6.3
11.4
17.0
18.3
31.3
23.1
7.1
21.8
42
5.7
7.8
7.4
10.2
21.2
7.1
19.2
3.5
2.9
23.4
9.0
5.4
3.8
7.1
11.5
3.5
5.7
13.5
4.4
1.8
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father,
Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father
Total native-born
1,177
3.62
8.2
20.6
24.0
22.0
9.0
10.3
5.9
78
327
850
459
4.09
3.43
.0
7.0
8.6
2.6
4.6
26.8
30.8
23.9
240
141
31.5
18.4
21.8
13.1
7.4
19.2
12.2
9.5
11.5
7.6
5.3
Total foreign-born
<> Congestion depends on many conditions other than the number of persons or adults per room and
per sleeping room. Most of these Conditions are not susceptible of statistical measurement, and no
definite line can be drawn where overcrowding begins. In this section of the report the terms "con-
gestion " and " degree of congestion " are expressly restricted to a comparison of the number of persons
or adults per room and per sleeping room.
365
366
The Immigration Commission.
The average number of rooms in apartments occupied by immi-
grant households is 3.43; the average in apartments of the native-
born exclusive of negroes is nearly 4.6. The highest proportion of
apartments of more than four rooms is found among the second
generation Irish; the second highest, among the native-born of native
father; approximately half of the households of each of these races
live in more than four rooms. Less than a fourth of the households
of each of the immigrant races from the south and east of Europe
live in more than four rooms. The largest percentage of households
living in four rooms or fewer is among the Hebrews, more than three-
fourths of the Russian Hebrews, and nearly three-fourths of the other
Hebrews living in apartments of two and three rooms.
The size of the households studied is given in the following table,
based on General Table 329:
TABLE 20. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
0.0
.5
2.6
3.5
5.7
43
4.9
6.6
Native-born of native
father:
White
52
197
78
142
35
141
366
166
481
3.97
5.15
5.25
5.97
487
5.36
5.79
0.0
4.1
1.3
.7
2.9
2.8
1.1
1.2
7.7
19.3
9.0
141
.0
14.9
9.0
7.2
21.2
26.9
11.5
10.6
11. 4
22.7
13.1
145
19.2
18.3
15.4
141
17.1
13.5
18.9
11.4
11.5
11.2
23.1
14.1
143
10.6
15.6
15.1
19.2
8.6
20.5
21.1
143
9.2
12.3
10.2
17.3
5.1
7.7
9.2
143
6.4
10.9
15.1
3.8
3.0
6.4
5.6
143
7.8
10.1
10.8
0.0
3.0
2.6
7.0
5.7
7.8
4.1
7.8
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father, Irish .
foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew. Other...
Irish
Italian, South....
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
1,177
78
327
850
5.09
5.15
439
5.37
1.8
1.3
2.8
1.4
11.5
9.0
15.0
10.1
16.7
TT
22.3
145
16.2
15.4
17.7
15.6
143
IT
141
|li«
13.0
IT
13.1
!,9
9.9
7^6
10.8
7.8
6.4
40
9.3
5.0
2.6
2.4
6.0
3.8
2.6
.9
4.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
If those households consisting of five or fewer persons be considered
medium and small households, and those consisting of more than
five persons be considered large households, the Hebrews, Russian
and other, will be seen to have the highest proportion of large families,
and the negroes the lowest. Fifty-four and three-tenths per cent of
the households of Hebrews other than Russian and 46.4 per cent of
the households of Russian Hebrews consist of more than five persons.
It will be remembered that nearly three-fourths of the Hebrew house-
holds live in apartments of two or three rooms. Half of the house-
holds among the negroes consist of from one to three persons. From
the previous table it will be seen that the negroes do* not live in unu-
sually small apartments. It was found that among the negroes in
some of the most congested sections studied in Philadelphia there was
little crowding in the apartment, and what crowding there was, was
seldom due to large families, but rather to boarders and lodgers,
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
367
The table below shows in the form of averages the number of per-
sons per apartment of from one to seven or more rooms. This table is
based on General Table 330. Averages have been computed where-
ever races are represented by 10 or more households.
TABLE 21. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number
of rooms.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
V\ hite
(a)
(a)
(a)
5 44
5 00
4 82
(a)
4 01
Negro
2.64
3.73
400
3 65
4 14
5 50
6 14
3 97
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father Irish
(a)
5 29
4 82
4 94
5 33
fa\
C 1 C
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
fa)
4 33
6 04
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a\
50C
Hebrew, Other
a
(a)
5 41
(a)
a
a
a
5 97
Irish
jaj
(a)
3 69
4 79
455
585
695
4 87
Italian South
3 34
459
5 45
5 81
6 59
6 91
8 44
C Ofi
Polish
3 11
4 33
5 45
7 37
7 00
(a)
(a)
5 79
Grand total
3 00
4 44
4 95
5 33
5 68
6 24
7 06
5 09
Total native-born of foreign father
(o)
5 29
4 82
4 94
5 33
(a)
5 15
Total native-born . .
2 65
3 60
4 36
4 09
4 70
5 25
5 84
4 39
Total foreign-born
3 11
4 50
5 18
6 15
6 35
6 73
770
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The nine tables which follow classify households according to the
number of persons per room and per sleeping room. Table 22, based
on General Table 33 1, gives in cumulative form the number and propor-
tion of households having each specified number of persons per room.
TABLE 22. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of per-
sons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons
per room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons
per room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father:
White
52
197
78
142
35
141
366
166
1.05
1.05
1.12
1.80
1.76
1.06
1.63
1.78
34
122
51
131
34
88
334
161
2
38
13
82
15
11
180
89
1
14
1
24
4
2
64
28
""4"
2
""2i"
8
65.4
61.9
65.4
92.3
97.1
62.4
91.3
97.0
3.8
19.3
16.7
57.7
42.9
7.8
49.2
53.6
1.9
7.1
1.3
16.9
11.4
1.4
17.5
16.9
0.0
2.0
.0
1.4
.0
.0
5.7
4.8
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish . .
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South. . .
Polish
Grand total..
1,177
78
327
850
1.41
.-._- . — . . _
1.12
1.07
1.56
955
-
51
207
748
430
138
1
16
122
35
•--
...„
31
81.1
36.5
11.7
1.3
4.9
14.4
3.0
Total native-born of foreign'
father
13
53
377
65.4
63.3
88.0
16.7
16.2
44.4
.0
1.2
3.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
368
The Immigration Commission.
The races fall into two groups in this table, the three native races
and the Irish of foreign birth form one group, and the Hebrews,
Russian and other, the South Italians, and the Poles the second
group. Somewhat less than two- thirds of the households of each
race in the first group and more than 90 per cent of the households
of each race in the second group live one or more persons to a room.
In the first group the Irish of native birth show the highest average
number of persons per room, while the negroes show the largest pro-
portion of the higher degrees of crowding. The four races in the
second group show fairly uniform proportions li ving one or more, two
or more, and three or more persons to a room. The apartments of
the Poles are about as crowded as those of any race, but a majority
of the Poles live under better sanitary and housing conditions than.
do any of the other immigrant races, and under much better condi-
tions than the negroes. The Polish households in this respect com-
pare favorably with many households of native white races.
Some races which show relatively little crowding in rooms show
relatively great crowding in sleeping rooms, indicating a tendency to
reserve one or more rooms for other than sleeping purposes. Again,
other races show a tendency to reduce crowding in sleeping rooms
by using all rooms for sleeping purposes. The table below, based on
General Table 332, gives in cumulative form the number and per cent
of households having each specified number of persons to a sleeping
room:
TABLE 23. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
number
of per-
sons
per
sleep-
ing
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
0.0
.0
.0
8.5
11.4
.7
6.3
3.0
Native-born of native
father:
White
51
196
78'
142
35
141
365
166
2.19
1.85
2.28
2.94
2.82
2.05
2.71
2.91
35
102
57
129
30
84
311
148
17
32
28
80
20
28
191
98
1
9
3
40
12
9
104
42
68.6
52.0
73.1
90.8
85.7
59.6
85.2
89.2
33.3
16.3
35.9
56.3
57.1
19.9
52.3
59.0
2.0
4.6
3.8
28.2
34.3
6.4
28.5
25.3
0.0
.5
.0
12.7
20.0
.7
12.1
9.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father by race of
father Irish
1
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian. . .
Hebrew, Other
Irish.
18
7
1
44
15
12
4
1
23
5
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
1,174
78
325
849
2.47
2.28
2.02
2.66
896
57
194
702
494
28
77
417
220
3
13
207
86
r. . ~
45
76.3
73.1
59.7
82.7
42.1
35.9
23.7
49.1
18.7
7.3
3.8
3.8
4.0
24.4
.0
.3
10.0
.0
.0
5.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
i
85
""45
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
369
In this as in the previous table the three native races and the Irish
of foreign birth make better showings than do the other races.
Marked differences, however, exist with reference to persons per
sleeping room. The native-born of native father show nearly the
same proportion of households having two or more persons to a sleep-
ing room as are shown having one or more persons to a room. The
negroes, however, show a considerably lower percentage, indicating
that they use a larger proportion of their rooms for sleeping purposes
than do the native white of native father. The second generation
Irish show the opposite tendency, using a relatively smaller pro-
portion of their rooms for sleeping purposes. Of the other four
races, Hebrews, Russian and otter, South Italians, and Poles, the
South Italians, on the whole, show the least crowding in sleeping
rooms, although of this race 85.2 per cent of the households sleep
two or more to a room, more than half sleep three or more to a room,
and more than a fourth sleep four or more to a room.
The previous tables are summarized in the form of averages per
apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, in the following table:
TABLE 24. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average number of persons per —
Apartment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father:
White
52
197
78
142
35
141
366
166
4.81
3.97
5.15
5.25
5.97
4.87
5.36
5.79
1.05
1.05
1.12
1.80
1.76
1.06
1.63
1.78
o2.19
61.85
2.28
2.94
2.82
2.05
C2.71
2.91
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish .
Italian South
Polish
Grand total
1,177
5.09
1.41
<*2.47
Total native-born of foreign father
78
327
850
5.15
4.39
5.37
1.12
1.07
1.56
2.28
e2.02
/2.66
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Based on 51 households.
b Based on 196 households,
c Based on 365 households.
d Based on 1,174 households.
« Based on 325 households.
/ Based on 849 households.
The relative size of the households is not indicative, as a rule, of
the relative degree of congestion within the apartment. For exam-
ple, the Russian Hebrews, whose households rank fourth in point of
size, have the highest average numbers of persons per room and per
sleeping room. Only Polish households have the same relative posi-
tion whether apartments, rooms, or sleeping rooms be considered.
A comparison of the average numbers of personss per room and per
sleeping room shows that, except for the native white of native
father, the negroes, and the Irish of foreign birth, the order remains
the same. The immigrant Irish show a greater average number of
persons per room than the native-born of native father, and the
negroes the same average, but both the Irish and the negroes show
a smaller average number of persons per sleeping room, indicating
that these two races use larger proportions of rooms for sleeping
purposes.
370
The Immigration Commission.
A somewhat more accurate measure of congestion is the number of
adults per room and per sleeping room. As a rule, a race having a
high average number of persons per room but having a large propor-
tion of young children does not live under as unfavorable conditions
as one that has a large proporton of adults. The six tables which
follow deal with congestion in apartment, room, and sleeping room as
shown in terms of adults. In these tables two children under 10
years of age are counted as one adult.
Table 25, based on Xreneral Table 333, gives the proportions of
households having one or more, two or more, three or more, and four
or more adults per room.
TABLE 25. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two- persons under 10 one ad nil .]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of adults
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father:
White
52
197
78
142
35
141
366
166
0.89
.97
.95
1.49
1.48
.96
1.37
1.55
25
106
41
127
33
69
308
153
1
31
4
40
9
8
103
59
48.1
53.8
52.6
89.4
94.3
48.9
84.2
92.2
1.9
15.7
5.1
28.2
25.7
5.7
28.1
35.5
0.0
2.5
.0
4.9
.0
.0
7.7
8.4
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.6
1.8
Negro
5
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
7
Hebrew' Other
Irish
Italian South
28
14
6
3
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born of foreign
father
1,177
78
327
850
1.21
862
255
54
9
73.2
21.7
4.6
.8
.0
.0
1.1
.95
.95
1.33
41
172
690
4
36
219
52.6
52.6
81.2
5.1
11.0
25.8
.0
1.5
5.8
Total native-born
5
49
.....
Total foreign-born
The same grouping of races may be made in this table as in the
table showing persons per room, the first group including the three
native races and the Irish of foreign birth, the second group the
Hebrews, Russian and other, the South Italians, and the roles.
The negroes, who in the table showing persons per room show the
smallest proportion of households having one or more persons to a
room, in this table show the largest proportion in the first group with
one or more adults to a room; they also show the largest per cents
living two or more and three or more to a room. This showing is
due to the small number of children among the negroes. In the
second group the Hebrews other than Russian show the largest
proportion of households having one or more persons to a room,
but the Poles show the highest percentages in the other columns and,
on the whole, show the greatest congestion. The change from
Eersons to adults has reduced the percentage of Polish households
aving one or more to a room from 97 to 92.2, while the percentage
of households having two or more per room is reduced from 53.6 to
35.5, and the percentage having three or more per room from 16.9
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
371
to 8.4. These reductions indicate that the. households which show
the greatest congestion have the largest proportion of children.
The proportion of households having each specified number of
adults per sleeping room is given in the table below. The table is
derived from General Table 334.
TABLE 26. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
(
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father:
White
51
196
78
142
35
141
365
166
1.85
1.70
1.94
2.44
2.39
1.85
2.28
2.53
27
83
47
113
26
65
273
140
5
14
6
52
14
11
121
66
52.9
42.3
60.3
79.6
74.3
46.1
74.8
84.3
9.8
7.1
7.7
36.6
40.0
7.8
33.2
39.8
0.0
.5
.0
9.2
17.1
1.4
9.9
6.0
0.0
.0
.0
4.2
11.4
.7
4.9
2.4
0.0
.0
.0
1.4
.0
.7
1.9
.6
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father, Irish
1
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian...
Hebrew, Other
Irish
13
6
2
36
10
6
4
1
18
4
2
1
7
1
Italian, South .
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
1,174
2.13
774
289
68
33
11
65.9
24.6
7.7
7.7
81.1
5.8
.0
.3
7.9
2.8
.0
.0
3.9
.9
.0
.0
1.3
78
325
849
1.94
1.79
2.27
47
157
617
6
25
264
60.3
48.3
72.7
1
67
33
11
Of the first group of races (the three native races and the Irish
of foreign birth) the negroes show the least congestion in sleeping
rooms and the Irish of native birth the greatest. The change from
persons to adults per sleeping room has not changed the relative
positions of the races in this group. In the second group of races
the South Italians in this table, as in the table which deals with
persons per sleeping room, show, on the whole, the least congestion.
The Poles show the largest proportion of households sleeping two
adults to a room, but the Hebrews other than Kussian show the
largest proportions sleeping three, four, and five adults to a room.
372
The Immigration Commission.
A summary showing average adults per apartment, per room, and
per sleeping room is given below:
TABLE 27. — Average number of adults per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of
households.
Average number of adults per—
Apart-
ment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father:
White
52
197
78
142
35
141
366
166
4.07
3.C6
4.37
4.34
5.04
4.40
4.49
5.03
0.89
.97
.95
1.49
1.48
.96
1.37
1.55
01.85
61.70
1.94
2.44
2.39
1.85
C2.28
2.53
Native-born of foreign lather, by race of father, Irish . . .
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian South
Polish
Grand total
1.177
4.39
1.21
d2.13
Total native-born of foreign father
78
327
850
4.37
3.89
4.58
.95
.95
1.33
1.94
«1.79
12.11
Total nativs-born ..
Total foreign-born
a Based on 51 households.
b Based on 196 households.
c Based on 365 households.
d Based on 1,174 households.
< Based on 325 households.
/ Based on 849 households.
Four races, the native-born of native father, both white and
negro, and the first and second generation Irish, each have an aver-
age of less than one person per room, and less than two persons per
sleeping room. The other four races, Hebrews, Russian and other,
South Italians, and Poles, each have an average of about one and a
half persons per room and more than two persons per sleeping room.
The averages in this table are particularly significant when taken
in connection with the average number of persons per apartment,
per room, and per sleeping room, as shown in the table which follows:
TABLE 28. — Average number of persons and adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average number
per apartment.
Average number
per room.
Average number per
sleeping room.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Native-born of native father:
White
52
197
78
142
35
141
366
166
4.81
3.97
5.15
5.25
5.97
4.87
5.36
5.79
4.07
3.66
4.37
4.34
5.04
4.40
4.49
5.03
1.05
1.05
1.12
1.80
1.76
1.06
1.63
1.78
0.89
.97
.95
1.49
1.48
.96
1.37
1.55
a 2. 19
61.85
2.28
2.94
2.82
2.05
c2.71
2.91
a 1.85
61.70
1.94
2.44
2.39
1.85
C2.28
2.53
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian South
Polish
Grand total
1,177
5.09
4.39
1.41
1.21
d2.47
a-2.13
Total native-born of foreign
father
78
327
850
5. 15
4.39
5.37
4.31
3.89
4.58
1.12
1.07
1.56
.95
.95
1.33
2.28
«2.02
/2.66
1.94
el. 79
/2.27
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Based on 51 households.
6 Based on 196 households.
e Based on 365 households.
d Based on 1,174 households.
e Based on 325 households.
/ Based on 849 households.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
373
It will be seen that the households of immigrants are, when meas-
ured either by persons or adults, larger, on the whole, than those of
any class of the native-born and that the average numbers of persons
and of adults both per room and per sleeping room are higher in im-
migrant households than in the households of persons of native birth.
The relative positions of all races except the Russian Hebrews and
the Irish of foreign birth remain the same for apartments whether
persons or adults be considered. The large proportion of children
among the Russian Hebrews changes the position of the race from
fourth in average number of persons per apartment to sixth in average
number of adults per apartment.
The Russian Hebrews show the highest average number of persons
per room and per sleeping room, but, owing to the large proportion
of children under 10 years of age, the second highest average number
of adults per room and per sleeping room. On the other hand,
because of the smaller proportion of children among the Poles, this
race shows the second highest average number of persons and the
highest average number of adults per room and per sleeping room.
Thus far in. the tables showing congestion within the apartment no
account has been taken of the length of time the households have
been in the United States, and the question arises whether a fair
comparison of the races can be made when the fact is not considered
that some races have a much larger proportion than others of house-
holds that have been in the United States for many years. Two tables
which follow show, by years in the United States, the proportion of
households among all the foreign races studied which have each speci-
fied number of adults per room and per sleeping room.
Table 29, based on General Table 335, gives the number and per cent
of households having each specified number of adults per room, by
years in the United States.
TABLE 29. — Number and per cent of foreign households 'which have each specified number
of adults per room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Hebrew, Russian .
38
4
2
33
53
1.52
(a)
(a)
1.43
1.66
33
4
1
29
51
10
2
86.8
(a)
(0)
87.9
96.2
26.3
(a)
(a)
39.4
49.1
5.3
(a)
(0)
6.1
13.2
0.0
(a)
W.o
1.9
Hebrew. Other...
Irish..
Italian, South. . .
13
26
2
7
.....
Polish
Total
130
1.54
118
49
11
1
90.8
37.7
8.5
.8
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
374
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 29. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States —
Continued.
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Hebrew, Russian
58
13
7
89
68
1.50
1.59
(a)
1.56
1.58
53
11
3
82
61
" 17
5
2
91.4
ft
92.1
89.7
29.3
ft
33.7
32.4
3.4
(a)
(a)
10.1
7.4
0.0
(a)
(°L
2.9
Hebrew, Other.
Irish
Italian, South
30
22
9
5
3
2
Polish .
Total. .
235
1.53
210
74
16
5
89.4
31.5
6.8
2.1
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Hebrew, Russian. ...
45
1 51
41
13
3
91 1
28 9
6 7
0 0
Hebrew, Other
18
1.46
18
4
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Irish
131'
96
64
3
48 9
61
( ;0
( ;0
Italian, South
241
1 32
195
60
17
3
80 9
24 9
7 1
1 2
Polish
45
1 43
41
11
'2
91 1
24 4
Total
480
1 23
359
96
22
3
74 8
20 0
4 6
g
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Among households which have been in the United States under five
years the Polish show the greatest congestion and the Russian Hebrew
the least. Among those in this country from five to nine years the
difference between the races is almost negligible^the South Italians,
however, showing slightly higher percentages throughout than the
other races. By far the largest proportion of Irish households fall in
the group of old immigrants and the percentages for this race are
much lower than for any of the other races. Less than half of the
Irish households which have been in the United States ten years or
over average one or more persons to a room as contrasted with 91.1
per cent of the Russian Hebrews and the Poles.
The South Italians are the only race showing a uniform tendency
toward less congestion as the period of residence in the United States
grows longer. The totals seem to indicate the same tendency for the
foreign-born taken as a whole. It should be noted, however, that
racial representation in the subdivisions of the table is by no means
uniform, the Irish, with exceptionally low percentages, forming more
than a fourth of the total foreign-born in the group with a residence
of ten years or over in the United States.
Table 30, based on General Table 336, shows by years in the United
States the number and per cent of households having each specified
number of adults per sleeping room.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
375
TABLE 30. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United
States.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of
household.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Hebrew, Russian. . . .
Hebrew, Other
Irish
38
4
2
33
53
2.38
(a)
(a)
2.16
2.47
30
1
1
25
45
12
1
2
1
78.9
31.6
5.3
2.6
0.0
(0)
75.8
84.9
30.3
43.4
9.1
3.8
L9
8.
.0
Italian, South
10
23
3
2
Polish..
1
Total... .
130
2.34
102
46
7
2
78.5
35.4
5.4
1.5
.0
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Hebrew, Russian.
58
2.38
44
20
7
3
75.9
34.5
12.1
5.2
0.0
Hebrew, Other
13
2.58
10
5
4
3
fa)
fa)
.(a)
(a)
(a)
Irish
7
fa)
3
(a)
(«)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Italian, South
89
2.49
74
37
9
5
831
41 6
101
Vfi
1 ;o
Polish.
68
2.61
58
25
5
3
1
85 3
36 8
7 4
4 4
1 5
Total
235
2.48
189
87
25
14
1
80 4
37 0
10 6
6 0
4
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Hebrew, Russian. . . .
Hebrew, Other
45
18
2.59
2.37
39
15
20
8
4
2
2
1
2
86.7
(a)
44.4
(a)
8.9
(a)
4.4
(a)
4.4
(a)
Irish..
131
1 85
60
H
2
1
1
45 8
Vl
15
{ }9
( }9
Italian, South
240
2.24
172
74
24
13
7
71 7
30 8
10 0
5 4
2 9
Polish
45
2 49
37
18
3
82 2
40 0
6 7
o
o
Total
479
2.18
323
131
35
17
10
67 4
27 3
7 3
3 5
2 1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Among households whose heads have been in the United States
under five years the Poles again show the greatest congestion, but the
South Italians, instead of the Russian Hebrews, as in Table 29, show
the least, indicating a tendency among the South Italians in this group
to use a relatively greater proportion of rooms for sleeping purposes.
In the group whose heads have been in this country five to nine years
the Russian Hebrews show somewhat less congestion in sleeping
rooms than the other two races for which percentages are given. In
the group in the United States ten years or over the Irish, as in the
previous table, show much less congestion than any other race. Con-
gestion in sleeping rooms among the races studied in Philadelphia
apparently is little affected by length of residence in this country.
In no individual race does there seem to be a tendency toward either
a large or small number of adults per sleeping room with lengthened
residence in the United States.
376
The Immigration Commission.
Another aspect of the relation between rooms and sleeping rooms is
shown in the following table which presents the number and per cent
of households using all rooms for sleeping purposes, and of those
reserving each specified number of rooms for other purposes. This
table is based on General Table 337.
TABLE 31. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all exce\
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
except each
Number of households
Per cent of households
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
Average
number
of rooms
per
house-
Average
number
of sleep-
ing rooms
sleeping in-
sleeping in-
All
All
except
All
except
All
All
except
All
except
data.
hold.
hold.
rooms.
. 1
2
rooms.
1
2
room.
rooms.
room.
rooms.
Native-born of native
father:
White
51
o4.56
2.22
1
6
26
2.0
11.8
51.0
Negro
196
63.77
2.15
29
56
89
14.8
28.6
45.4
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father.
Irish
78
4.59
2.26
1
23
18
1.3
29.5
23.1
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
142
2.92
1.78
37
67
23
26.1
47.2
16.2
Hebrew Other
35
3.40
2.11
8
13
10
22 9
37.1
28 6
Irish..
141
4.58
2.38
4
40
44
2.8
28.4
31.2
Italian South
365
c3. 28
1.97
79
155
90
21 6
42.5
24.7
Polish.
166
3.25
1.99
48
58
40
28.9
34.9
24.1
Grand total
1,174
/3.62
2.06
207
418
340
17.6
35.6
29.0
Total native-born of for-
eign father . .
78
4.59
2.26
1
23
18
1.3
29.5
23.1
Total native-born
325
d4.09
2.18
31
85
133
9.5
26.2
40.9
Total foreign-born . .
849
«3.43
2.02
176
333
207
2.70
39.2
24.4
a Based on 52 households.
b Based on 197 households.
c Based on 366 households.
d Based on 327 households.
f Based on 850 households.
/Based on 1,1777 households.
Less than 3 per cent of the households of the native-born of native
father and of the first and second generation Irish use all rooms for
sleeping purposes; more than a third of the native-born of native
father and of the Irish of foreign birth and nearly half of the second
generation Irish reserve more than two rooms for purposes other than
sleeping. The Hebrews, Russian and other, the South Italians, and
the Poles in more than 20 per cent of all cases sleep in all rooms;
approximately 12 per cent or the households of these races have more
than two rooms not used for sleeping purposes. The proportion of
negro households sleeping in all rooms is greater than the correspond-
ing proportions for the other groups of native birth but smaller than
for any immigrant race except the Irish.
Considering only totals, the native-born, exclusive of the negroes,
have the largest proportions of rooms not slept in, and the foreign-
born the smallest.
In summary it may be said that the three native races and the
Irish of foreign birth show the least congestion in rooms and sleeping
rooms; the negroes, however, have a much larger proportion of house-
holds sleeping in all rooms than the races just named, and a much
smaller proportion of households reserving more than two rooms for
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
377
Purposes other than sleeping; the Hebrews, Russian and other, the
outh Italians, and the Poles show much greater congestion, both in
rooms and sleeping rooms, than the races in the first group; the per-
centages and averages for these four races do not differ greatly, though
the P'oles, on the whole, show somewhat greater congestion than the
other races.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
Crowding in apartments, rooms, and sleeping rooms is most serious
when it is caused by the presence of persons outside the immediate
family. By far the largest proportion of such persons found in the
present study were boarders or lodgers. Other persons not boarders
or lodgers were usually near relatives. The tables which follow show
for all households studied the proportion of households keeping
boarders or lodgers, the proportion that the boarders or lodgers con-
stitute of the members of the households of each race, and the aver-
age number of boarders or lodgers per household.
Table 32, based on General Table 338, gives for each race the
number and per cent of households keeping
>oarders or lodgers.
TABLE 32. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race -of head of household.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule, and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
house-
holds.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White..
52
197
78
142
35
141
366
166
9
74
14
14
5
32
44
91
17.3
37.6
17.9
9.9
14.3
22.7
12.0
54.8
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish ..
Italian, South
Polish..
Grand total *
1..177
283
24.0
Total native-born of foreign father . . .
78
327
850
14
97
186
17.9
29.7
21.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The Poles show 54.8 per cent of households keeping boarders or
lodgers; the negroes follow with 37.6 per cent. The smallest pro-
portion, 9.9 per cent, is found among the Kussian Hebrews.
A complementary table, based on General Table 322, shows the per
cent of households which consist of single families without boarders
or lodgers.
25608°— VOL 26—11 25
378
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 33. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single family without
boarders and lodgers.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Consisting of a sin-
gle family without
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
52
197
78
142
35
141
366
166
38
105
58
122
30
103
294
74
73.1
53.3
74.4
85.9
85.7
73.0
80.3
44.6
Negro ...
Native-born of foreign father by race of father Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian. South
Polish
Grand total
1,177
824
70.0
Total native-born of foreign father
78
327
850
58
201
623
74.4
01. 5
73.3
Total native-born . . :
Total foreign-born
Where the sum of the percentages of any race in these two tables
does not equal 100 the difference is accounted for by the presence of
households in which two or more families live together or of group
households without boarders or lodgers. Of the 1,177 households
studied, 50 consist of two or more families living together, 25 of them
South Italian, and 10 negro. Thirty-two out of the total number
of households are group households, 14 of which are among the
negroes, and 7 among the Irish of foreign birth.
The largest proportion of households consisting of single families,
85.9 per cent, is round among the Kussian Hebrews, showing that
crowding in the households of this race is very largely within the
immediate family, and is not to any great extent caused by the
presence in the household of persons other than members of the
family. Less than half of the Polish households and only slightly
more than half of the negro households consist of single families. The
small proportion of single family households among the negroes is
due not only to the large number of boarders or lodgers, but also to
the relatively large proportion of group households and households
consisting of two or more families.
Table 34, based on General Table 339, gives, according to the num-
ber of years the heads of households have been in the United States,
the number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
379
TABLE 34. — Number and per cent of for
of head and by years he
households keeping boarders or lodgers,by race
has been in the United States.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In the United States
under 5 years.
In the United States
5 to 9 years.
In the United States
10 years or over.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Hebrew Russian
141
35
140
363
166
38
4
2
33
53
5
13.2
(a)
(a)
15.2
47.2
58
13
7
89
08
3
4
1
9
39
5.2
(a)
(a)
10.1
57.4
45
18
131
241
45
6
1
31
30
27
13.3
(a)
23.7
12.4
60.0
Hebrew. Other. .
Irish
""5"
25
Italian, South. •„
Polish
Total
845
130
35
26.9
235
56
23.8
480
95
19.8
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In considering comparatively the proportions of households which
keep boarders or lodgers, the question arises, whether racial differ-
ences may not be largely accounted for by variations in periods of
residence in the United States. The table above shows little change
in the relative position of the races in the three residence groups;
it will be seen that the Russian Hebrews and the South Italians who
report low proportions of households in the United States under five
years keeping boarders or lodgers, also report low proportions in the
other groups, and that the Poles in each group report approximately
three times as large a proportion of households keeping boarders or
lodgers as any other race.
The proportion which the boarders or lodgers form of the total
number of persons in the households of each race is given in the table
below.
TABLE 35. — Number and per cent of persons in apartments who are boarders or lodgers, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total num-
ber of
persons in
apart-
ments.
Total boarders or
lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
250
782
402
745
209
687
1,960
961
12
154
18
20
9
63
91
281
4.8
19.7
4.5
2.7
4.3
9.2
46
29.2
Negro
Native-born of foreign father by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total .
5,996
648
10.8
Total native-born of foreign father. .
402
1,434
4,562
18
184
464
4.5
12.8
10.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
380
The Immigration Commission.
The Poles who, it will be remembered, show the greatest degree of
congestion, report nearly a third of the members of the race boarders
or lodgers, indicating that congestion in the households of this race is
due to no small extent to the presence of persons not members of the
family.
The relatively high proportion of boarders or lodgers among the
negroes, while it has not resulted in high degree of crowding, repre-
sents particularly bad conditions because of the frequent lodging of
both sexes in the same apartment. For example, the only occupants
of one apartment were a woman, 28 years old, whose husband had
deserted her, and a male lodger 45 years old. In another instance a
man 29 years old and a lodger, a woman 27 years old, were the only
occupants of an apartment.
The Irish show twice as large a proportion of boarders or lodgers
among the members of households and nearly twice as large a propor-
tion of households keeping boarders or lodgers as the South Italians,
but reference to the succeeding table will show that the average
number of boarders or lodgers per household keeping boarders or
lodgers is somewhat smaller among the Irish than among the South
Italians.
The average number of boarders or lodgers per household based on
all households studied and the average number of boarders or lodgers
per household based on the number of households keeping boarders
or lodgers are shown in the table below.
TABLE 36. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
Based on
total num-
ber of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Native-born of native father:
White
52
197
78
142
35
141
366
1G6
9
74
14
14
5
32
44
91
12
154
18
20
9
63
91
281
0.23
.78
.23
14
.26
.45
.25
1.69
0)
2.08
1.29
1.43
(a)
1.97
2.07
3.09
Negro
Natine-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian South
Polish
Grand total
1,177
283
648
.55
2.29
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
78
327
850
14
97
186
18
184
464
.23
.56
.55
1.29
1.90
2.49
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
381
Only among the Poles does the average number of boarders or lodg-
ers computed on the basis of all households studied exceed 1, and
only among Polish households keeping boarders or lodgers does the
number per household exceed 3, and more than 3 boarders or lodgers
for every household keeping boarders or lodgers. The negroes, who
are second to the Poles in this respect, show much smaller propor-
tions of households keeping boarders or lodgers.
To sum up, the Poles show, on the whole, the greatest number of
boarders or lodgers per household and the largest percentage of house-
holds keeping them. Though the negroes show relatively little crowd-
ing, other evils have resulted from the relatively large number of
boarders or lodgers. The other races show from 9.9 per cent to 22.7
per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, but the number per
household is so small that the degree of congestion in households of
these races can not be said to be greatly affected by the presence of
boarders and lodgers.
HOME WORK.
The number of apartments in which gainful employment is pur-
sued is given in the following table, based on General Table 340:
TABLE 37. — Number of apartments in which gainful employment is pursued, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number.
Apartments in which
gainful employment
is pursued.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
52
197
78
142
35
141
366
166
0.0
32.5
.0
7.7
5.7
4.3
4.6
.6
Negro. .
64
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
11
2
6
17
1
Hebrew. Other. . .
Irish....
Italian, South. . .
Polish
Grand total
1,177
101
8.6
Total native-born of foreign father
78
327
850
.0
19.6
4.4
Total native-born...
64
37
Total foreign-born
Of the 1,177 households studied 101, or 8.6 per cent, carry on
occupational work within the home. Approximately two-thirds of
these 101 households are found among the negroes. In none of the
homes of the native white of native father is gainful employment
pursued. Among immigrants the highest percentage of apartments
in which home work is carried on is among the Russian Hebrews and
the lowest percentage is among the Poles. The work in apartments
among the races studied in Philadelphia is confined almost entirely
to the female members of the household and is frequently of only a
casual nature.
382
The Immigration Commission.
Table 38, based on General Table 340, shows what members of the
households are employed in the apartments:
TABLE 38. — Number of apartments in which gainful employment is pursued, by male head
of household, wife of head, etc., by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
with
gainful
employ-
ment.
Number in which gainful employment is pursued by-
Male
head of
house-
hold.
Wife of
head.
Female head of
household.
Other persons 16
years of age or
over.
Widow.
Other.
Male.
Female.
Native-born of native father,
Negro
64
11
2
6
17
1
24
2
2
23
4
7
12
1
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
6
1
Hebrew, Other. .
Irish ....
1
4
3
2
5
1
Italian, South...
11
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
101
11
39
30
7
1
21
64
37
24
15
23
7
7
12
9
11
1
In 76 of the 101 apartments either the wives of the heads of the
households or women who are themselves the heads of households are
engaged in gainful employment. Aside from the wives of heads, and
the female heads of households, the other females employed in apart-
ments are for the most part daughters or relatives living with the
family; among the negroes, a few are lodgers. Next to the negroes,
the South Italians have the largest number of women at work in
apartments. Relatively few men are engaged in home work. No
children under 16 years of age were found employed in the homes
studied in Philadelphia.
The following table, based on General Table 340, gives the kind
of employment pursued in apartments:
TABLE 39. — Number of apartments in which each specified kind of gainful employment is
pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity ami race of head of house-
hold.
Number
with
gainful
employ-
ment.
Number in which each specified kind of gainful em-
ployment is pursued.
Dress-
making
and
sewing.
Laundry
work.
Shoe-
making.
Tailoring.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Native-born of native father, Negro
64
11
2
6
17
1
8
3
2
56
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
3
3
2
Hebrew. Other...
Irish . .
3
1
10
2
1
Italian. South .
6
1
Polish
Grand total
101
20
59
3
14
5
Total native-born ..
64
37
8
12
56
3
Total foreign-born
3
14
5
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
383
In 59 of the 101 apartments where home work is carried on the
employment is laundry work, in 20 it is dressmaking and sewing, in
14 tailoring, and in 8 work of other kinds.
As would be expected, dressmaking and laundry work in the
apartment are carried on for the most part by women. In 7 of the
10 apartments of South Italians in which tailoring is done 9 women
are employed, and in 3 apartments 3 men. In 4 cases the earnings
for dressmaking and sewing are between $156 and $234 and in more
than half of the apartments the earnings are less.
CARE AND EQUIPMENT OF HOME.
In determining living conditions the character and equipment of
apartments is of importance. A 3-room house facing a small dark
court and occupied by but 3 people who share an outside toilet with
3 or 4 other families and a hydrant in the court with 6 or 8 other
families, may represent much worse living conditions than a 5-room
apartment occupied by 10 persons in a fairly well built tenement where
each apartment has a separate toilet, a sink in the.kitchen, and a fair
amount of light and air.
Data concerning water supply and toilet facilities are given in the
four tables which follow.
Table 40, based on General Table 341, gives the per cent of house-
holds which have separate water supply, and the per cent sharing
their water supply with from 1 to 11 other households:
TABLE 40. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each specified number
of households, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of households where water supply is used by
each specified number of households.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
12.
Native-born of native father:
White
52
195
78
142
35
141
364
166
82.7
41.0
66.7
86.6
85.7
68.1
62.9
50.0
7.7
19.0
11.5
5.6
2.9
15.6
17.9
25.9
7.7
14.4
7.7
5.6
5.7
2.8
7.4
3.6
0.0
4.1
7.7
.7
2.9
9.9
4.9
2.4
0.0
4.1
5.1
1.4
2.9
2.8
2.2
.0
1.9
11.8
1.3
.0
.0
.7
2.2
.6
0.0
3.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
2.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.5
4.2
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
13.3
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian .
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
1,173
62.7
16.1
11.5
15.4
16.4
7.2
7.7
11.7
5.5
4.4
7.7
4.3
4.5
2.3
5.1
3.7
1.8
3.0
1.3
7.7
1.2
.6
.0
2.2
.0
1.7
.0
1.2
1.9
1.9
.0
.0
2.6
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
78
325
- 848
60.7
53.8
66.2
Total foreign-born
No instances were found where 9, 10, or 11 households were depend-
ent upon one water supply ; and the only instances where more than
8 households used one supply were among the Poles, where all the
houses on one side of a street for a little more than a block are
dependent for water upon two wells at the side of the street.
The largest proportions of households having separate water sup-
ply are among the Russian and other Hebrews, who show 86.6 per
384
The Immigration Commission.
cent and 85.7 per cent, respectively; the smallest proportion is among
the negroes, who report but 41 per cent. The relatively large pro-
portion of households which share water supply with 5 other house-
holds among the negroes may be explained by the small court found
in a number of instances in the negro blocks studied, and described
on page 355. As a rule one hydrant in the court supplies the 6 house-
holds with water. The Poles have the second lowest percentage of
households having separate water supply, and, as before mentioned,
include the only households using water supply used by more than 8
households.
Considering only totals, the native-born, exclusive of the negroes,
have the best and the foreign-born the least adequate equipment in
respect to water supply. On the whole, conditions with regard to
water supply are best among the Hebrews, Russian and other; they
are the only races in which no instances are found of more than 5
households sharing one water supply and they show the large propor-
tions of households having separate water supply. Conditions are
most uniformly bad among the negroes and the Poles, who show rel-
atively high percentages of households sharing water supply with large
numbers of other households, and the smallest percentages with sepa-
rate water supply.
The kind of water supply to which the households studied have
access is given in the following table :
TABLE 41. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each specified kind
of water supply, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number of households which
have access to water supply
from—
Per cent of households which
have access to water supply
from—
Pipes
within
the
building.
Pipes
outside
the
building.
Wells.
Pipes
within
the
building.
Pipes
outside
the
building.
Wells.
Native-born of native father:
White
51
197
76
142
34
140
355
162
18
38
17
134
31
54
230
86
33
159
59
8
3
86
125
55
35. 3
19.3
22.4
94.4
91.2
38.6
64.8
53.1
64.7
80.7
77.6
» 5.6
8.8
61.4
35.2
34.0
0.0
.0
.0
' .0
.0
.0
.0
13.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father
by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian South
Polish
21
Grand total
1,157
608
528
21
52.5
45.6
1.8
Total native-born of foreign
father
76
324
833
17
73
535
59
251
277
22.4
22.5
64.2
77.6
77.5
33.3
.0
.0
2.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
21
In this table the foreign-born show much better equipment on the
whole than the native-born, even exclusive of the negroes.
Of all the races the Hebrews, Russian and other, show the best
equipment in respect to water supply, 94.4 percent of the former and
91.2 per cent of the latter having access to city water within the
building. The negroes again have the poorest equipment, with but
19.3 per cent of the households having access to city water within
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
385
the building. The Poles, with 53.1 per cent of the households having
city water within the house show better conditions in this respect than
the native-born of native father, or the first and second generation
[rish, who, it will be remembered, showed the best conditions of any
races from the point of view of congestion. The 13 per cent of Polish
households which have access only to wells was explained in the
discussion of the table immediately preceding.
The per cents of households having separate toilet accommoda-
tions and the per cents sharing toilets with each specified number of
households are given in the table below, based on General Table 342.
TABLE 42. — Per cent of households where toilet is used by each specified number of house*
holds, by general nativity and race of head of household.
Per cent of house-
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
com plete
Per cent of households where 1 toilet
is used by each specified number
of households.
holds where 2
toilets are used
by each specified
number of house-
holds.
data.
1.
2.
3. |,
5.
6 or
more.
3.
7.
|
Native-born of native father:
White
52
86.5
/. i
1.9
1.9
0.0
1.9
0.0
0.0
Negro
197
64.0
22.3
8.1
1.0
2.5
1.0
.0
1.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish. . .
78
98.7
1.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
142
15. 5
33.8
19.0
17.6
7.0
1.4
5.6
.0
Hebrew Other
35
20.0
11.4
31.4
25.7
8.6
.0
2.9
.0
Irish
141
87.9
9.2
.0
1.4
.0
1.4
.0
.0
Italian, South . .
365
50.4
25.8
15.1
7.1
1.4
.3
.0
.0
Pclish
166
410
33 7
7 8
6 6
4 2
6 6
o
o
Grand total
1 176
55.5
22 4
10 5
6 5
2 6
1.6
.8
2
Total native-born of foreign father.
78
98.7
1.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Total native-born
327
75.8
15.0
5.2
.9
1.5
.9
.0
.6
Total foreign-born. .
849
47.7
25.3
12.5
8.6
2.9
1.9
1.1
.0
It will be seen that immigrants as a whole have much poorer toilet
facilities than any class of the native-born.
The showing among the several races with regard to toilet accommo-
dations is very different from the showing with regard to water supply.
The Russian and other Hebrews who show the best water supply
have the least adequate toilet facilities. Only 15.5 per cent of the
Russian Hebrews, and 20 per cent of the other Hebrews have sepa-
rate toilets, and in most cases they show the high percentages of
households sharing toilets with other households. More than a third
of the Hebrew households other than Russian have access to toilet
accommodations used by four or more households. The Polish
households, but 41 per cent of which have separate toilets, rank next
to the Hebrews in inadequacy of toilet accommodations. The best
conditions are found among the second generation Irish, 98.7 per
cent of whom have separate toilets, and none of whom share toilets
with more than one other household. The foreign-born Irish and
the native-born of native father, in the order named, follow the sec-
ond generation Irish
386
The Immigration Commission.
The kind of toilet to which the households studied have access
is given in the following table:
TABLE 43. — Number and per cent of households which have dccess to each specified kind of
toilet, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number of households
which have access to-
Per cent of households
which have access to —
Flush toilet.
Dry toilet.
Flush toilet.
Dry toilet.
Native-born of native father:
\vhite
51
197
71
142
34
138
353
158
22
65
32
129
30
88'
288
75
29
132
39
13
4
50
65
83
43.1
33.0
45.1
90.8
88.2
63.8
81.6
47.5
56.9
67.0
54.9
9.2
11.8
36.2
18.4
52.5
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
1, 144 j 729
415
63.7
36.3
Total native-born of foreign father
71
319
825
32
119
610
39
200
215
45.1
37.3
73.9
54.9
62.7
26.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .'
If it be accepted as a fact that flush toilets, however installed and
cared for, are preferable to dry toilets, the position of the races is
again reversed, and the Hebrews, Russian and other, who stoo'd lowest
in the preceding table, stand highest in this table. As a matter of
fact, the condition of the flush toilets in the apartments occupied by
the Hebrews studied in Philadelphia, was, on the whole, fairly
good, and the percentages shown here represent, on the whole, better
conditions so far as the character of the toilets are concerned than
were found among the other races. In many instances, however,
among the Poles, the South Italians, and especially the negroes, con-
ditions were as unsanitary where flush toilets existed as they could
have been with dry toilets, and extremely bad conditions were found
among some of the dry toilets. The conditions described above are
not confined entirely to apartments occupied by the races men-
tioned, nor are they by any means universal for apartments occu-
pied by any race, but the instances in which such conditions pre-
vail are frequent enough to be worthy of mention.
Many of the facts brought out in the preceding housing tables have
a direct bearing on care of apartment. The difficulties are many
in the way of keeping an apartment neat and orderly in households
where there is relatively great congestion, where the wife cooks for
boarders or lodgers and perhaps has the care of small children, where,
possibly, some occupation is being carried on in the apartment, and
where the water supply is not easy of access and the drainage
facilities are poor.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
387
The table below, based on General Table 343, classifies apartments
according to their condition at the time they were visited.
TABLE 44. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general nativity and
race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
for which
information
was
secured.
Per cent of apartments where care is—
Good.
Fair.
Bad.
Very bad.
Native-born of native father:
White .
52
197
78
141
34
140
362
166
36.5
40.6
35.9
50.4
58.8
28.6
46.4
28.9
53.8
36.5
53.8
28.4
23.5
55.0
40.3
42.2
9.6
17.8
9.0
18.4
11.8
13.6
12.2
25.3
0.0
5.1
1.3
2.8
5.9
2.9
1.1
3.6
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian South
Polish
Grand total
1,170
40. 5 J 41.3
15.6
2.6
Total native-born of foreign father
78
327
843
35.9
38.8
41.2
53.8
43.4
40.5
9.0
14.4
16.0
1.3
3.4
2.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
In about two-fifths of the 1,170 apartments visited the care was
found to be good, in about two-fifths fair, and in a little less than
one-fifth bad or very bad. The care of the apartment is on the
whole somewhat better among the foreign than among the native
households. It is also a little better in the households of white
persons of native birth than in the households of negroes.
The Russian Hebrews, with 50.4 per cent, and the Hebrews other
than Russian, with 58.8 per cent, have the large proportions of
households in which the care of the apartment is good; the
Irish, with 28.6 per cent, -and the Poles, with 28.9 per cent, have
the small proportions of such households. The native white of native
father show the largest and the Poles the smallest percentages of
apartments where the care is good or very good. In considering
the relatively bad showing of the Poles several facts should be borne
in mind. Congestion within the apartment is, on the whole, greater
than for any other race. More than half of the households keep
boarders or lodgers, and the boarders or lodgers include nearly a
third of the persons of the race, the percentages for the Poles being
more than twice as great as for any other race. The Poles also have
the third highest proportion of children under 6 years of age. The
proportion of apartments of the race with separate water supply is
third lowest, and the proportion having city water within the building
is about a medium.
388
The Immigration Commission.
The number and per cent of households in basement dwellings
follows :
TABLE 45. — Number and per cent of households living in basement apartments, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Households living in
basement apartments.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
52
197
78
142
35
141
366
166
0.0
.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
1.6
1.2
Negro . .
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian .
1
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian. South
6
a2
Polish
Grand total
1,177
a9
.8
Total native-born of foreign father
78
327
850
.0
.0
1.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
aQ
a Including one cellar.
As will be seen from the table, the number of households occupying
basement apartments in the districts studied in Philadelphia is neg-
ligible. In all there are but 9 out of the 1,177 households, or 0.8 per
cent, living in basements; 6 of these are found among the South
Italians, and constitute 1.6 per cent of the total number of households
of that race.
HOME OWNERSHIP AND KENT.
The subject of home ownership and rent is closely related to eco-
nomic conditions on the one hand and to living conditions on the
other, but it does not always follow that the races showing the largest
proportion of families owning their homes or the largest proportion
of households paying high rents have the highest incomes or live
under the best conditions. It not infrequently happens that a family
in attempting to buy a home is forced for many years to live under
more unfavorable conditions than the neighbors who are renting.
The amount of rent paid among households of the character chosen
for study is usually dependent more upon the location of the apart-
ment than upon its character or equipment. Factors not directly
connected with either living conditions or economic conditions may
enter into the choice of the location of apartments. The necessity of
being near work or near to a business section, or the desire to live
among relatives, friends, or fellow countrymen may involve the pay-
ment of rents out of all proportion to the family income or to the
accommodations received.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
389
Table 46 below, based on General Table 344, gives the number
and per cent of families studied who own their homes.
TABLE 46. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race
of head of family .
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Owning home.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
57
217
1
78
1
1
2
148
36
136
390
1
4
171
3
3
5.3
1.4
W 3.8
(a)
(a)
W 7.4
13.9
11.0
13.1
(a)
<•> .6
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Hebrew
Irish
3
Italian, South .
Foreign-born:
English . . .
German
Hebrew, Russian
11
5
15
51
Hebrew. Other . .
Irish
Italian, South . .
Lithuanian
Negro . . ....
Polish
1
Grand total
1,243
92
7.4
Total native-born of foreign father
80
354
889
3
9
83
3.8
2.5
9.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. . .. .. . .
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
It will be noted that the data of this table are presented by families
and not by households. The term, " family/' in this study, signifies
parents and children, or either parent and children, while the house-
hold is taken to mean all persons residing in an apartment whether
they form one or more families. The presence of races not found in
the household tables is accounted for by the fact that where house-
holds consist of two or more families the head of the secondary
family is not always of the same race as the head of the household.
Out of 1,243 families studied, only 92, or 7.4 per cent, own homes.
The Hebrews, other than Russians, with 13.9 per cent, and the South
Italians, with 13.1 per cent, show the large proportions of families
owning homes. It is of interest to note that three of the four races
showing great congestion, the Hebrews, Russian and other, and the
South Italians, show relatively high percentages of families owning
homes. The foreign-born as a class have more than twice as great a
proportion of households owning homes as the native-born exclusive
of the negroes.
The four tables which follow show rent per apartment, per room, and
per person among the households studied.
390
The Immigration Commission.
Table 47, based on General Table 345, gives in cumulative form
the per cent of households paying each specified amount of rent per
apartment.
TABLE 47. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent
per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying —
Under
$5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
$20.
Native-born of native father:
White
47
168
73
l!l3
23
123
297
142
$9.12
11.13
9.40
&31
8.23
9.34
9.76
8.44
43
.6
1.4
6.2
4.3
.8
6.7
24.6
17.0
13.7
30.1
40.7
56.5
31.7
36.7
49.3
70.2
39.3
72.6
78.8
82.6
69.9
67.7
51.4
91.5
78.6
83.6
92.9
87.0
80.5
75.4
85.9
93.6
82.1
89.0
94.7
91.3
87.0
83.5
95.8
100.0
91.7
98.6
97.3
100.0
99.2
94.9
100.0
Negro
Native-born, of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian South
Polish
Grand total
986
9.49
6.9
33.5
62.9
81.7
87.8
96.6
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
73
288
698
9.40
10.36
9.13
1.4
1.4
9.2
30.1
18.4
39.7
72.6
52.8
67.0
83.6
81.9
81.7
89.0
85.8
88.7
98.6
94.8
97.3
Total foreign-born
The average rent of all Philadelphia apartments included in this
study is approximately $9.50. Of every 100 households 34 pay under
$7.50, 63 pay under $10, and 82 pay under $12.50. Immigrant house-
holds pay, on an average, somewhat lower rents than do the house-
holds of white persons of native birth and considerably lower rents
than are paid by negro households.
The fact has been noted that rent per apartment does not always
reflect the character of the accommodations. For example, the Poles,
who have the second smallest average number of rooms and pay
relatively low rents, have, on the whole, better apartments than the
negroes, who have a large average number of rooms and pay the
highest rents. The apartments which the Poles occupy have more
light and air, are, for the most part, in better repair, and have better,
if not as numerous, toilet accommodations. There is considerable
variation in the amount of rent paid by Polish households. Forty-
eight and six-tenths per cent, or nearly one-half, pay over $10, the
second largest proportion shown by any race; on the other hand,
nearly a fourth of the households of the race pay less than $5.
The difference between the accommodations secured by the negroes
and by the Poles is due partially to location, the negroes being much
nearer the business sections of the city. The South Italians also
have a relatively small average number of rooms, and are third lowest
in respect to the proportions of households having separate water
supply and toilet accommodations, but are second in the average rent
pai(
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
391
Rent per room is a more accurate measure of the relative amount
of rent paid by the households of the various races than is rent per-
apartment. Table 48, based on General Table 346, gives in cumu-
lative form the per cent of households paying each specified rent per
room.
TABLE
48. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per
general nativity and race of head of household.
er month per room,
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent
per
room.
Per cent paying —
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father:
White
47
168
73
113
23
123
297
142
S2.10
2.72
2.10
3.07
2.82
2.13
3.32
2.69
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.7
.0
29.8
.0
31.5
2.7
.0
22.8
2.7
8.5
91.5
65.5
90.4
40.7
56.5
92.7
32.0
46.5
95.7
95.8
100.0
77.0
91.3
100.0
67.0
89.4
100.0
98.8
100.0
95.6
100.0
100.0
90.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.0
100.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
986
2.71
.2
a9
56.1
84.8
96.3
99.1
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
73
288
698
2.10
2.45
2.86
.0
.0
.3
31.5
12.8
7.3
90.4
76.0
47.9
100.0
96.9
79.8
100.0
99.3
95.1
100.0
100.0
98.7
Total foreign-born .
The average rent per room paid by all households included in the
table is $2.71. The average paid by immigrant households is $2.86,
by the households of white persons of native birth is $2.10, and by
negroes is $2.72. Only among the foreign-born and the negroes are
households found paying as much as $5 per room, and only among
the foreign-born are there any households which pay as much as $6.
The high rents per room are paid by the South Italians and the
Russian Hebrews, the only races which pay, on an average, more
than $3. Thirty per cent of the South Italian households and 23
per cent of the Russian Hebrew households pay between $4 and $6
per month per room. The Hebrews, Russian and other, the South
Italians, and the Poles, the four races which show the high degrees
of congestion, have relatively large proportions of households paying
$4 or more per room, and show relatively high average rents. The
native white of native father and the nrst and second generation
Irish, all of whom make approximately the same showing in respect
to congestion, pay the low rents per room and show, on the whole,
the best living conditions.
Rent per person is more directly under the control of the household
than either rent per apartment or rent per room. A frequent method
of meeting the expense of rent is by taking in boarders or lodgers or by
sharing the apartment with two or more families, thus reducing the
rent per person.
392
The Immigration Commission.
Table 49, based on General Table 347, gives in cumulative form
the per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
person.
TABLE 49. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent
per
person.
Per cent paying—
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
S3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father:
White
47
168
73
113
23
123
297
142
$1.92
2.69
1.80
1.64
1.46
1.89
1.89
1.47
0.0
2.4
6.8
6.2
.0
4.9
7.1
13.4
48.9
21.4
60.3
67.3
78.3
43.9
55.9
76.8
85.1
53.6
78.1
83.2
91.3
73.2
83.8
91.5
87.2
71.4
87.7
92.9
95.7
87.8
91.9
99.3
95.7
845
95.9
97.3
100.0
95.1
96.3
100.0
100.0
92.3
97.3
99.1
100.0
97.6
98.0
100.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total . ....
986
73
288
698
1.89
1.80
2.30
1.74
6.3
6.8
3.1
7.6
53.3
78.2
88.6
94.8
97.5
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
60.3
35.8
60.6
78.1
64.9
83.7
87.7
78.1
93.0
95.9
89.2
97.1
97.3
94.8
98.6
Total foreign-born
The average rent for the 986 households which pay rent and report
amount is $1.89 per month per person. More than half of the house-
holds pay less than $2 per person, and more than three-fourths pay
less than $3. Rent per person is, on the whole, considerably lower
in immigrant than in native households. It will be recalled that rent
per room is higher in immigrant households. This is, of course, due
to the greater size of the households of the foreign-born.
Low rents per person are paid by three of the races showing high
degrees of congestion and paying large rents per room, the Hebrews,
Russian and other, and the Poles. More than 90 per cent of the
households of each of these races and of the South Italians pay less
than $4 per month per person. The highest rents per person are
found among the negroes, who pay on an average 80 cents more per
person than any other race, and who, in 28.6 per cent of all cases,
pay $4 or more per person.
Of the foreign races, the Irish, who have no households paying
$4 or more per room, have the largest proportion of households
paying $4 or more per person, reflecting the fact that the Irish have
a relatively smaller number of persons per room than the other immi-
frant races. The Poles have a considerably larger proportion of
ouseholds paying $4 or more per room but a smaller proportion of
households paying $4 or more per person than the Russian Hebrews.
In the tables showing data relative to congestion and boarders and
lodgers it will be remembered that the Poles show the greatest con-
gestion and have by far the largest per cent of boarders or lodgers
of any race. The Poles, it appears, take boarders and lodgers to
meet the expense of rent.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
393
The average rent per apartment, per room, and per person is shown
as follows:
TABLE 50. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average rent per—
Apart-
ment.
Room.
Person.
Native-born of native father:
White
47
168
73
113
23
123
297
142
$9.12
11.13
9.40
8.31
8.23
9.34
9.76
8.44
$2.10
2.72
2.10
3.07
2.82
2.13
3.32
2.69
$1.92
2.69
1.80
1.64
1.46
1.89
1.89
1.47
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born;
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
986
9.49
2.71
1.89
Total native-born of foreign father
73
288
698
9.40
10.36
9.13
2.10
2.45
2.86
1.80
2.30
1.74
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The average rent per month for the 986 households is $9.49 per
apartment, $2.71 per room, and $1.89 per person. Rents per apart-
ment and per person are lower and rents per room higher among
immigrants than among the native-born. The highest average rent
per apartment and per person is paid by the negroes, and the highest
average rent per room by South Italians. The native white of native
father, who pay considerably below the average rent for all races per
apartment and per room, pay above the average rent per person.
The high rents per room are paid by the Russian and other Hebrews,
the South Italians, the negroes, and the Poles; the Russian and other
Hebrews and the Poles pay the low rents per person.
25608 r— VOL 26 — 11
-26
CHAPTER V.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
OCCUPATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD.
An inquiry into the occupations of immigrants abroad, with special
reference to whether the occupations were carried on in urban or
rural districts to some extent explains the character of the occupa-
tions into which these immigrants go upon coming to America, and
upon the wages which they are able to command in this country.
A large proportion of the immigrants to the United States are from
rural communities in which, as a rule, they have had small opportuni-
ties for industrial training.
The table below, based on General Table 348, gives the number
and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who were
engaged in farming before coming to the United States :
T^ABLE 51. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households 16 years of
age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were engaged in farming abroad,
by race of individual.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Engaged in farming
abroad.
Number.
Per cent.
Hebrew, Russian. . .
120
79
297
155
11
59
95
93
9.2
74.7
32.0
60.0
Irish
Italian, South
Polish..
Total. . .
651
258
39.6
The Hebrews other than Russian do not appear in the table,
but none are reported as engaged in farming abroad. Of the
Russian Hebrews only 9.2 per cent of the heads of households were
engaged in farming in the home country, as contrasted with 74.7 per
cent among the Irish, 60 per cent among the Poles, and 32 per cent
among the South Italians.
The occupations in the United States of persons in the households
studied are given in two sets of tables which follow, the first set giving
the occupations of persons 1 6 years of age or over and the second sefe
the occupations of persons under 16 years of age.
Table 52, based on General Table 349, gives for each race the occu-
pations which employ the largest and the second largest number of
male heads of households.
395
396
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 52. — Occupation of male heads of households ranking first and second in numerical
importance, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
gainfully
employed
and re-
porting
occupa-
tion.
First rank.
Second rank.
Occupation.
Num-
ber.
Per cent
of total
gainfully
employed.
Occupation.
Num-
ber.
Per cent
of total
gainfully
employed
Native-born o f native
father:
White
45
139
66
120
26
90
332
147
Laborer
do
11
40
18
29
(a)
40
117
66
244
28.8
27.3
24.2
(a)
444
35.2
44.9
Driver and
teamster.
Long shore-
man.
Laborer
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
(a)
Driver and
teamster.
Tailor, em-
ployee.
Foundry and
machine-
shop em-
ployee.
Tailor, em-
ployee.
Laborer
5
16
14
9
(a)
6
22
15
11.1
11.5
21.2
7.5
(a)
6.7
6.6
10.2
Negro
Native-born of foreign fath-
er, by race of father,Irish.
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, other. . .
Driver and
teamster.
Tailor, em-
ployee.
(a)
Laborer
. ...do
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
do
Grand total
do
Driver and
teamster.
Laborer
do
965
291
30.2
56
5.8
Total native-born of for-
eign father.
Total native-born
66
250
715
18
65
226
27.3
26.0
31.6
14
33
56
21.2
13.2
7.8
Driver and
teamster.
Tailor, em-
ployee.
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The largest number of heads of households among both the native-
born and the foreign-born are employed as laborers, 291 of the 965
heads of households included in the study, or nearly one-third, being
laborers. The occupation second in importance among the native-
born is drivers and teamsters, and among the foreign -born tailors'
employees. From the fact that but 56 persons are engaged in the
second most important occupation, it will be seen that the occupa-
tions aside from laborers are varied. (See General Table 349.)
In every foreign race, except the Russian Hebrew, the largest pro-
portions of the heads of households are employed as laborers.
Laborers, in this study, have been taken to include persons employed
in such work as street cleaning, clearing and repairing railroad and
car tracks, and unskilled labor in factories and at docks, freight
depots, etc. The Poles with 44.9 per cent and the Irish with 44.4
per cent of the heads of households employed as laborers show larger
proportions in a single occupation than any other races. From the
general table it will be found that the Hebrews other than Russian
show the greatest variety of occupations; 13 of the 26 heads of
households are engaged each in a different occupation, and in only one
occupation, tailors' employees, are as many as three employed.
The table which follows shows for male heads of households the
number and per cent engaged in business for profits. This table is
derived from 'General Table 349.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
397
TABLE 53. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In business for profits-
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father:
White
45
140
67
125
28
99
350
161
4
13
3
60
10
5
54
5
8.9
9.3
4.5
48.0
35.7
5.1
15.4
3.1
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian -.
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian South
Polish
1,015
154
15.2
Totil native-born of foreign father
67
252
763
3
20
134
4.5
7.9
17.6
Total native-born
The Hebrews, Russian and other, have more than twice as large
proportions as any other races, of male heads of households engaged
in business for profit; approximately half of the Russian Hebrew
and more than a third of the Hebrew heads of households other than
the Russian are in business for themselves. The South Italians with
15.4 per cent rank second. Of those engaged in business for profit
among the Russian Hebrews and the South Italians, the two occu-
pations of shoemaking and peddling occupy the largest number. The
Poles show the least tendency to engage in business for themselves,
only 5 out of 161, or 3.1 per cent, of the heads of households included
in the table, being in business forjirofit.
The foreign-born show a greater tendency to engage in business
for profit than do the native-born.
The following table shows the number of female heads of house-
holds who are in business for profit :
TABLE 54. — Number of female heads of households who are in business for profit, by
general nativity and ra.ce of individual.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
report-
ing
complete
data.
Number
in busi-
ness for
profit.
General nativitv and race of
individual.
Number
report-
ing
complete
data.
Number
in busi-
ness for
profit.
Native-born of native father:
White. . .
7
1
Foreign-born— Continued.
Polish
5
1
Negro
57
5
Native-born of foreign father,
Grand total
161
18
by race of father Irish
11
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
17
Total native-born of foreign
father
11
Hebrew, Other...
7
1
Total native-born
75
6
Irish
42
6
Total foreign-born
86
12
Italian South
15
1
.
Among the females but two races, the negro and the immigrant
Irish, are represented by as many as 20 female heads of households.
Five out of the 57 negro women included in the table and 6 out of
398
The Immigration Commission.
the 42 Irish women, are engaged in business for profit. Only 8 per
cent of the native-born as compared with 14 per cent of the foreign-
born are in business for themselves.
Tables 55 and 56 give the general occupations of males and females
16 years of age or over in the households studied, by race of individual.
These tables are based upon General Tables 350 and 351.
TABLE 55. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
JThis table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Per cent.
^General nativity and race
of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
In do-
mestic
and per-
sonal
service.
In man-
ufactur-
ing and
mechan-
ical pur-
In gen-
eral
labor
not
other-
wise
In
trade.
In
trans-
porta-
tion.
Other-
wise
em-
ployed.
At
home.
At
school.
entered.
Native-born of native
father:
White
93
5.4
52.7
15.1
9.7
15.1
0.0
2.2
0.0
Negro
208
26.9
17.8
8.2
11.1
30.8
2.4
2.9
.0
Native - born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Hebrew
23
.0
26.1
8.7
52.2
4.3
.0
4.3
4.3
Irish
139
3.6
43.2
19.4
10.1
19.4
.0
3.6
.7
Italian, South
45
6.7
35.6
4.4
20.0
8.9
8.9
8.9
6.7
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
175
1.1
54.3
.6
31.4
6.9
.6
4.0
1.1
Hebrew, Other . . .
36
2.8
47.2
.0
41.7
.0
2.8
5.6
.0
Irish
114
2.6
41.2
32.5
3.5
10.5
.9
8.8
.0
Italian, South
445
12.4
35.3
19.3
13.0
7.2
7.4
5.4
.0
Polish
365
.3
78.4
4.9
3.8
3.6
1.9
7.1
.0
Grand total
1,655
7.9
46.9
12.4
12.9
10.9
3.1
5.4
.4
Total native-born of foreign
father
211
3 8
40.3
14.7
16.6
15 2
1 9
5.2
2 4
Total native-born
512
13.5
33.4
12.1
13.1
21.5
1.8
3.7
1.0
Total foreign-born .
1,143
5.4
53.0
12.5
12.8
6.1
3.8
6.2
.2
It will be seen from this and the following table that no attempt
has been made to give the specific occupation of each person; the clas-
sification is by industry rather than by occupation and is explained
in the prefatory note to the general table.
The proportion of men engaged in manufacturing and mechanical
pursuits is considerably larger than the proportion employed in an}^
other class of occupations, nearly a half of the men included in the
table being employed in occupations falling under this head.
With the exception of the negroes and the second generation
Hebrews the largest proportion of males in each race are engaged in
manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Many of these are laborers
in factories, and in the previous tables are counted as laborers. More
than three-fourths of the Poles are found in the industries included
under manufacturing and mechanical pursuits; they are largely
•employed in foundry and machine shops, in railroad shops, and in
an oilcloth factory. Many of the Russian Hebrews are engaged in
the manufacture of clothing. More than half of the second-generation
Hebrews and relatively high per cents among the Russian and other
Hebrews are engaged in trade. The first and second generation South
Italians follow in the per cents engaged in trade. The largest pro-
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
399
portion of negro men are engaged in transportation; somewhat over
a fourth, however, are engaged in personal and domestic service,
more than twice as large a proportion as is found in any other race.
The Irish, both in the first and second generation, have larger pro-
portions than other races employed as general laborers.
TABLE 56. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent.
In domes-
tic and
personal
service.
In manu-
facturing
and me-
chanical
pursuits.
In trade.
Other-
wise em-
ployed.
At home.
At school.
Native-born of native father:
White
73
266
113
38
170
49
151
407
193
12.3
71.1
. 11.5
.0
4.7
.0
24.5
1.2
9.8
28.8
4.1
33.6
36.8
15.9
32.7
4.0
15.0
8.3
6.8
1.1
1.8
2.6
6.5
4.1
5.3
3.2
2.1
0.0
.4
1.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
52.1
22.6
51.3
60.5
72.9
59.2
66.2
80.6
79.8
0.0
.8
.0
.0
.0
4.1
.0
.0
.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Irish
Italian, South
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish ....
Italian. South
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born of foreign
father
1,504
18.8
14.6
3.5
.2
62.5
.5
183
522
982
8.2
40.8
7.0
33.3
17.8
12.9
2.7
2.5
4.0
1.1
.6
.0
53.0
37.4
75.9
1.6
1.0
.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the 1,504 women included in the table, 564, or 37.5 per cent,
are at work, and practically half of those at work are engaged in
domestic and personal service. Only three races, the negroes and
the immigrant Irish and Poles, show larger percentages in domestic
and personal service than in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits;
71.1 per cent of the negroes and 24.5 per cent of the foreign-born
Irish are engaged in the former occupation. The largest proportion
of females who are employed is among the negroes, only 22.6 per
cent of whom are at home. The South Italians, on the other hand,
show the smallest proportion of women at work, 80.6 per cent of the
South Italian females in the households. studied being without em-
ployment. The native white of native father and the second-genera-
tion Irish show practically half of the women at work. The rela-
tively large percentage of females at school among the Hebrews other
than Russian is partly explained by the fact that the largest propor-
tion of females between the ages of 16 and 19 occurs in this race.
The second set of tables, Table 57 and Table 58, give the occupa-
tion of persons 6 and under 16 years of age in the households studied.
400
The Immigration Commission.
Table 57, below, based on General Table 352, shows the percent-
ages of children at home, at school, and at work.
TABLE 57. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent —
At home. At school. At work
Native-born of native father:
White 90
Negro 51
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Hebrew 59
Irish 75
Italian, South 166
Polish 41
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian 58
Italian, South. 48
Polish 21
Grand total 622
Total native-born of foreign father 341
Total native-born 482
Total foreign-born 140
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father:
White 58
Negro 64
Native-bora of foreign father, by race of father:
Hebrew 63
Irish 78
Italian, South 156
Polish 27
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian 63
Italian, South 51
Polish 20
Grand total 597
Total native-born of foreign father 325
Total native-born 447
Total foreign-born 150
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White 148
Negro 115
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Hebrew 122
Irish 153
Italian, South 322
Polish 68
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian 121
Italian, South 99
Polish 41
Grand total 1 , 219
Total native-born of foreign father 666
Total native-born 929
Total foreign-born 290
15.6
.0
3.4
17.3
4.8
34.1
1.7
6.3
33.3
10.9
10.6
7.9
76.7
98.0
93.2
68.0
90.4
63.4
86.2
81.3
57.1
82.7
83.2
81.4
19.0
3.1
6.3
12.8
12.2
29.6
3.2
17.6
30.0
11.!
12.6
12.1
11.3
67.2
95.3
76.9
79.5
70.4
82.5
66.7
55.0
79.1
80.0
80.5
74.7
16.9
1.7
4.9
15.0
8.4
32.4
2.5
12.1
31.7
10.9
11.7
11.3
9.7
73.0
96.5
91.0
72.5
85.1
66.2
84.3
73.7
56.1
81.0
81.4
81.9
77.9
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
401
By a comparison of males and females in this table it will be seen
that in all races except the second generation of Irish and Polish larger
percentages of boys than of girls are at school and that, the total of
all races considered, a larger percentage of girls than of boys are at
work.
Considering the total of males and females, over 90 per cent of the
negroes and of the second generation Hebrews between 6 and 16
years of age are in school, while of the first and second generation
roles only 56.1 and 66.2 per cent, respectively, are at school. The
Polish children not at school are in the great majority of cases at
home. The proportions of children at work are comparatively large
among the Hebrews, South Italians, and Poles of foreign birth and
the second generation Irish.
For the purpose of convenient comparison the facts of this table
are restated for the native-born and the foreign-born children of
Hebrew, South Italian, and Polish fathers. The native-born white
children of native father are also included. The table follows:
TABLE 58. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by race of father and by birthplace of child.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 o
born abroad. The native-born white of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
20 or more
Race of father.
Birthplace of
child.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number —
Per cent —
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
Native-born, White
Foreign-born:
Hebrew
United States.
United States .
Abroad
148
122
148
322
99
68
41
25
6
3
27
12
22
13
108
111
128
274
73
45
23
15
5
17
21
14
1
5
16.9
4.9
2.0
8.4
12.1
32.4
31.7
73.0
91.0
86.5
85.1
73.7
66.2
56.1
10.1
4.1
11.5.
6.5
14.1
1.5
12.2
Italian, South
United States.
Abroad
Polish
United States.
Abroad
For every race a smaller proportion of children are at school and a
larger proportion are at work among the children born abroad than
among those born in the United States. This is partly explained by
the fact that the children born abroad are the older children, and
more of them are of working age.
A larger proportion of the children both native and foreign-born
of Hebrew and South Italian fathers are at school than of the chil-
dren of native-born white fathers.
EARNINGS.
In the tables which set forth information in regard to earnings and
income no cases have been included where any item has made the
earnings or income uncertain or partly unknown. All cases where
earnings or income are wholly or partly from business for profits are
omitted, because of the uncertainty of the returns on net earnings.
402
The Immigration Commission.
Table 59, based on General Table 353, gives in cumulative form
the number and per cent of males 18 years of age'or over earning each
specified amount.
TABLE 59. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning —
Un-
der
8200
Un-
der
$400
Un-
der
$600
Un-
der
$1,000
Un-
der
$200
Un-
der
$400
Un-
der
$600
Un-
der
$1,000
Native-born of native
father:
White
63
144
6
85
14
2
73
19
92
280
1
318
$477
386
(0)
422
400
(a)
348
363
399
354
(a)
296
4
14
1
14
1
2
13
5
9
47
24
81
4
43
8
2
44
14
52
185
1
242
48
130
4
69
11
2
70
17
79
256
1
298
62
144
4
83
14
2
73
19
92
277
1
317
6.3
9.7
(0)
16.5
(a)
(a)
17.8
(a)
9.8
16.8
&
38.1
56.3
(a)
50.6
(a)
(a)
60.3
(a)
56.5
46.1
(a)
76.1
76.2
90.3
(0)
81.2
(a)
(a)
95.9
(a)
85.9
91.4
(a)
93.7
98.4
100.0
(a)
97.6
(a)
(a)
100.0
(a)
100.0
98.9
(a)
99.7
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Hebrew
Irish . . ...
Italian. South
Polish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian —
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Negro
Polish
113
Grand total
1,097
358
223
700
985
1,088
20.3
63.8
89.8
99.2
Total native-born of
foreign father
107
314
783
419
415
335
18
36
187
57
162
538
86
264
721
103
309
779
16.8
11.5
23.9
53.3
51.6
68.7
80.4
84.1
92.1
96.3
98.4
99.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average earnings per year of the men of all races is only $358,
and nearly two-thirds of the 1,097 men included in the table earn
less than $400 a year. The average earnings of immigrants is $335,
and over 90 per cent earn less than $600.
In respect to earnings the native white of native father rank first;
the average earnings per year of men of this race is $477, and 23.8
per cent of the race earn $600 or more per year. The Irish males of
the second generation follow. The lowest average earnings and the
largest proportion of males with low earnings are found among the
Poles, with but $296 the average earnings a year, with more than a
third of the 318 males receiving less than $200 and with only 6.3 per
cent receiving $600 or more. The Russian Hebrews, with average
earnings of $348, and the South Italians, with average earnings of
$354, follow. The negroes are between the two groups of races just
discussed.
The yearly earnings of females 18 years of age or over are given in
the table next submitted, based on General Table 354. The data,
are presented in cumulative form.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
403
TABLE 60. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning—
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$300.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$500.
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$300.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$500.
Native-born of native
father:
White
22
76
4
34
6
1
23
14
40
29
20
$234
182
(0)
201
(a)
(a)
166
181
185
155
189
9
49
2
16
4
1
13
10
19
21
10
17
63
3
27
4
1
20
11
37
25
18
20
73
4
32
6
1
23
14
40
28
19
21
75
4
33
6
1
23
14
39
29
19
40.9
64.5
&
$
56.5
(a)
47.5
72.4
50.0
77.3
82.9
(a)
79.4
(a)
(a)
87.0
(a)
92.5
86.2
90.0
90.9
96.1
(a)
94.1
n
100.0
(a)
97.5
96.6
95.0
95.5
98.7
(a)
97.1
(«)
(a)
100.0
(a)
100.0
100.0
05.0
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Scotch
Foreign-born :
Hebrew, Russian....
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
269
185
154
226
259
43
136
123
265
44
140
125
57.2
84.0
96.3
98.5
97.8
97.9
99.2
45
143
126
196
195
175
23
81
73
35
115
111
51.1
56.6
57.9
77.8
80.4
88.1
95.6
95.1
97.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average earnings for the 269 women included in the table are
$185; more than half of the total number of women earn less than
$200, and but 4 of them earn $500 or more a year. The earnings of
immigrants are somewhat lower than those of natives.
The native white women of native parentage report higher earn-
ings than any other class. Their earnings average $234, and 22.7
per cent of the women receive $300 or more. The Irish women of
the second generation follow. The lowest average earnings, $155,
are among the South Italian women; of the 29 women of that race,
21 earn less than $200 a year, and only 1 earns between $400 and $600
a year. Of the foreign-born, the Polish women have the highest
average earnings, though they show a larger proportion earning less
than $200 a year than the Irish.
FAMILY INCOME.
The tables which follow give the yearly income of the family, the
various sources of this income, and the individual earnings of hus-
bands and wives. The first four tables deal with family income and
its sources; the last five tables make a detailed study of the earnings
of husbands and wives.
404
The Immigration Commission.
The following table classifies the families studied according to the
amount of their income for the year ending with the taking of the
schedule. The table presents the data of General Table 355, in the
form of cumulative percentages:
TABLE 61. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by
general nativity and race of head of family.
[This tabla includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
Average
Perce
at of famil
es having
a, total incc
me —
head of family.
of selected
families."
family
income.
Under
$300.
Under
$500.
Under
$750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$1,500.
Native-born of native father:
White
37
$601
5.4
24.3
86.5
94.6
100 0
Negro
71
534
9.9
46.5
88.7
95.8
100.0
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
57
58
662
434
8.8
32.8
29.8
65.5
75.4
91.4
84.2
96.6
98.2
100 0
Irish
94
617
14.9
41.5
70.2
89.4
97.9
Italian, South
195
441
31.3
68.2
90.8
96.4
99.0
Polish
134
389
46.3
76.9
91.0
97.0
99.3
Grand total
663
494
26.4
57.6
86. 1
94.3
99 1
Total native-born of foreign
father
57
662
8.8
29.8
75 4
84 2
9S 2
Total native-born
165
593
8.5
35.8
83.6
91.5
90.4
Total foreign-born
498
461
32.3
64.9
86.9
95.2
99.0
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
Of the 663 families included in the study, 6 families have an income
of more than $1,500, and 5 out of the 6 are among the foreign-born.
The total foreign-born, however, show a considerably lower average
income than does any group of the native-born, and a larger propor-
tion of f amilies receiving less than $500. The average income for the
663 families is $494, and more than half of the families have an
income less than $500.
Among the native-born races and the Irish of foreign birth the
most usual income is between $500 and $750; among the three re-
maining foreign races the most usual income is between $300 and
$500. The highest average incomes and the largest proportions of
families receiving $750 or more are among the Irish of foreign and of
native birth. The native white of native father follow. The lowest
average income is among the Poles; more than three-fourths of the
families of this race have a yearly income of less than $500, as con-
trasted with less than one-fourth of the native- white of native father;
nearly half of the Polish families have an income of less than $300.
So far as possible in this study, only net income has been con-
sidered; that part of the income from the earnings of husband, wife,
and children is net, but the part derived from boarders or lodgers and
from rent, which is included in other sources of income, is gross. The
races showing the largest proportions of income from boarders or lodg-
ers or rent necessarily have relatively smaller actual incomes than
shown in the table above.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
405
Table 62, based on General Tabb 356, gives the proportion of the
income of the families of each race from each specified source :
TABLE 62. — Per cent of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or
lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family .
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
of
selected
families."
Per cent of total income from—
Earnings of—
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Children.
Native-born of native father:
White
37
71
57
58
94
195
134
77.0
62.7
66.1
59.0
49.3
72.0
69.9
4.0
17.2
2.3
4.9
7.6
1.7
2.1
11.7
9.0
22.3
30.1
34.8
16.4
6.2
6.2
10.1
8.4
3.6
7.2
3.4
21.1
1.1
1.0
.8
2.4
1.1
6.4
.8
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish . ...
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South.
Polish
Grand total
663
64.7
5.1
19.0
8.5
2.7
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
57
165
498
66.1
67.3
63.7
2.3
8.5
3.7
22.3
14.8
20.8
8.4
8.6
8.5
.8
1.0
3.4
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
The native white of native father, with 77 per cent, show the
largest percentage of total family income from husbands; the South
Italians follow with 72 per cent. All races except the Irish of foreign
birth have a larger proportion of the total income from husbands than
from any other source or combination of sources. The showing for
the Irish may be explained by the age of the families. It will be
remembered that the Irish have the largest proportion of heads of
households 45 years of age or over, and in this table it will be seen
that over a third of the income is derived from the contributions of
children, the largest percentage from this source shown by any race.
The Russian Hebrews and the second-generation Irish follow the
foreign-born Irish in the percentage of family income from contri-
butions of children. The negroes have more than twice as large a
proportion of family income from wives as any other race. It will be
recalled that the apartments in which laundry work is done by negro
women include more than half of all the apartments in which gainful
employment is pursued.
As was previously stated, the part of the family income derived
from boarders or lodgers and from rent is gross income. Less than
1 per cent of the family income is from rent among all races except
the native white of native father, who show 1.1 per cent, and the
South Italian, who show 5.9 per cent. Three races report relatively
large percentages of family income from gross sources, the Poles with
21.3 per cent, the negroes with 10.1 per cent, and the South Italians
with 9.3 per cent, and this fact should be noted in comparing the
incomes of the several races in Table 61.
406
The Immigration Commission.
The table below, based on General Table 356, gives the per cent
of families receiving any part of their income from any one or the five
sources. In this table it will be seen that every family is entered as
many times as it has sources of income.
TABLE 63. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head
offamily.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
of
selected
families.a
Per cent of families having an income from—
Earnings of —
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Children.
Native-born of native father:
White . .
37
71
57
58
94
195
134
86.5
81.7
87.7
77.6
71.3
92.8
91.8
10.8
53.5
12.3
13.8
27.7
7.7
6.7
21.6
12.7
31.6
39.7
50.0
23.1
9.7
18.9
40.8
22.8
15.5
19.1
15.9
59.0
2.7
2.8
5.3
8.6
3.2
10.3
2.2
Negro.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
Irish . .
Italian South
Polish...
Grand total
663
85.7
16.6
25.5
28.4
6.2
Total native-born of foreign father -.
Total native-born .
57
165
498
87.7
84.8
85.9
12.3
29.7
12.2
31.6
21.2
26.9
22.8
29.7
27.9
5.3
3.6
7.0
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
The largest proportion of families, part or all of whose incomes
are derived from the earnings of the husbands, is 92.8 per cent among
the South Italians; the Poles follow with 91.8 per cent. As might
be inferred from the previous table the Irish or foreign birth show
the smallest proportion of families receiving income from husbands
and the largest proportion receiving income from children. More
than half of the negro families derive an income from the earnings
of wives, approximately twice as large a proportion as is shown by
any other race.
The larger proportions of families, part of whose income is from
boarders or lodgers, or rent, or both, are found among three races,
the Poles, 59.7 per cent of whom receive income from one or both
sources, the negroes, 40.8 per cent of whom receive income from
boarders or lodgers, and the South Italians, 24.1 per cent of whom
receive income from one or both sources.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
407
The per cent of families having their entire income from each
specified source or combination of sources is given below, based on
General Table 357.
TABLE 64. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
1
Per cent of families having entire income from —
•el
1».
'S
1
1
S?
S
0)
•g
1.
g
ll-d
General nativity and race of
q; 0}
aT •
•a
c8 w
f> »
T3
"§ oS
head of family.
*0
a
1
§g
'**
^l
€
^S,
!"§
S
8||
•d
^3
T5 ^
o;
r^
^ o
^ ^^
g
0.2 OT
1
1
&
i
jl
co ^3 ^
.«*
9
&
^s
Ig
8
3
fe
3
w
3
W
w
W
?
£
1
O
1
I
o
CQ
Native-born of native father:
White
3756 8
5 4
8 1
0 0
13 5
0 0
5 4
0 0
9 7
2.7
0 0
5 4
Negro
71 21. 1
?5 4
? 8
2.8
18.3
1 4
1 4
11.3
1 4
.0
0
14.1
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
5743.9
3 5
17 5
.0
12.3
1 8
0
.0
5 3
1.8
0
14.0
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
58 41 4
1 7
17 ">
o
6 9
3 1
5 2
o
6 Q
1 7
o
15 5
Irish
9423.4
8 5
1Q 1
4.3
6.4
4 3
4 3
2.1
13 8
1.1
1 1
11.7
Italian South
195
56 Q
3 6
11 8
1 0
10 3
o
1 0
o
1 0
.5
.0
13 8
Polish
134
39 8
7! ?
7
.0
47.0
1 5
7
.0
7
.7
3 7
9.7
Grand total
663
40 3
6 5
10 4
1.2
17.8
1 5
? 0
1.5
4 1
1.1
q
12.8
Total native-born of foreign
=
=
^
=
==
"
father
57
3.517.5
.0 12.31 1.8
.0 .0] 5.3
1.8
.0 14 0
Total native-born
165
37 n
13 3 9 1
12 15 2 1 2
18 4830
1 2
0 12 1
Total foreign-born
498:41.4
4.210.8
1.2 18.7 1.6
2.0 .4 4.4
1.0
1.2L 13.1
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
Of the 663 families studied, 40.3 per cent derive their entire income
from husbands' earnings; the second largest proportion, 17.8 per
cent, derive their entire income from husband and boarders or
lodgers.
Of the families whose heads are native white of native father, 56.8
per cent and of the South Italian families 56.9 per cent have their
entire income from the husband's earnings. Among all the other
races the proportion is considerably less than half. Only 21.1 per
cent of the negro families are entirely dependent upon husband's
earnings, while 25.4 per cent derive their entire income from the
earnings of husband and wife. The negroes report a relatively
high per cent of families entirely dependent upon wife and boarders
or lodgers. An unusually large number of widows were found among
the negroes, most of whom were keeping boarders or lodgers. The
Irish in this table show the largest proportions of families deriving
the entire income from husband and children and from children alone;
13.8 per cent of Irish families are entirely dependent upon children's
contributions, as contrasted with the second highest proportion, 6.9
per cent, among the Russian Hebrews. The principal source of income
of Polish families is from husband and boarders or lodgers, 47 per
cent of the families, nearly three times as large a per cent as for any
other race, deriving the entire income from this source.
408
The Immigration Commission.
Table 65 gives the number of husbands in the families included in
the study, and the number and per cent at work.
TABLE 65. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number of
selected
families.a
Total
number of
husbands.
Number of
husbands
at work.
Percent of
husbands
at work.
Native-born of native father:
White
37
33
32
97 0
Negro
71
58
58
100 0
Native-born of foreign father by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
German
57
1
51
1
50
1
98.0
(b)
Hebrew Russian
58
49
45
91 8
Hebrew. Other
16
12
11
(b)
Irish
94
72
67
93 1
Italian South
195
186
181
97 3
Polish
134
132
1°3
93 2
Grand total
663
594
568
95 6
Total native-born of foreign father
57
51
50
98 0
Total native-born
165
142
140
98 6
Total foreign-born
498
452
428
94 7
a ,For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
More than 90 per cent of the husbands in the families of each race
are at work. All of the husbands in the negro families are at work;
it is worthy of note that the proportion of negro families with husbands
present is smaller than in that of any other race. The smallest pro-
portion of husbands at work is among the Russian Hebrews. Among
the South Italians, two of the five husbands who are not at work
receive rent amounting to over $300 a year.
The average earnings of husbands who are at work and the number
and per cent earning each specified amount is given in the table below.
TABLE
-Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of
individual.
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.]
General nativity and race
of individual.
•1
•SB!
3'
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning—
ll
pi»
^3 §
O c-i
>p&>
ll
§£>
8
30
17
fe •
£6©
21
52
37
1
45
10
55
168
114
%8
CH OO
[3»
Under
SI ,000.
ll
g*
fcd
fl <M
£**
Is
gs
-1
flS
£> *®
^d
p«©
So
w
K>5
Native-born of native
father:
White
32
58
50
1
45
11
67
181
123
$535
410
499
(a)
330
340
427
342
296
....
1
5
2
29
56
47
1
45
11
66
179
120
32
58
49
1
45
11
67
180
122
0.0
1.7
.0
(a)
2.2
Wo
1.7
9.8
3.1
8.6
4.0
(a)
22.2
(?.
16.6
38.2
25.0
51.7
34.0
(a)
57.8
(a)
52.2
69.1
78.0
60.9
65.6
89.7
74.0
(a)
100.0
g?i
92.8
92.7
90.6
96.6
94.0
(«)
100.0
(a)
98.5
98.9
97.6
100.0
100.0
98.0
(a)
100.0
(a)
100.0
99.4
99.2
99.5
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father,
Irish
Foreign-born:
German .
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
]
1
""3
12
10
3
4
30
47
26
9
35
125
96
Irish
Italian, South...
Polish
Grand total . . .
568
373
499
470
341
18
~"i
17
102
2
8
94
346
503
554
565
3.2
18.0
88.6
97.5
Total native-born of foreign
father
50
140
428
17
55
291
37
110
393
47
132
422
49
139
426
.0
.7
4.0
4.0
5.7
22.0
34.0
39. .3
68.0
74.0
78.6
91.8
94.0
94.3
98.6
98.0
99.3
99.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
409
The average earnings of the 568 heads of families is $373, and two of
every three earn less than $400. Only three out of the total number
earn over $1,000.
The high average earnings of male heads of families are among the
native white of native father, the Irish of native and foreign birth,
and the negroes, in the order named. The most usual earnings of
the native white of native father and of the second generation Irish
are between $400 and $600, while the most usual earnings of the
negroes and of the Irish of foreign birth are between $200 and
$400; of the two former races larger proportions receive $800 or
over than of the two latter races. The lowest average earnings of
heads of families are $296 among the Poles, who also show the lowest
family income. The Hebrews, Russian and other, and the South
Italians follow, in the order given. For all races except the German
and the Russian Hebrew the most usual earnings of heads of families
are between $200 and $400; the most usual earnings for the heads of
Russian Hebrew families are between $400 and $600, but there are no
instances in this race of earnings of $600 or over.
The number and per cent of wives at work and their average earn-
ings are shown in the table below.
TABLE 67. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of selected
families.a
Total
number of
wives.
Number
of wives at
work.
Per cent
of wives at
work.
Average
earnings of
wives at
work.
Native-born of native father:
White
37
37
4
10.8
(6)
Negro
71
68
38
55.9
$171
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father Irish
57
55
7
12.7
(6)
Foreign-born:
1
1
(6)
Hebrew Russian
58
57
8
14.0
(6)
Hebrew Other
16
16
3
fb)
W
Irish .
94
93
26
28.0
' 169
Italian South .
195
195
15
7.7
99
Polish
134
134
g
6 7
(b)
Grand total
663
656
110
16 8
153
Total native-born of foreign father .
57
55
7
12.7
(6)
Total native-born
165
160
49
30.6
169
Total foreign-born ...
498
496
61
12.3
139
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p, 10.
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 656 wives in the families selected for study, 110, or 16.8 per
cent, are at work, and their average earnings for the year are $153.
Over a third of the total number of wives at work are among the
negroes, 55.9 per cent of all wives of this race being at work. The
average earnings of negro wives is $171, the highest average for any
race. The second largest proportion of wives at work is among
the Irish of foreign birth, 28 per cent of whom are employed. The
smallest proportions are among the South Italians and the Poles.
The low percentage of Polish wives at work is partiaUy explained by
the fact that since 54 per cent of the Polish households have from one
to ten boarders or lodgers, there is little opportunity for wives in these
households to do other work. Work outside the home among Italian
25608°— VOL 26—11-
-27
410
The Immigration Commission.
women is very infrequent and is almost never found except in fam-
ilies that have been in the United States a number of years. From
the previous table it will be seen that the second largest per cent of
husbands at work is among the South Italians.
Two tables which follow relate the number and per cent of wives
at work or keeping boarders or lodgers to the husbands' earnings.
TABLE 68. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers,
by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
of
selected
families. o
Number of husbands
earning—
Number
of wives
having
employ-
ment or
keeping
boarders
or
lodgers.
Number of wives having
employment or keep-
ing boarders or lodg-
ers where husbands'
earnings are—
Under
$400. *>
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Under
$400. c
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
33
55
49
1
48
12
71
186
132
9
29
17
13
20
19
1
11
6
13
9
38
14
4
21
7.
2
12
1
3
5
6
Negro
Native-bora of foreign father, by
race of father Irish
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
29
10
39
130
105
19
1
20
43
18
9
3
28
40
83
5
3
17
32
69
4
Hebrew Other
1
12
13
9
Irish .
6
7
10
5
1
4
Italian South
Polish
Grand total
587
368
154
65
224
158
42
24
6
14
10
Total native-born of foreign
father.
49
137
450
17
55
313
19
52
102
13
30
35
14
61
163
7
32
126
1
15
27
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. Of the selected families only those which have both
husband and wife present appear in this table.
b This column includes 26 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
c This column includes 13 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
TABLE 69. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers,
by earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for
all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. Of the selected families only those which have
both husband and wife present appear in this table.]
Under
$400. a
$400 and
under $600.
$600 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White . ...
44.4
15.4
27.3
27.3
Negro
72.4
60.0
83.3
69.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish. . .
Foreign-bom:
Hebrew Russian
41.2
17.2
5.3
21.1
46.2
28.6
18.8
Irish
43.6
30.0
41.7
39.4
Italian, South
24.6
16.3
7.7
21.5
Polish
65.7
65.6
44.4
62.9
Grand total
42.9
27.3
36.9
38.2
Total native-born of foreign father
41.2
5.3
46.2
28.6
Total native-born
58.2
28.8
46.7
44.5
Total foreign-born
40.3
26.5
28.6
36.2
Per cent of wives having employment or keeping
boarders or lodgers where husbands' earnings
are—
a This column includes 13 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia. 411
Of the total number of wives in the 587 families, 224, or 38.2 per
cent, either have employment or keep boarders or lodgers, more than
two-thirds of them being in f amilies where the husbands' earnings are
less than $400.
It is reasonable to expect that the higher the husbands' earnings
the smaller will be the proportion of wives working for wages or
keeping boarders or lodgers. It will be seen in preceding table that
for every race except the Russian Hebrew the proportion of wives
at work or keeping boarders or lodgers is smaller where the husbands
are earning from $400 to $600 than where the husbands are earning
under $400. Among the families where the husbands are earning
$600 or over only three races, the Russian Hebrew, the South
Italian, and the Poles, show a decrease in the proportion of wives at
work or keeping boarders or lodgers. Two races, the South Italians
and the Poles, show a steady decrease in the proportion of wives at
work or keeping boarders or lodgers, with the increase in the hus-
bands' earnings; from Table 68 it is seen that these two races include
more than half of all the families chosen for the study.
If ah1 wives at work or keeping boarders or lodgers be considered
regardless of husbands' earnings, the largest proportion will be .found
among the negroes and the small proportions among the Russian
Hebrews and South Italians. The Poles, who have only 6.7 per cent
of wives at work, in this table show 62.9 per cent of wives at work
or keeping boarders or lodgers, the second highest percentage for
any race.
CHAPTER VI.
ASSIMILATION.
RESIDENCE IN APARTMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND CITY.
Aside from the alertness and adaptability of the individual immi-
grant, two factors, generally speaking, are the most important in
determining the extent to which American speech, customs, and
institutions are adopted by immigrants in the United States. One
factor is the length of residence in this country; the other, the sur-
roundings in which the immigrant finds himself after coming here.
With regard to the second factor, it is easily understood that an
immigrant coming direct from Europe to a foreign colony of a large
American city must get his ideas of America from this colony. An
immigrant may live in a colony for a number of years and have little
contact with Americans. The race may have its own stores, its own
newspaper, its own church, and its own schools in which English may
or may not be taught, though as a rule English is taught during part
of each day. The man or the family that moves from one city to an-
other, or from one section of a city to another, necessarily has the
points of contact with Americans considerably increased.
The tendency of the households of the several races studied to
remain in the same apartment in the same neighborhood, or in the
same city, is indicated in the table below. The table, based on
General Table 359, gives the number and per cent of family households
which have always lived in the same apartment, neighborhood, or
city, according to the years the family has been established in the
United States.
TABLE 70. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States, and
by general nativity and race of head of household.
["Length of time established in the United States" is, for families formed in the United States, the number
of years since marriage, and for families formed abroad, the number of years the family has resided in the
United States.]
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in—
Per cent which have spent
whole time in —
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Native-born of native father:
White
Negro
8
38
9
72
8
6
92
99
5
12
2
18
1
1
30
22
7
25
8
59
8
3
84
83
8
35
9
68
8
5
87
89
(a)
31.6
(«)
25.0
(a)
(a)
32.6
22.2
(S.8
(a)
81.9
(°)
(«)
91.3
83.8
(a)
92.1
(a)
94.4
(°)
(«
94. G
89.9
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irisn
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other . .
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
332
91
277
309
27.4
83.4
93.1
Total native-born of foreign
father
9
55
277
2
19
72
8
40
237
9
52
257
(a)
34.5
26.0
(a)
72.7
85.6
n,*
92.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. .
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
413
414
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 70. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States, and
by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued.
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in—
Per cent which have spent
whole time in —
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Native-born of native father:
White
10
33
11
31
12
12
80
36
2
3
2
2
1
7
21
7
22
9
5
70
27
9
28
10
24
10
12
75
29
(a)
9.1
(a)
6.5
(a)
(a)
12.5
13.9
(a)
63.6
(a)
71.0
(a)
(a)
87.5
75.0
(a)
84.8
(a)
77.4
(a)
(a)
93.8
80.6
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
10
5
Polish
Grand total
225
25
168
197
11.1
74.7
87.6
Total native-born of foreign
father
11
54
171
2
7
18
7
35
133
10
47
150
(a)
13.0
10.5
(a)
64.8
77.8
(0)
87.0
87.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Native-born of native father:
White
31
2
12
23
6.5
38.7
74.2
Negro
84
6
40
61
7.1
47.6
72.6
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
50
36
5
4
37
23
47
26
10.0
11.1
74.0
63 9
94.0
72.2
Hebrew' Other
12
2
8
10
(a)
(a)
(a)
Irish
116
5
67
98
4.3
57.8
84.5
Italian South
158
9
130
135
5.7
09 O
85.4
Polish.
24
2
17
20
8.3
70.8
83.3
Grand total
511
35
334
420
6.8
65.4
82.2
Total native-born of foreign
father
50
5
37
47
10.0
74.0
94.0
Total native-born
165
13
89
131
7.9
53.9
79.4
Total foreign-born
346
22
245
289
6.4
70.8
83.5
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White
49
9
26
40
18.4
53.1
81.6
Negro
155
21
86
124
13.5
55.5
80.0
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
70
139
9
24
52
104
66
118
12.9
17.3
74.3
74.8
94.3
84.9
Hebrew, Other..
32
4
25
28
12.5
78.1
87.5
Irish
134
6
75
115
4.5
56.0
85.8
Italian, South...
330
49
284
297
14.8
86.1
90.0
Polish.
159
29
127
138
18.2
79.9
86.8
Grand total
1,068
151
779
926
14.1
72.9
86.7
Total native-born of foreign
father
70
9
52
66
12.9
74.3
94.3
Total native-born
274
39
164
230
14.2
59.9
83.9
Total foreign-born
794
112
615
696
14.1
77.5
87.7
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
415
Family households only have been considered in this table because
of the temporary character of group households.
The most significant facts in the preceding table are brought out in
the proportions of households which have spent the entire time since
establishment in the United States in the neighborhood or the city of
their present residence, since moving from neighborhood to neigh-
borhood and from city to city indicates at least a somewhat wider
experience and often a change of racial environment.
Relatively small percentages of the households in eacn group nave
lived in but one apartment since establishment in the United States.
In general, the proportions of households which have spent their
entire time in the neighborhood or in the city of their Dresent resi-
dence decrease with the length of establishment.
Disregarding length of establishment, it will be seen that the native-
born of native father, both white and negro, and the Irish of foreign
birth have the low percentages of households which have been in only
one neighborhood since establishment. The South Italians, with
86.1 per cent of their households having lived in the same neighbor-
hood since their establishment, have shown the least tendency to
move from one neighborhood to another.
The races do not differ greatly in the proportions of households
which have always lived in the city. The native-born of native
father, white and negro, and the Russian Hebrews have somewhat
larger proportions, than the other races of households which have lived
elsewhere in the United States than in Philadelphia. The second-
generation Irish and the South Italians have the smallest proportions
of households which have lived elsewhere than in Philadelphia.
YEARS IN THE UNITED STATES.
The table below showing the number of years heads of households
have been in the United States indicates in a general way the length
of residence of the households studied. The table gives in cumulative
form the information shown in General Table 326.
TABLE 71. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United States under
5 years, under 10 years, and under 20 years, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.)
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in the United States each
specified number of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
Hebrew, Russian
124
28
99
348
161
25.0
7.1
2.0
8.6
32.3
68.5
42.9
9.1
33.3
73.9
89.5
78.6
34.3
67.0
95.7
Hebrew. Other...
Irish
Italian. South
Polish
Total
760
15.4
44.9
72.9
The most recent immigrants are the Poles, nearly a third of whom
have been in the United States less than five years, and 4.3 per cent
of whom have been in this country as long as twenty years. The
Russian Hebrews are also comparatively recent immigrants to
Philadelphia, two-thirds of them having lived in the United States
416
The Immigration Commission.
less than ten years. The oldest immigrants are the Irish, only 2 per
cent of whom have been in the country less than five years, and
nearly two-thirds of whom have been here twenty years or over.
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
Table 72 gives the number and per cent of male heads of households
of non-English-speaking races, who can speak English. The table
is derived from General Table 360 :
TABLE 72. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak English, by general
nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who speak
English.
Per cent
who speak
English.
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
124
68
54 8
Hebrew, Other
28
21
75 0
Italian, South...
346
115
33 2
Polish
160
46
28 8
Total
658
250
38 0
The Hebrews, other than Russian, with 75 per cent, and the
Russian Hebrews with 54.8 per cent, show the larger proportions of
heads of households who are able to speak English. The roles, only
28.8 per cent of whom speak English, show the smallest percentage.
Of the 658 foreign-born heads of households included in the table,
only 250, or 38 per cent, are able to speak English. The propor-
tion of those speaking English who have been in the United States
under five years, five to nine years, and ten years or over is shown in
the succeeding table.
The table below is based on General Table 362:
TABLE 73. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by years in the United States and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races. By years in the United States is meant years since
first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the
United States each
specified number
of years.
Number who speak
English, bv years
in the United
States.
Per cent who speak
English, by years
in the United
States.
Un-
der 5.
5 to
9.
10 or
over.
Un-
der 5.
5 to
9.
10 or
over.
Un-
der 5.
5 to
9.
10 Of
over.
Hebrew, Russian ...
124
28
346
160
31
2
30
51
54
10
86
67
39
16
230
42
7
1
32
6
15
20
29
14
100
23
22.6
(0)
.0
5.9
59.3
(a)
17.4
29.9
74.4
(0)
43.5
54.8
Hebrew^ Other
Italian, South...
Polish
3
Total
658
114
217
327
11
73
166
9.6
33.6
50.8
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In each group, the Russian Hebrews have the highest percent-
ages of male heads of households speaking English, and the South
Italians the lowest. Of the heads of households in the United States
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
417
ten years or over, 74.4 per cent of the Russian Hebrews and but 43.5
per cent of the South Italians speak English. The Poles show in
each group considerably smaller proportions of heads of households
speaking English than do the Russian Hebrews. Of the 327 heads
of households in the United States ten years or over but half are
able to speak English.
Table 74, based on General Table 363, gives the number and per
cent of foreign-born male heads of households speaking English
according to the age at time of coming to the United States:
TABLE 74. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each spec-
ified age at time
of coming.
Number who speak
English, by age
at time of coming.
Per cent who speak
English, by age
at time of coming.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
124
28
346
160
3
121
28
310
158
3
65
21
83
46
(a)
"~88.'9"
(«)
53.7
75.0
26.8
29.1
Italian South
36
2
32
Polish
Total
658
41
617
35
215
85.4
34.8
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 658 male heads of households, 617 were over 14 years of age
at time of coming, and but 215, or 34.8 per cent of these, are able
to speak English. Of the 41 heads of households who were under 14
at time of coming to this country 35, or 85.4 per cent, speak English.
Thirty-six of the South Italians came to this country as children
under 14, of whom 88.9 per cent speak English. Of the 310 who
came when they were 14 years of age or over only 26.8 per cent can
speak English.
Table 75, based on. General Table 361, shows ability to speak
English among female heads of households and the wives of heads.
TABLE 75. — Number and per cent of females who speak English, by general nativity and
race of individual.
(This table includes female heads of households and wives of heads of households of non-English-speaking
races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who speak
English.
Per cent
who speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father by race of father:
Dutch !
1
1
(a)
German
5
5
(a)
Italian, South
14
14
«
Polish
1
1
M
Foreign-born:
French
1
1
(a)
German
1
1
(a)
Hebrew Russian.
138
103
74 6
Hebrew, Other
36
23
63 9
Italian, North
3
1
(a)
Italian, South
333
35
10 5
Polish..
163
21
12 q
Grand total... .
696
206
29 6
Total native-born of foreign father . .
21
21
100 0
Total foreign-born. . . .
675
185
27 4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
418
The Immigration Commission.
The largest proportions of women speaking English are found
among the Hebrews, Russian and other. Of the Russian Hebrew
women 74.6 per cent speak English, a larger proportion than among
the men. The South Italian women, with but 10.5 per cent, and the
Polish, with 12.9 per cent speaking English, show considerably lower
proportions than the men of these races. The small percentage of
South Italian women who speak English is largely accounted for by
the fact that the women of this race seldom come in contact with
persons outside the home and the immediate neighborhood. The
same thing is true of the Polish women.
LITERACY.
The four tables which follow show for male heads of households
and for wives and female heads of households ability to read and
ability to read and write.
Table 76, based on General Table 364, gives the number and per
cent of male heads of households who read, and who read and write:
TABLE 76. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and who read and
write, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Per cent who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father:
White
45
139
67
124
28
98
345
159
45
109
65
107
24
84
213
129
45
106
65
101
22
83
208
125
100.0
78.4
97.0
86.3
85.7
85.7
61.7
81.1
100.0
76.3
97.0
81.5
78.6
84.7
60.3
78.6
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish .
Italian South
Polish
Grand total
1,005
776
755
77.2
75.1
Total native-born of foreign father
67
251
754
65
219
557
65
216
539
97.0
87.3
73.9
97.0
86.1
71.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the 1,005 heads of households included in the table, 250, or 24.9
per cent, and of the 754 immigrants 215, or 28.5 per cent, either are
wholly illiterate or are unable to write. Only among the native
white of native father are all male heads of households literate. The
second-generation IrisR rank second, with all but 2 of the 67 male
heads of households able to read and write. The lowest per cent
of literacy is found among the South Italians, with 60.3 per cent able
to read and write. The negroes with slightly more than three-fourths
of the male heads of households literate are second lowest.
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
419
The table below, based on General Table 366, gives the number and
per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who are literate,
by years in the United States :
TABLE 77. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and write, by years
in the United States and race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the
United States each
specified number
of years.
Number who read
and write, by
years in the
United States.
Per cent who read
and write, by
years in the
United States.
Un-
der 5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Un-
der 5.
5 to 9.
10 pr
over.
Un-
der 5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Hebrew, Russian
124
28
98
345
159
31
2
2
30
50
54
10
7
86
67
39
16
89
229
42
25
2
2
21
43
42
6
6
47
52
34
14
75
140
30
80.6
(a)
(«)
70.0
86.0
77.8
(a)
w
54.7
77.6
87.2
00
84.3
61.1
71.4
Hebrew. Other...
Irish
Italian South
Polish
Total
754
115
224
415
93
153
293
80.9
68.3
70.6
a Not computed, owing to small numberi nvolved.
In each group the South Italians show the lowest percentage of
literacy. Of the recent immigrants the Poles, with 86 per cent, show
the largest proportion of literacy, but in both of the groups of
earlier immigrants the Russian Hebrews show the largest percentages
of literacy. For no race except the South Italians does the propor-
tion of literate male heads of households in any period of residence
fall below 70 per cent.
In the totals it will be seen that the immigrants in the United States
under five years show a higher per cent of literacy than the earlier
immigrants.
Table 78, based on General Table 367, gives the number and per
cent of foreign-born male heads of households who are literate, accord-
ing to their age at time of coming to the United States:
TABLE 78. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who read and
ivrite, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each spec-
ified age at time
of coming.
Number who read
and write, by
age at time of
coming.
Per cent who read
and write, by age
age at time of
coming.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Hebrew, Russian
124
28
88
345
159
3
121
28
89
309
157
1
100
22
75
180
125
(0)
82.6
78.6
84.3
58.3
79.6
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
9
36
2
8
28
(a)
77.8
(a)
Italian, South
Polish
Total
754
50
704
37
502
74.0
71.3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
420
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 754 heads of households included in the table, all but 50
were 14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States.
Among the South Italians, the only race showing twenty or more
heads of households under 14 at time of coming to this country, 77,8
per cent are literate as compared with but 58.3 per cent of those who
were 1 4 or over at time of coming. In the totals, however, the differ-
ence between the proportion of literacy among those who were over
14 and those who were under 14 at time of coming is small. In the
corresponding table showing ability to speak English, the number
reporting for the table is smaller than in the preceding table, but the
proportion in each age group is very nearly the same, making the two
tables comparable. It will be recalled that but 34.8 per cent of those
who were 14 y£ars of age or over at time of coming to the United
States are able to speak English as compared with 85.4 per cent of those
who were under 14. This would seem to indicate that the connec-
tion between age at time of coming and ability to speak English is
much closer than between age at time of coming and literacy, but
the numbers in the two age groups are too unequal to furnish a good
basis for conclusions.
The number and per cent of wives and of female heads of house-
holds who read and who read and write are given in the table below,
based on General Table 365 :
TABLE 79. — Number and per cent of females who read and who read and write, by general
nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes only female heads of households and wives of heads of households.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who—
Per cent who—
Read.
Read and
write.
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father:
White
35
186
1
6
5
49
13
1
1
2
1
1
138
36
139
3
333
162
3
1
35
148
1
6
5
49
12
1
1
2
1
1
76
20
116
3
86
105
3
1
35
141
1
5
5
49
11
1
1
1
100.0
79.6
(«)
a
(a)
100.0
ft
(°)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
55.1
55.6
83.5
(a)
25.8
64.8
(°)
(a)
100.0
75.8
(a)
(a)
(a)
100.0
fa)
<a)
(«)
(a)
8
52.9
50.0
77.0
(a)
25.8
50. &
(a)
(a)
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Dutch
English
German...
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Scotch
Foreign-born:
English
French
German .
1
73
18
107
3
86
92
3
1
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other. .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South. . .
Polish
Scotch...
Welsh
Grand total
1,116
672
634
60.2
56.8
Total native-born of foreign father
76
297
819
75
258
414
73
249
385
98.7
86.9
50.5
96.1
83.8
47.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the races which are represented by twenty or more wives or
female heads of households, it will be seen that only the native white
women of native father and the second generation Irish women
Immigrants in Cities: Philadelphia.
421
are all literate. Of the other native race, the negroes, one-fourth
of the females included in this table are illiterate. Among the foreign-
born the Irish, with 77 per cent, show the largest proportion of lit-
eracy; somewhat less than half of the Polish women, approximately
half of the Hebrews, Russian and other, and about three-fourths of
the South Italians are illiterate. A comparison with the correspond-
ing table for male heads of households shows that the women of every
race except the second generation Irish have a smaller percentage of
literacy than the men. The differences between the proportions
shown in the two tables are greatest among the foreign-born.
Among the South Italians, 60.3 per cent of the male heads of house-
holds are literate and only 25.8 per cent of the wives and female
heads of households.
Less than half of the 819 foreign-born females included in the table
are literate, and but 634, or 56.8 per cent, of the total of 1,116
females are literate.
A summary of the tables dealing with ability to speak English and
with literacy brings out the following facts:
(1) The Poles and South Italians show considerably smaller pro-
portions speaking English than do the Russian and other Hebrews,
this being true of both males and females.
(2) The Poles and South Italians show, on the whole, smaller per-
centages of literacy among both the males and the females than do
the other races.
(3) The females report, on the whole, smaller percentages speaking
English, and smaller percentages reading and writing, than do themales.
(4) Ability to speak English appears to be much more closely con-
nected with the length of residence in the United States than is
ability to read and write.
CITIZENSHIP.
The two tables which follow give the numbers and per cents of
foreign-born male heads of households who have become citizens of
the United States or have taken out first papers.
Table 80, based on General Table 368, gives the number and per
cent of male heads of households 21 years of age or over at time of
coming to the United States and in the United States five years or
over, who are fully naturalized or have taken out only the first papers.
TABLE 80. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who have
been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time
of coming, by race of individual.
[By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Hebrew, Russian
77
22
37
200
79
• 7
8
22
52
3
16
4
5
22
9
9.1
36.4
59.5
26.0
3.8
20.8
18.2
13.5
11.0
11.4
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, South ..
Polish
Total .
415
92
56
22.2
13.5
422
The Immigration Commission.
Of all the immigrants included in the table, only 92, or 22. 2 per cent,
are fully naturalized and only 35.7 per cent have taken steps toward
naturalization.
The largest per cent of male heads of households who are fully
naturalized, 59.5 per cent, and the largest per cent who have taken
any steps toward naturalization, 73 per cent, are among the Irish;
the lowest per cents in each case are among the Poles. It will be
remembered, however, that the Irish heads of households, only 9.1
per cent of whom have been in the United States less than ten years,
are the oldest immigrants, and the Poles, 73.9 per cent of whom have
been in the United States less than ten years, are the most recent
immigrants. The South Italians, who report a larger proportion of
heads of households in the United States ten years or over than the
Hebrews other than Russian, show a considerably smaller proportion
than the Hebrews other than Russian of those who are either fully
naturalized or have taken the initial step.
Table 81, based on General Table 368, gives the number and per
cent of male heads of households in the United States five to nine
years who are fully naturalized and who have only their first papers.
TABLE 81. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who have
been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over at time of
coming, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Eace of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Hebrew, Russian
48
9
6
67
54
10
2
1
3
4
0.0
(°)
(«)
6.0
.0
20.8
(<*)
• CO
4.5
7.4
Hebrew '. O ther
Irish
Italian, South. ...
4
Polish
Total ....
184
4
20
2.2
10.9
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
This table indicates a tendency among the immigrants studied in
Philadelphia to delay taking steps toward citizenship for several
years after arriving in the United States. Of the 184 male heads of
households included in the table, only 4", all of whom are South Ital-
ians, are fully naturalized, and only 20 others, half of whom are
Russian Hebrews, have their first papers. The Poles, with none fully
naturalized and with only 7.4 per cent who have their first papers,
are slowest to acquire citizenship.
PART V.-BOSTON.
423
424
The Immigration Commission.
B O S T O ff
®Jri,h
®!talian, South
® Lithuanian
©Polish
Syrian
MAP SHOWING
LOCATION OF EACH DISTRICT
STUDIED AND
PREDOMINANT RACE
PART V— BOSTON,
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Congestion in Boston is largely the result of topographical condi-
tions in certain sections of the city and of the adaptation for the use
of several households of houses which were constructed as residences
for single families. The history of the foreign sections of Boston from
the time they were centers of wealth and fashion, through their
gradual decline and their occupations, first by Irish immigrants and
later by immigrants from the south and east of Europe, can be found
in Robert A. Woods's " Americans in Process." His general descrip-
tions of the north end and west end are quoted below:
The north end is less than half a mile in any of its dimensions. It is a "tight little
island," hemmed in by continuous and ever-encroaching currents of commercial
activity. The station thoroughfares lead to the markets. The markets extend to the
docks. The docks reach around from the markets to the railroads again. *
The west end, beginning at the North Station, with whose traffic it is more con-
cerned than the north end, has another curving water front as a boundary. .On the
south, Beacon Hill makes an effectual barrier. The west end population is allowed,
however, to take possession of the bleak northeast slope. It is also beginning to make
its way by force around the foot of the hill on either side.
The interior frame of the north end is that of one main highway to the East Boston
ferry, with a tributary street running on either side of it. The thoroughfare, Hanover
street, is cosmopolitan. Salem street, toward the water, selected as a place of peaceful
abode by Hebraist Puritans, is now, in the whirligig of time, turned over to the Hebrews
themselves. North street, on the side toward the markets, is, as it were, an Alpine
pass through cold-storage warehouses into "Little Italy." These three arteries of
travel open the way to a network of cross streets, passageways, and blind alleys.
The west end has two squares serving as ganglia for its communication, one with
the business section of the city, the other with the North Station. Beyond these
squares go thoroughfares converging toward the West Boston Bridge to Cambridgeport.
Most of the streets auxiliary to these are not so narrow nor so close together as the
corresponding communicating ways of the north end. The situation in the west end
is one of contrasts — places as dark and noisome as any in the north end; frequent rows
of houses retaining an air of comfort and respectability such as almost wholly passed
from the north end.a
Besides the north end and the west end, which are the two most
congested districts of Boston, the commission has investigated a
portion of the south end, which is located in the immediate vicinity
of the business section of the city, and of Roxbury and of South
Boston, which present different problems from the other districts
studied in Boston. A description of conditions in the parts of the
city investigated by the commission is given in the next section of
the report.
a Americans in Process, edited by Robert A. Woods. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1903,
pp. 2-3.
25608°— VOL 26—11 28 425
CHAPTER II.
TERRITORY
A complete list of blocks studied in Boston is given below:
1. Barton street district. — Barton street from Lowell to Chambers,
both sides; Cushman avenue.
2. Hanover street district. — Square bounded by Hanover, Com-
mercial, Charter, and Henchman streets.
3. Hudson street district. — Oliver place; Hudson street from Beach
to Harvard, both sides; Edinboro street, both sides; a few houses on
Harvard street.
4. Morton street district. — Morton street; Wiget street; cross street
from Washington to Endicott, north side; North Margin street from
Stillman to Wiget street.
5. Second street district. — Second street from Dorchester avenue to
Granite street, both sides; Col ton street; Granite street from First
to Second streets, both sides; Athens street from Second to A streets,
both sides; from C to D streets, south side; from D to E streets,
both sides.
6. Silver street district. — Silver street from A to F streets, both
sides; Washington place.
7. Washington village district. — Kemp street; Ellery terrace; Wad-
leigh place.
8. Selected Americans. — Scattered houses in Roxbury bounded by
Washington street on the east, Eliot square and Dudley street on the
south, Columbus avenue and the tracks of the New York, New Haven
and Hartford Railroad on the west, and Lenox street on the north.
9. Selected Greeks. — Most of Curve street and selected houses in
the South Cove and the north end.
The Barton street district is located in the west end and is inhabited
almost exclusively by Hebrews, as is shown in the following table,
which is derived from General Table 1.
TABLE 1. — Number of households studied in the Barton street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, English
1
Foreign-born— Continued.
Polish
1
Hebrew, Russian . .
186
Grand total .
218
Hebrew Other
10
Irish
1
Total native-born of foreign father...
1
Italian, North ..
1
Total foreign-born
217
Italian, South
18
427
428 The Immigration Commission.
There is only 1 household with a native head in this district. Of
the 217 foreign households, 196 are Hebrew, 19 Italian, 1 Irish, and
1 Polish. The Hebrews have settled in this district after leaving the
north end, which was their first stronghold in Boston and in which
they were succeeded by the Italians, who now predominate there.
The Hebrews have moved to the west end, of wnich Barton street
forms a part, apparently for no other reason than its proximity to
their original place of residence.
Barton street is probably the poorest and the most crowded
Hebrew center of importance in this city. The houses near Lowell
street are old and poor, some of them apparently former warehouses,
others dwelling houses little altered. In the center of the block the
houses are in better condition. They have been built or remodeled
as tenements more recently than the others on the street. The
poorest house found in this district is on the corner of Barton and
Leverett streets; it consists of two old houses thrown together; the
one facing Barton street is higher than the other, so that on each
floor in the middle of the dark winding hallway there is an unexpected
flight of steps. The air shaft to the second floor forms a receptacle
for rubbish.
The houses on the block from Leverett to Chambers street do not
show the extremes, either good or bad, found on the other block.
Some of the worst kept houses, however, are on that block. The
garbage from five houses has been found' stored in the cellar of one
house, so that the families on the street floor have been unable to
open their windows, summer or winter.
Cushman avenue is one of the tiny alleys called avenues in Boston.
It is 6 feet wide from house wall to house wall, dark, neglected, and
filthy. Few families live there. Two of the houses have been
turned into rag shops, so that only two directly facing the avenue are
inhabited, the worst of which is a frame house. The two corner
houses facing Leverett street are much better. One of them, how-
ever, has a rear house attached to it, which is in very bad repair.
Water was found forming a pool in the hall, which is dark and dirty.
On the whole, the Hebrew district in Boston does not appear so
crowded as that in New York, but the houses are not so well adapted
to crowding, and some of the conditions existing on Cushman avenue
can not be duplicated in the sections studied in New York, where
tenement-house inspection is more energetic. The Boston tenement-
house law does not differ materially from the New York law, but in
Boston it is not as rigidly enforced.
The table which follows shows, by racial composition, the number
of households studied in the Hanover street district.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
429
TABLE 2. — Number of households studied in the Hanover street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
3
Foreign-born— Continued.
Norwegian
4
father
Portuguese
2
English
1
Spanish
1
German
1
Swedish
3
Irish
4
Italian, South
2
Grand total
308
Foreign-born:
Canadian (other than French)
4
Total native-born of foreign father
8
Greek
2
Total native-born .
11
1
Total foreign-born
297
Irish
10
Italian, North
10
Italian South
260
The Hanover street district is inhabited largely by South Italians.
There are only 11 native households in the district, and out of the
297 foreign households 260 are South Italians.
The section of Hanover street included in the district contains a
number of small grocery stores, fruit shops, bakeries, and barrooms,
owned and patronized exclusively by Italians.
Commercial street, in this district, is a street of tenements and
small shops on the west side, and of factories and warehouses on the
east. Directly opposite the block canvassed is a large candy factory,
the principal place of employment for the girls and women in the
block.
Henchman street is short, running only between Commercial and
Charter streets, and occupied wholly by tenement houses, with small
shops in the basement or on the ground floor. It is a comparatively
quiet street, and so far as the houses go it is the aristocrat of the four
streets. The houses in all but two or three instances are relatively
new and are assessed at a higher valuation than the land they stand
on, a most unusual situation in this block. Three of the eight houses
are occupied by their Italian owners, and all but two of the houses
are owned by Italians.
Charter street is not very different from Henchman, except that
it is in poorer repair and much more crowded.
The characteristic of the locality is not its four main streets, but
the alleys which honeycomb the block. Off Commercial street run
Globe alley, Greenough lane, and Luther place, at the rate of one
alley for every two houses on Commercial street. Globe alley is
made up altogether of lodging houses. The whole alley is packed
with people, and is generally looked upon in the neighborhood as
"low down." It has so frequently been the subject of board of
health investigation that the people have a wholesome fear of anyone
bordering upon the official. Greenough lane has a much more
" home-and-f amily " population than Globe alley; it is very dirty,
dark, and narrow — barely 3 feet wide at the entrance. Luther
place, while wider, is made up of dilapidated houses, and looks more
like a dump heap than a place where people with children actually
live, summer and winter.
430
The Immigration Commission.
Off Hanover street are four small alleys — Warland, or Warren
place, a little L containing three badly crowded, old brick houses,
their back rooms extremely dark; the L leading to 430 Hanover,
second rear; that leading to 404 rear; and Fountain place, the worst
and dirtiest and most overcrowded of the alleyways. Its four old
wooden houses- are tottering, the whole yard is filthy, and the base-
ment living rooms, half underground, are very bad in all respects.
The houses are ah1 used as lodging houses.
In the following table is shown, by race of head of household, the
number of households studied in the Morton-street district:
TABLE 3. — Number of households studied in the Morton-street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Foreign-born:
Greek
8
57
6
4
2
18
Foreign-born — Con ti nued .
Lithuanian
20
47
3
1
166
Hebrew Russian
Polish
Hebrew. Other
Russian
Irish
Scotch
Italian North
Total
Italian, South
The Morton street district was selected as the Polish section of the
north end. Its population, however, is highly cosmopolitan. All of
the households in this district are foreign. There are 57 Russian
Hebrew, 47 Polish, 20 Lithuanian, 18 South Italian, and 24 other
foreign households.
The two main blocks in this district are Morton and Wiget streets.
They are narrow alleys running west from Salem street, the principal
Jewish business street of the north end, and seem to have been
intended originally as rear approaches for the wider streets on each
side, according to the usual Boston plan. Morton street is 11 feet 4
inches from house wall to house wall at its narrowest point, near
Endicott street, and 15 feet 6 inches at its widest, near Salem. Wiget
street is 13 feet from house wall to house wall. Morton street was
described in the Boston Board of Health report of 1900 (p. 42) as "one
of the narrowest, dirtiest, and most insanitary streets in the city of
Boston," and its abolishment was one of the reasons given for recom-
mending the making of the entire district bounded by Salem, Endi-
cott, Stillman, and Cross streets into a public breathing place.
The buildings on both streets are mainly old 3-story one-family
houses, turned into tenements by the addition of kitchen sinks, and
in many cases nothing more. Some of the houses on Morton street,
with their 2-foot staircases and 4-foot chimneys, must date well into
the beginning of the nineteenth century. One house on Wiget street
is built on foundations of 6-inch oak beams almost as hard as iron.
Buildings have pressed up from behind on both sides of the streets.
A cigar factory leaves only a 3-foot space at the rear of two houses
on Morton street, so that the back rooms, especially on the lower
floors, are not fit to be lived in.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston. 431
Cross and North Margin streets are wider, and, in general, better
than Morton and Wiget. North Margin street, however, from Wiget
to Stillman, has only two houses, both very poor, besides the corner
one. These two are shallow houses, apparently built after those on
Wiget and Stillman streets to fill in a narrow space. One of them
has only one room on each floor — a mere little wedge squeezed into a
left-over corner. The corner house is much better.
The houses on Cross street have always been tenement houses.
They are 5 stories high and are newer than those on the other
blocks in this district.
The number of households studied in the Washington village dis-
trict is shown by race of head of household in the following table :
TABLE 4. — Number of households studied in the Washington milage district, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish.
Foreign-born:
Canadian (other than French)
Irish
Lithuanian
Polish..
Grand total.
Total native-born of foreign father .
Total foreign-born
The other Polish district is in the Polish settlement which has-
gathered about the Polish church in Washington village. Of the 41
families studied here 37 are Polish.
Ellery terrace and Kemp street are much alike. Both are short
blocks set down in the mud flats of the South Bay. These flats
breed stench and disease which more than offset the advantages of
space. In summer the winds are almost intolerably malodorous.
Ellery terrace is simply a remodeled factory building off Ellery
street. The building, a frame one, was divided up about two years
ago into seven small 3-story tenements. They are in fairly good
condition, though they show very rough usage.
Kemp street is much older. On the north side is a block of a
half dozen 2-story tenements for two families, and one detached
2-story shanty. On the south side it has two detached 2J-story
houses for two families. All the houses are frame.
Wadleigh place is a blind alley off Ellery street. The two detached
brick buildings are double houses, 2 stories high, with mansard
attics. The houses are poorer than on either of the other streets.
432 The Immigration Commission.
The racial composition of the Hudson street district is shown in
the following table:
TABLE 5. — Number of households studied in the Hudson street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish.
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian (other than French)
Irish.
Italian, South.
Syrian
1
1
11
29
113
Grand total.
170
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
7
15
155
The Hudson street district is predominantly Syrian. Fifteen
native families have been studied in the district, and 155 foreign
families, of which 113 are Syrian, 29 Italian, and 11 Irish.
Forty years ago this entire district was a respectable middle-class
residence quarter. It did not have the extremes, aristocratic and
humble, of the north end or Roxbury. The population about twenty
years ago was mainly Irish or Irish-American, but the place is fast
becoming the orient of Boston. Chinatown centers on Harrison
avenue near Essex street. Farther up the avenue and on Kneeland,
Tyler, and Hudson streets there is a cosmopolitan mixture of Greek
restaurants and groceries, Syrian churches and shops, kosher eating
houses, and immoral resorts confined to no race.
On Hudson street, where the most important Syrian block investi-
gated is located, most of the houses are four-story tenements, built of
brick. Each house contains 10 to 14 rooms and is occupied by from
four to six families. The houses were originally built to accommo-
date one fairly well-to-do family, and have been divided up into
apartments; sinks and faucets have been installed in the kitchens,
but very few other changes have been made. One toilet serves for
a whole house, and bathrooms are an exception. Proximity to busi-
ness houses makes the rents high in this neighborhood.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
433
The racial composition of the Second street district is shown in the
following table:
TABLE 6. — Number of households studied, the Second street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father:
White
3
Foreign-born— jContinued .
Irish
60
1
Italian, South
1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
Lithuanian
no
father*
Polish
17
Canadian (other than French) .
1
Scotch-Irish
1
Irish..
24
Welsh
1
Foreign-born:
Canadian (other than French)
2
Grand total
227
English
1
French
2
Total native-born of foreign father. .
25
German
2
Total native-born
29
Hebrew Russian
1
Total foreign-born
198
The Second street district, in South Boston, contains 60 foreign
and 24 native Irish households in addition to 17 Polish and 110 Lithu-
anian households. Several other races are represented by one or two
families.
Athens street is a narrow back street, originally intended as a rear
approach to Broadway. The houses are usually two stories high and
are frame. Second street is wider and contains one large brick tene-
ment house. Colton and Granite streets are small side streets.
Some of the houses on Colton street have been torn down since the
agent of the Commission canvassed them.
The following table shows the racial composition of the Silver street
district :
TABLE 7. — Number of households studied, the Silver street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
4
Foreign-born— Continued.
Lithuanian
40
father:
Norwegian . .
2
Canadian (other than French)...
4
Polish
2
English
4
Scotch
1
Irish
40
Swedish
6
Foreign-born:
Belgian (race not specified)
1
Canadian (other than French)
6
English
1
Grand total
238
German
2
Hebrew, Russian
4
Total native-born of foreign father
48
Hebrew, Other. . .
1
Total native-born
52
Irish...
118
Total foreign-born
186
Italian, North
2
The population of the Silver street district contains representatives
of many different races, but, besides the Irish, the Lithuanians, of
whom there are 40 households, are the only numerically important
race.^ Of the Irish there are 118 foreign and 40 native households
in this district.
434 The Immigration Commission.
Silver street is a narrow street consisting of two and three story
frame houses in fair repair. It was originally meant to be a rear
approach to the houses on Broadway. This district has gone through
several stages of development, but is now almost entirely inhabited
by workingmen's families. It differs little in character from the
Second street district.
No solid block occupied by American families of the working class
has been found in Boston. One hundred schedules of American
households were taken in Roxbury after a large territory had been
covered and 638 households had been interviewed and eliminated,
because they were not American.
In general the streets in this district are wide. The location is
unusually good for working people, because many street car lines go
through the district, and the big Dudley street transfer station in the
vicinity makes it easy to make connections with all parts of the city.
A great proportion of the houses where American families were
found are two and a half or three story frame houses in blocks or
semidetached. The Americans lived in these houses before the
larger buildings, of which there are many in the district, were erected.
Very few of the houses contain more than three families, and none
more than six. The houses are in fair repair. The district was
distinctly American, and parts of it were rather fashionable until
about fifteen years ago, but now it is highly cosmopolitan and con-
tains a group of streets inhabited by negroes. The Hebrew popula-
tion of the district is rapidly increasing, and yet there are more
American families in this neighborhood than in any other of the com-
paratively poor sections of the city which the agents of the Com-
mission have succeeded in locating.
For "the Greeks also schedules were secured in selected houses.
The most important center of the Greeks is Curve street, a little
crescent skirting the Boston and Albany tracks off Broadway exten-
sion. The other Greek households are scattered over the city, but
more particularly in the north end. The total number of Greek
schedules secured in Boston is 49.
CHAPTER III.
COMPOSITION OF POPULATION STUDIED.
NATIVITY AND RACE.
The total number of households enumerated in the preceding series
of tables appears in the following table. From this point the tabu-
lation does not take into. account the districts of residence of the
households studied. Certain races are excluded from further study
by reason of inadequate representation. The table, which is derived
from General Tables 1 and 2, shows the extent of the canvass and
the selection for the detailed study.
TABLE 8. — Total number of households studied in blocks investigated and households
included in detailed study, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households
studied in
blocks in-
vestigated.
Households included
in detailed study.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Native-born of native father:
White
123
1
5
6
1
76
2
1
1
14
2
2
4
49
249
17
205
15
326
171
6
104
2
3
2
1
1
9
113
1
123
8.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
5.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.5
17.6
.0
14.5
.0
23.0
12.1
.0
7.3
.0
.0
.0
0
.0
.0
8.0
.0
Indian
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian (other than French)
English
German
Irish
76
^Italian, South
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Belgian (race not specified)
Canadian (other than French)
English :
French
German . .
Greek
49
249
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
205
Italian, North
Italian, South
326
171
Lithuanian
Norwegian
Polish ..
104
Portuguese
Russian
Scotch
Scotch-Irish. ...
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian . .
113
Welsh :
Grand total
1,512
1,416
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
90
214
1,298
76
199
1,217
5.4
14.1
85.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . . .
435
436
The Immigration Commission.
Of the total number of 1,512 households visited in Boston, 1,416
have been included in the detailed study which follows. None of
the races of which there were fewer than twenty households in the
aggregate have been included. In addition to the native white of
native father and the second-generation Irish, the following foreign
households, in order of their numerical importance, have been studied
in Boston: South Italians, Russian Hebrews, Irish, Lithuanians,
Syrians, Poles, and Greeks.
As regards country of birth, which it is necessary to consider only
for the Hebrews and Poles, the fact is that all of the Hebrews are
natives of Russia, while the birthplace of the Polish heads of house-
holds is given in the next table, drawn from General Table 4.
TABLE 9. — Country of birth of foreign-born Polish heads of households .
Country of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Austria-Hungary . .
22
21 2
Germany
3
2 9
Russia
79
76 0
Total
104
100 0
Over three-fourths, 76 per cent, of all the Poles studied in Boston
are natives of Russia, 21.2 per cent are natives of Austria-Hungary,
and 2.9 per cent are natives of Germany.
For the Italians a statement of the province of birth is given in the
next table, drawn from General Table 4a.
TABLE 10. — Province of birth of foreign-born South Italian heads of households.
Province of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Province of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Abruzzi and Molise
43
13.2
Roma
4
1 2
Apulia
6
1.8
Sicily
89
27 3
Calabria
31
9.5
All other .
4
4 4
Campania
133
40 8
Emilia
1
.3
Total.
326
100 0
Liguria
5
1.5
The largest proportion of all Italian heads of households come from
the Province of Campania, the next largest from Sicily, and the next
from Abruzzi and Molise.
The extent of the study with reference to persons in households
and persons included in the detailed study of individuals is indicated
by the following table derived from General Table 2. The tabula-
tion is by race of head of household.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
437
TABLE 11. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was
secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number of
households.
Persons in households.
Persons for whom de-
tailed information
was secured.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Native-born of native father, White
123
76
49
249
205
326
171
104
113
485
327
235
1,314
985
1,799
974
674
418
6.7
4.5
3.3
18.2
13.7
24.9
13.5
9.3
5.8
476
320
225
1,310
950
1,786
952
655
418
6.7
4.5
3.2
18.5
13.4
25.2
13.4
9.2
5.9
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish . .
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,416
7,211
100.0
7/092
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
76
199
1,217
327
812
6,399
4.5
11.3
88.7
320
796
6,296
4.5
11.2
88.8
Total foreign-born
Of the total of 1,416 households studied in Boston, 1,217 are foreign
and 199 native. Of the native households 123 are American and 76
second-generation Irish. Detailed information was secured for 7,092
persons, of whom 6,296 were in households whose heads were foreign-
born and 796 in households whose heads were native-born. In gen-
eral, then, more than seven-eighths of the population studied in Bos-
ton live in foreign households.
The persons for whom detailed information was secured are again
presented by race of individual in the following table which is based
on General Table 5.
TABLE 12. — Persons for ivhom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number.
Per cent of total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
290
287
2
12
1
11
5
5
182
324
577
2
16
1
15
5
19
371
675
2
. 520
243
165
1
100
2
21
9
2
2
205
917
21
7.5
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.4
4.9
9.1
.1
6.5
3.1
1.9
.0
1.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
4.5
12.1
.2
8.9
.1
.4
W.3
.2
.2
5.7
10.1
.0
8.3
3.8
2.8
W1.8
.1
.6
.3
.1
.0
1.0
14.0
.4
8.1
w.2
<0>.2
. .1
.3
5.2
9.5
(a)
7.3
3.4
2.3
W,4
(a)
.3
.1
(a)
W2.9
12.9
.3
Canadian, Other
4
Danish
English
4
German
Greek
14
189
351
2
253
121
74
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
207
122
91
1
58
2
18
9
2
Lithuanian . . .
Polish...
Scotch
Syrian
42
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
3
English
French
German.
2
174
467
9
Greek
31
450
12
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
« Less than 0.05 per cent.
438
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 12. — Persons for -w'lom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race of individual — Continued.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number.
Per cent of total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Foreign-born— Continued .
Irish
190
5
777
453
285
4
241
2
471
257
197
431
7
1,248
710
482
4
3
316
4.9
.1
20.1
11.7
7.4
.1
.0
4.2
7.5
.1
14.6
8.0
6.1
.0
.1
4.8
6.1
.1
17.6
10.0
6.8
.1
(a)
4.5
Italian, North
Italian South.
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Scotch
3
155
Syrian
161
Grand total
3,874
3,218
7,092
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
1,054
1,344
2,530
1,181
1,368
1,850
2,135
2,712
4,380
27.2
34.7
65.3
36.7
42.5
57.5
30.1
38.2
61.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
In the previous table, where the enumeration is by nativity of head
of household, the total native-born aggregate 11.2 per cent of the
entire number of persons for whom detailed information was secured.
In this table, where the enumeration is by nativity of individual, the
native-born are 38.2 per cent of the whole number of persons. The
higher per cent is largely due to the presence of native-born children
in immigrant households. The largest proportion of persons of native
birth is among the Irish, which is the race with heads of households
having the longest residence in the United States. The second
largest proportion is among the South Italians, the race represent-
ing on the whole the second earliest immigration, and the third
highest per cent is among the Russian Hebrews, the third in point of
length of residence in this country.
SEX.
The number and per cent of persons of each sex in households
studied are given in the following table, by general nativity and race
of head of household. The figures are from General Table 2.
TABLE 13. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number.
Per cent of each sex.
Male.
Female.
Total!
Male.
Female.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
220
150
188
666
469
1,038
575
364
204
256
170
37
644
481
748
377
291
214
476
320
225
1,310
950
1,786
952
655
418
46.2
46.9
83.6
50.8
49.4
58.1
60.4
55.6
48.8
53.8
53.1
16.4
49.2
50.6
41.9
39.6
44.4
51.2
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
3,874
3,218
7,092
54.6
45.4
Total native-born of foreign father
150
370
3,504
170
426
2,792
320
796
6,296
46.9
46.5
55.7
53.1
53.5
44.3
Total native-born .
Total foreign-born
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
439
Of the total of 3,874 persons for whom detailed information was
secured in Boston, 54.6 per cent are males and 45.4 per cent females.
Among the native-born the percentage of males is 46.5 and among
the foreign-born 55.7. Of the foreign races all except the Irish and
the Syrians have more males than females. The proportion is excep-
tionally high among the Greeks, of whom 83.6 per cent are male, and
the Lithuanians, among whom the proportion of males is 60.4 per
cent. The percentage is 58.1 among the South Italians, 55.6 among
the Poles, and 50.8 among the Russian Hebrews.
AGE.
Heads of households are classified according to age in the table
which follows. The percentages are based on General Table 6:
TABLE 14. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Native-born of native father, White
94
58
48
226
139
309
165
103
102
0.0
.0
2.1
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
22.3
12.1
50.0
20.4
7.9
27.5
25.5
36.9
48.0
39.4
48,3
47.9
50.0
48.2
46.3
62.4
56.3
37.3
27.7
37.9
.0
20.4
35.3
22.3
12.1
6.8
9.8
10.6
1.7
.0
8.8
8.6
3.9
.0
.0
3.9
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,244
.2
26.0
49.0
20.0
4.7
Total native-born of foreign father
58
152
1,092
.0
.0
.3
12.1
18.4
27.0
48.3
42.8
49.9
37.9
31.6
18.4
1.7
7.2
4.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White
28
0.0
3.6
21.4
39.3
35.7
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian. . .
23
.0
4.3
26.1
47.8
21.7
Irish
66
o
3 0
28 8
30 3
37 9
Grand total
170
.0
3 5
30 0
37 1
29 4
Total native-born of foreign father
18
(a)
(o)
(a)
(a)
(o)
Total native-born
46
^ } o
22
283
43 5
261
Total foreign-born
124
.0
4.0
30.6
34.7
30.6
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
440
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 14. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
Number-
Perc
ent within
each spec
ified age g
roup.
General nativity and race of individual.
complete
data.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Native-born of native father, White
122
0.0
18.0
35.2
• 30.3
16.4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father Irish
76
.0
9 2
46 1
40 8
3 9
Foreign-born:
Greek
49
2 0
49 0
46 9
o
2 0
Hebrew Russian
249
4
18 9
47 8
22 9
10 0
Irish
205
.0
6.3
42 0
33 7
18 0
Italian, South
326
.0
26.7
45.1
22.7
5.5
Lithuanian
170
.0
24.7
62 4
12 4
6
Polish
104
o
36 5
55 8
7 7
o
Syrian . .
113
.9
43.4
38 9
13.3
3.5
Grand total
1,414
.2
23.3
46.7
22.1
7.7
Total native-born of foreign father
76
.0
9.2
46.1
40.8
3.9
Total native-born
198
.0
14 6
39 4
34 3
11 6
Total foreign-born
1 216
2
24 7
47 9
20 1
7 1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 1,414 heads of households included in this table 46.7 per
cent are between the ages of 30 and 44 years, 23.5 per cent are under
30 years old, and 29.8 per cent are 45 years of age or older. The
heads of households of native birth are, on the whole, older than the
immigrant heads of households. Among all races except the Greek
and the Syrian the most usual age of the head is between 30 and 44
years. Among Greeks and Syrians the most usual age is under 30
years, and there are instances of heads of households under 20 years
of age. The heads of households of the Greek race are, in a number
of instances, not heads of families, but are young men who live in
groups of other men.
The ages of members of households, including heads, are shown in
the next table, which is derived from General Table 7. The tabula-
tion is by race of head of household :
TABLE 15. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household.
MALE.
Number
Per cent
within (
ach spec
ified age
group—
General nativity and race of head
of household.
reporting
complete
data.
Under
6.
6 to
13.
14 and
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
220
150
16.4
13.3
13.2
23.3
2.7
4.0
6.4
9.3
18.2
10.7
21.4
22.0
21.8
17.3
Foreign-born:
Greek
188
3.7
3.7
.5
9.0
51.6
29.8
1.6
Hebrew, Russian.
666
16.4
19.4
4.7
8.9
18.0
19.8
12.9
Irish
469
15.6
22.8
4.1
7.2
15.4
20.7
14.3
Italian, South
1,031
16.7
11.4
2.3
8.2
26.9
22.8
11.6
Lithuanian
574
15.9
8.5
.5
4.5
32.4
33.4
4.7
Polish
364
15.4
9.6
.8
7 1
37.1
25.5
4.4
Syrian
204
18.6
10.3
1.5
7.4
34.8
20.1
7.4
Grand total
3 866
15.6
13.7
2.5
7.5
26.2
24.0
10.6
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
150
370
13.3
15.1
23.3
17.3
4.0
3 2
9.3
7.6
10.7
15.1
22.0
21.6
17.3
20.0
Total foreign-born
3 496
15 6
13 3
2 4
7 5
27 4
24.2
9.6
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
441
TABLE 15. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group,
•
Under
6.
6 to
13.
14 and
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
255
170
37
644
481
745
377
291
214
15.7
12.9
8.1
14.6
12.9
23.5
23.1
24.1
22.4
14.1
20.6
5.4
21.3
20.8
14.2
14.9
12.7
10.3
2.7
3.5
""5."6"
5.2
5.0
2.1
.7
5.1
7.1
5.3
18.9
9.8
7.1
9.5
6.6
13.1
13.1
18.0
14.1
45.9
17.4
12.5
20.0
29.2
34.0
27.6
20.4
24.1
16.2
17.9
20.8
17.9
22.0
14.1
13.6
22.0
19.4
5.4
14.1
20.8
9.9
2.1
1.4
7.9
Foreign-born:
Greek .
Hebrew. Russian
Irish
Italian, South. .
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total.. .
3,214
18.7
16.5
4.0
9.1
21.0
18.7
12.0
Total native-born of foreign father..
Total native-born
170
425
2,789
12.9
14.6
19.3
20.6
16.7
16.5
3.5
3.1
4.1
5.3
6.4
9.5
14.1
16.5
21.7
24.1
21.9
18.2
19.4
20.9
10.6
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
475
320
16.0
13 1
13.7
21 9
2.7
3 8
6.7
7 2
18.1
12 5
20.8
23 1
21.9
18 4
Foreign-born:
Greek
2^5
4 4
4 0
.4
10 7
50.7
27.6
2 2
Hebrew, Russian
1 310
15 5
20 3
4 8
9 3
17 7
18 9
13 5
Irish....
950
14.2
21.8
4.6
7.2
13.9
20.7
17.6
Italian, South
1 776
19 5
12 6
3 4
8 8
24 0
20 7
10 9
Lithuanian . . .
951
18.7
11.0
1.2
5.4
31.1
28.9
3.7
Polish
655
19 2
11 0
8
9 8
35 7
20 5
3 1
Syrian
418
20 6
10 3
3 3
10 3
31 1
16 7
7 7
Grand total
7 080
17 0
15 0
3 2
8 2
23 9
21 6
11 2
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
320
795
13.1
14.8
21.9
17.0
3.8
3.1
7.2
6.9
12.5
15.8
23.1
21.8
18.4
20.5
Total foreign-born
6 285
17 3
14 7
3 2
8 4
24 9
21 5
10 0
By combining the ages under 20, from 20 to 44, and 45 and over,
we arrive at the following comparison between the native-born and
the foreign-born:
Under 20.
20 to 44.
45 and
over.
Native-born
41.8
37.6
20.5
Foreign-born
43 6
46 4
10 0
There are more young persons under 20 and more persons of the
most active age, namely, between 20 and 44, among immigrants than
natives, while the proportion of persons 45 and over is almost twice as
high among the native-born as among the foreign-born. This is a
normal difference; the immigrants bring over comparatively few old
persons, and therefore in foreign households the proportion of persons
45 years of age or over is smaller than in households of the native-born.
25608°— VOL 26—11-
-29
442
The Immigration Commission.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
In the following table persons 20 years of age or over are classified
according to whether they are single, married, or widowed. The
table is based on General Table 8.
TABLE 16. — Number and per cent of persons 20 years of age or over in each conjugal con-
dition, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
MALE.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who are —
Per cent who are-
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Native-born of native father,
White
130
1
2
6
124
1
5
1
1
2
2
156
331
1
186
4
622
400
242
4
127
31
1
2
5
64
1
4
1
1
1
1
119
60
1
46
4
170
194
90
4
26
90
9
2
i
5
|
i
7
1
<!
4
3
w
2
3.8
1.6
>.3
S.I
7.3
S.5
7.2
D.5
69.2
(a)
(a)
(0)
45.2
(a
(a
(a
(a)
21.8
80.4
67.7
(a)
69.1
49.8
62.0
(a)
76.4
6.9
(a)
(a)
(a)
3.2
a)
a)
a)
a)
1.5
(a)
3.5
1.8
.8
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian (other than
French)
English
Hebrew
1
56
Irish
4
Italian, North
Italian, South
1
Lithuanian :. .
Polish
Foreign-born:
Canadian (other than
French)
1
1
3
5
German
Greek
34
266
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
126
14
Italian, North .
Italian South
430
199
150
22
7
2
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Syrian
97
4
Grand total .
2,348
826
1,450
72
35.2
61.8
3.1
Total native-born of foreign
father
141
271
2,077
79
110
716
58
148
1,302
4
13
59
56.0
40.6
34.5
41.1
54.6
62.7
2.8
4.8
2.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father,
White
117
1
7
1
9
5
7
114
11
1
1
1
16
9
2
24
307
4
34
54
1
5
1
7
5
2
46
7
29
29.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
ft
(a)
44.7
(a)
(a)
io!i
46.2
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
40.4
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
91.7
77.9
(a)
24.8
(a
(«
a
a
•L
g
(a)
(a)
(a)
(0)8.3
12.1
(a)
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father :
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
2
Danish
English
2
German
Hebrew
5
51
3
1
Irish
17
1
Italian, South
Polish
Scotch
1
1
14
7
2
22
239
4
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
1
1
1
1
English
Frenc"h
Greek
2
37
Hebrew, Russian
31
Hebrew, Other. . .
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
443
TABLE 16. — Number and per cent of persons 20 years o
dition, by sex and general nativity and race of
e or over in each conjugal con-
ividual — Continued .
FEMALE— Continued.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
comDlete
data.
Number who are —
Per cent who are-
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Foreigh-bom— Continued .
Irish
234
1
338
202
141
3
105
34
137
1
288
166
106
2
78
63
14.5
W6.e
14.4
21.3
(a)r.e
58.5
(0)
85.2
82.2
75.2
(0)
74.3
26.9
(a)
9.2
3.5
3.5
(a)
18.1
Italian, North
Italian, South
19
29
30
31
7
5
1
9
Lithuanian
Polish
Scotch
Syrian ...
8
Grand total... . . ..
1,661
251
1,196
2L4
15.1
72.0
12.9
Total native-born of foreign
father
157
274
1,387
64
98
153
75
129
1,067
18
47
167
40.8
35.8
11.0
47.8
47.1
76.9
11.5
17.2
12.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father,
White
247
65
144
38
2
fi 3
58.3
15.4
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
1
1
(a
(a)
(a)
Canadian, Other . . .
8
3
5
(a
a)
(a)
Danish
1
1
a)
(a)
English . . .
11
4
7
a
°j
(a)
German
5
5
(a
a)
(a>
Hebrew
13
10
3
}a
a
w
Irish
238
115
102
21
4
S ?
429
8g
Italian, North
1
1
a
a)
(a)
Italian, South
16
7
8
j
a
a)
(«)
Lithuanian
1
1
d
aj
w
Polish
2
2
a
a)
(a)
Scotch
1
1
a)
(«)
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French .
1
1
!
!a)
fa)
Canadian, Other
18
2
14
2
?'
*)
a
English
9
1
7
1
•'
a)
(a)
French
2
2
n<
(a
w
German
2
1
1
a]
(a)
(a)
Greek
180
119
56
5
i 1
31.1
28
Hebrew, Russian
638
91
505
42
1
1 'i
79 2
' 6 6
Hebrew, Other...
5
1
4
(o]
(a)
(a)
Irish
420
80
263
77
1
) 0
62 6
18 3
Italian, North
5
4
1
fa>
(a)
(a)
Italian, South
960
189
718
53
V
T 7
748
55
Lithuanian
602
223
365
14
3
7 0
60 6
2 3
Polish
383
120
256
7
3
1 S
66 8
1 8
Russian
4
4
(a]
(a)
(a)
Scotch
3
2
1
(a
(a)
(a)
Syrian ..
232
34
175
23
1
1 7
75 4
9 9
Grand total
4,009
1,077
2,646
286
2
'. Q
66 0
7 1
Total native-born of foreign
father
298
143
133
22
4
^ 0
44 6
7 4
Total native-born
545
208
277
60
3
,> ')
50 8
11 0
Total foreign-born
3,464
869
2,369
226
2
> 1
68 4
6 5
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
444 The Immigration Commission.
Of the total number of 4,009 persons 20 years of age or over, who
report data on conjugal condition, 66 per cent are married, 26.9 per
cent are single, and 7.1 per cent are widowed. The proportion of
single persons is much higher among the males than among the
females, and the proportion of married and widowed persons is
higher among the females than among the males.
There are fewer single persons among the adult foreign-born than
among the adult native-born, the proportions being 25.1 per cent
among the foreign and 38.2 per cent among the native born. The
difference is very pronounced among females, of whom 35.8 per cent
are single among the native-born and only 11 per cent among the
foreign-born. It is clear from these figures that the immigrants marry
somewhat younger than the native-born and, furthermore, that this
is more noticeable among the women than among the men. It must
be added that it is not an unusual thing for immigrant girls to come
here in order either to join their husbands or intended husbands or
to improve their opportunity of finding husbands by coming to a com-
munity where the proportion of males is high.
The only foreign race having a large proportion, 66.1 per cent, of
single persons among the adults is the Greek; the proportion of
single Greek males is 76.3 per cent, while there are no single females
over 20 years of age. The proportion of unmarried women is lower
than that of unmarried men among aU of the foreign races studied in
Boston.
The figures indicate that the immigrant population of the districts
studied in Boston is more settled than the native population, which
contains a considerable proportion of single men and women who
have come to the city to earn a living. The immigrant men have
in most cases come to stay, and have generally sent for their wives or
sweethearts, and a large proportion of the women have come to join
their husbands or in order to marry.
As mentioned above the proportion of widows is higher among the
native-born than among the foreign-born, and among the foreign
races the highest proportion of widows is found among the Irish.
The proportion among the native-born of native father is also very
considerable. This condition is probably due largely to the larger pro-
portion of older families of these two races.
YEARS IN THE UNITED STATES.
That the investigation in Boston deals largely with recent immi-
grants appears from the following series of four tables. In the first
table of the series male heads of households are classified according
to the number of years since their first arrival in the United States.
The figures are from General Table 9.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
445
TABI E 17. — Number and per cent of foreign-lorn male heads of households in the United
States under jive years, five to nine years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Greek . . .
48
226
138
307
165
103
102
19
63
4
64
44
26
32
14
66
10
83
64
49
37
15
73
21
112
48
25
29
"'24'
103
48
9
3
4
39.6
27.9
2.9
20.8
26.7
25.2
31.4
29.2
29.2
7.2
27.0
38.8
47.6
36.3
31.3
32.3
15.2
36.5
29.1
24.3
28.4
0.0
10.6
74.6
15.6
5.5
2.9
3.9
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
1,089
252
323
323
191
23.1
29.7
29.7
17.5
Of the 1,089 male heads of households included in this table 23.1
per cent have come to the. United States within the last five years,
29.7 per cent have been in the country from five to nine years, 29.7
per cent have been here from ten to nineteen years, and 17.5 per cent
nave been here twenty years or more. Of the races studied the Irish
represents by far the earliest immigration, almost three-fourths of
the heads of households having been in this country twenty years or
more. The South Italians rank- second and the Russian Hebrews
third. The relative standing of the races representing recent immi-
gration is best seen in the form of cumulative percentages.
TABLE 18. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United States under
five years, under ten years, etc., by race of individual ,
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of persons in United States
each specified number of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
Greek
48
226
138
307
165
103
102
39.6
27.9
2.9
20.8
26.7
25.2
31.4
68.8
57.1
10.1
47.9
65.5
72.8
67.6
100.0
89.4
25.4
84.4
94.5
97.1
96.1
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
1,089
23.1
52.8
82.5
The Greek heads of households are, on the whole, the most recent
immigrants, nearly 40 per cent having been in the country less than
five years and all having come within twenty years. Syrians, Poles,
and Lithuanians all show more than one-fourth of their number in
the United States under five years and at least 55 per cent here under
ten years.
The table next presented classifies all foreign-born persons, includ-
ing heads of households, according to the number of years since their
first arrival in the United States. In this table male heads of house-
holds, who have been shown separately, are included. The table is
based on General Table 10.
-446
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 19. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States under jive
years, five to nine years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Canadian French
2
20
9
2
2
205
917
21
427
7
1,236
701
471
4
3
316
2
1
1
(a)
20.0
ft
£.7
49.8
76.2
7.5
(a)
46.0
53.5
61.4
(a)
(a)
44.9
(2«
ffi
s,
21.0
4.8
5.2
(0)
28.2
29.5
26.5
(a)
(a)
32.0
(0)
20.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
20.0
23.7
9.5
19.9
(a)
20.1
15.1
11.0
(a)
(a)
21.8
(lo
(a)
(a)
W.o
5.5
9.5
67.4
(a)
5.8
1.9
1.1
8
1.3
Canadian, Other
4
1
1
4
3
1
1
41
217
2
85
248
106
52
11
4
English . ...
French
German
1
""56"
2
288
Greek
106
457
16
32
3
568
375
289
4
58
193
1
22
3
348
207
125
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
72
13
5
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Scotch
3
4
Syrian
142
101
69
Total
4,343
1,998
1,062
830
453
46.0
24.5
19.1
10.4
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 4,343 persons included in this table 46 per cent have come to
the United States within five years, 24.5 per cent have been in the
country from five to nine years, 19.1 per cent have besn here from
ten to nineteen years, and 10.4 per cent have been here twenty years
or over, A convenient comparison of the several races is afforded by
the following cumulative percentages:
TABLE 20. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States under Jive years, under
ten years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of persons in United States
each specified number of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
Canadian (other than French)
20
205
917
21
427
1,236
701
471
316
20.0
51.7
49.8
76.2
7.5
46.0
53.5
61.4
44.9
25.0
80.0
70.9
81.0
12.6
74.1
83.0
87.9
76.9
45.0
100.0
94.5
90.5
32.6
94.2
98.1
98.9
98.7
Greek
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
4,343
46.0
70.5
89.6
Of the 4,343 foreign-born persons studied in Boston who report the
date of their arrival in the United States 46 per cent have been here
less than five years, 70.5 per cent less than ten. years, and 89.6 per
cent less than twenty years.
The Greeks, the Poles, the Syrians, and the Lithuanians are the
most recent immigrants studied in Boston. The Hebrews and the
South Italians come next, and the Irish are the oldest residents.
CHAPTER IV.
LIVING CONDITIONS.
CONGESTION."
The following table classifies the households studied according to
the number of rooms in the apartments they occupy. The table is
derived from General Table 12.
TABLE 21. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
apart-
ment.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
room.
Per cent of households occupying apartments of
each specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native
father White
123
76
49
249
205
326
171
104
113
4.54
4.38
2.88
3.70
4.20
3.03
3.65
3.49
1.78
0.87
.98
1.67
1.43
1.14
1.81
1.56
1.86
2.08
2.4
6.6
18.4
.4
3.4
2.8
2.9
.0
46.0
5.7
3.9
28.6
10.4
6.8
27.3
6.4
13.5
38.1
18.7
27.6
24.5
33.3
25.4
44.2
35.1
39.4
10.6
30.9
27.6
10.2
35.3
33.2
18.7
40.4
37.5
3.5
22.0
14.5
16.3
17.7
14.6
4.6
11.1
6.7
.9
8.9
6.6
.0
1.2
9.3
1.5
3.5
1.9
.9
11.4
13.2
2.0
1.6
7.3
.9
.6
1.0
.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew. Russian . .
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
1,416
76
199
1,217
3.52
4.38
4.48
3.37
1.44
.98
.91
1.56
6.4
15.6
31.6
27.8
11.4
3.7
3.5
6.6
4.0
6.8
3.9
5.0
17.3
27.6
22.1
33.2
27.6
29.6
27.4
14.5
19.1
10.2
6.6
8.0
3.0
13.2
12.1
2.1
Of the households studied in Boston, 6.4 per cent occupy apart-
ments of one room, 15.6 per cent occupy apartments of two rooms,
31.6 per cent three rooms, 27.8 per cent four rooms, 11.4 per cent
five rooms, 3.7 per cent six rooms, and 3.5 per cent seven rooms or
more. It will be seen that apartments of three and of four rooms
together constitute about three-fifths of the entire number studied.
One, two, and three room apartments are more common among for-
eign than among native households, while apartments of four rooms
or more occur more frequently among native households.
a Congestion depends on many conditions other than the number of persons or
adults per room and per sleeping room. Most of these conditions are not susceptible
of statistical measurement, and no definite line can be drawn where overcrowding
begins. In this section of the report the terms "congestion " and '•'degree of con-
gestion ' ' are expressly restricted to a comparison of the number of persons or adults
per room and per sleeping room.
447
448
The Immigration Commission.
The Syrians occupy one-room apartments in 46 per cent of all
cases and two-room apartments in 38.1 per cent of all cases. None
of the other races have as high a proportion of small apartments, the
Greeks, with 18.4 per cent of one-room and 28.6 per cent of two-room
apartments, ranking second in this respect. All of the other races
live in three or four room apartments in the majority of cases. The
proportion of apartments of six rooms or more is by far the highest
among the Irish, among whom it reaches 16.6 per cent.
The following table classifies households according to the number
of persons of which they are composed. The table is based on
General Table 13.
TABLE 22. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of per
sons per-
house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
2.4
3.9
8.2
3.2
4.9
9.8
3.5
13.5
.0
Native-born of native
father, White
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race
of father, Irish . . .
123
76
49
249
205
326
171
104
113
3.94
4.30
4.80
5.28
4.80
5.52
5.70
6.48
3.70
4.1
5.3
.0
.0
6.8
.6
.6
.0
.0
26.8
15.8
32.7
10.8
16.6
12.3
10.5
2.9
23.0
14.6
25.0
18.4
14.9
14.1
15.0
9.4
5.8
28.3
23.6
15.8
6.1
13.7
13.7
16.3
10.5
19.2
24.8
10.6
14.5
10.2
14.5
10.7
12.3
15.2
14.4
14.2
11.4
10.5
6.1.
18.5
14.1
12.3
16.4
13.5
4.4
1.6
3.9
6.1
10.8
7.3
9.8
15.8
11.5
2.7
4.1
2.6
8.2
8.8
8.3
7.7
11.1
14.4
.0
0.8
2.6
4.1
4.8
3.4
4.0
7.0
4.8
2.7
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew, Russian.
Irish...
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish .
Syrian
Grand total ....
Total native-born of
foreign father
1,416
5.09
1.8
14.8
15.2
15.9
13.0
13.2
8.8
7.7
4.0
5.6
76
199
1,217
4.30
4.08
5.26
5.3
4.5
1.4
15.8
22.6
13.5
25.0
18.6
14.6
15.8
20.6
15.1
14.5
12.1
13.1
10.5
11.1
13.6
3.9
2.5
9.8
2.6
3.5
8.4
2.6
1.5
4.4
3.9
3.0
6.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
A somewhat simpler presentation of the facts brought out by the
table follows. Only the proportions of small and of large households
of each race are shown, households of one, two, and three persons
being considered small households, and those of seven or more persons
being considered large households.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
House-
holds of
1, 2, and
3 per-
sons.
House-
holds of
7 or more
persons.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
House-
holds of
1, 2, and
3 per-
sons.
House-
holds of
7 or more
persons.
Native-born of native father.
White
45 5
8.9
Foreign-born— Continued.
Polish
8.7
44.2
Native-born of foreign father,
Syrian
51.3
5.4
Irish
46 1
13 0
Foreign-born:
Grand total
31.8
26.1
Greek
51 1
26 6
Hebrew, Russian . . .
Irish
25.7
37 5
27.6
23 9
Total native-born of foreign
father
46 1
13 0
Italian, South.
27.9
31.3
Total native-born .
45.7
10.5
Lithuanian. .
20 5
37.4
Total foreign-born
29.5
28.7
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
449
The foreign-born show a considerably higher percentage of large
households and a considerably lower percentage of small households
than the native-born.
Nearly half of the households of the native-born white of native
father and the second generation Irish, and slightly more than half
of the Greek and Syrian households consist of fewer than 4 persons.
The two native races and the Syrians also report low percentages
of households, consisting of 7 or more persons; the Greeks, with
26.6 per cent of households consisting of 7 or more persons, have
twice as great a proportion of large households as any one of the other
three races with low percentages. The highest percentage of large
households is found among the Poles, who report only 8.7 per cent
of households consisting of fewer than 4 persons and 44.2 per cent
of households consisting of 7 or more persons. The Lithuanians rank
second in proportion of large households and next to the lowest in the
proportion of small households.
The average size of households occupying apartments of specified
sizes is considered in the following; table. The table is derived from
General Table 14.
TABLE 23. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
Average number of persons in arartments of each specified number
of rooms.
household.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White. .
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father, Irish
(a)
(a)
3.35
3 57
3.63
4 24
4.70
5 00
3.64
Ca)
6.00
6 60
3.94
4 30
Foreign-born:
Greek
(a
2 86
6 08
Ca)
Co)
Ca)
4 80
Hebrew, Russian . .
(a
3.00
4.83
5.28
7.18
(a)
w
5 28
Irish...
(a
2.36
3 37
5 21
5 57
6 05
8 93
4 80
Italian, South
(a
3.62
5.72
6.48
9.60
(a)
5 52
Lithuanian ....
(a
3.55
4 90
6 46
6 84
[a]
5 70
Polish
5 21
5 54
7 51
Ca)
[a)
Ja)
6 48
Syrian
2.90
4.14
4 25
(a)
(a)
(a)
3 70
Grand total.. .
2.53
3.53
4.90
5 70
6 59
5 98
7 88
5 09
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
(a)
(a)
(a)
1 80
3.57
3 45
4.24
3 85
5.00
4 79
(a)
4 19
6.60
6 25
4.30
4 08
Total foreign-born
2.58
3.62
5.06
6 02
7.14
6 78
9 44
5 26
a Not computed owing to small number involved.
The foreign households occupying apartments of every size are on
the whole larger than the native households in similar apartments.
The number of persons per household, however, does not increase in
proportion to the number of rooms per apartment, and congestion
is greater in small than in large apartments, indicating that crowd-
ing as a general rule is not a business proposition, but an attempt to
reduce rents in apartments to as low a figure as possible. Consider-
ing only apartments of from two to five rooms we find that in 2-room
apartments the Poles have the largest households, while in 3-room
apartments the highest average number of persons is found among the
Greeks, in 4-room apartments among the Poles, and in 5-room apart-
ments among the South Italians. The Polish households living in
2-room apartments and the Greek households in 3-room apartments
450
The Immigration Commission.
average more than two persons per room; the Polish households in
4-room apartments and the South Italian households in 5-room
apartments average nearly two persons per room.
The following table classifies the households studied according to
the number of persons per room. The data of General Table 15, is
here presented in the form of cumulative numbers and percentages.
TABLE 24. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of per-
sons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons
per room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father.
White . .
123
76
49
249
205
326
171
104
113
0.87
.98
1.67
1.43
1.14
1.81
1.56
1.86
2.08
59
39
48
219
141
306
153
98
111
7
10
19
58
22
154
51
56
84
48.0
51.3
98.0
88.0
68.8
93.9
89.5
94.2
98.2
5.7
13.2
38.8
23.3
10.7
47.2
29.8
53.8
74.3
0.0
2.6
8.2
1.2
.5
10.7
5.3
12.5
30.1
0.0
.0
2.0
.0
.0
3.1
1.8
1.0
9.7
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
2
4
3
1
35
9
13
34
1
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew, Russian . . .
Irish
Italian, South
10
3
1
11
Lithuanian ....
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,416
1.44
1,174
461
10
17
444
101
2
2
99
26
82.9
51.3
49.2
88,4
32.6
7.1
1.8
Total native-born of foreign
father. ..
76
199
1,217
.98
.91
1.56
39
98
1,076
13.2
8.5
36.5
2.6
1.0
8.1
.0
.C
2.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
26
The highest degree of congestion in Boston is found among the
Syrians; a study of the percentages shows that in three households
out of four the Syrians average two or more persons per room, in one
household out or three, three or more persons per room, and in one
household out of ten, four or more persons per room. The next
highest degree of crowding is found among the roles, but only slightly
more than one-half of all Polish households average two or more per-
sons per room, only one-eighth three or more persons per room, and
only one out of a hundred households averages four or more persons
per room. Ths South Italians have a lower average per room than
the Poles, but there are more individual cases of crowding among them
than among the Poles, 3.1 per cent of the South Italian households
averaging four or more persons per room. The Greeks, with 98 per
cent of households reporting one or more persons per room, show
approximately the same percentage as the Syrians, but show, on the
whole, smaller percentages of households living in very crowded
apartments than dp the Syrians, the Poles, or the South Italians.
Comparatively little congestion is found among the native-born
white of native father, the second-generation Irish, the Irish of foreign
birth, and the Russian Hebrews. No one of these races reports any
households with as many as four persons per room.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
451
The next table deals with number of persons per sleeping room.
The data of General Table 16 is presented in the form of cumula-
tive numbers and percentages.
TABLE 25. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race
of father, Irish. ...
123
76
49
249
205
325
171
104
113
1.78
1.78
2.10
2.13
1.90
2.68
2.20
2.41
2.53
68
39
33
174
108
279
126
87
100
16
13
7
50
31
147
31
28
51
6
1
2
11
8
60
5
5
20
2
55.3
51.3
67.3
69.9
52.7
85.8
73.7
83.7
88.5
13.0
17.1
14.3
20.1
15.1
45.2
18.1
26.9
45.1
4.9
1.3
4.1
4.4
3.9
18.5
2.9
4.8
17.7
1.6
.0
2.0
.4
1.5
3.7
.0
.0
4.4
0.0
.0
2.0
.0
.5
1.8
.0
.0
.9
Foreign-born:
Greek . . .
1
1
3
12
1
.....
6
Hebrew. Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
5
1
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
1,415
76
199
1,216
2.21
1.78
1.78
2.28
1,014
374
13
29
345
118
1
7
111
24
' _ ~
9
71.7
26.4
8.3
1.7
.6
39
107
907
51.3
53.8
74.6
17.1
14.6
28.4
1.3
3.5
9.1
.0
1.0
1.8
.0
.0
.7
2
22
""9"
The foreign-born show considerably greater congestion in sleeping
rooms than do the native-born. Especially high degrees of conges-
tion are found among the Syrians and the South Italians. More than
85 per cent of the households of these two races report two or more
persons per sleeping room; slightly more than 45 per cent report three
or more persons per sleeping room, and nearly one-fifth of the house-
holds of each race report four or more persons per sleeping room.
The Poles rank third in the degree of congestion in sleeping rooms.
The least congestion is found in the households of the native-born
white of native father and the first and second generation Irish. A
little more than half of the households of these races report two or
more persons per sleeping room, and the highest percentage of house-
holds having three or more persons per sleeping room is 17.1 per
cent among the second-generation Irish.
452
The Immigration Commission.
The following table is a summary in the form of averages of the
preceding tables:
TABLE 26. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Average number of persons per —
Apart-
ment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father White
123
7G
49
249
205
326
171
104
113
3.94
4.30
4.80
5.28
4.80
5.52
5.70
G.48
3.70
0.87
.98
1.67
1.43
1.14
1.81
1.56
1.86
2.08
1.78
1.78
2.10
2.13
1.90
o2.68
2.20
2.41
2.53
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,416
5.09 | 1.44
ft 2.21
Total native-born of foreign father
76
199
1,217
4.30
4.08
5.26
.98
.91
1.56
1.78
1.78
C2.28
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Based on 325 households.
b Based on 1,415 households.
c Based on 1,216 households.
The Syrians with an average of 2.08 persons per room, followed by
the Polish with an average of 1.86 persons and the South Italians
with 1.81 persons, show the greatest congestion in rooms. The
native-born white of native father with an average of 0.87 person,
per room, the second-generation Irish with an average of 0.98 person
and the Irish of foreign birth with 1.14 persons, show the least con-
gestion. The same races which show relatively great congestion in
rooms also show relatively great congestion in sleeping rooms, though
the order is changed, the South Italians showing greater congestion in
all sleeping rooms than the Syrians. The least congestion in sleeping
rooms is also found among the three races showing relatively low
average numbers of persons per room. All of the immigrant races
except the Irish show averages of more than 2 persons per sleeping
room, and two races, the South Italians and the Poles, show aver-
ages of more than 2.5 persons per sleeping room. It is of interest
to note that the Syrians, who show the lowest average number of
persons per apartment, show the highest average number of persons
per room and the second highest average number of persons per
sleeping room; in this connection it will be remembered that 46 per
cent of the Syrian households live in one-room apartments.
Several races which show relatively low averages in persons per
room show relatively high averages in persons per sleeping room,
indicating a tendency among households in certain races to use few
sleeping rooms so that rooms may be reserved for other purposes.
For example, the Poles show a higher average number of persons per
room than the South Italians, but a lower average number of persons
per sleeping room.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
453
Five tables which follow consider congestion in rooms and sleeping
rooms, measured by adults instead of persons. In these tables two
persons under 10 years of age have been considered one adult, and
each person over 10 years of age an adult.
The following table, based on General Table 17, presents the data
concerning adults per room in cumulative form for numbers and per
cents :
TABLE 27. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of adults
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
\Vhite .
123
76
49
249
205
326
171
104
113
0.77
.87
1.61
1.24
1.01
1.58
1.36
1.61
1.80
41
31
46
194
120
292
140
87
110
1
6
19
23
4
95
27
28
67
33.3
40.8
93.9
77.9
58.5
89.6
81.9
83.7
97,3
0.8
7.9
38.8
9.2
2.0
29.1
15.8
26.9
59.3
0.0
.0
8.2
.0
.0
3.7
2.9
2.9
15.9
0.0
.0
2.0
.0
.0
.3
.6
.0
3.5
Native-born of foreign father,
bv race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
4
1
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
12
5
3
18
1
1
Polish
Syrian
4
Grand total
1,416
76
199
1,217
1.27
.87
.81
1.37
1,001
270
76
263
42
7
74.9
— - •-• — -—
40.8
36.2
81.3
19 1
- -•—
7.9
3.5
21.6
3.0
.5
Total native-born of foreign
father
31
72
989
.0
.0
3.5
.0
.0
.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
42
7
The average number of adults per room in immigrant households
is 1.37 and in native households 0.81. The foreign-born report more
than twice as large a proportion of households having one or more
adults per room as do the native-born, and among households having
two or more adults per room the foreign-born show six times as large
a percentage as the native-born.
The greatest /degree of congestion is found among the Syrians, the
second greatest among the Greeks. Of the Syrian households, 97.3 per
cent report one or more adults per room, approximately 60 per cent
report two or more adults per room, and 15.9 per cent three or more
adults per room. The Greeks report more than 90 per cent of house-
holds as having one or more adults per room and more than one-third
of the households have two or more adults per room. The least
congestion, when measured by adults per room, as when measured
by persons per room, is found among the native-born white of native
father, the second-generation Irish, and the Irish of foreign birth.
The largest percentage of households having one or more adults per
room among these three races is 58.5 per cent reported by the Irish of
foreign birth, and no households of the three races report as many
as three adults per room.
454
The Immigration Commission.
The following table, based on General Table 18, considers adults
per sleeping room in the form of cumulative numbers and per cents:
TABLE 28. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per sleep-
ing room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father White
123
76
49
249
205
325
171
104
113
1.58
1.58
2.03
1.85
1.67
2.34
1.92
2.09
2.20
47
29
31
118
78
250
87
54
88
6
3
7
15
9
80
8
11
27
38.2
38.2
63. 3
47.4
38.0
76.9
50.9
51.9
77.9
4.9
3.9
14.3
6.0
4.4
24.6
4.7
10.6
23.9
0.0
.0
4.1
.4
.5
4.0
.6
.0
5.3
0.0
.0
2.0
.0
.0
1.5
.0
.0
.9
0.0
.0
2.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
.9
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race
of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
2
1
1
13
1
1
1
Hebrew, Russian.
Irish
Italian, South. . .
Lithuanian
5
2
Polish
Syrian
6
1
1
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
1,415
76
199
1,216
1.94
782
29
76
706
166
3
9
157
24
7
4
55.3
38.2
38.2
58.1
11.7
1.7
.5
p
.0
.0
.3
1.58
1.58
2.00
3.9
4.5
12.9
.0
.0
2.0
.0
.0
.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
24
7
4
The average number of adults per sleeping room in immigrant
households is 2 ; in the households of persons of native birth the aver-
age is 1.58.
Immigrants show greater congestion in sleeping rooms than do
natives. Of the 1,216 immigrant households studied 706, or 58.1
per cent, have two or more adults per sleeping room, and 157, or 12.9
per cent, have three or more adults per sleeping room.
The Syrians and the South Italians show relatively great congestion
in sleeping rooms. More than 75 per cent of the households of each
race report two or more adults per sleeping room, and nearly 25 per
cent report three or more adults per sleeping room. Six of the total
of seven households reporting five or more adults per sleeping room
are of one or the other of these two races. Comparatively little con-
gestion in sleeping rooms is found among the native-born white of
native father, the second-generation Irish, and the Irish of foreign
birth. Approximately 62 per cent of the households of each race do
not have as many as one adult per sleeping room, and less than 5 per
cent have as many as two adults per sleeping room.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
455
Table 29, which follows, gives in the form of averages a summary
of the data in the previous tables concerning persons and adults per
apartment, per room, and per sleeping room:
TABLE 29. — Average number of persons and of adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average number
per apartment.
Average number
per room.
Average number
per sleeping room.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Native-born of native father,
White
123
76
49
249
205
326
171
104
113
3.94
4.30
4.80
5.28
4.80
5.52
5.70
6.48
3.70
3.50
3.82
4.63
4.59
4.23
4.82
4.97
5.63
3.21
0.87
.98
1.67
1.43
1.14
1.81
1.56
1.86
2.08
0.77
.87
.61
.24
.01
.58
.36
1.61
1.80
1.78
1.78
2.10
2.13
1.90
o2.68
2.20
2.41
2.53
1.58
1.58
2.03
1.85
1.67
a2.34
1.92
2.09
2.20
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,416
5.09
4.47
1.44 1.27
62.21
& 1.94
Total native-born of foreign
father
76
199
1,217
4.30
4.08
5.26
3.82
3.62
4.61
.98
.91
1.56
.87
.81
1.37
1.78
1.78
c2.28
1.58
1.58
c2.00
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Based on 325 households. bBased on 1,415 households.
Based on 1,216 households.
In comparing persons and adults in this table the races showing
the greatest differences, relatively, between average number of
persons and average number of adults are the races having the
largest proportions of children under 10 years of age. For example,
the Poles show a larger average number of persons per room than the
Greeks, but the Poles and the Greeks have the same average number
of adults per room, showing that congestion in Polish households is
due more largely to the presence of small children than in Greek
households. Several races which show relatively high average num-
bers of persons and adults per room show relatively low average
numbers per sleeping room. The Syrians show greater average
numbers of both persons and adults per room than the South Italians,
but smaller average numbers of persons and adults per sleeping
room. This showing indicates a tendency on the part of the South
Italian households to crowd into fewer sleeping rooms, so that rooms
may be reserved for other household purposes.
Two tables which follow classify the households studied both
according to the number of adults per room and according to length
of residence in the United States. The table is presented in order to
make possible comparisons among households of earlier and of more
recent immigrants, and to bring out the differences between the
degree of congestion shown among immigrant households which have
been in the United States but a few years and those which have
resided here for longer periods of time.
456
The Immigration Commission.
The following table, based on General Table 19, shows the number
of adults per room among households of the several races by years
of residence in the United States :
TABLE 30. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of household.
Num-
ber re-
porting
complete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
morel
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Greek .
19
67
5
70
46
27
38
1.77
1.27
(?.TO
1.37
1.65
2.10
19
47
1
64
37
23
38
6
10
2
1
(a)
70.1
(0)
91.4
80.4
85.2
100.0
(a)
14.9
(a)
31.4
21.7
29.6
81.6
(a)
0.0
S
2.2
.0
23.7
(a)
0.0
(0)
.0
.0
.0
2.6
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South..
22
10
8
31
4
1
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
9
1
Total
272
1.52
229
87
16
2
84.2
32.0
5.9
.7
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Greek.. . .
14
1.52
13
5
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(o)
Hebrew. Russian
74
1 19
57
5
770
6.4
0 0
0 0
Irish
11
72
2
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Italian, South
88
1 58
80
24
2
1
90 9
0.1
Vs
1 l
Lithuanian. . .
64
1.45
55
11
1
1
85.9
17.2
1.6
1.6
Polish.
49
1.60
38
14
3
77 6
28 6
6 1
o
Syrian
37
1 81
36
17
6
2
97 3
45 9
16 2
5 4
Total
337
1 44
281
76
13
4
83 4
22 6
3 9
1 2
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Greek .
16
1.55
14
8
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(o)
Hebrew, Russian
108
1 25
90
8
BS.3
74
00
00
Irish
189
1.03
117
4
61.9
2.1
.0
.0
Italian, South
166
1 54
147
49
6
88 6
29 5
3 6
.0
Lithuanian . . .
61
1.27
48
6
3
78.7
9.8
4.9
.0
Polish...
28
1.59
26
6
92.9
21.4
.0
.0
Svrian
38
1 59
36
19
3
1
94 7
50 0
7 Q
2 6
Total
606
1 28
478
100
13
1
78.9
16.5
2.1
.2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The Syrians show the greatest congestion in each group. Of
the Syrian households in the United States under five years, 100 per
cent report one or more adults per room, 81.6 per cent report two or
more adults per room, and 23.7 per cent report three or more per
room. More than 90 per cent of the Syrian households in the United
States over five years report one or more adults per room, and nearly
50 per cent report two or more. The South Italians rank second in
degree of congestion in rooms among the households in the United
States under five years and five to nine years. Among households in
the United States ten years or over the Poles and the South Italians,
who show, on the whole, about the same condition, follow the Syrians
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
457
in respect to degree of congestion. In the successive groups the Rus-
sian Hebrews show greater congestion among the earlier than among
the more recent immigrants, and the South Italians and the Syrians
show slightly less congestion among earlier immigrants than among
the newcomers. No uniform tendency is observable among the other
races or in the totals toward greater or less congestion with longer
residence in the United States.
Table 31, which follows, presents the data concerning adults per
sleeping room according to years in the United States. The table is
based on General Table 20.
TABLE 31. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United
States.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of
household.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each speciiied number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
G or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Greek
19
67
5
70
46
27
38
2.23
1.87
(0)
2.42
1.90
2.14
2.47
12
33
2
4
1
1
1
(a)
49.3
(a.)
80.0
54.3
55.6
94.7
(a)
6.0
(a)
28.6
2.2
7.4
34.2
(a)
0.0
(a)
2.9
.0
.0
5.3
(0)
0.0
(°)
.0
.0
.0
.0
(a)
0.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
Hebrew, Russian. ...
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
56
25
15
36
20
1
2
13
2
Polish
Syrian
2
Total
272
2.11 i 177
42
5
1
1
65.1
15.4
1.8
.4
.4
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Greek
14
1.99
10
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(o)
Hebrew, Russian. . . .
74
1.74
26
5
35 '1
6.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
Irish
11
1.34
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(o)
Italian, South
87
2.24
64
19
3
1
736
?1 8
34
1.1
.0
Lithuanian
64
1.97
33
2
1
51.6
3.1
1.6
.0
.0
Polish
49
2 02
23
6
46 9
12 2
o
o
o
Syrian
37
2.12
26
9
2
1
i
70.3
24.3
5.4
2.7
2.7
Total
336
1.98
183
42
6
2
i
54.5
12.5
1.8
.6
.3
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Greek
16
1.89
9
4
1
(o)
(o)
(o)
Co)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
108
1.92
59
6
1
54.6
5.6
0.9
00
0.0
Irish
189
1.69
77
9
1
40 7
4 8
5
o
o
Italian, South
Lithuanian
166
61
2.36
1.89
130
29
41
5
8
4
2
78.3
47 5
24.7
8.2
4.8
.0
2.4
.0
1.2
o
Polish
28
2.15
16
3
57 1
10 7
o
o
o
Syrian
3^
2 07
26
5
2
68 4
13 2
5 3
o
o
Total
G06
1.96
346
73
13
4
2
57 1
12 0
2 1
7
3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
^ Among households in the United States under five years, the
Syrians show the greatest congestion, 94.7 per cent of the Syrian
households reporting two or more adults per sleeping room, and 34,2
25608°— VOL 26—11 30
458
The Immigration Commission.
per cent reporting three or more adults per sleeping room. The
South Italians rank second in this group. The Syrians and South
Italians both show relatively great congestion among households in
the United States five to nine years. Among households in the United
States ten years or over the South Italians show the greatest conges-
tion, more than three-fourths of the households reporting two or
more adults per sleeping room, and approximately one-fourth three
or more adults per sleeping room. Among the households in the
United States under ten years the Russian Hebrews show the least
congestion in sleeping rooms; among households in the United States
ten years or over the Irish show the least congestion. The Lithua-
nians and the Syrians show somewhat less congestion among the
earlier immigrants than among the later immigrants in the successive
groups. On the whole no uniform tendency toward either greater or
less congestion with longer residence in the United States can be said
to be indicated.
In the following table households are classified according to the
number of room^ which they use for household purposes other than
sleeping. The table is derived from General Table 21.
TABLE 32. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of rooms
per house-
hold.
Average
number
of sleep-
ing rooms
per house-
hold.
Number of households
sleeping in—
Per cent of households
sleeping in-
All
rooms.
All
except
one
room.
All
except
two
rooms.
All
rooms.
All
except
one
room.
AU
except
two
rooms.
Native-born of native
father, White
123
76
49
249
205
325
171
104
113
4.54
4.38
2.88
3.70
4.20
o3.03
3.65
3.49
1.78
2.22
2.42
2.29
2.48
2.53
2.04
2.58
2.69
1.46
6
6
21
36
9
•65
38
39
84
28
20
27
136
88
208
97
51
24
49
34
1
67
80
46
27
11
4
4.9
7.9
42.9
14.5
4.4
20.0
22.2
37.5
74.3
22.8
26.3
55.1
54.6
42.9
64.0
56.7
49.0
21.2
39.8
44.7
2.0
26.9
39.0
14.2
15.8
10.6
3.5
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of fa-
ther, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew, Russian —
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,415
b3.52
2.30
304
679
319
21.4
48.0
22.5
Total native-born of for-
eign father
76
199
1,216
4.38
4.48
cS.37
2.42
2.30
2.30
6
12
292
20
48
631
34
83
236
7.9
6.0
24.0
26.3
24.1
51.9
44.7
41.7
19.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Based on 326 households.
& Based on 1,416 households
; Based on 1,217 households.
Of the households studied in Boston 21.4 per cent use all their
rooms to sleep in, 48 per cent reserve one room, and 22.5 per cent
reserve two rooms for other living purposes. The proportion of house-
holds regularly using all of the rooms to sleep in is 24 per cent among
the foreign and 6 per cent among the native households. The pro-
portion of households reserving but one room for other purposes is
also much higher among immigrants than among natives, while the
proportion of native households reserving two rooms for other pur-
poses than sleeping is more than twice as great as the correspond-
ing proportion of foreign households.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
459
The proportions of foreign households using all their rooms to
sleep in, in descending order, are as follows:
Per cent.
Syrian 74. 3
Greek 42.9
Polish 37.5
Lithuanian ., 22.2
Per cent.
Italian, South 20. 0
Hebrew, Russian 14. 5
Irish. 4.4
The Syrians report 74.3 per cent of all households as regularly
sleeping in all rooms, nearly twice as large a proportion as is shown by
any other race. In the previous tables dealing with congestion, it
has been shown that the Syrian households have the greatest degree
of congestion both in rooms and sleeping rooms, whether measured
by persons or adults. The native-born white of native father, the
second-generation Irish, and the Irish of foreign birth reserve rela-
tively large numbers of rooms for purposes other than sleeping; less
than 10 per cent of the households of these races sleep in all rooms,
and approximately 40 per cent reserve two or more rooms for other
purposes. The Russian Hebrews rank second among the foreign-
born in the proportion of households reserving a relatively large num-
ber of rooms for household purposes other than sleeping.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
A high degree of crowding is much less serious when due to large
families of children than when caused by the presence of strangers in
the household. The following tables, therefore, have an important
bearing on the facts set forth in the preceding section of this chapter.
The numbers and percentages of households which keep boarders or
lodgers are based on General Table 22.
TABLE 33. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodg*
nativity and race of head of household.
by general
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total num-
ber of
households
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White. .
123
76
49
249
205
326
171
104
113
17
5
9
70
28
97
115
71
3
' 13.8
6.6
18.4
28.1
13.7
29.8
67.3
68.3
2.7
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish
Fcreign-born:
Greek...
Hebrew. Russian. .
Irish......
Italian, South
Lithuanian...
Polish....
Syrian
Grand total
1,416
415
29.3
Total native-born of foreign father. .
76
199
1,217
5
22
393
6.6
11.1
32.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. .
460
The Immigration Commission.
Per cent.
,.. 18.4
... 13.7
2.7
Boarders or lodgers are found in 29.3 per cent of the households
studied in Boston. The proportion is 32.3 per cent among the foreign
and 11.1 per cent among the native households. Arranged in de-
scending order, by race, the proportion of foreign households keeping
boarders or lodgers is as follows :
Per cent.
Polish 68.3 Greek
Lithuanian 67. 3 Irish
Italian, South 29.8 Syrian
Hebrew, Russian 28. 1
The Poles and Lithuanians keep boarders in more than two-thirds
of all cases; the South Italians and the Hebrews in less than one- third;
the Greeks follow with 18.4 per cent; the Irish with 13.7 per cent;
and, finally, the Syrians with only 2.7 per cent. The low per cent
among the Irish is presumably due to higher economic status, while
among the Greeks and the Syrians the absence of boarders is neces-
sitated by the occupation pi the people, who, in many instances, being
peddlers, must be able to lock up their homes when they leave the
city to travel with their goods.
If from the total number of households be taken all households with
boarders or lodgers, all group households, and all households com-
posed of two or more families, the simplest type of household will
remain, namely, the household composed of the natural family with
or without near relatives on the same footing as members of the
family.
The following table gives the number and per cent of such house-
holds. The table is taken from General Table 3.
TABLE 34. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single family without
boarders or lodgers.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Consisting of a single
family without board-
ers or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
123
76
49
249
205
326
171
104
113
102
64
20
179
164
223
55
33
97
82.9
84.2
40.8
71.9
80.0
68.4
32.2
31.7
85.8
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish
Eoreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South...
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,416
937
66. 2
Total native-born of foreign father
76
199
1,217
64
166
771
84.2
83.4
63.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The Italians frequently resort to a device that reduces their rent
without technically putting them in the class of households keeping
boarders or lodgers. This device is a joint occupancy of one apart-
ment by more than one family, an arrangement found in about one-
eighth of the Italian households. The table shows that the proper-
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
461
tion of single families without boarders or lodgers is fairly high among
the South Italians, which indicates that the households consisting of
more than one family generally have boarders besides, and those con-
sisting of one family in most cases keep no boarders or lodgers.
The low proportions of the simple type of households among the
Lithuanians and Poles are due to the large proportions of households
with boarders or lodgers; the low percentages among the Greeks is
due to the large proportion of "group" households or households
where no family is present.
In the following table households are classified according to the
length of residence of the head of the household in this country, and
the numbers and per cents of the households of each group with
boarders or lodgers are shown. The table is derived from General
Table 23.
TABLE 35. — Number and per cent of foreign households keeping boarders, or lodgers, by race
of head and by years head has been in the United States.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In the United States
under 5 years.
In the United States
5 to 9 years.
In the United States
10 years or over.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Greek
49
249
205
324
171
104
113
19
67
5
70
46
27
38
3
17
1
27
26
22
1
(a)
25.4
' («)
38.6
56.5
81.5
2.6
14
74
11
88
64
49
37
4
31
1
29
52
34
1
(a)
41.9
(0)
33.0
81.3
69.4
2.7
16
108
189
166
61
28
38
2
22
26
40
37
15
1
(a)
20.4
13. &
24.1
60.7
53.6
2.6
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
1,215
272
97
35.7
337
152
45.1 606
143
23.6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Among households whose heads have come to the United States
within five years the order of the races with respect to per cents of
households keeping boarders or lodgers, from highest to lowest, is
Polish, Lithuanian, South Italian, Russian Hebrew,, and Syrian.
Among households whose heads have been in the United States from
five to nine years, and among the households of the older immigrants
as well, the Lithuanians and Poles are still the races among whom
households with boarders or lodgers are more common than house-
holds without, and the Syrians still maintain their position as having
much the smallest proportion of households with boarders or lodgers.
Only Poles and South Italians show a uniform decrease in the propor-
tion of households keeping boarders or lodgers with an increase in
length of residence in the United States.
In the table next presented the average number of boarders and
lodgers in households keeping boarders or lodgers and the average
number of boarders and lodgers, ah1 households considered, are shown.
The table is derived from General Table 22.
462
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 36. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number of
households.
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Based on
total
number of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Native-born of native father, White
123
17
27
0.22
1.59
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
76
5
17
.22
(a)
Foreign-born:
Greek
49
g
26
53
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
249
70
111
.45
1 59
Irish
205
28
68
33
2 43
Italian, South
326
97
298
.91
3 07
Lithuanian
171
115
323
1 89
2 81
Polish. :
104
71
248
2.38
3.49
Syrian
113
3
7
06
(a)
Grand total
1,416
415
1,125
.79
2 71
Total native-born of foreign father ... .
76
199
5
22
17
44
.22
22
(a)
2 00
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
1,217
393
1,081
.89
2.75
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average number of boarders or lodgers in households that keep
boarders or lodgers is 2.71. The average is 2.75 in foreign and 2 in
native households. Among immigrants the highest average, 3.49, is
found in Polish households, the next highest, 3.07, in South Italian
households. The Lithuanians follow with an average of 2.81, then
the Irish with 2.43, and finally the Hebrews with 1.59. The Greeks
and the Syrians keep boarders in so few instances that averages have
not been computed.
The facts regarding boarders and lodgers may be summed up as
follows :
1. About one- third of the foreign households and about one-ninth
of the native households studied in Boston keep boarders or lodgers.
Among the foreign households by far the highest proportions, over
two-thirds, are found among the Poles and the Lithuanians, and the
lowest among the Greek, the Irish, and the Syrian households. The
Russian Hebrews and the South Italians keep boarders or lodgers in
about 30 per cent of all cases; but among the South Italians the
proportion of single families without boarders or lodgers is somewhat
lower than among the Russian Hebrews, owing to the custom of joint
occupancy of an apartment which is found in one-eighth of the South
Italian households.
2. The proportion of households that keep boarders or lodgers is
decidedly less where the head of the household has resided in this
country for ten years or more than where the head has been here for
less than ten years.
3. The average number of boarders or lodgers in households keep-
ing boarders or lodgers is higher among immigrants than among the
native-born, and is higher in Polish and Lithuanian households than
elsewhere.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
463
HOME WORK.
In only 49 of the 1,416 households studied was home work found.
The distribution of the 49 households is indicated in the following
table. This and the two succeeding tables are derived from General
Table 24.
TABLE 37. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful employment is pursued,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number.
Apartment
gainful
is pursue
s fh which
employment
1.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
123
9
7.3
Native-born of foreign father by race of father Irish
76
3
3.9
Foreign- born:
Greek
49
.0
Hebrew Russian
249
5
2.0
Irish
205
4
2.0
Italian South
326
20
6.1
Lithuanian
171
3
1.8
Polish
104
1
1.0
Syrian
113
4
3.5
Grand total
1,416
49
3.5
Total native-born of foreign father
76
3
3.9
Total native-born
199
12
6.0
Total foreign-born
1,217
37
3.0
Of the native households 6 per cent and of the foreign 3 per cent
carry on gainful employment within the apartment. The highest
proportions are among the native-born white of native father and
the South Italians; among all races the proportions are slight.
The second table is concerned with the status in the household of
persons engaged in gainful employment in the apartment:
TABLE 38. — Number of apartments in which gainful employment is pursued by male head
of household, wife of head, etc., by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
of apart-
ments in
which
gainful
employ-
ment is
pursued.
Number in which gainful employment is pursued by —
Male head
of house-
hold.
Wife of
head.
Female head of
household.
Other mem-
bers 16 or
over.
Other mem-
bers under
16.
Widow.
Others.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Native-born of native father,
White
9
3
5
4
20
3
1
4
7
2
3
2
1
1
2
1
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
1
Irish
2
2
Italian South
16
2
1
2
4
1
2
1
Polish
Syrian
4
Grand total..;
49
1
33
7
2
13
—
==^=
2
Total native-born of foreign
father
3
12
37
2'
9
24
1
3
4
1
12
Total foreign-born
1
2
2
464
The Immigration Commission.
The occupations in apartments are in most cases pursued by the
wife of the head or by the widowed head of a household. In only one
apartment is a male member of the household employed.
The nature of the employment pursued is set forth in the last table
of the series:
TABLE 39. — Number of apartments in which each specified kind of employment is pursued,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
with gain-
ful em-
ployment.
Number in which each specified kind of
employment is pursued.
Dressmak-
ing and
sewing.
Laundry
work.
Tailoring.
Other occu-
pations.
Native-born of native father, White
9
3
5
4
20
3
1
4
5
1
4
2
3
3
2
1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew. Russian
1
1
....
Irish
1
Italian, South
17
1
1
Lithuanian
1
Polish
Syrian
3
1
Grand total
49
18
7
19
5
Total native-born of foreign father
3
12
37
1
6
12
1
Total native-born
1
4
Total foreign-born
19
The principal occupations found in apartments are tailoring, dress-
making, and sewing. Laundry work is found in seven and other occu-
pations in five households.
CARE AND EQUIPMENT OF HOME.
Households are here classified according to whether they have
separate water supply or use a water supply used by two or more
households. The table is derived from General Table 25.
TABLE 40. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each specified number of
households, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of households where water supply is used by each
specified number of households.
1.
2_
3.
4.
5.
6.
Native-born of native father,
White
122
76
49
249
205
326
171
104
113
98.4
97.4
77.6
100.0
98.0
86.2
97.7
99.0
42.5
1.6
2.6
16.3
.0
.5
9.2
2.3
1.0
25.7
0.0
.0
6.1
.0
1.5
1.5
.0
.0
22.1
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.1
.0
.0
3.5
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
.0
5.3
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.9
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew. Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1.415
90.5
5.4
2.5
.8.
.6
.1
Total native-born of foreign
father
76
198
1,217
• 97.4
98.0
89.3
2.6
2.0
6.0
.0
.0
3.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
:?
.0
:?
Total native-born .
Total foreign-born
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
465
All of the households studied in Boston have a water supply from
pipes inside the houses, and 90.5 per cent have a separate source of
water supply. The percentage of households with separate water
supply is 89.3 among the foreign and 98 among the native households.
Among the foreign-born the percentages of households having a sepa-
rate water supply, arranged in descending order, by race, are given
below:
Per cent.
Hebrew, Russian 100. 0
Polish 99.0
Irish 98.0
Lithuanian. . 97. 7
Per cent.
Italian, South 86.2
Greek 77.6
Syrian 42. 5
The Hebrews, the Irish, the Poles, and the Lithuanians have a
separate water supply in all or nearly ah1 cases; the Italians are not
so well equipped, and the Greeks are worse off in this respect than the
Italians. Still worse conditions are found among the Syrians, of
whom fewer than half have a separate water supply, 25.7 per cent
have one source of water supply for two households, 22.1 per cent
have one for three households, and 9.7 per cent have one for four
or more households. The Syrians live in the Hudson street cTistrict,
which is old and not adapted to tenement-house use. There is gen-
erally one source of water supply to a house, and when five or six
households live in one dwelling they are obliged to share the accom-
modations that were meant for one family.
All but one of the households studied in Boston have access to flush
toilets. This household is second-generation Irish. The households
studied are classified in the following table according to whether they
have a separate toilet or have access to a toilet used also by one or
more other households. The table is derived from General Table 26.
TABLE 41. — Per cent of households where toilet is used by each specified number of house-
holds, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of households where 1 toilet is used by each
specified number of households.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
10.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
122
76
49
249
204
326
170
104
112
63.1
40.8
32.7
42.6
46.1
25.5
64.1
49.0
1.8
25.4
27.6
20.4
49.4
19.1
38.0
19.4
30.8
8.0
9.8
23.7
16.3
6.4
28.9
19.6
14.1
14.4
19.6
0.0
6.6
20.4
1.2
.5
10.4
.6
3.8
17.9
0.8
.0
.0
.0
4.9
4.6
1.8
1.9
9.8
0.8
1.3
.0
.4
.5
1.2
.0
.0
20.5
0.0
.0
10.2
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
6.3
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
13.4
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
,:$
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian .
Grand total...
1,412
40.3
40.8
54.5
38.0
29.9
27.6
26.3
30.5
16.9
5.5
3.0 2.2
1.0
1.1
.2
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
Total native-born
76
198
1,214
23.7
15.2
17.1
6.6
2.5
6.0
.0
.5
3.4
1.3
1.0
2.4
.0
.0
1.2
.0
.0
1.2
:S
.2
Total foreign-born
Of the 1,412 households in Boston that report data on this subject,
40.3 per cent have separate toilets, 29.9 per cent share their toilets
with one other household, 16.9 per cent with two other households,
5.5 per cent with three other households, 3 per cent with four other
466
The Immigration Commission.
households, 2.2 per cent with five, 1 per cent with six, 1.1 per cent with
seven, and 0.2 per cent with nine other households. The figures show
in general that the subdividing of one family dwelling for the use of
several households results often in an inadequate number of toilets for
the number of households living there.
Native households are considerably better off in this respect than
foreign households. Arranged in descending order, by race, the per
cents of foreign households that have access to a toilet used by three
or more households are given below:
Per cent.
Syrian ; 90. 2
Greek 46.9
Italian, South 36. 5
Irish.. . 34.8
Per cent.
Polish 20.2
Lithuanian 16. 5
Russian, Hebrew 8. 0
By far the worst condition in this respect is found among the
Syrians, among whom over nine-tenths share their toilet with two or
more households; 17.9 per cent share their toilets with three, 9.8 per
cent with four, 20.5 per cent with five, 6.3 per cent with six, 13.4 per
cent with seven, and 2.7 per cent with nine other households.
In the next section of this chapter it will be seen that the Syrians,
the Greeks, and the South Italians, who have on the whole the poorest
sanitary equipment, are among the races that pay the highest rents
per room. This suggests that inertia and racial cohesion may keep
the tenants in their present locations in spite of the fact that they
can secure better accommodations for less money in other parts of
the city. It is reasonable to suppose, furthermore, that the owners
of the houses, rather than lose profitable tenants, would make nec-
essary improvements if the demands on the part of the tenants were
persistent enough. It seems fair to say that certain races attach
somewhat less importance to sanitary equipment than do others.
The number and per cent of households living in basement apart-
ments follows:
TABLE 42. — Number and per cent of households living in basement apartments, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Households living in
basement apartments.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
123
76
49
249
205
326
171
104
113
0.0
.0
.0
3.2
.5
.9
1.2
.0
1.8
Native-born of foreign father by race of father Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek ...
..„.
1
3
2
Hebrew. Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian .. . ....
2
Grand total
1,416
16
1.1
~~7o
.0
1.3
Total native-born of foreign father
76
199
1,217
Total native-born
Total foreign- born
16
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
467
There are only 16 basement dwellings in the houses investigated
in Boston, all of which are occupied by foreign households and half
of which are occupied by Russian Hebrews.
Apartments are classified in the next table according to the degree
of cleanliness and order which characterized them at the time the
schedule was taken. The per cents are based on the data in General
Table 27.
TABLE 43. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general nativity and
race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
Number
for which
Per cei
it of apartm
jnts where a
ire is —
household.
was se-
cured.
Good.
Fair.
Bad.
Very bad.
Native-born of native father, White
121
71.9
24.0
4.1
0.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
76
27.6
57.9
11.8
2.6
Foreign-born:
Greek
49
12.2
67.3
20.4
.0
Hebrew, Russian
249
67.1
23.7
8.0
1.2
Irish
200
21.5
50.5
18.5
9.5
Italian , South
322
30.1
54.7
13.0
2.2
Lithuanian
171
12.9
59.6
23.4
4.1
Polish
104
24.0
52.9
19.2
3.8
Syrian
111
21.6
60.4
18.0
.0
Grand total
1,403
35.1
47.5
14.5
3.0
Total native-born of foreign father
76
27.6
57.9
11.8
2.6
Total native-born
197
54.8
37.1
7.1
1.0
Total foreign-born
] 206
31 8
49.2
15.7
3.3
The proportion of households taking good care of their apartments
is 35.1 per cent, that taking fair care is 47.5 per cent, that taking bad
care is 14.5 per cent, and that taking very bad care is 3 per cent.
The homes of the native-born are kept in good condition in 54.8 per
cent of the cases, and those of the foreign-born in 31.8 per cent; bad
or very bad conditions are found in 19 per cent of the foreign and in
8.1 per cent of the native households.
Combining the percentages of good and fair care, and arranging the
foreign households in descending order, we obtain the following result :
Per cent.
Hebrew, Russian 90. 8
Italian, South 84.8
Syrian 82. 0
Greek... 79.5
Per cent.
Polish 76.9
Lithuanian 72. 5
Irish.. 72.0
The Russian Hebrews, the South Italians, and the Syrians show
relatively high proportions of apartments with good or fair care.
The Greeks, Poles, and Lithuanians follow, and the Irish have the
lowest percentage of clean or fairly clean homes.
HOME OWNERSHIP AND RENT.
The total number of families studied in Boston, including those
that do not form separate households, is 1,462. The number and
percentage of families owning their homes is given in the table next
presented. The table is based on General Table 28.
468
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 44. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race
of head of family.
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Owning home.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
123
1
77
2
1
1
28
271
193
361
179
117
108
4
3.3
(a)
11.7
(a)
(a)
W .0
4.1
10.4
3.6
2.2
.9
1.9
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Hebrew ...
Irish
9
Italian, South
Foreign-born:
Canadian (other than French)
English .. ...
Greek
Hebrew. Russian
11
20
13
4
1
2
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,462
64
4.4
Total native-born of foreign father
80
203
1,259
9
13
51
11.3
. 6.4
4.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Sixty-four families, constituting 4.4 per cent of the total, own their
homes. The percentage is 6.4 per cent among the native and 4.1
per cent among the foreign families. Of the foreign families, the
Irish own their homes in 10.4 per cent of the cases, the Russian
Hebrews in 4.1 per cent, the South Italians in 3.6 per cent, the Lithu-
anians in 2.2 per cent, the Syrians in 1.9 per cent, and the Poles in
0.9 per cent of all cases. In general, only a small proportion of the
families studied in Boston own their homes; the great mass of them
are tenants.
Households are classified in the following table according to the
amount of monthly rent which they pay for their apartments. The
data of General Table 29 are presented in the form of cumulative
percentages.
TABLE 45. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativitv and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying —
Under
$5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
S12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
$20.
Native-born of native father
White
Ill
60
49
229
175
301
165
102
100
$12. 59
10.54
13.19
12.41
9.95
11.52
9.45
8.97
6.53
0.9
1.7
2.0
1.3
6.9
I.O
3.6
.0
30.0
14.4
25.0
30.6
10.5
24.0
11.3
22.4
45.1
70.0
26.1
46.7
38.8
26.6
49.1
30.9
56.4
64.7
87.0
50.5
80.0
65.3
51.1
88.6
63.8
83.6
79.4
94.0
75.7
90.0
69.4
72.1
95.4
80.1
95.8
87.3
97.0
92.8
96.7
73.5
94.3
97.7
98.0
99.4
99.0
98.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian . ...
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,292
10.72
4.4
23.1
43.5
70.7
84.3
96.1
Total native-bom of foreign
father
60
171
1,121
10.54
11.87
10.55
1.7
1.2
4.9
25.0
18.1
23.9
46.7
33.3
45.0
80.0
60.8
72.2
90.0
80.7
84.8
96.7
94.2
96.4
Total native-bom
Total foreign-born. .
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
469
Of the 1,292 households 43.5 per cent pay under $10 per month
for their apartments and 70.7 per cent pay under $12.50 a month.
The average rent per apartment is $10.72. The households of
immigrants pay on an average $10.55; native households average
$11.87. . That the lower average rent paid by the foreign-born is not
due to a comparatively small number of households paying very low
rents is indicated by the fact that the per cent of foreign-born paying
under each specified amount is in every case higher than the corre-
sponding per cent of native-born. Syrian households pay, on the
whole, lower rents than any other race.
The next table classifies the households studied according to the
amount of rent paid per room. The table presents the data of
General Table 30 in the form of cumulative numbers and per cents.
TABLE 46. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying—
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father,
White
Ill
60
49
229
175
301
165
102
100
$2.94
2.61
4.59
3.35
2.02
3.84
2.50
2.52
3.25
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
6.3
18.3
.0
3.9
18.3
.7
12.1
29.4
3 0
42.3
65.0
8.2
26.2
76.6
9.6
72.1
55.9
19.0
88.3
86.7
24.5
70.7
93.1
49.8
93.3
88.2
38.0
91.9
91.7
44.9
96.1
97.1
84.4
100.0
99.0
C8.0
96.4
93.3
65.3
99.1
99.4
96.7
100.0
100.0
84.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew, Russian...
Irish .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Svrian ...
Grand total
1,292
3.13
.0
8.8
39.3
71.1
89.6 95.8
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
60
171
1,121
2.61
2.83
3.18
000
18.3
10.5
8.6
65.0
50.3
37.6
86.7
87.7
68.6
91.7
91.8
89.2
93.3
95.3
95.9
Total foreign-born
Average.
Polish $2.52
Lithuanian 2. 50
Irish.. 2.02
The average monthly rent per room for all the households included
in the table is $3.13, the average for the foreign households is $3.18,
and for the native households $2.83. Arranged in descending order,
by race, the averages for foreign households are as follows :
Average.
Greek $4.59
Italian, South 3.84
Hebrew, Russian 3. 35
Syrian. 3. 25
The Greeks pay on the average more than twice as much rent as
do the Irish. This exceptionally high rent for the Greeks is pre-
sumably due in part to the fact that many of them use their rooms
for storing the fruit they peddle.
The amount of rent paid by the different races depends largely on
the location of the colony; thus the South Italians live in the north
end, the Russian Hebrews in the west end, and the Syrians in the
south end. All of these neighborhoods are in the crowded sections
of the city and are close to the business center. On the other hand,
a great majority of the Poles, the Lithuanians, and the Irish live in
South Boston, where rents are naturally cheaper.
470
The Immigration Commission.
The next' table classifies households according to the amount of
rent which they pay per person. The table is a presentation, in
cumulative form, of the data of General Table 31.
TABLE 47. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
haad of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying —
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father,
White
Ill
60
49
229
175
301
165
102
100
$3.13
4.00
2.75
. 2.36
2.06
2.07
1.67
1.38
1.82
1.8
1.7
4.1
1.3
1.7
1.7
3.0
15.7
7.0
12.6
25.0
8.2
29.7
43.4
38.9
65.5
80.4
60.0
40.5
50.0
36.7
'67.7
65.1
69.1
90.3
95.1
83.0
63.1
83.3
75.5
86.9
83.4
87.7
95.2
98.0
99.0
75.7
90.0
87.8
93.4
90.9
95.3
98.8
99.0
99.0
80.2
93.3
89.8
96.1
97.1
98.7
98.8
100.0
99.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew. Russian
Irish
Italian, South .
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,292
2.12
3.4
42.1
25.0
17.0
45.9
69.6
50.0
43.9
73.5-
86.8
93.2
96.0
93.3
84.8
97.7
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
60
171
1,121
4.00
3.35
2.00
1.7
1.8
3.7
83.3
70.2
89.4
90.0
80.7
95.1
Total foreign-born
The rents per person are higher among the native than among the
foreign-born. Among the former they average $3.35 and among
the latter $2. Of tha foreign-born the highest rent per person, $2.75
on the average, is found among the Greeks; the next highest, $2.36,
among the Russian Hebrews; then follow the South Italians with an
average of $2.07, the Irish with an average of $2.06, the Syrians with
$1.82, the Lithuanians with $1.67, and finally the Poles with $1.38.
The following table shows average rent per apartment, per room,
and per person :
TABLE 48. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average rent per—
Apartment.
Room.
Person.
Native-born of native father. White . . .
Ill
60
49
229
175
301
165
102
100
$12. 59
10.54
13.19
12.41
9.95
11.52
9.45
8.97
6.53
$2.94
2.61
4.59
3.25
2.02
3.84
2.50
2.52
3.25
$3.13
4.00
2.75
2.36
2.06
2.07
1.67
1.38
1.82
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish. . .
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew, Russian •
Irish
Italian, South. .
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,292
10.72
3.13
2.12
Total native-born of foreign father
60
171
1,121
10.54
11.87
10.55
2.61
2.83
3.18
4.00
3.35
2.00
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Immigrants in Cities: Boston. 471
The households of three races pay, on an average, more than $12
per apartment. A comparison or the average rent per room paid by
the native-born white of native father with the average rents per
room paid by the Greeks and the Russian Hebrews indicates that
the households of the, native-born white of native father secure rela-
tively larger apartments for a given expenditure of money than do
the other two races. Only among the households of the native-born
white of native father and of the Irish of native and of foreign birth
does the average rent per person exceed the average rent per room.
Tfyese three races, therefore, are the only races among those included
in the study of rents that average less than one person per room.
CHAPTER V.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
OCCUPATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD.
In a study of the economic conditions prevailing among immigrants
in cities it is of importance to know something of the extent to which
immigration has involved an industrial transition. For male heads
of households data are available regarding occupation abroad. The
ollowing table shows the number and per cent who were engaged in
farming before coming to the United States. The table is from
fGeneral Table 32.
TABLE 49. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households 16 years of
age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were engaged in farming
abroad, by race of individual.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Engaged in farming
abroad.
Number.
Percent.
Greek ,
47
215
101
283
159
97
86
29
5
65
119
101
63
41
61.7
2.3
64.4
42.0
63.5
64.9
47.7
Hebrew. Russian. . .
Irish. . . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian...
Poli-h
Svrian
Toi.nl '
988
423
<:2.8
The proportion of male heads of households engaged in farming
before coming to this country is over 60 per cent among the Poles,
Irish, Lithuanians, and Greeks; it is over 40 per cent among the
Syrians and South Italians, and only 2.3 per cent among the Russian
Hebrews. The figures indicate that, except in the case of the
Hebrews, a large proportion of the foreign population studied in
Boston has been an agricultural population in Europe. This popu-
lation has, of course, been diverted into urban occupations on arrival
in the United States.
25608°— VOL 26—11
473
474
The Immigration Commission.
The present occupations of heads of households are shown in Gen-
eral Table 33. From that table the most usual occupations for the
several races are selected for presentation below :
TABLE 50.—
Occupation of male heads of households ranking first and second i
cal ijnportance, by general nativity and race of individual.
in numeri-
General nativity and race
of individ,ual.
Number
gainfully
employed
and re-
porting
occupa-
tion.
First rank.
Second rank.
Occupation.
Num-
ber.
Per cent
of total
gainfully
em-
ployed.
Occupaiion.
Num-
ber.
Per cent
of total
gainfully
em-
ployed.
Native-born of native fa-
ther, White.
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by race of father,
Irish.
Foreism-born:
Greek
87
55
48
222
127
295
103
99
.94
Painter, em-
ployee.
Driver and
teamster.
Confectioner,
employee.
Tailor, em-
ployee.
.Laborer
8
11
14
40
GO
115
58
46
19
9.2
20.0
29.2
18.0
47.2
39.0
35.6
46. 5
20.2
Driver and
teamster.
Clerk
0
fi
9
21
14
27
44
7
11
6.9
10.9-
18.8
9.5
11.0
9.2
27. 0
7.1
11.7
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
Driver and
teamster.
Barber, p r o -
prietor.
Tnilor, e m -
ployee.
Foundry and
mac nine
shop e m -
ployee.
Brassworker. .
Tailor, e m -
ployee.
Clerk
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Laborer
Laborer
Lithuanian
Polish
Laborer
Syrian
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
Laborer
Grand total
1,190
294
24.7
103
8.7
Total native-born of for-
eign father.
Total native born
Driver and
. teamster.
Driver and
teamster.
Laborer
55
142
1,048
11
17
288
20.0
12.0
27.5
6
10
102
10.9
7.0
9.7
Clerk
Total foreign-born
Tailor, em-
ployee.
Among immigrants as a whole and among the Irish, South Italians,
Lithuanians, and Poles the occupation of laborer is the most usual
occupation. Of the total foreign-born 27.5 per cent, or more than
one-fourth, are laborers ; that is, they are engaged in unskilled work
in or about factories, on the street, about buildings, etc. Of the Irish
47.2 per cent and of the Poles 46.5 per cent are laborers. Second in
importance among all foreign-born and of first importance among
the Russian Hebrews is the occupation of tailor, employee.
The per cent of male heads of households in business for profits is
also based on the data of General Table 33.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
475
TABLE 51. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In business for profits.
Number.
Per cent.
94
58
48
226
139
309
166
103
102
6
2
15
101
7
69
10
6.4
3.4
31.3
44.7
5.0
22.3
6.0
.0
36.3
Native-born of foreign father, bv race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Irish
Italian South
T ithuanian
Polish
S vrian
37
Grand total
1,245
247
19.8
Total native-born of foreign father
58
152
1,093
2
8
239
3.4
5.3
21.9
Tots 1 n;iti ve-born . .
Total foreign-born *
The table shows that about one-fifth of all the male heads of house-
holds are engaged in business on their own account. The high pro-
portions are found among the Hebrews and* Syrians, the Greeks,
and the South Italians. The proportions are very low among the
Lithuanians and the Irish, while none of the Polish heads of house-
holds studied are engaged in business for themselves.
The per cent of female heads of households who are in business for
profits is also derived from General Table 33.
TABLE 52. — Number and per cent of female heads of households uho are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
d ata.
In business for profits.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
16
11
5
1
f")
(<*)
Native-born of foreigrf father, by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born :
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
13
47
9
4
1
9
5
7
4
(a)
14.9
(°)
(°)
(a)
(a)
Irish
Italian, South... .
Lithuanian. . .
Polish '
Syrian
8
Grand total
110
30
27.3
Total native-born of foreign father .
11
27
83
22.2
28.9
Total native born
6
24
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The number of female heads of households who are in business for
themselves is 30, or 27.3 per cent, of the whole number. One or
more instances of women neads of households working for profits
occur in every race except the Greek, Lithuanian, and Polish.
476
The Immigration Commission.
Thus far the study has dealt only with heads of households. In
the following table male members of households 16 years of age or
over, including heads of households, are classified according to
whether they are at home or at school, or engaged in some specified
industry. The table is derived from General Table 34.
TABLE 53. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males Deporting. The totals, however, are for all
races .]
General nativity and race
of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent.
In do-
mestic
and per-
sonal
service.
In man-
ufactur-
ing and
mechan-
ical pur-
suits.
In gen-
eral la-
bor,
In
trade.
In
trans-
porta-
tion.
In
other
occu-
pations.
At
home
At
school.
Native-born of natlye fa-
ther, White...
153
20
156
172
374
188
698
424
266
142
11.8
.0
8.3
31.4
2.9
6.9
11.9
10.8
15.0
7.7
43.8
50 0
30 8
32 6
60.4
25.5
36.1
68.9
48.5
41 5
0 7
.0
2.6
.0
.0
17.0
26.8
2.6
6.8
2.8
13.1
30.0
19.2
32.6
29.9
12.2
7.0
3.3
11.7
39.4
21.6
5.0
28.8
2.9
2.1
27.1
9.2
8.0
13.2
.0
3.3
.0
.0
.0
1.9
1.6
2.3
1.7
1.5
.7
5.2
5.0
7.7
.6
1.9
9.6
6.7
4.7
3.4
7.7
0.7
10.0
2.6
.0
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by race of father:
Hebrew
Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew. Russian
Irish
Italian, South.
Lithuanian. . .
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
2,639
11.3
45.5
9.8
15.3
10.8
1.7
5.2
.4
Total native-born of for-
eign father
207
360
2,279
9.7
10.6
11.5
32.4
37.2
46.8
1.9
1.4
11.1
19.8
16.9
15.1
25.1
23.6
8.7
.5
1.7
1.7
7.7
6.7
5.0
2.9
1.9
.1
Total native-born. . .
Total foreign-born
Of the total of 2,639 males 16 years of age or over studied in Boston,
45.5 per cent are engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pur-
suits, 15.3 per cent are in trade, 11.3 per cent in domestic and per-
sonal service, 10.8 per cent in transportation, and 9.8 per cent in
general labor; 1.7 per cent are otherwise employed, while 5.2 per cent
are at home, and 0.4 per cent at school. The proportion in manufac-
turing, in general labor, and in domestic service is higher among the
foreign-born than the natives, and the proportion in trade and trans-
portation is higher among the natives.
The Greeks are fairly evenly divided between domestic and personal
service, manufactures, and trade; of the Russian Hebrews, 60.4 per
cent are in manufactures, 29.9 per cent in trade, and small percent-
ages in other occupations; the highest proportion of the Irish, 27.1
per cent, is found in transportation, the next highest, 25.5 per cent, in
manufacturing, 17 per cent are in general labor, 12.2 per cent in
trade, and 6.9 per cent in domestic and personal service; 9.6 per cent,
or almost one-tenth, of the Irish remain at home; of the South Ital-
ians 36.1 per cent are in manufactures, 26.8 per cent in general labor,
11.9 per cent in domestic and personal service, 9.2 per cent in trans-
portation, and 7 per cent in trade; among the Lithuanians a very
high proportion, 68.9 per cent, are engaged in manufactures, 10.8 per
cent in domestic service, 8 per cent in transportation, 3.3 per cent in
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
477
trade, and 2.6 per cent in general labor; among the Poles 48.5 per
cent are engaged in manufactures, 15 per cent in domestic service, 13.2
percent in transportation, 11.7 per cent in trade, and 6.8 per cent in
general labor; of the Syrians 41.5 per cent are in manufactures, 39.4
per cent in trade, 7.7 per cent in domestic service, 2.8 per cent in
general labor, while .7 per cent of them are otherwise employed,
and 7.7 per cent are reported as remaining at home.
Similar data for female members of households 16 years of age or
over are derived from General Table 35.
TABLE 54. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Per
cent —
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In do-
mestic
and per-
In man-
ufactur-
ing and
mechan-
In trade.
In
other
occu-
At
home.
At
school.
service.
ical pur-
suits.
pations.
Native-born of native father,
White
139
15.8
15.1
7.2
2.2
54.7
5.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Irish...
148
12.8
33.1
8.8
1.4
42.6
1.4
Italian, South
25
.0
52.0
.0
4.0
44 0
.0
Foreign-born:
Greek
31
3.2
o
o
.0
96 8
.0
Hebrew, Russian
359
4.7
21.2
5.6
.0
68.5
.0
Irish
237
29 5
5 1
2 1
.8
62.4
.0
Italian, South
333
2.8
22.1
.8
1.3
73.0
0
Lithuanian
228
14 2
16 8
o
.4
68.6
.0
Polish
178
36.0
2.2
1.7
.6
50.6
.0
Syrian. .
132
3 8
12 9
19 7
0
62.9
.8
Grand total . .
1,950
12.9
17 1
4 4
.8
64.4
.6
Total native-born of foreign fa-
ther
217
9 7
34 6
8 3
1 4
44 7
1.4
Total native-born
356
12.1
27.0
7.9
1.7
48.6
2.8
Total foreign-born
1,594
13 0
14 9
3 6
.6
67 9
.1
Of the total number of women 16 years of age or over reporting
data on occupation, 64.4 per cent are at home, and .6 per cent are
at school. The proportion at home is 67.9 per cent among the foreign-
born, and 48.6 per cent among the natives. Arranged in descending
order, by race, the proportions of females 16 years of age or over who
are at home or at school among the foreign-born is as follows :
Per cent.
Greek 96. 8
Italian, South 73. 0
Lithuanian G8. 6
Hebrew, Russian 68. 5
The proportion of women in manufacturing and mechanical pur-
suits is 17.1 per cent; among the foreign-born it is 14.9, and among
the native-born, 27. The proportion in domestic service is 12.9 per
cent, 13 per cent among the foreign-born, and 12.1 per cent among
the native-born. The per cent in trade is 4.4 for all the women, 3.6
per cent for the foreign, and 7.9 per cent for the native-born. In
general, the proportion gainfully employed is greater among the
Per cent.
Syrian 63. 7
Irish 62.4
Polish.. 59.6
478
The Immigration Commission.
native than among the foreign-born, although the proportion in
domestic service is slightly higher among immigrants. The higher
proportion of women at work among the native-born is due to the
fact that the native women are frequently the daughters in foreign
households and have no domestic responsibilities, whereas their for-
eign-born mothers are engaged in keeping house.
In the following table children between the ages of 6 and 16 are
classified according to whether they are at home, at school, or at
work. The table is derived from General Table 36.
TABLE 55.—Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
MALE.
Number
reporting
Per cent—
complete
data.
At home.
At school.
At work.
Native-born of native father, White
77
1.3
98.7
0 0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Hebrew
79
o
92 4
7 6
Irish .. . • .
122
1 6
92 6
5 7
Italian South
84
7 1
90 5
2 4
Lithuanian
32
.0
100 0
o
Polish
25
12.0
88.0
.0
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
77
2.6
83.1
14.3
Italian South
58
3 4
84 5
12 1
Lithuanian
20
5 0
95 0
o
Grand total .
626
3.0
91.4
5 6
Total native-born of foreign father
362
3.3
92.3
4.4
Total native-born
439
3 0
93 4
3 6
Total foreign-born
187
3.2
86.6
10.2
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White
84
4.8
91.7
3 6
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Hebrew . ..
88
3.4
89.8
6.8
Irish
118
3 4
89 0
7 6
Italian, South. ... . .
80
8.8
83.8
7.5
Lithuanian .
41
2.4
87.8
9.8
Polish
25
12.0
88.0
.0
Foreign-born:
Hebrew Russian
77
1 3
88 3
10 4
Italian, South
62
4.8
80.6
14.5
Lithuanian
23
13.0
82.6
4.3
Syrian
21
9.5
90.5
.0
Grand total ,
659
5.2
87.4
7.4
Total native-born of foreign father
370
5.4
87.3
7.3
Total native-born
454
5.3
88.1
6.6
Total foreign-born
205
4.9
85.9
9.3
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
479
TABLE 55. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are
for all races.]
TOTAL.
Number
reporting
Per, cent—
complete
data.
At home.
At school.
At work.
Native-born of native father, White
161
3.1
95.0
1 9
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Hebrew
167
1.8
91.0
7.2
Irish
240
2.5
90.8
6.7
Italian, South
164
7.9
87.2
4.9
Lithuanian
73
1.4
93.2
5.5
Polish
50
12.0
88.0
.0
Syrian
23
13.0
73.9
13 0
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
154
1.9
85 7
12 3
Italian, South
120
4.2
82.5
13.3
Lithuanian.
43
9.3
88.4
2 3
Polish
27
3.7
92.6
3.7
Syrian . .
34
5.9
94.1
.0
Grand total . .
1,285
4.1
89.3
6.5
Total native-born of foreign father. ...
732
4.4
89.8
5.9
Total native-born
893
4.1
90 7
5 2
Total foreign-born
392
4.1
86.2
9.7
Of the. total number of 1,285 children between 6 and 16 years of
age studied in Boston and reporting data on occupation, 89.3 per
cent are at school, 6.5 per cent are at work, and 4.1 per cent are at
home. The proportion at school is 90.7 per cent among the native-
born, and 86.2 per cent among the foreign-born; the proportion at
work is 5.2 per cent among the native-born, and 9.7 per cent among
the foreign- born.
The proportion at school is 91.4 per cent among the boys, and 87.4
per cent among the girls. The proportion is higher for the boys both
among the native-born and the foreign-born, but the difference bet ween
the sexes is greater among the native-born. The proportion at work
is 7.4 per cent among the girls and 5.6 per cent among the boys;
among the native-born 6.6 per cent of the girls and 3.6 per cent of
the boys are at work, while among the foreign-born the percentage
at work is slightly higher among the boys than among the girls. The
proportion remaining at home is higher among the girls than among
the boys both for the native and the foreign elements of the popula-
tion.
480
The Immigration Commission.
A comparison by race of the proportion of children at home, at
school, and at work, among the foreign and the native born is given
below :
TABLE 56. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school,
and at work, by race of father and by birthplace of child.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or more born
abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
Race of father.
Birthplace
of child.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number—
Per cent —
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
Native-born, White..
United States.
United States.
Abroad
161
167
162
164
120
73
43
50
27
23
34
5
3
4
13
5
1
4
6
1
3
2
153
152
139
143
99
68
38
44
25
17
32
3
12
19
8
16
4
1
3.1
1.8
2.5
7.9
4.2
1.4
9.3
12.0
3.7
13.0
5.9
95.0
91.0
85.8
87.2
82.5
93.2
88.4
88.0
92.6
73.9
94.1
1.9
7.2
11.7
4.9
13.3
5.5
2.3
.0
3.7
13.0
.0
Foreign-born:
Hebrew
Italian, South
Uniced States.
Abroad . .
Lithuanian
United States.
Abroad
Polish
United States.
Abroad
Syrian
1
3
United States.
Abroad
Hebrew, South Italian, and Lithuanian children born in the United
States are in school in larger proportions than the foreign-born
children of these races; Polish and Syrian children born abroad are in
school in larger proportions than the native-born children of Poles
and Syrians. In no case is the per cent of children at school as large
as among the native-born white of native fathers. For the numbers
of children 14 and 15 years old who are at home, at school, and at
work reference must be made to the general table.
EARNINGS.
The field work of the Commission in Boston lasted from August,
1908, until May, 1909. Some of the earlier schedules therefore are
affected by the industrial depression of 1907. A majority of the
schedules, however, refer to a normal year, and those that are affected
are fairly evenly distributed among the different races, whose rela-
tive position is believed to be fairly well reflected by the figures.
In the table next presented males 18 years of age or over are
classified according to the amount of their earnings for the year
ending with the agent's visit. The table presents the data of General
Table 37 in the form of cumulative numbers and per cents.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
481
TABLE 57. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
ei, ooo.
Under
$200.
Jnder
$400.
Under
$GOO.
Under
81,000.
Native-born of native
father, Whito
Ill
1
2
10
107
8
1
1
1
59
191
145
5
502
343
202
3
73
$647
(a)
(a)
604
525
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
352
396
510
(a)
338
402
389
(a)
355
8
24
"Y
3
34
6
1
48
1
2
4
64
8
1
1
1
53
158
83
5
449
304
178
3
68
102
1
2
10
102
8
1
1
1
59
187
145
5
501
343
201
3
72
7.2
(a)
(a)
(a)
15.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(3>4
19.4
11.7
(a)
29.1
12.5
15.3
(a)
21.9
21.6
(0)
1
31.8
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
86.4
59.2
31.0
(a)
67.1
48.7
52.5
(a)
65.8
43.2
(a)
8
59.8
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
89.8
82.7
57.2
(a)
89.4
88.6
88.1
(«)
93.2
91.9
(a)
(a)
(0)
95.3
(a)
w
(a)
(a)
100,0
»7.9
100.0
(a)
99.8
100.0
99.5
'S.6
Native-born of foreign
father, by raceof father.
Canadian (other than
French)
English
Hebrew...
1
16
4
1
Irish
Italian, South. . .
Polish
Foreign-born:
Canadian (other than
German
""2"
37
17
1
146
43
31
2
16
""51
113
45
2
337
167
106
2
48
Greek.
Hebrew, Russian...
Irish
Italian, North. .......
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian . .
Syrian
Grand total
1,765
410
509
573
384
325
9!0
1.431
80
128
1,303
1,744
124
226
1,518
18.4
17.1
12.5
19.3
53.3
81.1
62.0
53.3
85.4
98.8
Native-born of foreign
father
129
2-10
1,525
22
30
295
4?
69
871
34.9
28.8
57.1
96.1
94.2
99.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average earnings of the 1,765 males who report complete data
on the subject is $410. The natives average $573 a year and the
foreign-born $384. Arranged in descending order, the averages for
the seven numerically most important races are as follows:
Irish $510 ! Syrian $355
Lithuanian 402 Greek 352
Hebrew, Russian 396 i Italian, South 338
Polish 389.1
By far the highest incomes are found among the Irish, who alone
among the foreign-born average more than $500 a year. The Poles,
the Russian Hebrews, and the Lithuanians average in the neighbor-
hood of $400 a year; and the South Italians, the Greeks, and the
Syrians in the neighborhood of $350 a year.
The proportion of males earning under $200 a year is surprisingly
high among some of the races. Among the South Italians it is 29.1
per cent; among the Syrians, 21.9 per cent; among the Russian
Hebrews, 19.4 per cent; among the Poles, 15.3 per cent; among the
Lithuanians, 12.5 per cent; among the Irish, 11.7 per cent; and
among the Greeks, 3.4 per cent. The Greeks, who show the smallest
proportion of males earning less than $200, have also the highest per-
centage of those earning under $400. The proportion earning under
$600 is in the neighborhood of seven-eighths for the Greeks, South
Italians, Lithuanians, and Poles; for the Syrians the proportion is
482
The Immigration Commission.
93.2 per cent; for the Kussian Hebrews it is 82.7 per cent, and for
the Irish 57.2 per cent. Only a very small proportion of the males
earn above $1,000 a year.
In the next table females 18 years of age or over who are gain-
fully employed are classified according to the amount of their yearly
earnings. The table presents the data of General Table 38 in cumula-
tive form.
TABLE 58. — Yearly earnings (approximate} oj females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
Under
$200.
Under
8300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Native-born of native
father, White . .
38
3
2
1
8
61
7
1
1
4
1
71
66
67
42
15
1
16
$300
(a)
(a)
(a)
(0)
295
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
198
231
160
192
214
%.
10
1
1
24
2
1
31
3
1
1
6
49
6
1
1
4
1
67
59
64
42
15
1
15
32
3
2
1
8
54
6
1
1
4
1
68
62
66
42
15
1
16
26.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
24.6
(a)
(a)
(0)
(a)
(a)
47.9
42.4
67.2
57.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
63.2
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
47.5
(a)
(a)
(a
(a
74.6
65.2
86.6
92.9
(a)
(a)
(a)
81.6
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
80.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
94.4
89.4
95.5
100.0
(a
(a
(0
84.2
ft
8
88.5
(a)
(a)
(0)
(a)
(a)
95.8
93.9
98.5
100.0
&
(a)
Native-born of foreign
father ,byraccoffather:
Canadian(otherthan
French)
English...
German
TT shrew.
2
15
4
29
4
1
1
2
1
53
43
58
39
11
1
12
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Foreign-born:
Canadian(otherthan
French). .
1
2
1
34
28
45
24
8
1
6
English .
French
Hebrew. Russian
Irish
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Polish
Scotch
Syrian
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father
405
83
121
284
EL
!79
19
29
150
286
T
65
221
367
67
98
269
383
75
107
276
44.2
22.9
24.0
52.8
70.6
= '
49.4
53.7
77.8
90.6
""'—
80.7
81.0
94.7
94.6
90.4
88.4
97.2
«
296
197
Total native-born . . .
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average earnings of female wage-earners 18 years of age or
over is $226. The average is $296 for the native women, and $197
for the foreign women. Arranged in descending order, by race, the
average earnings of the foreign women are as follows:
rish $231
Syrian 224
Polish.. 214
Russian Hebrew $198
Lithuanian 192
South Italian. . 160
More than one-half of the immigrant women earn less than $200 a
year, and more than three-fourths earn less than $300, while only 1
woman in 20 earns $400 or over, and 1 in 40 $500 or over.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
483
FAMILY INCOME.
The chief sources of the incomes of families of the economic con-
dition selected for study are the earnings of husband and wife, the
contributions of children, the payments of boarders and lodgers, and
other sources, usually rents or the contributions of relatives. Only
families with earnings from wages are included in 'this study. The
families of persons in business for profits, in many cases the more pros-
perous families, are not considered. Races which engage largely in
mercantile pursuits are therefore presumably at a disadvantage in
the showing made by the following table. The families included in
this study are classified according to the amount of the total income
for the year ending at the time of tLe agent's visit. The table
presents the data of General Table 39 in the form of cumulative num-
bers and per cents.
TABLE 59. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by
general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Four families are included which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
of select-
ed fami-
lies, a
Average
family
income.
Per cent of families having a total income —
Under
$300.
Under
§500.
Under
§750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$1,500.
Native-born of native father,
White
81
53
157
139
210
143
95
36
$771
682
543
730
534
515
504
377
8.6
3.8
21.0
9.4
27.1
16.1
21.1
41.7
19.8
39.6
54.1
28.1
56.7
48.3
53.7
80.6
54.3
64.2
79.6
60.4
80.5
86.7
90.5
94.4
76.5
84.9
91.1
80.6
91.9
97.9
97.9
97.2
96.3
94.3
98.7
95.7
98.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreien father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian.
Irish
Italian, South. ...
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
925
582
18.4
47.1
76.5
90.1
98.1
Total native-born of foreign fa-
ther
53
134
791
682
736
556
3.8
6.7
20.4
39.6
27.6
50.4
64.2
58.2
79.6
84.9
79.9
91.8
94.3
95.5
98.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
The average yearly income for the 925 families studied in Boston
and included in the tabulation is $582. The average is $736 for the
native and $556 for the foreign families. Of every 100 immigrant
families 20 have had incomes for the year of less than $300, 50 have
had less than $500, 80 less than $750, 92 less than $1,000, and 99 less
than $1,500. The corresponding proportions of native families are
in every case considerably lower. Arranged in descending order, by
race, the average incomes of the immigrant families are as follows :
Irish $730
Hebrew, Russian 543
Italian, South 534
Lithuanian $515
Polish 504
Syrian 377
484
The Immigration Commission.
Only 9 in 100 Irish families have incomes of less than $300, only
28 have less than $500, and only 60 have less than $750, while 19
have $1,000 or over, and 4 have $1,500 or over. Of the Syrian fam-
ilies all but one have incomes of less than $1,000, and the proportions
of Syrians with incomes under each specified amount below that sum
are in every case considerably higher than for any other race. It
should be recalled in this connection that 113 Syrian households are
included in this study and that the small proportion of families
included in the income study is due to the fact that large numbers
of the Syrians are peddlers and in business for themselves. The
relative standing of these 36 families can not, of course, be taken as
representative of the race.
The three tables which follow present data regarding sources of
income. The first shows the per cent of families which derive their
income wholly or in part from each of the five classified sources; the
second shows the per cent deriving their entire income from each
source or combination of sources ; the third gives the proportion that
the amount of income from each of the five sources forms of the total
income. The first and second tables are derived respectively from
General Tables 40 and 41.
TABLE 60. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders, or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head oj
family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Four families are excluded which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of se-
lected
families.a
Per cent of families having an income from—
Earnings of —
Contri-
butions
of chil-
dren.
Pay-
ments
of board-
ers or
lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
79
53
157
139
210
143
95
34
79.7
81.1
82.8
70.5
91.9
96.5
94.7
85.3
25.3
22.6
14.6
27.3
16.2
9.8
10.5
11.8
22.8
22.6
40.8
48.9
25.2
8.4
4.2
8.8
13.9
9.4
40.1
18.0
39.0
75.5
61.1
2.9
38.5
20.3
9.4
12.
7.9
6.2
2.1
1.1
il.8
7.8
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
921
86.2
16.9
25.5
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
53
132
789
81.1
80.3
87.2
22.6
24.2
15.7
22.6
22.7
26.0
9.4
12.1
43.0
9.4
15.9
0.5
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
486
TABLE 61. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Four families are excluded which report income as "none."]
Per cent of families having entire income from—
Num-
g
1
1
s
E
1
|
3 n .
General nativity and race of head
of family.
ber of
selected
fami-
fl
1
T3
{3
«T .
."s a
if
1
'S
JS2
^
li
I
lies.o
.
C3
C3
•rt
^§
.
s»»
0
°«« M*
c
C3
1
1°
li
i
|
C -2
03
§
2
i°
o
"S
3
lil
W
H
W
B
w
&
£
1
s
o
5""
Native-born of native father,
White
7$
40 5
H 3
V>, 7
0.0
6.3
3 8
? 5
0.0
1.3
0 0
0 0
26 6
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
53
45. 3 11. 3
13.2
.0
3.8
7.5
1.9
1.9
3.8
1.9
.0 9.4
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
157
°0 4
3 8
15 3
3.2
23.6
6
? 5
.6
5 7
3.2
.6! 20 4
Irish
13927.3 7.219.4
2.9
5.0
4 3
7 9
1.4
7 9
1.4
15 8
Italian , South
21029.010.511.0
.5
25.2
1 0
5
.0 3.3
1.0
1 0
17.1
Lithuanian
143116. li 3.5 1.4
.0
65.0
? 1
0
.7
o
.0
o
11 2
Polish
9531.6 6,3 .0
.0
51.6
0
0
2.1
1 1
.0
1 1
6.3
Syrian
34'67. 6 2.9 2.9
.0
2.9
5 Q
0
.0
c q
.0
.0
11 8
Grand total
92129.4
6. 6 10. 2
1.1
26.9
2.3
2.0
.8
3.6
1.1
.5
15.5
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
53 45. 3
132 42. 4
11.3J13.2
8. 3 12. 9
.0
.0
3.8
5.3
7.5
5.3
1.9
2.3
1.9
.8
3.8
2.3
1.9
.8
.0
.0
9.4
19.7
Total foreign-born
789
27.2
6.3 9.8
1.3
30.5
1.8
1.9
.8
3.8
1.1
.6
14.8
o For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
TABLE 62. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children,
boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Four families are excluded which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of se-
lected
families.a
Per cent of total income from—
Earnings of —
Contri-
butions
of chil-
dren.
Pay-
ments
of board-
ers or
lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife
Native-born of native father, White
79
53
157
139
210
143
95
34
70.4
69.3
57.7
51.5
65.9
77.1
78.8
76.1
8.1
6.9
2.8
9.7
3.7
2.8
3.7
5.0
10.4
15.0
24.7
29.4
15.5
3.3
1.4
8.6
• 5.2
3.4
9.1
6.8
7.3
16.7
15.6
.4
5.9
5.3
5.7
2.7
7.6
.1
.6
9.9
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian. . .
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
921
65.8
5.3
15.7
8.8
4.3
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
53
132
7S9
69.3
70.0
64.8
6.9
7.7
4.8
15.0
12.1
16.6
3.4
4.5
9.8
5.3
5.7
4.0
Total foreign-born
For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
Of the 921 families in Boston that report full data on sources of
income 86.2 per cent derive a part or all of their income from the
husband, 29.4 per cent derive all of their income from the husband,
4-86
The Immigration Commission.
and 65.8 per cent of the entire family budget is provided for by the
husbands. The proportion of families having incomes from the
husbands is 87.2 per cent among the foreign-born, and 80.3 per cent
among the native-born. The proportion that the husband's earnings
form, of the entire family income is higher among the native-born
than among the foreign-born; among the former it is 70 per cent,
among the latter 64.8 per cent.
The proportion of families that depend for income entirely on the
husbands is 42.4 per cent among the native-born and 27.2 per cent
among, the foreign-born. The percentages of foreign families that de-
rive their entire income from the husbands are arranged below in
descending order by race:
Per cent.
Syrian 67. 6
Polish 31.6
Italian, South 29. 0
Per cent.
Irish 27. 3
Hebrew, Russian 20. 4
Lithuanian.. 16.1
The wives are sources of income in 16.9 per cent of the families
studied; they are the sole source of income in 2.3 per cent of the fam-
ilies, and the earnings of the wives forms 5.3 per cent of the entire
family budget.
The proportion of families with incomes from the wives is 24.2 per
cent among the natives, and 15.7 per cent among the foreign-born.
Arranged in descending order, by race, the per cent of foreign families
having incomes from wives is as follows:
Per cent.
Irish 27.3
Italian, South „. . 16. 2
Hebrew, Russian 14. 6
Syrian
Polish
Lithuanian
Percent.
. 11.8
. 10. 5
9.8
Children are sources of income in 25.5 per cent of the families
studied; they are the sole source of income in 3.6 per cent, and their
contributions form 15.7 per cent of the total family budget. The
proportion of families with incomes from children is 26 per cent
among the foreign-born and 22.7 per cent among the native-born.
Arranged in descending order, by race, the per cent of foreign families
having incomes from children is as follows :
Per cent.
Irish : 48.9
Hebrew, Russian 40. 8
Italian, South. 25. 2
Per cent.
Syrian. 8. 8
Lithuanian 8. 4
Polish... 4.2
The Irish and Hebrew families derive incomes from their children
in large proportions of cases; the South Italians come next, then the
Syrians, the Lithuanians, and the Poles.
All that needs to be said here about boarders and lodgers is that
their payments appear in the family budgets in 38.5 per cent of the
cases, but are the sole means of support in only 0.5 per cent of the
families, while their contributions form 8.8 per cent of the aggregate
income of the families.
Sources of income, other than those enumerated, appear in 7.8 per
cent of the families and form 4.3 per cent of the aggregate income of
the families studied. Such sources are found in 15.9 per cent of the
native and only in 6.5 per cent of the foreign families. Owing to the
heterogeneity of these sources of income and their comparative
unimportance no attempt at detailed analysis is considered necessary.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
487
The following table shows the number of families in which hus-
band is present and the number and per cent of husbands at work:
TABLE 63. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number of
selected
families.**
Number of
husbands.
Number of
husbands
at work.
Per cent of
husbands
at work.
Native-born of native father White
81
68
63
92.6
Native-born of foreign father, by race ol father, Irish . . .
Foreign-born:
Greek
53
11
45
10
43
10
95.6
(6)
Hebrew Russian
157
136
130
95.6
Irish
139
109
98
89.9
Italian South
210
197
193
98.0
143
140
138
98.6
Polish
95
94
90
95.7
Syrian
36
34
29
85.3
Grand total
925
833
794
95.3
Total native-born of foreign father
53
45
43
95. 6
Total native-born
134
113
106
93. 8
791
720
G88
95.6
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Every race included in this table has one or more families in which
the husband is not present. Of husbands in families one or more of
every race has not worked within the year. The per cent of husbands
at work is lowest among the Syrian families. In the next table hus-
bands are classified according to the amount of their earnings. The
data of General Table 42, are presented in the form of cumula-
tive numbers and per cents.
TABLE 64. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of
individual.
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.]
General nativity and
race of individual.
Num-
ber
work-
Aver-
age
earn-
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
8
M
i
1
1
i
1
8
8
1
1
i
§
wages.
ings.
|
•d
«
ss
13
3
I
»
-o
I
!
O>
TJ
S
«
pj
pj
d
d
fl
c
d
d
rt
d
t>
t>
ID
l~>
t>
t>
t>
0
Native-born of native
father, White
63
$698
l
4
10
22
44
55
1.6
6.3
15.9
34.9
69.8
87.3
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father, Irish
43
583
i
5
10
26
35
40
2 3
11 6
23 3
60 5
81 4
93 0
Foreign-born:
Greek
10 504
130 378
6
81
7
110
7
125
10
(a)
5 4
tfn
(a)
6? 3
(a)
84 6
(a)
96 ?
«?„
Hebrew, Russian...
7
26
Irish
98 533
2
7
29
54
87
98
2.0
7.1
29.6
55. 1
88.8
100.0
Italian, South
193! 383
13
43
122
162
183
190
6 7
?? 3
63, ?.
83 9
94 8
98.4
Lithuanian
138 411
14
63
122
137
138
3 6
10 1
45 7
88 4
99 3
100 0
Polish
90
419
2
11
42
73
87
89
2 2
12 2
46 7
81 1
96 7
98 9
Syrian
29
356
2
4
2\
26
28
29
6 9
13 8
72 4
89 7
% 6
iOO 0
Grand total
446
33
114
384
602
733
98.0
794
778
4.2
14.4
48.4
75.8
92 3
Total native-born of
foreign father
43
583
1
c
10
26
35
40
2 3
11 6
23 3
60 5
81 4
93 0
Total native-born
106
652
2
9
20
48
79
95
1.9
8,5
18 9
45.3
74 P
89.6
Total foreign-born
688
4,5
31
105
364
554
654
683
4.5
15.3
52.9
80.5
95.1
99.3
<* Not computed, owing to small number involved.
488
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 794 male heads of families included in this table 48.4 per
cent, or not quite one-half, earn under $400, 75.8 per cent, or about
three-fourths, earn under $600, and all but 2 per cent earn under
$1,000. Immigrant heads of families earn, on the whole, much less
than the native-born. The proportion of foreign-born husbands
earning under $400 is 52.9 percent while the corresponding proportion
of native-born is 18.9 per cent; the per cents earning under $600 are
80.5 and 45.3, respectively. Syrian husbands show, on the whole,
the lowest earnings. The earnings of Russian Hebrew and South
Italian husbands are also very low.
The number of wives in families studied and the number and per
cent of wives at work are as follows:
TABLE 65. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
Average
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of selected
families.o
Number
of wives.
Number
of wives
at work.
Per cent
of wives
at work.
yearly
earnings
of wives
at work.
Native-born of native father, White
81
80
20
25 0
$253
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father 1 rish
53
52
12
23.1
209
Foreign-born:
Greek
11
11
1
(6)
(b)
Hebrew, Russian
157
156
23
14.7
• 103
Irish
139
135
38
28.1
260
Italian, South
210
207
34
16.4
122
Lithuanian
143
143
14
9.8
117
Polish
95
95
10
10.5
177
Syrian . .
36
35
4
11.4
CO
Grand total
925
914
156
17.1
183
Total native-born of foreign father
53
52
12
23.1
209
Total native-born
134
132
32
24.2
236
Total foreign-born
791
782
124
15 9
169
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
& Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the total number of wives studied 17.1 per cent are employed
outside of the home; the percentage is 24.2 among the natives and
15.9 among the foreign-born. Of the foreign-born wives the largest
proportion, 28.1 per cent, are employed among the Irish; next come
the South Italians, with 16.4 per cent; then the Russian Hebrews,
with 14.7 per cent; the Syrians follow, with 11.4 per cent; then
come the Poles, with 10.5 per cent; and finally the Lithuanians,
with 9.8 per cent.
The proportion of families in which wives are at work or keep
boarders or lodgers is considered in connection with the earnings of
the husbands in the two tables following. Only families with both
husband and wife present are included in these tables.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
489
TABLE 66. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or
lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race, of head of family .
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
of
selected
families.a
Number of husbands
earning —
Number
of wives
having
employ-
ment or
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
Number of wives hav-
ing employment or
keeping boarders or
lodgers where hus-
bands' earnings are—
Under
$400.&
$400
and
under
$600.
$600
or over.
Under
$400. c
$400
and
under
$600.
$600
or over.
Native-born of native father,
White
67
44
10
135
105
194
140
94
33
15
12
6
86
38
125
65
46
25
12
15
1
29
24
39
59
31
5
40
17
3
20
43
30
16
17
3
17
10
2
63
32
102
113
63
5
6
5
1
40
20
78
53
32
4
2
4
9
1
1
9
8
9
14
11
1
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew Russian - .
14
4
15
46
20
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
822
418
215
189
407
239
105
63
Total native-born of foreign
father
44
111
711
12
27
391
15
27
188
17
57
132
10
27
380
5
11
228
4
6
99
1
10
53
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
« For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. Of the selected families only those which have both hus-
band and wife present appear in this table.
b This column includes 37 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
c This column includes 15 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
TABLE 67. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers,
by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for
all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. Of the selected families only those which have
both husband and wife present appear in this table.]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Under
$400.o
$400 and
under $600.
$600 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White . .
40.0
16.7
22.5
25.4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
41.7
46 5
26.7
48 3
5.9
45 0
22.7
46 7
Iri^h
52 6
16 7
18 6
30 5
Italian, South
62 4
38 5
30 0
52.6
Lithuanian
81 5
78 0
87 5
80 7
Polish
69 6
'64 5
64 7
67.0
Svrian
16 0
o
(b)
15 2
Grand total
57 2
48 8
33 3
49 5
Total native-born of foreign father
41 7
26 7
5 9
22 7
Total native-born
40 7
22 2
17 5
24 3
Total foreign-born
58 3
52 7
40 2
53.4
Per cent of wives having employment or keeping
boarders or lodgers where husbands' earnings
a This column includes 15 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
25608C
-VOL 26—11 32
490 The Immigration Commission.
The proportion of wives who add to the family income by engaging
in gainful employment or keeping boarders or lodgers is 49.5 per
cent. In native households it is 24.3 per cent, in foreign households
53.4 per cent. It will be recalled in this connection that immigrant
women are employed outside the home somewhat less frequently than
native women.
The proportion of wives having empk^ment or keeping boarders
or lodgers will be seen, on the whole, to decrease as the incomes of the
husbands increase, and it may be said that the employment of married
women depends primarily on economic conditions and only second-
arily on racial customs or preferences.
CHAPTER VI.
ASSIMILATION.
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
The ability of the immigrant to speak English depends largely on his
age at the time of his arrival in the United States, on the length of his
residence in this country, and on the character of his occupation and
his home surroundings. The information in regard to English speak-
ing is presented separately for male heads of households and again
for all members of households 6 years or age or over.
The following table gives the number and per cent of male heads
of households who are able to speak English. The table is based on
General Table 44.
TABLE 68. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak English, by
* general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who speak
English.
Per cent
who speak
English.
Foreign-born:
Greek
48
35
72 9
Hebrew, Russian
226
137
60.6
Italian, South .
307
187
60 9
Lithuanian.
165
93
56 4
Polish
103
51
49 5
Syrian
102
82
80 4
Total.
951
585
61 5
The Syrians show the highest per cent able to speak English; out
of a total number of 102 of this race 82, or 80.4 per cent, speak
English. The Greeks are next highest, with 72.9 per cent. The
Russian Hebrews and South Italians show about the same propor-
tion, a little over 60 per cent. The Lithuanians and Poles report the
low proportions, 56.4 per cent in the case of the former and 49.5 per
cent in the case of the latter.
491
492
The Immigration Commission.
The number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who are able to speak English, by years in the United States, are as
follows. The table is based on General Table 45.
TABLE 69. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by years in the United States and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races. By years in the United States is meant years since
first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the
United States each
specified number
of years.
Number who speak
English by vears
in the United
States.
Per cent who speak
English by years
in the United
States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Greek
48
226
307
165
103
102
19
63
64
43
26
32
14
66
83
64
49
37
15
97
160
58
28
33
9
26
16
14
5
19
13
38
50
35
23
32
13
73
121
44
23
31
(a)
41.3
25.0
32.6
19.2
59.4
(a)
57.6
60.2
54.7
46.9
86.5
%,
75.6
75.9
82.1
93.9
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South . .
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian . . .
Total
951
247
313
391
89
191
305
36.0
61.0
78.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
It will be seen that in the case of each individual race as the
length of residence in the United States increases an increase occurs
in the proportion of persons having the ability to speak English.
The Syrians show the highest proportions able to speak English in
each specified period of residence in the United States. The Poles
show the lowest percentage of English-speaking persons among races
in this country under 5 years but show the second highest proportion
among races in the United States 10 years or over.
The male heads of households who speak English are shown by
age at time of coming to the United States in the following table.
The figures are from General Table 46.
TABLE 70. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number of each speci-
fied age at time of
coming.
Number who speak
English, by age at
time of coming.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Greek
48
226
307
165
103
102
48
221
293
164
102
93
35
132
173
92
50
73
Hebrew, Russian .
5
14
1
1
9
5
14
1
9
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish..
Syrian
Total.
951
30
921
30
555
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
493
All of the 30 heads of households who were under 14 years of age
at time of coming to the United States are able to speak English,
while of the 921 who were 14 years or over at time of arrival in this
country only 60.3 per cent have that ability.
The following table shows the number and per cent of members of
households 6 years of age or over, including heads of households
already shown separately, who speak English. The table is drawn
from General Table 47.
TABLE 71. — Number and per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race
of individual.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Number who speak
English.
Per cent who speak
English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian Fre'ich
2
1
5
2
105
2
1
5
9
204
2
211
79
52
23
2
2
2
205
887
16
7
1,199
686
462
4
308
2
1
5
2
105
2
1
5
9
201
1
198
79
51
20
2
2
(0)
(a)
(a)
(a)
100.0
(0)
(a)
(a)
(a)
98.5
(a) .
93.8
100.0
98.1
87.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
66.3
60.7
(0)
(a)
50.0
50.6
36.1
(0)
70.8
Danish
German
Greek
7
90
2
103
3'3
26
11
7
96
1
103
36
26
9
(a)
97.0
(a)
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a)
Hebrew
Italian, South
108
43
26
12
2
2
95
43
25
11
2
2
88.0
100.0
96.2
(a)
(a)
(a)
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
French
German
2
174
451
7
5
749
437
273
4
155
(a)
Greek
31
436
9
2
450
' 249
189
124
318
7
*4i2"
279
118
12
220
9
1
188
68
49
130
538
16
1
600
347
167
71.3
70.5
(a)
(a)
55.0
63.8
43.2
(a)
38.7
50.5
(0)
(a)
41.8
27.3
25.9
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russiin
Syrian
153
120
98
218
77.4
64.1
Grand total
2,641
1,827
4,3C8
1,656
278
1,378
938
2,594
65.2
51.3
59.4
96.4
53.6
Total native-born of foreign
father
Total foreign-born
284
2,257
304
1,523
588
3,780
289
649
567
2,027
97.9
61.1
95.1
42.6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the total number of 4,368 persons studied in Boston who report
in regard to their ability to speak English, 59.4 per cent speak the
language. The proportion is 96.4 per cent among the natives and
53.6 per cent among the foreign-born. There is a marked difference
in this respect between the foreign-born males, of whom 61.1 per cent
speak English, and the foreign-born females, of whom 42.6 per cent
speak English.
Arranged in descending order, by race, the per cents of foreign-born
persons 6 years of age or over who are able to speak English are as
follows :
Per cent.
Syrian 70. 8
Greek 66. 3
Hebrew, Russian 60. 7
Per cent.
Lithuanian 50. 6
Italian, South 50 0
Polish . 36.1
494
The Immigration Commission.
Instances of native-born persons unable to speak the language of
the country are found among the Hebrews, South Italians, Poles, and
Syrians.
The following table shows the number and per cent of foreign-born
persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by years in the
United States. The table is derived from General Table 48.
TABLE 72. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. '
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races. By years in the United States is meant years since
first arrival in the United States.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United
States each specified
number of years.
Number who speak
English, by years in
the United States.
Per cent who speak
English, by vears in
the United States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
2
174
451
7
5
749
437
273
4
155
2
'
(a)
100.0
81.8
Greek
86
205
6
2
338
225
158
4
CG
51
103
1
3
201
130
79
37
143
38
128
6
49
73.
37
117
44.2
62.4
(a)
96.1
70.9
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
'Hebrew. Other
Italian North
(a)
(a)
Italian. South . ..
210
82
30
113
97
50
134
102
3G
105
80
32
33.4
43.1
31.6
(a)
C6.7
78.5
45.6
78.6
97.6
88.9
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian ... .
Syrian
51
38
39
46
35
59.1
90.2
92.1
Total
2,257
1,090
619
548
471
441
4C6
43.2
71.2
85.0
FEMALE.
Canadian French
2
2
2
(a)
French
2
. 1
1
1
1
(a)
(a)
Greek
31
20
7
4
3
5
4
15.0
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other
436
9
223
5
89
124
4
97
5
43
80
4
43.5
(a)
48.3
64.5
(a)
Italian North
2
1
1
1
(a)
(a)
Italian, South
Lithuanian
450
249
195
137
145
75
110
37
58
24
69
26
61
18
29.7
17.5
47.6
34.7
55.5
48.6
Polish
189
122
40
21
17
16
16
13.9
34.8
76.2
Syrian . . .
153
68
50
35
31
36
31
45.6
72.0
88.6
Total
1,523
772
414
337
236
197
216
30.6
47.6
64.1
TOTAL.
Canadian, French
2
2
2
(a)
French
2
1
1
1
1
(a)
(a)
German
2
2
(a)
Greek
205
106
58
41
41
54
41
38.7
93.1
100.0
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
887
16
428
11
192
1
267
4
225
11
116
1
197
4
52.6
60.4
(a)
73.8
(a)
Italian, North .
7
3
3
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
Italian, South
Lithuanian
1,199
686
533
362
346
205
320
119
171
121
203
128
226
98
32.1
33.4
58.7
62.4
70.6
82.4
Polish
462
280
125
57
67
52
48
23.9
41.6
84.2
Russian
4
4
(a)
Syrian
308
134
101
73
70
82
60
52.2
81.2
90.4
Total
3,780
1,862
1,033
885
707
638
682
38.0
61.8
77.1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
495
The proportion of English-speaking persons is 38 per cent among
those who have been in the United States under five years, 61.8 per
cent among those who have been here from five to nine years, and
77.1 per cent among those who have been here ten years or over.
The number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or
over who speak English is shown, by age at time of coming, in the
following table. The table is based on General Table 49.
TABLE 73. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each speci-
fied age at time of
coming.
Number who speak
English, by age at
time of coming.
Per cent who speak
English, by age at
time of coming.
Under 14
14 or over
Under 14
14 or over
Under 14
14 or over
German
2
174
451
7
5
749
437
273
4
155
2
170
335
3
5
632
410
254
4
127
(a)
70.6
CO. 6
(a)
(0)
48.6
62.2
39.4
(fl)
73.2
Greek
4
116
4
4
115
4
120
203
3
(a)
99.1
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian, South. .
117
27
19
105
24
18
307
255
100
89.7
88.9
(a)
Lithuanian. . .
Polish . . .
Russian
Syrian
28
27
93
96.4
Total
2,257
315
1,942
297
1,081
94.3
55.7
FEMALE.
Canadian, French
2
1
1
1
1
(a)
(a)
French
2
1
1
1
1
(a)
(a)
Greek
31
31
12
38 7
Hebrew, Russian
436
115
321
106
114
92 2
35 5
Hebrew. Other
Italian, North.
9
2
4
1
5
1
4
1
5
(a)
(a)
s
Italian, South
450
109
341
108
80
99 1
235
Lithuanian. .
249
30
219
22
46
73 3
21 0
Polish
189
18
171
13
36
(a)
21 1
Syrian
153
40
107
44
54
95 7
50 5
Total
1,523
325
1,198
300
349
92 3
20 1
TOTAL.
Canadian, French. .
2
1
1
1
1
(a)
!a)
French
2
1
1
1
1
(a
a)
German...
2
2
a
Greek
205
4
201
4
132
(a)
65 7
Hebrew, Russian
887
231
656
221
317
95 7
48 3
Hebrew, Other...
16
8
8
g
8
fa")
(a)
Italian, North
7
1
6
1
w
(a)
Italian, South
1,199
226
973
213
387
94 2
39 8
Lithuanian
686
57
629
46
301
80 7
47 9
Polish
462
37
425
31
136
83 8
32 0
Russian
4
4
(a)
Syrian .
308
74
234
71
147
95 9
62.8
Total
3 7SO
f;/0
3 140
597
1 ''GO
93 3
45 5
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
496
The Immigration Commission.
Among the immigrants who were under 14 years of age at the time
of their arrival in this country, 93.3 per cent are able to speak Eng-
lish, while among those who were 14 years of age or over the propor-
tion is 45.5 per cent. The difference in this respect is greater among
the females than among the males, presumably because a large
majority of women who come here after the expiration of their school
age soon marry and remain at home, while the men who work out-
side their homes continue to have opportunities of learning the
English language.
LITERACY.
The number and per cent of male heads of households who read
and .who read and write are given in the following table. The figures
are from General Table 50.
TABLE 74. — Number and per cent of male heads of households *who read and write, by
general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Per cent who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father, White
94
58
48
226
139
307
165
102
102
94
58
46
189
127
184
130
74
86
94
58
46
176
124
180
105
68
82
100.0
100.0
95.8
83.6
91.4
59.9
78.8
72.5
84.3
100.0
100.0
95.8
77.9
8G.2
58.6
63.6
(id. 7
80.4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,241
988
933
79.6
75.2
Total native-born of foreign father
58
152
1,089
58
152
836
58
152
781
100.0
100.0
76.8
100.0
100.0
71.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the total number of male heads of households, 988, or 79.6 per
cent, can read and 933, or 75.2 per cent, can read and write. The
native-born are all literate, while among the foreign-born the pro-
portion of those who are able to read and write is considerably
smaller, namely, 71.7 per cent. Of the foreign races, the Greeks
show the highest percentage of literates, 95.8 per cent being able to
read and write. Arranged in order, the percentages of the foreign-
born heads of households who are able to read and write are, by race :
Irish, 89.2 per cent; Syrian, 80.4 per cent; Russian Hebrew, 77.9
per cent; Polish, 66.7 per cent; Lithuanian, 63.6 per cent; and
South Italian, 58.6 per cent.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
497
The following table gives the number and per cent of male heads
of households who read and who read and write, by years in the United
States. The table is based on General Table 51 :
TABLE 75. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and write, by years
in the United States and race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United
States each specified
number of years.
Number who read and
write, by years in
the United States.
Per cent who read and
write, bv years in the
United States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Greek
48
226
139
307
165
102
102
19
63
4
64
43
26
32
14
66
10
83
64
48
37
15
97
125
160
58
28
33
18
48
4
33
24
16
25
14
49
8
51
35
30
29
14
79
112
96
46
22
28
(0)
76.2
(a)
51.6
55.8
61.5
78.1
(°)
74.2
(a)
61.4
54.7
62.5
78.4
(a)
81.4
89.6
60.0
79.3
78.6
84.8
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total . .
1,089
251
322 1 516
168
216
39Z
66.9
67. i
76 9
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The degree of literacy which prevails among foreign-born male
heads of households after designated periods of residence in the
United States is shown here. Of the total number of male heads of
households who read and write, 66.9 per cent have been in this
country under five years, 67.1 per cent five to nine years, 76.9 per
cent ten years or over. It would appear that as the length of
residence in the United States increases there is, in general, a similar
increase in the proportion of those who are able to read and write.
This showing may, however, be due to changes in the character
of immigration rather than to influences in this country. Of the
individual races, the Syrians report the highest degree of literacy in
the first two groups and the Irish in the third.
The number and per cent of male heads of households who are
able to read and write, by age at time of arrival in the United States,
is presented below. The table is derived from General Table 52.
TABLE 76. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who read and
write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each specified
age at time of coming.
Number who read and
write, by age at time
of coining.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Greek
48
226
139
307
165
102
102
''"$'
27
14
1
1
9
48
221
112
293
164
101
93
46
171
100
170
104
67
73
Hebrew, Russian
5
24
10
1
1
9
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Volish
Syrian
Total
1,089
57
1,032
50
731
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
498
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 57 foreign-born male heads of households who were under
14 years of age at time of arrival in the United States, 87.7 per cent
are able to read and write, while of the 1,032 who were 14 years or
over only 70.8 per cent read and write. No conclusions can be
safely drawn from these percentages, because the number who came
as children under 14 years of age are relatively inconsiderable.
The number and per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who
read and write is shown in the table which follows. In this table
male
other
tinu wntc j.s 011UW.U. in tiic LiiuLv w iiiuii lunuws. -ill Lino tauit?
heads of households, already shown separately, are included with
* members of households. The figures are from General Table 53.
TABLE 77. — Number and per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and write,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Number who read and
write.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White.
200
183
2
12
1
10
5
2
68
224
383
2
16
1
14
5
3
131
456
1
120
44
16
1
10
2
19
9
2
2
205
826
12
414
7
1,175
656
440
4
3
294
200
183
2
12
1
10
5
2
65
224
383
2
16
1
14
5
3
128
456
1
120
44
16
1
10
2
19
9
2
2
190
604
8
345
4
494
382
280
4
2
159
100.0
100.0
(a
(a
(a
(a
(a
(a)
95.6
100.0
100.0
$
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
97.7
100.0
(a)
100. 0
100.0
gl
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
92.7
73.1
(a)
83.3
(0)
42.0
58.2
63.6
(a)
(a)
54.1
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian, French ....
Canadian, Other
Danish . .
4
4
""4"
(a)
"(«)"
English
4
German
Greek
63
232
1
55
19
8
1
63
232
1
55
19
8
(a)
100.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
(a)
w
Hebrew. ..
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
65
25
8
1
6
2
18
9
2
65
25
8
1
6
2
18
9
2
100.0
100.0
(a)
(0)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
""ei.Y
66.3
(a)
77.5
(a)
34.3
32.6
51.4
Lithuanian . .
Polish
Scotch
Syrian
4
.....
4
(a)
"(«)"
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
Canadian Other
1
• English
French
"(«)"
98.3
79.7
(a)
91.0
(a)
46.6
71.8
72.0
(a)
German
2
174
423
5
178
5
738
429
261
4
2
171
337
5
162
3
344
308
188
4
Greek
31
403
7
236
2
437
227
179
19
267
3
183
1
150
74
92
.....
44
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South. . .
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Scotch
3
144
(a)
30.6
Syrian
150
115
76.7
Grand total
2,961
2,312
5,273
2, 231
391
591
1,640
1,475
426
609
866
3,706
817
1,200
2,506
75.3
63.8
99.3
99.5
50.9
70.3
99.6
99.8
61.6
Total native-born of foreign
father
391
591
2,370
429
612
1,700
820
1,203
4,070
100.0
100.0
69.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 5,273 persons 10 years of age or over included in the table,
3,706, or 70.3 per cent, are able to read and write. The natives
are practically all literate, while among the foreign-born the percent-
age of those who are able to read and write is 61.6. Among the
foreign-born males 69.2 per cent, and among the foreign-born females
50.9 per cent, are able to read and write.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
499
Per cent.
Lithuanian 58. 2
Syrian 54. 1
South Italian . . . 42. 0
Arranged in descending order by race, the percentages of the for-
eign-born who are able to read and write are as follows:
Per cent.
Greek 92.7
Irish m 83.3
Hebrew, Russian 73. 1
Polish 63.6
In every case the percentage of literacy is higher among the males
than among the females. The difference is great among the Syrians,
the Lithuanians, the Greeks, and the Poles.
The following table shows the number of foreign-born persons 10
years of age or over who read and write, by length of residence in the
United States. The table is drawn from General Table 54:
TABLE 78. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read
and write, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United
States each specified
number of years.
Number who read and
write, by years in
the United States.
Per cent who read and
write, by years in
the United States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Canadian (other than
1
2
174
423
5
178
5
738
429
261
4
150
1
1
8
94.6
84.6
"~92.~i
German
2
37
143
2
35
121
"~'i39~
Greek
86
179
4
15
2
328
223
149
4
64
51
101
1
12
3
195
124
76
86
137
4
12
2
126
162
102
4
50
79
1
11
1
106
83
59
100. 0
76.5
(a)
(°)
(a)
98.0
78.2
(a\
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
151
Italian North
Ital'an, South
•215
82
36
112
63
27
38.4
72.6
68.5
(a)
54.4
66.9
77.6
52.1
76.8
75.0
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian .
Syrian
48
38
47
37
31
73.4
77.1
81.6
Total
2,370 1 1,054
611
705
682
427
531
64.7
69.9
75.3
FEMALE.
Canadian, French..
2
2
2
(a)
Canadian, Other
English
18
9
3
1
1
1
14
7
3
1
1
1
14
7
( )
8
a)
a)
French
2
1
1
1
1
/ \
a)
Greek
31
20
7
4
10
5
4
50.0
(a)
a)
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other ,
403
7
196
3
83
124
4
134
2
53
80
1
68.4
( )
63.9
64.5
(a)
Irish ..
236
12
10
214
11
7
165
( )
(a)
77 1
Italian North
2
1
1
1
! <
(a)
Italian, South
437
187
140
110
52
53
45
278
37 9
40 9
Lithuanian
227
123
67
37
43
18
13
35 0
26 9
35 1
Polish
179
117
42
20
60
19
13
51 3
45 2
65 0
Scotch
3
3
2
(a)
Syrian
144
60
49
35
19
15
10
31.7
30 6
28.6
Total
1.700
724
402
574
336
174
356
46.4
43.3
62.0
; Not computed, owing to small number involved.
500
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 78. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read
and write, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race of Individ nal.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number In the United
States each specified
number of years.
Number who read and
write, by years in
the United States.
Per cent who read and
write, by years in
the United States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
- Under
5.
5 to 9
10 or
over.
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
English
2
19
9
2
2
205
826
12
414
7
1, 175
656
440
4
3
294
2
1
1
2
1
1
(a)
3
1
1
15
7
1
2
41
267
4
365
1
325
119
56
3
1
1
15
. 7
1
2
39
201
1
304
1
157
76
40
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
95.1
75.3
(a)
83.3
(a)
48.3
63.9
71.4
French .. ...
German
Greek .
106
375
7
27
3
515
346
266
4
58
184
1
22
3
335
191
118
96
271
6
23
2
178
205
162
4
55
132
1
18
1
159
101
78
90.6
72.3
(a)
85.2
(«)
34.6
59.2
60.9
(a)
94.8
71.7
(a)
81.8
(a)
47.5
52.9
66.1
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Scotch
3
73
2
41
(a)
56.2
Syrian
124
97
66
52
53.2
53.6
Total . .
4,070
£778
1,013
1,279
1,018
601
887 57.3
59.3
69.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
As a rule the proportion of persons who are able to read and write
is greater among those who have been in the United States ten years
or over than among those who have been in this country for either
of the shorter periods. The Irish, however, are an exception, a slightly
smaller percentage of literates appearing in the group of persons who
have been in this country ten years or over than in either of the
other groups. This suggests that variations may be quite as much
due to differences in the character of immigration as to conditions in
this country.
In the following table the figures presented show the literacy of
foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by age at time of arrival
in the United States. The table is derived from General Table 55:
TABLE 79. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who
read and write, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of indi-
vidual.
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each speci-
fied age at com-
ing.
Number who read
and write, by
age at time of
coming.
Per cent who read
and write, by age
at time of coming.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Canadian (other than French) . .
German . . .
1
2
174
423
5
178
5
738
429
261
4
1.50
1
2
170
335
3
138
5
632
416
254
4
127
1
2
167
253
3
124
3
256
295
183
4
95
(a)
(a)
98.2
75.5
(a)
89.9
(°)
40.5
70.9
72.0
(°>74.8
Greek
4
88
2
40
4
84
2
38
(a)
95.5
(a)
95.0
""83.'6"
(0)
M
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North .
Italian South
106
13
7
88
13
5
Lithuanian. . .
Polish
Russian
Syrian..
23
20
87.0
Total
2,370
283
2,087
254
1,386
89.8
66.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
501
ABLE 79. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who
read and write, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of indi-
vidual— Continued .
FEMALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each speci-
fied age at com-
ing.
Number who read
and write, by
age at time of
coming.
Percent who read
and write, by age
at time of coining.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
2
18
9
2
31
403
7
236
2
437
227
179
3
144
1
5
3
1
1
13
6
1
31
321
5
188
1
341
219
172
2
107
1
5
3
1
1
13
6
1
19
191
1
142
1
61
66
87
1
24
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
"~92." 7"
(a)
85.4
(a)
92.7
(a)
(a)
(«)
54.1
a)
°)
a)
a)
61.3
59.5
(a)
75.5
(a)
17.9
30.1
50.6
(<*)
22.4
English
French
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
82
2
48
1
96
8
7
1
37
76
2
41
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
89
8
5
1
20
Lithuanian . .
Polish.. .
Scotch
Syrian
Total
1,700
292
1,408
252
614
86.3
43.6
TOTAL.
Canadian, French
2
1
1
1
1
(a)
o)
Canadian, Other
19
5
14
5
14
(a)
°)
English
9
3
6
3
6
(a)
a)
French
2
1
1
1
1
(a)
a)
German
2
2
2
aj
Greek
205
4
201
4
186
(a)
92 5
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
826
12
170
4
656
8
160
4
444
4
94.1
(a)
67.7
(a)
Irish
414
8*
326
79
266
89.8
81.6
Italian, North
7
1
6
4
(o)
fa)
Italian, South
Lithuanian.
1, 175
656
202
21
973
635
177
21
317
361
87.6
100 0
( 32.6
56 9
Polish
440
14
426
10
270
(a)
63 4
Russian
4
4
4
(a)
Scotch
3
1
2
1
1
(a)
(a)
Syrian
294
60
234
40
119
66 7
509
Total
4 070
575
3 495
506
2 000
88 0
57 2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The age of the immigrant at the time of his arrival in this country
is a very important factor in determining his literacy. Thus, of the
immigrants who were under 14 years of age at the time of their
arrival, 88 per cent are able to read and write, while of those who are
14 years of age or over only 57.2 per cent are able to read and write.
There is a marked difference between the two groups of immigrants
in all the races, but the Lithuanians, the South Italians, and the
Russian Hebrews show especially great differences in this respect.
The figures indicate that literacy among immigrants depends to
a great extent on European conditions, and that the length of resi-
dence in the United States and especially the age at the time of the
arrival of the immigrant in this country are factors in determining
the proportion of literates among the foreign-born.
502
The Immigration Commission.
CITIZENSHIP.
In this series of tables are included only males who have been in
the United States at least five years, who at time of coming were 21
years of age or over and who, therefore, were not eligible to citizen-
ship except by taking steps toward naturalization on their own ac-
count. The two tables immediately following include only male
heads of households. The first includes all who have been in the
United States five years or over. The table is derived from General
Table 56.
TABLE 80. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who
have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at
time of coming, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Greek
22
115
44
168
89
45
36
1
29
39
35
6
2
4
4
37
3
26
14
1
10
4.5
25.2
68.2
20.8
6.7
4.4
11.1
18.2
32.2
6.8
15.5
15.7
2.2
27.8
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
519
107
95
20.6
18.3
Of the 519 male heads of households who have been in the United
States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at
time of coming, 107, or 20.6 per cent, are fully naturalized and 95, or
18.3 per cent, have only their first papers. The highest proportion
of citizens is found among the Irish. The Russian Hebrews and South
Italians show much lower percentages, and stih1 lower are the propor-
tions shown by the Poles, Greeks, Lithuanians, and Syrians.
The political condition of foreign-born male heads of households
who have been in the United States five to nine years is presented in
the table next submitted, drawn from General Table 56.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
503
TABLE 81. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who have
been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over at time of com-
ing ^ by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Greek
11
55
7
62
55
29
25
1
26
2
12
10
W,c
W.o
1.8
.0
8.0
W47.3
W,H
18.2
.0
32.0
Hebrew. Russian
2
1
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
1
Polish
Syrian
2
8
Total
244
6
59
2.5
24.2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above arrangement minimizes the influence of the length of
residence and makes it possible to compare the different races in a
fairer way ; but the numbers involved are so small that it is impossible
to draw any conclusion from the table.
In the following table the data relating to naturalization are given
for all males 21 years of age or older at the time of their arrival in the
United States who have been in this country five years or more. The
heads of households, who have been shown separately, are included
here with other members of the households studied. The table is
derived from General Table 57.
TABLE 82. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United
States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
German
1
48
134
53
232
133
64
38
1
1
32
37
40
11
4
4
WH
23.9
69.8
17.2
, 8.3
6.3
10.5
(«)
8.3
30.6
7.5
12.9
12.0
3.1
28.9
Greek
4
41
4
30
16
2
11
Hebrew. Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian . . .
Polish...
Syrian
Total..
703
130
108
18.5
15.4
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
504
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 703 immigrants who have been in the United States five
years or more and who were 21 years of age at the time of coming,
18.5 per cent are citizens and 15.4 per cent have declared their inten-
tion of becoming naturalized.
Arranged in descending order, by race, the percentages of citizens
are as follows :
Per cent.
Lithuanian 8. 3
Polish 6. 3
Greek . 2.1
Per cent.
Irish 69. 8
Hebrew, Russian 23. 9
Italian, South 17. 2
Syrian 10. 5
The highest proportion of persons who have taken out their first
papers is found among the Russian Hebrews. The Syrians rank
second in this respect. None of the 29 Poles has taken the initial
step toward citizenship.
A comparison with regard to citizenship of males who have been in
the United States from five to nine years is made in the following
table. The table is drawn from General Table 57.
TABLE 83. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United
States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Greek
25
65
8
102
86
42
26
0.0
6.2
W.o
3.5
.0
7.7
0.0
41.5
(a)
13.7
14.0
.0
34.6
Hebrew, Russian . . .
4
1
27
3
14
12
Irish...
Italian South
Lithuanian . .
3
Polish
Syrian
2
9
Total
354
10
65
2.8
18.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 354 immigrant heads of households included in this table 2.8
per cent report citizenship, while 18.4 per cent have declared their
intention of becoming naturalized. The Syrians show the highest
percentage of citizens and the Russian Hebrews the largest propor-
tion with only their first papers.
RESIDENCE IN THE APARTMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND CITY.
The stability of the population studied is indicated by the following
table which shows the per cent of households which have spent their
whole period of family life in the United States in the apartment, the
neighborhood, and the city of their present residence. Group house-
holds, not being permanent in their nature, are omitted from the tab-
ulation. General Table 43 forms the basis of the table.
Immigrants in Cities: Boston.
505
TABLE 84. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States and
by general nativity and race of head of household.
[" Length of time established in the United States" is for families formed in the United States, the number
of years since marriage, and for families formed abroad, the number of years the family has resided in the
United States.]
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in—
Per cent which have spent
whole time in —
Apart-
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Native-born of native father,
White.. ' . . ...
24
9
17
112
16
145
95
65
57
5
2
10
37
4
41
24
15
24
16
8
17
56
7
122
52
44
34
22
9
17
16
133
91
54
52
20.8
(«)
(a)
33.0
(&3
25.3
23.1
42.1
66.7
(«)
(0)
50.0
(a)
84.1
54.7
67.7
59.6
91.7
C«)
(•)
87.5
(°)
91.7
95.8
83.1
91.2
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew. Russian.
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
540
9
33
507
162
356
492
30.0
65.9
91.1
Total native-born of foreign
father
2
7
155
8
24
332
9
31
461
(a)
21.2
30.6
(a)
72.7
65.5
(a)
93.9
90.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Native-born of native father,
White
16
2
3
10
(a)
(a)
(a)
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
g
3
5
7
(a)
(a)
(a)
Foreign-born:
Greek
6
5
6
fa)
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
52
4
19
44
7.7
36.5
84.6
Irish
21
6
12
18
28 6
57 1
85 8
Italian, South
93
8
64
79
8.6
68.8
84.9
Lithuanian . . .
51
5
18
40
9.8
35 3
78 4
Polish
25
g
9
o
24 0
36 0
Syrian.. . .
24
2
12
.0
8 3
50 0
Grand total
296
28
139
225
9.5
47.0
76.0
Total native-born of foreign
father
8
3
5
7
(o)
(a)
(a)
Total native-born
24
5
13
17
20 8
542
70 8
Total foreign-born
272
23
126
208
8.5
46.3
76.5
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Native-born of native father,
White
71
24
42
0 0
33 8
59 2
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
50
3
17
41
6 0
34 0
82 0
Foreign born:
Greek
4
3
3
(a)
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
81
G
18
59
74
22 2
72 8
Irish
147
10
31
122
6 8
21 1
83 0
Italian, South... .
77
4.
42
54
5 2
54 5
70 1
Lithuanian
23
6
13
o
26 1
56 5
Polish
14
3
6
(o)
(a)
(a)
Syrian...
18
1
10
(a)
(a)
a)
Grand total
485
23
145
350
4 7
29 9
72 2
Total native-born of foreign
father
50
3
17
41
6 0
34 0
82 0
Total native-born .
121
3
41
83
2 5
33 9
68 6
Total foreign-born
364
20
104
267
5 5
28 6
73 4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
25008°— VOL 26—11 33
506
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 84. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartme.nt, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States and
by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in—
Per cent which have spent
whole time in—
Apart-
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Native-born of native father.
White
Ill
67
27
245
•184
315
169
104
99
7
8
10
47
20
53
29
15
24
48
30
25
93
50
228
76
53
37
74
57
26
201
156
266
144
69
74
6.3
11.9
37.0
19.2
10.9
16.8
17.2
14.4
24.2
43.2
44.8
92.6
38.0
27.2
72.4
45.0
51.0
37.4
66.7
85.1
96.3
82.0
84.8
84.4
85.2
66.3
74.7
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father Irish
Foreign-born:
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian..
Grand total
1,321
213
640
1,067
16.1
48.4
80.8
Total native-born of foreign
father..
67
178
1,143
8
15
198
30
78
562
57
131
936
11.9
8.4
17.3
44.8
43.8
49.2
85.1
73.6
81.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 1,321 households included in this table, 80.8 per cent have
never resided in the United States outside of Boston. The propor-
tion is higher among the foreign households than among the native,
the proportion among the former being 81.9 per cent and among the
latter 73.6 per cent. The proportion decreases from 91.1 per cent
among households that have been established in this country under
five years to 76 per cent among those that have been established
from five to nine years, and to 72.2 per cent among those that have
been established for ten years or more. High proportions of house-
holds that have never lived in the United States outside of Boston
are found among the Greeks, the Lithuanians, the Irish, the South
Italians, and the Russian Hebrews, while the proportions are consid-
erably lower among the Syrians and the Poles. The Syrians often
travel with their merchandise and the Poles frequently engage in con-
struction work that takes them outside of Boston.
Somewhat less than half of the households studied in Boston
have lived in the neighborhood of their present residence since the
time of marriage or of establishment in the United States. The pro-
portion is 49.2 per cent among the foreign and 43.8 per cent among
the native households. The proportion of households that have
always lived in the one neighborhood is 65.9 percent among those that
have been established in the United States less than five years, 47
Eer cent among those that have been established in the United States
rom five to nine years, and 29.9 per cent among those that have been
established in the United States for ten years or more. Of the South
Italian households 72.4 per cent have lived in the neighborhood where
they now reside ever since their establishment in the United States,
Immigrants in Cities: Boston. 507
of the Polish 51 per cent, of the Lithuanian 45 per cent, of the Russian
Hebrew 38 per cent, of the Syrian 37.4 per cent, and of the Irish
27.2 per cent.
The proportion of households studied in Boston that have lived
in the apartments which they now occupy since their establishment
in the United States is 16.1 per cent, 17.3 per cent among the foreign,
and 8.4 per cent among the native households. The proportion is 30
per cent among households established in this country for less than
five years, 9.5 per cent among those established from five to nine
years, and 4.7 per cent among those established ten years or more.
The proportion of households that have resided in the apartments
where they now live since their establishment in the United States
is 24.2 per cent among the Syrians, among the Russian Hebrews 19.2
per cent, among the Lithuanians 17.2 per cent, among the South Ital-
ians 16.8 per cent, among the Poles 14.4 per cent, and among the Irish
10.9 per cent.
The character of the population of the foreign districts of Boston
changes rather rapidly; the topography of the city makes it com-
paratively easy for the immigrants to move from crowded sections
where they are obliged to pay high rents for poor accommodations
to outlying districts where rents are lower and air space is not at so
high a premium. The fact that most of the foreign colonies have
changed their location since they first came to Boston would seem to
be an indication that the foreign element in that city is likely to
become absorbed in the general life of the community in a com-
paratively short period of time.
PART VI.-CLEVELAND.
509
510
The Immigration Commission.
SHOWING GENERAL LOCATION OF
EACH BLOCK OR DISTRICT STUDIED
AND PREDOMINANT RACE
PART VL— CLEVELAND,
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
The housing problem with which the city of Cleveland has to deal
is not the problem of the high tenement house of faulty original
structure. Such tenement houses are few and under the present
law their number can not be increased. The problem confronting
Cleveland is the result of a large* increase in the immigrant population
without a corresponding expansion in the territory occupied by
workingmen's homes.
In the districts selected by the Commission for this investigation,
one-story or two-story frame houses surrounded by small yards on
three sides, in many instances with small front yards also, are typical.
Formerly a household to a house was the prevailing condition. At
the present time, however, many of these small dwellings accommo-
date two or more households. In districts where the demand for
apartments is greatest, not only has existing house space been
adapted for the occupancy of additional households, but ground
space also has been encroached upon, until, in some instances, the
lot is practically covered. That this is not a prevailing condition
throughout the districts studied is indicated by the fact that the
average number of households per lot, all districts considered, is
only 2.28. Wherever this crowding of lots is found, however, it is
an unfortunate development. Additions built under the pressure of
immediate needs are likely to be of cheap construction and ill adapted
to the accommodation of an increasing population.
Under the old condition of one household per lot, the lack of
sanitary equipment which characterized most of these districts was
not an intolerable situation. Under the present conditions dry
toilets and surface drainage are very real dangers. In every one of
the districts canvassed some cases of dry toilets were found and in
some of the districts flush toilets were exceptional. Many streets were
found to be without sewjers, and on such streets flush toilets were
unattainable. There were also many streets in the districts where
there was no paving of any kind. In this city of high breezes the
dust from such streets in summer is the cause of great annoyance.
Although, as a rule, the Cleveland households have dwellings fairly
well supplied with light and air, in many cases they can not be said, on
the whole, to be well housed. To unfavorable housing conditions they
add, in many cases, the evils of overcrowding within the apartment.
It will be found that they have a slightly higher average number of
persons per room than have the New York households. Cleveland
households, however, pay a lower average rent per room than do the
households in any other of the cities included in this study.
511
CHAPTER II.
TERRITORY.
The territory canvassed in Cleveland is given below:
(1) Commercial road district. — Commercial road, Minkon to Berg, east side; Minkon
street, Commercial road to East Ninth street, north side; East Ninth street, Minkon
to Berg, west side; Berg street, Commercial road to East Ninth street, south side;
Jerome court, East Seventh to East Ninth, both sides.
(2) Douse avenue district. — Douse street, Steepleton court to Broadway, both sides;
Dille street, Broadway to the end of the street, both sides.
(3) Franklin avenue district. — Franklin avenue, Russian street to Columbus road,
both sides; West Twenty-second place, Russian street to Franklin avenue, both
sides; Riverbed avenue, Russian street to Columbus road; Columbus road, Riverbed
avenue to Loraine avenue, both sides.
(4) Literary road district. — Literary road, West Fifth to West Sixth street, south
side; West Sixth street, Railroad avenue to Literary road, both sides.
(5) Mayfield road district. — East One hundred and twenty-third street, Mayfield
road to the end of the street, west side; East One hundred and twenty-sixth street,
Mayfield road to the end of the street, west side.
(6) Ontario street district. — The two Nswcomb blocks and a few surrounding houses.
(7) Washington street district. — Washington street, West Twenty-fifth street to the
railroad, north side; Winslow street, Washington to Mulberry street, northwest side;
Mulberry street, Spruce to Main street, both sides, and Main to Washington street,
northwest side; Main street, Mulberry to West Twenty-fifth, both sides; Spruce street,
Mulberry to West Twenty-fifth, southeast side.
(8) East Twenty-sixth street district. — East Twenty-fifth street, Woodland avenue to
Pittsburg avenue, both sides; East Twenty-seventh street, Woodland avenue to
Pittsburg avenue, east side.
(9) East Thirty-ninth street district.— East Thirty-ninth street, St. Clair to Superior
street, both sides.
(10) East Fifty-fourth street district. — East Fifty-fourth street;, Marquette street to
the railroad.
The following tables which show the racial composition of the
blocks are derived from General Table 156.
The population of the Commercial road district is given, by race,
in the table below.
TABLE 1. — Number of households studied in the Commercial road district, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Foreign-born— Continued .
Polish
33
English...
1
Russian
g
Irish .
2
Ruthenian
2
Foreign-born :
Slovak
117
Bohemian and Moravian .
3
Slovenian
4
Croatian
3
German. . .
1
Grand total
179
Hebrew
1
Irish
1
Total native-born of foreign father
3
Italian, North
1
Total native-born
3
Magyar
2
176
513
514
The Immigration Commission.
One hundred and seventeen, or 65.4 per cent of all households are
Slovak; 33 Polish households and 29 households of other races con-
stitute the remaining 34.6 per cent.
This district is very near the business center of the city, in what is
generally known as the "Haymarket district," a locality with a bad
reputation of long standing. The houses in this district were originally
one, one and a half, and two story frame buildings intended for one
family, but they have been divided and subdivided, additions have
been built, basements and attics converted into apartments, and stories
built on, till the houses look very little like the original structures.
A peculiarity of the houses on Commercial road is the fact that,
although they are flush with the street, they have no street entrance,
the approach being in all cases by way of an alley at the rear. One
modern 3-story brick apartment house has recently been erected
in the district, and one is in process of construction. Houses in all
states of repair are to be found; most of the houses, however, are in
only fair condition. There are many rear houses and a number of
second rear houses. As a rule there is very little yard space and in
some instances none. The average number of households per lot
used for dwellings in this district is 3.19.
The Douse avenue district is predominantly Bohemian. Its racial
composition is given in detail in the table below:
TABLE 2. — Number of households studied in the Douse avenue district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Numbei
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
4
Foreign-born— Continued .
German
14
father
Irish
1
Bohemian and Moravian
18
Slovak
1
English
1
G ennan ...
5
Grand total
95
Polish
1
Foreign-born:
Total native-born of foreign father
25
Bohemian and Moravian
49
Total native-born .
29
English
1
Total foreign-born
66
Sixty-seven, or 70.5 per cent, of the households in this district are
immigrant Bohemian and Bohemian of the second generation. The
other' households of the district are in all but a few cases first and
second generation German.
The blocks in this district are distinctly residence blocks. The
dwellings are ons or two story frame houses, surrounded by well-kept
yards and accommodating one or two households. The lots are large,
and the few rear houses are, without exception, situated at the oppo-
site side of the lot from the front houses, so that they command a view
of the street. The average number of households per lot in this district
is 1.38. The houses as a rule are in good repair. Rooms, though
few, are large and well lighted and ventilated. The equipment of the
houses, however, is in many cases not good. Many of the households
are dependent upon yard hydrants for water supply, and many, par-
ticularly on Dille street, still have dry toilets.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
515
The racial composition of the Franklin avenue district is shown in
the following table:
TABLE 3. — Number of households studied in the Franklin avenue district, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father:
White
8
Foreign-born— Continued.
German
15
Negro
5
Hebrew...
2
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
Irish
10
father
Lithuanian
4
Dutch
1
Magvar
99
English
1
Polish
10
German
5
Ruthenian
5
Irish
8
Slovak
43
Ruthenian
1
Slovenian
2
Slovak
1
Welsh
2
Grand total. . .
227
Bohemian and Moravian
1
Total native-born of foreign father
19
Croatian
3
Total native-born
32
English
1
Total foreign-born
195
The Magyars, the predominant race in this district, constitute
43.6 per cent of all households. Second in importance numerically
are the Slovaks with 18.9 per cent of the whole number of households.
There is great racial variety among the other households of the district.
The streets studied are located on the slopes of a hill. Franklin
avenue extends along the hill parallel to the river, Biverbed avenue
is at the foot of the hill parallel to Franklin, Twenty-second place,
which is also parallel to the river, is between them, and Columbus
road cuts through at right angles to the others. Franklin avenue,
the principal street of the district, is paved with cobblestones and
has sidewalks. Twenty-second place has no pavement and no side-
walk. Kiverbed avenue consists of a row of houses facing the rail-
road tracks. The street is paved. Columbus road is paved and has
sidewalks, and is the only street in the district that is not dependent
on surface drainage.
Partly owing to peculiarity of location a great variety of buildings
is to be found. The houses are in many instances built close to the
hill, and what is the first story on Franklin avenue is the second, third,
or fourth story on Twenty-second place. Some of the houses open
in the rear on the roofs of the next row of houses. Outside stair-
ways, in very bad condition, are characteristic of these hillside
houses; many have no inside stairways at all. Other dwellings,
with better situation, are two-story frame houses, accommodating
from one to four households. Besides these there are four or five
brick tenements of varied size. The better houses are occupied as a
rule by Magyars, the poorer by Slovaks and Irish. Few buildings
in the district are in good repair. The houses as a rule are situated
flush with the street, with little yard space at the side or rear. There
are still, however, a few vacant lots. The average number of house-
holds per lot used for dwelling purposes is 2.04.
516
The Immigration Commission.
The households of the Literary road district are enumerated by
race in the following table:
TABLE 4. — Number of households studied in the Literary road district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
3
Foreign-born — Continued .
Magyar
3
father*
Polish
80
Bohemian and Moravian
1
Ruthenian
25
Canadian
2
Slovak..
74
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
2
Grand total . . .
197
Croatian
1
German
4
Total native-born of foreign father...
3
Hebrew
1
Total native-born . . .
6
Lithuanian
1
Total foreign-born
191
The households of this district are in 40.6 per cent of all cases
Polish and in 37.6 per cent Slovak. The majority of households of
other races are Ruthenian.
The two streets in the district, Literary road and Sixth street, run
at right angles to each other, and both end at the edge of a bluff
overlooking the blast furnaces, factories, and railroad tracks in the
valley of the Cuyahoga River. Literary road is more a business
street than Sixth, but there are saloons and stores on both streets.
The dwellings are frame houses, usually two stories high, built
with only a narrow walk between them. In general, they accommo-
date from two to four households, but larger houses are also common.
One tenement in the district accommodates 12 and another 14 house-
holds. There are few rear houses and there are usually back yards.
The average number of households per lot used for dwelling pur-
poses is 3.61. There are more houses in bad than in good repair,
but the condition of the majority is fair, and although some of the
tenants are poor, the general appearance of the neighborhood is
fairly prosperous.
The two Italian districts studied are situated in very different parts
of the city. The Mayfield road district is farther from the business
center of the city than any other district included in this study.
The racial composition of this district follows:
TABLE 5. — Number of households studied in the Mayfield road district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativitv and race of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Italian, South.
Foreign-born:
Italian, North
Italian, South
Grand total
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland. 517
The district is almost solidly South Italian and forms a colony liv-
ing practically under village conditions in the outskirts of the city.
The houses on One hundred and twenty-sixth street are generally
two or three stories high, with two rooms on each floor. Some larger
houses are also found on the street; such houses are generally built
and subdivided in an irregular fashion to suit the convenience of the
owners. There are fairly spacious yards around the houses and
flower gardens are not rare. * The back yards contain outhouses and
sheds and in many cases grapevine arbors, under which much of the
domestic work is carried on. The houses on One hundred and twenty-
third street are built more closely together and are less uniform in ap-
pearance. There are several rear houses on this street. The owners are,
for the most part, Italians who build their houses a section at a time,
adding more rooms as their families increase, or as they have more
money to invest. The toilets are in the yard, and are not flush, but
are kept in good repair. The water is piped inside of the houses.
The other Italian district is the Ontario street district, situated in
close proximity to the business center of the city. The racial com-
position of the block is given in the following table:
TABLE 6. — Number of households studied in ih? Ontario street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and raco of head of household.
Number of
households.
Foreign-born:
Italian, South.
Lithuanian.
Polish.
Syrian .
Total.
53
There are 47 South Italian families in the district and 6 families of
other races.
The Newcomb block is a large brick tenement house in fairly good
repair. It is six stories high and entirely covers several lots. The
ground floor is rented for business purposes. On each of the other
five floors there are four apartments of five rooms each. Only two of
the five rooms have windows, the others being lighted and ventilated
only through the doors connecting them with the front and rear
rooms. An older building similar to the one just described, but only
three stories high, forms part of the district. The repair of this build-
ing is also fairly good, but it is as badly planned as the larger building.
Each house has flush toilets and water inside the apartments, and each
has outside wooden balconies and stairways. Both houses belong to
the same owner, who planned and erected them. At the time this
study was made many apartments in the newer house were vacant. - .
A small group of frame houses, one and two stories high, has been
studied in this neighborhood. These houses, which accommodate
from one to three households, are poorly built and old, and in a num-
ber of cases untenanted. The water supply is from hydrants in the
yards, whera also are the toilet accommodations, four flush toilets
for all the families occupying twelve houses.
518
The Immigration Commission.
The racial composition of the Washington street district follows :
TABLE 7. — Number of households studied in the Washington street district, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
9
Foreign born— Continued.
Irish
100
father*
Lithuanian
3,
Canadian . .
3
Magyar . .
30
English
2
Polish
5
French . .
1
Scotch
6
German
3
Slovak
3;
Irish
20
Welsh
1
1
Grand total
209
Canadian, French
2
Canadian Other
1
Total native-born of foreign father
30
Dutch
1
Total native-born
39
English
2
Total foreign-born
170
German
16
Of the 209 households studied, 120, or 57.4 per cent, are either
immigrant Irish or second-generation Irish. The remaining popula-
tion of the district is made up of many races, the Magyars being rep-
resented by the largest number of households. The Irish are old
residents that have not been successful enough to follow their neigh-
bors in their migration to more desirable sections of the city.
This district, familiarly known as the " Triangle," is located largely
under the viaduct, which stretches from hill to hill and connects the
two parts of Cleveland. The erection of the viaduct more than thirty
years ago diverted the traffic from this district, which has gradually
lost its character as a fairly prosperous section and become poor and
neglected. Property is very cheap in the Triangle, and the houses
are allowed to decay with rew efforts at repair being made. Only
one of the streets is paved, the others being covered with deep dust
or mud, depending on the weather. The streets in most cases have
surface drainage. The houses are one and two story frame buildings,
accommodating one, two or more rarely, three or four, households.
They are situated, as a rule, directly on the street and only 3 or 4 feet
apart. There are small yards in the rear, and seldom any rear
dwellings. The average number of households per lot is 1 .60. Except
on Main street, dry toilets are almost universal among the house-
holds canvassed, and water supply from yard hydrants is the rule.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
519
The Hebrew district of Cleveland is located near East Twenty-sixth
street. The racial composition is as follows:
TABLE 8. — 'Number of households studied in the East Twenty-sixth street district, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Gereral nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father:
White
5
! Foreign-born— Continued.
Hebrew
145
Negro
10
Irish
£
Italian, South
1
father:
Lithuanian
2
Bohemian and Moravian
1
Magyar
1
English .
1
Polish
3
German
7
Slovak..
8
Irish . . .
4
Welsh
L
Bohemian and Moravian
1
Grand total
205.
Croatian
1
English
2
Total native-born of foreign father
13
French
1
Total native-born
28
German
8
Total foreign-born
177
The population of this district is 70.7 per cent Hebrew. House-
holds of 6 races of native birth and of 12 other immigrant races con-
stitute the rest of the population. The houses in this district were
originally built as one-family houses by the Germans, but the Hebrews
have converted them into three and four family houses. They are
one and two story- frame dwellings situated directly on the street or
behind small yards of varying depths. There are back yards con-
nected with most of the houses, but they are not kept in good condi-
tion. Rear houses are commonly used as rag shops. Ihe average
number of households per lot used for dwelling purposes is 2.43. The
general character of the neighborhood is poor; the houses are often
in bad repair and neglected. All toilets are in the yard and many
are dry. Many toilets, both flush and dry, are in bad repair. Tii
the great majority of cases the water supply is in the kitchen.
The East Thirty-ninth street district is one of the two Slovenian
colonies studied in Cleveland. The racial composition of this district
is given below:
TABLE 9. — Number of households studied in the East Thirty-ninth street district, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
2
Foreign-born — Continued.
Magyar
2
father:
Slovenian .
76
English .
1
German. . .
2
Grand total
105
Irish.. .
1
Foreign-born:
Total native-born of native father
4
Croatian
6
Total native-born
g
German
13
Total foreign-born
99
Irish
2
520 The Immigration Commission.
Seventy-six, or 72.4 per cent, of the households of the district are
Slovenian. Of the remaining 29 households 15 are either immigrant
German or have heads who are native-born of German father. These
Germans are the remnant of the original German population of this
part of the city.
The houses are mostly large 2-story frame dwellings, originally
built for one family, but now in many cases adapted to the use of two
or more households. The houses in which the owners live are kept
in fairly good repair; the other houses are in many cases neglected
and some are in very bad condition. There are a few rear dwellings
on the block, and one or two second and third rear buildings; in
fact, some lots are entirely covered by buildings. Many of the houses,
however, have ample yard space, especially at the rear. The average
number of households per lot used for dwelling purposes is 2.25. Yard
toilets are the rule, a large proportion being dry toilets. Only a few
households are dependent for water supply upon yard hydrants.
The racial composition of the East Fifty-fourth street district is
given below:
TABLE 10. — Number of households studied in the East Fifty-fourth street district, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number of
households.
Foreign-born:
Croatian
2
Slovak . .
1
Slovenian
31
Total
37
Thirty-seven households were studied in this district, of which 34
are Slovenian, 2 Croatian, and 1 Slovak.
This block is quite distinct from the rest of the neighborhood. On
one side of the street are little one-story houses and on the other side
is a large factory, while at the foot of the street is a railroad. The
unpaved street adds to the dust and dirt from the railroad and factory.
The houses are plain and poorly built. None is in really good repair,
and about half are in distinctly bad condition. They are surrounded
by large yards; almost every household has its vegetable garden.
With the exception of one large tenement of seven apartments, no
house accommodates more than two households. The average num-
ber of households per lot occupied is 1.71. The water supply is
within the house in about half of all cases; toilets, however, are
all dry.
CHAPTER III.
COMPOSITION OF POPULATION STUDIED.
NATIVITY AND RACE.
From this point the study of Cleveland households is a presentation
of several groups of related facts by race. Since races and blocks
or districts are not coextensive the total of the households of each
race, regardless of distribution by blocks or districts, is taken as the
basis of the study of the race. The table which follows shows (1) the
extent of the canvass, (2) the extent of the detailed study, and (3) the
proportion which the households of each race form of the total
number of households studied in detail. The table is based on
General Tables 156 and 157.
TABLE 11. — Number of households studied in blocks investigated and households included
in detailed study, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households
studied in
blocks in-
vestigated.
Households included in
detailed study.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Native-born of native father:
White
31
16
20
g
1
7
1
22
35
1
1
1
1
1
2
56
o
1
16
1
6
1
71
115
34
117
2
143
14
137
132
8
32
6
247
116
1
2
31
2.6
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mora vian
20
1.7
Canadian
Dutch
Enelish
French . . . ...
German
Irish
35
3.0
Italian, South . . ...
Polish
Ruthenian
Sco'ch
Slovak
Welsh
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
56
4.7
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other ..
Croatian
Dutch
English
French . .
German
Hebrew, Russian
115
34
117
9.7
2.9
9.9
Hebrew, Oth^r.
Irish
Italian, North...
Italian, South
143
12.1
Lithuanian... . ...
Magyar.
137
132
11.6
11.2
Polish
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch. . .
Slovak. .
247
116
20.9
9.8
Slovenian
Syrian. .
Welsh
Grand total..
1,405
1,183
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
98
145
1,260
55
86
1,097
4.6
7.3
92.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
25608°— VOL 26—11-
521
522 The Immigration Commission.
From the preceding table and from General Table 156 it will be seen
that only those foreign-born races are included in the detailed study
which are adequately represented in one or more blocks or districts.
The foreign-born Germans, which aggregate 71 households, have
not been included because no representative block was found for this
race. The Ruthenians have been excluded for the same reason.
All households whose heads are either native white of native father
or belong to the second generation of one of the foreign races chosen
for detailed study are, for comparative purposes, included in the
detailed study when they number 20 or more. In all, 222 households
of scattering races, or 15.8 per cent of the total of 1,405, are omitted
from the detailed study.
Wliere two or more races are found living in large numbers in the
same block or district they will be found to be races which have lived
in close proximity abroad, or races which are closely related in
language or customs.
Seven races are represented by more than 100 households. Of
these, the Slovaks have the largest representation — 247 households,
or 20.9 per cent of the 1,183 households studied in detail. Next are
the South Italians with 12.1 per cent of all households, followed by
the Magyars with 11.6 per cent, the Poles with 11.2 per cent, the
Slovenians with 9.8 per cent, the Irish with 9.9 per cent, and the
Russian Hebrews with 9.7 per cent. The other five races are each rep-
resented by less than 5 per cent of the total number of households.
The country of birth of foreign-born Hebrew heads of households
is given below in a table based on General Table 159. It will be
seen that more than three-fourths of the Hebrew households are from
Russia; the others are largely from Austria-Hungary. The Russians
are shown separately from the others throughout this study.
TABLE 12. — Country of birth of foreign-born Hebrew heads of households.
Country of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Austria-Hungary
28
18.8
Roumariia
5
3.4
Russia ...
115
77.2
Switzerland
1
.7
Total...
149
100.0
From General Table 159 is also derived the table which shows the
country of birth of Polish heads of households. A trifle more than
three-fourths of the Poles are from Austria-Hungary, and all but two
of those not from Austria-Hungary are from Russia.
TABLE 13. — Country of birth of foreign-born Polish heads of households .
Country of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Austria-Hungary . . . . .
100
75.8
France
1
.8
Germany
1
.8
Russia..
30
22.7
Total
132
100.0
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
523
From the table which follows it will be seen that more than half of
the South Italian households studied are from Abruzzi and Molise
and that not quite one-fourth are from Sicily. In the remaining
one-fourth Basilicata has the largest representation.
TABLE 14. — Province of birth of foreign-born South Italian heads of households.
Province of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
74
51.7
Apulia
3
2.1
Basilicata
17
11.9
Calabria
3
2.1
Campania .
13
9.1
gicily -
33
23.1
Total...
143
100.0
The total number of members of households and the number of
members for whom detailed information was secured are given below
by race, with the per cents they form of the total numbers of all
races. The table is derived from General Table 157.
TABLE 15. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information
was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Persons in households.
Persons for whom de-
tailed information
was secured.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Native-born of native father, White
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
118
73
143
232
655
181
561
812
709
665
1,198
666
2.0
1.2
2.4
3.9
10.9
3.0
9.3
13.5
11.8
11.1
19.9
11.1
113
73
143
232
655
179
558
800
706
665
1,198
6G6
1.9
1.2
2.4
3.9
10.9
3.0
9.3
13.4
11.8
11.1
20.0
11.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other ...
Irish
Italian, South
Magvar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,183
6,013
100.0
5,988
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
55
86
1,097
216
334
5,679
3.6
5.6
94.4
216
329
5,659
3.6
5.5
94.5
Total foreign-born
The total number of persons in households forms the basis of all
tables involving persons throughout that part of the study which
deals with housing conditions; the number of persons for whom
detailed information was secured is the number upon which the
tables which set forth the conjugal condition, earnings, literacy, etc.,
are based.
Of the 6,013 persons in households studied, 1,198, or 19.9 per cent,
are in Slovak households, 812, or 13.5 per cent, are in South Italian
524
The Immigration Commission.
households, and 709, or 11.8 per cent, are in Magyar households.
Only one race, the second generation Bohemian and Moravian, has
in all fewer than 100 persons in households studied. Of the total
number of persons in the study, the native-born of native father form
only 118, or 2 per cent, the total native-born only 334, or 5.6 per
cent, and the foreign-born 5,679, or 94.4 per cent.
The table which follows gives the number of persons for whom
detailed information was secured by sex and by general nativity
and race of the individual. The per cents which the persons of each
race form of the total number studied are also given. The table is
derived from General Table 160.
TABLE 16. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
102
69
4
1
7
150
193
151
60
121
237
121
70
100
77
2
4
6
154
192
127
43
128
240
113
56
1
3
2
3
5
191
60
119
197
199
158
1
202
146
6
5
13
304
385
278
103
249
477
234
126
1
4
5
3
8
398
130
234
522
602
408
1
2
5
1
710
426
3.0
2.1
.1
w.2
4.5
5.8
4.5
1.8
3.6
7.1
3.6
2.1
.0
(°>.i
.0
.1
6.2
2.1
3.4
9.7
12.0
7.5
.0
.1
.1
.0
11.9
8.5
3.8
2.9
.1
.2
.2
5.8
7.3
4.8
1.6
4.9
9.1
4.3
2.1
w.i
.1
.1
.2
7.2
2.3
4.5
7.5
7.5
6.0
1
£l
5.4
3.4
2.4
.1
.1
.2
5.1
6.4
4.0
1.7
4.2
8.0
3.9
2.1
(a)
!l
.1
.1
6.6
2.2
3.9
8.7
10.1
6.8
(0)
(0)
(0) '
11.9
7.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian (other than French)
English
German. . .
Hebrew.
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish .
Slovak
Slovenian.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian . .
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
1
3
Croatian
English
German
3
207
70
115
325
403
250
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian South
Magyar
Polish
Roumanian
Russian
2
3
Ruthenian
2
1
313
142
Scotch
Slovak
397
284
Slovenian
Grand total
3,349
2,639
5,988
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-bom of foreign father
Total native-born
1,114
1,216
2,133
1,080
1,186
1,453
2,200
2,402
3,586
33.3
36.3
03. 7
41.2
44.9
55.1
36.7
40.1
59.9
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
A comparison of the first and second generations of the several
races is of interest. Persons of the second generation are for the most
part the children in the family households studied. The approxi-
mately equal sex distribution among them is significant as contrasted
with the preponderance of males among the foreign-born members of
races which constitute recent immigration to the United States. The
per cent which persons of the second generation of each race form
of the total number of persons of the race follows.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
525
Percent.
Irish... 62.2
Bohemians and Moravians 53. 7
Slovaks 40.2
Polish.. 37.9
Per cent.
Hebrews 36. 5
Slovenians 1 35. 5
South Italians 34. 8
Magyars 14. 6
The Irish are the oldest immigrants and the oldest families, have
few boarders or lodgers, and have in their households the largest
proportion of persons of the second generation. Among races
inclined to keep many boarders or lodgers, and among races with
low proportions of immigrants of many years' standing, the per-
centages of the native-born will be seen to be low.
SEX.
The proportion of males and females in the households of the several
races appears below by the race of the head of the household. The
table is based on General Table 157.
TABLE 17. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Number.
Per cent of each sex.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Native-born of native father, White
52
42
68
113
331
97
279
476
461
373
648
409
61
31
75
119
324
82
279
324
245
292
550
257
113
73
143
232
655
179
558
800
706
665
1,198
666
46.0
57.5
47.6
48.7
50.5
54.2
50.0
59.5
65.3
56.1
54.1
61.4
54.0
42.5
52.4
51.3
49.5
45.8
50.0
40.5
347
43.9
45.9
38.6
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magvar.
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
3,349
2, 639
5,988
55.9
44.1
Total native-born of foreign father
110
162
3,187
106
167
2,472
216
329
5,659
50.9
49.2
56.3
49.1
50.8
43.7
Total native-born . ...
Total foreign-born
The proportions of males and females are nearly equal in native
households. In foreign households the per cent of males is 56.3.
This high proportion is caused by a preponderance of males among
the Magyars, Slovenians, South Italians, Poles, Hebrews other than
Russian, and Slovaks. The per cent of these persons who are board-
ers or lodgers, as set forth in Table 18, is of interest in this connection.
526
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 18. — Number and per cent of persons in apartments who are boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
persons in
apartments.
Total boarders and
lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
118
73
143
232
655
181
561
812
709
665
1,198
666
4
2
3
4
48
15
18
99
240
94
133
164
3.4
2.7
2.1
1.7
7.3
8.3
3.2
12.2
33.9
141
11.1
24.6
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian, South .... .
Magyar
polish ::
Slovak
Slovenian .
Grand total
6,013
824
13.7
Total native-born of foreign father
216
334
5,679
5
9
815
2.3
2.7
144
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The Magyars and Slovenians have a "far greater proportion of
boarders and lodgers among the members of their households than
have any other races. The Polish, South Italians, and Slovaks fol-
low in order, with between 10 and 15 per cent ; then come the Hebrews,
with between 5 and 10 per cent; and last come the Bohemians and
Moravians and Irish of both generations and the native-born of native
father, all of whom have fewer than 5 per cent of boarders and lodgers
among the members of their households. The data in this table will
appear of significance in relation to many tables which follow in this
study.
AGE.
By reference to General Table 158 it will be seen that of the total
of 1,183 households only 28 are group households. There are, then,
1,155 heads of households who are also heads of families, whose ages
may be taken as indicative, in a general way, of the age of the
families they represent.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
527
The following table, which gives the ages of heads of households,
is derived from General Table 161 :
TABLE 19. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
[This table Includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Native-born of native father, White
24
20
30
49
110
31
92
134
126
131
226
114
42
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
.0
29.2
25.0
46.7
18.4
23.6
6.5
8.7
27.6
31.0
30.5
31.4
28.1
41.7
60.0
33.3
44.9
51.8
51.6
35.9
50.7
55.6
64.1
54 9
62.3
12.5
10.0
16.7
26.5
21.8
22.6
40.2
16.4
11.9
4.6
12.8
9.6
12.5
5.0
3.3
10.2
2.7
19.4
15.2
5.2
.8
.8
.9
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other.. .
Irish
Italian, South..
Magyar
Polish . .
Slovak
Slovenian . .
Grand total
1,087
.2
26.7
53.1
16.0
4.0
Total native-born of foreign father
50
74
1,013
.0
1.4
.1
38.0
35.1
26.1
44.0
43.2
53.8
14.0
13.5
16.2
4.0
6.8
3.8
Total native-born . . .
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
\
Foreign-born, Irish
25
0 0
0 0
32 0
28 0
40 0
Grand total
91
o
12 1
40 7
30 8
16 5
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born . . .
5
H
(a)
(o)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Total foreign-born
80
o
10 0
38 8
32 5
18 8
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White
30
3 3
26 7
43 3
16 7
10 0
Native-born of foreign father:
Bohemian and Moravian
20
o
25 0
60 0
10 0
5 0
Irish
35
o
45 7
37 i
14.3
2 9
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
56
o
16 1
42 9
28 6
J9 fj
Hebrew, Russian
115
.0
23 5
50 4
23 5
2 6
Hebrew, Other...
34
o
8. 8
50 0
23 5
17 6
Irish
117
o
6 8
35 0
37 6
Of) C
Italian, South...
141
o
26 2
51 1
17 7
5.0
Magyar
137
7
29 9
55 5
13 1
Polish
132
o
30 3
63 6
4 5
1 5
Slovak
245
o
30 2
53 9
14. 3
1 fi
Slovenian . .
116
o
28 4
62 1
9 5
o
Grand total
1 178
2
25 6
52 1
17 1
5 0
Total native-born of foreign father...
55
o
38 2
45 5
12 7
3 6
Total native-born
85
1 2
34 1
44 7
14 1
e q
Total foreign-born..
1 093
1
94 g
52 7
17 4
4 Q
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
528
The Immigration Commission.
The prevailing age of heads of the 1,178 households is between 30
and 45 years, 52.1 per cent of all heads being of such ages. The
foreign-born are, on the whole, older than the native-born, for they
have the larger percentages in the three groups of persons whose ages
are 30 years and over and the smaller percentages in the two groups
whose ages are under 30 years. The women heads of households are
older than the men, 47.3 per cent being 45 or over, as contrasted with
20 per cent of the men, and 16.5 per cent being 60 or over, as against
4 per cent of the men.
The most usual age of heads of households is between 30 and 44
years for all races except the second generation Irish, where it is
between 20 and 30 years, and the foreign-born Irish, where it is
between 45 and 60 years. The proportionally large number of
immigrant Irish households with widows at the head and the high
per cent of these female heads who are 45 or over and 60 or over,
together with the relatively greater age of the males, indicate that
the Irish families are considerably older than the families of the
other races studied.
The ages of all persons in households, including the heads, who
have been shown separately above, appear in the following table,
which is derived from General Table 162. All members of house-
holds appear here under the race of the head.
TABLE 20. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household.
MALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to
13.
Hand
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
52
42
68
113
331
97
279
445
461
373
647
409
21.2
26.2
16.2
11.5
19.3
20.6
12.5
22.2
13.9
20.4
22.6
20.8
15.4
14.3
10.3
14.2
20.5
10.3
19.7
17.8
5.2
17.2
16.8
8.8
1.9
2.4
4.4
4.4
2.7
5.2
5.0
3.4
i.a
.8
2.0
1.5
7.7
.0
10.3
8.8
9.4
11.3
10.4
8.1
11.3
3.8
6.8
4.9
17.3
19.0
26.5
22.1
16.9
18.6
17.2
19.3
28.4
22.8
20.7
29.8
23.1
28.6
17.6
20.4
21.1
19.6
15.8
20.9
34.3
31.4
24.1
29.1
13.5
9.5
14.7
18.6
10.0
14.4
19.4
8.3
5.6
3.8
7.0
5.1
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian . .
Grand total . .
3,317
19.1
14.5
2.4
7.8
6.4
6.8
7.8
22.3
23.6
21.6
22.3
25.2
21.8
22.2
25.3
8.6
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born. .
110
162
3,155
20.0
20.4
19.1
11.8
13.0
14.6
3.6
3.1
2.4
• 12.7
13.0
8.4
Total foreign-born
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
529
TABLE 20. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to
13.
14 and
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to | 45 or
44. over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
59
31
75
119
324
82
279
320
245
292
549
257
25.4
22.6
24.0
11.8
20.4
20.7
11.1
24.4
22.4
35.6
26.0
31.9
15.3
9.7
16.0
16.8
28.1
25.6
19.4
20.0
11.8
12.3
14.8
15.2
1.7
3.2
.0
.8
4.3
3.7
6.8
2.8
.8
1.7
3.6
1.2
1.7
3.2
5.3
9.2
7.1
6.1
7.5
4.7
6.1
5.5
7.8
4.3
22.0
35.5
34.7
26.9
15.7
12.2
14.7
18.1
31.0
22.9
23.9
28.0
18.6
19.4
8.0
17.6
16.7
15.9
19.4
19.1
21.2
19.2
18.6
18.3
15.3
6.5
12.0
16.8
7.7
15. &
21.1
10.9
6.5
2.7
5. a
1.2
Irish..
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak .
Slovenian
Grand total
2,632
106"
165
2,467
23.9
2376~
24.2
23.9
17'4
14.2
14.5
17.6
3.0
r<r
1.2
3.1
6.3
rr
3.6
6.5
22.3
18.4
8.7
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born. .
34.9
30.3
21.8
11.3
13.9
18.6
10.4
12.1
8.4
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
Ill
73
143
23.4
24.7
20 3
15.3
12.3
13 3
1.8
2.7
2 1
4.5
1.4
7.7
19.8
26.0
30 8
20.7
24.7
12.6
14.4
8.2
13. 3^
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
232
11.6
15.5
2.6
9.1
24.6
19.0
17.7
Hebrew, Russian
655
19.8
24.3
3.5
8.2
16.3
18.9
8.»
Hebrew, Other
179
20.7
17.3
4.5
8.9
15.6
17.9
15.1
Irish
558
11.8
19.5
5.9
9.0
15.9
17.6
20. a
Italian, South .
765
23.1
18.7
3.1
6.7
18.8
20.1
9.4
Magvar
706
16 9
7 5
1 i
9 5
29 3
29 7
5 9
Polish
665
27.1
15 0
1.2
4.5
22.9
26.0
3.3
Slovak
1 196
24 2
15 9
2 8
7 3
22 2
21 6
6.2
Slovenian .
666
25.1
11.3
1.4
4.7
29.1
24.9
3.&
Grand total
5,949
21.3
15.8
2.7
7.1
22.3
22.2
8.6
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
216
327
21.8
22 3
13.0
13 8
2.3
2 1
5.6
5 2
29.2
26 0
16.7
18 0
11.6
12.5
Total foreign-born
5,622
21.2
15.9
2.7
7.2
22.1
22.4
8.4
In the 1,183 households studied there are 6,013 persons, of whom
5,949, or 98.9 per cent, are included in the above table. Of these
only 8.6 per cent are 45 years of age or over. The other members of
households are about evenly divided between four age groups,
namely: Under 6 years, 6 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, and 30 to 44
years. The races with large proportions of young families, as indi-
cated by the presence in the households of very young children,
are the foreign-born Slavic races, with the exception of the Bohe-
mians and Moravians; also the second-generation Bohemians and
Moravians, the native-born of native father, and the South Italians.
530
The Immigration Commission.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
The conjugal condition of persons 20 years of ag3 or older appears
in the table below. General Table 163 shows conjugal condition by
age groups.
TABLE 21. — Number and per cent of persons 20 years of age or over in each conjugal
condition , by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
MALE.
Number
Nu:
nber who
ire —
Per
cent who z
ire-
individual.
complete
data.
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Native-born of native father.
White
32
3
23
1
25 0
71 9
3 1
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
31
4
11
2
19
1
1
1
35.5
(a)
61.3
fa)
3.2
(a)
Hebrew
6
5
1
(a)
w
«)
Irish . . ,
73
43
26
4
58.9
35.6
55
Italian. South. .
3
3
(a)
(a)
(a)
Slovak .
2
2
(a)
(a)
(a)
Slovenian
1
1
w
w
(a)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Croatian
65
3
9
52
3
4
13.8
(°)
80.0
(a)
6.2
(a)
German
3
1
2
(a)
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
152
24
125
3
15.8
82.2
2.0
Hebrew, Other
51
15
36
29.4
70.6
0
Irish
108
11
87
16
10.2
80.6
9.3
Italian, South
213
44
166
3
20.7
77.9
1.4
Magyar. . .
315
90
220
5
28.6
69.8
1.6
Polish.
215
51
163
23.7
75.8
.5
Russian
2
2
(0)
(a)
(a)
Ruthenian
1
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
Slovak
323
41
277
5
12. 7
85.8
1.5
Slovenian
258
106
149
3
41.1
57.8
1.2
Grand total
1,861
467
1,353
41
25.1
72.7
2 2
Total native-born of foreign
father
120
67
47
6
55.8
39.2
5.0
Total native-born
152
75
70
7
49.3
46.1
4.6
Total foreign-born
1,709
392
1,283
34
22.9
75.1
2.0
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father,
White.
22
3
13
6
13.6
59.1
27.3
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
32
13
19
40.6
59.4
.0
English
4
4
(a)
(a)
(a)
German
6
6
(a)
(a)
(a)
Hebrew . . .
3
1
2
(o)
a
(o)
Irish
75
36
35
4
48.0
46.7
5.3
Italian, South
4
1
3
(o)
(o)
(a)
Polish
2
1
1
(o)
w
w
Slovak
15
3
11
i
(a)
(a)
(a)
Slovenian
1
1
(a)
(a)
(«)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
56
1
2
. 45
1
9
3.6
(a)
80.4
(0)
16.1
(°)
Canadian, Other
1
1
(a)
(o)
(a)
Croatian
2
2
w
(°)
(a)
English . . .
3
3
(o)
(«)
(°)
German
5
5
(o)
(o)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian . . .
123
5
109
9
4.1
88.6
7.3
Hebrew, Other
38
1
33
4
2.6
86.8
10.5
Irish
115
10
72
33
8.7
62.6
28.7
Italian, South .
150
4
131
15
2.7
87.3
10.0
Magyar
143
5
132
6
3.5
92.3
4.2
Polish...
123
3
118
2
2.4
95.9
1.6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
531
TABLE 21. — Number and per cent of persons 20 years of age or over in each conjugal
condition, by sex and general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
F EM ALE— Continued .
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who are-
Per cent who are —
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Foreign-born — Continued.
Roumanian
1
2
1
252
119
1
$
(0>6.7
5.0
n
"lr
93.3
(a)
(a)
W,5
1.7
Ruthenian
2
1
216
111
Scotch
Slovak . .
17
6
19
2
Slovenian
Grand total
1,299
112
1,076
111
8.6
82.8
8.5
Total native-born of foreign
father
142
164
1,135
56
59
53
81
94
982
5
11
100
39.4
36.0
4.7
57.0
57.3
86.5
3.5
6.7
8.8
Total native-born . .
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father,
White.
54
11
36
7
20 4
66 7
13 0
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian... .
English
63
4
24
38
4
1
38.1
fa)
60.3
(a)
(a
1.6
)
German
10
2
7
1
(a)
(a)
(a
I
Hebrew. ..
9
6
3
(•)
(o)
(a
)
Irish.. .
148
79
61
3
53 4
41 2
5 4
Italian, South. .
4
3
(o
(o)
(a
)
Polish.
2
1
1
(a
(a)
(a
l
Slovak
17
5
11
1
.jo
(a)
(a
)
Slovenian
2
2
(a
(a)
I*
\
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Canadian, French
121
1
11
97
1
13
9.1
a
80.2
(a)
10.7
Canadian, Other. ...
1
1
a
(«)
Croatian
5
5
(a)
English
3
3
a
(a)
German . .
8
j
7
(a
fa}
a
Hebrew, Russian.. .
275
29
234
12
10 5
85 1
4 4
Hebrew, Other
89
16
69
4
18 0
77 5
4 5
Irish
223
21
159
43
9 4
71 3
1Q 3
Italian, South.
363
48
297
18
13 2
81 8
5 0
Magyar
458
95
352
11
20 7
76 9
2 4
Polish
338
54
281
3
16 0
83 1
g
Roumanian
1
(a)
a
Russian
2
2
w
a
Ruthenian
3
3
(a\
Scotch
1
1
0
Slovak . .
575
"58
493
24
10 1
85 7
4 2
Slovenian
377
112
260
5
29 7
69 0
1 3
Grand total
3 160
579
2 429
152
18 3
7fi Q
4 8
Total native-born of foreign
father
262
123
128
11
4fi Q
48 Q
A O
Total native-born. . .
316
134
164
18
42 4
51 9
5 7
Total foreign-born
2 844
445
2 265
134
15 6
7Q fi
47
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of a total of 3,160 persons who are 20 years of age or older, 76.9
per cent are married, 18.3 per cent are single, and 4.8 per cent are
widowed. Of the foreign-born 79.6 per cent are married, 15.6 per
cent are single, and 4.7 per cent are widowed, while only 51.9 per
cent of the native-born are married, 42.4 per cent are single, and 5.7
per cent are widowed. The strikingly larger per cent of native
than of foreign-born who are single is partly explained by the fact
532
The Immigration Commission.
that, according to the figures in the general table, 64.9 per cent of
the native-born and only 46.7 per cent of the foreign-born are
between 20 and 30 years of age. The large percentages of single per-
sons are among the Slovenians and the Magyars, which races have
the highest proportions of boarders and lodgers among the mem-
bers of their households; the small percentages are among the Bohe-
mians and Moravians and the immigrant Irish, which races are most
largely made up of the older families and have the lowest percentages
of boarders and lodgers.
The proportion of single persons is, as a rule, much larger among
males than females. Of the total number studied 25.1 per cent of the
men and 8.6 per cent of the women are single. The proportionate
difference is still greater among the foreign-born, 22.9 per cent of the
men and only 4.7 per cent of the women being single. Among the
native-born 49.3 per cent of the men and 36 per cent of the women
are unmarried. Of all the races the second generation Irish have the
highest per cent of unmarried men. The Slovenians are second
highest, with 41.1 per cent; third in order are the Hebrews other
than Russian, with 29.4 per cent; and fourth are the Magyars, with
28.6 per cent. The smallest per cent of unmarried men and the
largest per cent of widowed are among the foreign-born Irish.
A greater contrast between native and foreign-born is offered by
the women, 36 per cent of the native-born and only 4.7 per cent of
the foreign-born being single. The Irish women of foreign birth
have a higher proportion unmarried than has any other foreign race,
and the second generation Irish, a higher percentage single. With
the exception of the Irish and the Slovaks no foreign race has more
than 5 per cent of its women unmarried. The high percentages of
widows are among the Irish of foreign birth, the native-born of
native father, and the Bohemians and Moravians of foreign birth.
YEARS IN THE UNITED STATES.
The length of residence in the United States of male heads of house-
holds is given below in a table drawn from General Table 164:
TABLE 22. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under five years, five to nine years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of
years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of
years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian . .
Hebrew, Russian . .
48
no
31
91
133
126
131
227
114
8
29
5
1
22
67
33
35
17
8
35
9
4
41
48
55
93
59
5
29
9
13
41
8
33
56
31
• 27
17
8
73
29
3
10
43
7
16.7
26.4
16.1
1.1
16.5
53.2
25.2
15.4
14.9
16.7
31.8
29.0
4.4
30.8
38.1
42.0
41.0
51.8
10.4
26.4
29.0
14.3
30.8
6.3
25.2
24.7
27.2
56.2
15.5
25.8
80.2
21.8
2.4
7.6
18.9
6.1
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, South .
Magyar. . .
Polish.
Slovak
Slovenian
Total
1,011
217
352
225
217
21.5
34.8
22.3
21.5
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
533
Of the 1,011 foreign-born male heads of households included in this
table 21.5 per cent have been in this countiy under five years, 56.3
per cent have been here under ten years, and 78.6 per cent have been
here under twenty years. The races representing the most recent
immigration are the Magyars, of whom 53.2 per cent have been in
the country under five years and 91.3 per cent have been here under
ten years; the Poles, with 25.2 per cent and 67.2 per cent in the
country under five years and under ten years, respectively; the Rus-
sian Hebrews, with 26.4 per cent and 58.2 per cent; and the Slo-
venians, with 14.9 per cent and 66.7 per cent. The Irish heads of
households are the oldest residents in the United States, 80.2 per
cent having been in the country twenty years or more and 94.5 per
cent having been here ten years or more. The Bohemians and Mo-
ravians are the second oldest immigrants, 56.2 per cent having been
here at least twenty years and 66.6 per cent having been here at
least ten years.
The length of residence of all the foreign-born, including the heads
of households above shown separately, appears below in a table
derived from General Table 165:
TABLE 23. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States under 5
years, 5 to 9 years, ete., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of
years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of
years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian (other than
French)
69
1
3
3
204
70
114
318
402
250
2
3
395
284
18
1
1
2
92
25
10
149
301
121
2
3
142
124
11
7
33
26.1
(a)
(a)
45.1
35.7
8.8
46.9
74.9
48.4
(a)
m
35.9
43.7
15.9
£
&
28.6
4.4
24.2
21.6
32.4
i
33.7
36.6
10.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
20.1
21.4
13.2
19.2
2.7
14.8
(a)
(a)
18.7
16.9
47.8
(a)
(a)
(a)
9.3
14.3
73.7
9.7
.7
4.4
w
W
11.6
2.8
Croatian
2
German
1
19
10
84
31
3
11
Hebrew, Russian. . .
52
20
5
77
87
81
41
15
15
61
11
37
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Russian
Ruthenian
Slovak
133
104
74
48
46
8
Slovenian
Total
2,118
991
572
309
246
46.8
27.0
14.6
11.6
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
534
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 23. — Number and per cent of foreign-born per sons in the United States under 5
years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual — Continued.
FEMALE.
Kace of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of
years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of
years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian ....
Canadian French
56
1
2
2
3
5
187
60
119
197
199
158
1
2
1
313
142
8
6
5
37
1
14
51
38
6
37
77
51
(a
(a
(a
43
48
.3
.3
.3
.7
.1
.9
.3
.1
.6
10
(a
(a
:
g
28
4
31
17
25
(a
(a
(a
29
36
7
3
3
2
5
G
3
1
G
8.9
(a)
(a)
a
(«)
(a)
23.5
11.7
14.3
25.9
4.5
21.5
(«)
(a)
(a)
18.8
11.3
66.1
(a)
(a)
:
<0)4.S
21.7
74.8
5.6
.0
1.9
(a)
(a)
«8.9
3.5
Canadian, Other
2
i
Croatian
1
1
" " ~38
17
5
62
35
40
English
1
3
44
7
17
51
9
34
1
1
9
13
89
11
German ...
1
96
23
8
73
155
81
1
1
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other..
Irish
Italian, South .
Magyar
poE£h.:":~::::::::::~":::::"
3
Roumanian
Ruthenian
1
Scotch..
1
28
5
Slovak
135
69
91
52
59
16
Slovenian
Total
1,448
654
349
246
199
45
.2
24
1
17.0
13.7
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
125
1
26
17
12
70
1
20
a
.8
13.
(a
6
9.6
a)
56. Q
(a)
Canadian, Other
3
3
a
(a
aj
(a)
Croatian
5
2
3
a
(a
fl)
(«)
English ..
3
1
1
1
a
(a
a)
(a)
German
8
3
3
2
a
(a
Gt)
a
Hebrew, Russian . .
391
188
90
85
28
48
1
23
0
?1 7
7.2
Hebrew, Other
130
48
37
22
23
36
q
">8
*,
16.9
17.7
Irish
233
18
10
32
173
7
7
4
3
13 7
74.2
Italian, South
515
222
139
112
42
43
1
?7
0
21.7
8.2
Magyar
601
456
122
20
3
75
q
910
3
3 3
.5
Polish
408
202
121
71
14
49
5
?Q
7
17.4
3.4
Roumanian
1
1
(a
>
(a
0)
a)
Russian
2
2
a
>
a)
a)
Ruthenian
5
4
1
(a
)
(a
a.)
a)
Scotch
1
1
(a
)
(a
«)
a)
Slovak
708
277
224
133
74
39
1
31
G
18.8
10.5
Slovenian
426
193
156
64
13
4.1!
3
36
G
15 0
3.1
Total
3,566
1,645
921
555
445
4fi
1
?5
8
1fi.fi
12.5
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
535
A comparison of the total foreign-born in this and the preceding
table shows that the proportion of very recent immigrants is much
higher among all the foreign-born than among the male heads of
households alone, the per cents in question being 46.1 and 21.5.
The showing by race in regard to those in the United States under
five years is :
Race of individual.
Per cent
of male
heads.
Per cent
of all
persons.
Bohemian and Moravian
16.7
20.8
Hebrew, Russian
26.4
48 1
Hebrew, Other
16.1
36.9
Irish
1.1
7.7
South Italian
16.5
43.1
Magyar . .
53.2
75.9
Polish
25 2
49 5
Slovak
15.4
39.1
Slovenian .
14.9
45.3
The proportion of recent immigrants is in every case greatly in-
creased where with the head are included the other members of the
household. The relative position of the races in regard to the pro-
portion of recent immigrants is changed in some cases, the Poles,
Slovaks, and Slovenians ranking as relatively more recent, and the
Hebrews, Russian, and other, and Bohemians and Moravians rank-
ing as relatively less recent when all persons are included.
CHAPTER IV.
LIVING CONDITIONS.
CONGESTION.0
The development through which Cleveland has passed in the
districts studied has made the size of apartment rather an elastic
thing. Small houses and cottages intended for a single family have
been converted into accommodations for several families by the
processes of dividing existing space and of building additions. The
owner has found the conversion of certain of the rooms in his house
into quarters for a second and then for a third family a simple and
easy way of increasing his income and has also found it little trouble
to build an extra room as his own increasing family has made a
larger apartment necessary. The number of rooms per apartment,
therefore, varies with the demand. At the time the schedules were
taken the facts were as follows. The table is based on General
Table 167.
TABLE 24. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
4.06
4.05
4.60
4.45
4.17
4.24
4.57
3.62
3.27
3.05
3.13
3.34
0.0
.0
.0
3.6
2.6
2.9
.9
.0
1.5
4.5
1.6
1.7
3.2
10.0
5.7
7.1
2.6
8.8
4.3
11.2
27.0
24.2
25.1
22.4
32.3
15.0
17.1
19.6
18.3
17.6
22.2
42.7
27.0
37.1
39.7
41.4
32.3
45.0
25.7
26.8
37.4
23.5
24.8
25.9
36.5
29.5
29.1
16.4
19.4
25.0
25.7
12.5
32.2
35.3
25.6
16.1
5.1
4.5
1.6
12.1
12.9
.0
17.1
19.6
5.2
5.9
11.1
1.4
1.5
.0
2.4
5.2
0.0
5.0
8.6
10.7
1.7
5.9
11.1
2.8
1.5
.0
.4
.9
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other .
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,183
55
86
1,097
3.64
1.8
16.3
31.8
16.4
22.1
32.5
28.7
32.7
32.6
28.4
13.5
4.9
J
10.9
11.6
4.4
3.0
=====
7.3
4.7
2.8
Total native-born of for-
eign father
4.40
4.28
3.59
.0
.0
1.9
7.3
5.8
17.1
25.5
23.3
12.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Congestion depends on many conditions other than the number of persons or adults per room and
per sleeping room. Most of these conditions are not susceptible of statistical measurement, and no
definite line can be drawn where overcrowding begins. In this section of the report the terms "con-
gestion" and "degree of congestion " are expressly restricted to a comparison of the number of persons
or adults per room and per sleeping room.
25608°— VOL 26—11 35
537
538
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 1,183 households studied, 376, or 31.8 per cent, live in apart-
ments of three rooms, and 340, or 28.7 percent, live in apartments of
four rooms; 214, or 18.1 per cent, occupy apartments of fewer than
three rooms, and 253, or 21.4 per cent, occupy apartments of more
than four. rooms. The most usual apartment among the foreign-
born is the apartment of three rooms and among the native-born is
the apartment of four rooms.
The native white of native father, the Bohemians and Moravians
and Irish of both generations, and the Hebrews, Russian and other,
occupy apartments which average between four and five rooms.
The other five races occupy apartments which average between
three and four rooms. The apartments of the Poles, which average
3.05 rooms, are smaller than those of any other race, the Poles also
having the largest proportion of 1-room apartments and being the
only race with no apartments larger than five rooms. The apart-
ments of the Irish of native and of foreign birth are the largest occu-
pied by any of the races. The averages are 4.60 and 4.57 rooms,
respectively, and only 22.8 per cent of the second generation Irish
and 27.4 per cent of the foreign-born Irish occupy apartments of
fewer than four rooms.
The number of persons per apartment is given below. The table
is derived from General Table 168.
TABLE 25. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
. 3.81
3.65
4.09
4.14
5.70
5.32
4.79
5.68
5.18
5.04
4.85
5.74
0.0
5.0
2.9
3.6
1.7
5.9
5.1
.0
1.5
.0
.8
.0
29.0
10.0
14.3
16.1
7.0
11.8
13.7
8.4
14.6
14.4
13.0
6.9
9.7
30.0
25.7
32.1
11.3
14.7
16.2
9.1
16.1
12.9
17.0
16.4
32.3
35.0
14.3
7.1
13.0
14.7
12.8
21.7
19.0
13.6
15.0
16.4
19.4
15.0
25.7
16.1
20.0
8.8
14.5
11.9
14.6
18.2
17.4
16.4
3.2
.0
8.6
8.9
9.6
8.8
13.7
17.5
8.8
16.7
15.0
10.3
3.2
5.0
5.7
10.7
12.2
11.8
12.8
9.8
7.3
10.6
10.9
10.3
3.2
.0
2.9
3.6
9.6
5.9
3.4
9.1
2.2
7.6
6.9
8.6
0.0
.0
.0
1.8
9.6
5.9
2.6
4.9
7.3
4.5
2.8
3.4
0.0
.0
.0
.0
6.1
11.8
5.1
7. 7
8.8
1.5
1.2
11.2
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
Irish..
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
Hebrew, Russian....
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father .
1,183
55
86
1,097
5.08
3.93
3.88
5.18
1.5
3.6
2.3
1.5
12.2
12.7
18.6
11.7
15.7
16.2
, ...— JZ
21.8
25.6
15.5
16.3
21.8
20.9
16.0
12.4
10.1
6.3
4.3
4.9
27.3
20.9
15.3
5.5
4.7
13.0
5.5
4.7
10.6
1.8
2.3
6.6
.0
.0
4.6
.0
.0
5.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-bora
The relative standing of the several races in respect to size of
households can be most readily seen when households are grouped
as small, medium, and large. From the above table it will be seen
that households of lour and five persons are the most usual. If
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
539
these be counted as one group, the households with fewer .than four
persons another group, and the households with more than five
persons the third group, the percentages appear as follows:
General nativity and race of head of household.
1 to 3
persons.
4 and 5
persons.
6 or more
persons.
Native-born of native father, White
38.7
51.7
9.6
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
45.0
50.0
5.0
Irish
42 9
40 0
17 2
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian ....
51.8
23.2
25.0
Hebrew, Russian . . .
20.0
33.0
47.1
Hebrew, Other..
32.4
23.5
44.2
Irish - ...
35.0
27.3
37.6
Italian South
17 5
33 6
49.0
Magyar
32.2
33.6
34.4
Polish
27 3
31 8
40.9
Slovak . . .
30.8
32.4
36.8
Slovenian
23.3
32.8
43.8
Grand total
29 4
32 5
38.0
Total native-born of foreign father
43 6
43 6
12.8
Total native-born .
41.8
46.5
11.7
Total foreign-born
28 5
31 5
40.1
The household of 4 or 5 persons is the most usual household of
the native-born of native father and of the native-born of Bohemian
or Moravian father; the household of fewer than 4 persons is the
most usual household of the native-born of Irish father and of the
foreign-born Bohemians and Moravians ; among all other races the
most usual household is composed of 6 or more persons.
The average number of persons in apartments of the several sizes
appears in the table below, which is derived from General Table 169.
TABLE 26. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
Average number of persons in apartments of each specified num-
ber of rooms.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
TotaL
Native-born of native father, White..
(a)
3.50
4.00
(a)
(0)
3.81
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
3. 65
Irish
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
4 09
Fore'gn-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
He orew, Russian
(«)
(a)
(a)
(a)
3.27
4 19
4.27
5 19
(a)
7 05
5.09
(a)
(a)
(a)
4.14
5 70
Hebrew. Other
Ir sh
(a)
(a)
(0)
(0)
(«)
3 58
(a)
4 34
7.67
5 67
(a)
5 46
(a)
7 00
5.32
4 791
Italian, South
3.50
4.84
6.08
7 26
(a)
(a)
5 681
Magvar
(a)
3.05
4 49
6 82
(a)
(0)
(a)
5 18
Polish
(a)
4.03
5.22
5.64
fa)
5.04
Slovak
(a)
3.84
4 87
5 50
(a)
(a)
(o)
4 85
Slovenian
(a)
4 15
4 85
6 11
9 14
Co)
(a)
b 74
Grand total
2.24
3 59
4 58
5 47
6 46
6 93
1 34
5 08
Total native-born of foreign father.. . .
Total native-born
(a)
(a)
(?)
3 11
4.06
4 04
4.36
4 90
(«)
4 90
• («)
(a)
3.93
3 88
Total foreign-born
2 24
3 (>2
4 G6
5 60
6 78
7 35
7 74
5 18
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
540
The Immigration Commission.
In the preceding table averages have been computed wherever ten
or more households of a race occupy apartments of any given size.
On this basis it is possible to compare native with foreign households
in apartments of four sizes. It will be seen that the number of
persons in native households does not tend to increase as fast as the
number of rooms increases and that the increase in persons in foreign
households more than keeps pace with the increase in rooms. The
excess of the foreign over the native averages in each of the four
sizes of apartments is: In 3-room apartments, 1.55 persons; in4-room
apartments, 1.56 persons; in 5-room apartments, 2.58 persons; in
6-room apartments, 2.45 persons.
The high average numbers of persons per apartment are: In Slove-
nian households occupying two rooms; in Polish households occupy-
ing three rooms ; in Magyar households occupying four rooms ; and in
Slovenian households occupying five rooms. These are the races
with the largest proportion of boarders or lodgers among the members
of their households.
A much more accurate way of measuring congestion is by persons
per room. The number of households which average under one person
per room, one and under two persons per room, etc., is given in Gen-
eral Table 170. The data of this table are presented below in the
form of cumulative numbers and per cents.
TABLE 27. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of per-
sons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
.94
.90
.89
.93
1.36
1.26
1.05
1.57
1.58
1.65
1.55
1.72
16
10
19
30
98
24
73
131
124
118
222
108
1
51.6
50.0
54.3
53 6
85.2
70.6
62.4
91.6
90.5
89.4
89.9
93.1
3.2
.0
2.9
3.6
13.0
11.8
6.8
35.7
32.1
40.2
34.0
43.1
0.0
.0
.0
.0
2.6
.0
.0
1.4
5.8
10.6
6.1
4.3
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.2
.8
.9
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish .
1
2
15
4
8
51
44
53
84
50
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
""3"
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
2
8
14
15
5
**"t
2
1
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,183
—
86
1,097
1.40
.89
.91
1.44
973
==
29
45
928
313
1
311
47
6
=
82.2
52.7
52.3
84.6
26.5
1.8
2.3
28.4
4.0
"7
ll
.5
']
.0
.0
.5
Total native-born of foreign
father.
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
47 6
Of the 1,183 households studied 82.2 per cent have at least one
person per room, 26.5 per cent have at least two persons per room,
4 per cent have at least three persons per room, and 0.5 per cent
have at least four persons per room. Of the 1,097 immigrant house-
holds 84.6 per cent and of the 86 native households 52.3 per cent
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
541
have at least one person per room; 28.4 per cent and 2.3 per-cent,
respectively, have at least two persons per room; 4.3 per cent of the
foreign and none of the native have as many as three persons per
room.
The households with least congestion, as measured by persons
per room, are the households of the native-born of native father and
of the Bohemians and Moravians and the Irish of both generations.
These have the large proportions of households which average under
one person per room and none of them has a household averaging as
many as three persons per room. The Hebrews are next to the
above-mentioned races in point of congestion. The South Italians,
Magyars, and Slavic races, other than Bohemians and Moravians,
have the high proportions of households where the ratio of persons
to rooms is high. The proportion of these persons who are boarders
or lodgers has been shown in Table 18. From that table it will be
seen that the small percentages of boarders and lodgers are among
the five races which in Table 27 show the low average numbers of
persons per room; that the medium percentages are among the He-
brews, who have the medium degrees of congestion; and that the
large percentages are among the five races which have the high degree
of congestion.
So far as the welfare of the occupants is concerned, the number of
persons per sleeping room is of as much consequence as the number
of persons per room. The table below presents in cumulative form
the numbers of General Table 171, and also gives the data in the form
of cumulative per cents.
TABLE 28. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of persons
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of
persons
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number ol
persons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race
father:
Bohemian and
Moravian
Irish
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
2.03
2.21
1.96
2.04
2.36
2.29
2.05
2.45
2.47
2.83
2.63
2.99
23
14
20
32
88
26
70
119
112
118
213
111
4
5
7
11
31
9
27
50
46
75
111
66
3
3
2
2
7
1
5
13
16
29
39
32
1
2
1
74.2
70.0
57.1
57.1
76.5
76.5
59.8
83.2
81.8
89.4
86.2
95.7
12.9
25.0
20.0
19.6
27.0
26.5
23.1
35.0
33.6
56.8
44.9
56.9
9.7
15.0
5.7
3.6
6.1
2.9
4.3
9.1
11.7
22.0
15.8
27.6
3.2
10.0
.0
1.8
2.6
.0
2.6
1.4
2.9
6.8
6.5
13.8
0.0
5.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
.9
.7
.7
.8
2.0
5.2
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian
Hebrew. Russian.
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
1
3
.....
3
2
4
9
16
16
1
1
1
1
5
6
Italian, South....
Magyar . . .
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
1,183
55
86
1,097
2.47
946
442
12
16
426
152
5
8
144
57
2
3
54
17
1
1
16
80.0
61.8
66.3
81.0
37.4
21.8
18.6
38.8
12.8
9.1
9.3
13.1
4.8
3.6
3.5
4.9
1.4
1.8
1.2
1.5
2.04
2.04
2.50
34
57
889
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
542
The Immigration Commission.
In this table, as in the previous table, the low degrees of congestion
are found among the people of native birth and the foreign-born
Bohemians and Moravians and Irish; the medium degrees are among
the Hebrews; and the high degrees are among che South Italians, the
Magyars, and the Poles, Slovaks, and Slovenians.
In general there may be said to be less variation between races in
respect to persons per sleeping room than in respect to persons per
room. The variations within the individual races, however, are
freater than in the previous table. The native-born, for example,
ave no households with as many as three persons per room but have
a household with no less than six persons per sleeping room, other
households with at least five, and others with at least four. This
wider distribution, which is resultant upon reserving one or more
rooms for purposes other than sleeping becomes the more pronounced
with the tendency to sacrifice sleeping space for the sake of the
appearance of the living rooms. That this tendency is relatively
strong among the Bohemians and Moravians of native birth is indicated
by their relatively high percentages of households with each specified
degree of crowding per sleeping room.
A comparison of the standing of the several races in respect to
persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room is afforded
by a recapitulation of the averages.
TABLE 29. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and face of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Average number of persons per —
Apart-
ment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father, White
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
3.81
3.65
4.09
4.14
5.70
5.32
4.79
5.68
5.18
5.04
4.85
5.74
0.94
.90
.93
1.36
1.26
1.05
1.57
1.58
1.65
1.55
1.72
2.03
2.21
1.96
2.04
2.36
2.29
2.05
2.45
2.47
2.83
2.63
2.99
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian .
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,183
5.08
1.40
2.47
Total native-born of foreign father .
55
86
1,097
3.93
3.88
5.18
.89
.91
1.44
2.04
2.04
2.50
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
543
None of the five races with the low degrees of congestion aver-
ages as many as five persons per apartment, and two of the races
average fewer than four. Generally speaking, the races with
large households show the high degrees of congestion. The Hebrews
are an exception to this rule. They have larger households than
the Magyars, Poles, or Slovaks, and the Russian Hebrews have
slightly larger households than the South Italians, but they live in.
larger apartments than any of these races and hence have fewer
persons per room and per sleeping room.
A more accurate measure of congestion per room and per sleep-
ing room is offered by the following tables, in which two children
under 10 years of age are counted as equal to one adult. The table
below is concerned with adults per room. The table is a presenta-
tion in cumulative form of the data of General Table 172.
TABLE 30. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adult*
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and race of head
of households.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of adults
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
Native-born of native father.
White
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
0.79
.76
.77
.84
1.14
1.07
.93
1.32
1.42
1.34
1.16
1.46
10
;j
11
20
SO
17
58
126
109
111
190
100
32.3
15.0
31.4
35.7
69.6
50.0
49.6
88.1
79.6
84.1
76.9
86.2
0.0
.0
.0
3.6
2.6
.0
.9
6.3
19.7
21.2
15.0
14.7
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.9
3.8
1.6
1.7
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
2
3
Hebrew. Other
Irish
1
9
27
28
37
17
Italian, South
Magyar
4
5
4
2
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,183
55
86
1,097
1.16
.76
.77
1.20
835
124
15
70.6
10.5
1.3
To
.0
1.4
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-bom
14
24
811
25.5
27.9
73.9
.0
.0
11.3
Total foreign born
124
15
544
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 1,097 foreign households 73.9 per cent have one or more
adults per room, 11.3 per cent have two or more, and 1.4 per cent
have three or more; of the native only 27.9 per cent of the house-
holds have as many as one adult per room, and none has as many
as two. Only four immigrant races show households where the
congestion reaches the degree of three or more adults per room,
and there is no case of an apartment with as many as four adults per
room.
The twelve races still maintain their grouping when congestion
per room is reduced to terms of adults. None of the five least con-
gested races averages as much as one adult per room. Of the five
most congested races the Slovaks are affected most by reduction to
adults and the Magyars least. It will be remembered that of the
five the Slovaks have the smallest percentage of boarders and lodgers
and the Magyars the largest.
The following table, which is a presentation in cumulative form of
the data of General Table 173, deals with adults per sleeping room:
TABLE 31. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over Is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households hav-
ing each specified num-
ber of adults per sleeping
room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
over.
3 or
over.
4 or
over.
5 or
over.
6 or
over.
2 or
over.
3 or
over.
4 or
over.
5 or
over.
6 or
over.
Native-bom of native
father White
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
1.72
1.86
1.69
1.84
1.97
1.96
1.82
2.06
2.21
2.30
1.98
2.53
16
8
17
25
65
18
55
88
93
102
173
97
3
3
2
4
7
2
12
16
23
37
54
37
51.6
40.0
48.6
44.6
56.5
52.9
47.0
61.5
67.9
77.3
70.0
83.6
9.7
15.0
5.7
7.1
6.1
5.9
10.3
11.2
16.8
28.0
21.9
31.9
0.0
5.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
.9
2.1
4.4
3.0
4.5
8.6
0.0
5.0
.0
.0
.9
.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
.8
1.7
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.7
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
1
1
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
1
1
1
3
6
4
11
10
Italian, South
Magyar
1
Polish
Slovak
2
2
...„
Slovenian
Grand total
1,183
2.06 757
200
37
7
2
64.0
45.5
47.7
65.3
16.9
—
9.1
9.3
17.5
3.1
—
1.8
1.2
3.3
.6
.2
"
.0
.2
Total native-born of for-
eign father
55
86
1,097
1.75
1.73
2.08
25
41
716
5
8
192
1
1
36
1
1
6
""2"
1.8
1.2
.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
545
The Slovenians have the largest average of adults per sleeping room
and also the largest percentage of households with as many as two, as
many as three, and as many as four adults per sleeping room, and the
only households with as many as six adults per sleeping room. The
Slovenians, Poles, Magyars, and South Italians all average more than
two adults per sleeping room, and the Slovaks, Russian Hebrews, and
Hebrews other, than Russian fall only slightly below the average of
two per room. The Slovaks, who have almost the same average as
the Hebrews, have much higher percentages of households with two
or more, three or more, and four or more adults per sleeping room. The
standing of the several races in respect to adults per apartment, per
room, and per sleeping room is shown in the following table of
averages :
TABLE 32. — Average number of adults per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult, i]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of
households.
Average number of adults per —
Apart-
ment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father, White .
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
3.21
3.08
3.53
3.74
4.74
4.54
4.26
4.78
4.63
4.10
3.65
4.86
0.79
.76
.77
.84
1.14
1.07
.93
1.32
1.42
1.34
1.16
1.46
1.72
1.86
1.69
1.84
1.97
1.96
1.82
2.06
2.21
2.30
1.98
2.53
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish . . .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish ^
Italian, South
Magvar. .
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian .
Grand total . .
1,183
4.24
1.16
2.06
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
55
86
1,097
3.36
3.31
4.31
.76
.77
1.20
1.75
1.73
2.08
Total native-born . .
Total foreign-born
The Slovenians, Russian Hebrews, and South Italians have the
large average numbers of persons and also the large average num-
bers of adults per apartment, the South Italians outranking the -Rus-
sian Hebrews in respect to number of adults. When congestion is
measured in terms of adults, it will be seen that the 12 races still
maintain their grouping, the races of native birth and the foreign-born
Bohemians and Moravians and Irish showing the small degrees of
congestion, the Hebrews the medium degrees, and the South Italians,
Magyars, and 3 remaining Slavic races the high degrees.
546
The Immigration Commission.
The table which follows shows at a glance the effect of reducing
persons to adults. The table is a summary, in averages, of the series
of tables concerned with congestion:
TABLE 33. — Average number of persons and of adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average number
per apartment.
Average number
per room.
Average number
per sleeping
room.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Native-born of native father,
White
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
3.81
3.65
4.09
4.14
5.70
5.32
4.79
5.68
5.18
5.04
4.85
5.74
3.21
3.08
3.53
3.74
•4.74
4.54
4.26
4.78
4.63
4.10
3.65
4.86
0.94
.90
.89
.93
1.36
1.26
1.05
1.57
1.58
1.65
1.55
1.72
0.79
.76
.77
.84
.14
.07
.93
.32
.42
.34
.16
.46
2.03
2.21
1.96
2.04
2.36
2.29
2.05
2.45
2.47
2.83
2.63
2.99
1.72
1.86
1.69
1.84
1.97
1.96
1.82
2.06
2.21
2.30
1.98
2.53
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish...
Slovak
Slovenian .
Grand total . .
1,183
5.08
4.24
1.40
1.16
2.47
2.06
Total native-born of foreign
father
55
86
1,097
3.93
3.88
5.18
3.36
3.31
4.31
.89
.91
1.44
.76
.77
1.20
2.04
2.04
2.50
1.75
1.73
2.08
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
If the races be arranged in order from the most to the least con-
gested in each of the six columns of averages, the following facts will
appear: The reducing of persons per apartment to adults per apart-
ment does not change the relative positions of the races of native birth
or the Slovenians; the change causes the Hebrews, Russian and other,
the Poles, and the Slovaks to appear to better advantage relatively,
and the Bohemians and Moravians and Irish of foreign birth and the
South Italians and Magyars to appear relatively worse than before.
Considering now only the four columns which furnish the more accu-
rate index of congestion, it appears that by all four of the measure-
ments the Slovenians are the most congested, and that the Poles are,
on the whole, the second most congested; that the Hebrews occupy
the mean position in the table, the Russian Hebrews in all four col-
umns being sixth from the most congested, and the Hebrews other
than Russian being seventh ; and that the second generation Irish are
the least congested, and the native-born of native father are the
second least congested.
In the table next presented the households studied are divided
into three groups, according to the number of years the head of the
household has been in the United States, and for each group the
number of adults per room is shown. The table is a presentation in
cumulative form of the data of General Table 174.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
547
TABLE 34. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IX THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Bohemian and Moravian
8
29
6
1
24
75
33
41
17
(a)
1.08
(a)
<?.*
1.34
1.47
1.30
1.50
5
19
4
1
23
58
29
35
13
1
2
(«)
65.5
(a)
(a)
95.8
77.3
87.9
85.4
(a)
(a)
6.9
(a)
(a)
12.5
17.3
24.2
12.2
(a)
(a)
0.0
(a)
w»
.0
6.1
.0
(a)
(a)
0.0
(a)
(°>6
.0
.0
.0
(a)
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian South
3
13
8
5
3
Magyar
Polish
2
Slovak
Slovenian
1
Total
234
1.31
187
35
3
79.9
15.0
1.3
.0
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Bohemian and Moravian
8
(a)
2
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Hebrew Russian
35
1.08
23
65.7
0.0
0.0
00
Hebrew, Other
9
(a)
5
(a)
(0)
(a).
(a)
Irish
4
(a)
(a)
(a)
M
(•)
Italian, South
42
1.39
37
3
88 '1
7'1
• ,'n
' '.0
Magyar
50
1.57
44
11
4
88.0
22.0
8.0
.0
Polish
55
1.29
45
11
1
81.8
20.0
1.8
.0
Slovak
95
1.32
73
15
2
76.8
15.8
2.1
.0
Slovenian
60
1.35
51
5
85.0
8.3
.0
.0
Total
358
1.31
281
45
7
78.5
12.6
2.0
.0
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Bohemian and Moravian
39
.83
13
1
33.3
2.6
0.0
0.0
Hebrew, Russian
51
1.21
38
1
74.5
2.0
.0
.0
Hebrew, Other
19
.97
8
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Irish
111
.93
56
1
50.5
' q
0
' '0
Italian, South
74
1.27
63
3
85.1
4.1
.0
.0
Magyar
12
1 25
7
3
(o)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Polish
44
1.32
37
9
2
84.1
20.5
4.5
^ 0
Slovak
111
1.01
82
17
2
73 9
15 3
1.8
.0
Slovenian
39
1.60
36
9
1
92.3
23.1
2.6
.0
Total
500
1.10
340
44
5
68.0
8.8
1.0
.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In the group of households whose heads have been in the United
States less than five years five races are represented by 20 or more
households. Of these the Poles show the highest degree of conges-
tion and the Russian Hebrews the lowest.
In the group in the United States from five to nine years there are
six races represented by 20 or more households. The average number
of adults per room is highest among the Magyars, who also have the
largest per cent of households with the high degrees of congestion.
The Russian Hebrews have the lowest average number of adults per
room and the smallest percentage of households which average as
much as one adult per room.
In the group of older immigrants there are seven races represented
by 20 or more households. Of the seven the Slovenians show the
548
The Immigration Commission.
highest degree of congestion and the Poles the second highest, the
Bohemians and Moravians the lowest and the Irish the second lowest.
In this group the relatively large numbers of Bohemians and Mora-
vians and Irish bring the percentages for the total foreign-born con-
siderably below the corresponding percentages in the other groups.
The table showing adults per sleeping room by years in the United
States is a presentation in cumulative form of the data of General
Table 175.
TABLE 35. — Number and per cent offorei
of adults per sleeping room, by race q
States.
households which have each specified number
and by years head has been in the United
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one
adult. By years in the United States is meant years since iirst arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS.
Race of head of
household.
Number
of
house-
holds in
which
heads re-
port
years in
the
United
States.
Aver-
age
number
of
adults
per
sleep-
ing
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
8
29
6
1
24
75
33
41
17
(a)
1.88
(°)
(a)
2.05
2.05
2.31
1.92
2.68
6
13
4
1
13
47
27
25
16
1
2
(a)
44.8
(a)
6.9
ft
(a)
0.0
(0)
0.0
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
w
54.2
62.7
81.8
61.0
(«)
(a)
20.8
12.0
15.2
9.8
(a)
%
.0
3.0
.0
(a)
Wo
.0
.0
.0
(a)
W.o
.0
.0
.0
(0)
Italian, South
5
9
5
4
4
1
Magyar
Polish
1
Slovak
Slovenian
2
1
1
Total
234
2.08
152
30
4
I
1
65.0
12.8
1.7
.4
.4
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
8
(a)
4
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
35
1.94
19
2
54.3
57
00
00
do
Hebrew Other
9
(a)
6
1
(a)
(o)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Irish
4
(a)
3
M
w
w
(a)
•
Italian, South
Magyar
42
50
2.12
2.39
27
37
7
12
1
4
1
64.3
74.0
16.7
24.0
2.4
8.0
2.4
.0
.0
.0
Polish.
55
2.24
41
16
2
74.5
29.1'
3.6
.0
.0
Slovak
95
2.26
71
20
2
2
74.7
21.1
2.1
2.1
.0
Slovenian ....
60
2.43
49
17
4
81.7
28.3
6.7
.0
.0
Total
358
2.23
257
76
13
3
71.8
21.2
3.6
.8
.0
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
39
1.82
15
2
38.5
5.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
51
19
2.03
1.81
33
8
3
1
1
1
64.7
(a)
5.9
(a)
2.0
(0)
2.0
(0)
.0
(a)
Irish
111
1 81
51
12
1,
45.0
10.8
.9
.0
.0
Italian, South.. .
74
2.05
47
4
1
63.5
5.4
1.4
.0
.0
Magyar..
12
2 35
9
2
2
(a)
" (a)
(a)
(0)
(a)
Polish
44
2.37
34
16
1
773
364
2.3
.0
.0
Slovak
111
1.78
77
30
9
69.4
27.0
8.1
.0
.0
Slovenian
39
2 60
32
16
4
1
1
82.1
41.0
10.3
2.6
2.6
Total
500
1 99
306
86
19
2
1
61.2
17.2
3.8
.4
.2
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
549
Five races are represented by 20 or more households in the group
of most recent immigrants. Of the five the Poles have the highest
average number of adults per sleeping room, but the South Italians
have larger percentages of households with the higher degrees of
congestion. The Kussian Hebrews have the lowest average number
of adults per sleeping room and the lowest percentages of households
with each specified degree of congestion.
Of the six races represented by 20 or more households in the group
in the United States from five to nine years, the Russian Hebrews
have the lowest average number of adults per sleeping room and the
smallest percentages with each specified degree of congestion. The
Slovenians have the highest average of adults per sleeping room and
the largest per cent of households with two or more adults per
sleeping room, but no instances of as many as five adults per sleeping
room, as have the South Italians and the Slovaks.
In the group of older residents the Bohemians and Moravians have
a slightly higher average number of adults per sleeping room than
have the Irish, but they have the smallest percentages of households
with each specified degree of crowding and are the only one of the
seven races with no households having as many as four adults per
sleeping room. The Slovenians have the highest average of adults
per sleeping room and the largest percentage with each specified
number of adults per sleeping room.
The table below shows the number and per cent of households which
reserve no rooms, one room, and two rooms for living purposes exclu-
sive of sleeping. The table is derived from General Table 176.
TABLE 36. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each speci-
fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
house-
hold.
Average
number
of sleep-
ing rooms
per
house-
hold.
Number of households
sleeping in-
Per cent of households
sleeping in-
All
rooms.
All
except
room.
All
except
2
rooms.
All
rooms.
All
except
room.
All
except
2
rooms.
Native-born of native
father, White
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
4.06
4.05
4.60
4.45
4.17
4.24
4.57
3.62
3.27
3.05
3.13
3.34
1.87
1.65
2.09
2.04
2.41
2.32
2.34
2.31
2.09
1.78
1.84
1.92
6
2
3
9
37
12
21
101
83
59
124
60
517
15
9
17
20
54
11
54
35
25
45
78
47
0.0
.0
.0
3.6
4.3
2.9
1.7
1.4
14.6
16.7
13.4
5.2
19.4
10.0
8.6
16.1
32.2
35.3
17.9
70.6
60.6
44.7
50.2
51.7
48.4
45.0
48.6
35.7
47.0
32.4
46.2
24.5
18.2
34.1
31.6
40.5
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
2
5
1
2
2
20
22
33
6
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,183
3.64
2.06
93
410
7.9
43.7
34.7
Total native-born of for-
eign father
55
86
1,097
4.40
428
3.59
1.93
1.91
2.07
5
11
506
26
41
369
.0
.0
8.5
9.1
12.8
46.1
47.3
47.7
33.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
93
550 The Immigration Commission.
Of the 1,097 foreign households 93, or 8.5 per cent, sleep in all
rooms including the kitchen; 506, or 46.1 per cent, sleep in all but
one room, usually the kitchen; and 369, or 33.6 per cent, sleep in all
but two rooms, usually the kitchen and sitting room. This leaves
11.8 per cent who reserve more than two rooms for living purposes.
Of the 86 native households none use all rooms for sleeping pur-
poses, 11, or 12.8 per cent, use all but one room, and 41, or 47.7 per
cent, use all but two rooms. There are, then, 39.5 per cent which
have more than two rooms not used for sleeping. The Bohemians
and Moravians of both generations will be found to have larger pro-
portions of households than have other races with more than two
rooms reserved for living purposes, the percentages being 45 among
the native-born and 44.6 among the foreign-born. Polish households
convert the kitchen into a bedroom at night more commonly than
do the households of any other race ; the Magyars are second in this
respect, and the Slovaks are third.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
Table 18 has indicated the proportion which boarders and lodgers
form of the total number of members of households of the several
races. A second method of increasing the number of occupants in
the apartment, and thereby reducing expenses, is shown in General
Table 158. It will be seen that in 29 cases two or more fami-
lies reduce living expenses by sharing an apartment, this practice
being most common among the South Italians. A third device for
reducing expenses appears in the same table. This is the "board-
ing-boss group," which is a household consisting of the "boss," a
man without a family, and his boarders or lodgers. The prices the
boarders or lodgers pay are very low, and the accommodations they
receive are only the barest necessities of life. There are 28 such
groups among the households studied.
If from the total number of households be taken the number of
households which employ any of the three enumerated expedients for
reducing expenses there will be left only the households composed
entirely of the natural family, with, perhaps, a relative or two who
have the status of members of the family, the type of household one
naturally expects to find everywhere. The table next presented
gives the number and per cents of such households. The data are
from General Table 158.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
551
TABLE 37. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single family without
boarders or lodgers.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Consisting of a single
family without board-
ers or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father White . . .
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
29
17
23
51
80
25
99
84
68
80
161
71
93.6
85.0
65.7
91.1
69.6
73.5
84.6
58.7
49.6
60.6
65.2
61.2
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Trish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian South
Magvar. ..
Polish
Slovak ...
Slovenian
Grand total
1.183
788
66.6
Total native-born of foreign father
55
86
1,097
40
09
719
72.7
80.2
65.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the 1,183 households 66.6 per cent consist of a single family
without boarders or lodgers, the percentage of such households being
65.5 among the foreign-born and 80.2 among the native-born. Only
one race, the Magyar, has fewer than half of the households of this
simple type. The South Italians, with 58.7 per cent, the Polish, with
60.6 per cent, and the Slovenians, with 61.2 per cent, show, next to
the Magyars, the lowest proportions of households of this description.
The native-born of native father have the highest proportion, and
the foreign-born Bohemians and Moravians are second highest in this
respect.
In the series of tables which show the ratios of persons and adults to
rooms and sleeping rooms it appears that the five races with the high-
est degrees of congestion are the five which have the largest proportions
of boarders and lodgers among the occupants of their apartments.
The presence of boarders and lodgers is, therefore, largely responsible
for the existing degree of congestion. But the disadvantages of their
presence can not be measured entirely by ratios, even when expressed
in terms of adults. These boarders and lodgers are usually men, some
of them relatives or friends from the old country, but the majority of
them strangers. Their presence in the apartment, especially where
rooms are few and accommodations limited, is destructive of normal
family life. The number and per cent of households with boarders or
lodgers appears in the table next submitted. The table is derived
from General Table 177.
552
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 38. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
Household
boarders c
s keeping
r lodgers.
households.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father. White
31
2
6 5
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian ...
20
2
10 0
Irish
35
2
5 7
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
56
3
5 4
Hebrew, Russian ..
115
33
28 7
Hebrew Other
34
8
23 5
Irish...
117
11
9 4
Italian South
143
48
33 6
Magvar
137
66
48.2
Polish . .
132
48
36 4
Slovak
247
75
30 4
Slovenian ..
116
44
37 9
Grand total...
1,183
342
28.9
Total native-born of foreign father
55
4
7.3
Total native-born
86
6
7 o
Total foreign-born
1 097
336
30 6
The races of native birth and the Bohemians and Moravians and
Irish of foreign birth have in no case more than 10 per cent of house-
holds with boarders or lodgers; the Hebrews, Russian, and other,
have between 20 and 30 per cent, the South Italians, Poles, Slovaks,
and Slovenians have between 30 and 40 per cent, and the Magyars
have 48.2 per cent.
Reference to the general table will show that of the total of 342
households that keep boarders or lodgers, 149 keep only lodgers.
These lodgers are in many cases such by a technicality of financial
arrangement. For the sum of $2 or $3 per month they are allowed
sleeping accommodations and the services of the housewife in buying
and preparing their food. They eat at the same table and have the
same freedom of the apartment as boarders. In some cases the
lodger does his own marketing and prepares his own food at the
kitchen stove, in which case he is in the apartment as much of the
tune as is a member of the family. Arrangements in regard to lodgers
vary, even within a race, but in general it may be said that so far as
the use of the apartment is concerned there is little difference between
lodgers and boarders.
In the table next presented households whose heads are of foreign
birth are divided into three groups according to the length of residence
of the head in this country, and the number and per cent of house-
holds keeping boarders or lodgers in each group is given. The table
is derived from General Table 178.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
553
TABLE 39. — Number and per cent of foreign households keeping boarders or lodgers, by race
of head and by years head has been in the United States.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arriva* in the United States.]
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In the United States
under 5 years.
In the United States
5 to 9 years.
In the United States
10 years or over.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per.
cent
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Hebrew, Russian
55
115
34
116
140
137
132
247
116
8
29
6
1
24
75
33
41
17
(a)
31.0
w
(a)
50.0
52.0
42.4
29.3
(0)
8
35
9
4
42
50
55
95
60
1
11
4
1
21
24
23
39
22
(a)
31.4
(a)
00
50.0
48.0
41.8
41.1
36.7
39
51
19
111
74
12
44
111
39
2
13
3
10
15
3
11
24
16
5.1
25.5
(a)
9.0
20.2
(a)
25.0
21.6
41.0
9
1
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian South
12
39
14
12
6
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Total
1,092
234
93
39.7
358
146
40.8
500
97
19.4
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Wherever races are represented by 20 or more households in the
above table the data in regard to boarders and lodgers are shown in
the form of per cents. Of those who have been in the United States
under five years, two races, the Magyars and South Italians, have as
many households with as without boarders or lodgers, the per cents
being 52 and 50, respectively, the Poles have 42.4 per cent, the Rus-
sian Hebrews have 31 per cent, and the Slovaks have 29.3 per cent.
The range of percentages is not quite so wide in the second group, the
South Italians again having 50 per cent and the Russian Hebrews
having 31.4 per cent with boarders or lodgers. The highest propor-
tion among the older immigrants is the 41 per cent shown by the
Slovenians, the next highest is the 25.5 per cent shown by the Rus-
sian Hebrews, and the lowest, 5.1 per cent, is among the Bohemians
and Moravians.
25608°— VOL 26—11 36
554
The Immigration Commission.
The average number of boarders and lodgers appears in the follow-
ing table, which is derived from General Table 177:
TABLE 40. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
Based on
total num-
ber of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Native-born of native father White
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
2
2
2
3
33
8
11
48
66
48
75
44
4
2
3
4
48
15
18
99
240
94
133
164
0.13
.10
.09
.07
.42
.44
.15
.69
1.75
.71
.54
1.41
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
1.45
(a)
1.64
2.06
3.64
1.96
1.77
3.73
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,183
342
824
.70
2.41
Total native-born of foreign father
55
86
1,097
4
6
336
5
9
815
.09
.10
.74
ft
2.43
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . ...
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The averages in the above table are given on the basis of the total
number of households and also on the basis of the number of house-
holds which keep boarders or lodgers. The first set of averages offers a
convenient comparison of the several races in regard to the propor-
tionate importance of boarders and lodgers in households, just as
Table 18 enables comparison in regard to their proportionate impor-
tance among members of households, all households of the race con-
sidered. The second column of averages shows, so far as can be shown
by averages, the extent to which the households immediately con-
cerned keep boarders or lodgers. The Slovenians, for example, have
a higher average of boarders or lodgers in households keeping them
than have the Magyars, but the Magyars keep boarders or lodgers in
a greater proportion of cases and therefore show a higher average for
all households than the Slovenians. The average number of boarders
and lodgers in foreign households where boarders or lodgers are kept
is 2.43, but all the races except the two mentioned above have aver-
ages considerably lower than this figure, the South Italian being the
only other race which averages as many as two.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
555
HOME WORK.
Gainful occupations pursued in the apartment are very uncommon
among the households studied. Only 27, or 2.3 per cent of the 1,183
households, were found with such employment. Then- racial dis-
tribution is given below in a table derived from General Table 179.
TABLE 41. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful employment is pursued,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number.
Apartments in which
gainful employment
fc pursued.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White . .
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
2
1
2
1
6
4
1
6.5
5.0
5.7
1.8
5.2
11.8
.9
.0
2.9
2.3
1.2
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian South
Magyar . . •-
4
3
3
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,183
27
2.3
Total native-born of foreign father
55
86
1.097
3
5
22
5.5
5.8
2.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The Hebrews, Russian and other, have 10 apartments where gainful
employment is pursued ; no other single race has more than four, and
the South Italians and Slovenians have none. The nature of the
employment is set forth in the following table, which is also drawn
from General Table 179:
TABLE 42. — Number of apartments in which each specified kind of employment is pur-
sued, by general nativity and race of head of houeshold.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
with
gainful
employ-
ment.
Number in which each specified kind of employ-
ment is pursued.
Dress-
making
and sew-
ing.
Laundry
work.
Tailor-
ing.
Shoe-
making.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Native-born of native father, White
2
1
2
1
6
4
1
4
3
3
2
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
1
1
1
1
1
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
3
4
1
1
Hebrew, Other
Irish
1
Magyar. . .
3
1
1
Polish
1
1
2
Slovak
Grand total
27
9
5
8
4
1
Total native-born of foreign father
3
5
22
1
3
6
2
2
3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
8
4
1
556
The Immigration Commission.
In 9 of the 27 apartments the employment is sewing or dressmaking,
in 8 it is tailoring, in 5 laundry work, and in 4 shoemaking. Seven of
the 8 apartments where tailoring is carried on are among the Hebrews.
The other employments are scattering throughout a number of races.
Every race has one or more apartments where dressmaking or sewing
is the occupation. The status in the household of persons engaged
in home work may be seen in the general table.
CAEE AND EQUIPMENT OF HOME.
The following series of four tables is concerned with the equipment
of homes with regard to water supply and toilet. In many instances
Cleveland apartments show unsatisfactory conditions in these par-
ticulars and compare unfavorably with apartments studied in most
of the other cities. When the law regulating water supply and toilet
accommodations in existing tenements has been in force as long as in
most of the other cities studied, conditions in Cleveland may be
expected to be comparatively better than at present.
The per cents of households which have a private water supply and
the percentages which share their supply with other households appear
below. The table is derived from General Table 180.
TABLE 43. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each specified number
of households, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per a
1.
jnt of households where water supply is used by each
specified number of household.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
31
20
35
56
114
34
116
143
137
132
247
116
61.3
85.0
71.4
76.8
96.5
100.0
56.0
94.4
76.6
57.6
64.8
68.1
6.5
10.0
14.3'
14.3
3.5
.0
27.6
2.8
13.1
21.2
15.0
29.3
22.6
5.0
8.6
7.1
.0
.0
6.9
.0
4.4
6.8
6.9
1.7
9.7
.0
5.7
1.8
.0
.0
8.6
.0
5.1
8.3
5.3
.9
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.7
.0
2.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.9
2.8
.0
.0
2.8
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.3
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.8
1.2
.0
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. .
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,181
55~
86
1,095
73.5
76.4
70.9
73.7
14.7
12.7
10.5
15.1
4.8
=rr
ti
4.1
=
i\
3.9
.5
jT
.0
.5
1.0
. 0
.0
1.1
.4
=T
*
.3
—
.0
.3
.7
To
:?
Total native-born of foreign father. ..
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the 1,181 households included in the table 73.5 per cent have a
private water supply, 14.7 per cent share the water supply with
another household, and 1 1 .8 per cent share the source of supply with
two or more other households. The households least satisfactorily
provided for in respect to water supply are found among the Poles
and Slovaks.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
557
The number and per cent of households which have water piped
into the house and the number and per cent which are dependent
upon a source of supply outside the building are as follows :
TABLE 44. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each specified kind
of water supply, by general nativity and race of head of household. %
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number of households
which have access to
water supply from —
Per cent of households
which have access to
water supply from —
Pipes
within
the
building.
Pipes
outside
the
building.
Wells.
Pipes
within
the
building.
Pipes
outside
the
building.
Wells.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
31
20
35
56
115
34
116
143
137
132
247
116
22
16
22
39
114
34
55
139
114
82
184
94
8
4
13
17
1
1
71.0
80.0
62.9
69.6
99.1
100.0
47.4
97.2
83.2
62.1
74.5
81.0
25.8
20.0
37.1
30.4
.9
.0
52.6
2.8
16.8
37.9
25.5
19.0
3.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Irish
Foreign- born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew Russian.
Hebrew Other
Irish
61
4
23
50
63
22
Italian South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,182
915
266
1
77.4
22.5
.1
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born . .
55
86
1,096
38
60
855
17
25
241
.....
69.1
69.8
78.0
30.9
29.1
22.0
.0
1.2
.0
Total foreign-born
Only one of the households studied, a household of the native-born
of native father, is dependent for water upon a well. All other house-
holds have access either to faucets within the building or to hydrants
in the yard. The new law makes the same general requirement as the
New York law in regard to existing tenements ; at least one sink with
running water is required on every floor. Of the 1,182 households
included in the table, 77.4 per cent have access to faucets inside the
house and 22.5 per cent are dependent on yard hydrants. The
highest proportion of households dependent upon supply outside the
house is among the Irish of foreign birth, more than half of whom
have access only to yard hydrants. The proportions are also high
among the native-born of native father, the second generation Irish,
the Bohemians and Moravians of foreign birth, and the Poles and
Slovaks.
The per cents of households which have separate toilets and which
share one or more toilets with other households appear in the table f ol-
f olio wing. The table is derived from General Table 181.
558
The Immigration Commission.
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Total native-born o
Total native-born .
Total foreign-born.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
559
Only 25.4 per cent or about one-fourth of the 1,168 households
included in this table have separate toilet accommodations; 37.8
per cent use a toilet used also by one other household; 31.6 per cent
use a toilet used also by two, three, or four other households ; and the
remaining 5.2 per cent show several variations in the promiscuous
use of one, two, three, and four toilets. The location of the majority
of the toilets in the yard at some distance from the apartment makes
the sharing of toilets by a large number of households especially bad.
Only among the Bohemians and Moravians of foreign and of na-
tive birth do as many as half of the households have separate toilets.
Among three races, the Poles, Slovaks, and Magyars, fewer than one-
eighth of the households have separate toilets, and among the Slovaks
fewer than one-half have access to a toilet not used by two or more
other households.
The number and per cent of households which have access to flush
toilets and the number and per cent which have access to dry toilets
follows :
TABLE 46. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each specified kind
of toilet, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number of
house-
holds.
Number of households
which have access to —
Per cent of households
which have access to —
Flush
toilet.
Dry toilet.
Flush
toilet.
Dry toilet.
Native-born of native father, White
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
16
13
15
32
51
14
40
55
50
72
135
80
15
7
20
24
64
20
77
88
87
60
112
36
51.6
65.0
42.9
57.1
44.3
41.2
34.2
38.5
36.5
54.5
54:7
69.0
48.4
35.0
57.1
42.9
55.7
58.8
65.8
61.5
63.5
45.5
45.3
31.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish...
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total-
1,183
573
610
48.4
51.6
Total native-born of foreign father
55
86
1,097
28
44
529
27
42
568
50.9
51.2
48.2
49.1
48.8
51.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The majority of the households studied have access only to dry
toilets. The predominance of dry toilets is partly explained by the
fact that many of the streets are still unsewered and on such streets
privy vaults must be tolerated. After a street is sewered thirty days
are allowed property owners for making the proper connections. It
costs from $70 to $100 to make the change to a sanitary closet
and frequently owners are allowed to construct a sewer vault.
This, though sewer connected, is never adequately flushed. The
long hopper flush toilet also is allowed in the yard. Both of these
types are included with flush toilets in the above count.
560
The Immigration Commission.
The Slovenian and the second generation Bohemian and Mora-
vian households have access to flush toilets in more than 60 per cent
of all cases; the native-born of native father, the Bohemians and
Moravians of foreign birth, the Poles, and the Slovaks are provided
with flush toilets in the majority of cases. The smallest proportion
of households provided with flush toilets is among the Irish; the
second smallest among the Magyars; and the third smallest among the
South Italians.
Much of the appearance of poverty prevailing in these neighbor-
hoods is due to bad housekeeping, and bad housekeeping is, in turn,
due largely to conditions which are the accompaniment of a low
economic status. The housewife who cares well for a small, incon-
venient apartment in addition to cooking for boarders or lodgers
and looking after the wants of small children, especially if she must
carry water to and from the apartment, shows considerable efficiency.
In the following table apartments are classified as good, fair, bad, and
very bad, according to their condition at the time the schedule was
taken. The table is based on General Table 182.
TABLE 47. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by. general nativity and
race of head of household.
Number
for which
Per cei
it of apartm
jnts where c
ire is —
hold.
informa-
tion was
secured.
Good.
Fair.
Bad.
Very bad.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
31
20
54.8
85.0
25.8
5.0
16.1
5.0
3.?
5.0
Irish
35
60.0
37.1
.0
2.9
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
55
83.6
12.7
1.8
1.8
Hebrew, Russian
115
15.7
33.9
39.1
11.3
Hebrew. Other
33
48.5
30.3
21.2
.0
Irish
117
56.4
29.1
12.0
2.6
Italian, South
143
35.0
62.2
2.1
.7
Magyar
137
40.9
46.7
10.9
1.5
Polish. ..
131
26.7
38.2
26.0
9.2
Slovak
246
52.4
27.2
12.2
8.1
Slovenian
116
30.2
49.1
20.7
.0
Grand total
1,179
42.9
37.2
15.2
4.7
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
55
86
69.1
64.0
25.5
25.6
1.8
7.0
3.6
3.5
Total foreign-born
1,093
41.3
38.2
15.8
4.8
Of the 1,179 apartments 42.9 per cent were in good condition,
37.2 per cent were in fair condition, 15.2 per cent were in bad con-
dition, and 4.7 per cent were in very bad condition. In general,
the care of the apartment was found to be better among the native
than among the immigrant households. Russian Hebrew house-
holds, as a class, show the poorest care, although conditions which
directly affect the character of housekeeping are relatively rather
favorable. Only 15.7 per cent show good care, as compared with 41.3
per cent of all immigrant households, and only 49.6 per cent show
food or fair care, as compared with 79.5 per cent of all foreign house-
olds. Bohemian and Moravian households of the two generations,
as a rule, show the best care. Conditions in the households of this
race are comparatively favorable to good housekeeping.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
561
The basement apartment is uncommon in the Cleveland neighbor-
hoods studied. The number and per cent of households dwelling
in such apartments are as follows:
TABLE 48. — Number and per cent of households living in basement apartments, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
vmg
of ho
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Households living in
basement apartments.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father White
31
20
35
56
115
34
117
143
137
132
247
116
1
3.2
.0
.0
' .0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.6
3.0
2.8
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South. ...
Magyar
5
4
7
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,183
17
1.4
Total native-born of foreign father
55
86
1,097
.0
1.2
1.5
Total native-born
1
16
Total foreign-born . .
One household of the native-born of native father, and five Magyai ,
four Polish, and seven Slovak households occupy basement apart-
ments. The 17 apartments constitute 1.4 per cent of the total num-
ber studied.
HOME OWNERSHIP AND RENT.
The number and per cent of families owning their homes is derived
from General Table 183.
TABLE 49. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general, nativity and race
of head of family.
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
•Owning home.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White .
32
20
2
1
29
57
1
120
34
116
155
142
133
254
117
1
7
3.1
35.0
(a)
(«)
13.8
59.6
(a)
12.5
17.6
31.9
10.3
4.9
13.5
12.6
11.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew
Irish
4
34
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Croatian
Hebrew, Russian
15
6
37
16
7
18
32
13
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,213
190
15.7
Total native-born of foreign father
52
84
1,129
11
12
178
21.2
14.3
15.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
562
The Immigration Commission.
Percentages are computed for all races represented by 20 or
more families. By far the highest proportion of home owners is
among the Bohemians and Moravians, 34 of the 57 families or 59.6
per cent owning their homes. The Bohemians and Moravians of the
second generation are next highest with 35 per cent; then follow the
Irish with 31.9 per cent, the Hebrews other than Russian with 17.6
per cent, and the Poles with 13.5 per cent. The Magyars have the
lowest proportion of home owners of the foreign-born races and the na-
tive white of native father have the lowest proportion of all. Nominal
ownership of homes does not necessarily mean much so far as financial
condition is concerned, for many families are heavily in debt for their
property, but it represents enterprise on the part of the families, and
in general it is indicative of their intention to remain in the United
States and in the particular neighborhood.
Ownership of real estate is the concern of the family, a stable unit.
Rent, however, is the concern of the household, which in many cases
is a temporary combination of families or individuals for the purpose
of securing shelter. The amount of rent paid is, therefore, shown
for households rather than for families. The table concerned with
rent per apartment presents the data of General Table 184 in the
form of cumulative per cents.
TABLE 50. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals , however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying—
Under
$5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
$20.
Native-born of native father,
White
27
32
22
95
26
72
125
128
109
208
99
$7.33
6.27
5.47
8.95
9.31
6.21
9.00
6.96
5.31
5.53
6.92
7.4
13.6
31.8
2.1
3.8
13.9
3.2
22.7
34.9
26.4
16.2
63.0
77.3
90.9
25.3
26.9
77.8
38.4
68.0
96.3
94.7
63.6
74.1
86.4
95.5
68.4
53.8
94.4
58.4
85.9
99.1
99.5
86.9
92.6
100.0
100.0
93.7
84.6
100.0
86.4
99.2
99.1
100.0
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.9
100.0
100.0
86.4
100.0
99.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98. 9
100.0
100.0
99.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, South. .
Magvar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total . .
943
6.89
17.7
68.6
84.7
96.6
97.9
99.8
Total native-born of foreign
father
32
59
884
6.61
6.94
6.89
9.4
8.5
18.3
71.9
67.8
68.7
84.4
79.7
85.1
100.0
96.6
96.6
100.0
100.0
97.7
100.0
100.0
99.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The average rents per apartment paid by the native-born and by the
foreign-born differ little, being $6.94 in the one case and $6.89 in the
other. The distribution of rents is also similar, except that a consider-
ably larger proportion of foreign than of native households pay under
$5 per month. Of the eleven races included in the table, the Hebrews
other than Russian pay the highest average rent and have the largest
proportions of households paying as much as $10 and as much as $12;
the South Italians pay the second highest average rents and show
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
563
the largest proportion of households paying $15 or more; the Russian
Hebrews pay the third highest average rents and show the small-
est percentages of low-priced apartments. The Poles, Bohemians and
Moravians, and Slovaks pay the low average rents and have the high
percentages of households paying under $5 and under $7.50. Among
none of these races do as many as 10 per cent of the households
pay $7.50 or over per apartment.
The variation in price paid per apartment is partly due to the
variation in size of apartment. The following table eliminates the
factor of size by showing the amount of rent paid per room. The
table presents the data of General Table 185 in the form of cumula-
tive per cents.
TABLE 51. — Percent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for al! ruces.]
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying —
Un-
der $1.
Un-
der $2.
Un-
der $3.
Un-
der $4.
Un-
der $5.
Un-
der $6.
Native-born of native father,
^'hite .
27
22
22
95
26
72
125
128
109
208
99
«1.87
1.45
1.77
2.20
2.24
1.49
2.57
2.15
1.83
1.86
2.20
0.0
4.5
4.5
.0
.0
1.4
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
51.9
77.3
45.5
25.3
19.2
80.6
11.2
46.1
56.0
54.3
17.2
96.3
100.0
86.4
93.7
88.5
100.0
71.2
95.3
94.5
97.6
85.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.8
100.0
100.0
98.4
100.0
98.2
99.5
97.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.2
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.2
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian, South
Mag5rar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
943
32
59
884
2.03
1.61
1.73
2.06
.5
3.1
1.7
.5
42.0
65.6
59.3
40.8
91.2
90.6
93.2
91.1
98.7
96.9
98.3
48.8
99.5
100.0
100.0
99.4
99.7
100.0
100.0
99.7
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
In the previous table the native-born are seen to pay a slightly
higher average rent per apartment than the foreign-born. Their rent
per room is, however, much lower and their higher rent per apartment
is therefore due, at least in part, to the fact that they have larger
apartments. The highest average rent per room is paid by the South
Italians, who also have the largest percentage of households paying
$2 or over and the largest percentage paying $3 or over. Five races,
the South Italians, the Hebrews, Russian and other, the Solvenians,
and the Magyars all average more than $2 rent per room. The
Irish of both generations pay considerably lower average rents
per room than other races, but they live in a neighborhood where
real estate has deteriorated in value to such an extent that the
locality is seldom visited by the tax assessor. Landlords find no sale
for their property and are glad to get even a little income from it.
The efforts of the tenants are in general responsible for the repairs
which are made. None of them pays as much as $3 per room and
four in every five pay less than $2 per room.
564
The Immigration Commission.
The rent per room which a householder pays is limited by the
current rates of rent for the kind of dwelling available in the locality
where he lives. Below a certain price per room he can not find
accommodations of any sort. The rent per person, however, is
largely at his discretion. If he finds the expense of rent too heavy in
the apartment he occupies he can increase the size of his household
Ijy taxing into the apartment another family or boarders or lodgers
until his share of the rent is reduced to the desired figure. The rent
paid is related to the size of the household in the following table,
which presents the data of General Table 186 in the form of cumula-
tive per cents :
TABLE 52. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying—
Un-
der $1.
Un-
der $2.
Un-
der $3.
Un- '
der$4.
Un-
der $5.
Un-
der $6.
Native-born of native father,
White
27
32
22
95
26
72
125
128
109
208
99
$1.92
1.60
1.58
1.54
.66
.30
.62
.35
.08
.17
.29
3.7
4.5
18.2
4.2
.0
18.1
7.2
20.3
43.1
24.5
8.1
48.1
72.7
50.0
76.8
57.7
75.0
66.4
75.8
82.6
82.7
85.9
74.1.
86.4
81.8
90.5
76.9
93.1
90.4
94.5
96.3
96.6
93.9
92.6
100.0
100.0
96.8
92.3
97.2
93.6
98.4
98.2
100.0
100.0
92.6
100.0
100.0
98.9
100.0
98.6
96.0
99.2
99.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.2
100.0
99.1
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father. Irish.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
943
.37
17.4
75.4
92.2
97.7
98.8
99.8
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
32
59
884
.79
.85
.35
3.1
3.4
18.3
56.3
52.5
76.9
78.1
76.3
93.2
96.9
94.9
97.9
100.0
96.6
99.0
100.0
100.0
99.8
Total foreign-born . . .
The foreign-born, who pay on an average 33 cents more per room
than the native-born, pay 50 cents less per person, their households
being sufficiently larger than those of the native-born to account for
this difference in per capita rent. Of all the foreign-born races the
Polish pay the lowest rent per person; their average is only $1.08 per
month, and 43.1 per cent of their households pay less than $1. The
Slovaks, Slovenians, Magyars, and Irish all average less than $1.50
per person, and among all at least three-fourths of the households,
pay under $2. The native white of native father pay the highest
average rent per person, and have the smallest proportions of house-
holds which pay under $2 and under $3, or, in other words, the
largest proportions of what are, in these districts, high per capita
rents.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
565
For convenience of comparison the average rents per apartment,
per room, and per sleeping room are shown below in parallel columns.
TABLE 53. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.
Number
paying
Av
erage rent p«
r —
General nativity and race of head of household.
rent and
reporting
amount.
Apart-
ment.
Room.
Person.
Native-born of native father, White
27
$7.33
$1.87
$1.92
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
10
7 35
2 04
2 30
Irish
32
6.27
1.45
1.60
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
22
5.47
1.77
.58
Hebrew, Russian
95
8.95
2.20
54
Hebrew, Other
26
9 31
2 24
66
Irish
72
6.21
1.49
.30
Italian, South
125
9 00
2 57
62
Magyar
128
6 96
2 15
35
Polish
109
5.31
1 83
08
Slovak
208
5 53
1 86
17
Slovenian
99
6.92
2.20
1 29
Grand total
943
6.89
2.03
1.37
Total native-born of foreign father
39
6.61
1.61
1.79
Total native-born
59
6.94
1.73
1 85
Total foreign-born
884
6 89
2 06
1 35
The three native-born races show a higher rent per person than per
room and all the foreign-born show a lower rent per person than per
room; therefore, in these particular apartments, the native races
average less than one person per room and the foreign average
more than one person per room. The greatest lowering of rents
due to the size of the household, as indicated by the proportional
decrease from rents per room to rents per person, are found among the
South Italians, the Magyars, the Poles, the Slovaks, and the Slove-
nians. It will be recalled that in households of these races the pro-
portions of occupants who are boarders and lodgers is highest.
CHAPTER V.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
OCCUPATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD.
The principal reason for the households of the several races living
in crowded quarters subjected to various discomforts is economic.
Some voluntarily endure their surroundings for a time for the sake of
accumulating from small savings an amount sufficient for a more
comfortable life in the future, while others find that in order to
cover expenses they must live with but little comfort. Their eco-
nomic condition is to a considerable degree dependent upon training
along industrial lines. Amid the opportunities of a large industrial
center the man whose training is in agriculture finds himself with the
equipment of a common laborer. In so far as the migration to the
United States is a migration from country to city the immigrant is
in the process of a double transition; he is becoming an American,
and he is learning to be a city dweller. The proportion of male heads
of households old enough to have an occupation at the time of their
arrival in the United States who were engaged in farming abroad is
shown in the following table. The table is based on General Table
187.
TABLE 54. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households 16 years of
age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were engaged in farming abroad,
by race of individual.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Engaged in farming
abroad.
Number.
Per cent.
Bohemian and Moravian
38
105
28
69
116
124
129
206
114
10
4
6
50
59
60
76
112
65
26.3
3.8
21.4
72.5
50.9
48.4
58.9
54.4
57.0
Hebrew, Russian . .
Hebrew, Other
Irish . ...
Italian South
Magyar .
Polish...
Slovak.. .. .
Slovenian . .
Total
929
442
47.6
It should be remembered that the per cents in the above table do
not necessarily represent the entire numbers of those who come from
rural neighborhoods. Cobblers, carpenters, etc., are in some instances
from the country. But it is correct to state that among the Irish,
for example, at least 72.5 per cent of the heads of households are from
the country. Besides the Irish, the South Italians and three of the
four Slavic races show that more than half their heads of households
567
568
The Immigration Commission.
have had farm experience. The Bohemians and Moravians are ex-
ceptional among the Slavs; only 26.3 per cent followed the occupa-
tion of farming. The proportion of farmers among the Hebrews is
conspicuously low.
The high proportion of laborers among foreign races that came
in large numbers from farms is noteworthy. This proportion ap-
pears in the following table, which is derived from General Table
188. The table below gives for each race only the occupations of
first and second numerical importance. The number of heads en-
gaged in each of these most usual occupations and the per cents
such numbers form of the total number at work are also given.
TABLE 55. — Occupation of male heads of households ranking first and second in numerical
importance, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
gainfully
employed
and re-
porting
occupa-
tion.
First rank.
Second rank.
Occupation.
Num-
ber.
Per cent
of total
gainfully
em-
ployed.
Occupation.
Num-
ber.
Per cent
of total
gainfully
em-
ployed.
Native-born of native fa-
ther, White.
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian.
Irish
23
} 20
30
44
108
28
82
133
122
124
217
112
Driver and
teamster.
("Laborer..
5
!;
10
35
4
51
95
82
76
144
36
21.7
20.0
13.3
22.7
32.4
14.3
62.2
71.4
67.2
61.3
66.4
32.1
(a)
fTailor, em-
\ employee.
Foundry and
machine shop
employee.
Tailor,proprie-
tor.
Tailor, em-
ployee.
Tailor,proprie-
tor.
(Driver and
teamster.
Longshoreman
Watchman....
Tailor, em-
ployee.
(Carpenter
Furniture fac-
t o r y e m-
ployee.
Furniture fac-
t o r y e m-
ployee.
Foundry and
machine shop
employee.
Wire factory
employee.
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
Foundry and
machine shop
employee.
Laborer
(a)
} 3
3
6
18
3
];
i:
11
13
(0)
15.0
10.0
13.6
16.7
10.7
4.9
5.3
4.9
4.8
5.1
11.6
1 Foundry and
] machine shop
I employee.
Laborer
Laborer
Foreign-born:
Bohemian aiyl Mora-
vian.
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
Laborer
Irish...
Italian, South
Laborer
Magyar
Laborer
Polish
Laborer
Slovak
Laborer
Slovenian
Laborer
Grand total
Laborer
1,043
506
48.5
43
4.1
Total native-born of for-
eign father.
Total native-born
Laborer .
50
73
970
8
9
498
16.0
12.3
51.3
7
8
42
14.0
11.0
4.3
Foundry and
machine shop
employee.
Laborer
Total foreign-born
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
6 occupations, in each of which 2 persons are engaged, are of second importance.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
569
Fifty-one and three-tenths per cent, or a little more than one-half
of the foreign-born, are laborers. These are unskilled laborers
working on the streets, in the construction of buildings, in other con-
struction work, in factories, etc. The occupation of laborer is the
most usual occupation among all immigrant races except the He-
brews, and among five races it is the occupation of more than 60
per cent of the male heads of households at wTork. These races are the
Irish, South Italians, Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks. The Irish of the
section of the city studied were formerly longshoremen, but the intro-
duction of machinery in 1900, which supplanted the work of the men,
ruined their business and made many dependent upon more general
labor for a livelihood. The South Italians are laborers with pick and
shovel; the Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks are for the most part laborers
about factories.
The most common occupation among the Hebrews is peddling. In
no case is the occupation of tailor the most usual, but it appears
among the second most usual occupations in five races; as tailor,
proprietor, among Bohemians and Moravians of foreign birth and
among Hebrews other than Russian; as tailor, employee, among the
second generation Bohemians and Moravians, the Russian Hebrews,
and the South Italians. There is a great diversity of second most
important occupations.
The number and per cent of male heads of households in business
for themselves appear in the following table, which is based on Gen-
eral Table 188.
TABLE 56. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
In business
for profits.
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
24
1
4 2
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
20
2
10 0
Irish
30
2
6 7
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
49
11
22 4
Hebrew, Russian
110
62
56 4
Hebrew, Other
31
14
45 2
Irish
92
1
1 l
Italian. South . . .
136
17
12 5
Magyar
126
4
3 2
Polish..
131
8
6 1
Slovak
227
17
7 5
Slovenian
114
6
5 3
Grand total
1,090
145
13 3
Total native-born of foreign father
50
4
8 0
Total native-born ....
74
5
6 8
Total foreign-born
1 016
140
13 8
One hundred and forty, or 14.4 percent, of the 1,016 foreign-born,
and 5, or 6.8 percent, of the 74 native-born, are in business for profits.
The races with higher percentages than those quoted above are, of the
native-born, the Bohemians and Moravians, and of the foreign-born,
the Bohemians and Moravians and the Hebrews. Of the Hebrews,
57.4 per cent of the Russian and 50 per cent of those other than Rus-
25608°— VOL 26—11-
-37
570
The Immigration Commission.
sian are in business for profits, most of them being shopkeepers.
The smallest per cent of persons in business for themselves is among
the Irish, only one of whom, a saloon keeper, is in this class.
TABLE 57. — Number and per cent of female heads of households who are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
in busi-
ness for
profits.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
in busi-
ness for
profits.
Native-born of native father,
White
6
1
Foreign-born— Continued .
Polish
1
Native-born of foreign father,
Slovak
20
bv race of father, Irish
5
1
Slovenian
2
1
Bohemian and Moravian
7
Grand total
92
8
5
3
Hebrew. Other
3
Total native-born of foreign
Irish
25
father
5
1
Italian , South
7
Total native-born . .
11
2
Magyar
11
2
Total foreign-born
81
g
Of the 92 female heads of households there are 8, or 8.7 per cent, who
are working for profits, 3 of whom are Russian Hebrews, 2 Magyars,
1 a Slovenian, 1 a second generation Irish woman, and the eighth a
native white woman of native parentage.
The per cents of males 16 years of age or over, including heads of
households, who are at home, at school, or in certain industrial pur-
suits, appear below. The per cents are derived from General Table 189.
TABLE 58. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. J
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent—
In
manu-
facture
and me-
chan-
ical
pur-
suits.
In gen-
eral
labor
(not
other-
wise
en-
tered).
In
trade.
In
trans-
porta-
tion.
In
other
occupa-
tions.
At
home.
At
school.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
38
40
21
99
21
67
169
61
111
275
367
228
349
274
36.8
77.5
38.1
40.4
52.4
65.7
42.0
36.1
18.0
23.6
85.8
60.1
60.5
83.2
5.3
2.5
.0
9.1
4.8
4.5
.0
.0
29.7
57.5
3.3
9.2
3.4
1.1
21.1
2.5
23.8
5.1
9.5
9.0
47.3
26.2
4.5
3.6
.3
8.3
4.9
1.5
26.3
10.0
4.8
30.3
4.8
.0
3.6
9.8
28.8
3.6
2.7
10.5
21.8
7.7
2.6
7.5
.0
10.1
4.8
9.0
2.4
21.3
8.1
8.0
1.9
5.3
3.7
2.2
5.3
.0
4.8
5.1
9.5
11.9
3.0
4.9
10.8
3.3
6.0
6.1
6.7
4.4
2.6
.0
28.6
.0
14.3
.0
1.8
1.6
.0
.4
.0
.4
.0
.0
Hebrew
Irish
Slovak
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
2,151 57.5
11.9
8.4
10.9
5.0
TjF
6.7
4.8
5.4
471"
4.6
5.5
.7
15
4.2
.3
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
201
239
1,912
52.2
49.8
58.5
5.5
5.4
12.8
7.0
9.2
8.3
18.9
20.1
9.8
Total foreign-born
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
571
Of the 2,151 males 16 years of age or older, 5.4 per cent are at home
and 0.7 per cent are at school. Seven of the 14 races have one or
more persons at school; among the foreign-born the Hebrews, Rus-
sian and other, the South Italians, and the Poles all report instances
of this kind. Of the foreign-born Bohemians and Moravians and the
foreign-born Irish, over 10 per cent of the males 16 years of age or
over are at home. All the native-born of Bohemian or Moravian
father are reported as engaged in some kind of work.
The most usual industry among the Russian Hebrews is trade, and
the persons so engaged are, for the most part, peddlers and small shop-
keepers. The most usual occupation of the South Italians is general
labor, which in most instances means work with the shovel. The
Irish of foreign birth are most usually at work as general laborers, and
in transportation; they are longshoremen and teamsters. Among
the other 11 races included in this table the most usual occupation is
manufacture or mechanical pursuits. More than half the persons of
the Magyar race and of all the Slavic races of both generations are
engaged in manufacture and mechanical pursuits; more than three-
fourths of the Magyars, Slovenians, and second-generation Bohemians
and Moravians are so engaged.
The general occupation of females 16 years or over appears below.
The table is based on General Table 190.
TABLE 59. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity
and race of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent —
In
domestic
and
personal
serviceu
In manu-
facturing
and me-
chanical
pursuits.
In
trade.
In other
occupa-
tions.
- At
home.
At
school.
Native-born of native father,
White
31
43
94
34
56
138
43
116
164
157
136
277
125
25.8
7.0
10.6
5.9
7.1
1.4
7.0
14.7
1.8
14.0
10.3
22.0
3.2
6.5
44.2
22.3
41.2
14.3
13.0
9.3
2.6
7.9
16.6
8.1
9.7
4.8
3.2
2.3
7.4
2.9
1.8
4.3
4.7
2.6
1.2
.0
4.4
.4
.0
0.0
.0
9.6
.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
.0
.6
.7
.4
.0
64.5
44.2
47.9
50.0
76.8
79.0
79.1
80.2
89.0
68.8
76.5
67.5
92.0
0.0
2.3
2.1
.0
.0
1.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Irish
Slovak
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish..
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,472
10.9
12.6
2.4
1.0
72.8
.3
Total native-born of foreign
father
213
244
1,228
8.9
11.1
10.8
31.0
27.9
9.6
6.1
5.7
1.7
4.7
4.1
.3
47.9
50.0
77.4
1.4
1.2
.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
Only three of the above races, the Bohemians and Moravians, the
Irish of the second generation, and the Russian Hebrews have any
women 16 years of age or over at school, and none of these races has as
572
The Immigration Commission.
many as 3 per cent at school. The majority of women of all races
except the second-generation Bohemians and Moravians and the Irish
are at home. In no case are a third of the foreign-born women of a
race at work. Domestic service is the most usual employment of the
native-born of native father, the foreign-born Irish, the Poles, and the
Slovaks of foreign birth. The most usual employment of the women
of all other races is in manufacture and mechanical pursuits. Among
some races, notably the Russian Hebrews and South Italians, there
appears to be a distinct dislike for domestic service.
The two preceding tables do not include any persons under 16 years
of age. The two tables which follow include persons between the ages
of 6 and 16. They are derived from General Table 191, which shows
the number of children 6 to 13 years of age and 14 and 15 years of age
who are at home, at work, and at school.
TABLE 60. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
MALE.
Number
reporting
Per cent—
complete
data.
At home.
At school.
At work.
Native-born of native father, White
30
6.7
80.0
13.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Hebrew
54
7.4
88.9
3.7
Irish
60
21.7
78.3
.0
Italian, South
54
5.6
87.0
7.4
Polish
51
21 6
74.5
3 9
Slovak. .
81
12.3
84.0
3.7
Slovenian
34
11 8
82 4
5 9
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
30
13.3
83.3
3.3
Italian, South
40
5.0
85.0
10.0
Magyar
23
8.7
91.3
.0
Slovak
36
13.9
77.8
8.3
Grand total
561
11.6
83.4
5.0
Total native-born of foreign father
364
13.2
82.7
4 1
Total native-born
394
12.7
82.5
4.8
Total foreign-born. .
167
9.0
85.6
5.4
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White
25
8 0
92.0
0 0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
21
.0
95.2
4.8
Hebrew
73
9 6
87 7
2 7
Irish
72
5.6
90.3
4.2
Italian, South.
47
8 5
89 4
2 1
Polish
28
32 1
60 7
7 1
Slovak . .
69
13 0
71.0
15.9
Slovenian
29
24 1
75 9
o
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian ...
44
13.6
81.8
4.5
Italian, South
26
11 5
84 6
38
Magyar
25
24.0
72.0
4.0
Slovak
31
25 8
64 5
9 7
Grand total . .
536
14.4
80 2
5.4
Total native-born of foreign father
346
12.4
81.8
5.8
Total native-born
371
12 1
82 5
5 4.
Total foreign-born
165
19 4
75 2
5 5
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
573
TABLE 60. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
Number
reporting
Per cent—
complete
data.
At home.
At school.
At work.
Native-born of native father White
55
7.3
85.5
7.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
39
.0
92.3
7.7
Hebrew
127
8.7
88.2
3.1
Irish - .
132
12.9
84.8
2.3
Italian, South
101
6.9
88.1
5.0
Polish . .
79
25.3
69.6
5.1
Slovak
150
12.7
78.0
9.3
Slovenian . .
63
17.5
79.4
3.2
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
74
13.5
82.4
4.1
Hebrew, Other
20
15.0
75.0
10.0
Italian, South.
66
7.6
84.8
7.6
Magyar
48
16.7
81.3
2.1
Polish
29
20.7
75.9
3.4
Slovak
67
19.4
71.6
9.0
Slovenian
21
.0
100.0
.0
Grand total .
1,097
12.9
81.9
5.2
Total native-born of foreign father
710
12.8
82.3
4.9
Total native-born
765
12.4
82.5
5.1
Total foreign-born
332
14.2
80.4
5.4
The highest per cent of boys at work is among the native-born of
native father, the second highest is among the foreign-born South
Italians, the third highest is among the Slovaks of foreign birth, and
the fourth highest is among the second generation South Italians.
The high proportions of girls at work are found among the Slovaks of
both generations and the second generation Poles. About equal
proportions of all boys and of all girls are at work.
Of all the boys 11.6 per cent are at home and 83.4 per cent are at
school, while of all the girls 14.4 per cent are at home and only 80.2
per cent are at school. This difference in totals is due to the fact
that of the foreign-born considerably higher proportions of the boys
than of the girls are in school and at home.
The per cent of all children at home is 12.9 and the per cent at
work is 5.2. Reference to the general table shows that all but 27
of the 142 who constitute the percentage at school are under 14 years
of age and that all but 4 of the 61 who constitute the percentage at
work are at least 14 years of age. The per cent of all children who
are at school is 81.9. The races where the proportion is higher than
this are the native-born of native father, the second generations of
Bohemians and Moravians, Hebrews, Irish, and South Italians, and,
among the foreign-born, the Russian Hebrews, South Italians, and
Slovenians. The lowest percentage of children in school occurs in
the case of the Polish of the second generation; the second lowest,
in the case of the foreign-born Slovaks.
574
The Immigration Commission.
The next table offers a comparison of the first and second genera-
tions of the five races represented by 20 or more children in each
generation.
TABLE 61. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by race of father and by birthplace of child.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or more
born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
Race of father.
Birthplace of
child.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number—
Per cent—
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
Native-born White
United States.
United States.
Abroad
55
127
94
101
66
79
29
150
67
63
21
4
11
13
7
5
20
6
19
13
11
47
112
76
89
56
55
22
117
48
50
21
4
4
5
5
5
4
1
14
6
2
7.3
8.7
13.8
6.9
7.6
25.3
20.7
12.7
19.4
17.5
.0
85.5
88.2
80.9
88.1
84.8
69.6
75.9
78.0
71.6
79.4
100.0
7.3
3.1
5.3
5.0
7.6
5.1
3.4
9.3
9.0
3.2
.0
Foreign-born:
Hebrew . .
Italian, South
United States.
Abroad
Polish
United States.
Abroad . ...
Slovak
United States .
Abroad
Slovenian
United States.
Abroad
Of the five races represented in this table only the Hebrews and
South Italians have larger per cents of foreign-born than of native-
born children at work. Among these same races and also among
the Slovaks the proportion at school is lower for foreign-born than
for native-born children. The native-born of native father are
attending school in larger proportions than any other class except
the second generation Hebrews, the second generation South Italians,
and the foreign-born Slovenians, and they are also working in larger
proportions than are any other children, except the South Italians
of foreign birth and both generations of the Slovaks.
EARNINGS.
The earnings of male wage-earners 18 years of age or over for the
year ending at the time the schedule was taken appear in the table
next submitted. The table presents the data of General Table 192
in the form of cumulative numbers and per cents.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
575
TABLE 62. — Yearly earnings (approximate] of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and
reporting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning—
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Native-born of native
father, White
32
30
2
2
4
66
4
7
1
45
3
2
78
26
89
229
325
193
1
2
295
243
$484
450
8
425
(a)
(°)
(a)
384
(a)
w
406
440
360
320
305
339
(0)
(a)
362
398
8
8
1
10
12
1
18
22
2
1
1
49
4
7
1
34
3
2
70
22
76
213
311
175
1
2
261
210
30
30
2
2
2
62
4
7
1
44
3
2
76
24
89
228
325
192
1
2
295
243
25.0
26.7
(«)
|
27.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
26.7
(a)
(a)
9.0
11.5
24.7
21.0
16.9
25.4
(a)
&
16.5
31.3
40.0
W
1
56.1
ft
(a)
64.4
(a)
(0)
53.8
46.2
60.7
74.2
70.2
63.2
(a)
(a)
56.6
41.6
56.3
73.3
(«)
!)
74.2
(a)
(°)
(«)
75.6
(a)
(a)
89.7
84.6
85.4
93.0
95.7
90.7
(a)
(«)
88,5
86.4
93.8
100.0
o)
a)
93.9
a)
a)
(a)
97.8
(a)
(a)
97.4
92.3
100.0
99.6
100.0
99.5
(°)
(a)
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian .
Canadian (other
than French)
Hebrew
1
37
3
3
1
29
2
2
42
12
54
170
228
122
Irish
18
"~2
Italian, South
Slovak
Slovenian
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
12
1
2
7
3
22
48
55
49
Croatian
German
Hebrew, Russian.. .
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Russian
Ruthenian
2
167
101
Slovak
66
40
Slovenian
Grand total
1,679
359
342
^__ .— —
29
37
305
999
1,485
87
105
1,380
1,664
110
140
1,524
20.4
59.5
88.4
'-— - — ~
75.0
70.9
90.1
99.1
94.8
94.6
99.5
Total native-born of for-
eign father
116
148
1,531
436
447
350
58
68
931
25.0
25.0
19.9
50.0
45.9
60.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average yearly earnings of the 1,679 males included in this
table is $359; the average of the .1,531 foreign-born is $350, and of
the 148 native-born is $447, or nearly $100 more. Of the total for-
eign-born all but 7 men earn under $1,000; 1,380 men, or 90.1 percent,
earn under $600; 931, or 60.8 per cent, earn under $400; and 305,
or 19.9 per cent, earn under $200. The foreign-born have a smaller
proportion of very low wage-earners than have the native-born, but
a much larger proportion earning under $400; in other words, the
low average of the foreign-born is due largely to the high proportion
of men earning between $200 and $400.
Twelve races are represented in this table by more than 20 men.
Of these the native white of native father with the highest average
earnings and the smallest numbers proportionally of those who earn
under $400 and under $600 makes the best showing. The highest per
cents of low earnings are among the South Italians, 74.2 per cent of
whom earn under $400, and the Magyars, 70.2 per cent of whom earn
under that amount. The Magyars and South Italians also have
lower average earnings than the other ten races.
576
The Immigration Commission.
The earnings for the year ending with the taking of the schedule
are entered below for females 18 years of age or over. The table pre-
sents the data of General Table 193 in cumulative form.
TABLE 63. — Yearly earnings (approximate] of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning—
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Native-born of native
father, White
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
11
16
1
1
1
37
1
2
8
1
9
1
1
16
5
20
17
45
26
1
67
6
$219
205
(0)
(a)
(a)
301
0)
°)
a)
°)
(0)
(a)
(a)
238
(a)
204
149
168
115
(a)
(0)
186
(d)
4
7
1
8
14
1
1
11
14
1
1
11
15
1
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
29.7
|:
R
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
65.0
(a)
60.0
73.1
(a)
(a)
47.8
(a)
51.4
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
56.8
(°)
(a)
(a)
(a)
a)
a)
a)
a)
(a)
85.0
(a)
88.9
100.0
0)
a)
86.6
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
73.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
85.0
(a)
91.1
100.0
(a)
(a)
100.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(0)
(a)
83.8
(0)
(a)
(a)
(a) .
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
90.0
(a)
97.8
100.0
(a)
(")
100.0
(a)
English
German
Hebrew
Irish
11
1
21
1
27
1
2
8
1
9
1
1
14
4
17
15
41
26
1
1
67
4
31
1
2
8
1
9
1
1
15
4
18
15
44
26
1
1
67
6
Italian. South.
Polish
Slovak .
3
8
1
9
1
1
11
3
17
15
40
26
1
Slovenian
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
5
1
1
8
3
13
13
27
19
Croatian
German
Hebrew, Russian . . .
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Roumanian
Ruthenian
Slovak . .
32
2
58
2
Slovenian
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
294
199
151
239
267
279
81.3
90.8
94.9
88.2
89.9
96.7
68
79
215
262
256
178
23
27
124
47
55
184
55
66
201
60
71
208
33.8
34.2
57.7
69.1
69.6
85.6
80.9
83.5
93.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 294 women included in the liable, 215 are of foreign and 79
are of native birth. The foreign-born, who average $178 per year,
have 57.7 per cent earning under $200; the native-born average $256
per year and have only 34.2 per cent earning under $200.
Five races are represented by 20 or more women, namely, the Irish,
of both generations, the Magyars, the Poles, and the Slovaks. Of
these the native-born of Irish father earn much the highest average
wages and have the smallest proportions earning less than each
specified amount ; that is, the largest proportions of high wage earners.
The Polish women earn the least. None earn as much as $200, and
the average is only $115 for the year.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
577
FAMILY INCOME.
The tables which follow constitute a study of family income for
the year ending with the taking of the schedule. Certain classes of
families have of necessity been excluded from the study. No fami-
lies have been included whose incomes are made up wholly or in part
of earnings or of contributions which represent entire earnings of any
members the report of whose net earnings are for any reason not
entirely reliable. This excludes all families part or all of whose
income is derived from members working for profits, unless the con-
tributions of such members are fixed in amount. Families living two
or more to a household are excluded in, all cases where the financial
arrangements of the household are not clearly resolvable into the
financial arrangements of the component families.
The table which follows classifies the families studied according to
the amounts of their total yearly incomes. The per cents, which are
cumulative, are based on the numbers of General Table 194.
TABLE 64. — Per cent of families having a total- yearly income of each specified amount, by
general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only naces with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Three families are included which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
of se-
lected
families, a
Average
family
income.
Per cent of families having a total income —
Under
$300.
Under
$500.
Under
$750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$1,500.
Native-born of native father,
White.. .
21
21
35
43
101
111
132
103
208
100
$534
553
515
501
552
412
471
391
476
603
33.3
19.0
40.0
11.6
17.8
37.8
22.0
38.8
22.1
12.0
52.4
38.1
60.0
62.8
47.5
72.1
58.3
76.7
54.8
42.0
85.7
76.2
77.1
93.0
76.2
91.0
87.9
96.1
90.9
73.0
90.5
95.2
88.6
97.7
93.1
98.2
97.7
98.1
98.1
92.0
95.2
100.0
97.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.0
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Hebrew, Russian.
Irish
Italian South
Magyar . . .
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian .
Grand total.. ..
908
491
24.4
56.8
85.7
96.0
99.7
Total native-born of foreign
father
37
58
850
601
577
486
16.2
22.4
24.6
29.7
37.9
58.1
73.6
77.6
86.2
94.6
93.1
96.2
100.0
98.3
99.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
o For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
The average income of the 908 families included in this study is
$491 ; the income of the 850 foreign families is $486 and of the 58
native families is $577. The Polish families have the lowest average
income and the largest proportion of families with incomes under
$500. The Bohemians and Moravians, however, have a larger pro-
portion of families with very small incomes than the Poles. The
Slovenians who have the highest average income of all the families
studied have, next to the second generation Irish, the smallest pro-
portion of families with incomes under $500 and, next to the Bohe-
mians and Moravians, the largest proportion with incomes as high as
$1,000. It will be seen that the average income of the Bohemians
578
The Immigration Commission.
and Moravians, which is medium in amount, is made up more largely
of high and low incomes than any other average in the table.
The proportion of net income to total income of families of each
race can be approximately arrived at from the table which follows :
TABLE 65. — Per cent of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders, or
lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Three families are excluded which report income as "none. "]
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
of se-
lected
families.o
Per cent of total income from —
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions
of chil-
dren.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodg-
ers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White. .
21
20
35
43
100
111
131
103
208
100
71.4
75.5
54.1
77.6
51.3
72.8
65.5
81.8
74.7
70.5
12.2
11.2
5.0
2.7
5.3
2.2
6.9
3.5
5.2
.0
11.6
4.4
36.5
8.4
36.1
13.1
4.5
4.4
8.0
5.0
0.7
4.5
.2
8.5
3.5
8.1
21.3
8.2
6.8
21.8
4.2
4.4
4.1
2.8
3.7
3.8
1.8
2.2
5.2
2.7
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian. . .
Irish..
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish..
Slovak
Slovenian .
Grand total
905
69.9
4.5
12.0
10.2
3.6
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
36
57
848
81.2
77.9
69.2
9.6
10.5
4.0
3.4
6.2
12.4
3.3
2.4
10.7
2.5
3.1
3.6
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
As has already been stated, income derived from the first three of
the five sources listed above represents net earnings of members of
the family and is therefore net income. The receipts from boarders
and lodgers are, of course, gross, and the income from other sources,
more than four-fifths of which is receipts from rent, the rest being
mainly contributions of relations or friends who do not have the
status of boarders or lodgers, is also gross in its nature. The per cent
of the income per race, which, being made up of earnings and contri-
butions, is net, follows:
Per cent.
Bohemians and Moravians 95. 6
Native-born of native father 95. 2
Irish 92. 7
Native-born of Irish father 91. 1
Polish... . 89.7
Per cent.
Russian Hebrews 88. 7
South Italians 88. 1
Slovaks 87.9
Magyars 76. 9
Slovenians... . 75. 5
The Slovenians, who have the highest average income, have also
the smallest proportion of their income net. Their actual position
with regard to income therefore is not relatively so advantageous as
would appear from Table 64 alone. The Magyars, who have the
third lowest average income, have only a slightly higher proportion
of net income than the Slovenians.
The low proportion of income from the earnings of the husband in
Bohemian and Moravian and Irish families is offset by the high pro-
portion of the income from the contributions of children. That the
nigh per cents from the contributions of children in the families of
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
579
these two races are not due to a few cases of children contributing
large amounts is indicated by the next table, which gives the number
of families that derive their incomes wholly or in part from each of
the five sources. The table is based on General Table 195.
TABLE 66. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders, or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Three families are excluded which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of se-
lected
families."
Per cent of families having an income from—
Earnings of —
Contri-
butions,
of chil-
dren.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodg-
ers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
21
20
35
43
100
111
131
103
208
100
76.2
100.0
74.3
88.4
77.0
94.6
92.4
95.1
92.3
98.0
33.3
30.0
14.3
4.7
13.0
9.9
24.4
16.5
16.3
.0
14.3
15.0
42.9
18.6
49.0
21.6
9.2
10.7
18.3
11.0
4.8
5.0
2.9
30.2
10.0
40.5
53.4
42.7
34.6
36.0
14.3
10.0
20.0
7.0
17.0
7.2
6.1
9.7
15.4
8.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew. Russian
Irish
Italian, South.
Matjvar
Polish...
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
905
90.8
14.4
20.0
33.0
11.3
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
36
57
848
97.2
89.5
90.9
25.0
28.1
13.4
13.9
140
20.4
5.6
5.3
34.9
8.3
10.5
11.3
Total foreign-born
o For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
Of the Bohemian and Moravian families 42.9 per cent and of the
Irish families 49 per cent have an income from children. The pro-
portion of families of these two races with income from husband is
noticeably low. The showing in these tables and in Table 19 would
seem to indicate that relatively large proportions of the families of
these races are old families with grown children.
Of the races represented by 100 or more families, the Magyars have
the largest proportion of families which add to their income by keep-
ing boarders or lodgers, 53.4 per cent of such families having income
from this source. Then follow the Poles with 42.7 per cent, the South
Italians with 40.5 per cent, the Slovenians with 36 per cent, the
Slovaks with 34.6 per cent, and the Irish with 10 per cent. Of the
848 foreign families, 34.9 per cent, or more than one- third, have received
income from boarders or lodgers within the year, and of the 57 native
families only 5.3 per cent have had an income from this source.
The number and per cent of families that have received income from
rents within the year are, by race, as follows:
Number.
Per cent.
Number.
Per cent.
Bohemian and Moravian
7
20.0
Magyar .
4
3 0
Hebrew. Russian. . .
1
2 3
Polish
g
8 7
Irish..
12
12 0
Slovak
21
10 1
Italian, South
6
5.4
Slovenian
5
5.0
580
The Immigration Commission.
The native-born of native father and the second-generation Irish
have had no income within the year from rents. The above per-
centages are, of course, included in the percentage of families deriving
income from u other sources. "
In the above table each family has been counted as many times as
it has sources of income. In the table which follows each family
is listed but once under the source or combination of sources from
which it derives its entire income. The table is based on General
Table 196.
TABLE 67. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
[This table Includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Three families are excluded which report income as "none."]
Per cent of families having entire income from —
Number
4
s
1
1
1,
d
g
1
-s
2
a
Hd
General nativity and race of
of
•rt
•8 J
•^ §5
C3 OT
•° S-
id
rt o^S
head of family.
selected
« 1 •
fj
"§•§
•~
-0 S)
"H^
— '
o^o
families.**
•d
•si
•5 "2
•rt
|1
.
i-2
0
£
S ° S1
§
i c^
|i
§ °
9
£
0 0
<D
00*0 g
I
CO M
§
OT <3
3
.2
.2°
2
§ §
03
Mil
W
M t-d
w
W
*
£
£
0
O
M
02
Native-born of native father,
White
21! 52. 4
9.5| 9.5
0.0
0.0
9 5
0 0
4.8
0 0
0.0
0 0
143
Native-born of foreign father,
,
1
by race of father, Irish
20 50. 0
20.0
10.0
5.0
5.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
10.0
Foreign-born:
|
Bohemian and Moravian. .
35J34. 3
5.7
20.0
.0
2.9
5.7
2.9
.0
8.6
.0
.0
20.0
Hebrew. Russian. . .
43 46. 5
.011.6
.0
25.6
9 3
0
.0
4 7
.0
0
9.3
Irish ..
100 32. 0
5.019.0
2.0
4.0
3 0
9 0
.0
10 0
2.0
0
21.0
Italian, South
111 35. 1
2.711.7
.9
30.6
9 7
0
.0
1 8
.0
o
14 4
Magyar. . . .
131
19. 8 14. 5
3 1
.0
42.0
9 3
1 5
.0
8
1.5
1 ^
13.0
Polish
103
34. 0! 9. 7
1.9
32.0
1 9
0
1.0
1 0
.0
1 0
13.6
Slovak
208
39 7
9 1
6 3
1.0
25.0
1 4
1 0
.5
1 9
1.0
0
20.2
Slovenian
100
49 0
0
8 0
.0
33.0
0
0
.0
0
.0
1 0
9.0
Grand total
905
3*> 0
7 9
9 1
1.0
25.3
9 ?
8
.3
9 f>
.7
. 4
15.5
Total native-born of foreign
father
36
^ 6
13 q
8 3
5.6
5.6
9 8
(1
.0
Q
.0
Q
8.3
Total native-born
57
54 4
19 3
8 8
3.5
3.5
5 3
.0
1.8
0
.0
0
10.5
Total foreign-born
848
33.7
6.8
9.1
.8
26.8
2.0
.8
.2
2.7
15.8
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
The most usual single source of income is the earnings of the hus-
band in the families of all races except the Magyars, 42 per cent of
whose families have their entire income from the earnings of the hus-
bands and the payments of boarders or lodgers. Of the 848 immi-
grant families, 60.5 per cent and of the 57 native families 57.9 per
cent derive their entire income either from the earnings of the hus-
band or from the earnings of the husband supplemented by the pay-
ments of boarders or lodgers; 54.4 per cent of the native and only
33.7 per cent of the foreign families are dependent solely upon the hus-
band for the income. The great recourse of the immigrant family
for income supplementary to earnings is boarders or lodgers. Only
4 of the 848 families, however, are entirely dependent for income
upon this source.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
581
The per cents of families which derive their incomes wholly from
earnings or contributions of members are obtained by adding columns
3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 11 of the table. The families represented by these
per cents have net incomes.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White. 80. 9
Native-born of foreign father, Irish. 85. 0
Foreign-born :
Bohemian and Moravian 77. 2
Hebrew, Russian 65. 1
Irish 73.0
Italian, South 54. 9
Magyar 42. 0
Polish.. . 52.4
Per cent.
Foreign-b orn — Continued .
Slovak 52.4
Slovenian . . . 57. 0
Grand total . . .57.
Total native-born of foreign father. . 86. 2
Total native-born 84. 3
Total foreign-born 55. 9
The following table shows the number of families where the
husband is present and the number and per cent of husbands at
work:
TABLE 68. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number of
selected
families. o
Total num-
ber of
husbands.
Number of
husbands
at work.
Per cent
of hus-
bands at
work.
Native-born of native father, White
21
16
16
(b)
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
15
15
15
(b)
Irish..
21
20
20
1000
Slovak
1
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
35
32
26
81 3
Croatian
1
1
j
/5\'
Hebrew, Russian. .
43
40
38
95 0
Hebrew, Other...
16
16
15
(b)
Irish.. . . .
101
84
77
91 7
Italian, South
111
106
105
99 1
Magyar . . .
132
123
121
98 4
Polish
103
102
98
96 1
Slovak
208
198
192
97 0
Slovenian
100
98
98
100 0
Grand total
908
851
892
96 6
Total native-born of foreign father. .
37
35
35
100 0
Total native-born
58
51
51
100 0
Total foreign-born
850
800
771
Qfi 4
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In the 908 families studied there are 851 husbands present, of
whom 822, or 96.6 per cent, are at work. It will be seen that one
or more families of every race represented in the table by 20 or more
families are without the husband, and that among the Irish the
proportion of families without husbands is greatest. Of the races
represented by 20 or more families with husbands, the second-
generation Irish and the Slovenians show the highest proportion of
husbands earning, all husbands being at work, and the Bohemians
and Moravians show 81.3 per cent, the lowest proportion of hus-
bands at work,
582
The Immigration Commission.
The table below classifies husbands at work according to the amount
of their yearly earnings. The table presents the data of General
Table 97 in the form of cumulative numbers and per cents.
TABLE 69. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of
individual.
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.]
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number working for
wages.
Average earnings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning —
8
M
8
P
<5
0
fe
'O
p
p
I
P
8
7
15
20
1
35
12
66
99
113
89
165
85
B
•a
rt
14
13
18
25
1
37
14
76
105
121
96
191
96
1
8
I
q
P
1
8
5
3
a
1
a
P
Ut
0)
TJ
CJ
I
a
Native-born of native
16
15
20
26
1
38
15
77
105
121
98
192
98
$500
619
439
375
(a)
440
474
371
317
337
336
385
433
3
*"4~
3
4
1
6
7
1
6
1
10
17
1
17
6
44
77
86
66
98
38
15
15
19
26
1
37
14
77
105
121
97
192
98
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and
Moravian
(0)
20.0
11.5
(a)
30.0
26.9
(a)
.0
(a)
50.0
65.4
(a)
14.7
(a)
75.0
76.9
(a)
92.1
(a)
90.0
96.2
(a)
97.4
(a)
95.0
iOO.O
(a)
97.4
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian
Croatian ....
Hebrew, Russian. .
Hebrew, Other....
Irish
""3"
4
6
7
14
4
1
17
21
22
22
37
8
A
3.8
5.0
7.1
7.3
4.1
£1
20.0
18.2
22.4
19.3
8.2
(a)
57.1
73.3
71.1
67.3
51.0
38.8
(a)
85.7
94.3
93.4
90.8
85.9
86.7
98^7
100.0
100.0
98.0
99.5
98.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
99.0
100.0
100.0
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian .
Grand total ,
Total . native-born of
foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
822
379
48
147
467
715
807
817
5.8
17. 9 56. 8 87. 0
98.2
99.4
97.1
96.1
99.6
35
51
771
516
511
371
4
7
41
7
11
136
11
17
450
22
30
685
31
45
762
34
49
768
11.4
13.7
5.3
20.0
21.6
17.6
31.4
33.3
58.4
62.9
58.8
88.8
88.6
88.2
98.8
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average earnings for the year of the foreign-born husbands at
work is $371 and for the native-born is $511. The native-born will
be seen to have larger proportions of very low and very high earners
than the foreign-born. Of the nine races represented by 20 or
more husbands all except the Russian Hebrews show instances of
husbands who have earned in the current year less than $100, the
proportion of these low earners as well as of those earning under $200
being highest among the Bohemians and Moravians. One-half or
more of the husbands of all races except the Slovenian and the Rus-
sian Hebrew earn less than $400, and six races, the Bohemians and
Moravians, the foreign-born Irish, the South Italians, the Magyars,
the Slovaks, and the Slovenians show no case of a husband earning
as much as $1,000.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
583
The total number of families with wife present and the number
and per cent of wives at work appear below.
TABLE 70. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
General nativit j and race of head of family.
Number of
selected
families, o
Total num-
ber of
wives.
Number of
wives at
work.
Per cent
of wives
at work.
Average
earnings of
wives at
work.
Native-born of native father, White
21
21
7
33.3
(6)
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
.15
14
2
(6)
(6)
Irish
21
21
6
28.6
(»j
Slovak
1
1
1
(&)
(b) •
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
35
34
5
14.7
(6)
Croatian
1
Hebrew, Russian .
43
43
2
4.7
(6)
Hebrew. Other
16
15
(6)
Irish
101
97
13
13.4
$228
Italian, South. . .
111
109
11
10.1
91
Magvar
132
131
32
24.4
135
Polish .
103
103
17
16.5
84
Slovak
208
206
34
16.5
153
Slovenian
100
100
.0
Grand total
908
895
130
14.5
153
Total native-born of foreign father
37
36
9
25.0
(6)
Total native-born
58
57
16
28.1
219
Total foreign-born . . .
850
838
114
13.6
144
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Ten races are represented by 20 or more families with the wife
present, and of these the Slovenian is the only race with no wives at
work. The highest proportion of wives at work is among the native-
born of native father, who have 33.3 per cent, and the second highest
is among the second-generation Irish, who have 28.6 per cent at work.
The lowest proportions of wives at work, excepting the Slovenian, are
in Russian Jewish and South Italian families. One hundred and four-
teen of the wives in foreign families, or 13.6 per cent, have worked
within the year and have earned on an average $144; 16 of the wives
in native families, or 28.1 per cent, have worked within the year and
have earned on an average $219.
The share of the wife in the family income is more accurately shown
in the two tables which follow. Only families have been included in
which both husband and wife are present, and the number and per
cent of wives who add to the income either by direct earnings or by
keeping boarders or lodgers are shown by the amount of the husband's
earnings. Some idea of the racial distribution of the 25 husbands
here recorded in the footnotes to the tables as earning nothing can
be obtained from Table 68. All races represented by 20 or more
families appear in the second of the two tables.
584
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 71. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers,
by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
[The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.]
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
of
selected
families .0
Number of husbands
earning —
Number
of wives
having
employ-
ment or
keeping
boarders
or
lodgers.
Number of wives hav-
ing employment or
keeping boarders or
lodgers where hus-
bands' earnings are —
Under
$400. &
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Under
$400. c
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
16
14
20
31
40
15
80
104
122
102
196
98
6
1
10
22
19
6
48
76
87
70
102
38
2
6
5
3
18
6
21
22
27
23
67
47
8
7
5
6
3
3
11
6
8
9
27
13
2
3
7
5
12
5
16
50
87
58
92
35
2
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
1
1
2
6
5
4
2
10
37
67
41
51
16
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
6
2
3
10
15
13
35
15
2
1
3
3
5
4
6
4
Hebrew Other
Irish •
Italian South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak..
Slovenian
Grand total . .
838
485
247
106
372
241
101
30
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
34
50
788
11
17
468
11
13
234
12
20
86
10
12
360
6
8
233
2
2
99
2
2
28
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. Of the selected families only those which have both hus-
band and wife present appear in this table.
b This column includes 25 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
c This column includes 9 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
TABLE 72. — Per cent of selected families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or
lodgers, by earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all
races. For selection of families, see Vol. II p. 10. The families here represented are only those where
both husband and wife are present.]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Under
$400.a
$400 and
under $600.
$600 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish.. .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
60.0
22.7
20.0
(6) •
0.0
.0
35.0
16.1
Hebrew, Russian
21.1
33.3
(&)
30.0
Irish
20.8
14.3
27.3
20.0
Italian, South
48 7
45 5
50 0
48 1
Magyar
77.0
55.6
62.5
71.3
Polish ..
58 6
56 5
44.4
56.9
Slovak
50.0
52.2
22.2
46.9
Slovenian .
42.1
31.9
30.8
35.7
Grandtotal
49.6
40.9
28.3
44.3
Total native-born of foreign father
54 5
18 2
16 7
29 4
Total native-born
47.1
15.4
10.0
24.0
Total foreign-born. .
49 7
42.3
32.6
45.6
Per cent of wives having employment or keeping
boarders or lodgers where husbands' earnings
are—
a This column includes 25 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
& Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland. 585
In the 838 families included in this table there are 372, or 44.3 per
cent, of the wives either at work or keeping boarders or lodgers. In
immigrant families the per cent of such wives is 45.6 and in native
families it is 24. Wide differences between races exist in respect to
the part the wife has in the income. In Magyar families 71.3 per
cent of the wives either earn wages or keep boarders or lodgers; in
Polish families the per cent is 56.9, in South Italian families it is 48.1,
in Slovak families it is 46.9, and in Slovenian families it is 35.7. The
proportion of Bohemian and Moravian wives helping is much lower
than for the other Slavic races and somewhat lower than for any
other race in the table.
25608°— VOL 26—11 38
CHAPTER VI.
ASSIMILATION.
RESIDENCE IN THE APARTMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND CITY.
From General Table 156 it will be seen that every foreign race
studied is largely represented in one or more blocks or districts, or,
in other words, lives largely in a colony whose characteristics are
determined by the predominance of the race in question. This colony
forms the immediate environment of members of the households.
The contact of the individual with the new country is for the most
part his contact with the particular section of the city in which the
household is located. Immigration to any neighborhood is a human
chain. Relative comes to relative, friend to friend, and townsman
to townsman. Even boarders and lodgers, though often without
family ties, follow their friends and neighbors. The opportunities of
acquaintance with the United States are indicated roughly for the
population studied by the following table, which gives the history of
the household so far as residence is concerned. Group households,
being transient organizations, are not included in this table. The
table is based on General Table 198.
TABLE 73. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States
and by general nativity and race of head of household.
[" Length of time established in the United States" is for families formed in the United States, the numher
of years since marriage, and for families formed abroad, the number of years the family has resided in the
United States.]
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in—
Per cent which have spent
whole time in—
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
3
6
8
8
52
9
11
49
100
54
109
59
2
3
3
2
15
3
8
22
20
6
29
13
2
6
6
3
19
5
9
26
32
49
68
42
3
6
8
4
45
8
10
48
84
51
98
56
(?)
@
(«)
28.8
(a)
(a)
44.9
20.0
11.1
26.6
22.0
(a)
(a)
(°)
(0)
36.5
(a)
(a)
53.1
32.0
90.7
62.4
71.2
(0)
$
(a)
86.5
(a)
(°)
98.0
84.0
94.4
89.9
94.9
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other. .
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar- . .
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian %
Grand total
4G8
126
267
421
26.9
57.1
90.0
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
14
17
451
6
8
118
12
14
253
14
17
404
(0)
(a)
26.2
(a)
%i
(a)
00
89.6
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
587
588
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 73. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States
and by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued.
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in —
Per cent which have spent
whole time in—
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
8
6
8
8
22
8
7
48
27
41
63
38
5
6
6
5
6
3
6
31
4
24
41
30
6
6
6
6
14
7
7
47
17
30
52
36
(a)
(a)
(a)
%;
8
27.1
11.1
9.8
6.3
10.5
(0)
(a)
(a)'
(a)
27.3
(a)
(a)
70.8
14.8
58.5
65.1
78.9
(a)
(a)
(0)
(a)
63.6
$
97.9
63.0
73.2
82.5
94.7
3
2
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
2
1
3
13
3
4
4
4
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar.
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
284
39
170
234
13.7
59.9
82.4
Total native-born of foreign father . .
Total native-born . ."
14
22
262
34
12
17
153
12
18
216
(a)
22.7
13.0
(«)
77.3
58.4
(a)
81.8
82.4
Total foreign-born
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
18
6
8
2
1
2
8
5
6
8
6
6
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(0)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
39
1
34
37
2.6
87 2
94 9
Hebrew, Russian
39
2
21
.0
5.1
53.8
Hebrew, Other
16
2
8
(a)
(a)
(a)
Irish
91
10
16
75
11 0
176
82 4
Italian, South
38
2
28
30
5.3
73.7
78.9
Magyar
5
3
(a)
(o)
(a)
Polish . ...
34
16
19
.0
47.1
55.9
Slovak
65
27
36
.0
41.5
55.4
Slovenian
18
15
16
(a)
(a)
(a)
Grand total
377
18
159
265
4.8
42.2
70.3
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
14
32
3
5
11
19
12
20
(a)
15.6
(a)
59.4
(a)
62.5
Total foreign-born
345
13
140
245
3.8
40.6
71.0
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White .
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian . . .
Grand total .
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
29
4
15
17
13.8
51.7
58.6
18
7
17
18
(a)
(a)
(°)
24
7
18
20
29.2
75.0
83.3
55
3
42
47
5.5
76.4
85.5
113
17
27
80
15.0
23.9
70.8
33
4
10
23
12.1
30.3
69.7
109
21
31
92
19.3
28.4
84.4
135.
37
88
125
27.4
65.2
92.6
132
23
36
104
17.4
27.3
78.8
129
10
89
100
7.8
69.0
77.5
23r
33
136
186
13.9
57.4
78.5
115
17
87
108
14.8
75.7
93.9
1,129
183
596
920
16.2
52.8
81.5
42
14
35
38
33.3
83.3
90.5
71
18
50
55
25.4
70.4
77.5
1,058
165
546
865
15.6
51.6
81.8
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
589
The races with the largest proportions of households whose experi-
ence of the IJnited States is in general limited to Cleveland are the
Slovenians and the South Italians, neither of whom has as many as
10 per cent of households which have lived in the United States outside
of this city. The largest proportion of households which have had
residence elsewhere than Cleveland is among the native-born of
native father; second to these are the Hebrews, Russian and other,
with 29.2 per cent and 30.3 per cent, respectively.
The per cents of households whose experience of the United States
is in large measure limited to the neighborhood are, in order from
highest to lowest, as follows:
t Per cent.
Bohemians and Moravians 76. 4
Slovenians 75. 7
Native-born of Irish father 75. 0
Poles 69.0
South Italians 65. 2
Slovaks... . 57.4
Per cent.
Native-born of native father 51. 7
Hebrews, other than Russian 30. 3
Irish 28.4
Magyars 27. 3
Russian Hebrews... . 23.9
Of the immigrants who have been in the United States under five
years and of the recently married among the foreign-born, 89.6 per cent
have had their entire residence within the city of Cleveland, and 56.1
per cent entirely within the neighborhood; of these the South Italians
have the highest proportion who have not lived elsewhere than Cleve-
land, and the Poles have the highest proportion who have not lived
outside of the neighborhood. Of the older immigrants and the older
couples among the foreign-born, 82.4 per cent have lived entirely
within the city and 58.4 per cent have lived entirely within the neigh-
borhood, the South Italians haying the largest proportion whose res-
idence in the United States is limited to the city, and the Slovenians
the largest per cent whose residence is limited to the neighborhood.
The oldest immigrants and the longest married among the foreign-
born in 71 per cent of all cases have had residence only in Cleve-
land, and 40.6 per cent have had residence only in the neighbor-
hood. Of these the Bohemians and Moravians have the largest pro-
portion of households whose residence has been entirely within the
city and also the largest proportion with residence entirely within the
neighborhood.
YEARS IN THE UNITED STATES.
The length of residence in the United States is given in the table
following both for foreign-born male heads of households and for the
foreign-born members of the households, including the heads. The
table showing the data for male heads of households is derived from
General Table 164.
590
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 74. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual. '
Number
report-
ing com-
plete
data.
Number in the United
States each specified num-
ber of years.
Per • cent in the United
States each specified num-
ber of years.
Under
5.
• 5 to
9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to
9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian
48
110
31
91
133
126
131
227
114
8
29
5
1
22
67
33
35
17
8
35
9
4
41
48
55
93
59
5
29
9
13
41
8
33
56
31
27
17
. 8
73
29
3
10
43
7
16.7
26.4
16.1
1.1
16.5
53.2
25.2
15.4
14.9
16.7
31.8
29.0
4.4
30.8
38.1
42.0
41.0
51.8
10.4
26.4
29.0
14.3
30.8
6.3
25.2
24.7
27.2
56.2
15.5
25.8
80.2
21.8
2.4
7.6
18.9
6.1
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian South
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Total
1,011
217
352
225
217
21.5
34.8
22.3
21.5
Of the 1,011 male heads of households included in this table, 217,
or 21.5 per cent, have been in this country under five years; 352, or
34.8 per cent, have been here from five to nine years; 225, or 22.3 per
cent have been here ten to nineteen years, and 21.5 per cent have been
here twenty years or more. The race of longest residence is the Irish,
80.2 per cent of whose heads of households have been in the United
States twenty years or more, 94.5 per cent 10 years or over, and 98.9
per cent five years or over. The Bohemians and Moravians report
the second longest residence, 56.2 per cent of the heads of households
having been in the United States twenty years or over. The Magyars
are the most recent immigrants; 53.2 per cent of their number have
been in this country under five years and 91.3 per cent have been here
under ten years. The South Italians have a slightly larger propor-
tion here under five years than have the Slovaks and Slovenians,
but they are on the whole older immigrants than any Slavic race,
except the Bohemians and Moravians.
The foreign-born persons in all households are classified in the table
which follows, according to the number of years they have been in
the United States. The table is derived from General Table 165.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
591
TABLE 75. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States under
5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
report-
ing com-
Slete
ata.
Number in the United States
each specified number of
years.
Per cent in the United States
• each specified number of
years.
Under
5.
5 to
9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to
9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian(other than French)
Croatian
69
1
3
3
204
70
114
318
402
250
2
3
395
284
18
1
1
2
92
25
10
149
301
121
2
3
142
124
11
7
33
26.1
(a)
r\
(a)
45.1
35.7
8.8
46.9
74.9
48.4
(0)
(0)
35.9
43.7
15.9
a
a
a
25 5
28.6
4.4
24.2
21.6
32.4
(a)
M
33.7
36.6
10.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
20.1
21.4
13.2
19.2
2.7
14.8
(a)
(a)
18.7
16.9
47.8
ft
H.,
14.3
73.7
9.7
.7
4.4
(a)
(a)
11.6
2.8
2
German
1
19
10
84
31
3
11
Hebrew, Russian
52
20
5
77
87
81
41
15
15
61
11
37
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian South
Magyar.
Polish
Russian .
Ruthenian
Slovak
133
104
74
48
46
8
Slovenian
Total
2,118
991
572
309
246
46.8
27.0
14.6
11.6
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian French
56
1
8
6
5
37
1
14
(a
3
10.7
(o)
8
(a
.9
66.1
(a)
Canadian, Other
2
2
(a
(o)
(a
!o)
Croatian
2
1
1
(a
(a)
(a
a
English
3
1
1
1
(a
w
(a
a)
German
5
1
3
1
(a
(a)
(a,
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
187
96
38
44
9
51
3
20.3
5
4.8
Hebrew, Other.
60
23
17
7
13
38
3
28.3
11
7
21.7
Irish
119
8
5
17
89
6
7
4.2
14
8
74.8
Italian, South
197
73
62
51
11
37
1
31.5
25
q
5.6
Magyar
199
155
35
9
77
q
17 6
4
5
o
Polish
158
81
40
34
3
51
:}
25.3
?1
5
1.9
Roumanian
1
1
(a>
(o)
!a
)
(o)
Ruthenian
2
1
1
(a
a
a
)
(o)
Scotch
1
1
(V
(a)
a
)
(a)
Slovak
313
135
91
59
28
43
1
S:i
18
8
8.9
Slovenian
142
69
52
16
5
48
6
36.6
11
3
3 5
Total
1,448
654
349
246
199
45
9
24.1
17
n
13 7
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
125
1
26
17
12
70
1
20
(a
.8
)
13.
'a
6
9.6
(a) .
56.0
0)
Canadian, Other. .
3
3
'(«
a
(a)
a)
Croatian
5
2
3
(o
|
a
(a)
a)
English
3
1
1
1
• (°
a
m
a)
German
8
3
3
2
(n
n
(«)
a)
Hebrew, Russian <
Hebrew, Other
391
130
188
48
90
37
85
22
28
23
48
36
.1
q
3.
>S
0
5
21.7
16 9
7.2
17 7
Irish
233
18
10
32
173
7
7
4
3
13.7
74.2
Italian, South . ...
515
222
139
112
42
43
1
I
>7
0
21 7
8 2
Magyar
601
456
122
20
3
75
q
>0
•}
3 3
5
Polish
408
202
121
71
14
49
<i
>q
7
17 4
3 4
Roumanian
1
1
(a
a
(a)
!a)
Russian
2
2
(a
a
!a)
a)
Ruthenian
5
4
1
(n.
n
a)
a)
Scotch...
1
1
(a
a
a
(a)
Slovak
708
277
224
133
74
*0
1
1
fi
188
105
Slovenian
426
193
156
64
13
45
g
f,
fi
15 0
3 1
Total
3,566
1,645
921
555
445
46
1
|
>K>
9
15 6
12 5
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
592
The Immigration Commission.
It will be recalled that Table 1.7 shows a great preponderance of
males among the foreign-born, the differences in proportion being
especially noticeable among the South Italians, the Magyars, the
Poles, and the Slovenians. That this preponderance of males is due
to a fairly steadily maintained proportion of the sexes throughout
the four periods under discussion is indicated by the percentages
shown. The total foreign-born show little fluctuation in the relative
proportions of the sexes, though there is on the whole a slightly larger
Eroportion of males than of females among those in the United States
iss than ten years. The most marked difference between sexes in
regard to residence in this country appears in the case of the Bohe-
mians and Moravians, among whom the women are the oldest resi-
dents.
The standing of the races in regard to length of residence in this
country is much the Same as in the previous tables. The Irish are
the oldest immigrants, the Bohemians and Moravians second oldest,
and the Magyars the most recent. The South Italians, however, do
not appear here as older immigrants than the Slovaks. For the pur-
pose of convenient comparison, the data of the two preceding tables
are rearranged cumulatively, and the per cents for heads of house-
holds and for all foreign-born are shown in the following tables:
TABLE 76. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United States under
jive years, under ten years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with twenty or more persons reporting.
The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of persons in United States
each specified number of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
Bohemian and Moravian
48
110
31
91
133
126
131
227
114
16.7
26.4
16.1
1.1
16.5
53.2
25.2
15.4
14.9
33.3
58.2
45.2
5.5
47.4
91.3
67.2
56.4
66.7
43.8
84.5
74.2
19.8
78.2
97.6
92.4
81.1
93.9
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian, South..
Magvar
Polish .
Slovak .
Slovenian .
Total.. . .
1,011
21.5
56.3
78.5
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
593
TABLE 77 .—Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States under jive years, under
ten years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is.
made for tims spsnt abroad. This table includes only races with twenty or more persons reporting.
The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each speci-
fied number of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
125
391
130
233
515
601
408
708
426
20.8
48.1
36.9
7.7
43.1
75.9
49.5
39.1
45.3
34.4
71.1
65.4
12.0
70.1
96.2
79.2
70.8
81.9
44.0
92.8
82.3
25.8
91.8
99.5
96.6
89.5
96.9
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Magyar .
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Total
3,566
46.1
72.0
87.5
The per cent of heads of households in the United States under
five years is 21.5; the per cent pi members of households, including
heads of households, in the United States under five years is 46.1.
The per cents representing those here under ten years are, respect-
ively, 56.3 and 72, and the per cents for those here under twenty
years are 78.5 and 87.5. It will be seen that the proportions are in all
cases larger when all foreign-born persons are included, being espe-
cially large in the more recent periods; that is to say, the heads of
households are, in general, immigrants of longer standing than the
other foreign-born members of the households studied.
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
The strongest force operative in holding aliens together in colonies
is the tie of common language. The people in the foreign colonies
have a very limited degree of contact with the rest of the city, and
their chances of adopting the ideas and the modes of life of the
English-speaking world around them are correspondingly small. The
ability to speak the English language is of the utmost importance
to assimilation. The number and per cent of heads of households
who can speak English follows. The table is based on General
Table 199.
594
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 78. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak English,
general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who speak
English.
Per cent
who speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
20
20
100.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
48
35
72.9
Hebrew Russian
110
94
85.5
Hebrew, Other
31
22
71.0
Italian, South
133
97
72.9
Magyar.
126
44
34.9
Polish
131
67
51.1
Slovak
226
155
68.6
Slovenian
114
80
70.2
Grand total...
939
614
65.4
Total native-born of foreign father
20
20
100.0
Total foreign-born
919
594
64.6
The second generation of non-English-speaking people is repre-
sented only by Bohemians and Moravians, all of whom speak English.
Of the foreign-born, the Russian Hebrews show the highest proportion
able to speak English, while the Bohemians and Moravians, the South
Italians, the Hebrews other than Russian, and the Slovenians all
show somewhat more than 70 per cent of the heads of households
able to speak the language. Among the Slovaks 68.6 per cent speak
English. The Poles show 51.1 per cent, while the Magyars, with 34.9
per cent, show the smallest proportion.
The relation between length of residence in this country and
ability to speak the language is indicated by General Table 200,
and the following table which is derived from it:
TABLE 79. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by years in the United States and race of individual.
IThis table includes only non-English-speaking races. By years in the United States is meant years since
first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
«
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number in the United
States each specified
number of years.
Number who speak
English, bvvears in
the United States.
Per cent who speak
English, by years in
the United States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
48
110
31
133
126
131
226
114
8
29
5
22
67
33
35
17
8
35
9
41
48
55
92
59
32
46
17
70
11
43
99
38
1
19
3
9
15
11
15
15
6
32
4
28
22
24
60
36
28
43
15
60
7
-32
80
29
8,
(0)
40.9
22.4
33.3
42.9
(a)
&>4
(a)
68.3
45.8
43.6
65.2
61.0
87.5
93.5
<&7
(V,4
80.8
76.3
H ebrew R ussian
Hebrew, Other
Italian South
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Total .
919
216
347
356
88
212
294
40.7
61.1
82.6
> Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
595
In every race the proportion of those who speak English increases
as the period of resklence increases. Four races are here represented
by twenty or more persons in each year group. Of these four races
the Kussian Hebrews have the highest proportion who speak English
in each of the groups and the Poles the lowest. Among all the for-
eign-born non-English-speaking heads of households 40.7 per cent of
those who have been in the country under five years, 61.1 per cent
of those who have been here between five and nine years, and 82.6
per cent of those who have been here ten years or over can speak the
English language.
Of the 919 foreign-born heads only 37 came to the United States
before they were 14 years of age and all of those can speak English.
Of the 882 who came at the age of 14 or over 557, or 63.2 per cent,
have learned to speak English. Their racial distribution is given
in General Table 201.
The ability to speak English of all members of households who
are 6 years of age or over, including the male heads of households
already tabulated separately, is given below in a table derived from
General Table 202.
TABLE 80. — Number and per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race
of individual.
Number reporting
complete data.
Number who speak
English.
Per cent who speak
English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian.
German
58
6
74
62
9
51
105
38
68
64
6
84
56
7
33
104
35
56
1
2
5
181
55
186
182
149
1
"~2~
307
138
122
12
158
118
16
84
209
73
124
1
5
8
378
124
468
571
393
1
2
5
690
420
58
6
74
60
9
41
98
38
51
64
6
84
55
7
28
99
34
30
1
122
12
158
115
16
69
197
72
81
1
2
4
261
93
281
168
152
1
1
2
335
120
100.0
(a)
100.0
96.8
(a)
80.4
93.3
100.0
75.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
98.2
(0)
84.8
95.2
97.1
53.6
(a)
(»)
(a)
60.2
69.1
34.4
30.8
23.5
(a)
100.0
(a)
100.0
97.5
(a)
82.1
94.3
98.6
65.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
69.0
75.0
60.0
29.4
38.7
(a)
(a)
m
48.6
28.6
Hebrew
Italian, South
Magvar...
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
Canadian, French
Croatian
3
3
197
69
282
389
244
2
1
152
55
217
112
117
(a)
&
79.7
77.0
28.8
48.0
German
3
109
38
64
56
35
1
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Magyar. . .
Polish
Roumanian
Russian
2
3
383
282
1
2
246
96
g
64 2
34.0
Ruthenian
(a)
29.0
17.4
Slovak
89
24
Slovenian
Grand total...
2,328
1,654
389
1,205
3, 982
792
3,190
1,436
384
1,052
827
377
450
2,263
761
1,502
61.7
— --!— -
95.3
54.6
50.0
-- :_
96.9
35.6
56.8
96.1
47.1
Total native-born of foreign
father....
403
1,925
'T'otal foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
596
The Immigration Commission.
Only 47.1 per cent of all the foreign-born speak English, 54.6 per cent
of the males and 35.6 per cent of the females. That the proportion of
those who speak English is lower for the women than for the men is
largely due to the fact that the women, being more within the home
and living among neighbors who speak their mother tongue, are less
likely to feel the need of the new language than the men, who in
many cases hear English spoken at their places of employment. The
foreign-born women of every race except the Magyar have lower
proportions able to speak English than have the men.
The per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English is, by race:
Per cent.
Russian Hebrews 85. 5
Bohemians and Moravians 72. 9
South Italians 72. 9
Hebrews, other than Russian 71. 0
Per cent.
Slovenians 70. 2
Slovaks 68. 6
Polish 51. 1
Magyars 34. 9
From a comparison of these per cents with the per cents in the
above table for all foreign-born members of households 6 years of
age or over, it will be seen that for all races except the Hebrew other
than Russian the proportion speaking English among foreign-born
heads of households is greater than among the foreign-born members
as a whole. It will also be seen that the relative position of races
changes when all members are included, the latter order being He-
brews other than Russian, Russian Hebrews, Bohemians and Mora-
vians, South Italians, Slovaks, Poles, Magyars, and Slovenians.
In the table which follows only foreign-born persons 6 years of
age or over are included. The table, which shows the proportion
of English-speaking persons by years of residence in this country,
is based on General Table 203.
TABLE 81. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
;h-speaking races. By years in the United States is meant years since
first arrival in the United States.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
regort-
com-
plete
data.
Number in the United
States each specified
number of years.
Number who speak
English by years in
the United States.
Per cent who speak
English by years in
the United States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Mora-
vian .
68
3
3
197
69
282
389
244
2
3
383
282
17
1
2
87
24
113
288
115
2
3
131
122
11
2
40
4
9
2
38
52
23
84
10
40
(a)
|
60.9
75.0
54.0
21.2
30.4
(a)
(a)
(a)
"94.'6'
70.0
93.5
47.1
51.9
95.0
'"(a)"
86.7
92.0
91.3
(a)
83.3
Croatian
German
60
25
92
14
48
Hebrew, Russian ..
50
20
77
87
81
53
18
61
61
35
1
2
55
14
47
14
72
41
42
Hebrew^ Other
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Russian
Ruthenian
(a)
Slovak
132
104
120
56
93
44
98
38
42.0
11.5
70.5
42.3
81.7
67.9
Slovenian . . .
Total
1,925
905
564
456
304
364
384
33.6
64.5
84.2
a Not compnted, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
597
TABLE 81. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by sex, years in the United States, and race ofindimdual — Continued.
FEMALE.
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number in the United
States each specified
number of years.
Number who speak
English, by years in
the United States.
Per cent who speak
English, by years in
the United States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 8.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
56
1
2
5
181
55
186
182
149
1
2
307
138
8
6
42
1
1
3
26
1
(a)
w
61.9
(a)
"(•")•"
88.7
100.0
38.3
(a)
37.8
Canadian, French
Croatian
1
1
90
18
66
138
73
1
1
130
65
1
%
41.1
(a)
34.8
23.9
17.8
(a)
(0)
German
4
53
20
60
9
37
3
47
20
23
7
14
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
38
17
60
35
39
37
7
23
33
13
1
25
11
18
16
8
65.8
(a)
30.0
45.7
20.5
Italian, South
Magyar .
Polish
Roumanian
Ruthenian
1
91
52
w
(a)
Slovak .
86
21
18
9
33
9
38
6
13.8
13.8
36.3
17.3
44.2
28.6
Slovenian
Total
1,265
592
340
333
142
123
185
24.0
36.2
55.6
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
124
25
17
82
5
12
64
20
o
(a)
78 0
Canadian, French
1
1
1
(•a)
Croatian
5
2
* 3
2
(a
)
(a)
German. . .
8
3
5
4
(a
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
378
177
88
113
90
72
99
50
g
81 8
87 6
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Magyar
124
468
571
42
179
426
37
137
122
45
152
23
25
84
94
25
90
57
43
107
17
59
46
22
.5
.9
1
67.6
.65.7
46 7
95.6
70.4
73 9
Polish
393
188
120
85
48
50
54
25
5
41 7
63 5
Roumanian
1
1
1
(a
Russian
2
2
1
a
Ruthenian
5
4
1
2
(«
(a)
Slovak.
690
261
223
206
73
126
136
S
0
56 5
66 0
Slovenian
420
187
156
77
23
53
44
12
3
34 0
57 1
Total
3 190
1 497
904
789
446
487
569
29
8
63 9
72 1
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The Hebrews show, of all the races included here, the largest pro-
portion of recent immigrants who speak English; 50.8 per cent of
Russian Hebrews and 59.5 per cent of Hebrews other than Russian
who have been in this country under five years have learned to speak
the language. Their standing is highest in this respect, both among
the males and among the females. The smallest proportion of
English-speaking persons among recent immigrants is shown by the
Slovenians, especially the Slovenian males. If the totals of the sexes
be considered it will be seen that in every race the proportion of
those speaking English increases as the period of residence increases.
598
The Immigration Commission.
The table which follows includes only the foreign-born and shows
the proportion of English-speaking persons among those who wTere
under 14 years of age at the time of their arrival in the United States
and among those who were 14 years of age or older. The table is
based on General Table 204.
TABLE 82.- — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
[This table includes only non- English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each spec-
ified age at time
of coming.
Number who speak
English, by ageat
tune of coming.
Per cent who speak
English, by age
at time of coming
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over
Under 14.
14 or over.
Bohemian and Moravian
68
3
3
197
69
282
389
244
2
3
383
282
14
54
3
3
153
53
211
358
220
2
3
325
274
14
37
2
1
117
39
149
81
96
1
2
199
88
(a)
68.5
%
76.5
73.6
70.6
22.6
43.6
(a)
(a)
61.2
32.1
Croatian
German
~"79."5"
(a)
95.8
100.0
87.5
Hebrew, Russian
44
16
71
31
24
35
16
68
31
21
Hebrew, Other. . .
Italian South
Magyar.
Polish
Russian ....
Ruthenian
Slovak
58
8
47
8
81.0
(0)
Slovenian . .
Total
1,925
266
1,6^9
240
812
90.2
48.9
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
56
17
39
13
17
(a)
43 6
Canadian, French
1
1
1
[a)
Croatian.
2
2
(a)
German
5
3
2
3
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
181
60
121
56
53
93.3
43.8
Hebrew, Other
55
20
35
19
19
95.0
54.3
Italian, South
186
45
141
40
24
88.9
17.0
Magyar
182
24
158
22
34
91.7
21.5
Polish
149
18
131
13
22
(a)
16.8
Roumanian. ....
1
1
1
(a)
Ruthenian
2
2
(«)
Slovak
307
47
260
35
54
745
20.8
Slovenian
138
18
120
17
7
(a)
5.8
Total.. . .
1,265
253
1,012
219
231
86.6
22.8
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian .
124
31
93
27
54
87.1
58.1
Canadian, French
1
1
1
(a)
Croatian
5
5
2
(a)
German .
8
3
5
3
1
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
378
104
274
91
170
87.5
62.0
Hebrew, Other... .
124
36
88
35
58
97.2
65.9
Italian, South
468
116
352
108
173
93. 1
49. 1
Magyar. . .
571
55
516
53
115
96. 4
22.3
Polish.
393
42
351
34
118
81.0
33.6
Roumanian
1
1
1
(a)
Russian
2
2
1
(a)
Ruthenian. . , .
5
5
2
(a)
Slovak
690
105
585
82
253
78.1
43.2
Slovenian...
420
26
394
25
95
96.2
24.1
Total
3 190
519
2,671
459
1,043
88. 4
39.0
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
599
Of the 3,190 persons included in this table, 519 came to the United
States before they were 14 years old and 2,671 came after they had
passed their fourteenth year. Of those who came as children, 88.4
per cent can now speak English, while only 39 per cent of those who
came later have learned the language. A higher proportion of males
than of females who came before the age of 14 can speak English, but
the difference is not great. It is among those who were older at the
time of coming that the greater tendency of the males to acquire the
language is apparent, 48.9 per cent of the males and only 22.8 per
cent of the females having learned to speak English.
LITERACY.
The series of tables which follow shows the degree of literacy of
persons in the households studied. The following table is drawn from
General Table 205 and shows the degree of literacy of male heads of
households :
TABLE 83. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and who read and
write, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who—-
Per cent who—
Read.
Read and
write.
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father, White
24
20
30
48
110
31
91
132
126
131
226
114
23
19
27
48
89
24
77
68
120
78
181
108
23
19
27
46
86
22
73
68
120
71
179
107
95.8
95.0
90.9
100.0
80.9
77.4
846
51.5
95.2
59.5
80.1
94.7
95.8
95.0
90.0
95.8
78.2
71.0
80.2
51.5
95.2
54.2
79.2
93.9
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Irish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Grand total
1,083
862
841
79.6
77.7
Total native-born of foreign father
50
74
1,009
46
69
793
46
69
772
92.0
93.2
78.6
92.0
93.2
76.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
Of the 1,083 heads of households included in this table, only 841,
or 77.7 per cent, can read and write; of the 74 native-born heads of
households 69, or 93.2 per cent, read and write; and of the 1,009
foreign-born only 772, or 76.5 per cent, read and write. The smallest
proportion of literates is found among the South Italians, only 51.5
per cent of whom read and write; second to these are the Poles, with
59.5 per cent who can read and 54.2 per cent who can read and write;
third from the lowest are the Hebrews other than Russian, 77.4 per
cent of whom can read and 71 per cent of whom can read and write.
The other five immigrant races are above the average of literacy for
the foreign-born. Of the five the Bohemians and Moravians show
the highest degree of literacy; second highest are the Magyars, and
third highest are the Slovenians.
600
The Immigration Commission.
For the 1,009 foreign heads of households the proportion who can
both read and write is given by years in the United States in the
following table, drawn from General Table 206:
TABLE 84. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and write, by
years in the United States and race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the
United States each
specified number
of years.
Number who read
and write,by years
in the United
States.
Per cent who read
and write, by years
in the United
States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Hebrew, Russian
48
110
31
91
132
126
131
226
114
8
29
5
1
22
67
33
35
17
8
35
9
4
41
48
55
92
59
32
46
17
86
69
11
43
99
38
8
25
4
7
24
5
4
26
45
28
72
58
31
37
13
69
30
11
24
78
35
(a)
86.2
(a)
&
95.5
57.6
82.9
(a)
(a)
68.6
(a)
(a)
63.4
93.8
50.9
78.3
98.3
96.9
80.4
(a)
80.2
43.5
(a)
55.8
78.8
92.1
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, South .
12
64
19
29
14
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Total
1,009
217
351
441
175
269
328
80.6
76.6
74.4
a Not computed, owing to the small number involved.
It will be seen that for the total foreign-born the proportion who
read and write is greatest among those who have been in the United
States under five years and least among those who have been here
ten years or over. This statement, however, is not true of every race.
Russian Hebrews, Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks have their largest per-
centages of literates among their most recent immigrants. South Ital-
ians and Slovenians, however, have the largest percentages among
the immigrants of from five to nine years' residence.
Of the 1,009 male heads of households 957 were 14 years of age at
the time of their first arrival in the United States and only 52 were
not yet 14 years old. Forty-six, or 88.5 per cent, of the 52 can read
and write and 726, or 75.9 per cent, of the 726 can read and write.
The racial distribution appears in General Table 207.
The literacy of all members of households 10 years of age or over,
including the heads of households who have already been shown
separately, is given in the table following. The table is derived from
General Table 208
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
601
TABLE 85. — Number and per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and write,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Number who read and
write.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White. .
50
50
4
40
56
96
106
4
4
12
99
274
G9
5
35
131
40
123
1
5
3
8
340
119
228
439
555
368
1
2
5
1
661
415
49
50
4
43
56
92
106
4
4
12
99
274
69
3
35
131
40
117
1
5
3
8
233
85
170
203
377
210
1
2
3
1
501
391
98.0
100.0
(a)
93.5
100.0
95.8
100.0
(0)
(a)
(a)
100.0
100.0
100.0
(*)
100.0
100.0
100.0
95.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
W
68.5
71.4
74.6
46.2
67.9
57.1
(0)
(a)
(a)
(0)
75.8
94.2
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian.
Canadian (other than
French). . . .
English
4
6
48
141
30
2
18
68
18
56
1
2
3
5
155
51
116
174
171
137
1
4
6
48
141
30
(a)
(a)
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a)
(a)
100.0
(a)
96.4
(a)
(a)
(0)
(a)
53.5
68.6
67.2
32.2
90.6
51.8
(a)
German
G
51
133
39
3
17
63
22
G7
6
51
133
39
3
17
63
22
63
(a)
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a)
(a)
100.0
100.0
94.0
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
18
68
18
54
1
2
3
5
83
35
78
56
155
71
1
Slovak
Slovenian
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
Canadian, French
Croatian
3
3
(a)
"(a)"
81.1
73.5
82.1
55.5
57.8
60.2
English
German
3
185
68
112
265
384
231
3
150
50
92
147
222
139
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Roumanian
Russian
2
3
2
3
(0)
(a)
"si.T
93.6
Ruthenian
2
1
294
134
(a)
(a)
68.4
95.5
Scotch
1
201
128
Slovak
367
281
300
263
Slovenian .
Grand total
2,409
1,740
4,149
1,874
1,306
389
432
874
3,180
777
869
2,311
77.8
100.0
99.8
72.9
75.1
99.5
98.9
67.1
76.6
Total native-born of foreign
father
388
438
1,971
391
437
1,303
779
875
3,274
388
437
1,437
99.7
99.3
70.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 4,149 persons included in this table 3,274 are foreign-born
and 875 are native-born. Eight native races are represented by
twenty or more persons, and in none of the eight, excepting the
native-born of native father, is there a case of illiteracy. Nine for-
eign races are represented by twenty or more persons. Of these the
Bohemians and Moravians have the highest proportion of literates,
both among males and among females. The Slovenians are second
to the Bohemians and Moravians, with percentages of literates only a
trifle lower. The smallest proportions of literates, both male and
female, are among the South Italians. The Polish race, on the whole,
has next to the lowest proportion of literates, although more of the
Poles than of the Magyar men read and write. Higher percentages of
women than of men read and write among the Bohemians and Mora-
vians, Magyars, and Slovenians.
25608°— VOL 26—11 39
602
The Immigration Commission.
In the table which follows all foreign-born members of households
who are 10 years of age or over, including the heads of households
who have already been shown separately, are divided into three
groups, according to their years of residence in the United States,
and the number and per cent of literates are shown in each group.
The table is derived from General Table 209.
TABLE 86. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read
and write, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United
States each specified
number of years.
Number who read and
write, by years in
the United States.
Per cent who read and
write, by years in the
United States^
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5to9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
67
3
3
185
68
112
265
384
231
2
3
367
281
17
2
75
24
8
102
285
106
2
3
118
121
10
2
""56"
19
5
71
85
77
40
13
1
2
64
16
7
52
150
64
2
3
96
110
10
2
40
(a)
w
(a)
85.3
66.7
(a)
51.0
52.6
60.4
(a)
(0)
81.4
90.9
(a)
(a)
100.0
Croatian
German
1
60
25
99
92
14
48
1
49
21
82
49
14
30
(i;
84.0
82.8
53.3
(a)
62.5
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
"37
13
3
46
58
45
74.0
(a)
(a)
64.8
68.2
58.4
Irish
Italian South
Magyar
poil-h ::
Russian
Ruthenian
Slovak
129
104
120
56
106
100
98
53
82.2
96.2
81.7
94.6
Slovenian
Total
1,971
864
552
555
580
420
437
67.1
76.1
78.7
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
56
8
6
42
8
6
40
(o)
(o)
95.2
Canadian French
1
1
1
(o)
Croatian
2
1
1
1
1
(o)
(a)
English
3
2
i
2
1
(o)
(a)
5
1
4
1
4
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
155
51
71
16
31
15
53
20
37
6
20
10
26
19
52.1
(o)
64.5
(a)
49.1
95.0
Irish
116
5
5
106
3
4
71
(0)
(a)
67.0
Italian South
174
59
55
60
18
17
21
30.5
30.9
35.0
Magyar . . .
171
130
32
9
115
32
8
88.5
100.0
(a)
Polish
137
64
36
37
31
20
20
48.4
55.6
54.1
1
1
1
(a)
Ruthenian
2
1
1
(a)
(o)
Scotch
1
1
1
(o)
Slovak
294
123
85
86
99
54
48
80.5
635
55.8
Slovenian
134
62
51
21
58
51
19
93.5
100.0
90.5
Total
1,303
544
319
'440
380
216
278
69.9
67.7
63.2
a Not computed owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
603
TABLE 86. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read
and write, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United
States each specified
number of years.
Number who read and
write,. by years in
the United States.
Per cent who read and
write, by years in the
United States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
Canadian, French.. .
123
1
5
3
8
" 340
119
228-
439
555
368
1
2
5
1
661
415
25
16
82
1
21
16
80
1
84.0
(a)
97.6
(°)
2
2
3
146
40
13
161
415
170
1
2
4
3
2
2
3
101
22
10
70
265
95
1
2
3
3
(a)
(a)
English
1
5
113
45
205
152
23
85
1
5
75
40
153
70
22
50
(a)
(a)
69.2
55.0
(a)
43.5
63.9
55.9
(a
(a)
(a)
66.4
88.9
74.6
46.1
95.7
58.8
German
Hebrew, Russian... .
Hebrew, Other
""si"
34
10
126
117
113
57
23
7
63
90
65
70.4
67.6
(a)
50.0
76.9
57.5
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Roumanian
Russian
(a
Ruthcnian
1
1
214
155
(a
(a)
Scotch
1
160
151
(a)
Slovak ,...
Slovenian
241
183
206
77
195
168
146
72
80.9
91.8
74.8
97.4
70.9
93.5
Total
3,274
1,408
871
995
960
636
715
68.2
73.0
71.9
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Among recent immigrants represented in each group by 20 or more,
the Slovenians have the highest proportions of literates, both male
and female, and the South Italians have the lowest proportions of
both sexes. It will be seen that although certain races have increas-
ingly high percentages of literates among the older immigrants, no
greater abililty to read and write can be said, on the whole, to exist
among the oldor than among the more recent immigrants. In no case
would it be safe to say that the greater literacy of the older immi-
grants of a given race is due to their longer residence in this country.
All foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, including heads of
households who have already been shown separately, are divided into
two groups according to their ages at the time of coming to the United
States, and the number and per cent who read and write are shown in
each group. The table is derived from General Table 210.
604
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 87. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read
and write, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Nu mber each
specified age at
time of coining.
Number who read
and write, by
age at time of
coming.
Per cent who read
and write, by age
at time of com-
ing.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Bohemian and Moravian
67
3
3
185
68
112
265
384
231
2
3
367
281
13
54
3
3
153
53
96
211
s:s
220
2
3
325
274
13
50
3
3
119
35
76
105
196
128
2
3
265
257
(0)
92.6
(«)
(a)
77.8
66.0
79.2
50.0
54.7
58. 2
(«)
(a)
81.5
93.8
Croatian
German
Hebrew, Russian
32
15
18
54
26
11
31
15
16
42
26
11
96.9
(a)
(a)
77.8
100.0
(a)
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar.
Polish
Russian
Ruthenian . . .
""42"
7
Slovak
Slovenian
35
6
83.3
(«)
Total
1,971
216
1,755
195
1,242
90.3
70.8
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
56
17
39
15
39
(a)
100 0
Canadian, French
1
1
1
(a)
Croatian
2
2
2
(a)
English
3
1
2
1
2
(7)
(o)
German
5
3
2
3
2
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
155
34
12L
28
55
82.4
45 5
Hebrew, Other
51
16
35
16
19
(a)
54 3
Irish
116
25
91
20
58
80.0
63.7
Italian, South . .
174
33
141
26
30
78.8
21 3
Magyar
171
13
158
13
142
(a)
£9 9
Polish
137
6
131
6
65
(•)
49.6
Roumanian
1
1
1
(a)
Ruthenian
2
2
(a)
Scotch
1
1
1
(a)
Slovak
294
34
260
26
175
76.5
67.3
Slovenian . .
134
14
120
14
114
(a)
95 0
Total
1,303
198
1,105
170
704
85.9
63.7
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian
123
30
93
28
89
93.3
95 7
Canadian, French
1
1
1
(o)
Croatian
5
5
5
(a)
English
3
1
2
1
2
(a)
(a)
German
8
3
5
3
5
(0)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
340
66
274
59
174
89.4
63.5
Hebrew, Other
119
31
88
31
54
100.0
61.4
Irish ...
228
41
187
36
134
87.8
71.7
Italian, South
439
87
352
68
135
78.2
38 4
Magyar...
555
39
516
39
338
100.0
65.5
Polish
368
17
351
17
193
Co)
55 0
Houmanian
1
1
1
(a)
Russian
2
2
2
(a)
Ruthenian
5
5
3
(a)
Scotch
1
1
1
(a)
Slavok
661
76
585
61
440
80.3
75.2
Slovenian
415
21
394
20
371
95.2
94.2
Total
3,274
414
2,860
365
1,946
88.2
68.0
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
605
Of the 3,274 persons included in this table 414 were under 14 years
of age at the time of their arrival in the United States, and 2,860 were
14 years of age or older. Of the 414, there are 88.2 per cent now
able to read and write, and of the 2,860 there are only 68 per cent
who can read and write. The per cents for the total number of males
of the two groups are 90.3 and 70.8, respectively, and for the females
85.9 and 63.7, respectively. No race has in either sex as low a pro-
portion as 75 per cent of literates among its members who came as
children under 14. Racial differences are very pronounced among
persons wiio came when they were 14 years of age or older, especially
among the women.
CITIZENSHIP.
The following series of four tables is concerned only with fcreign-
born males who have been in the United States five years or over
and who- were 2 1 years of age or over at the time of their arrival ;
that is, with those who were eligible to citizenship at the time the
schedule was taken and who could acquire it only by their own action.
The table below shows the standing of male heads of households with
regard to naturalization. The table is derived from General Table 211.
TABLE 88. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who
have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at
time of coming, ly race of individual .
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United' States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully
natural-
ized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
natural-
ized
Having
first papers
only.
Bohemia and Moravian
22
51
20
35
70
49
70
103
73
14
17
10
33
34
4
8
17
9
3
21
1
63.6
33.3
50.0
94.3
48.6
8.2
11.4
16.5
12.3
13.6
41.2
5.0
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
Magyar.
4
6
6
11
14
5.7
12.2
8.6
10.7
19.2
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Total
493
146
66
29.6
13.4
Four hundred and ninety-three foreign-born male heads of house-
holds are eligible to citizenship, of whom 146, or 29.6 per cent, are
fully naturalized, and 66, or 13.4 per cent, have their first papers.
The highest proportion of citizens is among the Irish, and the second
highest is among the Bohemians. It will be recalled in this connec-
tion that the Irish have the largest and the Bohemians the next
largest proportion of older immigrants. More than half of the
Hebrews, Russian and other, and of the South Italians, are citizens
or have taken steps toward citizenship. The Magyars and the Slavic
races, exclusive of the Bohemians and Moravians, have the smallest
proportions of cases in which any action whatever has been taken
with reference to naturalization.
606
The Immigration Commission.
The promptness with which the foreign-born acquire citizenship is
indicated by the table below, which includes only the 250 eligible
male heads of households who have been in this country under ten
years.
TABLE 89. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who have
been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over at time of com-
ing, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully
natural-
ized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
natural-
ized.
Having
first papers
only.
Bohemian and Moravian
5
27
9
1
28
43
38
53
46
2
15
Wo.o
00
(fl>
3.6
4.7
.0
3.8
4.3
(a)
55.5
(a)
(a)
10.7
14.0
2.6
13.2
19.6
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
2
Irish
Italian South
1
2
3
6
1
7
9
Magyar. .
Polish
Slovak
2
2
Slovenian
Total
250
9
43 3.6
17.2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Only 9, or 3.6 per cent, of the 250 foreign-born in the United
States under ten years have become fully naturalized, and only 20.8
per cent have taken any steps towards citizenship. The standing
of the races in respect to the proportion of men who have at least
declared their intention of becoming citizens within their first ten
years of residence is:
Per cent.
Russian Hebrews 55. 5
Slovenians 23. 9
Magyars 18. 7
Per cent.
Slovaks 17.0
South Italians 14. 3
Polish . . 2. 6
The table following presents the data in regard to naturalization
for all men who were 21 years of age or older at the time of their
arrival in this country and who have been in the United States five
years or over. This, of course, includes the male heads of house-
holds before shown separately. The table is based on General Table
212.
Immigrants in Cities: Cleveland.
607
TABLE 90. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United
States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race oj
individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully
natural-
ized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
natural-
ized.
Having
first papers
only.
Bohemian and Moravian
22
63
26
41
79
72
81
122
119
14
21
11
39
37
4
8
20
11
3
22
3
63.6
33.3
42.3
95.1
46.8
5.6
9.9
16.4
9.2
13.6
34.9
11.5
.0
5.1
9.7
7.4
9.0
13.4
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian South
4
7
6
11
16
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Total
625
165
72
26.4
11.5
Six hundred and twenty-five men eligible to citizenship are
included in this table, of whom 165, or 26.4 per cent, are fully natu-
ralized, and 72, or 11.5 per cent more have obtained their first papers.
The including of other members of the households with the heads
does not produce any marked changes in the showing of the several
races. The standing of the races in respect to full naturalization of
heads may be restated:
Per cent.
Irish 94.3
Bohemians and Moravians 63. 6
Hebrews, other than Russian 50. 0
South Italians 48. 6
Russian Hebrews... . 33.3
Per cent.
Slovaks 16.5
Slovenians 12. 3
Polish : 11.4
Magyars 8. 2
Their relative standing in the above table in respect to the per
cent of citizens is Irish, Bohemians and Moravians, South Italians,
Hebrews other than Russian, Russian Hebrews, Slovaks, Poles,
Slovenians, and Magyars. The including of other members of the
households with the heads reduces the proportion of citizens in all
races except the Bohemians and Moravians, who have only the heads
of households appearing in both tables, the Russian Hebrews, who
have the same per cent in both tables, and the Irish, who have a
slightly higher per cent where all are included.
The table next presented includes only the 338 members of house-
holds who were 21 years of age or older at the time of their arrival
in this country and who have been in the country under ten years.
608
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 91. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United
States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully
natural-
ized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
natural-
ized.
Having
first papers
only.
Bohemian and Moravian . .
5
31
14
2
31
62
48
66
79
2
14
2
(a)
9.7
(a)
(a)
3.2
3.2
.0
6.1
3.8
(a)
45.2
(a)
(a)
9.7
11.3
2.1
10.6
12.7
Hebrew, Russian
3
2
1
1
2
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, South
3
7
1
7
10
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
4
3
Slovenian
Total
338
16
46
4.7
13.6
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The six races represented here by twenty or more persons have
the following standing with relation to the per cents who have either
their first or second papers:
Per cent.
Russian Hebrews 54. 9
Slovaks 16.7
Slovenians... . 16.5
Per cent.
Magyars 14. 5
South Italians 12. 9
Polish.. 2.1
It will appear from a comparison of the above per cents with per
cents similarly obtained from Table 90, that of the Russian Hebrews
and South Italians, both of whom have relatively high proportions of
persons who have taken some action with a view to becoming citi-
zens, the Russian Hebrews are far more prompt, and that of the Mag-
yars and Poles, both of whom have relatively very low proportions
of persons with either their first or their second papers, the Magyars
are much more prompt in taking out papers.
PART YIL— BUFFALO.
609
610
The Immigration Commission.
^'Ifc
BUFFALO
MAP
SHOWING GENERAL LOCATION OF
EACH BLOCK OR DISTRICT STUDIED
AND PREDOMINANT RACE
LEGEND
AMERICAN WHITE AND SYRIAN
HEBREW AND GERMAN
^
tlJ.U
PART VIL— BUFFALO,
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Buffalo, like most large cities in the United States, has its colonies
of immigrants. In some of these colonies unfavorable housing con-
ditions prevail, but they are due to poor construction, lack of proper
sanitary provisions, and dilapidation rather than to extreme crowd-
ing per lot. Four of the most congested districts in the city have
been chosen for study. In these districts there are cases of what is
clearly lot overcrowding, but they are not representative of prevailing
conditions. The average number of households per lot used for dwell-
ing purposes throughout the four districts is only about two and one-
half, and the average number of persons per lot used for dwelling
purposes is about thirteen. In none of the four districts is the aver-
age of households per lot as low as two or as high as three, and in none
of the four is the average of persons per lot as low as ten or as high as
seventeen.
The immigrant races found living in representative numbers under
the most unfavorable housing conditions prevailing in Buffalo are the
South Italian, Polish, Russian Hebrew, German, and Syrian. The
distribution of these races is indicated by the map and by General
Table 58.
611
CHAPTER II.
TERRITORY.
The four districts studied in Buffalo are as follows:
(1) Erie street district. — Canal street, both sides; Fly street, both
sides; Peacock street, both sides; Commercial street, both sides;
Evans street, both sides.
(2) Kosciusko street district. — Kosciusko street, Broadway to Syca-
more street, both sides.
(3) Mortimer street district. — Mortimer street, Broadway to William
street, both sides.
(4) Seneca street district. — Seneca street, Alabama to Louisiana,
both sides; Louisiana to Chicago, south side.
The Italians were studied in the Erie street district. The racial
composition of the district appears in the following table:
TABLE 1. — Number of households studied in Erie street district, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number of
households.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish. . .
Foreign-born:
German.
Italian, South.
Grand total.
2
171
174
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total foreign-born
1
173
The population is almost solidly South Italian.
The chief street in the district is Canal, parallel to the Erie Canal,
running two blocks south from Erie street. This is the business street
of the quarter. There are many saloons, restaurants, pool rooms, and
theaters, and numbers of lodging houses, some of which have a bad
reputation. Peacock street is a narrow, cobble-paved street, open
on the northwest corner to the lake winds and in consequence having
fairly good air.
Some of the houses in this district were not originally planned for
tenements. One of the houses, for instance, was built for storing
boats, then it was a stable; later it was turned into a house of ill
repute; still later it was made to comply outwardly with the letter
of the tenement-house law and was rented to the Italians. A con-
siderable number of similar houses are in the district. A simple and
inexpensive device for adapting them to household uses is the head-
high wooden partition, by means of which a single large room is con-
verted into a number of small rooms, the sleeping rooms at the rear
depending entirely upon the windows of the front room for light and
ventilation.
613
614 The Immigration Commission.
The water supply and toilet facilities are often inadequate, and a
few cases of dry toilets are still to be found on Canal street. There
are, however, a few houses in the district which offer decent living
accommodations. The district is in a period of transition, and a
radical cleaning up is necessary before the quarter will offer living
conditions on a par with those to be found in other parts of Buffalo.
Kosciusko street is a typical street of the Polish quarter of Buffalo ;
it is as poor as any and yet not exceptional. The number of house-
holds of the canvassed district is given below:
TABLE 2. — Number of households studied in Kosciusko street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number of
households.
Native-born of foreign father by race of father Polish
7
Foreign-born:
German
1
Polish
194
Russian
1
Grand total .
203
Total native-born of foreign father
7
Total foreign-born
196
Only two households in the entire district are not Polish.
Two blocks on Kosciusko street were studied. Of the two, the
block between Stanislaus and Sycamore is the less crowded. A
church and its parish house and rectory occupy all the west side of
the block and the houses opposite are on the whole better than the
houses between Stanislaus and Broadway. The latter block is much
the more populous and is sharply divided into a poorer and a better
side. On the east side is the larger proportion of one and two family
houses, some of them with very good gardens. On the west side the
houses, as a rule, accommodate a larger number of households and
have less ground space about them. At one end of the west side
stands a notoriously bad tenement house, and across the street stands
another not so bad, but yet old and dilapidated and far below toler-
able standards.
The two or three large tenement houses in the district are an
anomaly in the village atmosphere surrounding them, and though
in bad condition are not sufficiently numerous to be a danger to any
but the tenants occupying them. The other houses in the district,
which accommodate not more than four and often only one or two
households, are detached, one, one-and-a-half, or two story frame
cottages, narrow and long and stretching far back. In some instances
there are rear houses back of little yards. This class of houses is
largely in the hands of resident owners. The houses are without
improvements ; the water supply is sometimes shared by two or three
households, all of which use a yard faucet; the toilets are in the yard,
and in a few instances there is surface drainage. The conditions,
however, are not extremely bad. There is space and air from side
and back yards; there are no dark rooms; the houses are in good
repair. If the district can not boast of modern city improvements,
it lacks also much of the discomfort and danger of densely populated
city blocks.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
615
The Hebrew district studied in Buffalo is on Mortimer street.
The racial composition of its population is given below:
TABLE 3. — Number of households studied in Mortimer street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, bv race of
7
Foreign-born— •Continued.
German ....
33
father:
Hebrew, Russian
(>9
English
1
Irish
2
French
1
German
45
Grand total
165
Irish
2
Foreign-born :
Canadian
3
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born !
49
56
English
2
Total foreign-born
109
The households of the district are 41.8 per cent Russian Hebrew
and 47.3 per cent German, foreign and native.
The three blocks on Mortimer street between William street and
Broadway comprise this district. The character of the neighbor-
hood is poor at the William street end of the district but improves as
one approaches Broadway.
The houses are all two-story cottages, accommodating from two to
four households. They are surrounded by yards and in some cases
have little houses at the rear of the lots, which are kept in as good
condition as the front houses. The repair of the houses in this
district is, in general, good and they have, on the whole, the most
modern equipment of the houses in any district studied. Separate
water supply within the house is the rule; toilet accommodations
are good; and the majority of the houses are lighted by gas, prac-
tically the only gas lighting found in the course of the Buffalo study.
The district has many resident landlords, especially among the Ger-
mans, who are the old residents of the neighborhood.
The racial composition of the Seneca street district is shown in the
following table:
TABLE 4. — Number of households studied in Seneca street district, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
57
Foreign-born — Continued.
Hebrew, Russian . . .
3
father:
Irish
10
French .
1
Italian North
German . . .
3
Italian, South
41
Irish
7
• Svrian
r»o
Foreign-born :
Turkish
i
Canadian
10
Danish
1
209
English
6
French
1
Total native-born of foreign father
11
German
11
68
Greek
6
Total foreign-born
141
616 The Immigration Commission.
The population of the Seneca street district is rapidly changing.
German, Irish, Italian, English, and American households are living
in close proximity to the Syrians, and the character of the district is
distinctly cosmopolitan.
Of the 209 households canvassed 27.3 per cent have heads who are
native-born of native father, 23.9 per cent are Syrian, and 19.6 per
cent are South Italian. Ten other races of foreign birth and four of
native birth are represented by one or more households in this dis-
trict. In winter the South Italians constitute a higher proportion of
the households of the district than that appearing in the table. At
the time the schedules were taken a number of South Italian house-
holds were in the country at agricultural labor.
This district comprises two blocks along Seneca street. Both sides
of the street were studied between Alabama and Louisiana streets,
and the south side was studied between Louisiana and Chicago streets.
On the former block are situated a police station, the Syrian church,
and Welcome Hall, a social settlement. Back of the houses on the
south side of the street are railroad tracks.
There are two tenement houses in this district, each accommodating
12 households. Conditions in these tenements are fairly good. The
apartments are occupied by English, Irish, German, and native
households. The other houses or the neighborhood accommodate
from two to four households. Two-story frame or brick houses and
three-story brick houses are the most common. A railroad company
owns some of the houses and rents them at a low figure on condition
that the occupants vacate at notice. The proportion of houses in
good repair is small. Most of the houses occupied by the native-
born of native father are in good or fair repair; about half of the
houses occupied by the Syrians are in bad repair and in some cases
are in a state of dilapidation.
CHAPTER III.
COMPOSITION OF POPULATION STUDIED.
NATIVITY AND RACE.
Study by block is not practicable beyond this point. The purpose
of this report is the presentation of certain data for races found living
in considerable numbers in the more congested sections of the city.
Such immigrant races in Buffalo are the South Italians, the Poles, the
Germans, the Hebrews, and the Syrians.0 The ^ second-generation
Germans and the native-born of native father being represented by
more than 20 households are also included in the study for com-
parative purposes. All other races found living in the districts
studied have been excluded from the detailed study. The table
which gives the scope of the investigation and of the detailed study is
drawn from General Tables 58 and 59.
TABLE 5. — Total number of households studied in blocks investigated and households
included in detailed study, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total num-
ber of
households
studied in
block inves-
tigated (see
Table 1).
Households included in
detailed study.
Number.
Per cent dis-
tribution.
Native-born of native father, White
64
1
2
48
10
7
13
1
8
1
47
6
72
12
1
212
194
1
50
1
64
- 9.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
English
French
German
48
7.0
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
Canadian .
Danish
English
French
German ...
47
6.8
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
72
10.5
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
212
194
30.9
28.2
Polish
Russian. . .
Syrian
50
7.3
Turkish
Grand total. . .
751
687
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
68
132
619
48
112
575
7.0
16.3
83.7
Total native-born . .
Total foreign-born
a See General Table 58.
25608°— VOL 26—11 40
617
618
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 751 households canvassed 64, or 8.5 per cent, representing
scattering races, have been excluded from succeeding tables. Of the
687 which are further studied, 575, or 83.7 per cent, are foreign
and 112, or 16.3 per cent, are native. The South Italians and the
Poles are represented in the detailed study by the large proportions
of households; the Russian Hebrews and the native-born of native
father have a much smaller representation; and the Germans of the
two generations and the Syrians have a still smaller representation,
no one of these races having more than 50 households. Reference to
General Table 58 shows the South Italians and the Poles to be the
most distinctly colonized of the seven races.
The nationality of the Polish heads of households appears in the
following table derived from General Table 61. The German Poles
are predominant in this group of Polish households and the Galicians
are few.
TABLE 6. — Country of birth of foreign-born Polish heads of households.
Country of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Austria-Hungary
14
7.2
Germany . .
137
70.6
Russia
43
22.2
Total
194
100.0
TABLE 7. — Province of birth of South Italian heads of households.
Province of birth.
Nurp.ber
reporting
co nplete
data.
Per cent
of total.
Abruzzi and Molise
12
5.7
Basilicata
36
17.1
Calabria
11
5.2
Campania .. . . .
37
17.6
Marches
1
Roma
1
.5
Sicily
112
53.3
Total ... . ...*....
210
100.0
That more than half of the South Italian heads of households are
from Sicily appears from the table above. Six other provinces are
represented in this group of South Italian households, of which
Campania and Basilicata furnish the largest numbers.
The number of persons who are members of the households studied,
and the per cent the members of households of each race form of the
total number studied, also the number of members for whom detailed
information was secured, and the per cent that such persons in the
households of each race form of the total number for whom detailed
information was secured, appear in the following table. The table
is derived from General Table 59.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
619
TABLE 8. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was
secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of
households.
Persons in households.
Persons for whom de-
tailed information
was secured.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Number.
Per cent
of total.
Native-born of native father, White
64
48
47
72
212
194
50
287
220
184
370
1,151
1,145
204
8.1
6.2
5.2
10.4
32.3
32.2
5.7
287
219
182
367
1,051
1,129
202
8.4
6.4
5.3
10.7
30.6
32.8
5.9
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, German.
Foreign-born :
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Svrian
Grand total
687
3,561
100.0
3,437
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
48
112
575
220
507
3,054
6.2
14.2
85.8
219
506
2,931
6.4
14.7
85.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
In the 687 households there are 3,561 persons, 3,054, or 85.8 per
cent, of whom are in households whose heads are immigrants and 507,
or 14.2 per cent, of whom are in households with heads of native
birth. The Poles and South Italians each have nearly a third of the
total number of persons in households. The South Italians have a
slightly larger total number of persons than have the Poles, but a
somewhat smaller number of persons for whom detailed information
was secured. The Russian Hebrews have the third largest represen-
tation both of total members and of members furnishing detailed
information, and the native-born of native father rank second.
Lowest in point of representation are the Germans of the two genera-
tions and the Syrians.
SEX.
The proportions of the sexes in the households studied appear in the
following table, which also is derived from General Table 59:
TABLE 9. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativitv and race of head ol house-
Number.
Per cent o
f each sex.
hold.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father German.
145
113
142
106
287
219
50.5
51 6
49.5
48 4
Foreign-born:
German
87
95
182
47 8
52 2
Hebrew, Russian
183
184
367
49 9
50 1
Italian, South. . .
591
460
1 051
56 2
43 8
Polish
582
547
1 199
51 6
48 4
Svrian ....
108
94
202
53 5
46 5
Grand total...
1 809
1 628
3 437
52 6
47 4
Total native-born of foreign father .
113
106
219
51 6
48 4
Tota 1 native-born
258
24<}
506
51 0
49 0
Total foreign-born
1 551
1 380
2 931
52 9
47 1
620
The Immigration Commission.
The percentage of males among the foreign-born is 52.9 and among
the native-born is 51. The higher percentage of males among the
immigrants is due to a high proportion of males among the South
Italians and also to a rather high proportion among the Syrians. The
preponderance of males among the South Italians is due largely to
the presence of boarders and lodgers in the households of the race,
almost all of whom are men.
The percentage which boarders and lodgers form of the entire
membership of the households studied appears in the following table,
derived from General Tables 59 and 76 :
TABLE 10. — Number and per cent of persons in apartments who are boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of persons
in apart-
ments.
Total boarders and
lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
287
220
184
370
1,151
1,145
204
16
9
3
25
135
31
21
5. 6
4.1
1.6
(i.8
11.7
2.7
10.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, German
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian South
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
3,561
240
6.7
Total native-born of foreign father . .
220
507
3,054
9
25
215
4.1
4.9
7.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The South Italians have the highest proportion of boarders and
lodgers among the members of their households, the Syrians have the
second highest, and the Russian Hebrews have the third highest.
As has been already stated, the boarders and lodgers in South Italian
households are almost all men. Among the Syrians and Russian
Hebrews, however, numbers of relatives are found boarding or lodg-
ing, and several of the boarders and lodgers are women. In gen-
eral the groups of boarders and lodgers in the households of the
last two races are much smaller than are found in the South Italian
households. The South Italians may be said to be the only one of
the races included in the study which resorts to the keeping of board-
ers and lodgers on a large scale.
AGE.
The age of heads of households is given in the table following, which
is based on. General Table 62.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
621
TABLE 11. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex and by general
nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes in each section only races with twenty or more persons reporting. The totals, how-
ever, are for all races.]
MALE.
Number
reporting
Perc
ent within
each spec
ified age gi
•oup.
complete
data.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Native-born of native father, White .
53
0.0
18.9
52.8
24.5
3.8
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, German
39
2.6
23.1
41.0
25.6
7.7
Foreign-born:
German
30
.0
10.0
26.7
20.0
43.3
Hebrew, Russian ..
65
.0
' 26 2
47 7
24.6
1.5
Italian South
205
o
18 5
54 1
19 0
8 3
Polish
178
.0
21.9
49.4
24.7
3.9
Syrian
44
4.5
54.5
34.1
4.5
2.3
Grand total
614
.5
22.8
48.4
21.2
7.2
Total native-born of foreign father
39
2.6
23.1
41.0
25.6
7.7
Total native-born
92
1.1
20.7
47.8
25,0
5. 4
Total foreign-born
522
4
23 2
48 5
20 5
7.5
FEMALE.
Grand total
67
0.0
6.0
31.3
41.8
20.9
Total native-born of foreign father
9
(a)
(a)
(a)>
(a)
(a)
Total native-born
20
.0
100
45 0
400
50
Total foreign-born
47
o
4 3
25 5
42 6
27 7
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White
64
0.0
17.2
51.6
26 6
4 7
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, German
48
2.1
20.8
41.7
29.2
6 3
Foreign-born:
German .
46
.0
6.5
23.9
21 7
47 g
Hebrew, Russian
72
.0
23 6
47 2
25 0
4 2
Italian, South
210
.0
18.6
53.8
19 5
8 1
Polish ..
191
.0
20 4
47 6
27 2
4 7
Syrian
50
4.0
50.0
32.0
12 0
2 0
Grand total
681
4
21 1
46 7
23 2
8 5
Total native-born of foreign father
48
2 1
20 8
41 7
29 2
6 3
Total native-born
112
.9
18.8
47.3
27 7
5 4
Total foreign-born
5fio
4
21 6
46 6
22 3
9 1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the total of 687 heads of households, 681 are included in the above
table, 6 14 of whom are men and 67 of whom are women. The women,
who as a rule are widows, are, on the whole, much older than the men,
62.7 per cent as compared with 28.4 per cent of the men being 45
years of age or older.
By reference to General Table 60 it will be found that all but
8 of the households studied are family households. Practically all
who are included in the above table are therefore heads of families
as well as of households, and their ages may be taken as indicating
roughly the age of the family. The most usual age of heads of house-
holds for every race except the foreign-born Germans and the Syrians
is between 30 and 45. The most usual age among the Germans is 60
or over; 47.8 per cent are at least 60 years of age and 69.5 per cent are
622
The Immigration Commission.
at least 45 years of age; only 6.5 per cent are below the age of 30.
The Germans are, on the whole, by far the oldest families included
in this study. The Syrian heads of households in 50 per cent of all
cases are below the age of 30, and in 82 per cent are below the age
of 45. The indications are therefore that they average the youngest
families included in this study.
The age of the persons in households is given in the next table.
The table is derived from General Table 63.
TABLE 12. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
ra^e of head of household.
MALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data. "
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
Hand
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
I
30 to 45 or
44. over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
145
113
87
183
591
582
108
15.9
15.9
6.9
25.1
23.7
21.5
20.4
17.9
15.9
11.5
13.1
20.6
24.9
5.6
3.4
1.8
3.4
3.8
2.9
4.8
1.9
8.3
14.2
6.9
7.7
4.4
11.5
7.4
15.9
21.2
27.6
20.2
16.6
11.5
41.7
23.4 ! 15.2
18. 6 | 12. 4
18.4 '•• 25.3
19.7 i 10.4
21.0 10.8
16.0 i 9.8
18. 5 1 4. 6
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian
Grand total •.
1,809
21.0
19.4
3.5
8.2
17.6
19.0 !- 11.2
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
113
258
1,551
15.9
15.9
21.9
15.9
17.1
19.8
1.8
2.7
3.7
14.2
10.9
7.8
21.2 18.6 i 12.4
18.2 1 21.3 ' 14.0
17.5 18.6 i 10.8
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
142
106
12.0
15 1
20.4
23 6
2.8
3 8
7.0
7 5
22.5
14 2
23.9
22 6
11.3
13 2
Foreign-born:
German
95
10 5
10 5
2 1
8 4
15 8
20 0
32 6
Hebrew, Russian
184
15.8
19.6
4:9
14.7
18.5
17.4
9 2
Italian. South ....
460
25 4
20 4
2 4
6 1
15 9
17 8
12 0
Polish
547
20 7
26 5
5 7
9 0
13 3
16 6
8 2
Syrian .... ...
94
23 4
6 4
1 i
4 3
31 9
20 2
12 8
Grand total . . .
1,628
19 9
21 2
3 8
8 2
16 7
18 5
11 7
Total native-born of foreign father..
Total native-born
106
248
15.1
13 3
23.6
21 8
3.8
3 2
7.5
7 3
14.2
19 0
22.6
23 4
13.2
19 1
Total foreign-born
1 380
21 1
21 1
3 9
8 4
16 3
17 6
11 6
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
287
219
13.9
15.5
19.2
19 6
3.1
2 7
7.7
11 0
19.2
17 8
23.7
20 5
13.2
12 8
Foreign-born:
German
182
8.8
11.0
2.7
7.7
21 4
19 2
29 1
Hebrew, Russian
367
20 4
16 3
4 4
11 2
19 3
18 5
9 $
Italian, South
1,051
24.5
20.6
2.7
5.1
16.3
19.6
11.3
Polish....
1,129
21.1
25 7
5 2
10 3
12 4
16 3
9 0
Syrian
202
21.8
5.9
1.5
5.9
37.1
19.3
8.4
Grand total
3,437
20 5
20 3
3 7
8 2
17 2
18 8
11 4
Total native-born of foreign father..
Total native-born
219
506
15.5
14.6
19.6
19.4
2.7
3.0
11.0
9.1
17.8
18.6
20.5
22.3
12.8
13.0
Total foreign-born
2,931
21.5
20.4
3.8
8.1
16 9
18 2
11 2
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
623
In South Italian households are found the largest proportion of
very young children; this race and the Syrians, Polish, and Kussian
Hebrews all have more than 20 per cent of the members of their
households under 6 years of age. The Germans of foreign birth
have only 8.8 per cent of very young children, the smallest percentage
of any race. Fifty-two per cent, or more than half, of the members
of Polish households are children under 16; 47.8 per cent of the
members of South Italian households are under 16; 29.2 per cent of
the Syrians, who are, on the whole, the youngest of all families, and
22.5 per cent of the Germans, who are, on the whole, the oldest of all
families, are not yet 16 years of age. Syrian children have not, as
a rule, reached the ages between 6 and 16, and German children have
in most cases passed this age. Of the 3,437 members of households
included in the table 44.5 per cent are under 16 years of age, 52.7 per
cent are under 20 years of age, 69.9 per cent are under 30 years of
age, and 88.7 per cent are under 45 years of age.
YEARS IN THE UNITED STATES.
The length of residence of foreign-born male heads of households
in the United States is given below in a table derived from General
Table 64.
TABLE 13. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Numbe
eachs
Under
5.
r in the United States
pecified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
German
31
65
205
179
44
2
28
26
25
5
1
11
62
34
24
3
17
77
68
15
25
9
40
52
6.5
43.1
12.7
14.0
11.4
3.2
16.9
30.2
19.0
54.5
9.7
26.2
37.6
38.0
34.1
80.6
13.8
19.5
29.1
.0
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish...:
Syrian
Total..
524
86
132
180
126
16.4
25.2
34.4
24.0
Thirty-four and four-tenths per cent, or more than one- third, of
the foreign-born male heads of households have been in the United
States between ten and twenty years, 24 per cent have been here
twenty years or more, and 41.6 per cent have been here less than ten
years. Only 16.4 per cent have been in the country less than five
years. The Germans are the oldest immigrants. Eighty and six-
tenths per cent have been in the country at least twenty years, 90.3
per cent have been here at least ten years, and only 6.5 per cent have
been here less than five years. The Kussian Hebrews and the
Syrians are, on the whole, the most recent immigrants. The Russian
Hebrews show by far the largest proportion of those who have come
within five years, but the Syrians have the largest proportion of those
who have^come within ten years. The Poles, although they have a
slightly higher proportion of very recent immigrants than the South
Italians, have a considerably higher proportion of immigrants of
twenty years' standing and are, on the whole, of longer residence
in the United States than any race except the Germans.
CHAPTER IV.
LIVING CONDITIONS.
CONGESTION.0
The dwelling which is typical of three of the districts studied in
Buffalo is the detached one or two story cottage, narrow and long,
which accommodates from two to four households. Single-family
houses also are not uncommon. In the Polish district, however, there
are two or three large tenements in bad condition.
The Italian district seems to have no distinct type of tenement.
In many cases old buildings, originally with large rooms used for
business purposes, have been adapted to dwelling purposes, and the
method of alteration has given rise to a peculiar type of room. The
tenant, or the landlord at the tenant's request, has divided the single
large room into two or more smaller rooms by means of "head-high"
partitions. If the ceiling of the original room is high, the little inte-
rior rooms may be both light and airy; if the outer room is low and
ill-ventilated they are unfit for dwelling purposes. The tenement-
house law, which has been in effect in Buffalo since January 1, 1902,
provides that every interior room shall have, in addition to the door-
way, an opening of at least 15 square feet into an outer room which
is provided with a window into the outer air. This opening may be
either a window or an alcove opening.6 Tenement-house inspectors
differ in their interpretation of the law. The tenement inspector of
the Italian district at the time this study was made decided that in the
case of a wooden partition not built up to the ceiling the open space
between the top of the partition and the ceiling might be counted
as part or all of the 15 square feet. In the following tables these
"head-high" rooms are counted as rooms.
The number of rooms per apartment is given in the table which
follows. The table is derived from General Table 66.
a Congestion depends on many conditions other than the number of persons or
adults per room and per sleeping room. Most of these conditions are not susceptible
of statistical measurement, and no definite line can be drawn where overcrowding
begins. In this section of the report the terms "congestion" and "degree of con-
gestion" are expressly restricted to a comparison of the number of persons or adults
per room and per sleeping room.
& See New York tenement-house act, p. 79.
625
626
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 14. — Per cen^ of households occupying apartments of each specified number oj
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apartments of each
specified number of rooms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native
father White
64
48
47
72
212
194
50
4.83
5.27
5.49
4.88
2.88
3.70
3.60
0.0
2.1
.0
2.8
7.1
1.5
10.0
3 1
2.1
4.3
.0
28.8
24.7
16.0
9.4
6.3
4.3
8.3
45.3
9.8
22.0
43.8
18.7
21.3
36.1
10.8
40.2
28.0
15.6
29 2
21.3
23 6
4.7
16.5
14.0
15.6
31.3
27.7
15.3
2.4
5.2
4.0
12.5
10.4
21.3
13.9
.9
2.1
6.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of fa-
ther German
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian. South
Polish
Syrian.. .. .
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father. .
687
48
112
575
3.90
5.27
5.02
3.6JT
3.8
2.1
.9
4.3
17.8
. . „ -. —
2.1
2.7
20.7
20.8
~— . — •-. — -—
6.3
8.0
23.3
27.4
18.7
33.0
26.3
14.6
29.2
21.4
13.2
9.6
6.1
31.3
22.3
7.1
10.4
11.6
5.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The most usual single size of apartment occupied by the above
households is the apartment of four rooms; but only 27.4 per cent of
the households studied live in apartments of this size, while 42.4 per
cent live in smaller apartments and 30.3 live in larger apartments.
Immigrant households as a rule occupy smaller apartments than do
the native-born. The average number of rooms among foreign house-
holds is 3.68 and among native households is 5.02; of foreign house-
holds 25 per cent and of native 3.6 per cent live in apartments of one
or two rooms, and 48.3 per cent and 11.6 per cent, respectively, live
in apartments of fewer than four rooms.
The average size of the South Italian apartments is lowest of all the
races, and a larger proportion of the households of this race than of any
other live in two rooms and three rooms. When the facts are recalled
that some of these rooms are " head-high, " and that the households
of the race have a larger proportion of men who are boarders and
lodgers than any other race, the difference in the standing of this and
the other races is accentuated. The Germans of the two generations
average the largest number of rooms per apartment and have the
smallest proportions of apartments of fewer than four rooms and the
largest proportions of apartments of more than four rooms.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
627
The size of households studied is shown in the following table, which
is derived from General Table 67.
TABLE 15. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and
Total
number
Average
number
Ter
cento
[ house
holds
Df each
specif
led nu
mber c
f perse
ns.
race of head of
household.
of
house-
holds.
of persons
per house-
hold.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
64
4.48
1.6
18.8
21.9
12.5
21.9
6.3
3.1
7.8
3.1
3.1
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father, German
Foreign-born:
German
48
47
4.58
3.91
8.3
6.4
14.6
17.0
14.6
25.5
10.4
17.0
16.7
19.1
16.7
6.4
8.3
6.4
2.1
.0
6.3
.0
2.1
2.1
Hebrew, Russian.
Italian, South....
Polish
72
212
194
5.14
5.43
5.90
1.4
. 5
1.0
8.3
5.7
8.8
9.7
13.7
12.4
23.6
1G.O
12.9
18.1
17.5
10.8
12.5
19.3
12.4
12.5
11.3
11.9
6.9
8.5
10.8
5.6
3.8
10.3
1.4
3.8
8.8
Syrian
50
4.08
4.0
18.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
16.0
4.0
4.0
.0
.0
Grand total
687
5.18
2.0
10.3
15.0
15.4
16.0
14.1
9.8
7.6
' 5.4
4.4
Total native-born of
foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
48
112
575
4.58
4.53
5.31
8.3
4.5
1.6
14.6
17.0
9.0
14.6
18.7
14.3
10.4
11.6
16.2
16.7
19.6
15.3
16.7
10.7
14.8
8.3
5.4
10.6
2.1
5.4
8.0
6.3
4.5
5.6
2.1
2.7
4.7
Among the 687 households studied, wide variation in size of house-
holds is apparent. The most common household consists of five
persons, households of four persons are almost as common, and
households of three and of six persons are only a little less usual.
If the per cents of households of the two most usual sizes be com-
bined and the per cents of households above and below these sizes
be shown separately, the result is as follows:
General nativity and race of head of household.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, German.
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian •
Grand total.
Total native-born of foreign father .
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
1, 2, and 3
persons.
4 and 5
persons.
6 or more
persons.
42.3
37.5
34.4
27.1
23.4
35.5
48.9
19.4
19.9
22.2
42.0
36.1
41.7
33.5
23.7
34.0
14.9
38.9
46.7
54.2
24.0
27.3
31.4
41.3
37.5
40.2
24.9
27.1
31.2
31.5
35.5
28.7
43.7
Households of fewer than four persons prevail among the native-
born and households of more than five persons prevail among the
foreign-born. Of the several races the Germans of foreign birth
have the highest proportion of small households and the lowest pro-
gortion of large households ; the native-born of native father and the
yrians are next in order to the Germans as regards proportions both
of small and of large households. The second-generation Germans
have a high proportion of small households, but they have also a
628
The Immigration Commission.
high proportion of large households. Hebrews, South Italians, and
Poles have low percentages of small households and high percentages
of large households, the Poles having, on the whole, the largest
households, the South Italians second largest, and the Hebrews third
largest.
The average number of persons per apartment of each specified
size is given in the table below wherever a race is represented by 10
or more apartments of any given size. The table is based on General
Table 68.
TABLE 16. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms.
individual.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
(a)
(a)
3.96
4.70
5.20
(a)
4 48
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father, German
(a)
(a)
(0)
(a)
3.64
6.00
(a)
4.58
Foreign-born:
German
(a)
(0)
4.50
3.80
3.92
4.20
3.91
Hebrew Russian
(a)
(a)
5.23
4.82
6 00
6.40
5 14
Italian, South
3. 07
4.70
5.60
6.78
6.90
(0)
(0)
5.43
Polish
(0)
3.83
5.53
6.56
7.25
8. 10
(a)
5.90
Syrian
(a)
(•)
3.82
4.93
(a)
(0)
(«)
4.08
Grand total
3 04
4 u
5 15
5 G8
5 55
5 76
5 71
5 18
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(0)
(a)
(a)
4.05
3.64
4.08
6.00
5.68
(«)
6.00
4.58
4.53
Total foreign-born
3.12
4.17
5.26
6.08
6.01
5.80
5.59
5.31
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Average persons per apartment are shown both for native and
foreign born in apartments of four rooms and upward. In 4-room
apartments and in 5-room apartments the immigrants average about
two persons more per apartment than do the native-born, but in
6-room apartments the average for the foreign-born is only a little
higher. The high averages in apartments of all sizes among the
foreign-born are due largely to the size of Polish and South Italian
households.
From the above averages the average number of persons per room
in the apartments of the several sizes may easily be obtained. These
averages are:
Persons
Persons
Apartments of —
per
Apartments of—
per
room.
room.
1 room
3.04
4 rooms
1.42
2 rooms
'•> 06
5 rooms
1.11
3 rooms
1 72
6 rooms
.95
From the above showing it follows that, in general, congestion per
room decreases as the number of rooms increases.
The number and per cent of persons per room regardless of the size
of the apartment occupied are shown in the table which follows.
The table presents the data of General Table 69 in the form of
cumulative numbers and percentages.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
629
TABLE 17. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of per-
sons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father.
White
64
48
47
72
212
194
50
0.93
.87
.71
1.05
1.88
1.60
1.13
30
23
12
46
201
]74
37
523
4
46.9
47.9
25.5
63.9
94.8
89.7
74.0
6.3
.0
2.1
5.6
58.0
36.6
20.0
0.0
.0
2.1
2.8
18.4
6.2
2.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
4.7
.5
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race ol father, German
Foreign-born:
German
1
4
123
71
10
1
2
39
12
1
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
10
1
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
Total native-born of foreign
father
687
1.33
213
55
11
76.1
31.0
8.0
.0
.0
9.6
1.6
48
112
575
.87
.90
1.44
23
53
470
47.9
47.3
81.7
.0
3.6
36.3
.0
.0
1.9
Total native-born
4
209
Total foreign-born
55
11
Of the 687 households 523, or 76.1 per cent, average one or more
persons per room; 213, or 31 per cent, average at least two persons
per room; 55, or 8 per cent, average at least three persons per room;
and 11, or 1.6 per cent, average at least four persons per room. Of
the immigrant households 81.7 per cent and of the native households
only 47.3 per cent average one or more persons per room; of the
foreign, 9.6 per cent average as many as three persons per room, but
none of the native households has so high an average.
The highest degree of congestion — namely, four or more persons
per room — is found in 10 cases among the South Italians and in one
case among the Poles. The South Italians have the highest average
of persons per room for all households and the highest per cent of
households of each specified degree of congestion. The Poles are
second to the South Italians. In this connection, however, it should
be recalled that the South Italians have much the larger proportion
of boarders and lodgers in their households, and that almost without
exception the boarders and lodgers are adult males; also that they
live in tenements in poorer repair and with fewer conveniences
than do the Poles. Their relative disadvantage is, therefore, greater
than indicated by the difference in ratios. The immigrant Germans
show on the whole the lowest degree of congestion and the races of
native birth show the next lowest degrees, the position of the native-
born of native father being third from the highest in the table.
A second aspect of congestion is the ratio of persons to sleeping
rooms. A large proportionate amount of the time when the apart-
ment is fully occupied is spent in sleeping, when as a rule certain
rooms are left vacant, with a resulting increase in numbers in the
rooms occupied. The data in respect to persons per sleeping room
appear in the table next submitted, which presents the numbers of
General Table 70 in cumulative form and supplements them with
cumulative per cents.
630
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 18. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race cf head of
household.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of persons
per sleep-
ing room.
Num
eac
per
2 or
more.
ber of households having
i specified number of
sons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
0.0
.0
2.1
.0
2.4
2.1
.0
Native-born of native
father White
63
48
-47
72
209
193
50
1.91
1.83
1.60
2.07
2.64
2.86
1.87
33
22
18
49
171
166
29
6
5
3
13
104
102
8
1
1
1
1
36
47
2
52.4
45.8
38.3
68.1
81.8
86.0
58.0
9.5
10.4
6.4
18.1
49.8
52.8
16.0
1.6
2.1
2.1
1.4
17.2
24.4
4.0
0.0
.0
2.1
.0
4.3
6.7
2.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father, German
Foreign-born:
German
1
1
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South....
Polish
\
5
4
Syrian
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born —
682
48
111
571
2.38
• — ' '-
1.83
1.87
2.48
488
__. —
22
55
433
241
5
11
230
89
24
10
71.6
45.8
49.5
75.8
35.3
10.4
9.9
40.3
13.0
2.1
1.8
15.2
3.5
.0
.0
4.2
1.5
1
2
87
.0
.0
1.8
24
10
There are 488, or 71.6 per cent, of the 682 households which have
two or more persons per sleeping room; 241, or 35.3 per cent, which
have at least three persons; 89, or 13.0 per cent, which have at least
four; 24, or 3.5 per cent, which have at least five; and 10, or 1.5 per
cent, which have at least six. The ten households which have the
highest degree of congestion per sleeping room are South Italian
in five cases, Polish in four cases, and foreign-born German in one
case. The Poles, who have second from the highest ratio of per-
sons per room, have the highest ratio of persons per sleeping room;
in other words, the Poles as compared with the South Italians tend
at night to crowd into fewer of the rooms at their disposal. The
immigrant Germans, although they have one instance of at least
six persons per sleeping room, have on the whole the least congestion
Eer sleeping room. The Germans of native birth and the natiye-
orn of native father have the next lowest degrees of congestion
per sleeping room. Of the foreign-born the Syrians are, next to the
Germans, the least crowded, and the Russian Hebrews follow the
Syrians in this respect.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
631
For convenience of comparison the average number of persons per
apartment, per room, and per sleeping room are restated below :
TABLE 19. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Average number of persons per—
Apartment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father, White
64
48
47
72
212
194
50
4.48
4.58
3.91
, 5.14
5.43
5.90
4.08
0.93
.87
.71
1.05
1.88
1.60
1.13
« 1.91
1.83
1.60
2.07
&2.64
c2.86
1.87
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, German.
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian. .
Italian South
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
687
5.18
1.33
d2.38
Total native-born of foreign father
48
112
575
4.58
4.53
5.31
.87
.90
1.44
1.83
«1.87
/2.48
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Based on 63 households.
& Based on 209 households.
c Based on 193 households.
d Based on 682 households.
« Based on 111 households.
/Based on 571 households.
The native-born have on the whole smaller households and a
lower degree of congestion per room and per sleeping room than the
foreign-born. The foreign-born average over five persons per apart-
ment, over one person per room, and over two persons per sleeping
room; the native-born average over four persons per apartment,
less than one person per room, and less than two persons per sleeping
room. The Germans of foreign birth have the smallest households
and the lowest degree of congestion per room and per sleeping room,
and the South Italians and Poles have the largest households and the
highest degree of congestion per room and per sleeping room.
A somewhat different measure of congestion, which makes allow-
ance for the presence of young children in the households studied,
is afforded by the foUowing series of six tables, in which all persons
10 years or over are counted as adults and all persons under 10 years
of age have half the value of adults. The table which is concerned
with adults per room gives the data of General Table 71 in the form
of cumulative numbers and per cents.
632
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 20. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
{In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10, one adult. ]
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of adults
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
64
48
47
72
212
194
50
0.82
.75
.66
.90
1.56
1.33
.99
22
15
10
31
192
158
28
34.4
31.3
21.3
43.1
90.6
81.4
56.0
0.0
.0
2.1
4.2
31.1
16.5
10.0
0.0
.0
.0
1.4
5.2
.5
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
1.9
.5
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
Foreign-born:
German
1
3
66
32
5
Hebrew, Russian
1
11
1
...„
1
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
687
1.12
456
107
13
5
66.4
31.3"
33.0
72.9
15.6
.0
.0
18.6
1.9
.0
.0
2.3
.7
.0
.0
.9
Total native-bornof foreign father .
Total native-born
48
112
575
.75
.79
1.21
15
37
419
"ioi"
""is"
""5
Total foreign-born
Only 37 or 33 per cent of the native households have one or more
adults per room and none has as many as two adults per room.
Four hundred and nineteen, or 72.9 per cent, of the foreign-born
have one or more adults per room, 107, or 18.6 per cent have as many
as two adults per room, 13, or 1.9 per cent have as many as three
adults per room, and five, or 0.7 per cent have at least four adults per
room. The average number of adults per room in native households
is 0.79 and in foreign households is 1.21. The high average in foreign
households is due to the South Italians and Poles, who are the only
races with averages of over one adult per room. The South Italians
average 1.56 adults per room and have also the highest percentages of
households of each specified degree of congestion; the roles average
1.33 adults per room and show by their distribution a larger amount
of congestion than any other race except the Italian.
The data relative to adults per sleeping room, which appear in
General Table 72, are presented in the form of cumulative numbers
and percentages.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
633
TABLE 21. — Number and per cent of households vjhich have each specified number of
adults per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In tliis table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and
.race of hea'd of
household.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or 1 4 or | 5 or
more, more., more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
fifher Yv Mte
63
48
47
72
209
193
50
1.68
1.58
1.48
1.77
2.19
2.38
1.63
26
12
12
32
147
139
19
1
1
2
2
42
57
2
41 3
1.6
2.1
4.3
2.8
20.1
29.5
4.0
0.0
.0
2.1
.0
3.8
9.3
.0
0.0
.0
2.1
.0
1.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
Nalivt'-born of for-
eign father, by race
of father, G erman . .
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South....
Polish
25.0
25. 5
44. 4
70.3
72.0
1
1
8
18
2
2
Syrian
38.0
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
682
2.00
387
107
27
3
2
56.7
—
25.0
34.2
61.1
15.7
4.0
.0
.0
4.7
.4
.0
.0
.5
.3
.0
.0
.4
48
111
571
1.58
1.64
2.07
12
38
349
1
2
105
2.1
1.8
18.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
""27"
""3"
'"2
When measured in terms of adults the congestion per sleeping room
among the native-born reaches its height in the case of two house-
holds having as many as three adults per sleeping room and among
the foreign-born in the case of two households having as many as six
per sleeping room. The two cases of six or more adults per sleeping
room occur in South Italian households. Polish households, however,
have considerably larger proportions of their number with as many
as three and as many as four adults per sleeping room than have the
South Italians, and also have the higher average of adults per sleeping
room. These two are the only races which average as many as two
adults per sleeping room. They raise the average for all immigrant
households to slightly above two adults.
The average numbers of adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room are given in parallel columns below.
TABLE 22. — Average number of adults per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room
by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10, one adult.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Average number of adults per —
Apartment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Na1 ive-born of native father, White
64
48
47
72
212
194
50
3.97
3.96
3.62
4.41
4.49
4.91
3.55
0.82
.75
.66
.90
1.56
1.33
.99
. al.CS
1.58
1.4S
1.77
62.19
c 2. 38
1.63
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, German. .
Foreign-born:
German .
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South..
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
687
4.39
1.12
d2.00
Total native-born of foreign father
48
112
575
3.96
3.96
4.47
.75
.79
1.21
1.58
fl.61
/2.07
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. .
a Based on 63 households.
b Based on 203 households.
25608° — VOL 26-
c Based on 193 households.
d Based on 682 households.
« Based on 111 households.
/ Based on 571 households.
634
The Immigration Commission.
The average of adults per apartment is greatest among the Poles,
who are followed in order oy the South Italians, the Russian Hebrews,
the native-born of native father, the second generation Germans,
the foreign-born Germans, and the Syrians. Although households
when reduced to adults are smallest among the Syrians, the apart-
ments of the Syrians are enough smaller than the apartments of the
native white of native father and the Germans of both generations to
raise the average of adults per room above the averages for these
races. The native white are, however, inclined to reserve propor-
tionally more room than the Syrians for living purposes exclusive of
sleeping, and their average number of adults per sleeping room is
therefore higher than the average for the Syrians.
The following table summarizes the situation in regard to conges-
tion in the 687 households studied, so far as this can be done by
means of averages:
TABLE 23. — Average number of persons and of adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average number
per apartment.
Average number
per room.
Average number
per. sleeping room.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Native-born of native father,
White
64
48
47
72
212
194
50
4.48
4.58
3.91
5.14
5.43
5.90
4.08
3.97
3.96
3.62
4.41
4.49
4.91
3.55
0.93
.87
.71
1.05
1.88
1.60
1.13
0.82
.75
.66
.90
1.56
1.33
.99
ol.91
1.83
1.60
2.07
62.64
c2.86
1.87
ol.68
1.58
1.48
1.77
&2.19
c2.38
1.63
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Svriftn
Grand total
687
5.18
4.39
1.33
1.12
d2.38
d2.00
Total native-born of foreign
father
48
112
575
4.58
4.53
5.31
3.96
3.96
4.47
.87
.90
1.44
.75
.79
1.21
1.83
«1. 87
/2.48
1.58
«1.64
/2.07
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Based on 63 households.
b Based on 209 households,
c Based on 193 households.
d Based on 682 households.
e Based on 111 households.
/ Based on 571 households.
If the races be arranged in the six columns of averages in order from
highest to lowest, the following facts will appear: (1) The converting
of persons to adults does not change the standing of the Poles, South
Italians, and Russian Hebrews as the first, second, and third largest
households; it does change the relative positions of the native-born
of native father and the second generation Germans and of the for-
eign-born Germans and Syrians. (2) The immigrant Germans have
the lowest degree of congestion per room and per sleeping room and
the second generation Germans the second lowest, whether measured
by persons or adults. The South Italians have the highest degree of
congestion per room and the second highest degree per sleeping room,
the Poles having the highest degree per sleeping room and the second
highest degree per room, whether measured by persons or by adults.
The Russian Hebrews occupy most nearly the medium position,
being fourth from the most congested per room and third from the
most congested per sleeping room.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
635
The two tables which follow divide immigrant races into three
§roups according to the period of residence of the head in the United
tates and for each group present the data in regard to adults per
room and per sleeping room. The following table is derived from
General Table 73:
TABLE 24. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult, and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of household.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
German
2
28
26
25
9
00
1.03
1.62
1.32
(a)
(a)
60.7
88.5
88.0
(a)
(a)
7.1
42.3
12.0
(0)
(a)
0.0
7.7
.0
(a)
(a)
0.0
3.8
.0
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
17
23
22
8
2
11
3
3
Italian, South
2
1
Polish
Syrian. . .
Total
90
1.23
70
19
2
1
77.8
21.1
2.2
1.1
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
German
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
11
0.89
6
M
(a)
M
w
Italian, South
63
1'60
58
20
4
1
92 1
31 7
Va
1 6
Polish
34
1.22
28
5
82.4
14.7
.0
.0
Syrian . .
26
1.01
16
2
61 5
7 7
o
.0
Total
135
1.26
108
27
4
1
80 0
20 0
3 0
.7
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
German
44
0.67
10
1
22.7
2.3
0 0
0 0
Hebrew, Russian
33
.82
8
1
1
24 2
3 0
3 0
o
Italian South
121
1 53
109
35
5
2
90 1
28 9
4 i
1 7
Polish
134
1.35
108
24
1
1
80 6
17 9
7
7
Syrian
15
87
4
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Total ...
347
1 20
239
61
7
„
68 9
17 6
2 0
9
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
It might be supposed unfair to the races made up largely of recent
arrivals to make racial comparisons in respect to congestion without
taking into account the length of residence in this country. The
table above makes due allowance for this factor. A study of the
figures, however, does not reveal any uniform tendency toward a
smaller degree of congestion with the lapse of time. The average
number of adults per room in the group of households whose heads
have been in the United States ten years or longer is slightly lower
than the corresponding number in the other two groups. The pro-
portions of extreme cases of congestion are somewhat higher among
residents of from five to nine years than in either of the other groups.
Neither can any uniform tendency be observed from a study of the
individual races. The table does, however, enable a comparison of
636
The Immigration Commission.
the races within each residen.ce group. It will be seen that in all
three groups the South Italians and Poles maintain the position
which they have held throughout the series of congestion tables.
This showing, together with the fact that by far the largest propor-
tions of the households of these races are included in the group of
earlier residents,, demonstrates that the unfavorable showing made
by these races is not to any extent occasioned by recency of arrival
in the United States.
The following table presents the data of General Table 74 in the
form of cumulative numbers and percentages:
TABLE 25. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United
States.
{In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult and two persons under 10 one adult.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of house-
hold.
Num-
ber re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
German .
2
28
25
25
9
(«)
1.92
2.21
2.15
(a)
(a)
57.1
76.0.
72.0
(a)
(a)
3.6
16.0
16.0
(a)
(a)
0.0
4.0
.0
(a)
(a)
0.0
.0
.0
(a)
.0
(a)
0.0
.0
.0
(a)
• Q
Hebrew, Russian. . ..
Italian, South
16
19
18
6
1
4
4
1
Polish
Syrian
Total
89
2.04
59
9
1
66.3
10.1
1.1
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS,
German
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(o)
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
11
1.78
5
(a)
w
(a
(«)
w
Italian, South
62
2.16
41
10
4
1
1
66. 1
161
65
1.6
16
Polish
33
2.22
24
9
2
72.7
27.3
6.1
.0
.0
Syrian
26
1.66
11
2
42 3
7 7
o
o
o
Total
133
2.01
81
21
1
1
60 9
15.8
4 5
.8
.8
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
German
Hebrew, Russian
44
33
1.50
1.66
12
11
2
1
1
1
27.3
33.3
4.5
3 0
2.3
.0
2.3
.0
0.0
.0
Italian, South...
120
2.20
87
28
3
1
i
72.5
23.3
2.5
.8
.8
Polish
134
2.45
97
44
16
72.4
32 8
11.9
.0
.0
Syrian
15
1.47
2
(a)
(o)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Total
346
2.11
209
75
20
2
1
60 4
21 7
5 8
.6
.3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
It will be recalled that in the previous table the South Italians and
Poles show far more congestion of adults per room in each of the
three residence groups than do the other races. They make a similar
showing in regard to sleeping rooms, and may be said to be in a dis-
tinct class as regards congestion among immigrants.
Of the three races represented by 20 or more households in the
group of recent immigrants, the South Italians have a rate of con-
gestion per sleeping room, as measured by adults, a little higher than
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
637
have the Poles and considerably higher than have the Russian
Hebrews.
Among immigrant households whose heads have been in the
United States from five to nine years and among households whose
heads have been in this country ten years or over the Poles make
the worst showing with respect to congestion per sleeping room;
the South Italians are second, and the Syrians are third.
The following table shows the number and per cent of households
which use all rooms for sleeping purposes and the number and per
cent which reserve one room and two rooms for living purposes other
than sleeping. The table is based on General Table 75.
TABLE 26. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of rooms
per house-
hold.
Average
number
of sleep-
ing rooms
per house-
hold.
Number of households
sleeping in-
Per cent of households
sleeping in —
All
rooms.
All
except
one
room.
All
except
two
rooms.
All
rooms.
All
except
one
room.
All
except
two
rooms.
Native-born of native
father, White
63
48
47
72
209
193
50
o4.83
5.27
5.49
4.88
62.88
c3.70
3.60
2.37
2.50
2.45
2.49
2.05
2:00
2.18
1
1
9
4
2
5
101
55
23
27
12
17
31
24
79
13
1.6
2.1
.0
6.9
36.8
14.0
14.0
14.3
8.3
4.3
6.9
48.3
28.5
46.0
42.9
25.0
36.2
43.1
11.5
40.9
26.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father, German
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
5
77
27
7
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
682
/3.90
2.20
118
199
:. , , .=
4
13
186
203
17.3
29.2
8.3
11.7
32.6
29.8
25.0
35.1
28.7
Total native-born of for-
eign father
48
111
571
5.27
<*5.02
«3.68
2.50
2.42
2.15
1
2
116
12
39
164
2.1
1.8
20.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Based on 64 households.
Based on 212 households.
c Based on 194 households.
d Based on 112 households.
e Based on 575 households.
/ Based on 687 households.
Of the 571 immigrant households included in this table, 116, or 20.3
per cent, use all rooms, including the kitchen, for sleeping purposes,
186, or 32.6 per cent, reserve one room, usually the kitchen, for living
purposes exclusive of sleeping, and 164, or 28.7 per cent, reserve two
rooms, usually the kitchen and a general living room, for other uses
than sleeping. These high per cents are due largely to the presence
of the South Italians. The proportions of native households sleeping
in all rooms and in all rooms but one will be seen to be very much
lower than the corresponding proportions of the foreign households.
The average number of rooms used for living purposes other than
sleeping is 1.53 among foreign households and 2.60 among native
households. The relative standing of the several races in respect to
the average number of rooms not used for sleeping purposes is:
Per cent.
Germans, foreign -born 3. 04
Germans, native-born 2. 77
Native-born of native father 2. 46
Russian Hebrews .2.39
Per cent.
Polish 1.64
Syrians 1. 42
South Italians .. .83
638
The Immigration Commission.
The low average of rooms not used for sleeping purposes in South
Italian households and the relatively high proportion of South Italians
sleeping in all rooms and in all but one room will be readily under-
stood when it is recalled that 35.9 per cent of the households of the
race live in one and two room and 45.3 per cent live in three room
apartments.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
A discussion of living conditions concerned only with the numbers
in apartments, rooms, and sleeping rooms would leave certain impor-
tant phases of the subject untouched. The composition of the
household is fully as important as its size. Sex and age compo-
sition have been shown in Chapter III. Nothing, however, is of
more importance in relation to the subject than the degree of kinship
existing within the household, for in small apartments well filled
with occupants there is likely to be the minimum of privacy and the
maximum of group life. It goes without saying that this group life
is most nearly normal in households which consist only of father,
mother, and children, with or without some other close relative on
the same footing as a member of the family.
The f ajnily and the household are not always coextensive. Among
the households included in this study there have been found a few
which consist of two or more families and a few which include no
family, as well as those already mentioned which include boarders or
lodgers among their members. The following table shows the num-
ber and per cent of households which consist of a single family with
neither boarders nor lodgers. The table is derived from General
Table 60.
TABLE 27. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single family without
boarders or lodgers.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Consisting of a single
family without board-
ers or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
64
48
47
72
212
194
50
49
35
42
54
148
177
30
76.6
72.9
89.4
75.0
69.8
91.2
60.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of lather, German
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian ...
Italian South
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
687
535
77.9
Total native-born of foreign father
48
112
575
35
84
451
72.9
75.0
78.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
639
A larger percentage of immigrant than of native households are of
the simplest type, a single family with no boarders or lodgers. The
highest proportion of such households is found among the Poles,
who have 91.2 per cent. The Poles are followed, in order, by the
foreign-born Germans, the native-born of native father, the Russian
Hebrews, the second-generation Germans, the South Italians^ and the
Syrians. From the general table it appears that the Syrians of this
study have the least uniform household organization of the seven
races.
The two races which show the highest degree of congestion, namely,
the Poles and the South Italians, are quite different as regards their
composition. From the above table it appears that 91.2 per cent of
Polish households are composed of single families without boarders
or lodgers and that only 69.8 per cent of the South Italian households
are of this class. Table 28 shows that the difference is due largely to
the relatively higher proportion of South Italian households keeping
boarders or lodgers. The average size, however, of the Polish house-
holds, which have only 2.7 per cent of boarders and lodgers among
their members, is a little greater than that of the South Italian
households, who have 11.7 per cent of boarders and lodgers among
them. The greater size of the Polish households is accounted for
by the fact that the Polish families are larger than the South Italian
families. The number of children per family in Polish and in South
Italian households follows:
Number of families with each
Number of
specified number of children.
Polish.
South Italian.
0
19
23
1
27
41
2
22
45
3
26
36
4
22
32
5
25
18
6
22
10
7
17
4
8
8
1
9
6
1
Total
194
211
Since the relatively larger number of persons in Polish households
is due to larger families, it might be expected that congestion meas-
ured by adults would not be so great among them as among the South
Italians, who have adult boarders and lodgers. a The Polish families
are, however, generally speaking not only larger but also older than
the South Italian families. It will be recalled that South Italian
households appear in Table 12 as having a larger proportion of persons
under 6 years of age than the households of any other race. It is
also true that of the South Italian households only 84, or 39.6 per
cent, are composed of families with children 10 years of age or older,
while of the Polish households 119, or 61.3 per cent, have children
who are at least 10 years old. All such children count as adults in
the series of tables just concluded, and as a result Polish households,
o See Tables 22 and 23.
640
The Immigration Commission.
after the reduction of persons to adults, are still the largest in point
of numbers and the most congested per sleeping room. But a high
degree of congestion due to large families is less usual and less serious
than a high degree due to an artificial increase in the size of the
household.
The number and per cent of households keeping boarders or
lodgers is shown in the following table, which is based on General
Table 76.
TABLE 28. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, ly general
nativity and race of head of household.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. "
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Households keeping
boarders of lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father White
64
48
47
72
212
194
50
12
6
2
17
58
16
13
18 8
12.5
4.3
23.6
27.4
8.2
26.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, German
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew-Russian .
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
687
124
18.0
Total native-born of foreign father
48
112
575
6
18
106
12.5
16.1
18.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the 575 foreign households 106, or 18.4 per cent, and of the
112 native households 18, or 16.1 per cent, keep boarders or lodgers.
The native-born of native father have a slightly higher proportion
of households with boarders or lodgers than have the foreign-born.
They have also a higher proportion than the Germans of either gen-
eration or the Poles, but a lower proportion than the Russian Hebrews,
the South Italians, or the Syrians.
From the general table it appears that none of the German house-
holds of either generation keeps lodgers alone, and that the proportion
is low among the native-born of native father and not high among
either the Hebrews or the Poles; but the proportion of households
with only lodgers is very Jiigh among both the South Italians and the
Syrians. Lodgers of both races, however, very commonly take their
meals in the apartment where they lodge. Arrangements with the
housewife vary ; in some cases the lodger cooks his own meal at the
kitchen stove and in other cases the housewife prepares the food for
him. In either case the lodger has as much freedom of the apartment
as a boarder.
In the following table the households of immigrant races are divided
into three groups according to the period of residence of the head in
the United States, and the number and per cent of households with
boarders or lodgers are shown for each group. The table is based on
General Table 77.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
641
TABLE 29. — Number and per cent of foreign households keeping boarders or lodgers, by
race of head and by years head has been in the United States.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In the United States
under 5 years.
In the United States
5 to 9 years.
In the United States
10 years or over.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
German
47
72
210
193
50
572
2
28
26
25
9
90
""14"
8
5
2
29
(°)
50.0
30.8
20.0
(0)
32.2
1
11
63
34
26
135
""2"
27
(a)
(a)
42.9
.0
26.9
26.7
44
33
121
134
15
347
2
1
23
11
4
41
4.5
3.0
19.0
8.2
(a)
11.8
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian . . .
7
36
Total .
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In the group of recent immigrants three races are represented by
20 or more households; the Russian Hebrews have 50 per cent of
households with boarders or lodgers, the South Italians have 30.8
per cent, and the Poles have 20 per cent. In the second group the
South Italians have 42.9 per cent, the Syrians have 26.9 per cent,
and the Poles have no households keeping boarders or lodgers. In the
group of older immigrants the South Italians have 19 per cent, the
Poles 8.2 per cent, the Germans 4.5 per cent, and the Russian Hebrews
3 per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers. The percent-
ages of total foreign households with boarders or lodgers are smaller
among the older immigrants than among the new. But it can not be
assumed that the tendency of immigrant households is away from
keeping boarders and lodgers as the length of residence in this country
increases, for the decrease in percentages may be due to changes in
the character of the immigration and not to progress on the part of
the individual households.
642
The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows the average number of boarders or
lodgers per household based on the total number of households and
the average number of boarders or lodgers in households which keep
boarders or lodgers. The table is based on General Table 76.
TABLE 30. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
Genera] nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
Number of
boarders
or lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers per
household.
Based
on total
number
of house-
holds.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders.
or lodgers.
Native-born of native father White
64
48
47
72
212
194
50
12
'6
2
17
58
16
13
16
9
3
25
135
31
21
0.25
.19
.06
.35
.64
.16
.42
1.33
(°)
(a)
1.47
2.33
1.94
1.62
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father German
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
68"
124
240
.35
1.94
Total native-born of foreign father
48
112
575
6
18
106
9
25
215
.19
.22
.37
(a)
1.39
2.03
Total native-born ...
Total foreign-born
Among the native-born of native father there is an average of one
boarder or lodger to every four households. The average is lower
than this among the Germans of each generation and the Poles, and
higher among the Russian Hebrews, South Italians, and Syrians,
being highest of all among the South Italians. ^
The average number of boarders or lodgers in households keeping
them is highest among the South Italians where it is considerably
more than two and next highest among the Poles where it is a
little less than two. The high average among the South Italians
brings up the average of the total foreign-born to a little above 2,
although Hebrews have an average of only 1.47 and Syrians of 1.62.
The native-born of native father have on the whole the smallest
number of boarders and lodgers in households keeping them.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
643
HOME WORK.
Occupation in the apartment is rarely found among the households
studied. The two tables which follow are derived from General
Table 78, and summarize in part what is there shown in detail for
each apartment in which gainful employment was found.
TABLE 31. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful employment is pursued,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number.
Apartments in which
gainful employment
is pursued.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
64
48
47
72
212
194
60
0.0
2.1
8.5
1.4
1.4
1.0
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, German
1
4
1
3
2
Foreign-born:
German .
Hebrew, Russian
Italian. South. . .
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
687
11
1.6
Total native-born of foreign father . .
48
112
575
1
1
10
2.1
.9
1.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
TABLE 32. — Number of apartments in which each specified kind of gainful employment is
pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
with
gainful
employ-
ment.
Number fa which each specified kind of employ-
ment is pursued.
Dressmak-
ing and
sewing.
Tailoring.
Shoemak-
ing.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, German
1
4
1
3
2
1
2
Foreign-born:
German
1
1
1
1
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
1
1
1
Polish
1
Grand total
11
4
3
2
2
Total native-born
1
10
1
3
Total foreign-born
3
2
2
644
The Immigration Commission.
CARE AND EQUIPMENT OF HOME.
The per cent of households which have access to a separate water
supply and the per cent which use a source of suppty used also by
other households appear in the following table based on General
Table 79.
TABLE 33. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each specified number
of households, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Percent of households where water supply is used by each speci-
fied number of households.
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
9.
12.
15.
18.
36.
Native-born of native father,
White
64
48
47
72
212
194
50
98.4
91.7
91.5
98.6
40.1
69.1
74.0
1.6
8.3
8.5
1.4
20.8
19.6
14.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
3.8
1.5
12.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
7.1
2.1
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
5.7
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
7.1
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
8.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
7.7
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
7.1
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father, German. . .
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South . .
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
687
48
112
575
69.4
14.4
2.5
2.8
1.7
.0
.0
2.1
2.2
2.5
.1
.0
.0
.2
2.2
2.2
.0
.0
2.6
Total native-born of foreign
father
91.7
95.5
64.3
8.3
4.5
16.3
.0
.0
3.0
.0
.0
3.3
.0
.0
2.6
.0
.0
3.0
.0
.0
2.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The native-born of native father, the Germans of both genera-
tions, and the Russian Hebrews, have more than 90 per cent of
all households with separate water supply, and have no instance of
a household using a source of supply which is used by more than one
other household. The native-born of native father and the Russian
Hebrews have only one case each of a household which has not a
separate water supply. The Syrians have six households, or 12 per
cent, with water supply used by two other households, and. seven
households, or 14 per cent, with water supply used by one other house-
hold, but all other Syrian households have a separate supply. The
cases of large numbers to a single source of supply are found among the
South Italians and in one instance among the Poles. The fifteen
Polish households dependent for wrater upon a supply used by eight-
een households are the occupants of a large two-story tenement on
Kosciusko street, where the law requiring inside water supply is dis-
regarded.a A yard hydrant supplies the water for the entire build-
ing. The South Italian households, which share their water supply
with a considerable number of other households, are the occupants of
large, low tenement houses, most of which have one water spigot on
each floor, the minimum requirement of the tenement-house law.a
That the law may be complied with and the tenement be without proper
accommodations is illustrated by the case of a house on Evans street,
where the one spigot on each floor is situated at the rear end of the
building. The persons in apartments at the front of this building
must walk one-third of a block to get every drop of water they use
and to dispose of every bucket of waste water.
a See New York tenement-house act, p. 104.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
645
The following table, based on General Table 80, shows the per cent
of households which have access to a separate toilet and the per
cent which use a toilet used also by other households :
TABLE 34. — Per cent of households where one toilet is used by each specified number of
households, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Per cent of households where one toilet is used by
each specified number of households.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Native-born of native father, White
64
48
47
72
212
194
50
54.7
50.0
61.7
50.0
14.2
12.4
22.0
40.6
33.3
27.7
41.7
78.3
82.0
56.0
4.7
16.7
10.6
8.3
3.8
5.7
22.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
3.3
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father German
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
687
27.5
63.8
7.6
1.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
Total native-born of foreign father
48
112
575
50.0
52.7
22.6
33.3
37. 5
68.9
16.7
9.8
7.1
.0
.0
1.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . ...
The percentages of households of the several races which have
separate toilet accommodations are in general low. Only the native-
born of native father and the foreign-born Germans have more than
half of their households provided with a toilet shared by no other
households. The Poles have only 12.4 per cent, the South Italians
14.2 per cent, and the Syrians 22 per cent which have separate toilets.
The per cents of households which use a toilet used also by one other
household are in the case of the Poles and South Italians very large.
Of all the households studied 63. 8 per cent share a toilet with one
other household, the largest use of a toilet permitted by law.a Out-
side of this limit are 22 per cent of Syrian households, 16.7 per cent
of second-generation Germans, 10.6 per cent of immigrant Germans,
8.3 per cent of Russian Hebrews, 7.6 per cent of South Italians, 5.7
per cent of Poles, and 4.7 per cent of the native-born of native father
who use a toilet used also by at least two other households.
All of the 687 households except 11 South Italian households on
Canal street have access to flush toilets. In many cases these toilets
are situated in the yard and were originally dry, but have been remod-
eled to meet the requirements of the law.
Only three of the 687 households are in basement apartments.
Some of the evils associated with congestion are not apparent at a
glance. But bad housekeeping goes farther toward creating an im-
pression of generally intolerable condition than lack of comfortable
furnishings, bad ventilation, and bad sanitation combined. Yet bad
housekeeping in small and crowded apartments where the housewife,
in addition to the care of young children, has also certain services to
perform for boarders or lodgers is not inexcusable, especially in cases
where the water supply and sink are remote from the apartment. In
many households good housekeeping should be regarded as distinctly
a See New York tenement-house act, p. 100.
646
The Immigration Commission.
an achievement. The per cents of apartments whose condition at the
time of the agent's visit indicated good, fair, bad, and very bad care
are shown in the following table, which is based on General Table 81 :
TABLE 35. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general nativity and
race of head of household.
Number
for which
Perce
nt of apartm
ents where c
ases—
household.
informa-
tion was
secured.
Good.
Fair.
Bad.
Very bad.
Native-born of native father, White
64
48.4
39.1
9.4
3 1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, German
48
91.7
6.3
.0
2.1
Foreign-born:
German
46
80.4
15.2
4.3
.0
Hebrew Russian
71
78.9
19.7
1.4
.0
Italian, South
212
25.0
61.3
9.9
3.8
Polish ...
194
76.8
18.0
4.6
.5
Syrian
50
6.0
56.0
26 0
12 0
Grand total
685
54.5
35.3
7.6
2 6
Total native-born of foreign father . .
48
91.7
6.3
.0
2.1
Total native-born
112
67.0
25.0
5.4
2.7
Total foreign-born
573
52.0
37.3
8.0
2.6
It will be seen that in general Syrian households have the worst
care, South Italian households the next worst, and the households of
the native-born of native father third from the worst. The native-
born of native father make a relatively poor showing, all things con-
sidered. They have households considerably smaller, on an average,
than immigrant households and live in apartments considerably
larger, on an average, than do the immigrants. All but one of their
households have separate water supply; only 63.3 per cent of immi-
grant households are in this respect so favorably circumstanced.
They have a slightly higher proportion of households with boarders
andlodgers than immigrant households, but a much lower proportion
of young children than the immigrants. Yet they show on the
whole a little lower standard of housekeeping than do the foreign-born.
HOME OWNERSHIP AND BENT.
The number and per cent of families owning tfyeir homes can not be
taken as indicative of any fixed financial status, since many of these
homes are heavily mortgaged. Home ownership is, however, an evi-
dence of enterprise and in a way a declaration of permanency in the
United States and in the particular neighborhood. The table follow-
ing is based on General Table 82,
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
647
TABLE 36. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race
of head of family.
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Owning home.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father White
68
45
1
50
76
216
194
53
6
12
8.8
26.7
(a)
38.0
17.1
4.2
33.0
.0
Native-born of foreign father by race of father German
Foreign-born:
English
German
19
13
9
64
Hebrew Russian
Italian. South
Polish
Grand total
703
123
17.5
Total native-born of foreign father
45
113
590
12
18
105
26.7
15.9
17.8
Total native-born .
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The Germans and the Poles are the home owners of the races
studied, but the second-generation Germans seem less inclined
toward home owning than do the immigrant Germans. None of the
Syrians and few of the South Italians and the native-born of native
father own their homes. The Russian Hebrews occupy the medium
position with respect to home ownership.
While home owning is the concern of the family; a stable financial
unit, rent is the concern of the household, in many cases a temporary
organization. The amount of rent paid per apartment, per room, and
per sleeping room, is therefore shown for the household instead of for
the family. The table below, which is concerned with rent per apart-
ment, presents the data of General Table 83 in the form of cumula-
tive per cents.
TABLE 37. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month. per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying—
Under
$5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
$20.
Native-born of native father,
White
54
31
26
63
177
127
41
$8.83
9.26
8.81
11.09
7.15
6.20
6.99
1.9
3.2
7.7
.0
11.9
37.0
22.0
27.8
19.4
26.9
11.3
57.1
61.4
61.0
66.7
45.2
65.4
32.1
89.3
96.1
75.6
92.6
100.0
92.3
69.8
98.3
99.2
97.6
100.0
100.0
96.2
83.0
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.4
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
509
3T
85
424
7.70
9.26
8.99
7.45
15.9
46.8
77.6
94.7
100.0
95.3
94.6
97.8
100.0
100.0
97.4
99.8
100.0
100.0
99.8
Total native-born of foreign father .
Total native-born
3.2
2.4
18.6
19.4
24.7
51.2
45.2
58.8
81.4
Total foreign-born
648
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 509 households included in this table, 15.9 per cent pay under
$5 per month for their apartments, 46.8 per cent pay under $7.50,
77.6 per cent pay under $10, and 97.8 per cent pay under $15. The
average rent paid by all households is $7.70. The native-born of native
father, the Germans of the two generations, and the Russian Hebrews
average more than this amount. The native-born of native father
and the foreign-born Germans pay about the same average rent, but
the Germans have larger proportions of low and of high rents. The
Russian Hebrews with an average rent of $11.09 and with only 11.3
per cent paying under $7.50 and only 69.8 percent paying under $12.50,
pay much the highest rent of the seven races. The Poles, who aver-
age $6.20 an apartment and secure 37 per cent of their apartments for
less than $5, 61.4 per cent for less than $7.50, and 96.1 per cent for
less than $10, pay the lowest rents. The Syrians pay next to the low-
est rents and the South Italians the third lowest.
Part of the above variation in rents is due to difference in the size
of the apartments in question. Although, as a rule, rents among apart-
ments of the same grade do not decrease proportionally with the
decrease in number of rooms, yet size of apartment is a very slight
factor in the following table, which shows the amount of rent paid
per month per room. The table presents the data of General Table
84 in the form of cumulative per cents.
TABLE 38. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying —
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father. .
White
54
31
26
53
177
127
41
$1. 94
1.88
1.82
2.36
2.61
1.95
2.09
0.0
3.2
.0
.0
.0
.8
.0
35.2
38.7
50.0
15.1
14.1
34.6
34.1
98.1
100.0
100.0
92.5
61.0
93.7
85.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
86.4
97.6
97.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.9
99.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.7
99.2
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
509
sT
85
424
2.18
1.88
1.91
2.25
.4
"IF
.2
26.5
38.7
36.5
24.5
82.7
94.5
98.0
99.0
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
100.0
98.8
79.5
100.0
100.0
93.4
100.0
100.0
97.6
100.0
100.0
98.8
The average rent paid per room by the 509 households is $2.18,
only 26.5 per cent of all households paying under $2. Three races,
the South Italians, Russian Hebrews, and Syrians pay, on an average,
more than $2. The South Italians pay the highest average rent of
the seven races and have the smallest per cents of households paying
under each specified amount; that is to say, the largest per cents
paying high rents. It will be recalled that this race lives in the
poorest houses, with the fewest conveniences. Some of the houses
are in a row back to back with the houses of the next street; interior
rooms and "head-high" rooms are common, repair is bad, and the
standards of sanitation are in numbers of cases below the require-
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
649
ments of the law. Land values are not sufficiently high to account
for the relatively high rents per room. It is evident that the Italians
are not getting as much in value for a dollar's expenditure as are some
other races. Their standing in the following table, which shows rents
per person, is of interest in this connection. The table presents the
data of General Table 85 in the form of cumulative per cents.
TABLE 39. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
paying
rent and
report-
ing
amount.
Average
rent
per
person.
Per cent paying—
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father.
White....
54
31
26
53
177
127
41
$2.00
2.04
2.03
2.21
1.30
1.16
1.79
3.7
3.2
3.8
.0
18.6
30.7
.0
42.6
45.2
42.3
32.1
81.9
83.5
56.1
66.7
71.0
65.4
71.7
96.0
94.5
82.9
83.3
74.2
80.8
90.6
98.3
97.6
92.7
94,4
80.6
92.3
96.2
99.4
100.0
97.6
96.3
93.5
96.2
98.1
100.0
100.0
97.6
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South. . .
Polish
Syrian.
Grand total
509
31
85
424
1.52
2.04
2.02
1.44
14.9
3.2
3.5
17.2
66.6
45.2
43.5
71.2
85.9
71.0
68.2
89.4
92.9
74.2
80.0
95.5
97.1
,'__^
80.6
89.4
98.6
98.6
=
93.5
95.3
99.3
Total native-born of foreign
father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
Attention has been called to the high rent per room paid by the
South Italians. In contrast to this is their low rent per person.
They pay the second lowest average per capita rent and have the
second largest proportions paying under $1 and under $2. It will be
recalled that they resort more largely than any other race to the keep-
ing of boarders and lodgers. It seems probable that their high rent
per room is partly a result of their effort to reduce the rent per person,
since landlords are not slow to realize that a household with an in-
crease in the number of its earning members is likely to be able to
bear an increase in rent.
Rent per person is highest among the Russian Hebrews, who
average $2.21 and have only 32.1 per cent paying under $2. The
native-born of native father and the Germans, native and foreign,
also pay $2 or more. The average per capita rent for all house-
holds studied is $1.52, and two-thirds of all households pay under $2
per person.
25608°-- VOL 26—11 42
650
The Immigration Commission.
For convenience of comparison the average rents per apart-
ment, per room, and per person are presented in summary below.
TABLE 40. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.
Number
paying rent
Av
erage rent pe
r —
General nativity and race of head of household.
and
reporting
amount.
Apartment.
Room.
Person.
Native-born of native father, White
54
$8.83
$1.94
$2.00
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, German.
Foreign-born:
German
31
26
9.26
8.81
1.88
1 82
204
2 03
Hebrew, Russian
53
11.09
2.36
2.21
Italian, South ... .
177
7.15
2.61
1.30
Polish
127
6 20
1 95
1 16
Syrian .
41
6.99
2.09
1.79
Grand total
509
7 70
2 18
1 52
Total native-born of foreign father
31
9 26
1 88
2 04
Total native-born
85
8.99
1.91
2.02
Total foreign-born
424
7.45
2 25
1.44
The native-born pay on an average $1.54 more rent per apart-
ment and 34 cents less per room than the foreign-born; they pay a
higher average rent per person than per room while the foreign-
born pay a higher rent per room than per person. In other words,
the native-born are renting, on an average, much larger apartments
than the immigrants and are not increasing their households pro-
portionately to meet the greater expense, since these particular
households average less than one person per room, the foreign
averaging more than one person per room.
CHAPTER V.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
OCCUPATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD.
The equipment with which the immigrants studied have come into
the midst of American industrial life is partially indicated by the table
below. The table gives the number and per cent of male heads of
households old enough to have an occupation at the time of arrival
in the United States who were engaged in farming before coming to
this country. The table is based on General Table 86.
TABLE 41. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households 16 years of
age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were engaged in farming abroad,
by race of individual.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Engaged in fanning
abroad.
Number.
Per cent.
German
20
54
163
125
33
2
3
125
78
15
10.0
5.6
76.7
62.4
45.5
Hebrew, Russian.
Italian, South
Polish :
Syrian .
Total
395
223
56.5
Three hundred and ninety-five men are included in this table, of
whom 223, or 56.5 per cent, came to the United States directly from
farms. To this extent, at least, migration from the Old to the New
World has meant migration from country to city. Few of the Ger-
mans or Russian Hebrews have farm training, but a majority of the
Italians and Poles and 45.5 per cent of the Syrians were on farms
abroad. Some of the Syrians still own their little farms in the dis-
trict of Mount Lebanon and expect to return to them permanently
some day. Many of the Poles express their dissatisfaction with city
conditions and their preference for farm life in this country, but
hesitate before a second upheaval in their affairs and, especially
if they do not consider their immigration to the United States a suc-
cess, dread the risk of another radical change.
The occupations most commonly followed by the male heads of
households of the several races are listed in the table next submitted,
with the number and per cent in each. The table is derived from
General Table 87.
651
652
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 42. — Occupation of male heads of households ranking first and second in numeri-
cal importance, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
gainfully
em-
ployed
and re-
porting
occupa-
tion.
First rank.
Second rank.
Occupation.
Num-
ber.
Pel cent
of total
gainfully
em-
ployed.
Occupation.
Num-
ber.
Per cent
of total
gainfully
em-
ployed.
Native-born of native
father, White.
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father, German.
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian^ South *
Polish
52
38
22
62
202
178
41
Driver and
teamster.
Laborer
9
5
6
11
137
116
20
17.3
13.2
27.3
17.7
67.8
65.2
48.8
Laborer
8
4
4
3
10
13
13
8
15.4
10.5
10.5
13.6
16.1
6.4
7.3
19.5
[Driver and
I teamster.
[Woodworker..
Carpenter
Taylor, em-
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
Carpenter
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
[Driver and
< teamster.
[Woodworker. .
1 Woodworker..
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
Laborer
Peddler, pro-
prietor.
Laborer.
Laborer
Syrian .
Laborer
Grand total
Laborer
Laborer
[Laborer
595
296
49.7
32
5.4
Total native-born of
foreign father.
Total native-born ... .
} 38
90
505
5
13
13
283
13.2
14.4
14.4
56.0
4
4
4
32
10.5
10.5
4.4
6.3
< Driver and
[ teamster.
Laborer
Total foreign-born
Of the 595 male heads of households who have an occupation
49.7 per cent, or almost half, are laborers. These men are engaged
in unskilled labor on streets and docks, in factories, and in construc-
tion work of various kinds. Of the 505 foreign-born 56 per cent are
laborers. The heads of households of two races, the South Italian
and Polish, are laborers in about two-thirds of all cases. South
Italian laborers are for the most part engaged in general labor out-
side of factories; Polish laborers are in the majority of cases in
factories. Almost half of the Syrians are laborers, of whom the
majority work on the docks. From a comparison of this and the
preceding table it will be noticed that the three races with high pro-
portions of laborers are the three races with high proportions engaged
in farming abroad.
The number and per cent of male heads of households who are
in business for themselves follow in a second table derived from
General Table 87.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
653
TABLE 43. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In business for profits.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
52
39
31
65
207
179
44
4
6
1
27
42
3
20
7.7
15.4
3.2
41.5
20.3
1.7
45.5
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, German
Foreign-born:
Italian South *.
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
617
103
16.5
Total native-born of foreign father
39
91
526
6
10
93
15.4
11.0
17.7
Total native-born
Eleven per cent of the native-born and 17.7 per cent of the foreign-
born are in business for profits. The higher per cent of the foreign-
born is due to a considerable degree to the presence of peddlers and
proprietors of shops among the Russian Hebrews and the Syrians,
more than 40 per cent of the heads of households of each of these
races being in business for themselves. The majority of the South
Italians working for profits are in the fruit or grocery business; the
peddlers of this race are fruit venders.
There are 68 female heads of households, of whom 8, or 11.8 per
cent, are in business for themselves. One or two instances of female
heads of households at work for profits occur in every race except
the Polish.
The general occupation of males 16 years of age or over is shown
in General Table 88. * The following table gives the per cent at
home, at school, and in each of several industries:
TABLE 44. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
I
>er cent-
In
Number
manu-
In gen-
General nativity and race of in-
reporting
factur-
eral la-
In
In
dividual.
complete
data.
ing
and me-
bor (not
other-
In
trade.
trans-
porta-
other
occu-
At
home.
At
school.
chan-
wise en-
tion.
pations.
ical pur-
suits.
tered).
Native-born of native father, White.
102
34.3
8.8
13.7
27.5
9.8
2.0
3.9
Native-1 >orn of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
69
47.8
4.3
21.7
15.9
7.2
2.9
.0
Polish
42
61.9
7.1
2.4
4.8
4.8
19.0
.0
Foreign-born:
German
36
50.0
8.3
8.3
.0
8.3
25.0
.0
Hebrew, Russian
82
42.7
4.9
45.1
3.7
.0
3.7
.0
Italian, South
253
10.3
43.9
17.0
11.9
9.9
4.7
2.4
Polish
215
53.0
16. 7
4.7
16.3
4.2
4.2
.9
Svrian
59
10.2
3. 4
42.4
30. 5
6.8
6.8
.0
Grand total
880
33.6
19.8
17.4
14.7
7.3
5.6
1.7
Total native-born of foreign father. .
132
46.2
(UT
IsTtT
11.4
9.8
7.6
2.3
Total native-born
234
41.0
7. 7
15.0
18. 4
9.8
5.1
3.0
Total foreign-born
646
31.0
24.1
18.3
13.3
6.3
5.7
1.2
654
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 880 males included in this table 5.6 percent are at home, 1.7
per cent at school, 33.6 per cent in manufacturing and mechanical
pursuits, 19.8 percent in general labor, 17.4 per cent in trade, and 14.7
per cent in transportation. The most usual group of industries
.among ah1 races except Russian Hebrews, South Italians, and Syrians
is manufacturing and mechanical pursuits. Among the Hebrews
slightly more are engaged in trade than in manufacturing and me-
chanical pursuits and among the Syrians also persons engaged in
trade predominate. The most usual occupation among the South
Italians is general labor.
The per cents of females 16 years of age or over who are at home,
at school, and engaged in each of several industries are given below.
The table is derived from General Table 89.
TABLE 45. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
(This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
]
'er cent-
General nativity and race of in-
dividual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In ag-
ricul-
tural
In do-
mestic
and
per-
In
manu-
factur-
ing
and me-
In
profes-
sional
In
trade.
At
home.
At
school.
sonal
chan-
service.
suits.
service.
ical pur-
suits.
Native-born of native father, White.
78
0.0
17.9
6.4
1.3
16.7
57.7
0.0
Native born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
67
.0
6.0
13.4
1.5
13.4
64.2
1.5
Polish
40
5.0
12.5
55.0
.0
7.5
12.5
7.5
Foreign-born:
German . .
43
.0
11.6
4.7
.0
4.7
79.1
.0
Hebrew Russian
82
.0
2.4
7.3
.0
9.8
78 0
2.4
Italian, South
219
4.6
.9
2.3
.0
2.7
89.0
.5
Polish
210
1.0
8. 1
7.6
.0
1.0
82.4
.0
Syrian
56
o
8 9
3 6
.0
28 6
58 9
o
Grand total
842
2.1
7.0
8.1
.4
8.0
73.4
1.1
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
140~
218
4.3
2.8
7.9
11.5
22.9
17.0
1.4
1.4
14.3
15.1
45.0
49.5
4.3
2.8
Total foreign-born
624
1.9
5.4
5.0
.0
5.4
81.7
.5
More than 50 per cent of the women of every race except the second
generation Polish are at home. More than half of the women of
this race are in manufactures and a larger per cent are at school than
in any other race. The native-born women are at work in every speci-
fied industry in larger proportions than the women of foreign birth.
They are also at school in larger proportions. There is, therefore, a
much higher proportion of foreign than of native women at home.
More than four-fifths of the South Italian and Polish women are at
home and almost three-fourths of the immigrant Germans and the
Russian Hebrews. The highest per cent of women in domestic and
personal service is found among the native-born of native father.
The highest per cent in trade is found among the Syrian women,
almost all of whom engage in peddling when they have no small
children or other engrossing home responsibilities.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
655
The per cents of children who are at home, at school, and at work
are shown in the following table based on General Table 90 :
TABLE 46. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are
for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Native-born of native father, White 45
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Italian, South 94
Polish 141
Foreign-born:
Italian, South
Polish 27
Grand total 396
Total native-born of foreign father 267
Total native-born 312
Total foreign-born 84
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White 54
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Hebrew 22
Italian, South 73
Polish 146
Foreign-born:
Italian, South 27
Polish 29
Grand total 387
Total native-born of foreign father 256
Total native-born 310
Total foreign-born 77
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White 99
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German 23
Hebrew 36
Italian, South 167
Polish 287
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian 34
Italian, South 66
Polish 56
Grand total 783
Total native-born of foreign father 523
Total native-born 622
Total foreign-born 161
Per cent—
At home. At school. At work
4.4
5.3
10.6
7.7
18.5
7.9
7.4
9.5
91.1
86.2
83.7
84.6
81.5
86.1
85.0
85.9
4.4
8.5
5.7
7.7
.0
6.1
7.1
6.7
3.6
9.1
6.8
15.8
14.8
17.2
10.6
12.1
10.0
13.0
98.1
90.9
91.8
78.1
85.2
79.3
86.3
84.0
86.5
85.7
1.9
.0
1.4
6.2
.0
3.4
3.1
3.9
3.5
1.3
2.0
8.7
5.6
6.0
13.2
.0
10.6
17.9
9.2
8.7
11.2
949
82.6
91.7
100.0
84.8
80.4
86.2
84.5
86.2
86.3
3.0
8.7
2.8
5.4
5.9
.0
4.5
1.8
4.6
5.5
5.1
2.5
656
The Immigration Commission.
Five races are represented in this table by 20 or more boys and by
20 or more girls. The Polish boys of the two generations, are in school
in larger proportions than the girls and at work in smaller propor-
tions. These conditions are reversed in the cases of the native-born
of native father and the South Italians of native and of foreign
birth. About equal per cents of the 396 boys and the 387 girls
included in the table are at school, but the per cent of boys at work
is the larger and the per cent of girls at home is correspondingly
the larger. If the total of boys and girls be considered, the groups
where the high proportions are at school will be seen to be the native-
born of native father, and the Russian Hebrews of the two genera-
tions. No other races have as many as 90 per cent of children in
school. In general there are a larger proportion of children at home
than at work. From reference to the general table it appears that
only in the case of two South Italian children are there any children
at work who have not reached the age of 14.
Three races are represented by 20 or more children in each of the
two generations. The facts are restated for the three races and for
the native-born of native father in the table below.
TABLE 47. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by. race of father and with place of birth of child.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or
abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
more born
Race of father.
Birthplace of
child.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number —
Per cent—
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
Native-born , White
United States.
United States.
Abroad
99
36
34
167
66
287
56
2
2
94
33
34
148
56
232
45
3
1
2.0
5.6
.0
6.0
10.6
13.2
17.9
94.9
91.7
100.0
88.6
84.8
80.8
80.4
3.0
2.8
.0
5.4
4.5
5.9
1.8
Foreign-born:
Hebrew
Italian South
United States.
Abroad
United States.
Abroad
10
7
38
10
9
3
17
1
Polish
The proportion of children in school is greater among the foreign-
born than among the native-born children of Hebrews, less among
the foreign than among the American born Italian children, and
about the same among the Polish children of native and of foreign
birth. The proportion of children in school whose fathers are of
native birth is exceeded only by the proportion of Hebrew children of
foreign birth in school. The percentages of children at work are, for
every race, higher among the native-born than among the foreign-born.
EARNINGS.
The earnings of males 18 years of age or over for the year ending
at the time the schedule was taken appear in General Table 91. The-
year in question includes the months of financial depression in the
winter and spring of 1908. The table next submitted presents the
data of the general table in the form of cumulative numbers and
per cents.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
657
TABLE 48. — Yearly earnings (approximate} of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race
of individual.
Number
working
for
wages
and re-
porting.
Aver-
age
earn-
ings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning—
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$600.
Un-
der
$1,000.
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$600.
Un-
der
$1,000.
Native - born of native
father, White
73
50
2
6
16
24
45
162
173
25
$575
574
(a)
(a)
247
580
468
303
333
262
3
7
18
13
1
2
15
6
18
131
118
20
39
21
2
6
16
14
36
157
160
25
68
47
2
6
16
23
43
162
173
25
4.1
14.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
.0
8.9
18.5
26.6
40.0
24.7
26.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
25.0
40.0
80.9
68.2
80.0
53.4
42.0
(a)
n
58.3
80.0
96.9
92.5
100.0
93.2
94.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
95.8
95.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
German
Hebrew
Italian, South.
Polish
5
Foreign-born:
German.
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South.
4
30
46
10
Polish
Syrian ....
Grand total
576
393
485
530
346
105
342
476
565
18.2
59.4
82.6
98.1
Total native-born of for-
eign father
74
147
429
12
15
90
31
49
293
45
84
392
71
139
426
16.2
10.2
21.0
41.9
33.3
68.3
60.8
57.1
91.4
95.9
94.6
99.3
Total native-born. . .
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The high-wage earners, as indicated both by averages and by the
distribution of individuals, are the native-born of native father and
the Germans of native and of foreign birth. Next to these races in
point of earnings are the Russian Hebrews, whose average earnings
are a little more than $100 lower than any one of the three and
who have a much larger per cent of persons who have earned under
$400 within the year. None of the South Italians, Poles, or Syrians
has earned as much as $1,000 a year. These are the three races
with lowest earnings, the Poles having earned on an average $333,
the South Italians $303, and the Syrians $262. Forty per cent of
the Syrians, 26.6 per cent of the Poles, and 18.5 per cent of the South
Italians have earned less than $200; and 80 per cent, 68.2 per cent,'
and 80.9 per cent, respectively, have earned less than $400. The
Syrians are, on the whole, the lowest wage earners of the seven
races represented by 20 or more persons, the South Italians are
next to the lowest in point of average earnings, and the Poles have
next to the largest proportion with very low earnings within the year.
A comparison of this table with Table 66 suggests that the wide
differences in the earnings of the various races may be partly due
to the fact that the non-English-speaking workingmen suffer more
in times of depression than do those whose field of employment is
not restricted by the limitations of an alien tongue. The earnings of
women 18 years of age or older are shown in General Table 92 and
in the table following, which presents the data in the form of cumu-
lative numbers.
658
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 49. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and
reporting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German .
19
17
4
1
2
18
1
3
3
8
3
26
2
$278
376
8
(%is
(*)
•j
:
161
(a)
7
4
1
11
8
2
16
11
2
1
2
18
1
3
3
8
3
26
2
17
14
3
1
2
18
1
3
3
8
3
26
2
Hebrew
Irish
Italian. South
1
8
2
16
1
3
3
7
3
24
2
Polish
Scotch .
Foreign-born:
Canadian (other than French)
3
2
3
3
19
2
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South.
Polish
Syrian . . .
Grand total . .
107
234
53
82
96
101
Total native-born of foreign father
43
62
45
290
286
162
14
21
32
29
40
42
35
51
45
39
56
45
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Only one race, the Polish, is represented by 20 women or more.
Of these 19, or 73.1 per cent, earn under $200; 24, or 92.3 per cent,
earn under $300; and all earn under $400. The average of the earn-
ings of the 26 is $161. The per cents of the women of each general
nativity who earn the amounts specified in the table appear below:
TABLE 50. — Per cent of women earning each specified amount, by general nativity of
individual.
Per cent earning—
Under $200.
Under $300.
Under $400.
Under $500.
Native-born of foreign father
32.6
33.9
71.1
67.4
64.5
93.3
81.4
82.3
100.0
90.7
90.3
100.0
Native-born ..
Foreign-born
Grand total
•49.5
76.6
89.7
944
FAMILY INCOMES.
The study of family incomes, which follows, covers the year ending
at the time the schedules were taken. The greater part of that
year fell within the period of financial depression immediately follow-
ing the panic of 1908, and many incomes are in consequence undoubt-
edly lower than if the period covered were a normal year.
All families whose incomes are for any reason unknown or uncer-
tain have been omitted from the study. The following classes are
thus excluded: (1) Families living two or more to an apartment
with financial relations so complicated or indefinite that incomes
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
659
from sources within the household are difficult of determination ;
(2) families which derive their incomes wholly or in part from the
earnings of one or more members who work for profits, net earnings
as given by persons in business on a small scale being, as a rule,
only rough estimates. The number of families on which the study
is based is thus reduced to 422.
Families are classified in General Table 93 according to the amount
of total income. The table below presents the data of the general
table in the form of cumulative per cents.
TABLE 51. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by
general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
One family is included which reports income as "none."]
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
of
selected
families.o
Average
family
income.
Per cent of families having a total income—
Under
$300.
Under
$500.
Under
$750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$1,500.
Native-born of native father,
White
45
33
35
36
115
158
$752
816
913
753
373
. 502
4.4
3.0
8.6
5.6
35.7
29.7
28.9
21.2
22.9
22.2
86.1
55.1
62.2
48.5
42.9
63.9
96.5
80.4
77.8
81.8
74.3
75.0
97.4
94.3
95.6
93.9
91.4
97.2
99.1
98.7
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father German
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South . . .
Polish
Grand total
422
574
22.7
52.6
75. 8 | 89. 1
97.4
Total native-born of foreign
father
33
78
344
816
779
527
3.0
3.8
27.0
21.2
25.6
58.7
48.5
56.4
80.2
81.8
79.5
91.3
93»9
94.9
98.0
Total native-born. . .
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
The range of incomes among the families studied is wide. Every
race has at least one instance of a family with income under $300 and
at least one instance of a family with an income of $1,500 or more.
The variation among races is also wide. The average income of the
immigrant Germans is greater than the sum of the average incomes
of the South Italians and Poles. Except the South Italians and
Poles, however, all races average more than $750 and have fewer than
30 per cent of their families with incomes under $500. Of the South
Italian families 86.1 per cent and of the Poles 55.1 per cent have
incomes of less than $500, while 35.7 per cent of the Italians and 29.7
per cent of the Poles have even less than $300, or considerably less
than a dollar a day. To families without savings or credit such an
income must in many cases mean privation. It is small wonder that
expressions of dissatisfaction with the new country were not infre-
quently heard by the agents who took these schedules.
The above figures do not in all cases represent net incomes. The
payments of boarders or lodgers, for example, although gross in their
nature, are included in the family income. The table following gives
the per cents of the total income, which are derived from the earn-
ings of husband, wife, and children, and are therefore net; also the
per cents from boarders or lodgers and from other sources, chiefly
660
The Immigration Commission.
rents and the contributions of relatives or friends who pay either
more or less than boarders or lodgers; the income that is derived
from the latter sources is largely gross.
TABLE 52. — Per cent of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders, or
lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of.
family.
Number
of
selected
families.a
Per cent of total income from —
Earnings of —
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or
lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Children.
Native-born of native father, White
45
33
34
36
115
158
70.6
68.0
39.0
56.2
79.2
61.6
6.2
2.9
1.3
.0
.0
2.1
17.5
19.0
41.2
26.8
10.2
27.6
4.5
7.5
1.5
6.7
8.6
2.7
1.1
2.6
17.1
10.3
2.0
6.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, German
Foreign-born:
German.
Hebrew Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
421
63.1
2.0
23.8
4.8
6.2
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
33
78
343
68.0
69.5
' 61.0
2.9
4.7
1.1
19.0
18.2
25.7
7.5
5.9
4.5
2.6
1.8
7.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
The per cent of the total income derived from earnings of members
of the immediate family, and therefore net in its nature, follows, by
race.
Per cent. Per cent.
Native-born of native father 94. 3 South Italians 89. 4
Poles 91. 3 Russian Hebrews 83. 0
Germans of native birth 89. 9 Germans of foreign birth 81.5
The relative position of the Germans in regard to net income is in
reality more advantageous than appears from the above figures, for
among the Germans are two heads of families who are retired and
derive their incomes entirely from liberal pensions. The Germans,
Russian Hebrews, and Poles have rather high per cents of incomes
from sources not specified. Among the Hebrews and Poles this
income is mainly from rents of small apartments.
All of the six races except the Germans of foreign birth derive more
than half of their income from the earnings of the husband, tins
income being for every race supplemented most largely by the earn-
ings of the children. In the case of the Germans the children earn,
on the whole, a slightly higher per cent of the income than do the
husbands. It will be recalled that this race has on an average a con-
siderably higher income than any other. The South Italians, who
have the smallest incomes of any race, have a higher per cent of
income from the earnings of the husband and a lower per cent from
the earnings of children than any other race.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
661
The number of families which have had income within the year
reported on from each of the five sources listed in the table above
appears in General Table 94. The following table gives the data in
the form of per cents :
TABLE 53. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders, or lodgers and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
of
selected
families.a
Per cent of families having an income from—
Earnings of—
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Children.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father German
45
33
34
36
115
158
86.7
81.8
58.8
86.1
99.1
90.5
17.8
12.1
8.8
.0
.0
7.6
26.7
30.3
47.1
33.3
8.7
37.3
20.0
18.2
5.9
33.3
37.4
9.5
4.4
9.1
38.2
25.0
1.7
29.1
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total .f
421
88.8
6.4
28.3
20.8
17.8
Total native-born of foreign father
33
78
343
81.8
84.6
89.8
12.1
15.4
4.4
30.3
28.2
28.3
18.2
19.2
21.1
9.1
6.4
20.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
The South Italians, who have, on an average, the lowest incomes of
the six races, have the highest per cents of f amilies with income from
the husband and from boarders or lodgers and the lowest per cents
with incomes from children and from other sources. The Germans,
who have the highest average income of all the races, have the lowest
per cents with incomes from the husband and from boarders or
lodgers, and the highest per cents with incomes from children and
from other sources. The South Italians are young families with few
children of working age; the Germans are old families with grown
children, who as a rule, earn good wages.
Of the 13 families which constitute the 38.2 per cent of Germans
with income from sources not specified 7 are families with incomes
from rent ; of the 9 Russian Hebrew families 6 are families with in-
comes from rent; and of the 46 Polish families 38 have incomes from
rent.
In the table above each family is counted as many times as it has
sources of income. In the table following each family is listed but
once according to the source or combination of sources from which it
derives its entire income. The table is based on General Table 95.
662
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 54. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races
One family is excluded which reports income as "none."]
1
Per cent of families having entire income from—
'S
jjj
1
•o
1
T)
OT
&8
General nativity and race of
head of family.
•8
11
-a
a
0
•O
Sri
03
It
a
i
2
3
TJ
Ig
1
.S«^
1||
0
.
ca
-T3
i^o
o
T3^
s|
0
" w S*
1
1
1
r
OS'S
go
,8s
W oj
42
a
03
§•2
G
M 0
£
1
III
&
a
w
w
W
w
^
(£
£
0
O
W
02
Native-born of native father,
White
45
48 9
6 7
11,1
2.2
11.1
fl ?
4 4
2.2
0 0
4.4
0 0
6.7
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
33
45 5
3 0
18,2
.0
9.1
3 0
3 0
.0
0
.0
6 1
12.1
Foreign-born:
German
34
'M 5
?, 9
17.6
2.9
2.9
0
? 9
.0
8 8
.0
0
38.2
Hebrew, Russian
36
?,7 8
0
8 3
.0
25.0
0
0
.0
8 3
.0
0
30.6
Italian, South
115
.53 0
0
7.8
.0
36.5
0
,0
.0
n
.0
0
2.6
Polish .
158
38.6
3.8
16.5
.6
5.1
.6
.0
.6
4.4
.0
.0
29.7
Grand total
421
42. ol 2.6
13 1
.7
16.2
7
1 0
.5
3 1
.5
5
19.2
Total native-born of foreign
=
father
33
45 5
3 0
18 V
.0
9.1
3.0
3 0
.0
0
.0
fi 1
12.1
Total native-born
78
47 4
5 1
14 1
1.3
10.3
? 6
3 8
1.3
0
2.6
? 6
9.0
Total foreigr>born
343
40.8
2.0
12.8
.6
17.5
'.3
.3
.3
3.8
.0
.0
21.6
o For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
Of the 421 families included in this table 42 per cent derive their
income entirely from the earnings of the husband. The races with
proportions higher than this figure are the South Italians, the native-
born of native father, and the native-born of German father, the
South Italians being the only race with more than half of the
families entirely dependent upon the earnings of the husband.
The sum of the per cents representing families with incomes
entirely from the earnings of members will give some indication of
the proportion of families with net incomes :
Per cent.
Native-born of native father 75. 5
Native-born of German father 72. 7
Polish.. . 64.5
Per cent.
South Italians 60. 8
Germans, foreign-born 58. 6
Russian Hebrews. . . .44.4
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo
663
The number of families in which husbands are present and the num-
ber and per cent of husbands at work are as follows :
TABLE 55. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
of selected
families.a
Total
number of
husbands.
Number of
husbands
at work.
Per cent of
husbands
at work.
Native-born of native father, White
45
39
39
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, German. .
Foreign-born:
German
33
35
27
26
27
20
100.0
76 9
Hebrew, Russian
36
33
31
93 9
Italian, South . .
115
115
114
99 1
Polish
158
148
143
96 6
Grand total...
422
388
374
96 4
Total native-born of foreign father
33
27
27
100 0
Total native-born »
78
66
66
100 0
Total foreign-born
344
322
308
95 7
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
The German families which are as a rule comparatively old are
without the husband in a greater proportion of cases than those of
any other race and also have a larger per cent of husbands no longer
working. More than 90 per cent of the husbands of all other races
are working. The earnings of husbands at work appear in the fol-
lowing table, which presents the data of General Table 96 in the form
of cumulative numbers and per cents.
TABLE 56. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of
individual.
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number working
for wages.
Average earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning-
Under $100.
| Under $200.
«&
8
-o
a
p
7
3
3
9
95
95
T3
a
EJ
19
8
11
26
112
132
£
T3
=
p
32
22
15
29
114
142
S&
&
1
36
24
19
29
114
143
s' N>. . . P I Under $100.
<£> O> O O C O 1
s
T3
a
t>
0.0
3.7
.0
3.2
16.7
23.8
S
13
a
t?
17.9
11.1
15.0
29.0
83.3
66.4
0
•§
t>
48.7
29.6
55.0
83.9
98.2
92.3
1
S3
82.1
81.5
75.0
93.5
100.0
99.3
S»
§
92.3
88.9
95.0
93.5
100.0
100.0
Native-born of native father, White..
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father, German
39
27
20
31
114
143
$613
678
623
491
298
342
1
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
""3
7
19
34
Italian, South
Polish .
Grand total
374
408
10
"io
55
1
1
54
212
3
10
202
308
8
27
281
354
~22
54
300
365
2.7
14.7
~3/7
1.5
17.5
56.7
HT
15.2
65.6
82.4
2976
40.9
91.2
94.7
81.5
81.8
97.4
97.6
"sal
90.9
99.0
Total native-born of foreign father.. .
Total native-born
27
66
308
678
639
359
~24
60
305
"To
.0
3.2
Total foreign-born
664
The Immigration Commission
The average earnings of all husbands is. $408. The Poles and South
Italians are the only races which have lower average earnings than
this amount. South Italian husbands have earned on an average
$298. Three, or 2.6 per cent, have earned less than $100; 19, or 16.7
per cent, have earned less than $200; 95, or 83.3 per cent, have
earned less than $400; and none has earned as much as $800. Polish
husbands have averaged $342. Seven, or 4.9 per cent, have earned
under $100; 34, or 23.8 per cent have earned under $200; and 95, or
66.4 per cent, have earned under $400. None has earned as much as
$1,000. German husbands of native birth have the highest average
earnings and the largest proportion who have earned $1,000 or more.
The number of families with wife present and the number and per
cent of wives at work follows :
TABLE 57. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of selected
families. o
Total
number
of wives.
Number
of wives
at work.
Per cent
of wives
at work.
Native-born of native father, White
45
45
8
17.8
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, German.
Foreign-born:
German
33
35
32
34
4
3
12.5
8 8
Hebrew, Russian
36
35
.0
Italian, South . ....
115
115
.0
Polish
158
155
12
7 7
Grand total
422
416
27
6 5
Total native-born of foreign father .
33
32
4
12 5
Total native-born
78
77
12
15 6
Total foreign-born
344
339
15
4.4
o For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
Of the 422 families included in this study only six are without the
wife. Twenty-seven, or 6.5 per cent, of all wives are at work, among
the native families 15.6 per cent, and among the foreign 4.4 per
cent. No wives of Kussian Hebrews or South Italians are at work.
The average earnings of the wives of native-born husbands are $240
and of foreign-born husbands $137. The average earnings of all
wives at work are $182.
Families with both husband and wife present are classified accord-
ing to the amount of the husband's earnings in the two tables which
follow, and for each group the number and per cent of wives who
add to the income by having employment or keeping boarders or
lodgers are given.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
665
TABLE 58. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodg-
ers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
[The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.]
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
of selected
families. "
Number of husbands
earning —
Number
of wives
having
employ-
ment or
keeping
boarders
or
lodgers.
Number of wives having
employment or keep-
ing boarders or lodgers
where husbands' earn-
ings are—
Under
$400. 6
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Under
$400. c
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
39
26
25
32
115
145
7
3
9
10
96
97
12
4
7
17
17
37
20
19
9
5
2
11
10
4
4
12
43
23
2
1
.1
4
34
18
4
4
3
Native-born o£ foreign father, by
race of father, German .
Foreign-born:
German
3
5
8
3
Hebrew Russian
3
1
2
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
382
222
94
66
96
60
23
13
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
26
65
317
3
10
212
4
16
78
19
39
27
4
14
82
1
3
57
3
7
6
4
19
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
6 This column includes 13 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
cThis column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "none."
TABLE 59. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodg-
ers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for
all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. Of the selected families only those which have
both husband and wife present appear in this table.]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Under
$400.a
$400 and
under $600.
$600 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
28.6
33.3
20.0
25.6
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, German.
Foreign-born:
German
(&)
11.1
(&)
42.9
15.8
.0
15.4
16.0
Hebrew, Russian
40.0
29.4
60.0
37.5
Italian South
35 4
47 1
(6)
37.4
Polish
18.6
8. 1
18.2
15.9
Grand total
27.0
24.5
19.7
25.1
Total native-born of foreign father
(&)
(5)
15.8
15.4
Total native-born . . .
30.0
25.0
17.9
21.5
Total foreign-born
26.9
24.4
22.2
25.8
Per cent of wives having employment or keeping
boarders or lodgers where husbands' earnings
are—
a This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "none."
b Not computed owing to small number involved.
25008°— VOL 2G— 11 43
666 The Immigration Commission.
Russian Hebrew and South Italian husbands, although they have
no wives working for wages, have in higher proportions of cases than
the other races wives who are supplementing their earnings. This
the wives do by keeping boarders or lodgers. The native-born of
native father are assisted by their wives in one way or the other in
about one-fourth of the cases. The Germans of both generations
and the Poles have almost equally low proportions of wives who are
supplementing the family income.
From the totals it will be seen that in general the proportion of wives
at work or keeping boarders or lodgers is a little lower among the
families with the higher earnings of husbands. No such tendency,
however, is observable race by race.
CHAPTER VI.
ASSIMILATION.
RESIDENCE IN APARTMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND CITY.
The process of becoming an American is dependent upon acquaint-
ance with America. Such acquaintance proceeds most slowly in
racial colonies, where the individual is surrounded by others like him-
self in language, thought, customs, and attachment to things of the
past. By reference to General Table 58 it will be seen that the races
in Buffalo which are most distinctly colonized are the South Italian
and Polish. Some idea of the experience of the United States on the
part of the races studied may be gained from the following table. The
table shows the numbers and per cents of the households of each race
which have spent the whole time since arrival or establishment in
the United States, in the apartment, the neighborhood, and the city.
Group households are excluded from the table, because, lacking the
nucleus of the family, they are transient in their nature. The table
is based on General Table 97.
TABLE 60. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and tity, by length of time established in the United States
and by general nativity and race of head of household.
[Length of time established in the United States is, for families formed in the United States, the number of
years since marriage, and for families formed abroad, the number of years the family has resided in the
United States.]
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in —
Per cent which have spent
whole time in—
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
12
7
4
38
52
44
20
2
3
1
5
21
8
3
8
6
3
23
49
40
16
12
7
3
37
49
41
16
(a)
(a)
(0)
13.2
40.4
18.2
15.0
(«)
(a)
(a)
60.5
94.2
90.9
80.0
w
(°)
(a)
97.4
94.2
93.2
80.0
Foreign-born:
German
Hebrew, Russian. .
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian..
Grand total
177
43
145
165
24.3
81.9
93.2
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
7
19
158
3
5
38
6
14
131
7
19
146
(a)
M
24.1
8
82.9
(0)
SL
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
667
668
The Immigration Commissior..
TABLE 60. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States
and by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued.
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
G eneral nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in—
Per cent which have spent
whole time in —
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neigh-
borhood.
City.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
10
6
4
11
59
26
19
2
2
2
3
2
6
52
25
10
8
6
2
9
53
25
10
(a)
(a)
(0)
(a)
20.3
11.5
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(°)
88.1
96.2
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
89.8
96.2
(a)
Foreign-born:
German . ...
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
12
3
1
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
135
20
100
113
14.8
74.1
83.7
Total native-born of foreign father . .
Total native-born
6
16
119
2
4
16
3
5
95
6
14
99
(a)
(a)
13.4
(a)
(a)
79.8
@
83.2
Total foreign-born
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father by
race of father, German
40
30
1
4
15
17
23
26
2.5
13.3
37.5
56.7
57.5
86.7
Foreign-born:
German
35
1
17
33
2.9
48.6
94.3
Hebrew, Russian
23
11
17
.0
47.8
73.9
Italian South
69
9
59
61
13.0
85 5
88 4
Polish . . .-. .
110
1
101
101
.9
91.8
91.8
Syrian
8
3
3
(a)
(a)
(a)
Grand total . .
315
16
223
264
5.1
70.8
83.8
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
30
70
4
5
17
32
26
49
13 3
7 1
56.7
45 7
86.7
70 0
Total foreign-born
245
11
191
215
4.5
78.0
87.8
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
62
43
5
9
25
26
43
39
8.1
20.9
40.3
60.5
69.4
90.7
Foreign-born:
German
43
2
22
38
4.7
51.2
88.4
Hebrew, Russian
72
5
40
63
6.9
55.6
87.5
Italian, South . .
180
42
160
163
23.3
88.9
90.6
Polish
180
12
166
167
6.7
92.2
92 8
Syrian
47
4
29
29
8.5
61.7
61.7
Grand total '.
627
79
468
542
12.6
74.6
86.4
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born. . . ....
43~
105
9~
14
26~
51
39~
82
20.9
13.3
60.5
48.6
907
78.1
Total foreign-born
522
65
417
460
12.5
79.9
88.1
a Not computed, owing to small number Involved.
The two races which in General Table 58 show the greatest tendency
to colonize show also the least experience of neighborhoods other than
those where they now reside. The Poles have 92.2 per cent and
the South Italians have 88.9 per cent of their households with no
residence outside the neighborhood.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
669
The proportions of South Italian households with residence limited
entirely to the neighborhood are smaller among the households of
older standing than among those recently established, the per cents
in the three groups being 94.2, 88.1, and 85.5. The proportions of
Polish households with residence entirely within the neighborhood are
greater among the households established for the longer periods than
for those established under five years. Considering the fact that Polish
households have, on the whole, a considerably longer period of estab-
lishment than the South Italian households, they show a distinctly
greater tendency to cling to the neighborhood than do the South
Italians.
The Poles, second-generation Germans, and South Italians have
more than 90 per cent of households with residence entirely within
the city of Buffalo. The Syrians have the smallest proportion of
households which have resided exclusively in Buffalo, and have ac-
quired the reputation of moving a great deal from, city to city. The
native-born of native father have the second highest proportion of
households which have lived outside of Buffalo.
YEARS IN THE UNITED STATES.
The number of years since first arrival in the United States is shown
below for foreign-born male heads of households. Since visits abroad
have been made by only about 8 per cent of these immigrant heads of
households and since in almost all cases the duration of the visit was
short, the table indicates the length of residence in the United States.
The table is based on General Table 64.
TABLE 61. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction \»
made for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of
years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of
years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
German
31
65
205
179
44
2
28
26
25
5
1
11
62
34
24
3
17
77
68
15
25
9
40
52
6.5
43.1
12.7
14.0
11.4
3.2
16.9
30.2
19.0
54.5
9.7
26.2
37.6
38.0
34.1
80.6
13. S
19.6
29.1
.0
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian
Total
524
86
132
180
126
16.4
25.2
34.4
24.9
670
The Immigration Commission.
The data of the preceding table appear, in cumulative form, as
f ollows :
TABLE 62. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United States under
5 years, under 10 years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual.
lumber
reporting
complete
Per cent
States ea
years.
of persons
ch specified
in ' United
number of
data.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
German ....
31
6.5
9.7
19.4
65
43 1
60 0
86 2
Italian, South
205
12.7
42.9
80.5
Polish .. . .
179
14.0
33.0
70.9
Syrian
44
11.4
65.9
100 0
Total
524
16.4
41.6
76.0
Of the 524 foreign-born male heads of households 16.4 per cent
have been in the United States under five years, 41.6 per cent have
been here under ten years, and 76 per cent have been here under
twenty years. Of the five races the Germans have by far the largest
proportion of male heads of households who have been in the United
States at least twenty years; fewer than one-fifth have come to this
country within the last twenty years. A small proportion of the
Kussian Hebrews have been in the country twenty years or more,
but the majority have been here under ten years, and by far the
largest percentage of any race have been here under five years. South
Italians, Poles, and Syrians have fewer than 15 per cent of their
heads of households in this country under five years. The Syrians,
however, have much the largest proportion here under ten years and
have none in the United States as long as twenty years; they are,
on the whole, much more recent immigrants than the South Italians
or Poles.
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
The ability to speak English is shown for male heads of households
in the following table, based on General Table 98 :
TABLE 63. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak English, by gen-
eral nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who speak
English.
Per cent
who speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of-father, German
39
39
100.0
Foreign-born:
German
31
26
83.9
Hebrew Russian.
65
37
56.9
Italian, South.
201
34
16.9
Polish.. ...
177
61
34.5
Syrian
44
10
22.7
Grand total
557
207
37.2
Total native-born of foreign father
39
39
100.0
Total foreign-born
518
168
32.4
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
671
All of the second-generation Germans speak the English language.
Of the 518 immigrants only 168, or 32.4 per cent, speak English.
The South Italians and Syrians show less than the average ability
to use the language and the Poles show only a little greater ability
than the average. More than half of the Russian Hebrews speak
English, but the German immigrants have by far the highest per
cent of English speakers of the five races.
The number and per cent of English speakers among women who
are heads of households or the wives of heads appear in the follow-
ing table, which is based on General Table 99:
TABLE 64. — Number and per cent of females who speak English, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only female heads of households and wives of heads of households of non-English-
speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who speak
English.
Per cent
who speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
French
2
2
(a)
German . . .
43
43
100.0
Hebrew
1
(a)
Italian, South
6
6
W
Polish
7
2
(a)
Foreign-born:
German
43
34
79.1
Hebrew Russian
64
25
39.1
Hebrew, Other.. ..
5
4
(a)
Italian South .
197
14
7.1
Polish
175
22
12.6
Syrian
43
4
9.3
Grand total . .
586
157
26.8
Total native-born of foreign father
59
54
91.5
Total foreign-born . . . .
527
103
19.5
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
All of the second-generation Germans speak English. Among the
immigrant races the percentages of women who speak English are in
every case lower than the percentages of men who speak the language.
The order of the races in respect to the use of English is, however, the
same as in the previous table, the Germans being able to speak the
language in the largest proportion of cases, the Russian Hebrews
being next to the Germans in this regard, and the Polish, Syrians, and
South Italians following in the order named.
In the table next submitted foreign-born male heads of households
are divided into three groups, according to the number of years since
their first arrival in the United States, and the numbers and per
cents who can speak English are shown for each group. The table
is darived from General Table 100.
672
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 65. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by years in the United States and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races. By years in the United States is meant years since
first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United
States each spec-
ified number of
years.
Number who speak
English, by years
in the United
States.
Per cent who speak
English, by years
in the United
States.
Un-
der 5.
5 to
9.
10 or
over.
Un-
der 5.
5 to
9.
10 or
over.
Un-
der 5.
5 to
9.
10 or
over.
German
31
65
201
177
44
2
28
25
24
5
1
11
62
34
24
28
26
114
119
15
1
7
25
23
30
51
7
(a)
25.0
.0
.0
(a)
(a)
(e?5
29.4
12.5
89.3
88.5
26.3
42.9
(a)
Hebrew Russian
7
4
10
3
Italian. South
Polish
Syrian
Total
518
84
132
302
8
24
136
9.5
18.2
45.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In the group in the United States under five years three races are
represented by 20 or more persons. The South Italians and Poles
have no one in this group able to speak English; the Russian Hebrews
have 7 persons, or 25 per cent, who can speak the language. Of the
three races in the second group represented by 20 or more persons
the Poles have the highest proportion of English speakers, the Syrians
the second highest, and the South Italians the lowest. In the group
of older immigrants the Germans, closely followed by the Hebrews,
have the high proportions able to speak English. The Poles have
only 42.9 per cent and the South Italians only 26.3 per cent of per-
sons who, after ten years' residence, can speak the language of the
new country. In this connection the showing of these two races in
Table 61 should be recalled.
Foreign-born male heads of households are classified in the following
table according' to their age at the time of their arrival in the United
States, and the number who can speak English is shown for each
group. The table is based on General Table 101.
TABLE 66.— Number of foreign-born male heads of households who speak English, by age
at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number of each speci-
fied age at time of
coming.
Number who speak
English, by age at
time of coming.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
German .
31
65
201
177
44
7
4
13
19
3
24
61
188
158
41
7
4
5
13
1
19
33
29
48
9
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South...
Polish
Syrian
Total
518
46
472
30
138
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
673
For no race are there as many as 20 heads of households who were
under 14 years of age at the time of coming to the United States.
Among all immigrants, however, there are 46, of whom 30, or 65.2
per cent, can now speak English. Of the 472 who came after they
had reached the age of 14 only 138, or 29.2 per cent, can speak the
language.
LITERACY.
The number and per cent of male heads of households who read
and the number and per cent who both read and write appear in
the following table.
The table is based on General Table 102.
TABLE 67. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and who read and
write, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who—
Per cent who—
Read.
Read and
write.
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father, White
53
39
30
64
202
177
44
52
39
30
58
107
138
27
52
39
28
58
107
131
27
98.1
100.0
100.0
90.6
53.0
78.0
61.4
98.1
100. 0
93.3
90.6
53.0
74.0
61.4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, German
Foreign- born:
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
609
451
442
74.1
72.6
Total native-born of foreign father. .
39
92
517
39
91
360
39
91
351
100.0
98.9
69.6
100. a
98.9
67. 9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The per cent of literacy is high among the Germans of both gener-
ations and the native-born of native father, although only the
second-generation Germans report all of their number able both to
read and to write. The degree of literacy among the foreign-born
is highest among the Germans and second highest among the Russian
Hebrews. None of the other three races has as many as three-
fourths of its male heads of households able both to read and to
write, but of the three the Polish show the highest degree of literacy,
the Syrians next highest, and the South Italians the lowest. Of
all the heads of households studied about every fourth man can
neither read nor write.
674
The Immigration Commission.
The number and per cent of female heads of households and
wives of heads who read and the number and per cent who read and
write are given in the following table. The table is based on General
Table 103.
TABLE 68. — Number and per cent of females who read and who read and write, by general
nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes only female heads of households and wives of heads of households.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Per cent who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
English
53
1
2
43
1
1
6
7
1
7
2
41
64
4
194
174
43
51
1
2
43
1
1
6
7
1
7
2
41
49
2
22
138
12
51
1
2
43
1
1
6
7
1
7
2
40
48
2
21
116
12
96.2
$
100.0
(0
a
a
a
a
(a)
(a)
100.0
76.6
(a)
11.3
79.3
27.9
96.2
8
100.0
fa)
a
a
a
&
97.6
75.0
(a)
10.8
66.7
27.9
French
German
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Scotch
Poreign-born:
Canadian (other than French)
English
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
644
386
3d
59.9
56.1
Total native-born of foreign father
62
115
529
62
113
273
62
113
248
100.0
98.3
51.6
100.0
98.3
46.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The order of the races in respect to degree of literacy is the same
among the women as among the men. Little or no difference in
respect to literacy exists between the sexes of the Germans of both
generations and the native-born of native father. A somewhat
smaller proportion of Polish women than of Polish men are able both
to read and to write and considerably smaller proportions of Russian
Hebrew women than of Russian Hebrew men can either read or
read and write. The wide differences between the sexes in respect
to literacy are found among the South Italians and Syrians. Of
the South Italian men 53 per cent both read and write; of the
South Italian women only 10.8 per cent can both read and write.
Syrian men in 61.4 per cent of all cases read and write, while Syrian
women read and write in only 27.9 per cent of all cases. Only 51.6
per cent of all foreign-born women' included in this table are able
to read and only 46.9 per cent are able both to read and to write.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
675
Foreign-born, male heads of households are classified in the follow-
ing table according to the number of years since their first arrival
in the United States and for each group the number and per cent
who read and write are shown. The table is based on General
Table 104.
TABLE 69. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and write, by
years in the United States and race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the
United States
each specified
number of years.
Number who read
and write, by
years in the
United States.
Per cent who read
and write, by
years - in the
United States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
German
30
64
202
177
44
2
28
25
24
5
1
10
62
34
24
27
26
115
119
15
2
26
10
19
3
1
10
22
26
14
25
22
75
86
10
(a)
92.9
40.0
79.2
(a)
(a)
(a)
35.5
76.5
58.3
92.6
84.6
65.2
72.3
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian . . .
Total
517
84
131
302
60
73
218
71.4
55.7
72.2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Among recent immigrant races represented in the table by 20 or
more persons the Russian Hebrews show the highest degree of literacy,
the Poles the next highest, and the South Italians the lowest. Of the
three races represented by 20 or more persons in the group from five
to nine years in the United States, the order from highest to lowest
per cent of literates is Poles, Syrians, and South Italians. Among
the older immigrants four races are represented by 20 or more per-
cent of literates,
the lowest, and
the Polish the second lowest.
Foreign-born male heads of households are again classified accord-
ing to their age at the time of their first arrival in the United States,
and for each group the number who read and write is shown. The
table is based on General Table 105.
TABLE 70. — Number of foreign-born male heads of households who read and write, by age
at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
sons, of which the German race has the highest per cent of literates,
the Hebrew the second highest, the South Italian
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each specified
age at time of com-
ing.
Number who read and
write, by age at time
of coming.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
German
30
64
202
177
44
7
4
14
19
3
23
60
188
158
41
6
4
7
17
3
22
64
100
114
24
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Syrian
Total
517
47
470
37_
314
676
The Immigration Commission.
No race is here represented by as many as 20 men who were chil-
dren not yet 14 years of age at the time of their arrival in this country.
There are, however, 47 of all races who were under 14 at the time of
coming to the United States, of whom 37, or 78.7 per cent, can read
and write. Of the 470 who came when they were 14 years of age or
older, only 66.8 per cent can read and write.
CITIZENSHIP.
The number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who are fully naturalized and the number and per cent who
have taken out only their first naturalization papers appear in the
following table, which is derived from General Table 106:
3 71. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who have
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of
TABLE
been in
coming, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number-
Per cent —
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
German
11
25
116
92
13
11
17
63
60
7
(a)
68.0
45.7
65.2
(a)
(a)
24.0
9.5
15.2
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
6
11
14
5
Italian South
Polish
Syrian
Total
257
148
36
57.6
14.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Only three races are represented in the above table by 20 or more
heads of households eligible to full citizenship. Of these the Russian
Hebrews have the highest proportion fully naturalized and the highest
proportion with only their first papers. The Poles have next to the
highest proportions in both classes, and the South Italians have the
lowest proportions, only 45.7 per cent of the South Italians having
become full citizens and only 9.5 per cent having taken out their first,
but not their second, naturalization papers. Of all the foreign-born,
57.6 per cent have become fully naturalized and 71.6 per cent have
taken one or both steps toward citizenship.
Immigrants in Cities: Buffalo.
677
In the following table only those foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States from five to nine years are
included. The table is derived from General Table 106.
TABLE 72. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who have
been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over at time of com-
ing, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number-
Per cent—
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
1
10
48
20
8
1
4
6
2
3
8
12.5
10.0
(a)
8 ,3
25.0
(a)
Hebrew, Russian
4
4
5
4
Italian. South...
Polish
Syrian. . . . 1 ...
Total
87
16
17
18.4
19.5
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Only two races are represented here by 20 or more persons. Of
these two the Poles have the larger proportion of persons who have
taken any action whatever in regard to becoming citizens and the
South Italians have the larger proportion of those who have achieved
full naturalization.
PART YHI -MILWAUKEE.
679
680
The Immigration Commission.
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PART VIII —MILWAUKEE,
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
A study of immigrants in Milwaukee is not primarily a study of
congestion. Tenement houses are very rare. In all except a very
few streets one sees rows of small houses one or two stories high,
usually with neat yards around them. This is true in all sections
of the city, whether foreign or native, though Milwaukee can scarcely
be said to have any native sections, so generally are its citizens either
foreign-born or of foreign parentage.
Where bad living conditions have been found in Milwaukee, they
have been due to dilapidated houses, poor sanitation, overcrowding
of lot space, the conversion of one-family houses into small tene-
ments used by several households, and the attendant use of base-
ments as dwellings. Milwaukee's location, with its unlimited possi-
bilities of expansion, and the fact that the industries of the city are
widely scattered and are in many cases located outside of the city
limits, has tended to prevent the crowding of large numbers of
laborers' families into any one small section of the city. The streets,
too, are wide, admitting plenty of light and air and preventing the
bad conditions arising from the narrow, dark streets which are found
in some of the older cities. " The streets are not very well kept, and
give a worse impression of the city from a sanitary point of view
than it deserves. As a rule the sanitary regulations are fairly strict
and well enforced.
Milwaukee, it has been said, is the most foreign large city in the
United States. In some aspects it is, but whether there are actu-
ally more foreign-born persons in Milwaukee than in any other large
American city could not be ascertained by actual count at the time of
this study, and the estimates obtained regarding the racial composi-'
tion of the inhabitants vary so much as to make them unreliable.
The German element largely predominates, constituting, according
to various estimates, from half to three-fourths of the population in
the city. The higher estimates undoubtedly include both first and
second generation Germans. The Poles are second in importance
numerically, and, according to the most usual estimate, include about
a fifth of the Dopulation. This estimate also probably includes the
second-generation Poles, but the Poles do not form nearly so large a
proportion of the entire race as do the second-generation Germans.
The Bohemians, the South Italians, and the Hebrews follow in the
order named. These five races comprise the list of immigrant races
studied in Milwaukee.
The Germans are in practically every part of the city, but the most
nearly homogeneous German district is on the North Side — that is,
25608°— VOL 2G— 11 44 681
682 The Immigration Commission.
north of the Menomonee River and west of the Milwaukee River —
in what used to be known as Kilbourn Town. A particularly dense
German population is found on Fond du Lac avenue and the cross
streets between Walnut street and North avenue. Two of the
German .blocks studied were chosen in the vicinity of Fond du Lac
avenue. The third German block was chosen farther south, on State
street.
The Poles are in two distinct settlements. The larger is on the
South Side, occupying the district, roughly speaking, south of Mitchell
street to the city limits, and from Lake Michigan west to Windlake
avenue. Jones Island should properly be included in this district,
One of the Polish blocks studied was selected on the South Side.
The smaller Polish settlement is on the East Side on either side of
the Milwaukee River near Kilbourn Park. One block, south of the
river, was chosen for study in this district.
The Bohemians are somewhat scattered, but the larger number is
on the North Side between Walnut street and North avenue, near
the German district on Fond du Lac avenue. A district near Four-
teenth street, partly north and partly south of Fond du Lac avenue,
was selected for study. There is a scattered settlement of Bohemians
on the south side of Mineral street, but no blocks were selected there.
The South Italians occupy practically the whole third ward. This
ward is near the principal business section of the city and lies between
the Milwaukee River and the Lake. A district just south of Michi-
gan street was studied.
The Hebrews generally are not confined to any definite sections of
the city, but the families that live in- the cheaper and more crowded
quarters have a pretty well-defined settlement on the North Side
between Fourth and Twelfth streets south of Walnut. A block on
Vliet street was studied in the district, "and a second block north of
the district near the Bohemian settlement was also studied.
An attempt was made to find a homogeneous American district,
but this proved impossible, at least for American households of the
same economic level as the immigrant households studied.
CHAPTER II.
TERRITORY.
Three blocks were chosen for the congestion study among the
Germans in Milwaukee, a block on State street, a block on Walnut
street, and a block on Twenty-first street.
The block selected on State street was between Seventh and
Eighth streets on the south side of the street, in the oldest German
district. The following table, which is derived from General Table
213, shows the racial composition of this block:
TABLE 1. — Number of households studied on the State street block, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
7
Foreign-born — Continued.
Polish
1
father:
Scotch
1
Bohemian and Moravian
1
Slovak
1
German
10
Syrian
3
Irish
2
Foreign-born:
Grand total
48
German. . . .
19
Greek
1
Total native-born of foreign father
13
Hebrew, Russian
Total native-born
20
Irish ..
1
Total foreign-born
28
It will be seen that the table includes a number of races other than
German. The Germans who live in this district are old residents;
the younger generation are moving north and west.
The houses on this block, with but two or three exceptions, are
frame buildings in very bad repair; there are two or more houses to a
lot and very little yard space. There are no parks or open spaces
of any kind in the vicinity. Many of the houses, both front and rear,
are occupied by two or more households, though they were built for
but one. Each house has a separate water supply, usually a sink in
the kitchen, but on most of the lots only the front house is supplied
with a toilet, which is used by all of the tenants on the lot. Condi-
tions are worse in the rear houses than in the front. The alley at
the rear is more convenient than the street for the rear tenants and
is used by them as a thoroughfare instead of State street.
A second German block was chosen near Walnut and Fourteenth
streets, midway between the old and the new German district. The
table next submitted gives the number of households of each race
found on the block.
683
684
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 2. — Number of households studied on the Walnut street block, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father by race of
4
Forei gn-born— Conti nued .
Hebrew Other
1
father:
Norwegian
1
German
6
Slovak . . •
1
Irish
1
Foreign-born •
Grand total
47
Bohemian and Moravian.
5
Danish
1
Total native-born of foreign father
7
Dutch
1
Total native-born . . .
11
German
23
Total foreign-born
36
Hebrew, Russian
3
The lots are about 40 feet wide by 140 feet deep, and most of them
are occupied by two houses. All have small front and side yards
and a space of about 30 feet between the front and rear houses. The
yards are well kept and usually grass covered. The houses, with but
two exceptions, are well-built two-story buildings, mostly frame and
in fairly good repair. All have sinks in the kitchen and flush toilets
in good order.
There are no cases of real crowding on the block. Most of the
houses are occupied by single households; there are a few double
houses and one large rear house occupied by four households. Front
houses are usually occupied by the owners of the property.
The other German block, in the center of the newer German district,
is a solid block between Twentieth and Twenty-first streets and
Lloyd and Elm streets, including the west side of Twenty-first street.
TABLE 3. — Number of households studied in the Twenty-first street block, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father by race of
5
Foreign-born— Continued.
German
50
Dutch
1
Grand total
76
German. .
18
Scotch
1
Total native-born of foreign father
20
Foreign-born '
Total native-born .
25
Danish
1
Total foreign-born
51
As will be seen from the table, the block is almost entirely German.
The heads of 50 of the households studied are foreign-born Germans,
and 18 are native-born Germans of foreign parentage, leaving but 8
households of other races.
The block as a whole is neat and prosperous looking. The lots are
very nearly the same size as those on the Walnut street block, 40 by
140 feet, with two houses on all but a few of the lots, small front and
side yards, and a small grass plot between the front and rear houses.
The usual type of house is a one-and-a-half or two story frame cot-
tage, occupied by but one household. There are a few double
houses, having one apartment on the first floor and one on the second.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee. 685
With the exception of seven houses, all the houses on the block are in
good repair; they are well painted, and each house is supplied with a
kitchen sink and a flush toilet. The seven houses which are excepted
are in a bad condition. They are poorly built, old, and unpainted;
the floors and plaster are cracked, and in one or two cases the houses
are almost too dilapidated to live in. The hydrants and toilets, each
shared by two or three families, are in the yard.
As has already been stated, the Poles live in two distinct districts
in Milwaukee. Pulaski street was selected for study on the East
Side, and a block on Garden street, on the South Side.
The larger number of Polish households were studied on Pulaski
street; the east side was canvassed from the turn in the street at
the south end to Water street, and the west side, to Hamilton street.
TABLE 4. — Number of households studied on the Pulaski street block, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Irish
Polish
Foreign-born:
German...
Polish
83
Grand total
Total native-born of foreign father ,
Total foreign-born
This block is the most nearly homogeneous of any block studied in
Milwaukee; out of 94 households, the heads of 83 were foreign-born
Poles, 7 were native-born Poles of foreign parentage, and only 4
belonged to other races.
Pulaski street was a small stream when the Poles first settled there
between twenty and thirty years ago; the stream has been filled up,
but the street is still the lowest point in the vicinity. Although the
street is near one of the good residence portions of the city, there is
considerable crowding; the Milwaukee River, however, and Kilbourn
Park just across the river make the neighborhood open. The east
side of the block is triangular in shape, with the lot at the south end
about 40 feet deep and the lots gradually increasing in depth to the
Water street end, where they are 240 feet in depth. The owners,
most of them Polish and living on the property, have not allowed the
extra space to lie idle, but have built it up with rear houses, in some
cases as many as four on a lot.
.Of the 94 households studied, 35 live in 31 rear houses, all on the
east side of the street. There are no rear houses on the west side of
the street.
The space between the front and rear houses varies, usually being
15 to 20 feet; the side yards, too, vary, but there is always enough
space to admit plenty of light and air. The yards are without grass,
wet and muddy in rainy weather, and strewn with rubbish.
The front houses, with the exception of the brick saloon on the
corner, are one and a half or two story frame buildings occupied by
686 The Immigration Commission.
from two to four households. Many of the houses were built for
but one household and have been raised to afford a basement apart-
ment, or the second floor has been converted into a second apartment.
They are in fairly good repair, with sinks in the kitchen, and usually
a flush toilet in the basement. Some lots, however, have only a dry
toilet in the yard used by all the families on the lot.
The rear dwellings are, for the most part, in much worse repair
than the front houses. With but three or four exceptions they are
little one-story, frame cottages of two, sometimes three, very small
rooms. The foundations are in many cases wooden piles which have
settled unevenly and left the floors and roof sagging. Only six out
of the 31 rear houses have water supply or toilet within the house;
the tenants in the rear houses on each of the other lots use in common
a hydrant in the yard, and the toilet in the basement of the front
house or a dry toilet in the yard.
The Polish households studied on the South Side were on the west
side of First avenue and the east side of the parallel street, Garden
street, between Rogers and Burnham streets.
TABLE 5. — Number of households studied on the Garden street block, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Polish .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian . .
German '.
Hebrew, Russian
Lithuanian
Polish...
Grand total
Total native-born of foreign father
Total foreign-born
This block has a larger representation of races other than Polish
than the Pulaski street block; 88.4 per cent of all households, how-
ever, have heads who are either immigrant Poles or Poles of the
second generation.
The houses are practically all one-story frame cottages, built for
one household, but later converted into small tenements by using the
basement as it stood, if possible, or if not, by raising the first floor so
as to make the basement habitable, or, in some instances, by adding
a small extension to the house. The larger number of such houses
are on First avenue. The lots are not deep, and there are but six
rear houses on the block. The neighborhood is open, and Kosciusko
Park is but 3 blocks away. The houses, however, are close together,
especially on Garden street, where there is only the width of a walk
between them; there is little yard space, sometimes none at all.
The houses on Garden street are painted and in fairly ^good
repair and the yards well kept, but on First avenue the majority
of the houses are unpainted, the doors and windows loose in many
cases, the yards ill kept and muddy. A noticeable feature of
housing conditions on this block is the number of basement
apartments. Out of the 86 households studied, 21 live in basement
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
687
dwellings and 8 use the basement and the first floor. First avenue
is on an incline in this district and in order to make the front and
back yards the same level, many of the lots between Rogers and
Burnham streets have been excavated at the front from 2 to 10 feet
below the level of the sidewalk. Though the houses are set back a
few feet from the sidewalk, conditions in most of the basement apart-
ments both on Garden street and First avenue are bad. The floors
are damp, the ceilings are not more than 7 feet high, and it is impossi-
ble to get sufficient light and air. While all but three have city
water in the apartment, only two or three have separate toilet
facilities.
The Bohemians are somewhat scattered. Schedules were taken
from all of the households on Tomah street, northwest of Neenah
street, the entire length of Second Tomah street, and on Jackson
street between Lloyd and Harmon. A few Bohemian households
living in neighboring blocks were included in the study.
TABLE 6. — Number of households studied in the Fourteenth street district, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-bora of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
4
Foreign-born — Continued .
Polish
2
father4
Slovak
6
Bohemian and Moravian
13
Swedish
1
English . .
1
German
18
Grand total
142
Irish
1
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
75
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born ..
33
37
German
20
Total foreign-born
105
Hebrew, Russian....
1
The Bohemians and Germans have mingled so freely in Milwaukee
that there are only two or three blocks in the most nearly homo-
geneous Bohemian section where the Germans do not outnumber
the Bohemians. A glance at the table above will show the large
proportion of Germans on blocks which are generally regarded as
entirely Bohemian.
The district is clean and prosperous in appearance. The houses
are mainly small, one and a half story frame cottages occupied by
but one household. There are a few double houses, and one or two
houses built for three or four families ; they are not one-family houses
made to accommodate two or more families. The lots are large
enough so that nearly all the houses have small grass-covered yards,
and in some cases small gardens in the rear. About one-eighth of the
households shown in the above table live in rear houses, but this does
not represent bad conditions; the rear houses are in good repair, and
with one or two exceptions there is sufficient space between the front
and rear houses to admit plenty of light and air and prevent over-
crowding on the lot.
Practically all of the houses in the blocks studied are in good repair.
City water is piped into the apartments, and about two-thirds or the
households have separate flush toilets in the house; in no case do
more than three families share a toilet. Only one or two dry toilets
were found.
688
The Immigration Commission.
Here, as in so many districts in Milwaukee, there are very few
rented houses; a very large proportion of the Bohemians own their
homes.
The South Italians are pretty definitely colonized in Milwaukee.
About 90 per cent of the families living in the Third ward are South
Italians, and few households of this race are outside of this ward.
Practically all of the blocks in the South Italian district showing
congestion were studied ; these included both sides of Jefferson street
between Huron and Detroit streets, both sides of Detroit street
between Jefferson and Jackson streets, both sides of Jackson street
between Detroit and Buffalo streets, the east side of Van Buren street
between Huron and Michigan streets, and the east side of Cass
street north of Huron street.
The following table shows the racial composition of the district:
TABLE 7. — Number of households studied in the Jefferson street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
3
Foreign-born — Continued.
Irish
5
father:
Italian, South
148
Canadian (other than French)
1
Norwegian
1
English
1
German .
1
Grand total
175
Irish
12
Foreign-born:
Total native-born of foreign father
15
Canadian (other than French)
1
Total native-born
1&
German
2
Total foreign-born
157
Taking all things into consideration, the South Italians live under
the worst housing conditions of any race studied in Milwaukee. In
1892 a fire destroyed most of the property in the district. Many of
the Irish who had lived in the ward left, old houses from other parts
of the city were moved into the burned district, a number of cot-
tages were built, and the Sicilians occupied the district partly vacated
by the Irish.
The houses have less yard space, and the neighborhood is built up
more closely than any other district studied. The usual type of
house is a two-story frame house, accommodating from two to four
families; but on Cass street the houses are three-story brick, with
six apartments in each house. The repair and care of the premises
in nearly all cases is very bad. The steps are sagging, the windows
and doors are loose, the wallpaper is in strips, and the halls filled
with dirt and trash.
There are comparatively few rear houses and basement apartments.
About one-tenth of the households in the above table live in rear
dwellings, and one-fifth live in basements. Practically all of the
apartments have a separate water supply within the apartment; four
out of five tenement houses have flush toilets within the house, but
only aboui? one-fourth of the households have separate toilet facili-
ties.
In selecting blocks in the Hebrew section, as in the Italian sec-
tion, practically all the blocks showing crowding were taken for
study. In the Vliet street district both sides of Sixth street between
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
689
Cherry and Vliet streets and between Vliet and Poplar streets, and
both sides of Vliet street between Sixth and Seventh streets were
canvassed. On Tenth street both sides of the street between Sher-
man and Wine streets were canvassed.
The Vliet street district is in the most thickly populated Hebrew
section of Milwaukee. From the following table it will be seen that
nearly 90 per cent of the households are of the Hebrew race.
TABLE 8. — Number of households studied on the Vliet street block, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, German
2
Foreign-born — Continued.
Roumanian
I
Fore ign-born :
Slovak
5
German
2
Greek
1
Grand total
105
Hebrew Russian
73
Hebrew, Other
20
Total native-born of foreign father
2
Negro
1
Total foreign-born
103
This district is near the business section of the city and is built up
more closely than any other studied except the Italian. The blocks
are near the old hay market, which is now largely taken up by com-
mission houses. A considerable volume of business is carried on in the
streets studied, and the attendant dirt and confusion is, generally
speaking, the worst feature of living conditions in this neighborhood.
The yard space is small, but sufficient for light and air. About
one lot in ten has two houses. There is not much difference between
the front and rear houses except in number of apartments, the
majority of front houses having two and three apartments, and the
majority of rear houses having one apartment. There are but four
basement apartments. The repair of the houses is fair. None are
exceptionally bad, but few are in really good repair. The dwellings
both front and rear, with one or two exceptions, have separate water
supply in each apartment. The toilet facilities are not good. A
half dozen dry toilets were found in the block.
The Tenth street block was chosen in the newer Hebrew section
farther north, near the Bohemian and German districts, and, as will
be seen from the following table, the German is almost equal to the
Hebrew element.
TABLE 9. — Number of households studied in the Tenth street district, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Foreign-born— Continued.
Hebrew, Russian
25
Dutch
1
Hebrew Other
2
German
6
Slovak
4
Hebrew
2
Foreign-born:
Grand total
60
Bohemian and Moravian
1
Dutch
3
Total native-born of foreign father
9
German
18
Total foreign-born
51
690
The Immigration Commission.
The Tenth street block presents much the same appearance as
the blocks chosen for study among the Germans. There are small
yards, except in a few cases where two rear houses occupy the lot, and
the yards are, as a rule, well kept. The houses are frame dwellings,
one-and-a-half or two stories high, and accommodate from one to five
households. With but one exception the rear houses have but one
apartment ; about half of the front houses have one apartment, and
most of the others consist of two or three apartments. Only in this
and the district studied among American households were no base-
ment apartments found. All the apartments, with one or two excep-
tions, are supplied with city water within the apartment. The toilets
are all flush, and are usually situated' in the basement of the house.
A third of the households share toilet accommodations with one or
two other households.
The district selected for the study of Americans in Milwaukee
is between National avenue and Mitchell street, and Barkley avenue
and Third avenue, and comprises 70 blocks. So far as it is possible
to ascertain, this district has as large, if not a larger proportion of
Americans than any other district of equal size in the city, yet on no
one of the 70 blocks were as many as 50 per cent of the households
American. Schedules were taken from 102 of the households in
this district.
TABLE 10. — Number of households studied in the selected American district, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
82
Foreign -born — Continued.
German...
2
father:
Irish ...
2
English
1
Scotch
1
French
1
German
5
Grand total
102
Irish
3
Polish
1
Total native-born of foreign father
12
Scotch
1
Total native-born
94
Foreign-born •
Total foreign-born
g
~ Canadian (other than French)
2
English
1
The general appearance and conditions in this district are typical
of Milwaukee in general. The rows of two-story frame houses built,
as a rule, for but one family, a small grass-covered yard, a small
garden in the rear, the property usually owned by the persons occupy-
ing it — these give a fair picture of living conditions among Milwaukee
families. About one in seven of the households included in the above
table live in rear houses and none of them live in basements. Most
of the houses both front and rear are in good or fair repair. Over 80
per cent of the households have city water in the apartment and over
75 per cent have separate flush toilets.
CHAPTER III.
COMPOSITION OF POPULATION STUDIED.
NATIVITY AND RACE.
In presenting the figures for the blocks, all households canvassed
are shown, but for the detailed study scattering households of a race,
living with other races and under conditions so varied as to make
a comparative study impossible were omitted, as were also those
households belonging to races represented by fewer than 20 schedules.
The following table, based on General Tables Nos. 213 and 214, shows
the number of households of each race for which schedules were taken
in Milwaukee, and the number chosen for study in detail in the tables
which follow.
TABLE 11. — Total number of households studied in blocks investigated and households
included in detailed study, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households
studied
in
blocks in-
vestigated.
Households included
in detailed study.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Native-born of native father, White
105
14
1
2
3
1
66
2
20
20
2
82
3
2
4
1
143
2
102
23
8
148
4
1
2
150
1
2
17
1
3
105
12.5
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian (other than French)
English
French
German
66
7.9
Hebrew
Irish
Polish
20
2.4
Scotch
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
82
9.8
Canadian (other than French)
Danish
Dutch . .
English
German
143
17.0
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
• 102
23
12.2
2.7
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
148
17.6
Lithuanian
Negro
Norwegian ..
Polish
150
17.9
Roumanian
Scotch
Slovak
Swedish
Syrian
Grand total
935
839
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
131
236
699
86
191
648
10.3
22.8
77.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
691
692
The Immigration Commission.
A little more than three-fourths of the households studied are the
households of immigrants. Considering the Russian Hebrews and
Hebrews of other countries as one race, the numbers are fairly
evenly divided among four of the five foreign races chosen for study.
The Bohemians f ah1 somewhat below the other races, owing to the fact
that they are scattered and no homogeneous Bohemian blocks could
be found. Households of the second generation of these five races
are not common in the districts studied. The South Italians have no
households with native-born heads and the Hebrews have only 2 ; the
Bohemians and Moravians have 14, the Poles 20, and the Germans 66,
a surprisingly low proportion of the second generation among the
Germans, considering the age of the German settlement. This is
partly explained by the tendency noticeable in all cities, but particu-
larly noticeable in Milwaukee, of the grown children to leave the for-
eign colony and scatter throughout the city.
For two of the races studied, Hebrews and Poles, the name of the
race does not indicate definitely the part of Europe from which the
immigrants have come. In the following tables, based on General
Tables 216 and 216a, the country of birth is given for the Poles and
the Hebrews and the province of birth is given for the South Italians.
TABLE 12. — Country of birth of foreign-born Polish heads of households.
Country of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Austria-Hungary
4.7
Germany
121
80 7
Russia
22
14.7
Total
150
100 0
TABLE 13. — Country of birth of foreign-born Hebrew heads of households.
Country of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Austria-Hungary
10
8.0
Germany "
3
2.4
Roumania
10
8.0
Russia
102
81.6
Total
125
100.0
TABLE 14. — Province of birth of foreign-born South Italian heads of households.
Province of birth.
Total
number.
Per cent
of total.
Sicily
136
91.9
Basilicata
1
.7
Calabria . .
3
2.0
Campania
5
3.4
Abruzzi and Molise
2
1.4
Roma .
1
.7
Total
148
100.0
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
693
The large proportion of Poles coming from Germany is noteworthy.
The study represents an earlier Polish immigration, chiefly from West
Prussia. The Hebrews from Russia and the South Italians from
Sicily form the bulk of the immigrants studied for these races, and
represent a recent immigration.
The table below, based on General Table 214, shows the number
and per cent of persons in the households chosen for study.
TABLE 15. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information
was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number of
households.
Persons in households.
Persons for whom de-
tailed information
was secured.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
429
289
93
368
648
552
109
872
820
10.3
6.9
2.2
8.8
15.5
13.2
2.6
20.9
19.6
429
289
93
368
648
551
109
871
820
10.3
6.9
2.2
8.8
15.5
13.2
2.6
20.8
19.6
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
839
4,180
100.0
4,178
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
86
191
648
382
811
3,369
9.1
19.4
80.6
382
811
3,367
9.1
19.4
80.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The column showing the number of persons includes all persons
found in the households; the column showing persons for whom
detailed information was secured includes all except those for whom
the race of the individual is unknown. The tables concerned with
congestion and related subjects are based upon the total number of
persons, while the tables giving information regarding the individual
are based upon the number of persons reporting detailed information.
It will be seen that only two members of households are not included
with the persons for whom detailed information was secured.
Considering the number of persons of each race instead of the num-
ber of households, as was done in Table 1 1 , the proportion that each
race forms of the total is changed. The Americans, the Bohemians
and Moravians, the Germans, both native and foreign born, and the
Poles of native birth, form smaller proportions; the Hebrews, the
South Italians, and the Poles assume larger proportions, especially
the South Italians, who have risen from 17.6 per cent of the total to
20.9 per cent. This, of course, indicates that the latter races live in
comparatively large households.
The table which follows enumerates the persons for whom detailed
information was secured by race of individual and shows the per cent
which the individuals of each race form of the total number of per-
sons studied. The table is derived from General Table 217.
694
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 16. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex, by general
nativity, and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
312
1
100
273
585
1
180
1
2
1
2
456
227
6
271
1
507
1
1
200
2
1
324
'365
68
1
599
1
1
362
2
1
8
14.0
w
4.5
.0
W.o
.0
(a)
9.8
5.4
.0
5.7
.0
10.6
.0
(a)
4.7
.0
(a)
7.3
8.6
1.5
.0
18.2
.0
.0
8.9
.1
.0
.4
14.0
.0
4.1
.1
.0
.1
.1
.1
12.2
5.5
.3
7.4
.1
13.9
.1
.0
4.9
.1
.0
8.2
8.9
1.7
.1
9.9
.1
.1
8.4
.0
.1
.0
14.0
(a)
4.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(0)
10.9
5.4
.1
6.5
"kl
(a)
(a)
4.8
8
7.8
8.7
1.6
(a)
14.3
ft
(a)
8.7
(a)
w.2
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
80
1
Canadian French
Canadian, Other
1
Danish
2
1
1
239
107
6
144
1
271
1
Dutch
English . . .
1
217
120
German
Hebrew.
Irish
Italian, South
127
Norwegian
Polish
236
Scotch .
Welsh
• 1
105
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
95
2
Canadian (other than French)
English .
1
163
191
34
German
161
174
34
1
194
1
1
165
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other
Irish..
Italian, South
405
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
197
2
Russian.
Scotch
1
Slovak..
8
Grand total
2.222
1,956
4,178
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
803
1,116
1,109
854
1,127
829
1,657
2,243
1,935
36.1
50.2
49.8
43.7
57.6
42.4
39.7
53.7
46.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
The proportion of native-born is much larger in this table than in
tables presenting data by race of head of household. The Germans
and Poles of the second generation, who in this table form large
per cents of the total number of persons, will be seen in the preceding
table, where the enumeration is by race of head of household, to
have relatively small proportions of the number of persons. This
showing is explained by the fact that the Germans and Poles are the
races with heads of households in the United States many years.
The proportion of children of native birth is therefore relatively very
high in the households of these races.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
695
SEX.
The sex of the persons for whom detailed information was secured
is given in the following table, based on General Table 214:
TABLE 17. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number.
Per cent of each sez.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Native-born of native father White
217
145
43
201
324
288
57
532
415
212
144
50
167
324
263
52
339
405
429
289
93
368
648
551
109
871
820
50.6
50.2
46.2
54.6
50.0
52.3
52.3
61.1
50.6
49.4
49.8
53.8
45.4
50.0
47.7
47.7
38.9
49.4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. ...
German
Hebrew, Russian .
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South .
Polish
Grand total
2,222
1,956
4,178
53.2
46.8
Total native-born of foreign father. .
188
405
1.817
194
406
1.550
382
811
3.367
49.2
49.9
54.0
50.8
50.1
46.0
Total foreign-born
Total forei en-born. . .
Every foreign-born race except the German, among whom the num-
ber of males and females is the same, shows a higher proportion of males
than of females. The preponderance of males is not great in any
race except the South Italian, where 61.1 per cent are males. The
relatively large number of boarders and lodgers, most of whom are
single men or men w^hose families are in Italy, noticeably affects the
proportion of males in Italian households.
AGE.
The following table indicates in a general way the age of the heads
of households. The table is derived from General Table 219:
TABLE 18. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, German .
94
57
71
109
91
20
145
132
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
25.5
28.1
18.3
9.2
24.2
20.0
24.8
10.6
45.7
56.1
42.3
38.5
49.5
40.0
55.2
50.8
24.5
14.0
25.4
31.2
22.0
35.0
18.6
25.0
4.3
1.8
14.1
21.1
4.4
5.0
1.4
13.6
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
737
.0
20.5
47.9
23.1
8.5
Total native-born of foreign father.. . .
75
169
568
.0
.0
.0
37.3
30.8
17.4
50.7
47.9
47.9
10.7
18.3
24.9
1.3
3.0
10.2
Total native-born. .
Total foreign-born..
696
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 18. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under 20.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 to 59.
60 or over.
Foreign-born, German. .
34
0.0
2.9
29.4
41.2
26.5
Grand total
102
.0
3.9
28.4
47.1
20.6
Total native-born of foreign father
11
22
80
.0
.0
.0
9.1
4.5
3.8
27.3
31.8
27.5
63.6
63.6
42.5
.0
.0
26.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
105
66
0.0
o
. 22.9
24 2
44.8
51 5
28.6
22 7
3.8
1 5
Polish .
20
.0
65.0
35.0
0
o
JToreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian .
82
.0
15.9
40.2
25.6
18 3
German
143
.0
7.7
36 4
33 6
22 4
Hebrew, Russian
102
.0
22.5
48.0
25.5
3:9
Hebrew Other .
23
.0
17.4
39 1
39 1
4 3
148
o
24 3
54 7
19 6
1 4
Polish '
150
.0
10.0
46.7
26 7
16 7
Grand total
839
.0
18.5
45.5
26 0
10 0
Total native-born of foreign father
86
o
33 7
47 7
17 4
1 2
Total native-born
191
.0
27 7
46 1
23 6
2 6
Total foreign-born
648
.0
15.7
45.4
26.7
12.2
The comparatively large proportion of foreign-born heads 60 years
of age or over is noticeable. The large percentages of such persons are
found in three races, the Bohemian and Moravian, the German, and
the Polish.
The South Italian heads of households are the youngest studied;
practically four-fifths of the heads are under 45 years of age. The
comparative youth of the heads of American households is partially
explained by the attempt made to choose these households, so far as
possible, from the same economic level as households studied for other
races, and many of them are the younger households whose economic
position is not yet established.
It will be noticed that higher proportions of the women than of
the men are 60 years of age or over.
The ages of all persons in the households studied, shown by race of
head of household, is given in the table next submitted. The table is
based on General Table 219.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
697
TABLE 19. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household.
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
MALE.
Number
Per cent
within <
jach spec
ified age
group—
of household.
complete
data.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native f?ther, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
217
145
18.4
15.2
16.1
18.6
2.8
4.8
5.5
8.3
20.3
19.3
22.1
26.2
14.7
7.6
Polish
43
34.9
11.6
2.3
4.7
30.2
16.3
.0
Foreign-born :
Bohemian and Moravian
201
14.9
17.9
6.5
7.5
20.4
18.4
14.4
German
324
12.3
18.2
5.6
6.2
21.9
16.7
19.1
Hebrew, Russian
288
18.1
20.5
4.9
9.7
18.8
18.4
9.7
Hebrew, Other
57
8.8
22.8
18.8
12.3
12.3
15.8
19.3
Italian South
532
1Q 0
10 3
2 3
11 8
23 7
24 4
8 5
Polish
415
20 5
20.7
3.1
8.7
14.9
19.0
13.0
Grand totol
2,222
17.6
16.9
4.0
8.8
20.1
20.5
12.2
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
' 188
405
19.7
19 0
17.0
16.5
4.3
3 5
7.4
6.4
21.8
21.0
23.9
23.0
5.9
10 6
Total foreign-born
1,817
17.2
17.0
4.1
9.3
19.9
19.9
12.6
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
212
144
17.0
14.6
16.0
19.4
4.2
4.2
5.2
6.9
23.1
20.1
21.2
21.5
13.2
13.2
Polish
50
30 0
22.0
2.0
4 0
30.0
10.0
2 0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
167
324
10.2
12.3
16.2
15.7
5.4
3.4
11.4
13". 9
21.0
13.0
15.6
17.9
20.4
23.8
Hebrew, Russian
263
21.3
22.4
4.9
8.7
16.7
17.1
8.7
Hebrew, Other
52
13 5
13 5
9 6
13 5
17.3
17 3
15 4
Italian, South...
339
29.2
17.4
3.8
5.6
22.1
15.6
6.2
Polish
405
21.2
23.5
5.4
9.1
11.9
15.6
13 3
Grand total
1,956
19.3
19.0
4.6
8.8
17.7
17.1
13 5
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
194
406
18.6
17.7
20.1
18 0
3.6
3.9
6.2
5.7
22.7
22 9
18.6
20.0
10.3
11 8
Total foreign-born
1 550
19 7
19 2
4 7
9 7
16 3
16 4
14 0
TOTAL.
Native-bom of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German. ..
429
289
17.7
14 9
16.1
19 0
3.5
4 5
5.4
7 6
21.7
19 7
21.7
23 9
14.0
10 4
Polish
93
32 3
17 2
2 2
4 3
30 1
12 9
1 1
Foreign-bora:
Bohemian and Moravian
368
12.8
17.1
6.0
9.2
20.7
17.1
17.1
German
648
12 3
17 0
4 5
10 0
17 4
17 3
21 5
Hebrew, Russian
551
19 6
21 4
4 9
9 3
17 8
17 8
9 3
Hebrew, Other
109
11 0
18 3
9 2
12 8
14 7
16 5
17 4
Italian, South
871
23.0
13.1
2.9
9.4
23 1
21.0
7.6
Polish
820
20 9
22 1
4 3
8 9
13 4
17 3
13 2
Grand total
4,178
18.4
17.9
4.3
8.8
19.0
18.9
12.9
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
382
811
19.1
18 4
18.6
17.3
3.9
3 7
6.8
6 0
22.3
21 9
21.2
21.5
8.1
11 2
Total foreign-born
3 367
18 4
18 0
J.O. U
4 4
9 5
18 2
18 3
13 2
25608°— VOL 26—11-
698
The Immigration Commission.
Including the members of the households other than heads has
decreased the proportion of persons 45 years of age or over, but has
not altered materially the relative positions of the races in that age
group. Among the races of foreign birth the Germans, as in the
table preceding, have the largest proportion 45 years of age or over
and the South Italians the smallest proportion. In the previous
table 43.4 per cent of the Polish heads of households, as compared
with 32.4 per cent of the heads of households among the native-born
of native father, are 45 years of age or over, while in this table it will
be seen that the order of the races is reversed. This is explained by
the large proportion of children under 16 years of age among the
Poles. The Germans have the smallest per cent of children under
16 years of age; they are largely older families, where the children
are grown. Considering only the totals, the largest proportion, 41.6
per cent, of persons under 16 years of age is among the native-born
of foreign father, and the second largest, 40.8 per cent, among the
foreign-born.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
The conjugal condition of all persons over 20 years of age shown,
by race of individual, is given in the table below, based on General
Table 220.
TABLE 20.— Number and per cent of persons 20^ years of age or over in each conjugal con-
dition, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
MALE.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who are —
Per cent who are-
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Native-born of native father:
White
132
1
21
1
1
103
5
1
37
1
89
1
140
132
25
299
175
2
7
33
1
17
96
3
25.0
(a)
81.0
(a)
(a)
41.7
(a)
(a)
51.4
(a)
20.2
(a)
15.0
17.4
16.0
28.1
18.3
(a)
(a)
72.7
(a)
9.5
(a)
(a)
57.3
(a)
(a)
48.6
(a)
76.4
(a)
77.9
79.5
76.0
70.2
78.9
(a)
(a)
2.3
(a)
9.5
(a)
(a)
1.0
(«)
(«)
.0
(a)
3.4
(a)
7.1
3.0
- 8.0
1.7
2.9
(a)
(a)
Negro •
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Canadian (other than
French)
2
2
1
English
1
43
5
1
19
18
1
21
23
4
84
32
2
7
German
59
1
Hebrew
Italian, South. . .
Polish..
18
68
Welsh
3
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
English
German
109
105
19
210
138
10
4
2
5
5
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Polish
Russian
Slovak . .
Grand total. ..
1,173
313
824
36
26.7
70.2
3.1
Total native-born of foreign
father
170
303
870
87
121
192
79
175
649
j
51.2
39.9
22.1
46.5
57.8
74.6
2. '4
2.3
3.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
699
TABLE 20.— Number and per cent of persons 20 years of age or over in each conjugal con-
sex and general nativity and race of individual — Continued .
dition, by sex
FEMALE.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who are —
Per cent who are —
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Native-born of native father,
White
91
18
1
2
1
1
113
3
6
4
1
46
1
84
2
144
114
22
1
144
1
1
145
1
12
6
67
12
1
1
12
13.2
a)
a)
i
(a)
22.1
a)
a)
a)
a)
17.4
(a)
9.5
(a)
6.9
6.1
9.1
(a)
2.1
(a)
(a)
4.8
(0)
73.6
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
65.5
(a)
(«)
(a)
(0)
78.3
(a)
72.6
(a)
646
80.7
72.7
(a)
94.4
W
W
78.6
(0)
13.2
(a)
'a)
81
a)
a)
12.4
(a)
(a)
a)
a)
4.3
(«)
17.9
(a)
28.5
13.2
18.2
<">,,
6. 5
(a)
(a)
16.6
(a)
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Canadian, French
Danish
1
1
Dutch
English
1
14
German
25
1
74
2
6
3
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Norwegian
1
1
2
1
15
"~4i"
15
4
Polish
8
36
Scotch
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Canadian (other than
French)
German .
8
61
2
93
92
16
10
7
2
1
3
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
136
1
1
114
1
5
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Scotch
7
24
Grand total
947
93
719
135
9.8
75.9
14.3
Total native-born of foreign
father...
197
288
659
43
55
38
iss
202
517
19
31
104
21.8
19.1
5.8
68.5
70.1
78.5
9.C
10.8
15.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White..
223
45
163
15
20 2
73 i
6 7
Negro
1
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Canadian, French
39
1
23
14
1
2
59.0
(a)
35.9
a)
5.1
a)
Canadian, Other
Danish
1
2
.....
""i"
1
(a)
:
al
a)
Dutch
1
1
(a)
a)
a)
English
2
1
1
(a)
(a)
German
216
68
133
15
31 5
61 6
6 9
Hebrew .
g
6
2
Co)
(a)
a)
Irish
6
(a
(a)
a)
Italian, South
5
2
3
(a)
(a)
a)
Norwegian
1
1
(a
(a)
a)
Polish
83
27
54
2
325
65 1
24
Scotch . . .
1
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
Welsh
1
1
(a)
(a
(a)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Canadian (other than
French)
173
2
26
129
2
18
15.0
(a)
74.6
(a) ,
10.4
(a)
English..
1
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
German
284
31
202
51
10 9
71 1
18. 0
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
246
47
30
6
197
35
19
6
12.2
12 8
80.1
74 5
7.7
12 8
Irish...
1
I
(a)
(a)
(a)
Italian, South
443
87
346
10
196
78 1
0 o
Lithuanian . .
1
1
(a)
(a)
(a\
a- Not computed, owing to small number Involved.
700
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 20.— Number and per cent of persons 20 years of age or over in each conjugal con-
dition, by sex and general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL— Continued.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who are —
Per cent who are —
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Single.
Married.
Wid-
owed.
Foreign-born — Continued .
Magyar
1
320
2
1
7
1
252
.....
(a)
12.2
a)
a)
a)
(a)
78.8
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
9.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
Polish..
39
2
29
Russian
Scotch
Slovak
7
Grand total
2,120
406
1,543
171
19.2
72.8
8.1
Total native-born of foreign
father
367
591
1,529
130
176
230
214
377
1,166
23
38
133
35.4
29.8
15.0
58.3
63.8
76.3
6.3
6.4
8.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
It is noticeable that a larger proportion of all persons are married
among immigrants than among natives. Generally speaking, a
larger proportion of the females than of the males are married. For
only two races, however, is the difference noteworthy. Among the
Poles of native birth, 48.6 per cent of the males- and 78.3 per cent
of the females are married, and among the South Italians 70.2 per
cent of the males and 94.4 per cent of the females. This difference
is chiefly accounted for by the proportionally large number of
boarders and lodgers, many of whom are unmarried men, among the
South Italians and the Poles. The difference between the propor-
tions of males and of females who are married is larger among the
native-born than among immigrants.
YEARS IN THE UNITED STATES.
The four tables which follow give the length of residence of immi-
grants in the United States. The first table, based on General Table
221, shows the length of residence of foreign-born male heads of
households.
TABLE 21. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German
71
109
91
20
145
131
15
13
30
2
19
11
14
8
14
7
70
12
9
19
31
4
46
49
33
69
16
10
59
21.1
11.9
33.0
10.0
13.1
8.4
19.7
7.3
15.4
35.0
48.3
9.2
12.7
17. 4
34.1
20.0
31.7
37.4
46.5
63.3
17.6
35.0
6.9
45.0
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Polish
Total
567
90
125
158
194
15.9
22.0
27.9
34.2
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
701
Almost two-thirds of the German heads of households and almost
half of the Bohemians and Moravians and Poles have been in the
United States twenty years or over. The proportions of Hebrew and
South Italian heads of households who are residents of at least twenty
years' standing are comparatively small.
Table 22 gives the information of the preceding table in cumulative
form.
TABLE 22. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United States under
5 years, under 10 years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.
made for time spent abroad.]
No deduction is
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in the United States each
specified number of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
Bohemian and Moravian
71
109
91
20
145
131
21.1
11.9
33.0
10.0
13.1
8.4
40.8
19.3
48.4
45.0
61.4
17.6
53.5
36.7
82.4
65.0
93.1
55.0
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Italian, South
Polish
Total
567
15.9
37.9
65.8
The heads of approximately 16 of every 100 immigrant households
studied have been in the United States less than five years, 38 in
every 100 have been here less than ten years, and 66 in every 100
have come within twenty years.
The following two tables, based on General Table 222, give the
length of residence in the United States for the individual members of
the households, including the heads already given separately :
TABLE 23. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States under 5
years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to 19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian...
Canadian (other than
French)
200
2
1
323
3C5
C8
1
597
1
1
361
2
1
8
59
35
25
81
2
'"'175'
34
19
1
16
29.5
(a)
(0)
20.4
48.8
26.5
(«)
46.2
(a)
(a
21.1
(•)
w
W
17.5
(a)
(a)
10.2
19.7
35.3
(a)
32.5
(a)
(a)
10.8
M
M
M
12.5
(a)
(a)
15.2
22.2
10.3
(a)
18.6
i
30.7
(•)
8
40.5
(a)
(a
54.2
9.3
27.9
W2.7
8
37.4
(0)
|
English
i
49
81
7
German
66
178
18
33
72
24
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Irish
Italian, South
276
1
1
76
2
194
111
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
39
111
135
Russian
Scotch
1
Slovak
7
1
Total
1,931
684
398
386
463
35.4
20.6
20.0
24.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
702
The Immigration Commission.
Table 24 presents the data of Table 23 in cumulative form.
TABLE 24. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States under 5 years, under 10
years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is maant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with twenty or more persons reporting.
The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of persons in United
States each specified num-
ber of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
Bohemian and Moravian
200
323
365
68
597
361
29.5
20.4
48.8
26.5
46.2
21.1
47.0
30.7
68.5
61.8
78.7
31.9
59.5
45.8
90.7
72.1
97.3
62.6
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian. South .
Polish
Total
1,931
35.4
56.0
76.0
Approximately 35 of every 100 immigrants have come to the United
States within five years, 56 in every 100 'have come within ten years,
and 76 in every 100, or slightly more than three-fourths, have come
within twenty years. These proportions are much higher than the
corresponding proportions when only heads of households are con-
sidered. In other words, the heads of households are, as might be
expected, a much earlier class of immigrants, on the whole, than are
the other members of households.
It will be seen that the relative positions of the races with respect
to length of residence in the United States are the same in these tables
as in the two previous tables, which gave information only for the
heads of households.
CHAPTER IV.
LIVING CONDITIONS.
CONGESTION.0
The size of the apartments usually occupied by people in any city
or district is the most obvious, though most superficial index of crowd-
ing. The following table, based on General Table 223, gives the per
cent of the households in each race occupying apartments ranging in
size from one to seven or more rooms.
TABLE 25. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White .
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
5.09
4.85
3.80
4.20
4.61
4.62
4.78
4.03
3.45
0.0
.0
.0
1.2
1.4
2.0
.0
.0
2.7
0.0
.0
5.0
11.0
5.6
2.0
13.0
9.5
11.3
10.5
10.6
35.0
20.7
14.7
18.6
4. a
25.7
41.3
22.9
22.7
40.0
25.6
24.5
27.5
21.7
30.4
31.«8
29.5
43.9
15.0
23.2
32.9
23.5
34.8
24.3
9.3
24.8
16.7
5.0
12.2
11.2
16.7
8.7
6.8
4.0
12.4
6.1
.0
6.1
9.8
9.8
17.4
3.4
.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
German
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
839
4.33
L1
.0
.0
1.4
6.4
21.8
27.2
25.1
11.8
6.6
4.7
8.9
5.9
Total native-born of for-
eign father
86
191
648
4.60
4.87
4.17
1.2
.5
8.2
16.3
13.1
24.4
26.7
24.6
27.9
37.2
33.0
22.8
14.0
19.9
9.4
Total native-born.
Total foreign-born
Milwaukee apartments comprise, on an average, between four
and five rooms. The average number of rooms per apartment
among immigrants is 4.17 and among natives is 4.87. Slightly
more than three-fifths of the native households and a little less than
two-fifths of the foreign households live in apartments of more than
four rooms.
The native white of native father have the largest average number
of rooms and the Germans of native birth rank second in this respect ;
° Congestion depends on many conditions other than the number of persons or
adults per room and per sleeping room. Most of these conditions are not susceptible
of statistical measurement, and no definite line can be drawn where overcrowding
begins. In this section of the report the terms "congestion and "degree of conges-
tion" are expressly restricted to a comparison of the number of persons or adults per
room and per sleeping room.
703
704
The Immigration Commission.
approximately two-thirds of the households of these races, a larger
proportion than of any other race, live in apartments of more than
four rooms. The Poles, of both native and foreign birth, live in
apartments of the low average numbers of rooms. Over half of the
households among Poles of foreign birth live in two and three room
apartments.
The table below, based on General Table 223, shows the number of
persons per household for each race, both as a general average and in
detail .
TABLE 28. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
General nativity and
Total
number
Average
number
Per
cent o
f hous
jholds
of eacl:
i speci;
led nu
mber <
)f perse
>ns.
race of head of
household.
of
house-
holds.
of persons
per house-
hold.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
105
4.09
0.0
18.1
26.7
22.9
14.3
8.6
1.9
3.8
3.8
0 0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
German
66
4.38
.0
18.2
19.7
21.2
13.6
13.6
6.1
3.0
4.5
.0
Polish
20
4.65
.0
10.0
20.0
20.0
30.0
5.0
10.0
.0
.0
5.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian
82
4.49
3.7
19.5
15.9
17.1
11.0
14.6
8.5
4.9
1.2
3.7
German
143
4.53
5.6
18.9
14.7
14.7
21.7
6.3
4.9
4.9
2.8
5.6
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other...
Italian, South
Polish
102
23
148
150
5.41
4.74
5.89
5.47
1.0
.0
.0
2.7
4.9
17.4
6.8
12.0
14.7
8.7
8.8
8.7
18.6
8.7
11.5
16.7
17.6
43.5
20.9
16.0
8.8
13.0
21.6
10.7
18.6
.0
7.4
12.0
6.9
.0
6.1
7.3
5.9
4.3
7.4
7.3
2.9
4.3
9.5
6.7
Grand total
839
4.98
1.9
13.5
14.5
16.7
18.2
11.9
8.3
5.2
4.9
4.8
Native-born of foreign
father.
86
4.44
.0
16.3
19.8
20.9
17.4
11.6
7.0
2.3
3.5
1.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
191
648
4.25
5.20
.0
2.5
17.3
12.3
23.6
11.9
22.0
15.1
15.7
19.0
9.9
12.5
4.2
9.6
3.1
5.9
3.7
5.2
.5
6.0
The average number of persons per household is practically five.
The native white of native father have the lowest average number
of persons per household and the South Italians have the largest.
Of the households of the native white of native father 66.7 per cent
live in apartments of more than four rooms, and 82 per cent have
small and average households, the best conditions from the stand-
point of crowding in apartments found in any race; of the house-
holds of the Poles of native birth 80 per cent live in comparatively
small apartments, four rooms or fewer; 80 per cent also have small
and average households. The foreign Polish households show the
highest proportion, 86.6 per cent, living in apartments of four rooms
or fewer, and next to the highest proportion, 44 per cent, having
large families.
A third table, based on General Table 223, combines the two pre-
vious tables in the form of averages, giving the average number
of persons living in apartments of specified sizes.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
705
TABLE 27. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
Average number of persons in apartments of each specified num-
ber of rooms.
household.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Total.
Native-born of native father White
3 55
4 08
3.42
4.85
4.62
4.09
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
German
(a)
4.47
4.34
4.27
(a)
4.38
Polish
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
4.65
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
(a)
(a
3.12
4.62
5.32
6.10
(a)
4.49
German
(a)
(a
3.71
4.34
4.66
4.44
7.07
4.53
Hebrew, Russian .... . .
(a)
(a
4.16
5.00
5.71
6.59
7.10
5.41
Hebrew Other
(a
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(o)
4.74
Italian, South
3.86
5.11
5.98
6.50
7.70
(a)
5.89
Polish ...
(a)
4.00
4.84
6.49
7.07
(o)
5.47
Grand total
(a)
3.54
4.37
5.20
5.14
5.54
6.47
4.98
Total native-born of foreign father —
Total native-born
(a)
(a)
3.57
3.56
4.70
4.38
4.59
4.02
4.25
4.66
(o)
4.94
4.44
4.25
Total foreign-born
(a)
3.57
4.49
5.41
5.61
6.08
7.16
5.20
oNot computed, owing to small number involved.
Averages were not computed in this table in any instance where
the detailed data included fewer than 10 households. A somewhat
clearer idea of the conditions indicated in the table may be had by
showing separately the largest average number of persons in apart-
ments of each size, and the race in which each is found:
Apartments of —
Average
number
of
persons.
Race.
2 rooms .
4 00
Polish.
3 rooms
5 11
South Italian
4 rooms . .
6.49
Polish.
5 rooms
7 07
Polish.
6 rooms . . . .
7.70
South Italian.
7 rooms
7.10
Hebrew, Russian.
Combining a statement of the facts shown in this table with those
shown in Table 25 it will be seen that 11.3 per cent of the Poles live
in 2-room apartments with an average of 4 persons to the apartment,
31.3 per cent live in 4-room apartments with an average of 6.49 per-
sons, and 9.3 per cent live in 5-room apartments with an average of
7.07 persons; that 25.7 per cent of the South Italians live in 3-room
apartments with an average of 5.11 persons per apartment, 6.8 per
cent live in 6-room apartments with an average of 7.70 persons, and
that 9.8 per cent of the Russian Hebrews live in apartments of 7 or
more rooms with an average of 7.10 persons per apartment.
A more satisfactory basis on which to study relative crowding is
the number of persons per room. The table which follows, based on
General Table 227, gives the average number of persons per room
and the number of households having from 1 to 4 or more persons
per room.
706
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 28. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of persons
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room —
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room —
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
0.80
.90
1.22
1.07
.98
1.17
.99
1X6
1.58
37
31
18
53
81
75
13
131
130
3
3
1
7
11
9
3
37
47
35.2
47.0
90.0
64.6
56.6
73.5
56.5
88.5
86.7
2.9
4.5
5.0
8.5
7.7
8.8
13.0
25.0
31.3
0.0
.0
.0
.0
1.4
1.0
.0
3.4
8.7
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.7
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
"~2~
1
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian —
German
Hebrew Russian
1
Hebrew, Other
Italian South
5
13
Polish
1
Grand total
839
86
191
648
1.14
.96
.87
1.25
566
49
86
483
121
4
7
114
21
2
67.8
57.0
45.0
74.5
14.4
4.7
3.7
17.6
2.5
.0
.0
3.2
.2
Total native-born of foreign
father - ...
.0
.0
.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
21
2
The average number of persons per room in the households of
immigrants is 1.25 and in the households of natives is 0.87. Almost
three-fourths of all immigrant households have one person or more
per room, while fewer than half of the native households have as many
persons as rooms and none has as many as three persons per room.
Of the several groups of households represented in the table, the
immigrant Poles show the highest average number of persons per
room and the largest proportion of households with each of the higher
degrees of congestion. The South Italians rank second to the Poles.
The standing of the native-born of native father is considerably better
than that of any other race. Among no group of immigrants is the
number of rooms, on the whole, more than slightly in excess of the
number of persons.
Closely associated, in a study of living conditions, with the num-
ber of persons per room, is the number of persons per sleeping room.
The tendency to reserve one or more rooms for purposes other than
sleeping, is much more marked in some districts and in some races
than in others, and it is sometimes found that races showing a rela-
tively low number of persons per room show a relatively high number
per sleeping room.
The table following, based on General Table 228, gives in cumu-
lative form the number and per cent of households sleeping from two
to six or more persons to a room.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
707
TABLE 29. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of persons
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of
persons
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room—
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
persons per sleeping room—
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
German
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
149
1.78
2.14
2.74
2.42
2.24
2.32
1.95
2.45
3.09
51
46
19
69
89
76
12
120
134
18
14
9
32
46
32
4
48
83
7
3
3
10
26
10
2
18
48
.48.6
69.7
95.0
84.1
62.2
74.5
52.2
81.1
89.9
17.1
21.2
45.0
39.0
32.2
31.4
17.4
32.4
55.7
6.7
4.5
15.0
12.2
18.2
9.8
8.7
12.2
32.2
o.p
1.5
10.0
3.7
8.4
5.9
.0
7.4
12.8
0.0
1.5
.0
1.2
1.4
.0
.0
2.7
6.0
1
2
3
12
6
1
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian
German
1
2
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other...
Italian, South
Polish
11
19
4
9
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
838
2.37
616
65
116
500
286
23
41
245
127
54
17
73.5
75.6
60.7
77.3
34.1
26.7
21.5
37.9
15.2
7.0
6.8
17.6
6.4
3.5
1.6
7.9
2.0
1.2
.5
2.5
86
191
647
2.26
1.98
2.48
6
13
114
3
3
51
1
1
16
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The average number of persons per sleeping room in immigrant
households is 2.48 and in native households is 1.98. As in the pre-
ceding table the native white of native father make the best show-
ing and the Poles the poorest. Among the Bohemians there is
evident a tendency to use few rooms for sleeping purposes, and in
consequence their condition in respect to congestion per sleeping
room is little better than that of the South Italians.
The table below sums up in the form of averages data on persons
per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room.
TABLE 30. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
Average n
umber of pei
sons per —
General nativity and race of head of household.
of
house-
holds.
Apart-
ment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father, White
105
4.09
0.80
1.78
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
66
4.38
.90
2.14
Polish
20
4.65
1.22
2.74
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
82
4.49
1.07
2.42
German
143
4.53
.98
2.24
Hebrew, Russian. . . . .. .
102
5.41
1.17
2.32
Hebrew Other
23
4.74
.99
1.95
Italian, South
148
5.89
1.46
2.45
Polish
150
5.47
1.58
a3.09
Grand total
839
4 98
1.14
&2.37
Total native-born of foreign father
86
4.44
.96
2.26
Total native-born
191
4.25
.87
1.98
Total foreign-born
648
5.20
1.25
C2.48
a Based on 149 households.
b Based on 838 households.
c Based on 647 households.
708
The Immigration Commission.
Among the native-born of native father the averages in each case
are lower than for any other race, and among the total native-born
they are in each case much lower than among immigrants. The
South Italians are second in average number of persons per room
and third in persons per sleeping room; the second generation Poles
are third in average persons per room and second in persons per
sleeping room. The Poles of native birth, then, indicate a tendency
to use relatively fewer rooms for sleeping purposes than the South
Italians. The same comparisons may be made for other races.
The significance of the number of persons per room and p>er sleeping
room in relation to crowding is more accurately seen when it is known
what proportion of the members of the households are adults and
what proportion are children. Counting two children under 10 years
of age as one adult. Table 31, based on General Table 229, shows for
the households considered in the previous tables, the number and per
cent having each specified number of adults per room.
TABLE 31. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of adults
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult, and two persons under 10, one adult.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of adults
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father.
White
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
0.70
.80
.97
.96
.88
.99
.90
1.24
1.33
19
21
8
41
68
50
11
121
112
18.1
31.8
40.0
50.0
47.6
49.0
47.8
81.8
74.7
0.0
1.5
.0
1.2
2.8
5.9
4.3
8.1
18.7
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.7
1.3
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
1
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
1
4
6
1
12
28
.....
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
1
2
Polish'
Grand total
839
80
191
648
1.01
-•"-• ' ••"
.83
.75
1.08
451
53
4
53.8
6.3
.5
.0
Total native-born of foreign
father
29
48
403
.1
52
33.7
25.1
62.2
1.2
.5
8.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
4
The average number of adults per room, all households considered,
is about one. Among immigrants it is 1.08, and among natives 0.75.
In 62.2 per cent of all immigrant households the number of adults
is at least as great as the number of rooms, while in only 25.1 per
cent of all native households is this the case.
No household of any race has as many as four adults psr
room. The largest proportion of households having one or more
adults per room is among the South Italians, with 81.8 per cent,
followed by the Poles with 74.7 per cent. Both of these per cents
are more than four times as great as the per cent among the native-
born of native father, a greater difference than is shown for the same
races in the corresponding table of persons per room, and a more
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
709
accurate indication of relative crowding. The Poles and South
Italians also have the largest proportions of households living two or
mora adults to a room and are the only races for which the numbers
of adults are, on an average, in excess of the numbers of rooms.
Among immigrants the Germans show, on the whole, the least con-
gestion per room.
A corresponding table for adults per sleeping room, based on
General Table 230, is given below:
TABLE 32. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified number of
adults per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult, and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per sleep-
ing room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
149
1.54
1.90
2.16
2.18
2.01
1.96
1.76
2.07
2.59
30
35
13
60
78
55
9
96
121
8
5
2
20
38
14
2
22
59
28.6
53.0
65.0
73.2
54.5
53.9
30.1
64.9
81.2
7.6
7.6
10.0
24.4
20. 6
13.7
8.7
14.9
39.6
0.0
1.5
5.0
2.4
7.7
2.0
.0
4.7
10.1
0.0
1.5
.0
1.2
2.1
.0
.0
.0
3.4
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.0
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race
of father:
German
1
1
2
11
2
1
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and
Moravian
German
1
3
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other...
Italian, South
Polish
7
15
5
3
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
838
2.04
497
170
39
10
3 | 59.3 23.3
4.7
1.2
. „ —
1.2
.5
1.4
.4
"7
.0
.0
.5
86
191
647
1.95
1.71
2.15
48
78
419
7
15
155
2
2
37
1
1
9
""3"
55.8
40.8
64.8
8.1
7.9
24.0
2.3
1.0
5.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The average number of adults per sleeping room, all households
considered, is about two. The average in foreign households is 2.15
and in native households is 1.71. The proportion of immigrant
households in which each specified degree of congestion prevails is in
every case much larger than the corresponding proportion of native
households.
The households of every race except the native-born of native
father, the second generation Germans, and the Hebrews average
over two adults per room. The foreign-born Poles have the largest
proportion, and the Bohemians and Moravians the second largest
proportion of households with two or more adults per sleeping room.
The second generation Poles, who have the largest proportion of house-
holds with two or more persons par sleeping room, are third in
this table owing to the relatively large proportion of children under
10 years of age. In the groups of households having three or more
adults, four or more adults, etc., per sleeping room, the Poles have
the largest proportions and the Germans the second largest.
A summary for adults per apartment, per room, and per sleeping
room is given by averages in the table next submitted.
710
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 33. — Average number of adults per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 y ears of age or over is considered an adult, and two persons under 10 one adult.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Average number of adults per—
Apartment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father, White . . »
Native-born oi foreign father, by race of father:
German
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
3.54
3.88
3.68
4.04
4.07
4.58
4.28
4.99
4.58
0.70
.80
.97
.96
.88
.99
.90
1.29
1.33
1.54
1.90
2.16
2.18
2.01
1.96
1.76
2.07
o2.59
Polish . . ...
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German ..>,..
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian South
Polish
Grand total
839
4.30
1.01
62.04
Total native-born of foreign father .
86
191
648
3.83
3.67
4.48
.83
.75
1.08
1.95
1.71
c2.15
Total native-born
Total foreien-born. . .
a Based on 149 households.
6 Based on 838 households.
c Based on 647 households.
The native-born of native father in this table have the lowest
average numbers of adults per apartment, per room, and per sleeping
room, and the Poles, though living in smaller households than the
South Italians, have the largest average numbers of adults per room
and per sleeping room.
A summary in the form of averages for all tables dealing with
persons and adults per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room
is given in the following table:
TABLE 34. — Average number of persons and of adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[In this table each person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult, and two persons under 10 one adult. ]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average number per
apartment.
Average number per
room.
Average number per
sleeping room.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Persons.
Adults.
Native-born of native father,
White
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
4.09
4.38
4.65
4.49
4.53
5.41
4. 74
5.89
5.47
3.54
3.88
3.68
4.04
4.07
4.58
4.28
4.99
4.58
0.80
.90
1.22
1,07
.98
1,17
.99
1.46
1.58
0.70
.80
.97
.96
.88
.99
.90
1.24
1.33
1.78
2.14
2.74
2.42
2.24
2.32
1.95
2.45
a3.09
1.54
1.90
2.16
2.18
2.01
1.96
1.76
2.07
02.59
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
German ....
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
839
4.98
4.30
1.14
1.01
62.37
62.04
Total native-born of foreign
father
86
191
648
4.44
4.25
5.20
3.83
3.67
4.48
.96
.87
1.25
.83
.75
1.08
2.26
1.98
c2.48
1.95
1.71
C2.15
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Based on 145 households.
6 Based on 838 households.
Based on 647 households.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
711
The native-born of native father show, on an average, the least
congestion and the Poles the greatest, whether persons or adults
per room or per sleeping room be considered. The relative positions
for persons and adults per room remain the same for all races except
the Russian Hebrews and the second generation Poles, who change
places. In persons and adults per sleeping room the relative posi-
tions of five of the -races are changed.
Thus far in the study of housing conditions among the several
races, no account has been taken of the length of residence in the
United States, and the question arises, whether the relative showing
made by the races might not be very different if the households
which have been in this country but a short time were separated from
those which have been here longer. Two tables which follow show
adults per room and per sleeping room, by the number of years the
head or the household has been in the United States.
Table 35, based on General Table 231, gives cumulatively the num-
ber and per cent of households having from one to three or more
adults per room.
TABLE 35. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. In this table each
person 10 years of age or over is considered an adult, and two persons under 10 one adult.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
number
of
adults
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
Bohemian and Moravian
15
16
34
4
19
11
0.97
1.10
1.13
<?«
1.41
8
11
19
3
18
9
(a)
(a)
55.9
(a)
(a
<°)
(0)
(0)
11.8
(«)
|
(a)
(a)
2.9
(a)
(a)
(a)
German •
1
4
Hebrew, Russian .
1
Hebrew, Other.
Italian, South
1
2
Polish
Total
99
1.16
68
8
1
68.7
8.1
1.0
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Bohemian and Moravian
15
0.87
5
(a
German
9
Ca)
7
Ca
Hebrew, Russian
17
.88
6
(a
Hebrew, Other
7
fa)
3
1
E
(a)
Italian, South
71
1 29
61
5
I
85
Q
7
Q
1 4
Polish
12
1.30
11
1
(a]
'n
(a}
Total
131
1 15
93
7
j
71
0
Q
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
712
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 35. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults
Continiu
of adults per room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States —
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
number
of
adults
per
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of adults per
room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
Bohemian and Moravian
52
118
51
12
58
127
0.98
.84
.96
.82
1.14
1.32
28
50
25
5
42
92
1
3
2
53.8
42.4
49.0
(a)
72.4
72.4
1.9
2.5
3.9
(a)
10.3
19.7
0.0
.0
.0
W.o
1.6
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other:
Italian, South
6
25
""2"
Polish
Total
418
1.04
242
37
2
57.9
8.9
.5
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Except for the Russian Hebrews in the group of households with
heads in the United States under 5 years, and the South Italians in
the group in this country from 5 to 9 years, the number of households
reported for the individual races of recent immigrants are fewer than
20 and have been considered too few upon which to base percentages.
In the group of earlier immigrants, however, the numbers are large
enough to form a basis for comparison of the several races. The
South Italians and Poles are the only races of this group in whose
households the number of adults is, on the whole, in excess of the
number of rooms. They also show the largest proportion of house-
holds living one or more adults to a room, the percentages for the
two races being identical. The Poles show the largest proportion of
households living two or more adults to a room. The Germans have
the smaUest proportion of households of any foreign race living one
or more adults to a room, and the Bohemians and Moravians the
smallest proportion, with two or more to a room.
Considering all immigrant households regardless of race, it will be
seen that residents of long standing have, on the whole, more com-
modious quarters than have the more recent comers. It can hardly
be concluded from this showing, however, that this has come about
through influences brought to bear in the United States, since it
may be due to changes in the character of immigration.
The number and per cent of adults per sleeping room among foreign
households, by years in the United States, is given in the table next
submitted, based on General Table 232.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
713
TABLE 36. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each specified number
of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by years head has been in the United
States.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. In this table each
person 10 years of age or uver is considered an adult, and two persons under 10, one adult.]
IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race of head of house-
hold.
Num-
ber re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of adults
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of
adults per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
Gor
more.
(a)
(a)
O.ff
(a)
(a)
(a)
Bohemian and Mora-
15
16
34
4
19
11
2.19
2.32
1.98
(0)
2.02
2.36
10
13
17
3
10
8
3
6
6
(a)
(a)
50.0
(a)
(a)
w
(a)
1%
£j
(«)
(0)
(a)
2.9
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
0.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
German
1
1
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Italian South
3
4
1
1
Polish
Total . ..
99
2.10
61
22
4
61.6
22.2
4.0
.0
.0
IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
15
2.25
12
5
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
German.
9
(«)
8
5
1
1
W
(a)
a
a
«)
Hebrew Russian
17
1.97
9
4
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(•)
(a)
Hebrew Other
7
(a)
3
1
(«)
(•)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Italian, South
71
2.11
49
9
2
69.0
i?7
18
0.0
0.0
Polish
12
2 75
10
9
1
(a.)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Total
131
2.16
91
33
6
1
69.5
25.2
4.6
.8
.0
IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
52
2.17
38
12
1
1
73.1
23.1
1.9
1.9
0.0
German
118
1.93
57
27
9
2
48.3
22.9
7.6
1.7
o
Hebrew Russian
51
1.95
29
4
56 9
7 8
o
o
o
Hebrew, Other
12
1.64
3
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(o)
(a)
Italian South
58
2 04
37
10
4
63.8
17.2
e.8
0
o
Polish
126
2.60
103
46
13
5
3
81.7
36.5
10.3
4.0
2.4
Total
417
2.14
267
100
27
8
3
64.0
24.0
6.5
1.9
.7
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In the group of earlier immigrants the Poles have the highest pro-
portion of households with each specified degree of congestion. The
Bohemians and Moravians are second in proportion of households
sleeping one or more and two or more adults to a room, but the
Germans, who have the smallest proportion sleeping two or more to
a room, are third in the proportion sleeping three or more to a room,
and second in the proportion sleeping four or more to a room. This
relatively large number of households among the Germans sleeping
three and four adults in a room indicates a relatively great tendency
to reserve rooms for purposes other than sleeping.
A comparison of the totals for each year group does not indicate a
tendency with increasing length of residence to use more rooms for
sleeping purposes and thus reduce the number of adults per sleeping
25608° — VOL 26—11 46
714
The Immigration Commission.
room. A knowledge of actual conditions in Milwaukee warrants the
statement that the rise in the group in this country from five to nine
years is the result of an inclination of some of the foreign races to
crowd into fewer sleeping rooms and to adopt the custom of some
of their more prosperous neighbors of keeping living rooms and
sleeping rooms separate, while the decrease in the group in the
United States ten years or over, as compared with the group in the
United States five to nine years, is the result of a tendency to move
into larger houses where crowding in sleeping rooms is unnecessary.
Table 37, based on General Table 233, shows the number and per
cent of households using all rooms, all except one room, and all except
two rooms for sleeping purposes.
TABLE 37. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
number
of rooms
per
house-
hold.
Average
number
of sleep-
ing rooms
per
house-
hold.
Number of households
sleeping in-
Per cent of households
sleeping in —
All
rooms.
All
except
one
room.
All
except
two
rooms.
All
rooms.
All
except
one
room.
All
except
two
rooms.
Native-born of native
father, White
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
German
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
149
5.09
4.85
3.80
4.20
.4.61
4.62
4.78
4 03
03.45
2.30
2.05
1.70
1 85
2.02
2.33
2.43
2.41
1.76
7
5
3
10
16
17
4
67
49
23
14
13
34
38
34
7
52
72
0.0
.0
.0
2.4
2.1
5 9
4 3
4.7
6.0
6.7
7.6
15.0
12.2
11.2
16.7
17.4
45.3
32.9
21.9
21.2
C5.0
41.5
26.6
33.3
30.4
35.1
48.3
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
2
3
6
1
7
9
German
Hebrew, Russian —
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father
838
86
191
647
&4.33
4.60
4.87
c4.17
2.10
1.97
2.15
2.09
28
""28"
178
8
15
163
287
27
50
237
3.3
21.2
9.3
7.9
25.2
34.2
31.4
26.2
36.6
.0
.0
4.3
Total native-born...
Total foreign-born
a Based on 150 households.
i> Based on 839 households.
c Based on G48 households.
None of the native households uses all rooms for sleeping purposes.
The lowest proportion among the foreign-born is 2.1 per cent in the
case of the Germans, and the highest is 6 per cent in the case of the
Poles.
One of the most noticeable things in the showing for the several
races is the large proportion of households reserving more than two
rooms for other than sleeping purposes. Nearly three-fourths of the
native-born of native father and of the second generation Germans,
and 60 per cent of the Germans of foreign birth, have more than two
rooms not used for sleeping purposes. Between 40 per cent and 50
per cent of the Hebrews, Russian and other, and of the Bohemians
and Moravians have more than two rooms which are not slept in.
Twenty per cent or less of the households of the first and second gen-
eration Poles and the South Italians reserve more than two rooms for
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
715
other than sleeping purposes, but practically four-fifths of the house-
holds of each of these races have one or two rooms not used for
sleeping purposes.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
The significance of the number of persons in apartments and the
number of persons per room and per sleeping room is greater when
account is taken of the number of boarders or lodgers or other per-
sons not belonging to the immediate family who reside in the house-
hold. Aside from boarders and lodgers, relatively few persons are
found who are not members of the family. Sometimes the parents
of the husband or wife or a dependent brother or sister live with the
family. If the households in which there is relatively great crowd-
ing also report a large number of boarders or lodgers, living condi-
tions are worse than if the crowding is confined entirely to members
of the family.
Five tables which follow show the extent to which boarders and
lodgers are kept among the households of the several races and the
average number per household.
The number and per cent of households of each race keeping board-
ers or lodgers is given in the following table based on General Table
234.
TABLE 38. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
11
8
1
8
12
22
3
54
20
10.6
12.1
5.0
9.8
8.4
21.6
13.0
36.5
13.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
Polish. . .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German . .
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other ...
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
839
139
16.6
Total native-born of foreign father. .
86
191
648
9
20
119
10.5
10.5
18.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The second generation Poles have the smallest proportion of house-
holds., 5 per cent, keeping boarders or lodgers, the Germans, with 8.4
per cent, have the second smallest proportion, and the South Italians,
with 36.5 per cent, have the largest proportion. A complementary
table, based on General Table 215 and showing the number and per
cent of single family households of each race, is next submitted.
716
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 39. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single family without
boarders or lodgers.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Consisting of a single
family without board-
ers or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent
Native-born of native father White
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
92
58
19
72
120
79
19
71
128
87.6
87.9
95.0
87.8
83.9
77.5
82.6
48.0
85.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German *
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total . . .
839
658
78.4
Total native-born of foreign father
86
191
648
77
109
489
89.5
88.5
75.5
Total native-born ^
Total foreign-born
In the case of races where the per cents in this and the preceding
table do not add to 100, the difference is accounted for by households
consisting of two or more families living together without boarders or
lodgers or by households with no family present and without boarders
or lodgers. The majority of households of these types are found
among the South Italians.
As might be expected from the showing in the previous table, the
second generation Poles have the highest proportion of single families
without boarders or lodgers. The relatively high crowding, then,
shown for this race in some of the preceding tables, is almost entirely
within the immediate family and is not in any measure due to the
presence of boarders or lodgers. Among the South Italians, however,
who also have a large proportion of households living in crowded quar-
ters, fewer than half consist of single families without boarders or
lodgers. The small proportion for this race is explained not only by
the large number of households with boarders or lodgers, but also
by the custom among the South Italians of two or more families to
live together in order to reduce expenses. Twelve South Italian house-
holds, or 8.1 per cent of the total number, consist of two, or in some
cases of three families. a The same custom is found among the Ger-
mans, who have a smaller proportion of households keeping boarders
or lodgers than the Bohemians and Moravians and also a smaller per
cent living as single households without boarders or lodgers; nine
German households consist of two or more families living together.
Table 40, based on General Table 235, classifies the households of
immigrants according to the length of residence of the head in this
country, and for each group shows the number and per cent keeping
boarders or lodgers.
« See General Table 215.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
717
TABLE 40. — Number
race
er and per cent of foreign households keeping boarders or lodgers, by
of head and by years head has been in the United States.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of head of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In the United States
5 years.
In the United States
5 to 9 years.
In the United States
10 years or over.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or ,
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Num-
ber.
Per
cent.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German .
82
143
102
23
148
150
15
16
34
4
19
11
3
5
15
2
14
6
w
«)
14.1
a)
a)
0)
15
9
17
7
71
12
2
1
2
1
29
3
SI
N
(a)
40.8
(a)
52
118
51
12
58
127
3
6
5
......
11
5.8
5.1
9.8
(a)
19.0
8.7
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Polish
Total . .
648
99
45
45.5
131
38
29.0
418
36
8.6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved .
The numbers in the first two groups are in general too small to be
used as a basis for percentages, so that a comparison of the several
races is possible only for households whose heads have been in the
United States ten years or over. From a comparison of the house-
holds in this group it will be seen that the races occupy the same
relative position as in Table 38, with the South Italians first, the
Russian Hebrews second, and so on. The totals show for each suc-
cessive group a considerable decrease in the proportion of households
keeping boarders or lodgers.
The proportion which the boarders and lodgers form of the total
numbers in the households of each race is given in the table below:
TABLE 41. — Number and per cent of persons in apartments who are boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
persons hi
apartments.
Total boarders and
lodgers
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
429
289
93
368
648
552
109
872
820
12
13
2
14
23
29
6
115
45
2.8
4.5
2.2
3.8
3.5
5.3
5.5
13.2
5.5
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
4,180
259
6.2
Total native-born of foreign father
382
811
3,369
15
27
232
3.9
3.3
6.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
Boarders and lodgers constitute a smaller proportion of the mem-
bers of second generation Polish households than of any other race
and a larger proportion of the members of South Italian households.
718
The Immigration Commission.
The immigrant Poles, who in Table 39 showed a greater proportion
of single families without boarders or lodgers than the immigrant
Germans, in this table show the larger proportion. This is due to
the large number of boarders and lodgers in Polish households that
keep boarders or lodgers.
Table 42 below, based on General Table 234, shows the number of
boarders and lodgers kept by the households of each race, and the
average numbers per household, based on all households studied for
the race, and based on the number keeping boarders or lodgers.
TABLE 42. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household.
Number of
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number of
households.
households
keeping
boarders or
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Based on
Based on
number of
lodgers.
total
household s
number of
keeping
households.
boarders or
lodgers.
Native-born of native father, White
105
11
12
0. 11
1 09
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
66
8
13
.20
(a)
Polish
20
1
2
10
(a)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
82
8
14
.17
(a)
German
143
12
23
16
1 92
Hebrew, Russian
102
22
29
.28
1 32
Hebrew, Other
23
3
6
26
fa)
Italian, South
148
54
115
.78
k 213
Polish.
150
20
45
.30
2 25
Grand total
839
139
259
.31
1 86
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born .
86
191
9
20
15
27
.17
14
(a)
Total foreign-born
648
119
232
.36
1.95
a Not compute 1, owing to small number involved.
It will be seen that the Polish households keeping boarders or
lodgers average a greater number per household than the South
Italian which have a much larger average number of boarders and
lodgers, all households of the race considered, owing to the larger
proportion of households keeping them. It is worthy of note that,
generally speaking, the highest average numbers of boarders or lodgers
per household and the largest proportions of households keeping
boarders or lodgers are among the races which in previous housing
tables have shown the largest proportions of households with rela-
tively high numbers of persons per room and per sleeping room and
the greatest average numbers of adults per room and per sleeping
room.
HOME WORK.
The number of apartments in Milwaukee in which any of the occu-
pants are gainfully employed is comparatively small. The next table,
based on General Table 236, gives the number of apartments in which
gainful employment is pursued.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
719
TABLE 43. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful employment is pursued,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number.
Apartment
gainful (
is pursue
s in which
jmployment
d.
Number.
Percent.
Native-born of native father, White
105
3
2.9
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
66
2
3 0
Polish
20
1
5 0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
82
5
6.1
German
143
4
2 8
Hebrew, Russian
102
3
2 9
Hebrew, Other
23
o
Italian, South...
148
2
1 3
Polish
150
g
4 0
Grand total
839
26
3 1
Total native-born of foreign father
86
3
3 5
Total native-born
191
g
3 1
Total foreign-born
648
20
3 1
The largest number is found among the Poles, and the second
largest among the Bohemians and Moravians. Reference to General
Table 236 will show that the work among the Poles is for the most
part casual, the aggregate earnings for the six households during the
year being approximately $600. The work among the Bohemians is
more regular, the earnings in apartments for this race aggregating
$1,742.
The character of the employment pursued is shown in the table
below, based on General Table 236 :
TABLE 44. — Number of apartments in which each specified kind of employment is pursued,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
with
gainful
employ-
ment.
Number in which each specified kind of employment is pur-
sued.
Dress-
making
and
sewing.
Laundry
work.
Tailor-
ing.
Shoe-
making.
Glove
finishing.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Native-born of native father,
White
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
6
3
1
1
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
1
Polish
I
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
4
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
Hebrew, Russian
1
Italian, South
Polish
3
1
Grand total
26
13
2| 4
2
3
2
Total native-born of foreign
father
3
6
20
2
5
8
1
1
1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
4
2
3
2
720
The Immigration Commission.
The occupation most generally pursued among all races except the
Bohemians and Moravians is dressmaking, and among the Bohemians
and Moravians, is tailoring. The number of apartments in which
dressmaking is done is a little less than half of the entire number of
apartments in which gainful emplo3Onent of any kind is carried on.
CARE AND EQUIPMENT OF HOME.
Table 45, based on General Table 237, gives the per cent of house-
holds which have separate water supply and the per cent which
share water supply with from one to eight other households.
TABLE 45. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each specified number
of households, by general nativity and race of head of household.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Per cent of households where water supply is used by each
specified number of households.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
9.
Native-born of native father,
White
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German . . .
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
83.8
86.4
75.0
90.2
87.4
98.0
91.3
85.1
61.3
5.7
6.1
10.0
8.5
6.3
2.0
4.3
13.5
14.0
6.7
4.5
15.0
.0
.7
.0
4.3
1.4
12.0
0.0
3.0
.0
1.2
2.1
.0
.0
.0
7.3
2.9
.0
.0
.0
3.5
.0
.0
.0
5.3
0.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other ,
Italian South
Polish.
Grand total
Total native-born of foreign
father
839
83.2
8.6
4.2
2.0
1.9
.1
86
191
648
83.7
83.8
83.0
7.0
• 6.3
9.3
7.0
6.8
3.4
2.3
1.0
2.3
.0
1.6
2.0
.0
.5
.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
No households are reported in which the water supply is used by
six, seven, or^eight households. The largest proportion of households
having a separate water supply, 98 per cent, is found among the Rus-
sian Hebrews, and the smallest proportion, 61.3 per cent, among the
Poles. The only case where the water supply is used by more than
five families is one household among the native-born of native father
which shares its water supply with eight other households. The
households among the Poles have the least adequate provision for
water supply; they have, in general, the largest proportions of house-
holds sharing their water supply with other households.
The differences between the showings for the native-born of native
f ather, the native-born of foreign father, and the foreign-born are very
slight and the percentages indicate fairly uniform conditions.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
721
The showing in regard to water supply in Milwaukee does not
indicate as bad conditions as would similar figures for a city with
many tenements. There are very few houses over two stories high
and as a rule no water has to be carried above the first floor.
The kind of water supply available for the use of the households of
the several races is given in the table below:
TABLE 46. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each specified kind
oj water supply, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number of households which
have access to water supply
from—
Por cent of households which
have access to water supply
from—
Pipes
within
the
building.
Pipes
outside
the
building.
Wells.
Pipes
within
the
building.
Pipes
outside
the
building.
Wells.
Native-born of native father,
White.
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
91
62
17
77
133
101
23
143
112
14
4
3
4
10
- 1
86.7
93.9
85.0
93.9
93.0
99.0
100.0
96.6
74.7
13.3
6.1
15.0
4.9
7.0
1.0
.0
2.7
22.7
0.0
.0
.0
1.2
.0
.0
0
.7
2.7
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Gorman ....
1
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Italian, South
4
34
1
4
Polish
Grand total
839 759
74
6
90.5
8.8
.7
Total native-born of foreign
father
86
191
648
79
170
589
7
21
53
91.9
89.0
90.9
8.1
11.0
8.2
.0
.0
.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
6
All of the Hebrew households, other than Russian, and more than
90 per cent of all other races except the first and second generation.
Polish and the native-born of native father, have access to city water
within the building. Relatively high per cents of the three races just
named are dependent upon hydrants outside the building. An almost
negligible proportion of households are dependent upon wells for their
water supply.
Table 47, based on General Table 238, gives the per cent of house-
holds of each race having separate toilet accommodations and the per
cent sharing toilets with from one to five other households.
722
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 47. — Per cent of households where toilet is used by each specified number of house-
holds, by general nativity and race oj head oj household.
(This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all
races.]
•General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Per cent of households where one toilet is
used by each specified number of house-
holds.
Per cent of house-
holds where two
toilets arc used by
each specified num-
ber of households.
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
4
5
Native-born of native
father, White...
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
70.5
65.2
25.0
61.0
55.9
76.5
27^7
19.3
19.0
27.3
40.0
29.3
30.8
16.7
17.4
46.6
33.3
6.7
3.0
20.0
9.8
4.9
6.9
13.0
8.8
18.7
0.0
.0
15.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
10.1
18.0
1.9
3.0
.0
.0
3.5
.0
.0
2.0
7.3
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.7
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
2.1
.0
.0
1.4
.0
1.0
1 ^
!o
.0
2.8
.0
.0
.7
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.3
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
German
Polish
Poreign-born:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian South
Polish
Grand total
839
49.6
55.8
63.9
45.4
30.3
30.2
24.1
32.1
9.4
7.0
6.8
10.2
5.4
3.5
1.6
6.5
2.7
2.3
2.1
2.9
.5
.0
.0
.6
.6
.0
.0
.8
.8
1.2
1.0
.8
.7
.0
.5
.8
•Total native-born of native
father
86
191
648
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The toilet accommodations of the households of persons of native
birth are much more nearly adequate than the accommodations of
immigrant households.
The largest proportion of households having separate toilets, 76.5
per cent, are among the Russian Hebrew, and the smallest proportion,
19.3 per cent, among the immigrant Polish households. Only one-
fourth of the second generation Polish households and slightly more
than one-fourth of the South Italian households have separate toilet
accommodations. The fewest instances of bad toilet accommodations
are found among the Russian Hebrews, followed by the Hebrews other
than Russian, in neither of which races do more than three households
use one toilet. The worst accommodations are found among the first
and second generation Poles and the South Italians; 18 per cent. of
the households of the first generation Poles, 15 per cent of the second
generation Poles, and 10.1 per cent of the South Italians have but one
toilet for four households. While the proportions for the first and
second generation Poles show poorer accommodations than for the
South Italians, the conditions are in reality not so bad. There are
particularly unfavorable conditions among the South Italians because
of the large number of boarders and lodgers.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
723
The following table shows tho character of the toilet accommoda-
tions :
TABLE 48. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each specified kind of
toilet, by general nativity arid race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number of households
which have access to —
Per cent of households
which have access to —
Flush
toilet.
Dry toilet.
Flush
toilet.
Dry toilet.
Native-born of native father, White....
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
100
66
17
80
141
98
22
136
128
5
95.2
1000
85.0
97.6
98.6
96.1
95.7
91.9
85.3
4.8
0
15.0
2.4
1.4
3.9
4.3
8.1
14.7
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
Polish
3
2
2
4
1
12
22
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
839
788
51
93.9
6.1
Total native-born of foreign father
86
191
648
83
183
605
3
8
43
96.5
95.8
93.4
3.5
4.2
6.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
More than 90 per cent of all races except the first and second gen-
eration Poles have access to flush toilets. A somewhat larger pro-
portion of households have access to flush toilets among the native-
born of foreign father than among the foreign-born. Dry toilets
were used by only 6.1 per cent of the households studied in Milwaukee.
The preceding housing tables dealing with persons per room and
per sleeping room, with water supply, and the tables dealing with
boarders and lodgers are directly related to the care of apartments.
In households where there are many persons per room, where the
water supply is not easy of access, where the wife has to cook for
boarders and lodgers, and has the care of small children, the difficul-
ties in the way of keeping the apartment orderly and clean are almost
insurmountable
724
The Immigration Commission.
The table below, based on General Table 239, gives the per cent of
households in which the care of apartment is good, fair, bad, and
very bad.
TABLE 49. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general nativity and
race of head of household.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households for which information was secured. The totals,
however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds..
Per cent of apartments where care is —
Good.
Fair.
Bad.
Very bad.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of fa-
ther:
German.^
105
- G6
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
67.0
75.8
es.o
72.0
74.1
51.0
47.8
27.0
54.0
20.7
19.7
30.0
19.5
20.3
32.4
30.4
30.4
30.7
4.8
4.5
5.0
8.5
3.5
13.7
17.4
25.7
13.3
1.0
.0
.0
.0
2.1
2.9
4.3
16.9
2.0
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian .
German
Hebrew, Russian .
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South...
Polish ...
Grand total...
839
57.6
26.6
11.6
4.3
Total native-born of foreign father
86
191
648
73.3
70.2
53.9
22.1
24.6
27.2
4.7
4.7
13.6
.0
. 5
5.4
Total native-born ..
Total foreign-born
The large proportions of households where the care of the apart-
ment is good are among the first and second generation Germans,
and the Bohemians and Moravians. These races have relatively low
averages of adults per room, small proportions of households keeping
boarders and lodgers, and among the smallest proportion of children
under 6 years of age in the households. The South Italians and the
Hebrews other than Russian have the smallest proportions of house-
holds where care of apartment is good and the largest proportions
where care of apartment is bad and very bad. The South Italians,
who make a relatively bad showing with respect to congestion, have
the second largest proportion of children under 6 years of age, nearly
twice as large a proportion of households keeping boarders or lodgers
as any other race, and more than twice as large a proportion of the
total occupants who are boarders or lodgers; they are sixth from the
highest per cent of households having separate water supply.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
725
The number and per cent of households living in basement apart-
ments is shown in the table below.
TABLE 50. — Number and per cent of households living in basement apartments, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Households living in
basement apartments.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father White
105
66
20
82
143
102
23
148
150
4
3
5
3
12
3
2
4
22
3.8
4.5
25.0
3.7
8.4
2.9
8.7
2.7
14.7
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German . ...
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
839
58
6.9
Total native-born of foreign father
86
191
648
8
12
46
9.3
6.3
7.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The native-born show almost as large a proportion of households
living in basement apartments as do the foreign-born. The large pro-
portions of first and second generation Polish families living in base-
ments need a word of explanation. Twenty-one of these 27 house-
holds living in basements are found in the Garden street block. In
the description of this block, it will be remembered that practically
all of the houses on the First avenue side of the block were below
the level of the street but not below the level of the lot, the lots
themselves being sunk below the street level. The ground-floor apart-
ments of these houses have been considered basement apartments.
Since all of these houses are set back on the lot a few feet, the apart-
ments receive more light and air than the usual basement apartment,
but nevertheless are damp and unhealthful.
HOME OWNERSHIP AND RENT.
Home ownership and rent are closely connected both with living
conditions and with economic conditions. The exact bearing which
any one has upon the others, is, however, frequently difficult to
determine. Home ownership is often taken as a sign of good living
conditions and a certain degree of prosperity, but there are many
instances of districts or of races where the fact that a large proportion
of the families owning their homes indicates neither the one nor the
other. Home ownership has, however, a direct bearing upon perma-
nency of residence, both in the United States and in the locality, as
will be brought out later.
Many elements are involved also in the relations existing between
rents and economic and living conditions, and care must be exercised
in drawing conclusions from single tables.
726
The Immigration Commission.
The table below, based on General Table 240, shows both the
number and proportion of families owning homes.
TABLE 51. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race
of head of family.
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Owning home.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White .
109
1
1
73
20
82
148
107
22
162
153
4
3.7
fa)
w
17.8
.0
45.1
30.4
16.8
13.6
6.2
28.8
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian (other than French)
German
13
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
37
45
18
3
10
44
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Italian South
Polish
Grand to'al
878
174
19.8
Total native-born of foreign father . ...
95
204
674
13
17
157
13.7
8.3
23.3
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The percentage of foreign-born families owning homes is nearly three
times as great as that of native-born.
Of the families studied the smallest proportion owning their homes
is among the native-born of native father. Reference to the tables
showing persons per room, j)er sleeping room, care of apartment, etc.,
indicate better living conditions among the families of this race than
among those of many of the other races, and so far as family income
is indicative of economic standing, reference to Table 66 will show
that the native-born of native father stand second in average income
and third highest in the proportion of families having an income of
$750 or more per year. This situation is explained in part by the
comparative youth of the families already referred to, and by the fact
that many of them expect to own better homes in a better part of
the city. The immigrant Polish families stand third in the propor-
tion of those owning their homes. It will be remembered that in pre-
vious tables the figures for this race showed some of the least desirable
living conditions.
Four tables show for households paying rent and reporting amount,
the rents per apartment, per room, and per person. The table which
follows is based on General Table 241, and shows, in cumulative
form, the amount of rent paid per month per apartment.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
727
I Spt
by general nativity and race of head of household.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying—
Under
$5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
$20.
Native-born of native father,
White
97
51
40
95
67
122
103
$10.39
9.71
6.84
7.98
10.98
9.96
5.38
0.0
2.0
17.5
12.6
1.5
1.6
29.1
21.6
23.5
62.5
44.2
11.9
19.7
96.1
46.4
52.9
87.5
71.6
35.8
45.1
98.1
75.3
80.4
97.5
95.8
70.1
83.6
100.0
88.7
90.2
100.0
97.9
85.1
91.0
100.0
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.5
98.4
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South.
Polish
Grand total
611
8.76
9.2
40.8
62.0
85.9
93.0
99.3
Total native-born of foreign father .
Total native-born
69
166
445
8.75
9.71
8.40
5.8
2.4
11.7
37.7
28.3
45.4
63.8
53.6
65.2
85.5
79.5
88.3
92 8
90.4
93.9
100.0
99.4
99.3
Total foreign-born
The average rent for these Milwaukee apartments is $8.76, and
over two-fifths of all households pay less than $10. The average
rent paid by immigrant households is $8.40 and the average paid by
natives is $9.71.
In the table treating of rent per apartment, $10 may be considered
the dividing line between high and low rents. The largest proportion
of households paying less than this amount is found among the Poles,
and the smallest proportion among the Russian Hebrews. The
South Italians and the native-born of native father pay less than $10
in a little over 45 per cent of all cases. If the proportion of house-
holds living in large and small apartments be compared at this
point it will be seen that the Poles are living in the smallest apartments
and are paying the lowest rent of any race; that the majority of the
Russian Hebrews live in apartments of average size but are paying
the highest rents; and that, though approximately twice as many
South Italian households as households among the native-born of
native father live in apartments of fewer than five rooms, they
pay about as high rents as the latter race. The apparent discrepan-
cies between the size of apartments and the rents paid in these cases
is due chiefly to difference in location; neither the repair nor the
equipment of apartments among the South Italians and the Hebrews
is as good as among the native-born of native father.
728
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 53. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for allraces.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying —
Under
n.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father,
White
97
51
40
95
67
122
103
$2.06
2.08
1.97
1.91
2.46
2.54
1.67
p
ooooo o b
40.2
39.2
42.5
50.5
10.4
9.0
76.7
93.8
90.2
92.5
95.8
77.6
71.3
97.1
99.0
100.0
100.0
98.9
98.5
95.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.9
98.5
97.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.9
98.5
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish .
Grand total
611
2.12
.0
38.6
87.6
98.7
99.2
100.0
100.0
98.9
99.7
100.0
100.0
99.6
Total native-born of foreign father .
Total native-born .
69
166
445
1.97
2.02
2.16
.0
.0
.0
47.8
43.4
36.9
91.3
92.8
85.6
100.0
99.4
98.4
Total foreign-born
The average rent per room paid by these households is $2.12, the
average among immigrants being $2.16 and among natives, $2.02.
Again it is seen that Polish households pay the lowest average rents
and show the highest proportion paying low rents. In rent per room
the South Italians and the Russian Hebrews change places, the South
Italians paying the higher rents.
Rent per person is more directly under the control of the house-
holder than either rent per apartment or rent per room. The table
below, based on General Table 243, shows the per cent of households
paying each specified rent per month per person.
TABLE 54. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
iThis table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying —
Under
$1.
Under
12.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Under
$5.
Under
$6.
Native-born of native father,
White
97
51
40
95
67
122
103
S2.53
2.25
1.93
1.77
2.10
1.71
1.01
4.1
9.8
2.5
11.6
1.5
5.7
38.8
25.8
35.3
50.0
52.6
38.8
57.4
88.3
57.7
62.7
77.5
76.8
70.1
89.3
97.1
76.3
76.5
87.5
88.4
94.0
95.1
100.0
86. 6
86.3
95.0
93.7
97.0
97.5
100.0
91.8
92.2
97.5
98.9
98.5
99.2
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
611
166
445
1.81
2.01
2.31
1.65
11.8
51.7
77.6
69.6
62.7
83.1
89.2
81.2
78.3
93.3
94.3
89.9
88.0
96.6
97.2
Total native-born of foreign father .
Total native-born
11.6
7.2
13.5
43.5
33.1
58.7
94.2
92.8
98.9
Total foreign-born
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
729
The average rent per person paid by the 611 households is $1.81.
Slightly more than half of all households pay under $2 per person.
The average rent per person paid by immigrants is $1.65, while the
average paid by natives is $2.31. Native households were seen in
the preceding table to pay slightly less per room than immigrants.
The difference is, of course, due to the smaller size of native house-
holds.
The Poles pay relatively very low rents per room and per person;
the South Italians, who pay the highest rent per room, pay one of
the lowest rents per person. Reference to Table 39 will show that
fewer than half of the South Italians are living as single families with-
out boarders or lodgers. It is an interesting fact in connection with
rent per person that the lowest average individual earnings and the
smallest average family incomes were found among the South Italians
and Poles.
For convenience of comparison the average rents per apartment,
per room, and per person are shown in summary below.
TABLE 55. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average rent per—
Apart-
ment.
Room.
Person.
Native-born of native father, White
97
51
18
40
95
67
18
122
103
$10. 39
9.71
6.08
6.84
7.98
10.98
11.17
9.96
5.38
$2.06
2.08
1.60
1.97
1.91
2.46
2.42
2.54
1.67
$2.53
2.25
1.35
1.93
1.77
2.10
2.61
1.71
1.01
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian South
Polish . .
Grand total
611
8.76
2.12
1.81
Total native-born of foreign father
69
166
* 445
8.75
9.71
8.40
1.97
2.02
2.16
2.01
2.31
1.65
Total native-born .
Total fore'gn-born t
25608°— VOL 26—11-
CHAPTER V.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
OCCUPATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND ABROAD.
The kind of work done by the immigrant before coming to the
United States is indicative of his preparation for the economic
struggle in America. The table below, based on General Table 244,
shows the number and percentage of foreign-born male heads of
households who were engaged in farming before coming to the
United States. Races which do not appear reported no one as
engaged in farming abroad.
TABLE 56. — Number and per cent of foreign-lorn male heads of households 16 years of
age or over at time of coming to the United States who were engaged in farming abroad,
by race of individual. .
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Engaged in farming
abroad.
Number.
Per cent.
Bohemian and Moravian .
61
86
133
108
11
28
26
83
18.0
32.6
19.5
76.9
German
Italian South
Polish
Total 1
388
148
38.1
The largest proportion of farm workers abroad, 76.9 per cent, is
found among the Poles — more than twice as many as is shown by
any other race. The proportion for all races is 38.1 per cent. This
does not include, of course, the Hebrews, Russian and other, who
reported no farm workers.
The occupations in the United States of all persons in the house-
holds studied are given in three sets of tables which follow, one set
giving information for heads of households, another for persons 16
years of age or over, and still another for persons under 16.
731
732
The Immigration Commission.
The most important occupations of male heads of households are
given in the table below, based on General Table 245.
TABLE 57. — Occupation of male heads of households ranking first in numerical importance,
by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
gainfully
employed
and re-
porting
occupa-
tion.
First rank.
Occupation.
Number
em-
ployed.
Per cent of
total gain-
fully em-
ployed.
Native-born of native father White
93
56
18
69
102
87
19
144
130
Machinist. . .
9
8
6
14
14
21
20
4
95
08
9.7
14.3
(a)
20.3
20.3
20.6
23.0
(a)
66.0
52.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
Driver and teamster . .
Laborer
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
/Tailor
German.
\Laborer
Laborer
Hebrew, Russian
Peddler, proprietor
Tinsmith
Hebrew Other
Italian, South
Laborer
Polish
Laborer
Grand total
Laborer
718
220
30.6
Total native-born of foreign father
/Driver and teamster. . .
74
167
551
9
9
16
205
12.2
12.2
9.0
•37.2
Total native-born
Driver and teamster..
Laborer
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Laborers include largely day laborers, such as those employed on
the streets or railroad tracks, unskilled laborers in factories, and
dock laborers. The most usual occupation among the native-born
is that of driver or teamster.
Three of the immigrant races report larger numbers of their
heads of households engaged in general labor than in any other
occupation. The large per cent of laborers among South Italian
and Polish heads of households is noticeable. Peddling is first in
importance among the Russian Hebrew heads of households. Among
the native-born of native father more heads of households are engaged
as machinists than in any other occupation. Considering the im-
portance of the manufacture of machinery and tools in Milwaukee,
it is somewhat surprising not to find a larger proportion of persons
of other races engaged as machinists.
The occupation of laborer is the most important, considering all
heads of households, and also the most important among immi-
grants, the proportions being 30.6 per cent and 37.2 per cent,
respectively.
A second table for male heads of households shows the number
and percentage engaged in business for profit.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
733
TABLE 58. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who are in business for
profit, by general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In business for profit.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
93
57
18
71
109
91
20
145
131
0.0
10.5
(a)
7.0
5.5
54.9
40.0
24.1
1.5
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
6
1
5
6
50
8
35
2
Polish..
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other. .
Italian, South
Polish
735
114
15.5
Total native-born of foreign father
75
108
5G7
7
7
107
9.3
3.6
18.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
By far the largest proportions of male heads of households en-
gaged in business for profit are found among two races, the Hebrews,
Russian and other, and the South Italians. More than half of the
South Italians and nearly half of the Russian Hebrews reporting
themselves in business for profit are peddlers. Reference to the gen-
eral table will show that other persons engaged in business for profit
are chiefly grocers, butchers, barbers, fish, vegetable, and fruit stand
proprietors, and tailors.
Among the female heads of households the numbers are too scat-
tered throughout the various occupations to attempt any classification
other than the number in each race working for profit.
TABLE 59. — Number of female heads of households who are in business for profit, by
general nativity and race of individual.
Number
Number
Number
Number
General nativity and race of
individual.
reporting
complete
• in busi-
ness for
General nativity and race of
individual.
reporting
complete
in busi-
ness for
data.
profit.
data.
profit.
Native-born of native father,
Foreign-born— Continued.
White
11
1
Italian South
3
j
Native-born of foreign father,
Polish
18
bv race of father:
'German
9
Grand total
1(V>
Polish
2
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian..
11
Total native-born of foreign
father
11
German
34
2
Total native-born
22
j
Hebrew, Russian
11
5
Total foreign-born
80
3
Hebrew, Other
3
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The total number of female heads of households is 102, and but 49
of these report a gainful occupation. Of the 49 only 9 are in business
for themselves. The largest number of female heads of households
engaged in business for profit is 5 among the Russian Hebrews
734
The Immigration Commission.
A table, based on General Table 246, showing in general the occu-
pations of all males 16 years of age or over in the households studied,
is given below:
TABLE 60. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Per cen
t—
General nativity and race
of individual.
Total
num-
ber.
In manu-
facturing
and me-
chanical
pursuits.
In
trade.
Trans-
porta-
tion.
General
labor (not
otherwise
specified).
Other-
wise em-
ployed.
At home.
At school.
Native-born of native fa-
ther, White
155
47.1
13.5
20.0
9.7
5.8
3 2
0 6
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by race of father:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
33
72.7
3.0
6. 1
6. 1
3.0
6. 1
3 0
Armenian
117
54.7
16.2
5. 1
12.0
10 3
9
9
Polish
63
73 0
3 2
4 8
6 3
3 2
7 9
1 6
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
93
72.0
10.8
4.3
7.5
3.2
2.2
0
German
145
61.4
9.7
4.1
11.7
4 8
8 3
o
Hebrew, llussian
153
40.5
45.1
3.3
.0
3.9
4.6
2.6
Hebrew, Other
29
41.4
51.7
.0
3.4
.0
3 4
o
Italian, South
362
25.4
22.9
17.4
23.2
9.1
1.9
.0
Polish
184
62.5
7.1
7.6
17.4
2.7
2 7
o
Grand total .
1,367
48.4
18.7
10.1
12.9
5.9
3 4
7
Total native-born of for-
eign father
234
60.3
13 2
5 6
8 5
7 3
3 4
1 7
Total native-born
390
54.9
13.3
11.5
9.0
6.7
3.3
1.3
Total foreign-born
977
45.8
20.9
9.5
14.4
5.5
3 5
4
Nearly half of the total number of males are employed in manu-
facturing and mechanical pursuits. Each of the other occupation
groups includes less than a fifth of the total number of workers.
Considerably more than half of the native-born of foreign father
and of the three races among the foreign-born representing an older
immigration — the Bohemians and Moravians, the Germans, and the
Poles — are engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
The Hebrews, Russian and other, show the largest proportions of
their numbers in trade, approximately half in each case. The large
proportion of South Italians in transportation is accounted for by the
fact that all persons engaged in repairing tracks were put in this group,
and many South Italians in Milwaukee were so engaged at the time
the schedules were taken.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
735
The occupations of females 16 years of age or over in the house-
holds studied are given in the table below, based on General Table
247.
TABLE 61. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Total
number.
Per cent—
In manu-
facturing
and me-
chanical
pursuits.
In
domestic
service.
In trade.
Other-
wise em-
ployed.
At home.
At school.
Native-born of native father,
White.
Ill
35
154
77
86
148
129
28
157
153
16.2
31.4
28.6
44.2
7.0
7.4
7.8
10.7
3.2
7.2
- 7.2
5.7
12.3
10.4
8.1
16.2
.8
10.7
1.3
13.7
7.2
8.6
6.5
5.2
3.5
2.0
12.4
17.9
4.5
3.3
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.7
68.5
54.3
52.6
40.3
81.4
74.3
77.5
57.1
91.1
75.2
0.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.6
3.6
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
German
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
1,119
13.8
8.6
6.2
.2
71.0
.4
Total native-born of foreign fa-
ther
301
412
707
29.9
26.2
6.5
10.0
9.2
8.2
7.3
7.3
5.5
.3
.2
.1
52.5
56.8
79.2
.0
.2
.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
Of the women at work — that is, those not included in the columns
" at home" and "at school" — the largest proportion is found in manu-
facturing and mechanical pursuits, as in the case of the males. The
native-born show the highest per cents in this group, while the foreign
races, generally speaking, show larger per cents in domestic service
and in trade. It will be seen that the largest proportions of females
at work are among the native-born of foreign father. Many of these
are daughters in foreign families who have not left home. In this
table, as in previous tables indicating the extent to which women
are employed, work among the South Italian women is least common.
The native-born show the larger proportion of women in various occu-
pations, and the foreign-born the smaller; slightly less than a half of
the native-born women are employed, and slightly less than a fourth
of the foreign-born.
The second set of tables for persons under 16 years of age in the
households studied are next submitted.
736
The Immigration Commission.
Table 62, based on General Table 248, shows by sex the per cent
of persons under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work in
the households studied.
TABLE 62. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual .
[This table includes in each section only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Total
number.
Per cent—
At home. At school
At work.
Native-born of native father, White 79
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian s 40
German 64
Hebrew 56
Italian, South 31
Polish 93
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian 30
Italian, South 34
Grand total 464
Total native-born of foreign father 284
Total native-born 363
Total foreign-born 101
- FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White 89
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian 30
German 52
Hebrew 46
Italian, South 44
Polish Ill
Foreign-born:
Hebrew, Russian 31
Italian, South 28
Grand total 460
Total native-born of foreign father 283
Total native-born 372
Total foreign-born 88
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White 168
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian 70
German 116
Hebrew 102
Italian, South 75
Polish 204
Foreign-born:
German 31
Hebrew, Russian 61
Italian, South 62
Grand total 924
Total native-born of foreign father 567
Total native-born 735
Total foreign-born 189
7.6
.0
1.6
1.8
6.5
3.2
3.3
2.9
3.4
2.5
3.6
3.0
83.5
87.5
87.5
91.1
83.9
22.6
90.0
70.6
72.8
66.5
70.2
82.2
8.9
12.5
10.9
7.1
9.7
74.2
6.7
26.5
23.7
31.0
26.2
14.9
12.4
13.3
9.6
2.2
9.1
18.0
3.2
21.4
13.0
12.0
12.1
17.0
84.3
76.7
84.6
87.0
86.4
66.7
93.5
75.0
78.5
77.4
79.0
76.1
3.4
10.0
5.8
10.9
4.5
15.3
3.2
3.6
8.5
10.6
8.9
6.8
10.1
5.7
5.2
2.0
8.0
11.3
48.4
3.3
11.3
8.2
7.2
7.9
9.5
83.9
82.9
86.2
89.2
85.3
46.6
48.4
91.8
72.6
75.6
72.0
74.7
79.4
6.0
11.4
8.6
8.8
6.7
42.2
3.2
4.9
16.1
16.1
20.8
17.4
11.1
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
737
By far the largest per cent of boys under 16 at work is shown
among the second generation Poles, 74.2 per cent of whom work.
Among all the other races of native birth, more than 80 per cent of
the boys under 16 are at school. None of the foreign races except
the Russian Hebrews and the South Italians includes as many as 20
foreign-born males or females under 16 years of age. Among the
females also, the largest per cent at work is found among the Poles,
though the difference is not nearly so great as among the males.
A larger proportion of the native-born of foreign father than of the
foreign-born children are at work and of these races the Poles show
nearly four times as great a proportion as any others, while the
smallest proportion is among the Germans of foreign birth.
The following table, based on General Table 248, shows for the
races having a relatively large proportion of children under 16 years
of age born abroad, the number and per cent between 6 and 16 years
of age, who are at home, at school, and at work.
TABLE 63 . — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school,
and at work, by race of father and by birthplace of child.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or more
born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
Birth-
Total
number
Number
Per cent
Race of father.
of
child.
of chil-
dren 6 and
under 16.
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
Native-born, White .
United
168
17
141
10
10.1
83.9
6.0
Foreign-born:
Hebrew (Russian and other) .
Italian, South
States.
United
States.
Abroad .
United
102
72
75
2
2
6
91
64
64
9
6
5
2.0
2.8
8.0
89.2
88.9
85.3
8.8
8.3
6 7
States.
Abroad .
62
7
45
10
11.3
72.6
16.1
Among both Hebrews and South Italians children born in this coun-
try are in school in larger proportions than children born abroad.
The Hebrews have the larger proportion of children at school among
both those born here and aoroad than the South Italians, and
on the whole a smaller proportion of children at work, though the
per cent of children 14 and 15 years of age among the Hebrews
is 4.9 per cent as compared with 2.9 per cent among the South
Italians.
EARNINGS.
Broadly speaking, earnings and incomes are a measure of the
immigrants' success in the new environment. In the series of tables
concerned with earnings and incomes cases where earnings or in-
come are wholly or partly from business for profits are not included.
738
The Immigration Commission.
The table below, based on General Table 249, gives for males 18
years of age or over the approximate average yearly earnings and the
number and per cent in each of four wage divisions under $1,000.
TABLE 64. — Yearly earnings (approximate} of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race oj individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
. Per cent earning—
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Native-born of native,
father:
White
133
1
25
1
1
93
7
2
40
1
80
1
112
59
14
282
165
2
8
$579
(a)
516
(a)
(a)
555
(a)
(a)
398
(a)
553
(a)
541
534
442
309
404
(a)
(a)
13
37
74
1
16
122
1
21
1
1
91
6
2
39
1
75
1
108
55
13
281
165
2
8
9.8
(a)
16.0
(a)
&
(a)
&
(a)
5.0
(a)
4.5
5.1
(a)
21.6
11.5
(a)
(0)
27.8
(0)
56.0
0)
(0)
24.7
$•
55.0
(a)
22.5
(a)
29.5
28.8
(a)
74.8
52.1
(a)
(a)
55.6
(a)
64.0
(a)
(a)
61.3
(a)
(a)
92.5
(a)
70.0
(a)
68.8
62.7
(a)
97.2
85.5
(a)
(a)
91.7
(a)
84.0
(a)
(a)
97.8
(a)
(a)
97.5
(a)
93.8
(a)
96.4
93.2
(a)
99.6
100.0
(a)
(a)
Negro •
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian ....
4
14
Canadian (other than
French)
English
German
6
23
2
2
22
1
18
57
6
2
37
1
56
Hebrew
Italian, South ..
Polish ..
7
Welsh
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
4
English..
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
5
3
1
61
19
33
17
7
211
86
77
37
12
274
141
2
7
Polish
Russian
Slovak
6
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father
1,027
453
509
539
416
123
479
800
993
12.0
46.6
37.6
33.2
52.3
77.9
70.0
63.8
83.8
96.7
95.3
93.8
97.9
170
304
723
17
30
93
64
101
378
119
194
606
162
285
708
10.0
9.9
12.9
Total native-born . . .
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average earnings of immigrant men is $416, and more than
half have earned under $400 during the year. The average earnings
of the native-born is $539 and only a third have earned less than
$400.
The figures which are most significant here from the point of
view of numbers represented are for the native-born of native
father, the South Italians, and the Poles. The highest average
earnings is among the native-born of native father, and the lowest
among the South Italians; the average earnings among the first and
the second generation Poles are next above the South Italians. If
$600 be taken as a medium amount of earnings the proportions of
the four races receiving above that amount will show tne same order.
Without attempting to discuss the importance of this element in
wage-earning capacity, it is an interesting fact that but 40.6 per
cent of the South Italian males, the lowest proportion found for
any race, speak English; the Poles are second lowest, with but 47.4
per cent able to speak English.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
739
Table 65, based on General Table 250, and showing wages for
females 18 years of age or over, is given below.
TABLE 65. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning—
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Native-born of native
father, White
30
12
1
50
3
29
16
34
10
3
6
34
$204
243
(a)
267
(a)
175
221
205
170
&
138
17
6
22
7
1
34
26
10
1
42
2
28
14
32
9
3
6
33
30
12
1
46
3
29
15
34
10
3
6
34
56.7
(a)
(a)
32.0
(a)
62.1
(0)
44.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
73.5
73.3
'%
68.0
(a)
89.7
(a)
76.5
(a)
(a)
(a)
94.1
86.7
(0)
ft
£.
(a)
94.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
97.1
100.0
(a)
<&„
!&.
(0)
100.0
(a)
(a)
M
100.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
Danish
German
16
Hebrew
Polish
18
9
15
8
1
6
25
26
10
26
9
2
6
32
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German .
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian South
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father
228
95
125
103
206
239
231
175
121
40
57
64
175
68
90
85
206
83
109
97
223
91
121
102
53.1
42.1
45.6
62.1
76.8
71.6
72.0
82.5
90.4
87.4
87.2
94.2
97.8
95.8
96.8
99.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Reference to Tables 60 and 61 will show 96 per cent of the males
over 16 years of age to be employed, and only 28.8 per cent of the
females over that age, so that the figures in this table are based
upon a much smaller proportion of each face than in the table for the
males. The average earnings for females are much lower than for
males, the average for all males being $453, and for all females $206.
The highest average earnings and the largest proportion of females
earning above $300 or $400 are among the second-generation Ger-
mans. The foreign-born Polish women earn the lowest wages. The
total native-born of foreign father have a higher average and a larger
Eroportion receiving high wages than either the native-born or the
Dreign-born.
FAMILY INCOME.
The tables which follow show, by race of head of family, the yearly
income of the family, the various sources of this income, and the
earnings of the husbands and wives. The family, rather than the
household, is the natural unit in treating incomes. The family, it
will be remembered, in this study is taKen to mean one or both
parents and children, while the household includes all persons within .
an apartment, whether a single family or two or more families. The
first four of these tables are concerned with the amount of the total
740
The Immigration Commission.
income and with the sources of that income. The last five treat in
detail the earnings of husbands and wives.
Table 66, based on General Table 251, shows the total yearly income
of families for the several races.
TABLE 63. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount,
by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races;
3 families are included which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of
bead of family.
Number
of
selected
families. «
Average
family
income.
Per cent of families having a total income—
Under
$300.
Under
$500.
Under
$750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$1,500.
Native-born of native father,
White . .
101
56
71
124
40
86
132
$738
673
739
731
628
461
609
2.0
3.6
8.5
6.5
12.5
25.6
144
15.8
26.8
28.2
30.6
37.5
68.6
39.4
60.4
67.9
56.3
57.3
70 0
88.4
78.0
85.1
89.3
80.3
81.5
90.0
93.0
90.2
98.0
100.0
97.2
94.4
97.5
98.8
97.7
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian....
German. . .
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish .
Grand total.
637
650
11.0
36.1
68.9
86.8
97.5
Total native-born of foreign
father
73
174
463
635
694
634
8.2
4.6
13.4
342
23.6
40.8
71.2
649
70.4
89.0
86.8
86.8
100.0
98.9
97.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
The average income of all foreign families is $634, and the incomes
of two in every five are less than $500. The average income of all
native families falls a little short of $700.
The South Italian families, followed by the Polish have the lowest
income in this table, as in the table showing individual earnings;
on the other hand the Bohemians and Moravians have a higher aver-
age family income than the native-born of native father, and both
Bohemians and Moravians and Germans have a larger proportion of
families with incomes above $750, about one-fifth of the families in
these two races receiving above that amount.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
741
Table 67, based on General Table 252, gives the per cent of the
total family income from each specified source.
TABLE 67. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children,
boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with. 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races;
3 families are excluded who report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of
selected
families.a
Per cent of total income from —
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, German
101
56
70
124
40
86
131
79.7
74.7
62.8
54.3
59.3
70.6
60.0
4.0
7.4
1.8
4.7
.9
.6
5.3
10.6
10.4
24.4
• 27.9
18.8
16.1
242
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.4
3.7
10.5*
4.1
2.2
40
7.3
9.7
17.4
2.3
6.4
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German.
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South. . . .
Polish..
Grand total
634
65.5
3.8
20.0
43
6.4
Total native-born of foreign father .
73
174
460
75.9
78.2
60.2
6.6
5.0
3.4
10.2
10.5
240
3.6
3.5
46
3.8
2.8
7.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. . .
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
The highest per cent of income from husbands is among the native-
born of native father. The Bohemians and Moravians, Germans,
Poles, and Russian Hebrews show comparatively low per cents of
income from husbancls and the large per cents from contributions of
children. In partial explanation of this showing, it will be remem-
bered that a large proportion of the three first-named races are
comparatively old families. It will be readily understood that the
earnings of husband and wife, and the contributions of children consti-
tute net income, while the payments of boarders and lodgers, and that
part of " Other sources" represented by rent, are gross income. The
proportion of the income of each race which is derived is as follows :
Per cent.
Native-born of native father 0. 2
German, second generation 3. 4
Bohemian and Moravian. 6. 8
German 8.2
Adding the per cents of income from boarders and lodgers to those
from rents, it will be seen that more than 10 per cent of the income
among all of the foreign races is gross, while less than 4 per cent
is gross among the native-born of native father, and but 7 per cent
among the native-born of foreign father. Hence a strictly fair com-
parison of incomes among the several races would show the incomes
of the foreign races relatively lower than in Table 66.
The two tables which follow are concerned with the sources from
which incomes are derived. Table 68, based on General Table 252,
Per cent.
Hebrew, Russian 10. 9
Italian, South 1.6
Polish . . 6. 0
742
The Immigration Commission.
shows the per cent of families receiving any part of their income from
each of the five sources.
TABLE 68. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head
of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table Includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races;
3 families are excluded which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of
selected
families."*
Per cent of families having an income from —
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
101
56
70
124
40
86
131
90.1
82.1
82.9
72.6
72.5
96.5
87.0
12.9
17.9
11.4
21.0
7.5
4.7
24.4
22.8
26.8
42.9
46.8
32.5
19.8
40.5
15.8
14.3
11.4
12.9
30.0
41.9
16.8
9.9
10.7
28.6
25.0
27.5
8.1
21.4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father German
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
634
84.2
15.8
34.1
19.1
18.1
'Total native-born of foreign father
73
174
460
84.9
87.9
82.8
17.8
14.9
16.1
23.3
23.0
38.3
13.7
14.9
20.7
9.6
9.8
21.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
In this table each family is counted as many times as it has
sources of income; a family is counted in each of the five columns if
it receives income from all five sources. .
The South Italians have the largest proportion of families receiving
income from husbands, and the native-born of native father have
the second largest proportion. But reference to Table 69 will show
that of the families having entire income from husbands the South
Italians have a very low proportion and the native-born of native
father the highest proportion. The previous table showed that
a relatively large per cent of the entire family income among the
Bohemians and" Moravians, Germans, and Poles came from contri-
butions of children, and this table shows that the proportion of
families of these three races partially or wholly dependent upon
children's contributions is also large, including in each case consider-
ably over a third of the families.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
743
The following table, based on General Table 253, shows in detail
the sources from which the entire income of the families of each race
are derived.
TABLE 69. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
or more families reporting.
?hree families are excluded who report income as "none."]
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Per cent of families having entire income from—
&
3
1
1
d
§
i
fll .
General nativity and race of head
Number
jt
o
-8 •
%t
•§
Syj
^§
Fi?M
of family.
of selected
famiJies.a
i
*g
.1
33
a
o
^§
1!
§!«
i
i
1
1
11
It!
1
|*
§
•rJ
gs
•oS
Ill
3
3
g
I
3 ®
is
S3
3'Bj§
W
W
W
W
W
^
^
^
O
o
en
Native-born of native father,
White
101
60 4
? 0
Q Q
1.0
5.9
0 0
3.0
1.0
1 0
1.0
14.9
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, German
56
51 8
5 4
V> 5
.0
7.1
0
3.6
1.8
1 8
1.8
14.3
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
70
35 7
4.3
14 3
1.4
8.6
1.4
1.4
.0
4.3
.0
28.6
German
12422 6
6 5
16 0
3.2
8 1
1 6
4 0
.8
7 S
.8
28.2
Hebrew, Russian
4040.0
0
5 0
.0
15.0
0
.0
.0
? 5
7.5
30.0
Italian, South
8637 2
2 3
T> 8
. 0 32. 6
0
.0
.0
9 s
.0
12.8
Polish
131 28 2
12 2 12 7
31 76
g
1 5
.8
5 ?
8
26 0
Grand total
—
5 7
63438 0
13 1
1 5
11.2
fi
2 0
.6
3 9
1.1
21 9
Total native-born of foreign father.
7353^4
TITTo
.0' 6. 8
.0
2.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
13.7
Total native-born
174 57. 5
4. 3 10. 3
.5 6. 3
(]
2.7
1.1
1 1
1.1
14.4
Total foreign-born
460
30.7
6.3J14.1
2.0 13.0
.9
1.7
.4
5.0
1.1
24.8
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.
Of the 460 immigrant families, 30.7 per cent have no income ex-
cept the earnings of the husband, 14.1 per cent derive the entire
income from the earnings of husband and children, and 13 per cent
have an income from boarders and lodgers in addition to the hus-
band's earnings. It is an interesting fact that among races where a
relatively small per cent of the families are entirely dependent upon
husbands, a relatively large per cent are partially or wholly de-
pendent upon boarders or lodgers, as among the South Italians, or
upon children, as among the Germans.
All families which receive any part of their incomes from rent, are,
of course, entered in the last column of this table. The percent-
ages receiving income from rent are as follows:
Per cent.
Native-born of native father 1.0
German, second generation 7. 1
Bohemian and Moravian 25. 1
German.. . 15.3
Per cent.
Russian, Hebrew 12. 5
South Italian 4. 6
Polish . . . 19. 1
These, with the percentages for boarders and lodgers, give some
idea of the relatively large proportion of foreign families part of
whose income is gross.
744
The Immigration Commission.
The five succeeding tables deal entirely with husbands' and wives'
earnings. Table 70 gives average yearly earnings and number and
per cent of male heads of families earning each specified amount.
TABLE 70. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of
individual.
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10.]
General nativity and
race of individual.
Num-
ber
work-
ing for
wages.
Aver-
age
earn-
ings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning—
li
£•»
1
"i
£>&>
3
"i"
2
1
5
1
li
£•*
1§
£<*>
41
1
23
13
39
60
18
6
79
96
ll
ps%
«g
•§8
£5!
ll
p»
1.1
(a)
.0
(a)
.0
.0
3.4
(a)
1.2
3.5
^ §
0 <M
P«©
ll
£«•
li
p> «*
li
p«»
£o
•§!
PS
89.0
(a)
97.8
(a)
93.1
95.6
96.6
(a)
98.8
100.0
Native-born of native
father, White
91
1
46
15
58
90
29
7
83
114
$652
(a)
612
447
568
547
513
(a)
337
423
17
1
6
8
10
25
9
4
61
53
69
1
40
13
51
82
28
6
82
111
81
1
45
14
54
86
28
6
82
114
3.3
(a)
2.2
(a)
1.7
5.6
3.4
(a)
19.3
8.8
18.7
(a)
13.0
(a)
17.2
27.8
31.0
(a)
73.5
46.5
45.1
(0)
50.0
(a)
67.2
66.7
62.1
(a)
95.2
84.2
75.8
(a)
87.0
(0)
87.9
91.1
96.6
£1
97.4
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
German
Hebrew, Russian....
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
i
4
16
10
Polish . . .
Grand total ... .
534
62
153
381
508
_'
567
618
464
7
- • —
"i"
6
39
3
6
33
194
•_-• —
15
32
162
376
483
54
123
360
511
JLT
.0
.7
1.6
7.3
36.3
24.2
20.9
42.5
70.4
59.7
51.0
78.2
90.4
87.1
80.4
94.5
95.7
96.8
92.1
97.1
Total native-born of for-
eign father
37
78
298
60
141
370
4.8
3.9
8.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
This table of earnings of male heads of families shows the same
relative position of the races as the table for earnings of all male
members of households, except that here the Poles of the second
generation precede those of the first generation. The native-born of
native father receive the highest average earnings and show the
largest per cent receiving over $600. The South Italians receive the
least; in fact nearly three-fourths of them receive less than $100.
The second generation and first generation Poles average practically
$100 more a year than the South Italians and somewhat less than a
sixth of the Poles receive more than $600 as contrasted with a twen-
tieth of the South Italians.
The male heads of families shown in this table are included in a
second table showing the total number of male heads of families
and the number and per cent at work.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
745
TABLE 71. — Hiisbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number of
selected
families. o
Number of
husbands.
Number of
husbands
at work.
Per cent of
husbands
at work.
Average
yearly earn-
ings of hus-
bands
at work.
Native-born of native father, White
101
92
91
98.9
$652
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
1
56
1
47
1
46
(6)
97.9
(6)
612
Polish
16
15
15
(6)
447
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
71
61
58
95.1
568
German .
124
97
90
92.8
547
Hebrew, Russian
40
32
29
90.6
513
Hebrew, Other
10
9
7
(6)
(6)
Italian, South
86
84
83
98.8
337
Polish
132
116
114
98.3
423
Grand total
637
554
534
96.4
508
Total native-born of foreign father
73
63
62
98.4
567
Total native-born
174
155
153
98.7
618
Total foreign-born
463
399
• 381
95.5
464
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. & Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Among both the native-born and the foreign-born more than 95
per cent of all husbands are at work. The proportion is somewhat
higher, however, among the natives than among immigrants.
The largest proportion of husbands at work, 98.9 per cent, is
among the native-born of native father, and the smallest, 90.6 per
cent, among the Russian Hebrews, followed by the Germans and the
Bohemians and Moravians. The proportion of husbands at work is
dependent upon many factors, such as the age of the family, character
of the industries in the locality, whether the year has been good or
bad industrially, and, to some extent, customs in a particular locality
or among the members of a particular race. The latter point is well
illustrated among many of the Italians, where women working outside
the home are almost unheard of, and this absolute dependence upon
the male member or members of the family is naturally a strong
incentive to regular employment. In this table the South Italians
are second only to the native-born of native father in per cent of
husbands working and in the succeeding table, showing wives at work,
the smallest per cent is among the South Italians. It will be remem-
bered from a previous table that 21.1 per cent of the German heads
of households and 14.1 per cent of the Bohemian and Moravian
heads are at least 60 years of age. Since these heads of households are
likewise heads of families, this will indicate a partial explanation for
the lower proportions of husbands working among these races. Among
the Russian Hebrews, two of the three husbands reported as not
working have receipts from rent amounting in one case to $600 and
in the other to $1,668 per year.
25608°— VOL 26—11 48
746
The Immigration Commission.
The table below gives the number and per cent of wives at work
and the average yearly wage.
TABLE 72. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number of
selected
families.o
Number of
wives.
Number of
wives at
work.
Per cent of
wives at
work.
Average
yearly
earnings
of wives
at work.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Bohemian and Moravian
101
1
99
1
13
13.1
$231
German . .
56
56
10
17 9
278
Polish
16
16
3
(6)
(6)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
71
68
8
11.8
(b)
German ... .
124
119
26
21.8
165
Hebrew, Russian
40
38
3
7.9
(6)
Hebrew, Other
10
10
1
(6)
(6)
Italian, South...
86
85
4
4.7
w
Polish.
132
129
32
24.8
132
Grand total
637
621
100
16.1
159
Total native-born of foreign father . .
73
73
73
17.8
234
Total native-born
174
172
26
15 1
232
Total foreign-born
463
449
74
16.5
134
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. & Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average earnings of the 74 wives of immigrants is $134, while
the average amount earned by the 26 wives of natives is $232.
The highest average earnings are among the Germans of the second
generation, though the proportion of the wives working is smaller
than among either the foreign-born Germans or the Poles.
Of the wives of immigrants 16.5 per cent are at work. The pro-
portion of the wives of natives at work is only slightly lower. Of
the several races, the Germans are second in the proportion of
wives at work, but only 12.9 per cent of the families, next to the lowest
of any race, have boarders or lodgers. On the other hand, the South
Italians and Kussian Hebrews have the small proportions of wives
working, but the large proportions of families with boarders or lodgers,
so that the contribution of the wives to the family income for these
races may in reality be as great as for races having a larger proportion
reported as at work.
A question naturally arises as to what the relation is between the
wages of the husband and the employment of the wife. A frequent
supposition is that the lower the wages, among most races at any rate,
the greater the tendency for the wives to secure employment or to
keep boarders or lodgers. This is only partially true.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
747
Tables 73 and 74 below classify families according to the amount
of earnings of the husband and show the number and per cent of the
wives in each group who have employment or keep boarders or lodgers.
TABLE 73. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers,
by yearly earnings oj husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
of
selected
families.o
Number of husbands
earning —
Number
of wives
having
employ-
ment or
keeping
boarders
or
lodgers.
Number of wives having
employment or keep-
ing boarders or lodg-
ers where husbands'
earnings are—
Under
$400.b
$400
and
under
$600.
$600
or over.
Under
$400. c
$400
atid
under
$600.
$600
or over.
Native-born of native father.
White
90
1
47
15
58
92
30
9
83
113
17
1
7
8
11
28
12
6
62
54
24
49
15
6
5
4
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
17
5
29
34
8
2
18
41
23
2
18
30
10
1
3
18
10
5
13
27
8
1
38
41
2
1
2
8
2
""25"
18
5
3
8
11
3
1
12
21
3
1
3
8
3
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hsbrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian South
1
2
Polish
Grand total
538
63~
153
385
206
16
33
173
178
22~
46
132
154
25~
74
80
.158
15~
30
128
64
69
25
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
3
9
55
8
13
56
4
8
17
a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. Of the selected families only those which have both hus-
band and wife present appear in this table.
& This column includes 16 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
c This column includes 3 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
TABLE 74. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers,,
by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, rjowever, are for
all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 10. Of the selected families only those which have
both husband and wife present appear in this table.)
General nativity and race of head of family.
Under
$400.a
$400 and
under $600.
$600 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White . .
35.3
20.8
8 2
16 7
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, German.
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
28.6
18.2
29.4
27 6
13.0
16 7
21.3
22 4
German
28 6
32 4
26 7
29 3
Hebrew Russian
16 7
37 5
30 0
26 7
Italian, South
40 3
66 7
(*1
45 8
Polish
33 3
51 2
11 1
36 3
Grand total . .
31 1
38 8
16 2
29 4
Total native-born of foreign father
18.8
36 4
16 0
23 8
Total native-born. .
27 3
28 3
10 8
19 6
Total foreign-born
31 8
42 4
21 3
33 2
Per cent of wives having employment or keeping
boarders or lodgers where husbands' earnings
are—
a, This column includes 3 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
748 The Immigration Commission.
It will be seen that except in the families of the native-born of
native father, the proportion of wives either working or keeping
boarders or lodgers is greater where the husbands' wages are between
$400 and $600 than where they are under $400, and that in every
case the percentages in the $600 group are smaller than in the $400 to
$600 group. The latter showing needs no special mention; the former
showing is partially explained by the fact that in Milwaukee many
of the families where the husbands' wages are exceptionally low live
in such small and poor apartments that they find it impossible to
keep boarders or lodgers, and only those of the wives who are able
to leave their houses can contribute to the family income. Though
the South Italian women do not work for wages, as has been pre-
viously mentioned, the proportion of families keeping boarders or
lodgers among the South Italians is so large as to make the propor-
tion of wives who contribute to the family fund higher than in any
other race.
CHAPTEK VI.
ASSIMILATION.
RESIDENCE IN APARTMENT, NEIGHBORHOOD, AND CITY.
The readiness with which the American speech and American cus-
toms are adopted by immigrants coming to the United States is to
a considerable extent a matter of environment. Continuous residence
in a foreign colony in one of the large cities gives limited opportuni-
ties of becoming acquainted with American ways. In the larger col-
onies English is heard infrequently, and in many instances a colony
has its own church with a foreign clergyman and its own school with
foreign teachers.
The table below, based on General Table 255, shows, by the number
of years the household has been established in the United States, the
percentage of the households of each race which have lived the entire
time since marriage or arrival in the United States in the city, the
neighborhood, and the apartment:
TABLE 75. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States
and by general nativity and race of head of household.
[Length of time established in the United States is for families formed in the United States the number
of years since marriage, and for families formed abroad the number of years the family has resided in the
United States.]
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in—
Per cent which have spent
whole time in—
Apart-
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
25
12
12
27
27
50
6
72
29
9
3
4
12
10
7
20
11
12
25
22
44
4
68
23
22
11
12
25
24
45
5
24
36.0
8
44.4
37.0
14.0
(a)
18.1
27.6
80.0
M
(a)
92.6
81.5
88.0
(a)
94.4
79.3
88.0
8
92.6
88.9
90.0
(a)
95.8
82.8
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Italian, South
13
8
Polish
Grand total
2GO
66
229
237
25.4
88.1
91.2
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
Total native-born
24
49
211
7
16
50
23
43
186
23
45
192
29.2
32.7
23.7
95.8
87.8
88.2
95.8
91.8
91.0
Total forei°Ti-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
749
750
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 75. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent whole time in
apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time established in the United States
and by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued.
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number which have spent
whole time in—
Per cent which have spent
whole time in—
Apart-
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Apart-
ment.
Neighbor-
hood.
City.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German . . .
24
12
5
9
16
15
7
35
33
1
14
9
5
8
13
8
6
25
27
18
11
5
8
15
9
6
25
28
4.2
(a)
(a)
i
<°L
15.2
58.3
%
$
(a)
(a)
71.4
81.8
75.0
n
1
c
71.4
84.8
Polish
2
3
1
3
1
1
5
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
156
17
115
125
10.9
73.7
80.1
Total native-born of foreign father . .
Total native-born
17
41
115
2
3
14
14
28
87
16
34
91
Wr.3
12.2
(a)
68.3
75.7
(a)
82.9
79.1
Total foreign-born ...
ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
53
41
1
4
21
29
29
35
1.9
9.8
39.6
70.7
54.7
85.4
Polish
3
3
3
(a)
(a)
(a)
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
44
3
25
30
6.8
56.8
68 2
German
98
3
56
70
3 1
57 1
71 4
Hebrew, Russian
37
1
17
23
2.7
45.9
62.2
Hebrew, Other
9
5
6
(a)
(a)
(a)
Italian, South
28
19
19
.0
67.9
67.9
Polish..
88
9
72
73
10.2
81.8
83 0
Grand total .
401
21
247
288
5.2
61.6
71.8
Total native-born of foreign father . . .
Total native-born
44
97
4
5
32
53
38
67
9.1
5 2
72.7
54 6
86.4
69 1
Total foreign-born
304
16
194
221
5.3
63.8
72.7
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
102
65
11
7
55
49
69
57
10.8
10.8
53.9
75.4
67.6
87.7
Polish
20
6
20
20
30.0
100.0
100.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian .
80
18
58
63
22.5
72.5
78.8
German
141
14
91
109
9.9
64.5
77.3
Hebrew, Russian
102
11
69
77
10.8
67.6
75.5
Hebrew, Other
22
1
15
17
4.5
68.2
77.3
Italian South
135
14
112
113
10 4
83 0
83 7
Polish .
150
22
122
125
14.7
81.3
83.3
Grand total .... ....
817
104
591
650
12.7
72.3
79.6
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
Total native-born
85~
187
13
24
69~
124
77~
146
isTif
' 12.8
81.2
66.3
goTe
78.1
Total foreign-born . .
630
80
467
504
12.7
74.1
80.0
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
751
Among the households established in the United States less than
five years, the proportions which have lived only in the neighborhood
of their present residence, as well as the proportions which have
resided only in Milwaukee, are larger for all of the foreign races, with
the exception of the Poles, than for the native-born of native father.
Among households that have been established in the United States
ten years or over the native-born of native father show smaller pro-
portions of households living only in the district or city than any of
the other races; the Russian Hebrews rank second in this respect.
Approximately 80 per cent of Polish households have always lived in
Milwaukee and ia the same district.
, Disregarding length of establishment, the second generation Poles
show the largest percentage of households which have always resided
in Milwaukee and in the same district; the second generation Ger-
mans show the second largest percentage ; and the lowest percentage
is shown among the native-born of native father, about two-thirds
of whom have always lived in Milwaukee, and slightly more than half
in the neighborhood of their present abode. On the whole, the
native-born of foreign father show the least tendency to change places
of residence, and the native-born as a whole show the greatest.
YEARS IN THE UNITED STATES.
The following table classifies foreign-born male heads of households
according to the number of years since their first arrival in the United
States. The table is drawn from General Table 221.
TABLE 76. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States, under Jive years, Jive to nine years, etc., by race oj individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the United States
each specified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian...
German
71
109
91
20
145
131
15
13
30
2
19
11
14
8
14
7
70
12
9
19
31
4
46
49
33
69
16
7
10
59
21.1
11.9
33.0
10.0
13.1
8.4
19.7
7.3
15.4
35.0
48.3
9.2
12.7
17.4
34.1
20.0
31.7
37.4
46.5
63.3
17.6
35.0
6.9
45.0
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other.
Italian South
Polish.
Total
567
90
125
158
194
15.9
22.0
27.9
34.2
752
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 567 heads of households included in this table, 15.9 per cent
have been in the United States under five years, 37.9 per cent have
been here under ten years, and 65.8 per cent have been here under
twenty years. The Russian Hebrews and South Italians show the
large proportions of recent immigrants; more proportionally of the
Russian Hebrews than of any other race have come to this country
within the last five years and a larger proportion of the South Italians
than of any other race have come within the last ten years. The
Germans are, on the whole, the oldest immigrants, 63.3 per cent
having been in the United States twenty years or more. The Poles
also and the Bohemians and Moravians have large per cents of immi-
grants of long residence in the country.
The length of residence of all foreign-born members of households,
including male heads of households, appears in the following table,
which is derived from General Table 222 :
TABLE 77. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States under five
years, five to nine years, etc., by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number -in the United States
each specified number of years.
Per cent in the United States
each specified number of years.
Under
9.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 to
19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian...
Canadian (other than
French)
200
2
1
323
365
68
1
597
1
1
361
2
1
8
59
35
25
81
2
29.5
(a)
(a)
20.4
48. ,8
26.5
&
$
21.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
17.5
(a)
S.2
19.7
35.3
(a)
32.5
(•)
(a)
10.8
(0)
(a)
(a)
12.5
n
y.2
22.2
10.3
(a)
18.6
(a)
(a)
30.7
(a)
(a)
(a)
40.5
(a)
w
54.2
9.3
27.9
(0)
2.7
(a)
(a)
37.4
(a)
(a)
(a)
English
1
49
81
7
German . .
66
178
18
33
72
24
175
34
19
1
16
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
276
1
1
76
2
-•y
194
111
Magyar. . .
Polish.
39
111
135
Russian
Scotch...
"T
1
Slovak
Total
1,931
684
398
386
403
35.4
20.6
20.0
24.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 1,931 persons included in this table, 35.4 per cent have come
to the United States within five years. Within ten years 56 per
cent have come, as compared with 20 per cent in the ten-year period
just preceding. Twenty-four per cent, or nearly one-fourth, have a
residence in this country of twenty years or more. The Germans are,
on the whole, the oldest immigrants, the Bohemians and Moravians
being second oldest, and the Poles ranking third. The Russian
Hebrews have the highest per cent of persons in this country under
five years and the South Italians the highest per cent here under
ten years.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
753
The following figures afford a comparison of the male heads of
households and foreign-born members of households, exclusive of male
heads, with respect to length of residence in the United States. The
per cents are :
Years in the United States.
Male heads
of house-
holds.
Other
members of
households.
Under 5 years
15.9
43.5
5 to 9 years. .
22 0
20 0
10 to 19 years
27 9
16 7
20 years or over
34.2
19 7
The male heads of households are, on the whole, much older resi-
dents in the United States than the other members of their households.
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
Ill considering in the six tables which follow the positions of the Ger-
mans, the Bohemians and Moravians, and the Poles, the large majority
of whom have come from German-speaking countries, it should be
remarked that in Milwaukee German is spoken almost as universally
as English, and therefore the incentive for races speaking German to
learn English is not nearly as great as in most cities.
The following table shows the number and per cent of male heads
of households who speak English. The table is based on General
Table 256.
TABLE 78. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak English, by
general nativity and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who speak
English.
Per cent
who speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
57
18
71
109
91
20
145
132
57
18
39
68
54
14
68
76
100.0
(a)
54.9
62.4
59.3
70.0
46.9
57. G
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German .
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other -.
Italian South
Polish
Grand total
643
394
61.3
Total native-born of foreign father
75
568
75
319
100.0
56.2
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 568 immigrant heads of households of non-English-speaking
races, only 319, or 56.2 per cent, speak the English language. Fewer
than half of the South Italian heads of households, and only a little
more than half of the Bohemian and Moravian and Polish heads of
households in the above table speak English. Among the foreign-
born the Hebrews other than Russian have the highest per cent of
English-speaking persons.
754
The Immigration Commission.
In the following table male heads of households are divided into
three groups, according to the length of residence in the United States,
and the number and per cent of English-speaking persons is shown
for each group. The table is based on General Table 257.
TABLE 79. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by years in the United States and race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the
United States each
specified number
of years.
Number who speak
English by years
in the United
States.
Per cent who speak
English by years
in the United
States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German.
71
109
91
20
145
132
15
13
30
2
19
11
14
8
14
7
70
12
42
88
47
11
56
109
2
2
11
1
1
2
9
2
8
4
24
5
28
64
35
9
43
69
(a)
(a)
36.7
(a
(a
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
34.3
(a)
66.7
72.7
74.5
(a)
76.8
63.3
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Italian, South . . .
Polish
Total
£68
90
125
353
19
52
248
21.1
41.6
70.3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Among the heads of households who have been in the United States
ten years or over, the Poles have shown the least inclination to learn
English, and the South Italians the greatest. The figures for the
total foreign-born indicate that the proportion of English-speaking
heads of households increases as the length of residence in the United
States increases.
In the following table the ability to speak English is related to the
age of the heads of households at the time of their arrival in the United
States. The table is drawn from General Table 258.
TABLE 80. — Number of foreign-born male heads of households who speak English, by age
at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each specified
age at time of coming.
Number who speak
English, by age at
time of coming.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Bohemian and Moravian
71
109
91
20
145
132
6
18
6
1
6
IS
65
91
85
19
139
117
5
18
6
1
6
14
34
50
48
13
62
62
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Italian, South
Polish .
Total
568
52
516
50
269
This table indicates that the immigrants who come to this country
as young children learn English much more readily than immigrants
who are older at coming. Ninety-six and two-tenths per cent of
those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
755
States can speak English, and only 52.1 per cent of those who were
14 years of age or over when they came to the United States are able
to speak the language of the new country. Among those who were
14 years of age or over at time of coming, the Russian Hebrews show
56.5 per cent of English speaking persons, the Germans 54.9 per cent,
the Poles 53 per cent, the Bohemians and Moravians 52.3 per cent,
and the South Italians 44.6 per cent.
The table which follows shows the ability to speak English of the
individuals of each sex in the households studied. The table is based
on General Table 259.
TABLE 81. — Number and per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
sex and general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Number who speak
English.
Per cent who speak
English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Bohemian and Moravian.
Canadian, French..
73
65
1
2
1
206
58
54
1
188
93
156
160
34
185
1
1
160
138
1
2
1
387
129
88
1
344
197
314
343
68
579
1
1
352
8
73
65
1
2
1
206
58
54
1
176
34
85
82
24
33
138
1
2
1
387
129
87
1
315
95
184
202
49
193
100.0
100.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a)
93.6
36.6
54.5
51.3
70.6
17.8
8
31.9
100.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
100.0
100.0
98.9
(a)
91.6
48.2
58.6
58.9
72.1
33.3
i
40.3
(a)
Danish
Dutch
German
181
71
34
181
71
33
100.0
100.0
97.1
Hebrew
Italian South
Norwegian
Polish
156
104
158
183
34
394
139
61
99
120
25
160
89.1
58.7
62.7
65.6
73.5
40.6
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South. . . .
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
192
8
91
3
51
142
3
47.4
(a)
Slovak
Grand total
1,588
1,366
2,954
1,056
873
1,929
66.5
63.9
65.3
Total native-born of foreign
father
515
1,073
576
790
1,091
1,863
497
559
564
309
1,061
868
96.5
52.1
97.9
39.1
97.3
46.6
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The inclusion in this table of all the male members of the household
of foreign birth has increased the proportion who can speak English
as compared with the table for male heads except in the case of the
South Italians and Poles. A comparison ^of the order of the races
in the two tables will show a slight change, 'though the South Italians
still have the lowest per cent and the Hebrews other than Russian the
highest. Among the second generation the only races showing any
members unable to speak English are the Poles and the South Italians.
Among the foreign-born the difference between the proportions of males
and of females who speak English is noticeable. This difference is ac-
counted for, in part at least, by the fact that most of the women are
not compelled by their work to mingle with English-speaking people,
and by their greater timidity in attempting to use a strange language.
The greatest difference is found among the South Italian women who,
it will be remembered, seldom leave their homes. The women among
756
The Immigration Commission.
the Hebrews other than Russian show the most marked tendency to
learn English, the proportion of English-speaking females for this race
being almost as high as the corresponding proportion of males.
The next table, based on General Table 260, gives the information
regarding ability to speak English, by sex and by years in the United
States.
TABLE 82. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table
includes only non- English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in the
United States
each specified
number of years.
Number who speak
English, by years
in the United
States.
Per cent who speak
English, by years
in the United
States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German.
104
158
183
34
394
192
8
31
35
85
5
158
46
7
22
16
38
15
149
20
1
51
107
60
14
87
126
11
13
43
4
27
8
3
16
8
28
12
67
10
34
78
49
9
66
73
35.5
37.1
50.6
(a)
17.1
17.4
(a)
72.7
(a)
73.7
(a)
45.0
50.0
(0)
66.7
72.9
81.7
(a)
75.9
57.9
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Polish
Slovak
Total
1,073
367
261
445
109
141
309
29.7
54.0
G9.4
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German. .
93
156
25
22
13
17
55
117
8
2
4
8
22
75
32.0
9.1
(a)
(a)
40.0
64.1
Hebrew, Russian
160
71
34
55
21
23
38
29.6
67.6
69.1
Hebrew, Other
34
13
9
12
8
6
10
(a)
(a)
(a)
Italian, South..
185
100
45
40
11
7
15
11.0
15.6
37.5
Lithuanian
1
1
(a)
Magyar
1
1
(«)
Polish
160
21
18
121
2
5
44
9.5
(a)
36.4
Total
790
254
136
400
52
53
204
20.5
39.0
51.0
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
German
197
314
56
57
35
33
106
224
19
15
20
16
56
153
33.9
26.3
57.1
48.5
52.8
68.3
Hebrew, Russian
343
156
72
115
64
51
87
41.0
70.8
75.7
Hebrew Other
68
18
24
26
12
18
19
(a)
75.0
73.1
Italian, South
579
258
194
127
38
74
81
147
38.1
63.8
1
1
(a)
Magyar
1
1
w
Polish...
352
67
38
247
10
15
117
119
39.5
47.4
Slovak
g
7
1
3
(a)
(0)
Total . .
1,863
621
397
845
161
194
513
25.9
48.9
60.7
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The same difference that was shown in the previous table between
the ability of the males and the females to speak English is seen in
each group of this table. In the total the South Italians show a
greater tendency to learn English after they have been in the United
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
757
States some years than do either the Bohemians and Moravians or
the Poles.
^ The third table, based on General Table 261, shows ability to speak
English, by sex and by age at time of coming to the United States.
TABLE 83. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each speci-
fied age at time
of coming.
Number who speak
English, by age
at time of coining.
Per cent who speak
English, by age
at time of coming
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Bohemian and Moravian
German
104
158
183
34
394
192
8
26
45
48
9
62
36
78
113
135
25
332
156
8
23
43
48
9
52
35
38
56
72
16
108
56
3
88.5
95.6
100.0
(a)
83.9
97.2
48.7
49.6
53.3
64.0
32.5
35.9
(0)
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other...
Italian. South
Polish
Slovak
Total
1,073
226
847
210
349
92.9
41.2
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
German
93
156
21
58
72
98
14
55
20
30
66.7
94.8
27.8
30.6
Hebrew, Russian
160
53
107
48
34
90.6
31.8
Hebrew, Other
Italian South
34
185
9
32
25
153
9
22
15
11
(£*
60.0
7 2
Lithuanian
1
1
(a)
Magvar.
1
1
(0)
Polish
160
40
120
34
17
85 0
142
Total
790
213
577
182
127
85 4
22 0
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian
197
47
150
37
58
78 7
38 7
German
314
103
211
98
86
95.1
40.8
Hebrew, Russian.
343
101
242
96
106
95.0
43.8
Hebrew Other
68
18
50
18
31
(a)
62 0
Italian, South
579
94
485
74
119
78.7
24.5
Lithuanian.
1
1
(a)
Maevar
1
1
(°)
pS.:::"::::::":::::::::::::
352
76
276
69
73
90.8
26.4
Slovak . .
g
8
3
(a)
Total.
1,863
439
1,424
392
476
89.3
33.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The persons who came to the United States before they were 14
years of age have the largest proportions of English-speaking persons.
The difference, too, between males and females is less marked among
those who came before they were 14 than among those who came after
that age. Among the males the per cent for each race in the age group
under 14 is approximately twice as large in the older age group.
Among the females the difference is still greater; for every race
except the Hebrew, other than Russian, the per cent of those speak-
ing English in the age group under 14 is about three times as great
758
The Immigration Commission.
as in the group 14 or over. In the age group under 14, all of the
Hebrew males, Russian and other, are able to speak English; all of
the Hebrew females other than Russian and 90.6 per cent, the second
highest per cent in the group, of the Russian Hebrew females speak
English. In the age group 14 or over the Hebrews other than Rus-
sian show the largest proportions of any race for both males and fe-
males, and the Russian Hebrews rank second in each case. The South
Italians show the smallest proportions of English-speaking persons of
any race in both age groups for the males, and for the females the sec-
ond lowest proportions in the age group under 14, and the lowest pro-
portions in the group 14 or over.
LITERACY.
The six tables which follow deal with literacy for heads of house-
holds and for individuals. The term literacy as used in the following
text means ability to both read and write.
TABLE 84. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and write, by
general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Per cent who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Read.
Read and
write.
Native born of native father White
94
57
18
71
109
91
20
145
132
94
57
18
71
109
87
20
57
113
94
57
18
71
109
86
20
55
101
100.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
100. t)
95.6
100.0
39.3
85.6
100.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
100.0
94.5
100.0
37.9
76.5
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
Polish
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian South
Polish.
Grand total
737
623
608
84.5
82.5
Total native-born of foreign father
75
169
568
73
167
456
73
167
441
97.3
98.8
80.3
97.3
98.8
77.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the total native-born 1.2 per cent can not read or write and of
the foreign-born 19.7 per cent are unable to read or write and 22.4
per cent are unable to write.
For five races, the native-born of native father, the second genera-
tion German, the Bohemian and Moravian, the German, and the
Hebrew, other than Russian, all of the heads of households are able
to read and write. For but two races are the proportions of persons
unable to read or write of particular note; only 39.3 per cent of the
South Italian heads of households are able to read, and only 37.9
Eer cent are able to read and write; of the Polish heads of house-
olds, 14.4 per cent are unable to read or write and 23.5 per cent
are unable to write.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
759
The following table shows literacy for foreign-born male heads of
households by years in the United States:
TABLE 85. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and write, by
years in the United States and race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Number in the
Number who read
Per cent
who read
Number
United States each
specified number
and write,by years
in the United
and write, by years
in the United
Race of individual.
reporting
complete
of years.
States.
States.
data.
Under
5..
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
71
15
14
42
15
14
42
(0
i
100.0
German
109
13
8
88
13
8
88
(a
^
100.0
Hebrew, Russian
91
30
14
47
28
13
45
83
3
i
95.7
Hebrew, Other
20
2
7
11
2
7
11
(a
(a)
Italian, South
145
19
70
56
8
26
21
(a
37' 1
37.5
Polish
132
11
12
109
9
7
85
(a
78.0
Total
568
90
125
353
75
75
291
83.3
60.0
82.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The numbers in the groups under 10 years in this table are too
small to be any certain indication of tendencies. In the group of
earlier comers the relative position of the races and the proportion
in each race who read and write are almost identical with the show-
ing in the previous table for all male heads of households.
The table, based on General Table 264, showing literacy of
foreign-born male heads of households according to the age at time
of coming to the United States, is given below.
TABLE 86. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who read and
write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number each specified
age at time of com-
ing.
Number who read and
write, by age at time
of coming.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Bohemian and Moravian
71
109
91
20
145
132
6
18
6
1
6
15
65
91
85
19
139
117
6
18
6
1
2
15
65
91
80
19
53
86
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian South
Polish
Total
568
52
516
48
394
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 516 male heads of households who came to the United States
after they had reached the age of 14 years, 76.2 per cent can read and
write, and of the 52 male heads of households who were under 14
years of age at the time of their arrival in this country, 92.3 per cent
are literate. While the numbers of those who came to the United
States before they were 14 years of age are small, it is of interest that
all such persons of every race except the South Italians are able to
760
The Immigration Commission.
read and write. Among persons who were 14 years of age or over at
the time of their arrival in this country, the Bohemians and Moravians
and the Germans are all literate, the Russian Hebrews show 94.1
per cent of literates, the Poles 73.5 per cent, and the South Italians
38.1 per cent.
The table below, based on General Table 265, gives for practically
ail individuals of each sex over 10 years of age in the households
studied the number and per cent of those able to read and write.
TABLE 87. — Number and per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and write, by
sex and general nativity and race of individual.
General nativity and race
of individual.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Number who read and
write.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
205
1
67
......
159
364
1
124
1
1
2
1
2
345
91
6
46
1
254
1
1
187
2
1
303
316
64
1
554
1
1
344
2
1
8
205
1
67
159
364
1
124
1
1
2
1
2
345
91
6
46
1
254
1
1
180
2
1
291
255
60
1
219
100.0
(a)
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
(a)
(a)
(<*)
(a)
(a)
100.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
(a)
100.0
(a)
(a)
96.3
(a)
(a)
96.0
80.7
93.8
(«)
39.5
(0)
(a)
66.9
(a)
(a)
(a)
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father;
Bohemian and Moravian.
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
57
1
57
1
100.0
(«)
1
(a)
Danish
2
1
1
181
40
6
29
1
136
1
2
1
1
181
40
6
29
1
136
1
(0)
(a)
(a)
100.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
(a)
100.0
(a)
Dutch
English
1
1G4
51
1
164
51
(a)
100.0
100.0
German . . .
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
17
17
""iis"
(a)
"ioo.'o"
Nor wegian
Polish
118
Scotch
Welsh
1
99
i
99
.....
150
150
31
(a)
100.0
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
Canadian (other than
French)
88
2
81
2
92.0
(a)
English
i
150
171
31
(a)
100.0
87.7
100.0
"43.T
German
153
145
33
1
171
1
1
158_
""i"
141
105
29
1
54
92.2
72.4
87.9
(a)
31.6
(a)
(a)
62.0
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, South
383
165
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
186
2
132
2
98
230
2
1
7
71.0
(0)
Russian
Scotch
1
(a)
Slovak.
8
7
(a)
Grand total
1, 657
-^—
420
626
1,031
1,369
._ -A-_ ; __
456
615
754
3,026
876
1,241
1,785
1,363
420
626
737
1,127
456
615
512
2,490
876
1,241
1,249
82.3
100.0
100.0
71.5
82.3
82.3
100.0
100.0
70.0
Total native-born of foreign
father
100.0
100.0
67.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
All of the native-born persons and 70 per cent of all immigrants
read and write. Among the foreign races, it will be noticed that in
literacy, as in ability to speak English, the females fall below the
males, but the greatest difference in this table between the sexes is
among the Hebrews, Russian and other, instead of among the South
Italians, as was the case in ability to speak English.
The proportions of the total persons of each race able to read and
write snow the following order of per cent for races represented by
twenty or more persons.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
761
Per cent.
Native-born, all races 100. 0
Foreign-born :
Bohemian and Moravian 96. 3
German 96. 0
Hebrew, Other 93.8
Per cent.
Foreign-born — Continued .
Hebrew, Russian 80. 7
Polish 66. 9
Italian, South 39. 5
Literacy, by sex and by years in the United States, is shown in the
table below, based upon General Table 266.
TABLE 88. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who
read and write, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
report-
ing com-
plete,
data.
Number in the
United States each
specified number
of years.
Number who read
and write. by
years in the United
States.
Per cent who read
and write, by years
in the United
States.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian...
English
99
1
150
171
31
383
186
2
8
27
21
51
1
107
60
14
87
126
27
21
51
1
107
57
14
38
92
100.0
"ioo.'o"
77.3
(a)
41.7
65.9
fa)
100.0
"(a)"
97.2
(0)
44.1
(a)
100.0
(a)
100.0
95.0
(&7
73.0
German
29
75
5
151
41
2
7
14
36
12
145
19
29
58
5
63
27
2
7
14
35
12
64
13
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South...
Polish
Russian
Slovak
1
(a)
fa)
Total
1,031
337
248
446
218
159
360
64.7
64.1
80.7
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Canadian (other than
French)
88
2
22
11
55
2
22
11
48
2
100.0
(a)
87.3
fa)
German
153
20
16
117
12
14
115
60.0
(a)
983
Hebrew Russian
145
58
32
55
35
30
40
60.3
93.8
72.7
Hebrew, Other
33
12
9
12
10
9
10
(a)
(a)
(a)
Irish
1
1
1
(a)
Italian, South
171
91
40
40
28
14
12
30.8
35.0
30.0
1
1
fa)
Magyar
1
1
M
Polish
158
20
17
121
9
10
79
• 45.0
(*)
65.3
Scotch
1
1
1
(0)
Total
754
225
125
404
116
88
308
51.6
70.4
76.2
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian.. .
Canadian (other than
French)
187
2
49
32
106
2
49
32
99
2
100.0
100.0
93.4
(°)
English
1
1
1
(a)
German
303
49
30
224
41
28
222
83.7
93.3
99.1
Hebrew, Russian
316
133
68
115
93
65
97
69.9
95.6
84.3
Hebrew, Other
64
17
21
26
15
21
24
(a)
100.0
92.3
Irish *
1
1
1
fa)
Italian , South
554
242
185
127
91
78
50
37.6
42.2
39.4
]
1
fa)
1
I
(a)
Polish
34-1
61
36
247
36
23
171
59.0
63.9
69.2
2
2
2
(a)
Scotch
1
1
1
(a)
Slovak
8
1
7
(a)
(a)
Total
1,785
562
373
850
334
247
668
59.4
66.2
78.6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
25608°— VOL 26—11 49
762
The Immigration Commission.
If the males and females are considered separately the proportion
of literates is greater among persons in the United States ten years or
over than among those in the United States under five years in every
instance except among the Bohemian and Moravian and the South
Italian females. In the total of males and females the only exception
is among the Bohemians and Moravians. As in the previous table, the
proportion of literates among the females for each race and in each
group is smaller than among the males of the corresponding race and
group.
Literacy is considered in connection with the age of the immigrant
at time of coming in the table below, based on General Table 267.
TABLE 89. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who
read and write, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of indi-
vidual.
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
report-
ing com-
plete
data.
Number each spec-
ified age at com-
ing.
Number who read
and write, by age
at coming.
Percent who read
and write, by age
at coming.
Under
14.
14 or
over.
Under
14.
14 or
over.
Under
14.
14 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian
99
1
150
171
31
383
186
2
8
21
1
37
36
6
51
30
78
21
1
37
36
6
33
30
78
100.0
(a)
100.0
English
German
113
135
25
332
156
2
8
113
114
25
132
102
2
7
100.0
100.0
(a)
64.7
100.0
100.0
84.4
100.0
39.8
65.4
n
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, South
Polish
Russian ...
Slovak
Total
1,031
182
849
164
573
90.1
67.5
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
88
16
72
15
66
(a)
91.7
Canadian (other than French) . .
German
2
153
1
55
1
98
]
55
1
SI
w
100.0
(a)
87.8
Hebrew Russian
145
38
107
36
69
94.7
64.5
Hebrew, Other
33
8
25
8
21
(a)
84.0
Irish
1
1
1
(a)
Italian South
171
18
153
11
43
(a)
28.1
1
1
(a)
Magyar
1
1
(a)
Polish
158
38
120
33
65
86.8
54.2
Scotch
1
1
1
(a)
Total
754
174
580
159
353
91.4
60.9
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian
187
37
150
36
144
97.3
96.0
Canadian (other than French)..
English
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
a
(0)
German . .
303
92
211
92
199
100.0
94.3
Hebrew Russian
316
74
242
72
183
97.3
75.6
Hebrew, Other
64
14
50
14
46
(0)
92.0
Irish
1
1
(a)
Italian South
554
69
485
44
175
63.8
36.1
1
1
(a)
Magvar
1
1
(<*)
Polish
344
68
276
63
167
92.6
60.5
2
2
2
(°)
Scotch
1
1
1
(a)
Slovak
8
8
7
(a)
Total
1,785
35G
1,429
323
926
90.7
04. 8
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
763
The proportion of literates is higher in every case among both
males and females for persons who were under 14 years of age at time
of coming to this country than for those who were over that age. It
will be remembered that the same showing was made in the corre-
sponding table dealing with ability to speak English. The greatest
difference between the two age groups is found among the South
Italians and Poles.
The females in both age groups show a smaller proportion of literacy
for each race than do the males. The difference between the sexes is
less on the whole in the group under 14 than in the group 14 years of
age or older.
In all the tables showing literacy the Bohemians and Moravians,
the Germans, and the Hebrews other than Russian stand high,
showing in all cases for the males between 90 per cent and 100 per cent
literate, and in the totals of the sexes more than 80 per cent. The
South Italians in every instance stand lowest; in all cases where per
cents are computed, more than half of the South Italians are able to
read and write.
CITIZENSHIP.
The tables which follow show to what extent steps have been taken
toward naturalization by the members of each race. The first table
shows political condition for all foreign-born male heads of households
over 21 years of age who have been in the United States five years or
over. The table is derived from General Table 268.
TABLE 90. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads oj households who have
been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time
of coming, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first papers
only.
Bohemian and Moravian
38
61
41
15
100
72
26
42
28
8
32
45
11
16
12
5
55
22
68.4
68.9
68.3
(a)
32.0
62.5
28.9
26.2
29.3
(°)
55.0
30.6
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Italian. South
Polish
Total
327
181
121
55.4
37.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
More than two-thirds of the Bohemians and Moravians, the Ger-
mans, and the Russian Hebrews, and nearly two-thirds of the Poles
are fully naturalized. Less than one-third of the South Italians have
secured both papers. In this connection the fact should be noted
that more than 80 per cent of the Germans and the Poles and nearly
60 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians have been in the United
States ten years or over, while but 38.6 per cent of the South Italians
have resided here that length of time.
764
The Immigration Commission.
If all who have taken any steps toward citizenship be considered
together, and the per cent for each race compared with the per cent
who have resided in the United States ten years or over, the races will
appear as follows:
In the
First or
United
second
States 10
papers.
years or
over.
Per cent.
Per cent.
97 6
51 7
Bohemian and Moravian
97.3
59 2
German
95 1
80 7
Polish
93.1
82.4
South Italian
87.0
38 6
According to this showing the Poles manifest the least desire to
become citizens.
The table below gives political condition for foreign-born male
heads of households in the United States five to nine years.
TABLE 91. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of households who have
been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over at time of
coming, by race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first papers
only.
Bohemian and Moravian
11
8
11
6
G3
10
1
9
7
3
45
7
Hebrew, Russian
3
1
7
Hebrew Other
Italian, South
Polish
Total
109
12
78
Only the figures for the South Italians and the total include 20
or more persons. Of the 63 South Italians 7, or 11.1 per cent, have
become full citizens and 45, or 71.4 per cent, have taken out only their
first papers. Of the 109 foreign-born 12, or 11 per cent, are fully
naturalized, and 78, or 71.6 per cent, have declared their intention
of becoming citizens.
Two tables, based on General Table 269, show the political condi-
tion of all males over 21 years of age in the households studied. The
table for all foreign-born males who have been in the United States
five years or over is next submitted.
Immigrants in Cities: Milwaukee.
765
TABLE 92. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the
United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming,
by race or individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Per cent.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Bohemian and Moravian
41
68
47
16
140
74
1
26
47
31
8
43
45
12
18
13
5
76
22
63.4
69.1
66.0
(1o.7
60.8
(0)
29.3
26.5
27.7
(«)
54.3
29.7
(a)
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian. South
Polish.
Slovak
Total
387
200
146
51.7
37.7
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
For no race, except for the South Italians, does the number of male
members who are not heads of households exceed 7. The inclusion
of these other members reduces slightly the proportion fully natural-
ized for each race except the German, and changes only very slightly
the proportion of persons having first papers alone. Including per
cents both for those who are fully naturalized and for those who have
first papers alone, the order of the races is somewhat changed, the
Germans being first instead of third as in the table concerned only
with heads of households.
The information for foreign-born males over 21 years of age who
have been in the United States five to nine years is given in the table
below :
TABLE 93. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the
United States 5 to 9 years, and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by
race of individual.
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Bohemian and Moravian
14
8
14
6
93
10
1
1
10
7
9
3
66
6
German
Hebrew Russian
3
1
9
Hebrew, Other ...
Italian South
Polish
Slovak
Total
146
14
101
Of the total of 146 foreign-born males who have been in the United
States five to nine years 14, or 9.6 per cent, have become fully natu-
ralized and 101, or 69.2 per cent, have taken out their first but not
their second papers. Of the 93 South Italians, 9.7 per cent are citi-
zens, while 71.3 per cent have only their first papers.
LIST OF TEXT TABLES.
PART L-SUMMARY FOR SEVEN CITIES,
CHAPTER I. — Introduction:. Page.
Table 1. — Number of households and of individuals studied, by city 8
CHAPTER II. — Composition of population studied:
Table 2. — Number of households and of individuals studied, by general
nativity and race of head of household 11
Table 3. — Number of households included in detailed study, by general
nativity and race of head of household and by city 12
Table 4. — City distribution of households studied, by race — Percentages. . 13
Table 5. — Race distribution of households studied, by city — Percentages. . 14
Table 6. — Total number of persons in households, by general nativity and
race of head of household and by city ^ 15
Table 7. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
general nativity and race of head of household 16
Table 8. — Per cent of heads of households within each specified age group,
by general nativity and race of individual 17
Table 9. — Per cent of heads of households within each specified age group,
by general nativity of individual and by city 19, 20
Table 10. — Per cent of heads of households within each specified age group,
by general nativity and race of individual and by city 20-22
Table 11. — Per cent of persons within each specified age group, by sex and
by general nativity and race of head of household 22, 23
Table 12. — Number and per cent of foreign -born male heads of households
in the United States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of indi-
vidual -. 25
Table 13. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
in the United States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by city 27
Table 14. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
in the United States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of indi-
vidual and by city 28, 29
CHAPTER III. — Living conditions:
Table 15. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. 31
Table 16. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity of head of household and by city. 32, 33
Table 17. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household and
by city 34, 35
Table 18. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of Household 36
Table 19. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity of head of household and by city 38
Table 20. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household and by city 39-41
Table 21. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 42
Table 22. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity of head of household and by city. 43
Table 23. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household and
by city 45-47
Table 24. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 48
767
768 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER III. — Living conditions — Continued. Page.
Table 25. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per room, by general nativity of head of household
and by city 50, 51
Table 26. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold and by city 52, 53
Table 27. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household 54
Table 28. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity of head of house-
hold and by city 56, 57
Table 29. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household and by city 58-60
Table 30. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 61
Table 31. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per room, by general nativity of head of household and
by city 62
Table 32. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold and by city 63-65
Table 33. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household 66
Table 34. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per sleeping room, by general nativity of head of house-
hold and by city 67
Table 35. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household and by city 68-70
Table 36. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per room, by race of head and by years head
has been in the United States 71, 72
Table 37. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per room, by years head has been in the
United States and by city ^ 73
Table 38. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per sleeping room by race of head and by years
head has been in the United States 74, 75
Table 39. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per sleeping room, by years head has been in
the United States and by city 76
Table 40. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household 77
Table 41. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by city 78
Table 42. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single
family without boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head
of household 79
Table 43. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household 81
Table 44. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity of head of household and by city 83
Table 45. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household and by city 84-86
Table 46. — Number and per cent of foreign households keeping boarders or
lodgers, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States. 87
Table 47. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household 88
Table 48. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen-
eral nativity of head of household and by city 89. 90
Immigrants in Cities: List of Text Tables. 769
CHAPTER III. — Living conditions — Conditions. Page.
Table 49. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household and by city 91-93
Table 50. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful occupa-
tion is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household 94
Table 51. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful occupa-
tion is pursued, by city 95
Table 52. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful occupa-
tion is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household and
by city 96
Table 53. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each
specified number of households, by general nativity and race of head
of household 97
Table 54. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each
specified number of households, by city 98
Table 55. — Per cent of households where toilet is used by each specified
number of households, by general nativity and race of head of household. 99
Table 56. — Per cent of households where toilet is used by each specified
number of households, by city 101
Table 57. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general
nativity and race of head of household 102
Table 58. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity and race of head of family 103, 104
Table 59. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity of head of family and by city 104, 105
Table 60. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity and race of head of family and by city 106-108
Table 61. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household 109
Table 62. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity of head of household and by city 110
Table 63. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household and by
city . Ill, 112
Table 64. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household 113
Table 65. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity of head of household and by city 114, 115
Table 66. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household and by city . 115, 117
Table 67. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity and race of head of household 118
Table 68. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity of head of household and by city 119
Table 69. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity and race of head of household and by
city 121-123
CHAPTER IV. — Economic status:
Table 70. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were
engaged in farming abroad, by race individual 125
Table 71. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were
engaged in farming abroad, by city 127
Table 72. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were
engaged in farming abroad, by race of individual and by city 127, 128
Table 73. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over in each specified indus-
try, by general nativity and race of individual 130, 131
Table 74. — Per cent of females 16 years of age or over in each specified
industry, by general nativity and race of individual ' 132
Table 75. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by general nativity and race of individual 133, 134
Table 76. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age, at
home, at school, and at work, by race of father and by general nativity
of child 135
Table 77. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual 136, 137
770 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER IV. — Economic status — Continued. Page.
Table 78. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or
over, by general nativity and race of individual 138
Table 79. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of family 139
Table 80. — Per cent of male heads of families earning each specified amount
per year, by general nativity and race of individual 140
Table 81. — Per cent of male heads of families earning under $100, under
$200, etc., per year, by general nativity and race of individual 141
Table 82. — Per cent of male heads of families earning each specified amount
per year, by city 142
CHAPTER V. — Assimilation:
Table 83. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent
whole time in apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time
established in the United States and by general nativity of race of head of
household 143-145
Table 84. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak
English, by general nativity and race of individual 146
Table 85. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. . 148
Table 86. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race
of individual 149
Table 87. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and
who read and write, by general nativity and race of head of household- . 150
Table 88. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual . 152
Table 89. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and
race of individual 153
Table 90. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 years or over, and who were
21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 155
Table 91. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21
years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 155, 156
PART II —NEW YORK,
CHAPTER II. — Territory:
Table 1. — Number of households studied in the Elizabeth street district,
by general nativity and race of head of household 164
Table 2. — Number of households studied in the East One hundred and
fourteenth street district, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 164
Table 3. — Number of households studied in the Monroe street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 165
Table 4. — Number of households studied in the Suffolk street district, by
general nativity arid race of head of household 166
Table 5. — Number of households studied in the Forsyth street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 166
Table 6. — Number of households studied in the East Third street district,
by general nativity and race of head of household 167
Table 7. — Number of households studied in the East Seventy- third street
district, by general nativity and race of head of household 167
Table 8. — Number of households studied in the East Eighty -first street dis-
trict, by general nativity and ra'ce of head of household 168
Table 9. — Number of households studied in the East One hundred and
twenty-fifth street district, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 168
Table 10. — Number of households studied in the Greenwich street district,
by general nativity and race of head of household 169
Table 11. — Number of households studied in the West Twenty-seventh
street district, by general nativity and race of head of household 170
Immigrants in Cities: List of Text Tables. 771
CHAPTER II.— Territory— Continued. Page.
Table 12. — Number of households studied in the West Forty-ninth street
district, by general nativity and race of head of household 170
Table 13.— Number of negro households studied in the West Sixty-second
street district, by general nativity and race of head of household 171
CHAPTER III. — Composition of population studied:
Table 14. — Total number of households studied in blocks investigated and
households included in detailed study, by general nativity and race of
head of household 173
Table 15. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed
information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 174
Table 16. — Country of birth of foreign-born Hebrew heads of household. . . 175
Table 17. — Province of birth of foreign-born South Italian heads of house-
hold 175
Table 18. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
general nativity and race of head of household '. 176
Table 19. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex
and general nativity and race of individual 177
Table 20. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by se«x and general
nativity and race of head of household 178, 179
Table 21. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in
the United States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual. . 180
Table 22. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under 5 years, under 10 years, and under 20 years, by race of
individual 181
CHAPTER IV. — Living conditions:
Table 23. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 183
Table 24. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household 185
Table 25. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 186
Table 26. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold V 187
Table 27. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of
head of household 188
Table 28. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 189
Table 29. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 190
Table 30. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per sleeping rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household 191
Table 31. — Average number of adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 192
Table 32. — Average number of persons and adults per apartment, per room,
and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 193
Table 33. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per room, by race of head and by years head
has been in the United States 194
Table 34. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
.specified number of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by
years head has been in the United States 195, 196
Table 35. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household 197
Table 36. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household 198
Table 37. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single
family without boarders or lodgers 199
772 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER IV. — Living conditions — Continued. Page.
Table 38.— Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household 200
Table 39. — Number and per cent of foreign-born households keeping
boarders or lodgers, by race of head and by years head has been in the
United States 201
Table 40. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful employ-
ment is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household 202
Table 41. — Number of apartments in which each specified kind of gainful
employment is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 203
Table 42. — Number of apartments in which gainful employment is pur-
sued, by general nativity and race of head of household. 203
Table 43. — Number of apartments in which gainful employment is pur-
sued by male head of household, wife of head, etc., by general nativity
and race of head of household 204
Table 44. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each
specified number of households, by general nativity and race of head of
household 205
Table 45. — Per cent of households where toilet is used by each specified
number of households, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 206
Table 46. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each
specified kind of toilet, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 207
Table 47. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general
nativity and race of head of household 208
Table 48. — Number and per cent of households living in basement apart- .
ments, by general nativity and race of head of household 209
Table 49. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity and race of head of family 209
Table 50. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household 210
Table 51. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household 211
Table 52. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity and race of head of household 212
Table 53. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head
of household 213
CHAPTER V. — Economic status:
Table 54. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households,
16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were
engaged in farming abroad, by race of individual 215
Table 55. — Occupation of male heads of households ranking first and
second in numerical importance, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual 216
Table 56. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who are in
business for profits, by general nativity and race of individual 217
Table 57. — Number and per cent of female heads of households who are in
business for profits, by general nativity and race of individual 218
Table 58. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual 218, 219
Table 59. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by gen-
eral nativity and race of individual 220
Table 60. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. 221, 222
Table 61. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age
at home, at school, and at work, by race of father and by birthplace of
child , 223
Table 62. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual 224
Table 63. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or
over, by general nativity and race of individual 225
Table 64. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each speci-
fied amount, by general nativity and race of head of family 226
Table 65. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual . 227
Immigrants in Cities: List of Text Tables. 773
CHAPTER V. — Economic status — Continued. Page.
Table 66. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity
and race of individual 228
Table 67. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. 229
Table 68. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general
nativity and race of head of family 230
Table 69. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general
nativity and race of head of family 230
Table 70. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of family 231
Table 71. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family 232
Table 72. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband,
wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general
nativity and race of head of family 232
CHAPTER VI. — Assimilation:
Table 73. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak
English, by general nativity and race of individual 235
Table 74.— Number and per cent of females who speak English, by general
nativity and race of individual 236
Table 75. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. . 237
Table 76. — Number and per cent of foreign-bom male heads of households
who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and
race of individual 237
Table 77. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read
and who read and write, by general nativity and race of individual 238
Table 78. — Number and per cent of female heads of households and wives
of heads who read and who read and write, by general nativity and race
of individual 239
Table 79. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and
write, by years in the United States and race of individual 240
Table 80. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and
race of individual 240
Table 81. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who
were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 241
Table 82. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21
years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 242
Table 83. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent
whole time in apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time
established in the United States and by general nativity and race of head
of household 243, 244
PART III— CHICAGO,
CHAPTER II. — Territory:
Table 1. — Number of households studied in the Allport street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 252
Table 2. — Number of households studied in the West Twentieth street dis-
trict, by general nativity and race of head of household 252
Table 3. — Number of households studied in the Jefferson street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 253
Table 4. — Number of households studied on the Huron street block, by
general nativity and race of head of household 254
Table 5. — Number of households studied on the West Forty-fifth street
block, by general nativity and race of head of household 254
Table 6. — Number of households studied in the Oakley avenue district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 255
Table 7. — Number of households studied on the Ewing street block, by
general nativity and race of head of household 256
774 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER II. — Territory — Continued. Page.
Table 8. — Number of households studied on the Gault court block, by
general nativity and race of head of household 256
Table 9. — Number of households studied on the Peoria street block, by
general nativity and race of head of household 257
Table 10.— Number of households studied on the Paulina street block, by
general nativity and race of head of household 257
Table 11. — Number of households studied on the West Thirty-third street
block, by general nativity and race of head of household 258
Table 12. — Number of households studied on the Mackinaw avenue block,
by general nativity and race of head of household 259
Table 13.— Number of households studied on the Cleaver street block, by
general nativity and race of head of household 259
Table 14. — Number of households studied on the Wood street block, by
general nativity and race of head of household 260
Table 15. — Number of households studied on the Buffalo avenue block
(near Eighty-second street), by general nativity and race of head of
Household 260
Table 16.— Number of households studied on the Cly bourn avenue block,
by general nativity and race of head of household 261
Table 17. — Number of households studied in the Laflin street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 262
Table 18. — Number of households studied on the Townsend street block, by
general nativity and race of head of household 262
Table 19.— Number of households studied on the Buffalo avenue block
(near Eighty-eighth street), by general nativity and race of head of
household 203
CHAPTER III. — Composition of population studied:
Table 20. Total number of households studied in blocks investigated and
households included in detailed study, by general nativity and race of
head of household 265, 266
Table 21. — Country of birth of foreign-born Polish heads of households 266
Table 22 . — Country of birth of foreign-born Hebrew heads of households 266
Table 23. — Province of birth of foreign-born South Italian heads of house-
. holds 267
Table 24. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed
information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 267
Table 25. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
general nativity and race of head of household 268
Table 26. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex
and general nativity and race of individual 269, 270
Table 27. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of head of household 271, 272
Table 28. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in
the United States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual. . 273
CHAPTER IV. — Living conditions:
Table 29. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 275
Table 30. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household 276
Table 31. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 277
Table 32. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household 278
Table 33. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of
head of household 279
Table 34. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 280
Table 35. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold . ..." !........ 281
Table 36. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household.., 282
Immigrants in Cities: List of Text Tables. 775
CHAPTER IV. — Living conditions — Continued. Page.
Table 37. — Average number of adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 283
Table 38. — Average number of persons and of adults per apartment, per
room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of
household 284
Table 39.— Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per room, by race of head and by years head
has been in the United States 285,286
Table 40. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by years
head has been in the United States 287
Table 41. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household 288
Table 42. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single
family without boarders or lodgers 290
Table 43. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household ^ . . 291
Table 44. — Number and per cent of foreign households keeping boarders or
lodgers, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States . . 292
Table 45. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household 293
Table 46. — Number and per cent of persons in apartments who are boarders
or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household 294
Table 47. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful employ-
ment is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household 295
Table 48. — Number of apartments in which gainful employment is pursued
by male head of household, wife of head, etc., by general nativity and
race of head of household 295
Table 49. — Number of apartments in which each specified kind of gainful
employment is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 296
Table 50. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each
specified number of households, by general nativity and race of head of
household 297
Table 51. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each
specified kind of toilet, by general nativity and race of head of household . 298
Table 52. — Per cent of households where one toilet is used by each specified
number of households, by general nativity and race of head of household . 299
Table 53. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general
nativity and race of head of household 300
Table 54. — Number and per cent of households living in basement apart-
ments, by general nativity and race of head of household 301
Table 55. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativ-
ity and race of head of family 302
Table 56. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household 303
Table 57. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household 304
Table 58. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity and race of head of household 305
Table 59. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of
household 306
CHAPTER V. — Economic status:
Table 60. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States who were
engaged in farming abroad, by race of individual 307
Table 61. — Occupation of male heads of households ranking first and second
in numerical importance, by general nativity and race of individual 308
Table 62. — Number and per cent of male heads who are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual 309
Table 63. — Number and per cent of female heads who are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual 310
Table 64. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual 310, 311
776 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER V. — Economic status — Continued. Page.
Table 65. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual 312
Table 66. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. 313, 314
Table 67. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at
home, at school, and at work, by race of father and by general nativity of
child 315
Table 68. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual 315, 316
Table 69. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. 317
Table 70. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified
amount, by general nativity and race of head of family 318
Table 71. — Per cent of total yearly income from husband, wife, children,
boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of
head of family 319
Table 72. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from hus-
band, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general
nativity and race of head of family 320
Table 73. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family 321
Table 74. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. . 322
Table 75. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity
and race of individual 323
Table 76. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. . . 324
Table 77. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family 325
Table 78. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family ." 326
CHAPTER VI. — Assimilation:
Table 79. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent
whole time in apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time
established in the United States and by general nativity and race of
head of household 327-329
Table 80. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in
the United States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual. . 331
Table 81. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under 5 years, under 10 years, etc., by race of individual 331
Table 82. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak
English, by general nativity and race of individual 332
Table 83. — Number and per cent of females who speak English, by general
nativity and race of individual 333
Table 84. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual . . 334
Table 85. — Number and per cent of foreign -born male heads of households
who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and
race of individual 335
Table 86. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and
who read and write, by general nativity and race of individual 336
Table 87. — Number and per cent of female heads of households and wives
of heads who read and who read and write, by general nativity and race
of individual 337
Table 88. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and
write, by years in the United States and race of individual 338
Table 89. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and
race of individual 339
Table 90. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were
21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 340
Table 91. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were
21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 340
Immigrants in Cities: List of Text Tables. 777
PART IV,— PHILADELPHIA,
CHAPTER II. — Territory: Page.
Table 1. — Number of households studied in Fitzwater street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 348
Table 2. — Number of households studied in Montrose street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 349
Table 3. — Number of households studied in Callowhill street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 350
Table 4. — Number of households studied in Newcomb street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 351
Table 5. — Number of households studied in Blabon street district, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household 352
Table 6. — Number of households studied in Webster street district, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household ". 352
Table 7. — Number of households studied in Carl ton street district, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household 353
Table 8. — Number of households studied in Lombard street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 354
Table 9. — Number of households studied in Rodman street and Twelfth
street districts, by general nativity and race of head of household 355
CHAPTER III. — Composition of population studied:
Table 10. — Total number of households studied in blocks investigated and
households included in detailed study, by general nativity and race of
head of household 357
Table 11. — Country of birth of foreign-born Hebrew heads of households. . 358
Table 12. — Country of birth of foreign-born Polish heads of households 358
Table 13.— Province of birth of foreign-born South Italian heads of house-
holds 358
Table 14. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed
information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 359
Table 15. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
general nativity and race of head of household 360
Table 16.— Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex
and general nativity and race of individual 361
Table 17. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of head of household 362, 363
Table 18. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
in the United States under five years, five to nine years, ten to nineteen
years, and twenty or over, by race of individual 364
CHAPTER IV. — Living conditions:
Table 19. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 365
Table 20. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household 366
Table 21 . — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 367
Table 22. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household 367
Table 23. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of
head of household 368
Table 24. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 369
Table 25. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household 370
Table 26. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of
head of household 371
Table 27. — Average number of adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 372
25608°— VOL 26—11 50
778 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER IV. — Living conditions — Continued. Page.
Table 28. — Average number of persons and of adults per apartment, per
room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of
household 372
Table 29. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per room, by race of head and by years head
has been in the United States 373,374
Table 30. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by
years head has been in the United States 375
Table 31. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household 376
Table 32. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household 377
Table 33. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single
family without boarders or lodgers 378
Table 34. — Number and per cent of foreign households keeping boarders
or lodgers, by race of head and by years head has been in the United
States 379
Table 35. — Number and per cent of persons in apartments who are boarders
or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household 379
Table 36. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household 380
Table 37. — Number of apartments in which gainful employment is pur-
sued, by general nativity and race of head of household 381
Table 38. — Number of apartments in which gainful employment is pur-
sued by male head of household, wife of head, etc., by general nativity
and race of head of household 382
Table 39. — Number of apartments in which each specified kind of gainful
employment is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold : 382
Table 40. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each
specified number of households, by general nativity and race of head of
household 383
Table 41. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each
specified kind of water supply, by general nativity and race of head of
household - 384
Table 42. — Per cent of households where toilet is used by each specified
number of households, by general nativity and race of head of household . 385
Table 43. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each
specified kind of toilet, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 386
Table 44. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general
nativity and race of head of household 387
Table 45. — Number and per cent of households living in basement apart-
ments, by general nativity and race of head of household 388
Table 46. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity and race of head of family 389
Table 47. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household 390
Table 48. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household 391
Table 49. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity and race of head of household 392
Table 50. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head
of household 393
CHAPTER V. — Economic status :
Table 51. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States who were
engaged in farming abroad, by race of individual 395
Table 52. — Occupation of male heads of households ranking first and second
in numerical importance, by general nativity and race of individual 396
Table 53. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who are in
business for profits, by general nativity and race of individual 397
Table 54. — Number of female heads of households who are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual 397
Immigrants in Cities: List of Text Tables. 779
CHAPTER V. — Economic status — Continued. Page-
Table 55. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual 398
Table 56. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual 399
Table 57. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. . 400
Table 58. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at
home, at school, and at work, by race of father and by birthplace of child . 401
Table 59. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual 402
Table 60. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual 403
Table 61. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each speci-
fied amount, by general nativity and race of head of family 404
Table 62. — Per cent of total yearly income from husband, wife, children,
boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of
head of family 405
Table 63. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general
nativity and race of head of family 406
Table 64. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family 407
Table 65. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. . 408
Table 66. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity
and race of individual 408
Table 67. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. . 409
Table 68. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family 410
Table 69. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by earnings of husband and by general nativity and
race of head of family 410
CHAPTER VI. — Assimilation:
Table 70. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent
whole time in apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time
established in the United States and by general nativity and race of head
of household 413, 414
Tabte 71. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under 5 years, under 10 years, and under 20 years, by race of indi-
vidual 415
Table 72. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak
English, by general nativity and race of individual 416
Table 73. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual . 416
Table 74. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and
race of individual 417
Table 75. — Number and per cent of females who speak English, by general
nativity and race of individual 417
Table 76. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and
who read and write, by general nativity and race of individual 418
Table 77. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and
write, by years in the United States and race of individual 419
Table 78. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and
race of individual 419
Table 79. — Number and per cent of females who read and who read and
write, by general nativity and race of individual 420
Table 80. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were
21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 421
Table 81. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21
years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 422
780 The Immigration Commission.
PART V— BOSTON,
CHAPTER II. — Territory: Page.
Table 1. — Number of households studied in the Barton street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 427
Table 2. — Number of households studied in the Hanover street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 429
Table 3. — Number of households studied in the Morton street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 430
Table 4. — Number of households studied in the Washington village dis-
trict, by general nativity and race of head of household. 431
Table 5. — Number of households studied in the Hudson street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 432
Table 6. — Number of households studied in the Second street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 433
Table 7. — Number of households studied in the Silver street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 433
CHAPTER III. — Composition of population:
Table 8. — Total number of households studied in blocks investigated and
households included in detail study, by general nativity and race of head
of household 435
Table 9. — Country of birth of foreign-born Polish heads of households. . . . 436
Table 10. — Province of birth of foreign-born South Italian heads of house-
holds ". 436
Table 11. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed
. information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold . 437
Table 12. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
by general nativity and race of individual 437, 438
Table 13. — Sex^of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
general nativity and race of head of household 438
Table 14. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex
and general nativity and race of individual ." 439, 440
Table 15. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of head of household 440, 441
Table 16. — Number and per cent of persons 20 years of age or over in each
conjugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. 442, 443
Table 17. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
in the United States under five years, five to nine years, etc., by race- of
individual r 445
Table 18. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under five years, under ten years, etc., by race of individual 445
Table 19.— Number and per cent of foreign-born persons in the United
States under five years, five to nine years, etc., by race of individual. . . 446
Table 20. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States under
five years, under ten years, etc., by race of individual 446
CHAPTER IV. — Living conditions:
Table 21. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 447
Table 22. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household 448
Table 23. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household. — 449
Table 24. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household 450
Table 25. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of
head of household 451
Table 26. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 452
Table 27. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household 453
Table 28. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household 454
Immigrants in Cities: List of Text Tables. 781
CHAPTER IV. — Living conditions — Continued. Page.
Table 29. — Average number of persons and of adults per apartment, per
room, and sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 455
Table 30. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per room, by race of head and by years head
has been in the United States 456
Table 31. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by
years head has been in the United States 457
Table 32. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household 458
Table 33. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household 459
Table 34. — Numoer and per cent of households which consist of a single
family without boarders or lodgers 460
Table 35. — Number and per cent of foreign households keeping boarders or
lodgers, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States. . 461
Table 36. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household 462
Table 37. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful employ-
ment is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household 463
Table 38. — Number of apartments in which gainful employment is pur-
sued, by male head of household, wife of head, etc., by general nativity
and race of head of household 463
Table 39. — Number of apartments in which each specified kind of employ-
ment is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household 464
Table 40. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each speci-
fied number of households, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 464
Table 41. — Per cent of households where toilet is used by each specified
number of households, by general nativity and race of head of household . 465
Table 42. — Number and per cent of households living in basement apart-
ments, by general nativity and race of head of household 466
Table 43. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general
nativity and race of head of household 467
Table 44. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general na-
tivity and race of head of family 468
Table 45. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household 468
Table 46. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household 469
Table 47. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity and race of head of household 470
Table 48. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head
of household 470
CHAPTER V. — Economic status:
Table 49. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States who were
engaged in farming, by race of individual 473
Table 50. — Occupation of male heads of households ranking first and second
in numerical importance, by general nativity and race of individual 474
Table 51. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who are in
business for profits, by general nativity and race of individual 475
Table 52. — Number and per cent of female heads of households who are in
business for profits, by general nativity and race of individual 475
Table 53. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual 476
Table 54. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual 477
Table 55. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. 478, 479
782 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER V. — Economic status — Continued. Page.
Table 56. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 1.6 years of age
at home, at school, and at work, by race of father and by birthplace of
child 480
Table 57. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual 481
Table 58. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or
over, by general nativity and race of individual , 482
Table 59.— Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each speci-
fied amount, by general nativity and race of head of family 483
Table 60. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of family 484
Table 61. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family 485
Table 62. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband,
wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity
and race of head of family 485
Table 63. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. . 487
Table 64. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity
and race of individual 487
Table 65. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. . 488
Table 66. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general na-
tivity and race of head of family 489
Table 67. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general na-
tivity and race of head of family 489
CHAPTER VI. — Assimilation:
Table 68. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak
English, by general nativity and race of individual 491
Table 69. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. 492
Table 70. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and
race of individual 492
Table 71. — Number and per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who
speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual 493
Table 72. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or
over who speak English, by sex, years in the United States, and race of
individual 494
Table 73. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over
who speak English, by sex, age1 at time of coming to the United States,
and race of individual 495
Table 74. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and
write, by general nativity and race of individual 496
Table 75. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and
write, by years in the United States and race of individual 497
Table 76. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and
race of individual 497
Table 77. — Number and per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who
read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual 498
Table 78. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age
or over who read and write, by sex, years in the United States, and race
of individual 499, 500
Table 79. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or
over who read and write, by sex, age at time of coming to the United
States, and race of individual 500, 501
Table 80. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States five years or over and who
were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 502
Table 81. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States five to nine years and who
were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. . . 503
Immigrants in Cities: List of Text Tables. 783
CHAPTER VI.— Assimilation— Continued. p<ige-
Table 82. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have
been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age
or over at time of coming, by race of individual 503
Table 83. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have
been in the United States five to nine years and who were 21 years of age
or over at time of coming, by race of individual 504
Table 84. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent
whole time in apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time
established in the United States and by general nativity and race of
head of household 505, 506
PART VL— CLEVELAND,
CHAPTER II. — Territory:
Table 1. — Number of households studied in the commercial road district,
by general nativity and race of head of household 513
Table 2. — Number of households studied in the Douse avenue district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 514
Table 3. — Number of households studied in the Franklin avenue district,
by general nativity and race of head of household 515
Table 4. — Number of households studied in the Literary road district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 516
Table 5. — Number of households studied in the Mayfield road district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 516
Table 6. — Number of households studied in the Ontario street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 517
Table 7. — Number of households studied in the Washington street district,
by general nativity and race of head of household 518
Table 8. — Number of households studied in the East Twenty-sixth street
district, by general nativity and race of head of household 519
Table 9. — Number of households studied in the East Thirty-ninth street
district, by general nativity and race of head of household 519
Table 10. — Number of households studied in the East Fifty-fourth street
district, by general nativity and race of head of household 520
CHAPTER III. — Composition of population:
Table 11. — Number of households studied in blocks investigated and
households included in detailed study, by general nativity and race of
head of household 521
Table 12. — Country of birth of foreign-born Hebrew heads of households. . 522
Table 13. — Country of birth of foreign-born Polish heads of households 522
Table 14. — Province of birth of foreign-born South Italian heads of house-
holds 523
Table 15. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed
information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 523
Table 16. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex
and by general nativity and race of individual 524
Table 17. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
general nativity and race of head of household 525
Table 18. — Number and per cent of persons in apartments who are boarders
or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household 526
Table 19. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex
and general nativity and race of individual 527
Table 20. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of head of household 528, 529
Table 21. — Number and per cent of persons 20 years of age or over in each
conjugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. 530, 531
Table 22. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds in the United States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of
individual 532
Table 23. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons in the United
States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual 533, 534
784 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER IV. — Living conditions: Page.
Table 24. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 537
Table 25. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household 538
Table 26. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 539
Table 27. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household 540
Table 28. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of
head of household 541
Table 29. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 542
Table 30. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 543
Table 31. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household 544
Table 32. — Average number of adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 545
Table 33. — Average number of persons and of adults per apartment, per
room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of heaa of
household 546
Table 34. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per room, by race of head and by years head
has been in the United States 547
Table 35. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by
years head has been in the United States 548
Table 36. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household 549
Table 37. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single
family without boarders or lodgers 551
Table 38. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household 552
Table 39. — Number and per cent of foreign households keeping boarders or
lodgers, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States. 553
Table 40. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general
nativity and race of head of household 554
Table 41. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful employ-
ment is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household 555
Table 42. — Number of apartments in which each specified kind of employ-
ment is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household 555
Table 43. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each
specified number of households, by general nativity and race of head of
household 556
Table 44. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each
specified kind of water supply, by general nativity and race of head of
household 557
Table 45. — Per cent of households where toilet is used by each specified
number of households, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold ...... 558
Table 46. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each
specified kind of toilet, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold ...!. ' 559
Table 47. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general
nativity and race of head of household 560
Table 48.— Number and per cent of households living in basement apart-
ments, by general nativity and race of head of household 561
Table 49. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity and race of head of family 561
Table 50. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household 562
Immigrants in Cities: List of Text Tables. 785
CHAPTER IV.— Living conditions— Continued. Page-
Table 51. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household 563
Table 52. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity and race of head of household 564.
Table 53. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head
of household '. 565
CHAPTER V. — Economic status:
Table 54. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States who were
engaged in farming abroad, by race of individual 567
Table 55. — Occupation of male heads of households ranking first and
second in numerical importance, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual : 568
Table 56. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who are in
business for profits, by general nativity and race of individual 569
Table 57. — Number and per cent of female heads of households who are in
business for profits, by general nativity and race of individual 570
Table 58. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual 570
Table 59. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by gen-
eral nativity and race of individual 571
Table 60. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by general nativity and race of individual 572, 573
Table 61. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at
home, at school, and at work, by race of father and by birthplace of child . 574
Table 62. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual 575
Table 63. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or
over, by general nativity and race of individual 576
Table 64. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each speci-
fied amount, by general nativity and race of head of family 577
Table 65. — Per cent of total yearly income from husband, wife, children,
boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of
head of family 578
Table 66. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of family 579
Table 67. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family 580
Table 68. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. 581
Table 69. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity
and race of individual 583
Table 70. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. 582
Table 71. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativ-
ity and 'race of head of family 584
Table 72. — Per cent of selected families in which wife has employment or
k'eeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general
nativity and race of head of family 584
CHAPTER VI. — Assimilation:
Table 73.— Number and per cent of family households which have spent
whole time in apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time estab-
lished in the United States and by general nativity and race of head of
household 587, 588
Table 74. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
in the United States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of indi-
vidual 590
Table 75. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons in the United
States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of individual 591
Table 76. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under five years, under ten years, etc., by race of individual 592
Table 77. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States under
5 years, under 10 years, etc., by race of individual 593
Table 78. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak
English, by general nativity and race of individual 594
786 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER VI. — Assimilation — Continued. Page,
Table 79. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. 594
Table 80. — Number and per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual 595
Table 81. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or
over who speak English, by sex, years in the United States, and race of
individual 596, 597
Table 82. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or
over who speak English, by sex, age at time of coming to the United
States, and race of individual 598
Table 83. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read
and who read and write, by general nativity and race of individual 599
Table 84. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read
and write, by years in the United States and race of individual 600
Table 85. — Number and per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read
and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual 601
Table 86. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or
over who read and write, by eex, years in the United States, and race of
individual '. 602, 603
Table 87. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or
over who read and^ write, by Bex, age at time of coming to the United
States, and race of individual 604
Table 88. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were
21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 605
Table 89. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21
years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 606
Table 90. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have
been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or
over at time of coming, by race of individual 607
Table 91. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been
in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over
at time of coming; by race of individual 608
PART VII —BUFFALO,
CHAPTER II. — Territory:
Table 1. — Number of households studied in Erie street district, by general
nativity and race of head of household 613
Table 2. — Number of households studied in Kosciusko street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 614
Table 3. — Number of households studied in Mortimer street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 615
Table 4. — Number of households studied in Seneca street district, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household 615
CHAPTER III. — Composition of population:
Table 5. — Total number of households studied in blocks investigated and
households included in detailed study, by general nativity and race of
head of household 617
Table 6. — Country of birth of foreign-born Polish heads of households 618
Table 7. — Province of birth of South Italian heads of households 618
Table 8. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed
information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 619
Table 9. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
general nativity and race of head of household 619
Table 10. — Number and per cent of persons in apartments who are boarders
or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household 620
Table 11. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by Bex
and by general nativity and race of individual 621
Table 12. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of head of household 622
Immigrants in Cities: List of Text Tables. 787
CHAPTER III. — Composition of population — Continued. Page-
Table 13. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
in the United States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of indi-
vidual...: 623
CHAPTER IV. — Living conditions:
Table 14. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 626
Table 15. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household 627
Table 16. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 628
Table 17 — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household 629
Table 18. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household 630
Table 19. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 631
Table 20. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household 632
Table 21. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household 633
Table 22. — Average number of adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 633
Table 23. — Average number of persons and of adults per apartment, per
room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of
household 634
Table 24. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per room, by race of head and by years head
has been in the United States 635
Table 25. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by
years head has been in the United States 636
Table 26. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household 637
Table 27. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single
family without boarders or lodgers 638
Table 28. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household 640
Table 29. — Number and per cent of foreign households keeping boarders or
lodgers, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States. 641
Table 30. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general
nativity and race of head of household 642
Table 31. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful employ-
ment is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household 643
Table 32. — Number of apartments in which each specified kind of gainful
employment is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 643
Table 33. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each
specified number of households, by general nativity and race of head of
household 644
Table 34. — Per cent of households where one toilet is used by each specified
number of households, by general nativity and race of head of household . 645
Table 35. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general
nativity and race of head of household 646
Table 36. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativ-
ity and race of head of family 647
Table 37. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household 647
Table 38. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household 648
Table 39. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
person, by general nativity and race of head of household 649
788 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER IV. — Living conditions — Continued. Page.
Table 40. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head
of household 650
CHAPTER V. — Economic status:
Table 41. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States who were 651
engaged in farming abroad, by race of individual
Table 42.— Occupation of male heads of households ranking first and second
in numerical importance, by general nativity and race of individual 652
Table 43. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who are in
business for profits, by general nativity and race of individual 653
Table 44. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual 653
Table 45. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual 654
Table 46. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. 655
Table 47. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at
home, at school, and at work, by race of father and by birth place of child . 656
Table 48. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual 657
Table 49. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual 658
Table 50. — Per cent of women earning each specified amount, by general
nativity 658
Table 51. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each speci-
fied amount, by general nativity and race of head of family 659
Table 52. — Per cent of total yearly income from husband, wife, children,
boarders, or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of
head of family 660
Table 53. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from hus-
band, wife, children, boarders, or lodgers, and other sources, by general
nativity and race of head of family 661
Table 54. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family 662
Table 55. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. 663
Table 56. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity
and race of individual 663
Table 57. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. 664
Table 58. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family 665
Table 59. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders of lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family 665
CHAPTER VI. — Assimilation:
Table 60. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent
whole time in apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time estab-
lished in the United States, and by general nativity and race of head of
household 667, 668
Table 61. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
in the United States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of indi-
vidual .669
Table 62. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under five years, under ten years, etc., by race of individual 670
Table 63. — N umber "and per cent of male heads of households who speak
English, by general nativity and race of individual 670
Table 64. — Number and per cent of females who speak English, by general
nativity and race of individual 671
Table 65. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. 672
Table 66. — Number of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of indi-
vidual 672
Table 67. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and
who read and write, by general nativity and race of individual 673
Immigrants in Cities: List of Text Tables. 789
CHAPTER VI. — Assimilation — Continued. Page.
Table 68. — Number and per cent of females who read and who read and
write, by general nativity and race of individual 674
Table 69. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and
write, by years in the United States and race of individual 675
Table 70. — Number of foreign-born male heads of households who read and
write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of indi-
vidual 675
Table 71. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were
21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 676
Table 72. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21
years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 677
PART VIII —MILWAUKEE,
CHAPTER II. — Territory:
Table 1. — Number of households studied on the State street block, by
general nativity and race of head of household 683
Table 2. — Number of households studied on the Walnut street block, by
general x_ati vity and race of head of household 684
Table 3. — Number of households studied on the Twenty-first street block,
by general nativity and race of head of household 684
Table 4. — Number of households studied on the Pulaski street block, by
general nativity and race of head of household 685
Table 5. — Number of households studied on the Garden street block, by
general nativity and race of head of household 686
Table 6. — Number of households studied in the Fourteenth street district,
by general nativity and race of head of household 687
Table 7. — Number of households studied in the Jefferson street district,
by general nativity and race of head of household 688
Table 8. — Number of households studied on the VHet street block, by
general nativity and race of head of household 689
Table 9. — Number of households studied in the Tenth street district, by
general nativity and race of head of household 689
Table 10. — Number of households studied in the selected American dis-
trict, by general nativity and race of head of household 690
CHAPTER III. — Composition of population studied:
Table 11. — Total number of households studied in blocks investigated and
households included in detailed study, by general nativity and race of
head of household 691
Table 12. — Country of birth of foreign-born Polish heads of households 692
Table 13. — Country of birth of foreign-born Hebrew heads of households... 692
Table 14. — Province of birth of foreign-born South Italian heads of
households 692
Table 15.— Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed
information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold 693
Table 16. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
by general nativity and race of individual 694
Table 17. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
general nativity and race of head of household 695
Table 18. — Per cent of heads of households within each age group, by sex
and general nativity and race of individual 695, 696
Table 19. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of head of household 697
Table 20. — Number and per cent of persons 20 years of age or over in each
conjugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race of individual 698-700
Table 21. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
in the United States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of indi-
vidual 700
Table 22. — Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households in the United
States under five years, under ten years, etc., by race of individual 701
790 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER III. — Composition of population studied — Continued. Page.
Tabe 23. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States
under five years, five to nine years, etc., by race of individual 701
Table 24. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States under 5
years, under 10 years, etc., by race of individual 702
CHAPTER IV. — Living conditions:
Table 25. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 703
Table 26. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household 704
Table 27. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified num-
ber of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household 705
Table 28. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household 706
Table 29. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of
head of household 707
Table 30. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 707
Table 31. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household 708
Table 32. — Number and per cent of households which have each specified
number of adults per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of
head of household 709
Table 33. — Average number of adults per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 710
Table 34. — Average number of persons and of adults, per room and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household 710
Table 35. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per room, by race of head and by years head
has been in the United States 711, 712
Table 36. — Number and per cent of foreign households which have each
specified number of adults per sleeping room, by race of head and by
years head has been in the United States 713
Table 37. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household 714
Table 38. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household 715
Table 39. — Number and per cent of households which consist of a single
family without boarders or lodgers 716
Table 40. — Number and per cent of foreign households keeping boarders or
lodgers, by race of head and by years head has been in the United States. . 717
Table 41. — Number and per cent of persons in apartments who are boarders
or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household 717
Table 42. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general
nativity and race of head of household 718
Table 43. — Number and per cent of apartments in which gainful employ-
ment is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household 719
Table 44. — Number of apartments in which each specified kind of employ-
ment is pursued, by general nativity and race of head of household 719
Table 45. — Per cent of households where water supply is used by each speci-
fied number of households, by general nativity and race of head of
household 720
Table 46. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each
specified kind of water supply, by general nativity and race of head of
household 721
Table 47. — Per cent of households where toilet is used by each specified
number of households, by general nativity and race of head of household . . 722
Table 48. — Number and per cent of households which have access to each
specified kind of toilet, oy general nativity and race of head of household . 723
Table 49. — Per cent of apartments where care is good, fair, etc., by general
nativity and race of head of household 724
Immigrants in Cities: List of Text Tables. 791
CHAPTER IV. — Living conditions — Continued. Page.
Table 50. — Number and per cent of households living in basement apart-
ments, by general nativity and race of head of household 725
Table 51. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity and race of head of family . 726
Table 52. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household 727
Table 53. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
room, by general nativity and race of head of household 728
Table 54. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
person, by general nativity and race of head of household 728
Table 55. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head
of household 729
CHAPTER V. — Economic status:
Table 56. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were
engaged in farming abroad, by race of individual 731
Table 57. — Occupation of male heads of households ranking first in numer-
ical importance, by general nativity and race of individual 732
Table 58. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who are in
business for profits, by general nativity and race of individual 733
Table 59. — Number of female heads of households who are in business for
profits, by general nativity and race of individual 733-
Table 60. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual 734
Table 61. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual 735
Table 62. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual. . 736
Table 63. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age
at home, at school, and at work, by race of father and by birthplace of
child %. 737
Table 64. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual 738
Table 65. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual 739
Table 66. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified
amount, by general nativity and race of head of family 740"
Table 67. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband,
wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity
and race of head of family 741
Table 68. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of family 742
Table 69. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family 743-
Table 70. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity
and race of individual : 744
Table 71. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual. . 745-
Table 72. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family. . 746-
Table 73. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family 747
Table 74. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family 747
CHAPTER VI. — Assimilation:
Table 75. — Number and per cent of family households which have spent
whole time in apartment, neighborhood, and city, by length of time
established in the United States and by general nativity and race of
head of household 749, 75Q
Table 76. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
in the United States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race of indi-
vidual 751
Table 77. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons in the United
States under 5 years, 5 to 9 years, etc., by race ol individual 752
792 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER VI. — Assimilation — Continued. Page.
Table 78. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who speak
English, by general nativity and race of individual 753
Table 79. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual. 754
Table 80. — Number of foreign-born male heads of households who speak
English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of indi-
vidual 754
Table 81. — Number and per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who
speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual 755
Table 82. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or
over who speak English, by sex, years in the United States, and race of
individual 756
Table 83.— Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or
over who speak English, by sex, age at time of coming to the United
States, and race of individual 757
Table 84. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and
who read and write, by general nativity and race of individual 758
Table 85. — Number and per cent of male heads of households who read and
write, by years in the United States and race of individual 759
Table 86. — Number and per cent of foreign-born male heads of households
who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and
race of individual 759
Table 87. — Number and per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read
and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual 760
Table 88.— Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or
over who read and write, by sex, years in the United States, and race of
individual 761
Table 89. — Number and per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or
over who read vand write, by sex, age at time of coming to the United
States, and race of individual 762
Table 90. — Present political condition of foreign -born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were
21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 763
Table 91. — Present political condition of foreign-born male heads of house-
holds who have been in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21
years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual 764
Table 92. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or
over at time of coming, by race of individual 765
Table 93. — Present political condition of foreign -born males who have been
in the United States 5 to 9 years and who were 21 years of age or over
at time of coming, by race of individual 765
LIST OF CHARTS.
Page.
Number of households studied, by city 9
Per cent of heads of households within each specified age group, by general
nativity and race of individual. Summary of seven cities 18
Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who have been in the United
States each specified number of years, by race of individual. Summary of
seven cities 26
Per cent of households which have two or more persons per room, by city 44
Per cent of households having two or more persons per room, by general nativity
and race of head of household. Summary of seven cities 49
Per cent of households which have three or more persons per sleeping room, by
general nativity and race of head of household. Summary of seven cities. . 55
Per cent of households keeping boarders and Ibdgers, by general nativity and
race of head of household. Summary of seven cities 82
Per cent of households paying rent of $3 or over per month per room, by city. 120
Per cent of foreign-born male heads of households who were engaged in farming
or farm labor before coming to the United States, by race. Summary of
seven cities 126
Per cent of male heads of households who speak English, by general nativity
and race of individual. Summary of seven cities 147
Per cent of male heads of households who read and write, by general nativity
and race of individual. Summary of seven cities 151
Per cent naturalized of foreign-born male heads of households who have been
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at
time of coming, by race. Summary of seven cities 154
25608°— VOL 26—11 51 793
APPENDIXES.
A. — LIST OF BLOCKS CONVASSED, BY CITIES.
B. — SCHEDULES USED IN THE INVESTIGATION.
795
A.— LIST OF BLOCKS CANVASSED, BY CITIES.
NEW YORK.
1. Elizabeth street district.— Elizabeth street, Spring to Houston, east side.
2. Forsyth street district. — Forsyth street, Broom to Delancey, east and west sides.
3. Greenwich street district. — Greenwich street, Leroy to Morton, west side; Green-
wich street, Morton to Barrow, west side; Morton street, Greenwich to Washington,
north and south sides; Greenwich street, King to Charlton, east side.
4. Monroe street district. — Monroe street, Jefferson to Clinton, south side (Rutger
place).
5. Suffolk street district. — Suffolk street, Grand to Hester, east side.
6. Washington street district. — Washington street, Morris to Rector, east side, and
several houses on adjoining streets.
7. East Third street district. — East Third street, avenue A to avenue B, south side.
8. West Twenty-seventh street district. — West Twenty-seventh street, Ninth to Tenth
avenue, south side.
9. West Forty-ninth street district.— West Forty-ninth street, Tenth to Eleventh
avenue, south side.
10. West Sixty-second street district. — West Sixty-second street, Tenth to Eleventh
avenue, south side.
11. East Seventy-third street district. — East Seventy-third street, First avenue to
avenue A, south side.
12. East Eighty-first street district. — East Eighty-first street, First avenue to avenue
A, north side.
13. East One hundred and fourteenth street district. — One hundred and fourteenth
street, Second to First avenue, north side.
14. East One hundred and twenty-fifth street district. — East One hundred and twenty-
fifth street, Second to Third avenue, north and south sides.
CHICAGO.
1. Allport street district. — Allport street, Nineteenth to Twenty-first, west side;
Nineteenth street, May to Fisk, both sides.
2. Buffalo avenue and Eighty -second street district (South Chicago). — Buffalo avenue,
Eighty-second to Eighty-third, both sides.
3. Buffalo avenue and Eighty-eighth street district. — Buffalo avenue, Eighty-sixth to
Eighty-eighth, both sides (South Chicago).
4. Cleaver street district. — Cleaver street, Blackhawk to Blanche, east side.
5. Clybourn avenue district. — Clybourn avenue, Marshfield avenue to Terra Cotta
place, east side.
6. Ewing street district. — Ewing street, Desplaines to Jefferson, both sides.
7. Gault court district. — Gault court, Chicago avenue to Oak street, both sides.
8. Huron street district. — Huron street, Franklin to Orleans, both sides.
9. Jefferson and Maxwell street district. — Halsted street, Fourteenth place to Four-
teenth street, both sides; Liberty street, Union to Jefferson, south side; Thirteenth
street, Jefferson to Clinton, both sides; Jefferson street, Twelfth to Thirteenth, east
side.
10. Laflin street district. — Laflin street, Forty-fifth to Forty-sixth, east side; Forty-
fifth street, Laflin to Loomis, south side; Gross avenue, Laflin to Loomis, north side.
11. Mackinaw avenue district (South Chicago). — Mackinaw avenue, Eighty-sixth to
Eighty-eighth, both sides; Green Bay avenue, Eighty-sixth to Eighty-eighth.
12. Oakley avenue district. — Oakley avenue, Twenty-third to Twenty-fifth, both
sides, Twenty-fourth place, Oakley to WTestern, both sides.
13. Paulina street district. — Paulina street, Forty-fifth to Forty-sixth, both sides.
14. Peoria street district. — Peoria street, Austin to Grand, both sides.
15. Townsend street district. — Townsend street, Oak to Elm, west side.
16. Wood street district. — Wood street, Forty-seventh to Forty-eighth, both sides.
17. West Twentieth street district. — West Twentieth street, Leavitt to Hoyne, both
sides.
18. Thirty-third street district.— Thirty-third street, Halsted to Auburn, both sides.
19. Forty-fifth street district.— Forty-fifth street, Wallace to Stewart, both sides.
797
798 The Immigration Commission.
PHILADELPHIA.
1. Bldbon street district. — Ruffner street, Schuyler to Blabon, both sides.
2. Callowhill street district. — Solid block, between Callowhill and Hamilton, Twenty-
fourth and Twenty-fifth streets.
3. Carlton street district. — Pearl, Wood, and Carlton streets, Seventeenth to Eight-
eenth, both sides; Carlton street, Eighteenth to Nineteenth, both sides.
4. Fitzwater street district. — St. Albans street, Seventh to Eighth, both sides; Cly-
mer street, Seventh to Eighth, both sides; Fitzwater street, Seventh to Eighth, both
sides; Seventh street, Bainbridge to Catharine, west side; Eighth street, Bainbridge
to Catharine, east side.
5. Lombard street district. — Lombard street, Fourth to Fifth, both sides; Monroe
street, Second to Third, south side.
6. Montrose street district. — Christian street, Seventh to Eighth, south side; Salter
street, Seventh to Eighth, both sides; Montrose street, Seventh to Eighth, both sides;
Montrose street,- Fifth to Sixth, both sides.
7. Newcomb street district. — Cayuga street, Wayne to Clarissa, both sides.
8. Rodman and Twelfth street district.— Rodman street, Twelfth to Thirteenth, both
sides; Addison street, alley off Alder street, both sides; Alder street, Waverly to Ad-
dison, both sides; Hutchinson street, Pine to Lombard, west side; Waverly street,
Ninth to Tenth, south side; Waverly street, Tenth to Eleventh, both sides; Kater
street, Thirteenth to Twelfth, both sides; Naudain street, Tenth to Eleventh, both
sides; St. Albans street, Thirteenth to Twelfth, both sides.
9. Webster street district. — Popularly known as Devils Pocket, a group of small
courts, between South Twenty-sixth street and the Naval Hospital.
BOSTON.
1. Barton street district. — Barton street, Lowell to Chambers, both sides; Cushman
avenue, both sides.
2. Hanover street district. — Square bounded by Hanover, Commercial, Charter, and
Henchman streets.
3. Hudson street district. — Oliver place; Hudson street, Beach to Harvard, both sides;
Edinboro street, both sides; a few houses on Harvard street.
4. Morton street district. — Morton street, both sides; Wiget street, both sides; Cross
street, Washington to Endicott, north side; Margin street, Stillman to Wiget, north
side.
5. Second street district. — Second street, Dorchester avenue to Granite street, both
Bides; Colton street, both sides; Granite street, First to Second, both sides; Athens
street, Second to A, both sides; C to D, south side; D to E, both sides.
6. Silver street district. — Silver street, A to F, both sides; Washington place.
7. Washington village district. — Kemp street, both sides; Ellery terrace; Wadleigh
place.
8. Selected Americans. — Scattered houses in Roxbury bounded by Washington
street on the east, Eliot square and Dudley street on the south, Columbus avenue
and the tracks of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad on the west, and
by Lenox street on the north.
9. Selected Greeks. — Most of Curve street and selected houses in the South Cove and
the North End.
CLEVELAND.
1. Commercial road district. — Commercial road, Minkon to Berg, east side; Minkon
street, Commercial road to East Ninth, north side; East Ninth street, Minkon to Berg,
west side; Berg street, Commercial road to East Ninth, south side; Jerome court,
East Seventh to East Ninth, both sides.
2. Douse avenue district. — Douse avenue, Steepleton court to Broadway, both sides;
Dille street, Broadway to the end of the street, both sides.
3. Franklin avenue district. — Franklin avenue, Russian street to Columbus road, both
sides; West Twenty-second place, Russian street to Franklin avenue, both sides;
Riverbed avenue, Russian street to Columbus road; Columbus road, Riverbed avenue
to Lorain avenue, both sides.
4. Literary road district. — Literary road, West Fifth to West Sixth, south side; West
Sixth street, Railroad avenue to Literary road, both sides.
5. May field road district. — East One hundred and twenty-third street, Mayfield road
to the end of the street, west side; East One hundred and twenty-sixth street, Mayfield
road to the end of the street, west side.
Immigrants in Cities: Appendixes. 799
G. Ontario street district. — Newcomb block and a few surrounding houses.
7. Washington street district. — Washington street, West Twenty-fifth to the railroad,
north side; Winslow street, Washington to Mulberry, northwest side; Mulberry street,
Spruce to Maine, both sides; Maine to Washington, northwest side; Maine street,
Mulberry to West Twenty-fifth, both sides; Spruce street, Mulberry to West Twenty-
fifth, southeast side.
8. East Twenty-sixth street district. — East Twenty-fifth street, Woodland avenue to
Pittsburg avenue, both sides; East Twenty-seventh street, Woodland avenue to
Pittsburg avenue, east side.
9. East Thirty-ninth street district. — East Thirty-ninth street, St. Clair street to
Superior, both sides.
10. East Fifty-fourth street district. — East Fifty-fourth street, Marquette street to
the railroad.
BUFFALO.
1. Erie street district. — Canal street, both sides; Fly street, both sides; Peacock street,
both sides; Commercial street, both sides; Evans street, both sides.
2. Kosciuszko street district. — Kosciuszko street, Broadway to Sycamore, both sides.
3. Mortimer street district. — Mortimer street, Broadway to William, both sides.
4. Seneca street district. — Seneca street, Alabama to Louisiana, both sides; Louisiana
to Chicago, south side.
MILWAUKEE.
1. Garden street district. — First avenue, Rogers to Burnham streets, east side; Garden
street, Rogers to Burnham, east side.
2. Jefferson street district. — Jefferson street, Huron to Detroit, both sides; Detroit
street, Jefferson to Jackson, both sides; Van Buren street, Huron to Michigan, east side.
3. PulasJci street district. — Entire street on east side, down to Hamilton street on west
side.
4. State street district. — State street, Seventh to Eighth, south side.
5. Vliet street district. — Sixth street. Cherry to Vliet, both sides; Sixth street, Vliet
to Poplar, both sides; Vliet street, Sixth to Seventh, both sides.
6. Walnut street district. — Fourteenth street, Walnut to Galena, east side.
7. Tenth street district. — Tenth street, Sherman to Wine, west side.
8. Fourteenth street district. — Tomah street. and Second Tomah street, both sides;
Jesper street, Lloyd to Harmon, both sides.
9. Twenty-first street district. — Solid block between Twentieth and Twenty-first, and
Lloyd and Elm streets.
10. Selected Americans.
B.— SCHEDULES USED IN THE INVESTIGATION.
Two schedules have been used in the investigation. A briefer one
in New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Buffalo, and a more detailed
one in Boston, Cleveland, and Milwaukee.
In form the two schedules are as follows :
1. BRIEF SCHEDULE.
[Used In New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Buffalo.]
1. Investigator
2. City and date 3. Card No
4. Street and No 5. Tvpe 6. Apt
O. L. N.L. Floor F. R. R. L.
7. Rooms 8. Repair 9. Light 10. Heat
Total interior. G. F. B. V.
11. Water Supply 12. Toilet accom
Sep. — No. fam. Sep. — No. fam.
13. Bath 14. Rent 15. Careofapt
None— Sep. No. fam. G. F. B. V.
16. Occupation apt
Kind. No. persons engaged in.
17. No. sleeping rooms 18. Lodgers' rooms
Sep. -with family.
19. Head of family 20. Wife 21. Children
Name. Age. Name. Age. M. F. Total.
22. Lodgers 23. Others 24. Total.
25. Occupation & income — husband
Occupation at present. Hrs. Wages wk. Income yr.
Occupation previously in U. S. Occupation before coming to U. S.
26. Wife
Occupation. Hrs. Wages wk. Income yr.
27. Elder children
Sex. Age. Occupation. Hrs. Wages wk. Income yr.
28. Illness
M. of f. Chr. or temp. Disease.
801
802 The Immigration Commission.
29. Boarders 30. Lodgers
Sex. Age. Total pay'ts wk. mo. Sex. Age. Total pay'ts \vk. mo.
31. Others
Rel. Sex. Age. Occupation. Hrs. Wages wk.
Income yr. Pay'ts wk. mo.
32. Insurance 33. Other income 34. Total income
Kind. Amt. wk. yr. yr.
35. Children at home 36. At school
Sex. Age. Sex. Age.
37. Nativity and race
>H's race. Country. Province. W's race. Country. Province.
38. Ability to speak English ;
H.— G. F. L. No. W.— G. F. L. No.
39. Literacy
H. reads, writes. W. reads, writes. Elder ch. r., w. . r., w. r., w.
40. Res. prior to marriage
41. Res. of family
In apt. yrs. mos. Elsewhere in neighborhood. yrs. mos.
Elsewhere city where yrs. mos. Elsewhere U. S. where yrs. mos.
42. II. came to U. S 43. Family came
From. M. S. With H. Later, yrs. mos.
44. Time of H. in U. S 45. Citizen
yrs. mos. Yes. No. First papers.
46. Visits home 47. Money sent home
M. of f. Frequency. Duration. Amt. Frequency.
48. Permanent home
In U. S. H. W. In former country. H. W.
49. Transportation
Kind. ' Cost. Minutes.
50. Reasons for leaving home country. .
-51. Reasons for coming to U. S
52 to city
53 to neighborhood .
5.4. Reasons for remaining
Immigrants in Cities: Appendixes. 803
55. Does immigrant think his condition better or worse than in home country?
Economic. Political. Social.
5G. Inducements to leave city
For smaller city.
To go on farm as laborer.
To take up farm land.
57. Domestic service
58. Remarks...
804 The Immigration Commission.
2. GENERAL SCHEDULE.
[Used in Boston, Cleveland, and Milwaukee.]
I.C. 43.
Special Agent.
Agr. Sup.
Group Sup.
GENERAL SCHEDULE — H.
1. Name of head? 2. State?
3. City? 4. Street and No.?
5. House?.
F. R. 2 R. Colony. Det. Semi-Bet. In block. Kind. No. apts. No. fams.
6. Type? 7. Apartment?
O. L. N. L. Floor. Front. Rear.
8. Repair of apt.? 9. Light? 10. Heat?.
G. F. B. V.
11. Water supply? 12. Toilet?
Kind. Sep. No. fams. Kind. Sep. No. fams.
13. Bath? 14. Care of apt.?... 15. Rent per mo.? $..
Sep. No. fams. G. F. B. V.
16. Total No. rooms? 17. Total No. sleeping rooms?
18. No rooms occupied by lodgers?...
Sep. - With family.
19. Living-room arrangements?
20. Dining and kitchen arrangements? .
21. Domestic economy?
NOTES.
Immigrants in Cities: Appendixes.
805
RELATING S
22. Married-
23. Children
DLELY TO FAMILY:
Where? a Years?
not at home — Number?
24.
Sex.
25.
Age.
26. Where.
27. Con-
jugal con-
dition.
28. Race of husband
or wife, if married
in U. S.
29. Occupation.
THE FAMILY at HOME (including boarders, lodgers, relatives, and others):
30. Name.
31. In-
form-
ant.
32. Relation
to head.
33.
Sex.
34. Age.
35. S.,
M., W.,
orD.
36. Residence of wife
or husband.
a.
Head
b
c.
A
c.
f
g.
h
i.
I
NOTES.
806
The Immigration Commission.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
/.
S-
h.
i.
j.
Number of children.
Birthplace.
43. Race.
In United States.
Abroad.
41. Country.
42. State, province, or city.
37.
14 and
over.
38.
Under
14.
39.
14 and
over.
40.
Under
14.
•
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
;
h.
i.
j*
Native-born, birthplace of —
46.
Years
since
first ar-
rival in
U.S.
Length of residence —
44. Father.
45. Mother.
47. In city
or
agricultural
locality.
48. Else-
where in
U. S.
49. In
neighbor-
hood.
50. In
apartment.
Yrs.
Mons.
Yrs.
Mons.
Yrs.
Mons.
Yrs.
Mons.
NOTES.
Immigrants in Cities: Appendixes.
807
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
/•
ff-
ft.
i.
j.
Visits abroad.
53.
Permanent
home in
U.S.
(Y.,N.,D.).
54.
Citizenship
(A.,F.,S.).
English.
51.
Num-
ber.
52. Duration of each visit.
55.
Spoken.
56.
Read.
57.
Written.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f-
ff-
h.
i.
j-
Native language.
Schooling in United States.
65.
At school
abroad.
58.
Spoken.
59.
Read.
60.
Written.
61.
Kind (Pub., Priv., Par.,
Cor.).
Months last school
year.
64.
Total
school
years.
62.
Day.
63.
Night.
NOTES.
808
The Immigration Commission.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f-
S-
h.
i.
j-
Language spoken.
66. In home.
67. At work.
68. At school.
69. Church.
a.
6.
c.
d.
c.
f.
&•
h.
i.
j-
Newspapers and periodicals taken.
70. Name.
71. Language.
72. Place of publication.
NOTES...
Immigrants in Cities: Appendixes.
809
Present occupation.
73. Work done.
74. Industry.
75. No.
years.
76. Name of employer, or
business status.
a.
ft
c
d
(•.
f
g
/)
i
j.
77. Occupation in apt.?
Kind. Regular. What persons engaged. Earnings. per
NOTES.
25608° — VOL 26—11 52
810
The Immigration Commission.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
9-
h.
i.
j.
Present occupation.
Past year.
Earnings.*
80.
Hours
per
week.
81.
Mons.
work-
ed.
82. Cause of lost time
or low earnings.
83.
Approx.
earn-
ings.
Contributed to family
fund.
78. Rate.
79.
Per—
84. Amt.
85.
Per—
86.
Total.
Dollars.
Cents.
$
$
$
* Note if board, lodging, etc., is furnished in addition to wage.
NOTES.
Immigrants in Cities: Appendixes.
811
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
ff-
h.
i.
j.
Past year.
Other income.
89.
Total
income.
Money sent abroad.
87. Amt.
88. Source.
90. Amt.
91. Purpose.
$
$
$
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
0-
h.
i.
J-
Transportation.
Approximate value of prop-
erty owned in U. S.*
97. Money on
Landing.
92. Kind.
93. Cost per
day.
94. Minutes
per day.
95. Gross
value.
96. Encum-
brances.
Cents.
$
$
$
* Not including furniture, clothing, etc.
NOTES.
812
The Immigration Commission.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
9-
h.
i.
j-
Affiliations with organizations — Name.
98. Foreign.
99. American fraternal.
100. Trade unions.
—
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
9-
h.
i.
3.
Occupation abroad.
First occupation in United States.
101. Occupation or trade.
102. For
money wage.
103. Work done.
104. Where.
105.
Years.
NOTES.
Immigrants in Cities: Appendixes.
813
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f-
ff-
A.
i.
j-
Reasons for —
Reasons for coming to —
106. Leaving home
country.
107. Coming to U. S.
108. City or agricul-
tural locality.
109. Neighborhood.
NOTES.
110. REMARKS.
814
The Immigration Commission.
3. BLOCK REPORT SCHEDULE.
1. C. 75.
Special Agent.
BLOCK REPORT.
1. City? 2. District?
3. Block canvassed : a. Name of street? t
6. Side of street? c. From No to No
d. From street to. .street
e. Date of completing block? , 190. .
4.
House
No.
5.
F.,R.,
or2R.
6.
No.
stories.
7.
No.
Sched-
ules.
No. apartments.
10.
Repair.
Fire escapes.
14.
No.
stair-
ways.
8.
Occu-
pied.
9.
Vacant.
11.
Num-
ber.
12.
Ade-
quate.
13.
Usable.
-
NOTES.
Immigrants in Cities: Appendixes.
815
Dimensions of yard in feet.
Toilet.
Water supply.
15.
Front.
16.
Rear.
17.
Side.
18.
Kind.
19.
No.
20.
Re-
pair.
21.
Kind.
22. Arrangement.
Number of families canvassed of each race:
23. Race.
24.
No.
23. Race.
24.
No.
•* i
Total
NOTES...
816
The Immigration Commission.
Number of families canvassed of each race in each house:
25.
House No.
26. Race,
27. No. of
schedules.
25.
House No.
26. Race.
27. No. of
schedules.
.-
NOTES...
o
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