Reptiles and amphibians from southwestern Asia

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Volume 24 CHICAGO, SEPTEMBER 19, 1939 No. 7

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM

SOUTHWESTERN ASIAWE LIBRARY OF THE

BY KARL P. SCHMIDT 0 CT 6 - 1939

CURATOR OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS UNIVERSITY OF ILLJN01

Field Museum's interest in the herpetological fauna of south-
western Asia dates from the arrival of a small collection of lizards
and snakes obtained by Dr. Henry Field in Iraq and Trans-Jordan
in the course of the Marshall Field North Arabian Desert Expedition
of 1928. The fact that this collection of twelve specimens, obtained
incidentally in the course of an archaeological survey, included a
new species of poisonous snake, conspicuous by reason of its size
and by the fact that it has horn-like knobs over the eyes, is impres-
sive evidence that this part of the world, so long known in history,
is still relatively unexplored zoologically. As a natural result, Dr.
Field, enthusiastically seconded by Mr. Richard A. Martin, engaged
in much more extensive zoological collecting in the course of the
Field Museum Anthropological Expedition to the Near East in 1934.
Their efforts resulted in the collecting of some 1,900 specimens of
amphibians and reptiles. No opportunity has been neglected to add
to our collections from this region. Yusuf Lazar, an Assyrian, who
had been employed as a zoological and botanical collector in Iraq
on the Near East Expedition, has continued collecting in subsequent
years; 208 specimens of reptiles collected through his efforts have
been presented to Field Museum by Dr. Field. Dr. Field and Mr.
Martin have been constantly helpful in geographic and other ques-
tions in the course of the preparation of the present work. I am
indebted also to Mr. H. W. Parker, of the British Museum (Natural
History), for advice on various taxonomic problems. The map
showing the localities mentioned is the work of Mr. Paul Wong.

Friends of Dr. Field and of the Museum have contributed to
the growing collection from the region as a whole. Among these
especial mention may be made of Dr. Walter P. Kennedy, of the
Royal College of Medicine, Baghdad; the late Wing-Commander

No. 449 49

y Library

50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

A. R. M. Rickards; Mr. E. S. Fraser of the Nairn Overland Trans-
port Company, at Rutba, Iraq; Dr. Calvin W. McEwan, of the
Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, who collected in
Hatay; and Dr. Ernst Herzfeld, former director of the Oriental
Institute Expedition at Persepolis, Iran, who obtained a considerable
number of specimens of amphibians and reptiles. During the past
twelve years the Iraq Petroleum Company has rendered valuable
assistance to members of Museum expeditions, and two members
of its staff, Dr. P. Y. Shuwayhat and Dr. P. S. Manasseh, have sent
specimens of reptiles to the Museum. Dr. Georg Haas, of Hebrew
University, Jerusalem, has been in active correspondence with Field
Museum since 1936, and numerous additions to the herpetological
collections have been received from him by gift and exchange. In
the systematic list of the collection which follows, the collectors
are Dr. Henry Field and Mr. Richard A. Martin, except as other-
wise stated.

We are indebted to the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the
University of California for the loan of a small collection from the
border of the Persian Gulf, which has been included in the present
report, adding three species to the list. The total collection here
reported includes 114 species, and amounts to 2,302 specimens, of
which six are salamanders, 989 frogs and toads, 961 lizards, 319
snakes, and 27 turtles. The localities from which specimens have
been received are shown on the accompanying map. Recently
accepted spellings of place-names have been used to conform, where-
ever possible, to those adopted by the Permanent Committee on
Geographical Names of the Royal Geographical Society, London.
The following names must be noted: Hatay, formerly Sanjak of
Alexandretta, and now part of the Republic of Turkey; Iran=
Persia; Iraq= Mesopotamia; Kish=Tell el Uhaimir; and Shah Abdul
Azim=Rayy. Geographical names in brackets have been inserted
to elucidate the text.

Aside from the fact that the basic zoological exploration of
southwestern Asia is still far from complete, the herpetological
fauna of this region is of great biological interest and importance.
There are complicated problems in zoogeography, involving faunal
relations with Europe, central Asia, the Oriental region, and Africa,
and exhibiting the interaction of animal communities adjusted to
desert, savanna, forest, and mountain habitats. No less interesting
are the more strictly ecological relations with the environmental
factors (see Agama stellio picea, for example), and the evolutionary

51

52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

implications of the structural adaptations, which, especially in the
desert forms, exhibit notable parallelisms with snakes and lizards
from desert regions in other parts of the world. With glimpses of
so much of biological interest, it is disappointing to find that even the
identification of species in the present list is of necessity provisional
in many genera. Much fundamental taxonomic study, depending
on the assembly of adequate collections, remains for the future;
this will involve, in particular, the partition of wide-ranging forms
into subspecies correlated with geographic factors.

CAUDATA
Neurergus crocatus crocatus Cope.

Neurergus crocatus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 343, 1862—
Urmia, Persia (now Rizaiyeh, Iran).

IRAQ: Aqra, 6 (19627-32).

The type locality, presumably in the Lake Urmia (Rizaiyeh)
drainage, is not more than 140 km. distant from Aqra, and while
our specimens are from the Tigris drainage, their correspondence
with the original description in details of coloration is so close that
they clearly represent typical crocatus.

All our specimens are females. The largest measures 167 in total
length, tail 90, arm 29, leg 30, width of head 14.6, length of head to
gular fold 18. The toes of the appressed hind limb reach nearly to the
elbow of the forelimb. A half-grown specimen, with three gill rami
(longest 5 mm.) on one side and only one on the other, measures 81,
tail 42, arm 12, leg 13.

While the agreement in structural characters with Neurergus
strauchii Steindachner is close, the radical difference in color pattern
and the much more elongate body in strauchii (in which the appressed
limbs barely meet) indicates that the two forms are distinguishable,
though the type locality of strauchii, Lake Van in eastern Anatolia,
is not far from the range of true crocatus. Werner records crocatus
from Buldur (?Burdur), in western Anatolia, but I infer that his
specimens are more like strauchii than like our crocatus, and may
well represent a distinct form. Nesterov's Neurergus crocatus der-
jugini and N. c. microspilotus, from the mountains south of our
area, are more directly allied to crocatus crocatus in body form than
to strauchii, but both are quite different in color pattern from our
specimens, and apparently represent distinct geographic forms.

Wolterstorff (1926, p. 1) still considers the type locality of
crocatus to be unknown. This was omitted by Cope merely as an

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA — SCHMIDT 53

oversight; Dunn records the type from "Ooromiah" (= Urmia),
Persia (1917, p. 27) ; this is now known as Lake Rizaiyeh, Iran.

SALIENTIA
Bufo viridis viridis Laurenti.

Bufo viridis Laurenti, Synopsis Kept., p. 27, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1768 — Vienna.
Bufo viridis viridis Mertens, Senckenbergiana, 8, p. 258, 1926.

HATAY: Amuq Plain, 1 (25351, C. W. McEwan).

IRAN: Isfahan, 15 (21018); Shah Abdul Azim, 12 (21019).

IRAQ: Amara, 76 (19838-63); Baghdad, 12 (21138, 26396-8,
Yusuf Lazar); Balad Sinjar, 1 (19870); Halfaya, 5 (19864); Tall
Afar, 270 (juv.) (19865-9); Tell Asmar, 5 (19837).

The specimens here listed are readily distinguishable from the
few European specimens at hand, but it is obvious that a compre-
hensive revision of this species into geographic races will require a
detailed study of large series from the great area over which it
ranges. The problem may be compared to the similarly unsolved
partition of Rana pipiens in North America. There are no con-
spicuous differences between specimens from Iran and Iraq.

Hyla arborea savignyi Audouin.

Hyla savignyi Audouin, Descr. Egypte, Kept., Suppl., pi. 2, fig. 13, 1812

— Syria (presumed).
Hyla arborea savignyi Mertens, Abh. Ber. Mus. Magdeburg, 3, p. 356, 1924.

HATAY: Amuq Plain, 1 (25350, C. W. McEwan).

IRAN: Persepolis, 1 (21025).

IRAQ: Amara, 5 (19871-5); Baghdad, 28 (20872, Field and
Martin; 22683, 25137, Yusuf Lazar).

The single Persian specimen exhibits no appreciable difference
from those from Baghdad.

Rana ridibunda ridibunda Pallas.

Rana ridibunda Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich, 1, p. 458, 1771— Gurev, north
coast of the Caspian Sea.

ANATOLIA: Kayseri (Kaisarieh), 1 (25907, L. Forcart).

HATAY: Amuq Plain, 3 (25352^, C. W. McEwan).

IRAN: Isfahan, 6 (21024); Persepolis, 29 (21026); Shah Abdul
Azim, 40 (21017-18, 21021); Yezd-i-Khast, 74 (21022-23).

IRAQ: Amara, 270 (19748-71); Baghdad (vicinity of), 9 (26394-5,
26399, Yusuf Lazar); Balad Sinjar, 11 (19778); Diana, 8 (19784);
Haditha, 16 (19773); Halfaya, 11 (19772); Mosul, 5 (19774); Sandur,
5 (19780); Tall Afar, 41 (19775-7, 19779); Zakho, 31 (19781-3).

54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

It is disappointing to be unable to reach a satisfactory conclusion
as to the distinctness of Rana ridibunda susana from the study of
this large series. The leg-length character proposed by Boulenger
(1905, p. 552) in describing susana is subject to great variation;
the difference between individuals from a single locality may be
fully as great as that between Boulenger 's specimens from Susa
(Shush), Iran, and the specimens referred by him to Rana ridibunda
ridibunda. In our series from Amara, which is geographically not
far distant from Susa, and in the lower Tigris-Euphrates lowland,
the length of the tibia relative to that of the body (t/b) varies from
0.46 to 0.51 in both sexes; and as this is slightly lower than the same
proportion in specimens from northeastern Iraq (0.48-0.56, male;
0.46-0.53, female), there is some correspondence to Boulenger's
distinction of the two forms; but the overlap of variation in
the two series is much too great to warrant the distinction of a
named form.

That the relative length of the tibia changes with age is clearly
shown in the series from Persepolis, assorted according to size:

Sex Number of Range Extremes

specimens in size t/b

Male 4 80-90 0.49-0.50

Male 6 72-76 0.51-0.55

Female 4 108-121 0.45-0.48

Female 6 84-95 0.49-0.55

The large size of the specimens from Persepolis is not matched
elsewhere. The largest male and female specimens from northeastern
Iraq measure respectively 77 and 81 in body length; in the large
series from Amara, the maxima are 78 and 93.

SAURIA
Stenodactylus sthenodactylus Lichtenstein.

Ascalabotes sthenodactylus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berlin, p. 102, 1823.
Stenodactylus sthenodactylus Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1933, p. 760, 1933.

IRAQ: Rutba, 4 (19676-9).

These differ considerably from Egyptian specimens, but as for
so many other species, the definitive partition into geographic forms
must await the study of extensive collections.

Alsophylax tuberculatus Blanford.

Bunopus tuberculatus Blanford, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 13, p. 454, 1874 —
Bahu Kalat, Mand, and near Bampur, Baluchistan.

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA— SCHMIDT 55

SYRIA: Damesin's Camp, 1 (19739).

This specimen is referred to tuberculatus only on the precedent
of Procter's record from Mesopotamia and Angel's from Syria.
The range from Baluchistan to Syria, without differentiation, is
somewhat improbable.

Alsophylax blanfordii Strauch.

Bunopus blanfordii Strauch, M6m. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, (7), 35, p. 61,
pi. 1, figs. 13, 14, 1887— Egypt (in errore).

ARABIA: Al Jubail, 70 km. north of Bahrein Island, 2 (MVZ
25620-1, R. P. Miller).

These specimens greatly extend the known range of blanfordii,
which was known only from Bent's specimens from the Hadhramaut.
It is evident that the type locality "Egypt" is erroneous, and that
the cotypes, obtained from a dealer in terrarium specimens, really
came from Arabia.

The larger specimen, a female, measures 115, body 48.4, tail 66.6,
length of head 12.8, width of head 9.5, arm 19, leg 26. The smaller
specimen is a male with broken tail. It measures 40.5 from snout
to vent, and has 12 preanal pores.

Gymnodactylus scaber Heyden.

Stenodactylus scaber Heyden, in Riippel, Atlas Reise nord. Afrika, Kept.,
p. 15, pi. 4, fig. 2, 1827— vicinity of Tor, Sinai.

Gymnodactylus scaber Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. gen., 3, p. 421, 1836.

IRAQ: Aqra, 1 (19684); Baghdad, 71 (19681-2, 19694, 20866-71,
22685, 22688, Field and Martin; 25139-47, 25150-1, Yusuf Lazar);
Diyala, 4 (25148-9, 25152-3, Yusuf Lazar); Halfaya, 1 (19683); An
Nasiriya, 7 (22690).

Gymnodactylus kotschyi Steindachner.

Gymnodactylus kotschyi Steindachner, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 63, Abt. I,
p. 329, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1870 — Syros Island, Cyclades (restr. by Mertens and
Miiller, 1928).

HATAY: Amuq Plain, 1 (25338, C. W. McEwan).
Gymnodactylus kirmanensis Nikolsky.

Gymnodactylus kirmanensis Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. Petrograd,
4, p. 381, 1899 — Mons Ku-i-tuftan (Kuh-i-Taftan), in Sargado, and eastern
Kirman.

IRAN: Persepolis, 1 (21007, Ernst Herzfeld).

56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

Pristurus rupestris Blanford.

Pristurus rupestris Blanford, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 13, p. 454, 1874 —
Muscat, and Island of Karrak (?Kharg) near Bushire, Persian Gulf.

ARABIA: Aden, 8 (18220, A. R. M. Rickards).

These specimens may well be from the Hadhramaut instead of
from the Aden region, as only part of Rickard's collection was
specifically labeled.

Phyllodactylus elisae Werner.

Phyllodactylus elisae Werner, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 45, p. 14, pi. 3,
fig. 1, 1895 — ruins of Nineveh, near Mosul, Iraq.

IRAQ: Baghdad, 2 (19695-6); Mosul, 2 (19702-3).

Ptyodactylus hasselquistii hasselquistii Donndorff.
Lacerta hasselquistii Donndorff, Zool. Beytr., 3, p. 133, 1789.
Ptyodactylus hasselquistii Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1879-80, p. 194, 1880,

ARABIA: Aden, 4 (18221, A. R. M. Rickards).

IRAQ: Haditha, 2 (19699-700).

PALESTINE: Jerusalem, 1 (26881, Georg Haas).

SYRIA: Between Iraq Petroleum Company's Stations T-l and
T-2, two (19697-8).

Our series of this species is inadequate for any effective contribu-
tion to its partition into geographic races. Flower (1933, p. 764)
comments on its extraordinarily sedentary habits, which contribute
to its geographic variations.

Hemidactylus flaviviridis Riippell.

Hemidactylus flaviviridis Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere Abyssinien, Amphibien,
p. 18, pi. 6, fig. 2, 1835 — Massaua Island, Eritrea.

IRAQ: Baghdad, 7 (22687, 22691, 25154-7, Yusuf Lazar; 28307,
W. P. Kennedy); Tell Asmar, 1 (19692).

Hemidactylus turcicus Linnaeus.

Lacerta turcica Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., p. 202, 1758 — Turkey.

Hemidactylus turcicus Boettger, Ber. Offenb. Ver. Naturk., 1876, p. 57, 1876.

HATAY: Amuq Plain, 1 (25339, C. W. McEwan).

IRAQ: Baghdad, 10 (22686, 25158-61, 28312, Yusuf Lazar).

Agama adramitana Anderson.

Agama adramitana Anderson, Contr. Herpetol. Arabia, p. 31, 1896 — Hadhra-
maut.

ARABIA: Aden (or inland from Aden), 5 (18203-7, A. R. M.
Rickards; 1850, British Museum).

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA — SCHMIDT 57

Agatna agilis Olivier.

Agama agilis Olivier, Voy. Emp. Ottoman, 4, p. 394, pi. 29, fig. 2, 1804—
Baghdad, Iraq.

iRANt Daria-i-Namak, 7 (20985-6, 20988); Isfahan, 1 (20989);
Yezd-i-Khast, 62 (20987, 20990).

Males usually lack the dorsal pattern, and have a varying amount
of blue on the belly and throat. A few of the males have peculiarly
coarse dorsal scales. Females lack the blue color and have the con-
spicuous dorsal pattern.

Agama caucasica Eichwald.

Stellio caucasicus Eichwald, Zool. Spec., Rossiae Polon., 3, p. 187, 1829 — Baku.
Agama caucasica Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 367, 1885.

IRAQ: Asshur (Sharqat), 1 (19644); Diana, 3 (19641-3).

Agama microlepis Blanford.

Stellio microlepis Blanford, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 13, p. 453, 1874 — Kush-

Kizard, north of Shiraz, Iran.
Agama microlepis Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 366, 1885.

IRAN: Shah Abdul Azim, 13 (20972-84).
Agama nupta De Filippi.

Agama nupta De Filippi, Giorn. Inst. Lomb., 6, p. 407, 1832 — Persepolis.

IRAN: Persepolis, 4 (20997-21000).
Agama pallida Reuss.

Agama pallida Reuss, Mus. Senck., 1, p. 38, pi. 3, fig. 3, 1834 — Upper Egypt.

IRAQ: Baghdad, 1 (19639); Euphrates, west bank, 1 (21915,
P. A. Jarvis); Rutba, 14 (11359-60, 19662-73).

SYRIA: Horns, 2 (19674-5).

TRANS-JORDAN: Jebel Ashqaf (el Ashaqif), 1 (19661); Umm
Wu'al, 1 (11068, Henry Field).

Agama persica Blanford.

Agama persica Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 674, pi. 49, 1881 —
Deh Bid and Kazerun, Iran.

IRAQ: Amara, 1 (19654); Baghdad, 3 (20864, 25762-3, Yusuf
Lazar) .

TRANS-JORDAN: Qasr-el-Burqu', 1 (11069, Henry Field).

Agama ruderata Olivier.

Agama ruderata Olivier, Voy. Emp. Ottoman, 4, p. 395, pi. 29, fig. 3, 1804 —

Persia and northern Arabia.

IRAQ: Balad Sinjar, 2 (19652-3); Tall Afar, 4 (19648-51).
HATAY: Amuq Plain, 2 (25343-4, C. W. McEwan).

58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

Agama sinaita Heyden.

Agama sinaita Heyden, in Rlippell, Atlas Reise nord. Afrika, Kept., p. 10,
pi. 3, 1827— Sinai.

ARABIA: Aden, 7 (18208-14, A. R. M. Rickards); Hadhramaut,
2 (18450-51, A. R. M. Rickards).

SINAI PENINSULA: 1 (3907, British Museum).

Agama stellio stellio Linnaeus.

Lacerta stellio Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., p. 202, 1758 — Delos, Cyclades, and Egypt

(restr. to Delos, Mertens & Miiller, 1928, p. 26).
Agama stellio Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 368, 1885.

HATAY: Amuq Plain, 8 (25345-9, 25361, C. W. McEwan).

IRAQ: Aqra, 1 (19640).

PALESTINE: Rehovot (Rethoboth), 1 (26883, Georg Haas).

SINAI PENINSULA: Mount Sinai, 2 (3908-9, British Museum).

TRANS- JORDAN: Hammam-es-Sarakh near Qasr Hallabat, 1
(11070, Henry Field); Moab, 1 (1588).

Flower has pointed out some of the geographic variations of this
species, which become of increased importance in view of the dis-
tinctness of Agama stellio picea. It is evident that the partition of
the wide range remaining to A. s. stellio affords an attractive taxo-
nomic problem.

Three eggs from Amuq Plain contain mature embryos. The
eggs range in size from 24 x 15 to 27 x 15 mm. An embryo measures
76, body 32.

Agama stellio picea Parker.

Agama stellio picea Parker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1935, p. 137, pi. 1, 1935 —
Black Lava Desert of Trans-Jordan (32° 10' N. Lat., 36° 40' E. Long.).

TRANS-JORDAN: Qasr-el-Burqu', 5 (19655-9).

Our specimens agree in detail with Parker's description. His
speculations on the functional relations of the remarkable coloration
of this form with its environment are discussed by Klauber (1939,
p. 65). The fundamental ecological importance of the heat economy
of desert reptiles has only lately been appreciated.

Phrynocephalus arabicus Anderson.

Phrynocephalus arabicus Anderson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 14, p. 377,
1894 — plateau of the Hadhramaut.

ARABIA: Hadhramaut, 1 (184552, A. R. M. Rickards).
The single specimen is typical of this well-defined species.

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA — SCHMIDT 59

Phrynocephalus scutellatus Olivier.

Ago/me scutellata Olivier, Voy. Emp. Ottoman, 5, p. 196, pi. 42, fig. 1, 1807 —

Mt. Sophia, near Isfahan, Iran.
Phrynocephalus scutellatus Mocquard, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 16, p. 15,

1910.

IRAN: Yezd-i-Khast, 187 (20991-6).

I have followed Mocquard in adopting the name scutellatus in
place of olivieri auct. Other authors have regarded Olivier's Agame
scutellata as not properly binomial; but comparison with other descrip-
tions in the same work seems to warrant Mocquard's conclusion.

Aporoscelis benti Anderson.

Aporoscelis benti Anderson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 14, p. 376, 1894 — near
Makulla, Hadhramaut.

ARABIA: Wadi Du'an, near Hajarain, Hadhramaut, 2 (18202,
18449, A. R. M. Rickards).

Uromastix microlepis Blanford.

Uromastix microlepis Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 656, pi. 53,
1874— Basra, Iraq.

ARABIA: Al Jubail, 70 km. north of Bahrein Island, 1 (MVZ
25622, R. P. Miller).

IRAN: Tehran, 2 (20885-6).

The specimens from Tehran are flat trade skins, purchased in
the market.

The distinction of this species from aegyptius by the absence of
enlarged lateroventral tubercles in microlepis, becomes difficult
when these tubercles are reduced or few. The relations between the
two forms require further study.

Uromastix aegyptius Forskal.

Lacerta aegyptia Forskal, Descr. Anim., p. 13, 1775 — Egypt.

Uromastix aegyptius Anderson, Zool. Egypt, Amph. Kept., p. 129, pi. 14, 1898.

IRAQ: Baghdad, 4 (19485-8); Rutba, 1 (11357, E. S. Fraser).
Uromastix loricatus Blanford.

Centrotrachelus loricatus Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 660, 1874 —

Bushire, Iran.
Uromastix loricatus Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1, p. 409, pi. 32, 1885.

IRAQ: 1 (19645, W. P. Kennedy).

This specimen is probably from the same source, some fifty miles
west of Baghdad, as the one recorded by Dr. Kennedy (1937, p. 748).

60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24
Varanus griseus Daudin.

Tupinambis griseus Daudin, Hist. Nat. Kept., 8, p. 352, 1803.
Varanus griseus Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 2, p. 306, 1885.

IRAQ: Baiji, 1 (28306, W. P. Kennedy).

TRANS-JORDAN: Qasr el Hallabat near Zerka, 1 (11071, Henry
Field).

The vivid juvenile pattern is present in the specimen from Qasr
«1 Hallabat. The sandy coloration of the adult, in a typical desert
pattern, is well shown in the plate in the "Zoology of Egypt."

Diplometopon zarudnyi Nikolsky.

Diplometopon zarudnyi Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. Petrograd, 10,
p. 277, figs. 1-3, 1907 — Nasrie, Arabistan, Iran.

ARABIA: Al Jubail, 70 km. north of Bahrein Island, coast of
Persian Gulf, 1 (MVZ No. 25623, R. P. Miller).

This specimen has scattered brown spots on the dorsum. The
annuli number 178+ 17, with 54 segments in an annulus at mid-body.
The dorsal and ventral longitudinal grooves are well defined. Pachy-
calamus, to which Boulenger refers zarudnyi, lacks the dorsal line,
and it seems preferable to retain Diplometopon pending a more
comprehensive revision of the family. The head shields and preanal
plates of the Al Jubail specimen are closely similar to those of the type.

Apathya cappadocica urmiana Lantz and Suchow.

Apathya cappadocica urmiana Lantz and Suchow, Zool. Anz., 106, p. 294, 1934
— west of Lake Urmia (Rizaiyeh).

IRAQ: Aqra, 1 (19745).

This specimen has 60 dorsal scales across the middle of the back,
and thus agrees closely with specimens described by Mertens from
Mardin (Mertens, 1924, p. 362). Iraq specimens, with dorsal scales
60-68, are thus intermediate between the types of urmiana, in which
they number 52-57, and the typical form, in which they are 65-75.
The presence of eight rows of ventrals apparently ties our specimen
directly to the eastern subspecies, though Mertens reports six rows
in his specimens from Iraq. The Aqra specimen measures 182.5,
tail 122.

Acanthodactylus tristrami iracensis subsp. nov.

Type from Haditha, Iraq. No. 21679 Field Museum of Natural
History. Adult male. Collected May 24, 1934, by Henry Field
and Richard A. Martin.

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA— SCHMIDT 61

Diagnosis.— Distinguished from Iristrami tristrami and tristrami
orientalis by larger and fewer dorsal scales, 45-46 across the back
instead of 58-65 and 48-56, apparently by a less vivid color pattern,
and by the more sharply pectinate toes.

Description of type. — Habitus lacertiform, head and body de-
pressed, shorter than the tail; the length of the head to the posterior
border of the parietals contained 4.5 times in the length from snout
to anus; a feeble concavity in the anterior border of the frontal;
snout pointed, with fairly distinct canthus; nasals feebly swollen; the
tip of the fourth toe reaches the ear opening.

Suture between the nasals short; frontonasal a little broader
than long; frontal long, narrowed behind; frontoparietals much larger
than the interparietal ; no occipital; parietals with a raised ridge
along their posterior and lateral borders; bordered laterally by a
large anterior and a small posterior temporal ; two large supraoculars,
preceded by a group of three shields on each side representing the
first supraocular; six superciliaries, separated from the oculars by
a partly double row of granules; two nasals extensively in contact
with the upper border of the first labial ; anterior loreal much smaller
than second; subocular broadly bordering the lip; temporals small,
rounded; a small but distinct tympanic shield; auricular denticu-
lation very feeble.

Nuchal scales granular, passing gradually into the larger, smooth,
flat, and imbricate dorsals, which number 46 across the body;
scales smooth on base of tail; 10 longitudinal and 27 transverse rows
of ventrals; the outer rows much narrowed; a median series of five
anals; nine scales in the collar; 27 scales from collar to chin shields;
five pairs of chin shields, the anterior three in contact; femoral pores
22-22; lamellae beneath the fourth toe 23.

Brown above with obscure light dorsolateral spots, paler beneath;
sides of head and neck with vertical dark bars.

Measurements. — Length 135, body 53, head to posterior border
of ear 13.5, arm 19, leg 34.

Notes on paratypes.—Nos. 21677, 21678, and 21680, all from the
type locality, exhibit no important variation. No. 21677 is a gravid
female, measuring 53 mm. from snout to vent, with black vermicu-
lation on the dorsal ground color; the two smaller male specimens
have obscure light spots in a dorsolateral row on each side.

Remarks. — The specimens from Papworth's Area, due south of
Rutba, recorded below as Acanthodactylus tristrami orientalis,

62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

resemble the present form in coloration and in their more elongate
snout, and are thus intermediate between orientalis and iracensis.
Presumably the shorter-snouted form from Damesin's Camp, Syria,
is typical of orientalis.

Acanthodactylus tristrami orientalis Angel.

Acanthodactylus tristrami orientalis Angel, Bull. Inst. Egypte, 18, p. 109, 1936 —
Palmyra, Tell Abiad, Ain Zahra, and Deir ez Zor.

IRAQ: Papworth's Area (south of Rutba), 2 (19723-4).
SYRIA: Damesin's Camp (northeastern Syria), 4 (19741-4).

These specimens agree with Angel's diagnosis of orientalis in
having 48 to 51 dorsal scales across the body; they thus reinforce
the distinctness of this form from tristrami, which has dorsal scales
58-65. There are differences of coloration between our Syrian and
Mesopotamian specimens, and in the four specimens from Damesin's
Camp the snout is shortened, the labial border of the first upper
labial being shorter than that of the second. Obviously much remains
to be learned about the distribution of the numerous forms of
Acanthodactylus in southwestern Asia.

Acanthodactylus boskianus asper Audouin.

Lacerta aspera Audouin, Descr. Egypte, Rept., Suppl., p. 173, pi. 1, fig. 9,
1829— Egypt.

Acanthodactylus boskianus var. asper Lataste, Ann. Mus. Geneva, (2), 2, p. 496,
1885.

ARABIA: Aden, 4 (18222, A. R. M. Rickards, 1932); Shabwa
(Hadhramaut), 1 (18453, A. R. M. Rickards, 1932).

IRAQ: Haditha, 6 (19730); Rutba, 1 (28117).

SYRIA: Between Iraq Petroleum Company's Stations T-l and T-2,
1 (19704).

The specimen from the Hadhramaut has larger dorsal and espe-
cially lateral scales, the laterals and dorsals across the body numbering
only 22, with nine between the hind limbs. The Syrian specimen
has 36 dorsals, the Rutba specimen 40, and the dorsals vary from
35 to 40 in the Aden series. This variation, however, is matched
in Boulenger's much larger series, in which the minimum dorsal
scale count of 23 is connected, in south Arabian specimens, with the
higher counts.

Two specimens from Haditha have the subocular narrowly
bordering the lip on one side only.

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA — SCHMIDT 63

Acanthodactylus boskianus euphraticus Boulenger.

Acanthodactylus boskianus var. euphraticus Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

(9), 3, p. 550, 1919— Ramadi, Iraq.
Acanthodactylus boskianus euphraticus Angel, Bull. Inst. Egypte, 18, p. 110,

1936.

IRAQ: Tall Afar, 2 (19735-6).

These specimens fall within the limits of variation for this form
established by Boulenger and Angel.

Acanthodactylus schreiberi syriacus Boettger.

Acanthodactylus boskianus var. syriacus Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1879-80,

p. 69, 1880— Haifa, Palestine.
Acanthodactylus schreiberi syriacus Wettstein, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,

(math, natur.), 137, Abt. I, p. 781.

PALESTINE: Rehovot (Rethoboth), 1 (26882, Georg Haas).
Acanthodactylus robustus Werner.

Acanthodactylus robustus Werner, Zool. Anz., 81, p. 240, fig. 2, 1929 — Bir
Molusi (Meloza), Iraq; Schmidt, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17,
p. 225, 1930.

IRAQ: Jebel Enaze, 1 (11072, Henry Field, 1928).
This specimen has been described in detail in the paper cited
above.

Acanthodactylus cantoris arabicus Boulenger.

Acanthodactylus cantoris var. arabicus Boulenger, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 43,

p. 154, 1918 — southern Arabia.
Acanthodactylus cantoris arabicus Parker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (10), 8,

p. 521, 1931.

ARABIA: Adena Sailan, Wadi Beihan, 2 (18456, 18458, A. R. M.
Rickards, 1932); Hadhramaut, 1 (18454, A. R. M. Rickards, 1932);
Wadi Irma, near Shabwa, western Hadhramaut, 1 (18455, A. R. M.
Rickards, 1932) ; Wadi Sa'ad, between Beihan and Nisab, 1 (18457,
A. R. M. Rickards, 1932).

These specimens tend toward arabicus in their low number of
dorsal scales, but reach a considerably larger size than any reported
by Boulenger or Parker. The dorsal scales across the body range
from 35 to 40; the length from snout to anus in the single female
specimen is 66 mm., two males measuring 68 and two 74.

Ophisops elegans elegans Me'ne'tries.

Ophisops elegans Menetries, Cat. Rais. Obj. Zool. Voy. Caucase, p. 63, 1832 —

near Baku, Transcaucasus, U.S.S.R.
Ophisops elegans elegans Lantz, Bull. Mus. Georgie, Tiflis (Tbilisi), 6, p. 34,

1931.

64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

IRAN: Darya-i-Namak, 3 (21015); Tehran, 1 (21014).

IRAQ: Balad Sinjar, 2 (19737-8) ; Diana, 25 (19746) ; Sulaimaniya, 7
(19747); Tall Afar, 4 (19731-4).

SYRIA: Damesin's Camp, 9 (19740).

TRANS-JORDAN: Moab, 2 (1587, Basel Museum).

The specimens from Diana appear to have somewhat smaller
temporal scales than the series from other localities.

Ophisops elegans ehrenbergii Wiegmann.

Amystes ehrenbergii Wiegmann, Arch. Naturg., 1, pt. 2, p. 6, 1835— Syria.
Ophisops elegans ehrenbergii Miiller and Wettstein, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,
142, Abt. I, p. 142, 1933.

ANATOLIA: Erjias Dagh, 2 (2056, 0. H. Tellalina, 1903).
HATAY: Amuq Plain, 1 (25340, C. W. McEwan, 1936).
I venture to retain this subspecies provisionally, though it has
been synonymized with the typical form by Lantz (1931, p. 34).

Ophisops elegans schlueteri Boettger.

Ophisops schlueteri Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1879-80, p. 176, pi. 3, fig. 3,
1880— Cyprus.

CYPRUS: 4 (1855, British Museum).

Boulenger's reference of specimens from Mount Hermon to this
subspecies suggests a problem for further study. His use of the con-
cept "variety" and the system of subdivision of species into geo-
graphic subspecies in modern practice are often incompatible.

Ophisops blanfordi sp. nov.

Ophisops elegans var. mizolepis Boulenger, Monog. Lacert., 2, p. 216, 1921.

Type from Halfaya, 20 miles east of Amara, Iraq. No. 19721
Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected April
28, 1934, by Henry Field and Richard A. Martin.

Diagnosis. — Distinguished from Ophisops elegans by its single
postnasal, and small temporal scales.

Description of type. — Habitus lacertiform, snout obtusely pointed,
tail twice the length of head and body. Upper head shields smooth;
nostril between two large slightly protuberant nasals, with a single
postnasal; frontonasal wider than long; pref rental suture two-thirds
the length of the frontonasal; frontal in contact with three supra-
oculars; three superciliaries on each side, separated from the two
large supraoculars by a row of granules; interparietal elongate, as
long as the frontoparietals; parietals bordered by two enlarged
temporals on each side, the anterior twice as long as the posterior;

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA — SCHMIDT 65

four supralabials anterior to the subocular; three shields between
the subocular and the auricular, which is large; first vertical and
lowermost horizontal temporal rows of scales four-five; dorsals across
back at mid-body 22; ventrals in eight longitudinal (the outer rows
much narrowed) and 25 transverse rows; collar attached at middle;
16 gulars from collar to chin shields; a moderately enlarged preanal;
femoral pores 10-11. The general color is brownish gray, with
obscure light dorsolateral lines, paler beneath.

Measurements. — Total length 144, tail 98, width of head 8, length
of shielded part of head 11, arm 17, leg 31.

Notes on paratypes. — The paratypes, all from the lower Tigris-
Euphrates Valley (91 specimens, 19716-21, 19876, and 22692), are
invariable in having a single postnasal, and 90 of the 91 have the
third postsubocular in contact with the auricular. In the specimens
referred to elegans elegans, eight exhibit this contact on both sides,
one has it on one side and not on the other, and in 40 specimens
these scales are separated by a lower auricular scale from the enlarged
auricular. The dorsal scales, exclusive of the narrow outer row of
ventrals, vary from 22 to 28, averaging 25. The temporals are smaller
than in elegans elegans; the scales in the row between the first post-
subocular and the enlarged temporal, number 3 in two, 4 in thirteen,
and 5 in five specimens.

Remarks.— Malcolm Smith has shown (1935, p. 380) that
Stoliczka's name meizolepis, based on an Indian specimen, is not
applicable to the form in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley, which was
referred to mizolepis by Boulenger (1921, p. 216). This slightly but
constantly distinct form is thus left without a name, which I have
supplied above. It is named for W. T. Blanford in allusion to his
early recognition of the form (he also confused it with meizolepis),
and in recognition of his fundamental herpetological work in south-
western Asia. Pending demonstration of intergradation with
Ophisops elegans elegans, I place it as a distinct species.

Eremias guttulata guttulata Lichtenstein.

Lacerta guttulata Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berlin, p. 101, 1823 — Egypt.
Eremias guttulata guttulata Wettstein, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien (math.-
natur.), 137, Abt. I, p. 782, 1928.

IRAQ: Haditha, 1 (21676).

TRANS-JORDAN: Qasr-el-Burqu', 3 (19727-9, Henry Field, 1928).

This form may readily be distinguished from the Irani (Persian)
specimens recorded below as watsonana by its more elongate snout.

66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

Ereniias guttulata watsonana Stoliczka.

Eremias (Mesalina) watsonana Stoliczka, Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, p. 86,

1872 — between Karachi and Sukkur, Sind.
Eremias guttulata watsonana Smith, Fauna Brit. India, Kept. Amph., 2, p. 389,

1935.

IRAN: Isfahan, 7 (21013, 21681); Shah Abdul Azim, 2 (21011-12);
Yezd-i-Khast, 33 (21010).

Ereniias brevirostris Blanford.

Mesalina brevirostris Blanford, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 14, p. 32, 1874 —
Kalabagh, Punjab, and Tumb Island, Persian Gulf.

Eremias brevirostris Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 89, 1887.

IRAQ: Papworth's Area, 2 (19725-6); Rutba, 27 (19722, Field
and Martin; 11358, E. S. Fraser).

I take this opportunity to restrict the type locality of this species
to Kalabagh, Punjab. Specimen No. 11358 has only two pairs of
chin shields in contact. Our specimens do not appear to be Eremias
brevirostris var. microlepis of Angel.

Eremias velox persica Blanford.

Eremias persica Blanford, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 14, p. 370, 1874 — near

Isfahan, and Rayin, southeast of Kerman.

Eremias velox persica Smith, Fauna Brit. India, Kept. Amph., 2, p. 383, 1935.
IRAN: Yezd-i-Khast, 15 (21009).

Mabuya aurata aurata Linnaeus.

Lacerta aurata Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., p. 209, 1758 — Jersea anglorum, Cypro.
Mabuya aurata aurata Mertens, Abh. Ber. Mus. Magdeburg, 3, p. 376, 1924.

IRAQ: Tall Afar, 2 (19690-91).

Mabuya aurata septemtaeniata Reuss.

Euprepis septemtaeniatus Reuss, Mus. Senck., 1, p. 47, pi. 3, fig. 1, 1834 —

Massowa (Massaua).
Mabuya aurata septemtaeniata Mertens, Abh. Ber. Mus. Magdeburg, 3, p. 377,

1924.

IRAN: Isfahan, 1 (21016).

IRAQ: Amara, 9 (19685-6) ; Baghdad, 75 (19687, Field and Martin;
25081-25136, Yusuf Lazar); Diyala Liwa, 1 (22689, Yusuf Lazar);
Halfaya, 2 (19688-89).

The single specimen from Isfahan has 34 scales around the body,
and differs in coloration from the Baghdad series in having the belly
lineate and the posterior part of the back without pattern.

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA — SCHMIDT 67

Mabuya brevicollis Wiegmann.

Euprepis brevicollis Wiegmann, Arch. Naturg., 3, p. 133, 1837 — Abyssinia.
Mabuia brevicollis Boulenger, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 3, p. 169, 1887.

ARABIA: Abian Hills, near Lahej, 2 (1859, British Museum);
Kureba Wadi Du'an, Hadhramaut, 2 (18461-2, A. R. M. Rickards,
1932).

Mabuya tessellata Anderson.

Mabuia tessellata Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 636, pi. 36,
fig. 2, 1895— (?) near Aden.

ARABIA: Aden, 2 (18223^, A. R. M. Rickards, 1932).
Mabuya vittata Olivier.

Scincus vittatus Olivier, Voy. Emp. Ottoman, 3, p. 103, 1804 — sands west of

Rosetta.
Mabuya vittata Wettstein, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien (math.-natur.), 137,

Abt. I, p. 783.

HATAY: Amuq Plain, 2 (25341-2, C. W. McEwan, 1936).
Both specimens have 31 scales around mid-body.

Ablepharus brandtii festae Peracca.

Abkpharus festae Peracca, Boll. Mus. Torino, 9, No. 167, p. 8, 1894— Es-Salt
and Dscherasch (Terash), Trans-Jordan.

IRAQ: Baghdad, 1 (28309, W. P. Kennedy, 1937).

Reference to Blanford's account of his Ablepharus pusillus from
Basra (1876, p. 391, pi. 27, fig. 1) and to Peracca's description of A.
festae from Trans-Jordan (1894, p. 8), clearly supports the sub-
specific differentiation of the Mesopotamian form; as in so many
other instances, this must be stated as a problem for further investi-
gation. Our specimen agrees with festae in having only 18 scales
around mid-body, and differs from Blanford's figure of pusillus in
having a much more elongate body. Boulenger and Proctor have
referred specimens from the Euphrates to brandtii, with no reference
to Peracca's species.

Eumeces schneideri princeps Eichwald.

Euprepis princeps Eichwald, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 2, p. 303, 1839 —

Talysch region, Transcaucasus, U.S.S.R.
Eumeces schneideri princeps Mertens, Abh. Ber. Mus. Magdeburg, 3, p. 384,

pi. 12, fig. 4, 1924.

HATAY: Amuq Plain, 1 (25355, C. W. McEwan, 1936).
IRAQ: Balad Sin jar, 38 (19636); Rutba, 1 (19633); Tall Afar, 39
(19634-5, 19637-8, 19680).

68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

In spite of the studies on this form by Mertens (1920, 1924,
1924a) and Taylor (1936), the status of schneideri and the related
forms is far from settled. I am inclined to agree with Taylor in
placing the type locality of schneideri as "Egypt"; but Mertens'
reference of specimens from northern Iraq to the eastern subspecies
(whatever its name) is obviously correct.

Whether or not the single specimens from Rutba and from the
Amuq Plain belong here is less certain. The series from the Mosul
region tends to be completely uniform in dorsal coloration; the
Rutba specimen has the bright golden spots familiar in Egyptian
specimens. The Hatay specimen differs in having decidedly larger
scales on the forearm, four across the arm as viewed from in front
instead of five, as in the remaining series. Without specimens of
pavimentatus, the slender, longitudinally lined form of Syria and
Palestine, or Egyptian material, I can offer no further opinion on
this question.

In our series twenty-two specimens have the 26 scales around
the body and nineteen have 28. The nuchal formula varies from
1-2 to 4-6, as often different on the two sides as alike, the counts
3-4, 4-4, and 4-5 occurring in eight specimens each. Counting the
two sides separately, a single nuchal occurs twice, 2 nuchals eight
times, 3 twenty times, 4 thirty-six times, 5 eighteen times and 6
twice. Taylor states that the normal scale count in the specimens
examined by him is 24; this does not correspond with Anderson's
statement that the scales in this species are 26-28 in Egyptian
specimens.

Eumeces schneideri variegatus subsp. nov.

Type from Persepolis, Iran. No. 21008 Field Museum of Natural
History. Collected August 30, 1934, by Henry Field and Richard
A. Martin.

Diagnosis. — Allied to Eumeces schneideri, from which it is dis-
tinguished by its vermiculate or mottled pattern, and its more
numerous nuchals. Distinguished from Eumeces zarudnyi in having
only four auricular lobules and no lateral line.

Description of type. — Habitus lacertiform; head little broader
than neck; limbs moderate, overlapping by the length of the fingers
when adpressed; tail slender, longer than head and body. Rostral
followed on the upper surface of the head by a pair of supranasals,
in contact; a median frontonasal, in contact with the anterior loreal
on each side; a pair of large pref rentals, in contact; frontal six-sided,
elongate, in contact with three supraoculars on each side; supra-

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA — SCHMIDT 69

oculars five; frontoparietals a little smaller than the interparietal,
which broadly separates the parietals; nuchals six-six; two loreals
behind the rather large nasal; six superciliaries; eight upper and
eight lower labials with an additional smaller postlabial above and
below; three enlarged temporals, followed by a vertically elongate
post-temporal; auricular lobules four on each side; two postmentals,
followed by transverse rows composed successively of two, three,
five, and eight scales. Twenty-six scales around the body; 66 dor-
sals to a point opposite the posterior face of the thigh; the two
median rows enlarged; median scale row beneath tail enlarged for
most of its length; 11 lamellae beneath third finger, 14 beneath
fourth toe.

Back brown, with vermiculate darker markings, some of which
are arranged in vertical rows, while the mid-dorsal spots tend to
form longitudinal lines; under surfaces paler brown.

Measurements. — Total length 205, body 82, tail 123, arm 22,
leg 32.5.

Remarks. — While more definitive discrimination of this form
depends on the collection and study of additional material, it appears
to be well distinguished from its nearest geographic allies, Eumeces
schneideri princeps and E. zarudnyi.

Scincus arabicus sp. nov.

Type from near Shabwa, Hadhramaut, Arabia. No. 18460 Field
Museum of Natural History. Collected in 1933 by A. R. M. Rickards.

Diagnosis. — A Scincus with thirty scales around the body, rostral
broadly in contact with frontonasal, six supraoculars, and poorly
developed digital fringes; apparently allied to Scincus scincus, from
which it is separated by the high number of scales around the body.

Description of type. — A stout-bodied Scincus, with lateroventral
angulation extremely developed; limbs broadly overlapping when
adpressed. Rostral strongly produced, with sharp horizontal edge,
broadly in contact with the frontonasal; supranasals small, but
larger than the very small nasals; a pair of pref rentals, their suture
shorter than the frontonasal; frontal expanded anteriorly, narrowed
between the supraoculars; six supraoculars; four superciliaries, the
anterior longest; frontoparietals separated by the interparietal,
which meets the frontal in a point; parietals broken into small
transverse scales, three on the left, two on the right; postnasal small,
followed by two elongate loreals; four subocular and one postocular;
temporals indistinguishable from body scales; eight upper and seven

70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

lower labials; two postmentals, followed by transverse rows of two,
three, five, and nine scales; 30 scales around body, 58 dorsals from
interparietal to a point opposite posterior face of thigh; two much
enlarged preanals; 10 lamellae beneath third finger and 10 beneath
fourth toe.

Pale brown above, each scale with a small dark brown spot at its
posterior border; uniform yellowish beneath.

Measurements. — Total length 82, body 48, tail 34, arm 14, leg 15.5.

Notes on paratype. — A second specimen, No. 18459, from Wadi
Beihan, also collected by the late Wing-Commander Rickards,
agrees very closely with the type.

Remarks. — It is unfortunate that no adult specimens are avail-
able to make possible a more complete description of arabicus.

Scincus conirostris Blanford.

Scincus conirostris Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 677, fig. 1, 1881 —
Tangyak, 7 miles south of Bushire.

IRAQ: Baghdad, 2 (20863, 20865).

The two specimens lack field numbers, and it is impossible

to state where, in the environs of Baghdad, they may have been
collected. It is not unlikely that geographical races of this wide-
ranging form may prove distinguishable.

Chalcides ocellatus ocellatus Forskal.

Lacerta ocellata Forskal, Descr. Anim., p. 13, 1775 — Egypt.
Chalcides ocellatus ocellatus Wettstein, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien (math.-
natur.), 137, Abt. I, p. 784, 1928.

ARABIA: Aden, 2 (18225-26, A. R. M. Rickards).
PALESTINE: Jerusalem, 1 (26884, Georg Haas).

Chalcides sepsoides Audouin.

Scincus sepsoides Audouin, Descr. Egypte, Kept., Suppl., p. 180, pi. 2, figs.

9, 10, 1827— Egypt.
Chalcides sepsoides Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1933, p. 790, 1933.

PALESTINE: Jaffa, 1 (26885, Georg Haas).

Chamaeleo chamaeleon chamaeleon Linnaeus.

Lacerta chamaeleon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., p. 204, 1758 — Africa and Asia.
PALESTINE: Jerusalem, 2 (22385-86, Georg Haas).

Chamaeleo calcarifer Peters.

Chamaeleo calcarifer Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1870, p. 110,
1870 — Bembatuka, Madagascar (in errore).

ARABIA: Aden, 1 (18201, A. R. M. Rickards).

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA — SCHMIDT 71

Chamaeleo calyptratus Dume"ril.

Chamaeleo calyptratus Dumeril, Cat. Meth. Kept., p. 31, 1851.

ARABIA: El Khubar, 1 (1847, British Museum).

SERPENTES
Typhlops vermicularis Merrem.

Typhlops vermicularis Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amphib., p. 158, 1820 — Greek
Islands (restr. by Mertens and Muller).

HATAY: Amuq Plain, 2 (25336-7, C. W. McEwan).
IRAN: Shah Abdul Azim, 1 (20943).
IRAQ: An Nasiriya, 1 (622730, Yusuf Lazar).
PALESTINE: Benyamina, 1 (28572, Georg Haas).

Leptotyphlops macrorhynchus Jan.

Slenostoma macrorhynchus Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys., 1, p. 190, 1862 —

Senaar.
Leptotyphlops macrorhynchus Corkill, Snakes and Snake Bite in Iraq, p. 8,

1932.

IRAN: Persepolis, 1 (21033, Ernst Herzfeld, 1934).
IRAQ: Baghdad, 2 (26355-6, Yusuf Lazar).

Eryx jaculus jaculus Linnaeus.

Anguis jaculus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., p. 228, 1758 — Egypt.
Eryx jaculus jaculus Zarewsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. Petrograd, 20,
p. 375, 1915.

IRAQ: Baghdad, 1 (19498); An Nasiriya, 7 (22723-29, Yusuf
Lazar).

PALESTINE: Jordan Valley, 2 (21911-2, P. Y. Shuwayhat).

Eryx jaculus familiar is Eichwald.

Eryx familiaris Eichwald, Zool. spec., Rossiae Polon., 3, p. 176, 1831.
Eryx jaculus familiaris Zarewsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. Petrograd, 20,
p. 376, figs. 8, 9, 1915.

IRAQ: Sulaimaniya, 1 (19624).

The single specimen available from northern Iraq is insufficient
material to form an opinion as to the validity of Zarewsky 's par-
tition of the species jaculus. Rostombekov (1928) carries this
partition farther, describing a subspecies urmianus, which, if valid,
may prove to include the form in northern Iraq.

Natrix tessellata Laurenti.

Coronella tessellata Laurenti, Syn. Kept., p. 87, 1768 — Karst region (Ostmark).
Natrix tessellata Bonaparte, Iconogr. Fauna Ital., 2, fasc. 11, pi., 1834.

72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

IRAN: Isfahan, 4 (20914-15, 20931, 20941); Persepolis, 12 (20899-
901, 20916-21, 20925, 20937-38); Shah Abdul Azim, 29 (20902-13,
20942-45, 20951-58); Tehran, 5 (20946-50).

IRAQ: Balad Sinjar, 8 (19594, 19598-99, 19604-7, 19609); Diana,
1 (19622); Halfaya, 58 (19513-70); An Nasiriya, 3 (22720-22, Yusuf
Lazar).

PALESTINE: Jordan Valley, 2 (19581, 21908, P. Y. Shuwayhat).

In the Halfaya series the extremes and averages for the number
of ventrals and caudals in 25 specimens of each sex are as follows:

Extremes Average

Ventrals

Male 163-178 170.2

Female 162-174 167.4

Caudals

Male 64-75 69.6

Female 53-70 60.9

The scale counts of 15 males and 12 females from Shah Abdul
Azim and Tehran, Iran, are as follows:

Extremes Average

Ventrals

Male 170-181 176.1

Female 168-174 170.7

Caudals

Male 70-80 74.7

Female 65-71 67.5

These exhibit an increased average number of both caudals and
ventrals. The specimens from Persepolis and Isfahan differ from
both of the above series. Our specimens are too few to afford con-
clusive data as to the probable extent of the difference. In nine males
and seven females the scale counts are as follows:

Extremes Average

Ventrals

Male 176-183 179.1

Female 173-184 177.4

Caudals

Male 63-71 67.7

Female 61-67 63.5

These specimens have a higher number of ventrals, in both sexes,
than the series from Shah Abdul Azim; but the caudals are fewer
and are in better agreement with the Halfaya specimens. The
reversal of the relative numbers of ventrals in the sexes is noteworthy.

Coluber jugularis asianus Boettger.

Zamenis viridiflavus var. asiana Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1879-80, p. 151,

1880.
Coluber jugularis asianus Miiller and Wettstein, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien

(math.-natur.), 143, Abt. I, p. 142, 1933.

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA— SCHMIDT 73

IRAN: Shah Abdul Azim (20948).

IRAQ: Amara, 1 (19504); Diana, 2 (19619, 19623); Halfaya, 4
(19511, 19515, 19545, 19567); Zakho, 3 (19612-14).

PALESTINE: Benyamina, 1 (28580, Georg Haas).

Ventrals in the present series range from 194 to 203 in males, and
from 199 to 203 in females; caudals from 102 to 114 in males,
and from 92 to 107 in females. The total length of the largest
specimen (No. 19619, male) is 1,700, tail 465.

I do not find any noteworthy differences between specimens from
northeastern Iraq and from the Amara region. The single specimen
from Iran has only 92 caudals and has 11 lower labials on each side.

Coluber najadum Eichwald.

Tyria najadum Eichwald, Zool. Spec., Rossiae Polon., 3, p. 174, 1831 — Baku,

Transcaucasus.
Coluber najadum Mertens and Muller, Abh. Senck. Ges., 41, p. 46, 1928.

IRAQ: Baghdad, 1 (22693); Balad Sinjar, 1 (19603).
PALESTINE: Mount Scopus (near Jerusalem), 1 (28583, Georg
Haas); Miqve Yisrael, 1 (28584, Georg Haas).

The four specimens listed above are females; ventrals range from
213 to 225, caudals from 122 to 134; upper labials eight; lower labials
10, except in the Baghdad specimen, which has nine; oculars two-
two in all; anterior temporals invariably two; posterior temporals
one to three. The Baghdad specimen has more numerous half-bars
on the sides of the neck than the remaining specimens.

Coluber rhodorachis Jan.

Zamenis rhodorachis Jan, in De Filippi, Viagg. Pers., p. 356, 1865 — Iran.
Coluber rhodorhachis Parker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (10), 8, p. 516, 1931.

ARABIA: Aden, 1 (18218, A. R. M. Rickards).

IRAQ: Diana, 1 (19618).

The single specimen from Aden, a male, has 19 scale rows; 228
ventrals; 132 caudals; nine upper and 10 lower labials; oculars two-
two, and temporals two-two and two-three. The female specimen
from Iraq has 243 ventrals and 115 caudals; upper labials nine,
lower labials 10; oculars one-two; and temporals two-two and two-
three.

Coluber rogersi Anderson.

Zamenis rogersi Anderson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6), 12, p. 439, 1893 — Lower

Egypt.
Coluber rogersi Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1933, p. 810, 1933.

74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

IRAQ: Rutba, 3 (11361, E. S. Fraser; 19508, Field and Martin;
21914, P. S. Manasseh).

SYRIA: Between Horns and Palmyra, 2 (19588, 19592).

These specimens extend the range of Coluber rogersi to the north.
The ventrals, in the five males, range from 200 to 207, caudals from
88 to 104; the upper labials are uniformly nine; a single preocular in
two specimens, 2 in three; postoculars two; temporals 2-2 in three,
2-3 in two; the largest specimen measures 745, tail 200.

Coluber ventromaculatus Gray.

Coluber ventromaculatus Gray, Ulus. Indian Zool., 2, pi. 80, fig. 1, 1834 —
Bengal.

ARABIA: Al Jubail (70 miles north of Bahrein Island), 1 (MVZ
25624).

IRAN: Yezd-i-Khast, 1 (20939).

IRAQ: Baghdad, 12 (19494-95, 19501, 19505-7, Field and Martin;
22695, 26357-58, 28316-18, Yusuf Lazar); Kish, 2 (11064-65, Henry
Field); An Nasiriya, 23 (22696-717, Yusuf Lazar).

No differences are discernible in the Arabian and Persian speci-
mens. The series is uniform in coloration and in scale characters.
Ventrals vary in eleven males from 196 to 217, caudals in eight males
from 97 to 112; in six females the ventrals range from 210 to 222, and
caudals from 93 to 104.

Lytorhynchus diadema Dume'ril and Bibron.

Heterodon diadema Dum&il and Bibron, Erp. G6n., 7, p. 779, 1834 — Algeria.
Lytorhynchus diadema Peters, Monatsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1862, p. 272,
pi., fig. 1, 1862.

IRAQ: Baghdad, 1 (20859).

The single specimen available is a female with dorsal scales 21-
19-15, ventrals 192, anal divided, caudals 44, upper labials eight,
lower labials 11, oculars two-two, temporals two-three and two-four;
the total length (with tip of tail wanting) is 450, tail 60. The darker
dorsal blotches, 34 on the body and eight on the tail, are about as long
as the lighter interspaces.

Were it not that this form, like so many others in southwestern
Asia, is in need of comprehensive taxonomic study, I should be
inclined to refer the Baghdad specimen to Lytorhynchus gaddi
Nikolsky, from Iran.

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA — SCHMIDT 75

Lytorhynchus kennedyi sp. nov.

Type from between Horns and Palmyra, Syria. No. 19586 Field
Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Collected May 21, 1934,
by Henry Field and Richard A. Martin.

Diagnosis. — Allied to L. diadema, but with widely spaced black
dorsal crossbars; preoculars three on each side; 10 lower labials.

Description of type. — Relatively short and stout-bodied for
Lytorhynchus, head short and eye large; rostral enlarged with verti-
cal projecting lateral edges, projecting backwards so that the inter-
nasal suture is very short, one-third that of the pref rentals; frontal
five-sided, as long as its distance from the end of the snout; parietals
large, extending downward at the anterior border to a point opposite
the middle of the eye; nasal large, divided, nostril nearer its upper
border; a small quadrangular loreal, as long as high, upper labials
seven-eight; lower labials 10-10; preoculars three-three; post-
oculars two-three; temporals two-two on each side; dorsal scales
smooth, 21-19-13; ventrals 166; anal divided; caudals 35.

Pale yellowish gray above, with 22 black crossbars on the body
and eight on the tail. The crossbars, extending to the first or second
scale row, cover one and one-half to two dorsal scales, the inter-
spaces six or seven; small black spots are present on the first and sec-
ond scale row on each side midway between the transverse bars;
ventrals entirely without markings; head marked with a transverse
black mark from eye to eye, connecting with a longitudinal mark
on the frontal and on the parietal suture, continuing and broaden-
ing on the neck for the length of eight scales, and eight scales wide
posteriorly.

Measurements. — Total length 380, tail 55.

Remarks. — The distinctive coloration described above is shown
in the plate of L. diadema in Snakes and Snake Bite in Iraq (Corkill,
1932, pi. 10). It may be pointed out that the difference between
kennedyi and diadema corresponds closely to that between Phyllor-
hynchus browni and P. decurtatus of the Arizonan deserts on the
opposite side of the world. Phyllorhynchus closely parallels Lytor-
hynchus in its modified rostral shield. The new form bears the
name of Dr. Walter P. Kennedy, of the Royal College of Medicine,
Baghdad, who has contributed important material to our collections.

Elaphe nummifera Reuss.

Coluber nummifer Reuss, Mus. Senck., 1, p. 135, 1834 — Egypt.

PALESTINE: Jordan Valley, 1 (21913, P. Y. Shuwayhat); Kefar
Jehoshua (east of Haifa), 1 (28581, Georg Haas).

76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

Both specimens are females; the dorsal scales are 23-23-17,
ventrals 211 and 215, anal divided, caudals 85 and 79, upper labials
nine, lower labials 10-10 and 10-11, oculars two-two and two-
three, temporals one-three and two-three in one, two-three on each
side in the other.

Elaphe ravergieri Me'ne'tries.

Coluber ravergieri Me'ne'tries, Cat. Rais. Obj. Zool. Voy. Caucase, p. 69, 1832
— Georgia.

IRAQ: Diana, 1 (19621); Zakho, 2 (19616-17).

The Diana specimen is incomplete, but has the dorsal scales in
23 rows in agreement with the two from Zakho. Of these, the male
has ventrals 207, caudals 101, upper labials nine, lower labials 11,
oculars two-two, and temporals two-three; the female has 220
ventrals, tail imperfect, upper labials nine, lower labials 10, oculars
three-two, and temporals two-two. The Diana specimen measures
1,255, tail 310.

Elaphe caudaelineata Giinther.

Zamenis caudaelineatus Giinther, Cat. Colubrine Snakes Brit. Mus., p. 104,
1858 — Shiraz, Iran.

IRAN: Persepolis, 4 (20922, 20924, 20926, 20936, Ernst Herzfeld).

The four specimens from Persepolis are entirely distinct from the
specimens of ravergieri discussed above. The dorsal scale formula
is 21-21-15 instead of 23 or 25-23-17. Ventrals and caudals in the
single male, 193 and 101; in three females 201-213 and 87-93. The
lineate pattern of the tail is distinctive. The largest specimen, a
female, measures 855, tail 195.

Spalerosophis microlepis Jan.

Spalerosophis microlepis Jan, in De Filippi, Viagg. Pers., p. 356, 1865 —
Laristan and Shiraz (here restricted to Laristan).

IRAN: Persepolis, 2 (20923, 20929, Ernst Herzfeld).

The two specimens, both male, are in close agreement. Both
have the dorsal scale formula 37-43-23; the ventrals are 240 and
241; anal undivided; caudals 101 in No. 20929, with a complete tail;
upper labials 14-15 in both; lower labials 16-14 in one, 15-15 in the
other; scales about eye 13 in one, 12 in the other; temporals seven-
seven and six-eight. No. 20929 measures 1,005 in total length,
tail 270.

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA — SCHMIDT 77

Spalerosophis schirazianus Jan.

Periops parallels var. schiraziana Jan, in De Filippi, Viagg. Pers., p. 365,
1865— Shiraz.

IRAN: Shah Abdul Azim, 9 (20908, 20912-13, 20951, 20960-62);
Tehran, 3 (20894, 20908, 20959).

In the present series of six specimens of each sex, the dorsals at
mid-body are 25 in two, 27 in eight, and 29 in two; ventrals in males
224-237; in females 236-245; caudals in five males 80-89; in five
females 80-87. The upper labial count 12 occurs twelve times, 13
eleven times, and 14 once; lower labials 13 or 14; ocular ring com-
posed of six to 10 scales; anterior temporals three-five, those of
second row four to six. The largest specimen, a female, measures
1,222, tail 215.

The species is well distinguished from the so-called diadema of
Iraq, but may be more closely allied to the true diadema (of north-
western India). Trinomial designation is reserved for further study.

Spalerosophis cliffordii Schlegel.

Coluber cliffordii Schlegel, Physion. Serp., 2, p. 163, 1837 — Tripoli.

IRAQ: Baghdad, 4 (19580, 20857, Field and Martin; 28314-15,
Yusuf Lazar); Balad Sinjar, 1 (19596); Halfaya, 1 (19625); Kish (Tell
el Uhaimir), 2 (11066-67, Henry Field); An Nasiriya, 2 (22718-19,
Yusuf Lazar).

The reference of specimens from Iraq to cliffordii instead of to
diadema auct. is made necessary by the recognition of schirazianus
from Iran, inserted between the type locality of diadema (Bombay),
and the Iraqi (Mesopotamian) area. It is by no means a completely
satisfactory allocation. The alternative is to give a new name to
the form in the Euphrates Valley, and it is preferable to reserve
the proposal of additional names for a more comprehensive revision,
pending which trinomials are avoided. It seems clear that Spalero-
sophis is more nearly allied to Elaphe than to Coluber.

Rhynchocalamus arabicus Schmidt.

Rhynchocalamus arabicus Schmidt, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 20, pp.
9-10, 1933— Aden.

ARABIA: Aden, 1 (18219, A. R. M. Rickards).
Additional material of this species is much to be desired.

Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus Jan.

Homalosoma melanocephalum Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys., 2, p. 34, 1862 —

Beirut.
Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus Glinther, Zool. Rec., 2, p. 152, 1865.

78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

PALESTINE: Jaffa, 1 (26890, Georg Haas); Jerusalem, 1 (28575,
Georg Haas).

The two specimens at hand differ notably in the development of
the rostral, which separates the internasals in the specimen from
Jaffa, and fails to do so in the one from Jerusalem. The probability
that the development of the rostral is associated with burrowing
habits suggests that this difference may have a geographic or eco-
logical correlation. Ventrals in the Jaffa specimen, a female, num-
ber 222, caudals 60; the specimen from Jerusalem, a male, has
ventrals 195, caudals 60; a loreal is present in both.

Eirenis collaris Me'ne'tries.

Coluber collaris MSnetries, Cat. Rais. Obj. Zool. Voy. Caucase, p. 67, 1832 —
Bechemerbak, near Caspian Sea.

Eirenis collaris Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys., 2, p. 257, 1863.

IRAQ: Baghdad, 1 (20858); Tall Afar, 1 (19626).

PALESTINE: Jordan Valley, 1 (21910, P. Y. Shuwayhat).

The two from Iraq, both male, have ventrals 184 and 196, and
caudals 60. The ventrals and caudals are 187 and 60 in the single
female from Palestine. The latter has a very small loreal, absent
in the two former.

Eirenis coronella coronella Schlegel.

Calamaria coronella Schlegel, Physion. Serp., 2, p. 48, 1837 — Moorea and

Syria (here restricted to Syria).
Eirenis coronella Barbour, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, 5, p. 89 (cited for

combination only).

SYRIA: Horns, 1 (19593); between Horns and Palmyra, 3 (19585,
19590-91).

TRANS- JORDAN: Jebel el Ashaqif, 1 (19582); Mafraq, 1 (19577).

The series above listed exhibits little variation, and appears to
represent a well-defined form. The dorsal scales are 17 on the neck
(only as far as the sixth ventral), 15 at mid-body, and reduce to 13
anterior to the anus. Ventrals in three males 126, 130, 131, in four
females 143, 146, 149, 151; caudals in males 39, 39, and 48, in females
37, 42, 42, and 45; upper labials uniformly 7-7, lower labials 8-8 in
five, 8-7 in one, 7-7 in one; oculars 1-2 in five, preocular single on
one side in one, postocular single on one side in another; temporals
1-1; length of largest male 255, tail 55; of largest female 295, tail 55.
All are plainly banded.

I regard Jan's Eirenis fasciatus from Lake Tiberias as probably
identical with this form. Boulenger's coronella does not seem to

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA— SCHMIDT 79

correspond to coronella of Schlegel at all (cf. Eirenis lineomaculata,
below). Barbour's series of Eirenis from Petra and Mount Sinai
(Barbour, 1914, p. 89) have 15 dorsal scale rows, but the ventrals
range from 140 to 158 (not sexed). The difficulties in allocating
specimens correctly to this species emphasize the necessity for a
revision of the genus.

Eirenis coronella fraseri subsp. nov.

Type from Rutba, Iraq. No. 11364 Field Museum of Natural
History. Adult male. Collected, 1930, by E. S. Fraser.

Diagnosis. — An Eirenis with a short body and broad head, with
15 scale rows, distinguished from Eirenis coronella by distinctly
higher number of ventrals in both sexes and by the obscurity of the
transverse bands and nuchal collar.

Description of type. — A stout-bodied small snake with head
distinctly widened in temporal region. Portion of rostral seen from
above about as long as the internasal suture, which is a little shorter
than the prefrontal suture; frontal as long as its distance from the tip
of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nasal single, a small loreal;
preocular single; seven upper and eight lower labials; two postoculars;
temporals one-one; anterior chin shields much larger than the pos-
terior, which are scarcely distinguishable from the adjacent scales;
dorsals smooth, 15-15-13; ventrals 141; anal divided; caudals 36
(tail incomplete).

Pale yellowish brown above, lighter beneath, with extremely
obscure darker transverse bands above.

Measurements. — Body length 231, tail (incomplete) 49.

Notes on paratypes. — Four additional specimens from Rutba,
also collected by E. S. Fraser, one from Papworth's Area, 25 miles
south of Rutba, collected by Henry Field and Richard A. Martin,
and two (from the same collectors) from between Horns and Palmyra,
Syria, are available as paratypes. The difference between this series
and what I have interpreted as true coronella is evident when the
scale counts are assorted to sex:

c. coronella c. fraseri
Ventrals

Male 126-131 139-146

Female 143-151 152-158

The number of specimens available is too small for more definitive
characterization of the forms in question. I should be inclined to
identify fraseri with modesta (Martin, 1838, p. 82), but for the
description of the head coloration, which corresponds to that of

80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

collaris, and the complication of Boulenger's assignment of this name
to a form with 17 scale rows (1920, p. 348). The new form is named for
E. S. Fraser, of the Nairn Overland Transport Company, at Rutba.

Eirenis decemlineata Dume>il and Bibron.

Ablabes decemlineatus Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Gen., 7, p. 327, 1854 — no

locality.
Eirenis decemlineaius Miiller, Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel, 6, p. 595, 1878.

PALESTINE: Between Jaffa and Haifa, 2 (26886-87, Georg Haas).

The male specimen, No. 26887, is without dark lines, while the
female, No. 26886, is lineate. The dorsals are 17-17-15 in both, and
both have upper labials seven, lower labials eight, oculars one-two,
and temporals one-two. The ventrals and caudals in the male are
168 and 82; in the female 169 and 70.

Eirenis rothi Jan.

Eirenis rothi Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys., 2, p. 259, 1863 — Jerusalem.

PALESTINE: Kafr Juri, 7 miles north of Jerusalem, 1 (26888, Georg
Haas).

The single male has dorsal scales 15-15-15, ventrals 166, anal
divided, caudals 50, upper and lower labials seven, oculars one-two,
temporals one-one, and a small loreal on each side. Total length 295,
tail 57.

Eirenis lineomaculata sp. nov.

Type from Jordan Valley, Palestine. No. 21909 Field Museum of
Natural History. Adult male. Collected, 1934, by P. Y. Shuwayhat.

Diagnosis. — Distinguished from Eirenis coronella by having
seventeen scale rows, a lower number of ventrals, no loreal, and dorsal
spots arranged as alternate longitudinal dashes.

Description of type. — A stout-bodied snake with neck as wide as
head, head pointed, and rostral moderately developed. Portion of
rostral seen from above longer than the internasal suture, which is
about half as long as that between the pref rentals; frontal longer than
its distance from the tip of the snout, nearly as long as the parietals;
nasal undivided, elongate, in contact with the single preocular; no
loreal; upper labials seven-seven; lower labials eight-eight; two
postoculars on each side; temporals one-two on each side; dorsal
scales smooth, 17-17-15; ventrals 119; anal divided; caudals 38.

Pale brown above, lighter uniform yellowish brown below; back
with four rows of dark brown spots, those of the median rows
strongest, with a tendency to be juxtaposed anteriorly, becoming

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA — SCHMIDT 81

alternate posteriorly; each of the scales involved in these spots,
viewed under a magnifier, is seen to have a light median shaft
bordered by dark pigment stronger than in the remainder of the spot,
producing a sharply lineate appearance; a well-marked nuchal collar
extends obliquely forward to the first ventral, narrowing below and
not closed on the throat; a dark subocular spot on the second to
fourth labials is matched by a smaller one on the third and fourth
lower labials; obscure dark markings on the head shields; sixth upper
labial, first temporal, upper second temporal, and adjacent border of
parietal dark-bordered.

Measurements. — Total length 217, tail 45.

Notes on paratype. — A single specimen, No. 25335, collected by
C. W. McEwan in the Amuq Plain, Hatay, agrees with the type in
coloration and other essential characters. A female, with 118
ventrals and 22 caudals.

Remarks. — Our material is inadequate for the solution of the
taxonomic problems in Eirenis; the present form agrees closely with
the Palestinian series described by Boulenger (1894, p. 264) under the
name coronella.

Eirenis iranica sp. nov.

Type from Tirak Mart Mountains, near Shah Abdul Azim, Iran.
No. 20950 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Col-
lected September 6, 1934, by Henry Field and Richard A. Martin.

Diagnosis. — Distinguished from Eirenis condoni by fewer ventrals
and the absence of a loreal, and from E. brevicauda by the longer tail
and scales in 17 rows.

Description of type. — A stout-bodied snake with head slightly
wider than neck; snout pointed; rostral scarcely visible from above;
internasals about as long as pref rentals; frontal with a straight
anterior border, as long as the parietal suture; nasal undivided,
elongate, extending to the preocular, in contact with the first two
labials; the single preocular widely separated from the frontal;
two postoculars; temporals one-two on each side; parietal extending
downward on the sides, making a contact with the lower postocular;
anterior chin shields longer than posterior; dorsal scales smooth,
17-17-15; ventrals 159; anal divided; caudals 76.

Grayish brown above, paler beneath, without markings, except
for irregular small dark spots on the sides of the neck and dark
margins on the upper and lower labials.

Measurements. — Total length 398, tail 104.

82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

Remarks. — The species appears to be well distinguished from
Eirenis condoni from Shiraz, which has ventrals 169-173, and from
E. brevicauda, which has the dorsal scales in 15 rows and caudals only
38-41. Nikolsky's species Eirenis bicolor, from eastern Iran, has 15
scale rows and 202 ventrals; and his E. transcaspica is excluded from
iranica by the same characters. Boulenger has revived the name
modesta of Martin (type locality, Euphrates Valley) for the specimens
with 17 scale rows which he had formerly referred to collaris; but
since Martin's description specifically mentions the characteristic
head coloration of collaris, I am inclined to interpret modesta as a
strict synonym of collaris. The present form appears to be excluded
from modesta in any case, by the absence of a loreal.

It may be repeated, as is obvious from the list of species above,
that the genus Eirenis requires comprehensive revision in the light
of modern geographic taxonomy.

Tarbophis fallax mcewani subsp. nov.

Type from Amuq Plain, Hatay (formerly Sanjak of Alexandretta).
No. 25330 Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male. Col-
lected in 1936 by C. W. McEwan.

Diagnosis. — A subspecies of Tarbophis fallax, distinguished from
fallax fallax by its longer tail and fewer dorsal spots; from syriacus
by the longer tail, greater number of ventrals, and larger number of
dorsal spots; and from fallax iberus by its divided anal and lower
number of ventrals.

Description of type.— Head distinct from neck, snout bluntly
pointed, body moderately slender. Rostral little visible from above;
internasals smaller than prefrontals; frontal sub triangular, as long
as its distance from the end of the snout; nasal rectangular, semi-
divided; loreal elongate, narrowly entering the eye below the pre-
ocular; the single preocular broadly in contact with the frontal;
two postoculars; parietals rather small; temporals two-three-four on
each side; upper labials seven-eight; lower labials ten-ten; dorsal
scales 19-19-15, smooth; ventrals 195; anal divided; caudals 67.

Pale brown above, with about 34 dark mid-dorsal blotches which
tend to be connected on the sides with vertical or oblique narrower
lines extending to the dark venter; chin light; top of head uniform
glossy brown; dark nuchal band six scales behind parietals, seven
scales long; dark dorsal spots two or three scales long.

Measurements of type. — Total length 610, tail 105.

Notes on paratypes. — In two additional males (25331-32) and
two females (25328-29) from the type locality, all collected by Dr.

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA — SCHMIDT 83

McEwan, the ventrals are respectively 200, 197, 200, and 197, and
the caudals 72, 63, 65, and 59. The scaling of the head is uniform.
The dorsal spots range from 30 to 36.

Remarks.— Boulenger's list of specimens of fallax (1896, Cat.
Snakes Brit. Mus., 3, p. 49) includes one from Xanthus which may
belong with the present form, judging from its high number of
caudals. If this guess should prove correct, Tarbophis fallax mcewani
is to be expected from intermediate localities, and must be thought
of as intervening between T. f. fallax of the Balkan Peninsula and
T. f. iberus of the Caucasus. Boulenger's figures for caudals in eight
Dalmatian specimens range from 48 to 55. The new form is named
for Dr. Calvin W. McEwan, of the Oriental Institute, University of
Chicago, whose efforts added the important collection from the
Amuq Plain to our material.

Tarbophis fallax syriacus Boettger.

Tarbophis vivax f. syriaca Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges., 1879-80, p. 166, 1880 —

Jaffa.
Tarbophis fallax syriacus Mertens, Senckenbergiana, 6, p. 184, 1924.

PALESTINE: Kiriath Anawim, 1 (28585, Georg Haas); Rehovot
(Rethoboth), 1 (28586, Georg Haas).

SYRIA: Chouit Araya (12 km. from Beirut), 1 (28304, Yusuf Lazar).

The two Palestinian specimens, both females, agree in having
185 ventrals, eight upper and 10 lower labials, temporals two-four,
and 19 dorsal scale rows. No. 28585, with a complete tail, has 65
caudals. The number of dorsal spots is 24 and 26 on the body.
These specimens obviously agree with Boulenger's Tarbophis savi-
gnyi, which Mertens has correctly referred to Tarbophis fallax syriacus.
Barbour and Amaral, regarding Boettger's syriacus as composite,
restrict the type locality to "Southern Syria and adjacent Lower
Egypt"; but Mertens (1922, p. 181) cites only a single type, with
the unequivocal type locality Jaffa.

Tarbophus fallax iberus Eichwald.

Trigonophis iberus Eichwald, Zool. Spec., Rossiae Polon., 3, p. 175, 1831 —

Tiflis.
Tarbophis fallax iberus Mertens and Miiller, Abh. Senck. Ges., 41, p. 50, 1928.

IRAN: Shamar Mountains, near Shah Abdul Azim, 1 (20956);
Tehran, 2 (20968, 20970).

In No. 20968, a female from Tehran, the dorsals are in 19 rows,
ventrals 218, anal entire, caudals 69, upper labials eight-eight,
lower labials 11-11, oculars one-two, temporals three-three and
three-four, total length 220, tail 39.

84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

The specimen from the Shamar Mountains is a male with dor-
sals 19, ventrals 216, anal entire, caudals 65, upper labials eight-
eight, lower labials 11-10, oculars one-two, and temporals two-five.
It measures 601, tail 103.

The specimens obviously agree most closely with iberus.
Tarbophis nigriceps Ahl.

Tarbophis nigriceps Ahl, Arch. Naturg., 90, Abt. A, Heft 5, p. 246, 1924 —
central Mesopotamia.

IRAQ: Rutba, 1 (11367, E. S. Fraser).

The single female is noteworthy for its coal black belly and
black head. The dorsal scale formula is 19-19-15; ventrals 187;
anal divided; caudals 55; upper labials nine-nine; lower labials 10-10;
oculars one-two; temporals two- two; and total length 380, tail 65.
The number of dorsal dark bands is 18 on the body, five on the tail.

The agreement in coloration with Ahl's description is striking,
and I have little hesitation in regarding the species as fully distinct.
It agrees most closely in scale characters with Tarbophis fallax
syriacus of Palestine.

Tarbophis martini sp. nov.

Type from Baghdad, Iraq. No. 28319 Field Museum of Natural
History. Adult female. Collected in 1937 by Yusuf Lazar.

Diagnosis. — A Tarbophis similar to the fallax formenkreis in
coloration, distinguished by having the dorsal scales uniformly in
21 rows and by a greater number of ventrals; the loreal enters the
eye, and the anal may be entire or divided.

Description of type. — Head very large in the temporal region,
body stout, tail slender; rostral scarcely visible from above, inter-
nasals smaller than pref rentals; frontal sub triangular, the anterior
angles truncate at their contacts with the preoculars, shorter than
its distance from the tip of the snout; parietals relatively small;
nasal rectangular, semidivided; loreal elongate, entering the eye; a
single preocular; two postoculars; temporals two-four-four and three-
five-five; upper labials eight-seven; lower labials 10-11; dorsal scales
21-21-15, smooth; ventrals 235; anal divided; caudals 67.

Pale brown above, with about 39 darker brown mid-dorsal
blotches, irregularly connected with vertical or oblique narrow bars
on the sides; belly dark, chin white.

Measurements of type. — Total length 876, tail 136.

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA— SCHMIDT 85

Notes on paratypes. — A considerable series, all from Baghdad
(several collected by Yusuf Lazar near Dr. Kennedy's house),
attests the uniformity in scale characters of Tarbophis martini.
Nos. 19493, 19497, and 19499-500 were collected by Henry Field
and Richard A. Martin, Nos. 22694, 26348-49, and 28303 by Yusuf
Lazar. All have 21 scale rows at mid-body. In two males the
ventrals are 226 and 232 and the anal is single; caudals 74 and 67.
In six females the ventrals range from 226 to 242; the anal is single
in one, divided in five; caudals 65-72.

Remarks. — This is the Iraqi form referred to iberus by various
authors; it is well distinguished from that form by its higher number
of dorsal scales, and more frequently divided anal. It is readily
distinguishable from Tarbophis cyprianus, which also has 21 dorsals,
by its much higher number of ventrals. There is at present no
evidence of intergradation between these 21-rowed forms and the
19-rowed fallax series. The new form is named in honor of Richard
A. Martin, Curator of Near Eastern Archaeology in Field Museum.

Tarbophis guentheri Anderson.

Tarbophis guentheri Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895, p. 656, pi. 36,
fig. 3, 1895 — Aden and the Hadhramaut.

ARABIA: Aden, 1 (18216, A. R. M. Rickards).

The single female has dorsal scales 21-21-13; ventrals 226; anal
entire; caudals 70; upper labials nine; lower labials 12; oculars one-
two; temporals two-three; total length 807, tail 146.

Tarbophis rhinopoma Blanford.

Dipsas rhinopoma Blanford, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), 14, p. 34, 1874 —

Kaman, Iran.
Tarbophis rhinopoma Boettger, in Radde, Fauna Flora Caspi-Gebietes, p. 72,

1886.

IRAN: Persepolis, 1 (20928, Ernst Herzfeld).

The juvenile specimen is a female; dorsal scales 21-23-17; ven-
trals 251; anal entire; tail incomplete; upper labials 10-9; lower
labials 12; oculars two-three; temporals four-four and five-four.

Malpolon monspessulana insignitus Geoffrey.

Coluber insignitus Geoffroy, Descr. Egypte, Hist. Nat., 1, p. 151, 1827 —

Lower Egypt.
Malpolon monspessulana insignitus Mertens and Miiller, Abh. Senck. Ges.,

41, p. 51, 1928.

IRAN: Shah Abdul Azim, 1 (20963).

IRAQ: Diana, 1 (19620); Zakho, 3 (19610-11, 19615).

86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

PALESTINE: Tel Aviv, 1 (28576, Georg Haas).

TRANS- JORDAN: Mafraq, 1 (19578).

The six specimens examined are remarkably uniform in scale
characters. One has 19 scale rows at mid-body, reducing to 15; four
have the scale formula 17-15; and one reduces to 17-15-13. Ventrals
in two males are 168 and 174; in four females 174, 175, 175, and 179;
caudals in males 77 and 86, and in females 74, 79, 87, and 89. There
is little, if any, difference between the sexes in these characters.

Malpolon moilensis Reuss.

Coluber moilensis Reuss, Mus. Senck., 1, p. 142, pi. 7, fig. 1, 1834 — Moilah,
Arabia.

Malpolon moilensis Parker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (10), 8, p. 522, 1931.

IRAQ: Baghdad, 3 (20860-62).

The three females available are remarkably uniform in scale
characters. All have dorsal scales 17-17-13; ventrals 167; and upper
labials eight-eight. The caudals are 55, 55, and 57; lower labials
11-11 in two, 11-10 in one; oculars one- two in two, one-three on
one side and two-two on the other side in the third; temporals two-
three in two, two-four in the third.

Taphrometopon lineolatum Brandt.

Coluber (Taphrometopon) lineolatum Brandt, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. P6tersbourg,

3, p. 243, 1838— Caspian coast.
Taphrometopon lineolatum Peters, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 48, fig., 1861.

IRAN: Tehran, 1 (20971); Yezd-i-Khast, 1 (20940).

The specimen from Yezd-i-Khast is a male, measuring 540, tail
120, with dorsals 17-17-13, ventrals 174, anal divided, caudals 75,
upper labials nine-nine, lower labials 11-11, oculars one- two, and
temporals two-three. The female from Tehran measures 535, tail
129, and differs only in having ventrals 175 and caudals 83.

Psamophis schokari Forskal.

Coluber schokari Forskal, Descr. Anim., p. 14, 1775 — Yemen.
Psammophis schokari Boulenger, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 3, p. 157, 1896.

ARABIA: Aden, 1 (18217, A. R. M. Rickards).

IRAN: Persepolis, 1 (20934, Ernst Herzfeld).

IRAQ: Amara, 1 (19574); Rutba, 1 (19509).

PALESTINE: Tel Aviv, 1 (28582, Georg Haas).

Psammophis schokari, with its vast geographic range, from Senegal
to Sind, exhibits a great amount of variation in scale characters and
coloration, and will repay a detailed study, even though its great

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA— SCHMIDT 87

powers of active locomotion and association with habitat conditions
relatively recently established afford less expectation of partition
into subspecies than in less vagile forms. The specimens here listed
fall within the limits of ventrals and caudals in Boulenger's list.

Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin.

Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, Hist. Nat. Kept., 7, p. 383, 1803 — Coromandel.

ARABIA: Bahrein Island, 2 (28310-11, W. P. Kennedy).

The two specimens differ conspicuously in coloration, the bands in
one encircling the body, while in the second they are confluent
dorsally and ventrally and irregular on the sides. The ventrals
number about 330, the dorsals 30-40-40.

Vipera lebetina euphratica Martin.

Vipera euphratica Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1838, p. 82, 1838 — Euphrates
Valley.

IRAQ: Balad Sinjar, 5 (19595, 19597, 19600-2).

The fine series of specimens collected by Dr. Field and Mr.
Martin is uniform in scale characters. The ventrals in the two males
are 174 and 177; in three females 169, 172, 174; caudals in males 44
and 47; in females 40, 44, and 44; upper labials 10 or 11; lower labials
13 or 14; the largest specimen measures 1,270, tail 150.

With no other available material of Vipera lebetina in the broad
sense, no opinion is offered on the further partition of this form. The
trinomial is used in view of the restriction of Vipera lebetina lebetina
to Cyprus and Milos by Mertens and Miiller (1928, p. 52).

Vipera palaestinae Werner.

Vipera palaestinae Werner, Zool. Anz., 122, p. 313, figs. 3, 4, 1938 — Haifa,
Palestine.

PALESTINE: Ain Harod, 1 (28579, Georg Haas).

The single male specimen available agrees best with Werner's
description of Vipera palaestinae; I can offer no further comment on
Werner's partition of the lebetina group, which fails to define euphra-
tica. Our specimen has 161 ventrals, anal entire, 38 caudals, upper
labials 10-10, lower labials 11-12, scales between oculars five, scales
around eye (exclusive of supraocular) 11-12.

Pseudocerastes field! Schmidt.

Pseudocerastes fieldi Schmidt, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 227,
pi. 2, text fig. 2, 1930— Bair Wells, Trans-Jordan; Flower, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., (10), 6, p. 224, 1930.

IRAQ: Rutba, 2 (19834).

88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. 24

TRANS-JORDAN: Bair Wells, 2 (11061-62, Henry Field); Urn Wu'al
1 (11063, Henry Field).

In addition to the type (11061) and two paratypes collected by
Dr. Field on his expedition of 1928, we have received one complete
and one fragmentary specimen of this species from Rutba. The
complete specimen, a female, has dorsal scales 21-23-17; ventrals
136; caudals 36; upper labials 12-12; lower labials 16-15; total
length 720, tail 85.

It seems evident that Pseudocerastes fieldi is quite as likely to be
the Biblical adder (Hebrew shephiphori) of Genesis xlix : 17 as Aspis
cerastes (Cerastes cornutus auct.), as supposed by Tristram (Nat.
Hist. Bible, ed. 3, p. 273, 1872). I find no recent record (of specimens
collected) of cerastes for Palestine, though Flower lists it from both
Palestine and Trans-Jordan (1933, p. 830). Bodenheimer's reference
to this species (1935, p. 190) distinguishes it from Aspis cerastes with
the supposition that fieldi has "only one horn between the eyes,"
which is quite erroneous. It may well prove that P. fieldi has been
much confused with the horned Aspis.

Pseudocerastes persicus Dume'ril and Bibron.

Cerastes persicus Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Ge"n., 7, p. 1443, pi. 78b, fig. 5,

1854— Persia.
Pseudocerastes persicus Boulenger, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 3, p. 501, 1896.

IRAN: Aminabad, 1 (20933).

The single specimen is much damaged. The dorsal scale rows are
23; caudals 48; upper labials 13; lower labials 15; scales about eye, 17.

Aspis cerastes Linnaeus.

Coluber cerastes Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., p. 217, 1758 — "Oriente"; here restricted
to southern Judaea.

ARABIA: Al Jubail, 70 km. north of Bahrein Island, 1 (MVZ,
R. P. Miller).

A single badly mangled specimen, without horns.
Echis carinatus Schneider.

Pseudoboa carinata Schneider, Hist. Amphib., 2, p. 285, 1801 — India.
Echis carinata Wagler, Syst. Amphib., p. 177, 1830.

IRAN: Persepolis, 1 (20927, Ernst Herzfeld).

The specimen is a juvenile female, measuring only 200 mm., tail
23; the dorsal scales are 27-35-21; belly injured; caudals 32; upper
labials 11-11; lower labials 15-14; scales in ring about eye, 16.

1939 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS FROM ASIA— SCHMIDT 89

TESTUDINATA
Clemmys caspica caspica Gmelin.

Testudo caspica Gmelin, Reise durch Russland, 3, p. 59, pis. 10, 11, 1774 —

Hircania.
Clemmys caspica Wagler, Icon. Amphib., pi. 24, 1830.

IRAN: Persepolis, 8 (21035-42, Ernst Herzfeld).
IRAQ: Ba'adri (northeast of Mosul), 5 (19708-10, 19712-14);
Halfaya, 4 (19705-7, 19785).

No significant difference is discernible between specimens from

Persepolis and those from Iraq.

^

Testudo graeca Linnaeus.

Testudo graeca Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., p. 198, 1758 — Santa Cruz, western
Barbary.

HATAY: Amuq Plain, 5 (25356-60, C. W. McEwan).

SYRIA: Horns (between Horns and T-4), 1 (19715).

Testudo graeca is said by Flower (1933, p. 745) to fall into at least
four well-marked subspecies. These do not seem to have been defined,
and as it is to be hoped that Major Flower may publish something
on this topic, our specimens may stand for the present simply
as graeca.

Testudo zarudnyi Nikolsky.

Testudo zarudnyi Nikolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Sci. Petrograd, 2, p. 307,
pi. 17, 1897.

IRAN: Yezd-i-Khast, 3 (21027-9).

These specimens extend the range of Testudo zarudnyi westward.
They exhibit the flaring corners of the carapace which appear to dis-
tinguish this species from graeca, in spite of Boulenger's remarks
about zarudnyi on the occasion of describing Testudo buxtoni (1920,
p. 251).

Trionyx euphraticus Daudin.

Testudo euphratica Daudin, Hist. Nat. Kept., 2, p. 305, 1802.

Trionyx euphraticus Geoffrey, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 14, p. 17, 1809.

IRAQ: Baghdad, 1 (19492).

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— and AMARAL, AFRANIO DO
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