BIO-AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA 92502
RESEARCHES
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID/E
ALBERT PITTS MORSE
Research Assistant, Carnegie Institution of Washington
PUBLISHED BY THE
CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
1904
FIG. i — Eupatorium thicket amid scattered deciduous trees on a ridge " bald " traversed
by a cattle-path, at east end of Roan Mountain, North Carolina.
FIG. 2 — "Laurel bald" on the slope of Grandfather Mountain, North Carolina, forming the
thicket habitat of Podisma glacialis variegata and Melanoplus sylvestris.
Berry-pickers camped beside the Yonahlossee road.
RESEARCHES
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID/E
ALBERT PITTS MORSE
Research Assistant, Carnegie Institution of Washington
Library
PUBLISHED BY THE
CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
1904
CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
PUBLICATION No. 18
PRESS OF W. F. ROBERTS COMPANY
WASHINGTON
CONTENTS.
Page
Introduction 7
Biological importance of the Southeastern United States 8
Localities at which collecting was done, with dates of visit 9
Field work 10
Climatal conditions affecting results n
Life zones of region visited n
Number of broods of Acridiidae 12
Life histories with reference to season 12
Zonal distribution of genera of Acridiidse of eastern North America... 12
Locust societies and habitats 14
Comparison of campestral and sylvan locusts 19
Macropterous and brachypterous locusts 20
Brachypterism in other Orthoptera 21
"Burning-over" as a factor in distribution 22
Hybrids, varieties, and other topics 22
Species of economic importance. 23
List of species and localities from which collected 24-55
3
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
Facing
Plate i.
Fig. I. Ridge "bald" at east end of Roan Mountain I
Fig. 2. "I/aurel bald" on slope of Grandfather Mountain, habitat of
Podisma glacialis variegata and Melanoplus sylvestris i
Plate 2.
Fig. i. Habitat of Trimerotropis saxatilis, Stone Mountain, Ga 56
Fig. 2. Habitat of Trimerotropis saxatilis, Sand Mountain Plateau,
near Trenton, Ga 56
Plate 3.
Fig. i. Habitat of Trimerotropis dtrina and T. maritima, on sea-
beach at Cape Henry, Va 56
Fig. 2. Habitat of Trimerotropis citrina, on sandy river-wash in
Piedmont region, Morganton, N. C 56
Plate 4.
Fig. i. The Florida strand, habitat of Scirtetica picta, etc 56
Fig. 2. The Florida strand, habitat of Orphulella olivacea, etc 56
Plate 5.
Fig. i. The Florida strand, habitat of Hesperotettix pratensis 56
Fig. 2. Pine barrens, habitat of Gymnoscirtetes pusillus, etc 56
Plate 6.
Fig. i. Type locality of Melanoplus strumosus 56
Fig. 2. Type locality of Melanoplus symmetricus 56
Plate 7.
Fig. i. Normal sylvan habitat of Melanoplus amplectens 56
Fig. 2. Extended habitat of Melanoplus amplectens 56
Plate 8.
Fig. i. Summit "balds "east of Roan Mountain, North Carolina... 56
Fig. 2. Protective coloration 56
TEXT FIGURES.
Page
Fig. i. Map showing the route traveled 10
2-10. Cerci of male Melanoplus: 2, M. sylvestris; 3, M. celatus; 4, M.
carnegiei; 5, M. divergens; 6, M, similis; 7, M* tribulus;
8, M. devius; 9, M. deceptus; 10, M. symmetricus 46
11. M. decoratus: Lateral view of end of abdomen of male 51
12. M. strumosus: Lateral view of end of abdomen of male 51
13. M. strumosus: Dorsal view of end of abdomen of male 51
RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^
By ALBERT P. MORSE,
Research Assistant, Carnegie Institution of Washington.
INTRODUCTION.
The work on which report is here made was done under a
grant from the Carnegie Institution of Washington and was directed
toward the acquisition of facts of faunal, biological, and morpho-
logical value concerning the Acridian fauna of the southeastern
United States, a portion of the country hitherto largely unexplored
with reference to this group of insects.
A study of the general topography, based, when possible, on
the maps of the United States Geological Survey, led to a plan of
operations in accordance with variations in the life history of differ-
ent species. This plan involved an examination of the different life
zones of the region at as early and as late dates as practicable, in
order to secure earlier and later maturing forms, since it is impos-
sible, with our present knowledge, to distinguish many of the
species with certainty save in the adult state.
About 60 widely separated localities were examined in 68 days
during a trip of 3,000 miles through the region under inspection.
Approximately 6,000 specimens were secured in this time, repre-
senting 90 species of Acridiidse (of which one-sixth were new to
science), together with notes of great biological interest.
Many important data relating to the biology and distribution of
the group were secured ; but in some cases, owing to the character of
the trip — a rapid reconnaissance over a wide extent of territory for
the purpose of securing general information — the results should be
regarded as tentative until further detailed studies can be made.
This report includes a general account of the investigation and
a statement of the results secured; the data on which the general-
ized statements are based, in the form of an annotated list of the
species taken, with locality, habitat, and date of capture ; brief
notes on the geographical and zonal distribution of the genera of
North American Acridiidae ; and contributions to locust biology in
8 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
the shape of a classification of locust habitats and societies and an
explanation of brachypterism in Orthoptera.
Acknowledgments are due, primarily, to the Carnegie Institu-
tion for the means wherewith to pursue this investigation ; secondly,
to Mr. Samuel Henshaw, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology,
for the opportunity to study critically the Scudder collection, with-
out access to which certainty of determination would in many cases
have been impossible; and finally, to numerous fellow-scientists,
travelers, and observers, for their cordial interest and assistance in
various ways. Among these I desire epecially to mention Mr. J. H.
Emerton, of Boston; Messrs. Sherman and Brimley Bros., of Raleigh,
and Boynton, of Biltmore, North Carolina, for information regarding
conditions and localities ; and Messrs. Fernald and Greenman, of
Cambridge, Massachusetts, for determination of plant specimens.
BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE SOUTHEASTERN
UNITED STATES.
The chief biological importance of the Southeastern United
States, comprising Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia,
Florida, Alabama, eastern Tennessee, and West Virginia, is con-
nected with two facts : First, this region served during the Glacial
Epoch as a refuge for boreal forms of life which had been pushed
southward by the climatal conditions of the Ice Age, and at the
close of that period it became the center of dispersal whence these
forms were able to restock the opening country at the north.
Second, during this later period its lowland plains served, and
probably continue to serve, as a highway of dispersal for austral
forms entering the country from the south and southwest, many
of which have penetrated far into the heavily glaciated region of
the Northern States.
Notwithstanding its great biological importance, this region has
not received the attention scientifically which it deserves, save
with reference to certain groups and in certain sections, such, for
instance, as peninsular Florida, which, owing to its southern posi-
tion and consequent attractiveness, both biologically and as a winter
resort, has received considerable attention and study. As a matter
of fact, the Acridian fauna of no area in the United States of equal
size and biological importance was so little known at the beginning
of the year. For this reason it was decided to spend the summer in
a general reconaissance trip through the region, securing as many
facts relative to systematic facies, geographical, zonal, and seasonal
distribution, habitats and environmental conditions, life histories, etc.,
as possible.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
9
LOCALITIES AT WHICH COLLECTING WAS DONE.
A list of the points at which collecting was done, with their
elevation, if known, especially in the mountainous regions, and the
dates of visit, is subjoined.
Virginia :
Appomattox, Appomattox Co., Sept.
6; 800 feet.
Cape Henry, Princess Anne Co.,
July 2, 4, Sept. 7.
Hickory, Norfolk Co. , July 3.
Norfolk, Norfolk Co., Sept. 8.
Roanoke, Roanoke Co., Sept. 6; 1000
to 1600 feet.
Virginia Beach, Princess Anne Co.,
July 2, 4, Sept. 7.
Wytheville, Wythe Co., Sept. 4, 5;
2200 to 3500 feet.
North Carolina:
Asheville, Buncombe Co., July 21,
22 ; 2000 to 3000 feet.
Balsam, Jackson Co., July 23, 24;
Aug. 19, 20 ; 3000 to 6200 feet.
Blowing Rock, Watauga Co., July
19; 3800 feet.
Cranberry, Mitchell Co., July 14,
Aug. 28; 3200 feet.
Eure, Gates Co., July 5, 6.
Governor Island, Swain Co., Aug. 20;
1800 feet.
Grandfather Mt., Mitchell and Cald-
well Cos., Aug. 29; 4800 to 5500
feet.
Greensboro, Guilford Co., July 10.
Lenoir, Caldwell Co., July 19; about
1500 feet.
Linville, Mitchell Co., July 17, 18;
Aug. 30; 3800 feet.
Loverings, Burke Co. (between
Morganton and Pineola), July
13; 3500 feet.
Morganton, Burke Co., July 12, 20;
1200 feet.
Murphy, Cherokee Co., July 25,
Aug. 22; 1600 to 1800 feet.
Pineola, Mitchell Co., July 13, 14,
Aug. 28 ; 3800 feet.
Raleigh, Wake Co., July 8, 9.
Roan Mt., Mitchell Co. (and Carter
Co. , Tenn.), July 15, 16, Aug. 31,
Sept. 1,2; 4000 to 6300 feet.
Roan Valley, Mitchell Co., July 16,
Sept. i; 4000 feet.
Salisbury, Rowan Co., July u.
Saluda, Polk Co., Aug. 17; 2200 to
2400 feet.
Selma, Johnston Co , July 7.
Tarboro, Edgecombe Co., July 6, 7.
Topton, Cherokee Co., Aug. 21;
2700 to 4400 feet.
Tunis, Hertford Co., July 5.
South Carolina :
Columbia, Richland Co., Aug. 16.
Denmark, Bamberg Co., Aug. 14,15.
Spartanburg, Spartanburg Co., Aug.
16, 17.
Georgia ;
Blue Ridge, Fannin Co., July 25;
1700 feet.
Bolton, Cobb Co., July 29; 800 feet.
Jasper, Pickens Co., July 25, 26;
1500 to 2600 feet.
Marietta, Cobb Co., July 27; 1000 to
1 200 feet.
Sand Mountain, Dade Co. (near
Trenton), Aug. 25; 1500 feet.
Savannah, Chatham Co., Aug. 13, 14.
Stone Mountain, DeKalb Co., July
28; 1000 to 1685 feet.
Trenton, Dade Co., Aug. 25; 500
feet.
Tybee Island, Chatham Co., Aug.
12, 13.
Waycross, Ware Co., Aug. n.
West Point, Troup Co. , July 30.
Florida ;
Carrabelle, Franklin Co., Aug. 9.
De Funiak Springs, Walton Co.,
Aug. 5.
Fort Barrancas, Escambia Co.,
Aug. 3.
Live Oak, Suwande Co., Aug. 10.
Marianna, Jackson Co. , Aug. 6, 7.
Tallahassee, Leon Co., Aug. 8.
Warrington, Escambia Co., Aug. 4.
Alabama :
Flomaton, Escambia Co., Aug. I, 2.
Greenville, Butler Co., July 31.
Tennessee:
Burbank, Carter Co.. July 17, 3000
to 3300 feet.
Chattanooga, Hamilton Co., Aug.
24; 700 to 800 feet.
Johnson City, Washington Co.,
Aug. 27; 1700 feet.
Lookout Mountain, Hamilton Co.,
Aug. 23; 2000 feet.
Morristown, Hamblen Co., Aug. 27;
1400 feet.
Roan Mountain Station, Carter Co.,
July 17, Sept. 3; 2600 feet.
10
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
While making special efforts to secure Acridiidae, the other
species of Orthoptera coming to hand were also taken, broadening
somewhat the scope of the inquiry, without interfering with its
main object. A folding camera was carried and numerous photo-
graphs were secured illustrative of habitats and other features of
locust biology, some of which appear with this report.
j KENTUCKY / \ ;
N E S S
I N A
O UTH
C A
.GEORGIA!
r/V
•Aug. 12
FIG. i. — Map showing the route traveled.
FIELD WORK.
Leaving Boston by steamer on June 30, Norfolk, Va., was
reached and collecting begun in its vicinity on July 2 ; thence
southwest to Tarboro and Selma, N. C., and westward through
North Carolina, stopping at frequent intervals, to Morganton, from
which point a detour was made by team and rail to Pineola and
Roan Mountain, returning via Linville and Blowing Rock ; west-
ward again to Asheville, the Balsam Mountains, and Murphy ;
southward to Atlanta ; southwest to the Gulf coast at Pensacola ;
east through northern Florida to Tallahassee, whence the Gulf
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDjE. 11
coast was reached a second time at Carrabelle ; eastward to Live
Oak; northeast via Waycross to Savannah and the Atlantic coast
at Tybee Island; north and west through South Carolina to Ashe-
ville; a second trip through the valley, including stops at the Balsam
and Valley mountains, and on to Chattanooga; northeast to Johnson
City, from which point Roan Mountain was visited a second time,
and also Linville and Grandfather Mountain; northeast and east
through Virginia to Roanoke and Norfolk, returning to Boston by
steamer on September 10, after ten weeks in the field. The entire
distance traveled was about 4,000 miles, of which 3,000 was through
the territory under observation. The map on page 10 will render
the route clear at a glance.
CLIMATAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING RESULTS.
The weather, on which so much depends, was as favorable as
could be expected, though in parts of the trip collecting was much
interfered with at times by showers, several being not unusual in
one day. The heat of the southern summer is also a factor to be
reckoned with.
The writer was informed at nearly every locality during the first
half of the trip, that the season was two to three weeks late. This
should be taken into consideration when calculating the time of
appearance of species, and attention is called to it in the proper
place.
LIFE ZONES OF THE REGION VISITED.
In the region examined four life zones are represented: The
Ivower Austral, including the major part of the Gulf strip of the
Austro-riparian division ; the Upper Austral, the Transition, and
the Canadian. The Austral zones cover all of the country except
the higher mountains; the Transition and Canadian cover the
mountains and valleys above an altitude of about 2,500 feet. No
attempt was made at an accurate delimitation of these zones,
owing to the rapid character of the trip, but many notes on the zonal
distribution of the various species will be found in the accompany-
ing list (p. 24). Representative species of each zone occur, but some
boreal species which it was hoped to find were not observed. The
Canadian zone is restricted to limited areas on the higher summits,
but austral species, owing to proximity of the Austral zone, are
often found within its borders. Its characteristic fauna, while
numerically insignificant, is of extreme interest, being represented
12 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^J.
by a wingless species, Podisma gladalis variegata, whose presence
is believed to indicate the southward extent of continuous sub-
alpine conditions in the Glacial Epoch.
NUMBER OF BROODS.
Notwithstanding the great length of the season of active life in
the I^ower Austral zone, there is, so far as I have been able to learn,
but one brood per annum of any species of locust inhabiting the
Eastern States ; at least, I have failed to secure definite proof of
the occurrence of two broods in any case, though it seems not im-
probable that Chortophaga viridifasciata and possibly other species
may have two broods in the extreme south. This is a point which
might readily be determined by resident observers in Florida or
along the Gulf coast.
Contrary to the opinion sometimes expressed, the presence of
very young or of adult insects in widely separated months of the
year does not prove that there are two broods per annum of that
species, unless, possibly, in the extreme south, where there is no
inactive winter resting season. It needs to be shown that adults
appear in numbers twice per annum, alternating with two similar
appearances of newly hatched young, in order to establish beyond a
doubt the occurrence of two broods annually in the life history of
a species.
LIFE HISTORIES.
There is much variation in individuals of the same species in
the time of hatching ; and in different species in their life history
with reference to the seasons of the year, some passing the winter as
adults, some as nymphs, but by far the most in the egg stage.
Schistocercaamericana,Leptysma marginicollis, and several Tettiginse
are examples of the first ; in the Northern States Chortophaga
viridifasciata, Arphia sulphur ea, and Hippiscus luberculatus are
examples of the second. It seems not impossible that some long-
lived species may occur as adults in every month of the year in
some of the warmer zones. In reference to this point observations
are needed during the entire year.
ZONAL DISTRIBUTION.
Owing to the lack, in many cases, of definite data, the follow-
ing statements concerning the zonal origin and distribution of the
genera of Acridiidse of eastern North America must be regarded as
purely tentative, to be corrected and revised as opportunity permits.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDHD^E. 13
They are here put forth as a suggestion and stimulus to further
research.
Genera of boreal origin and distribution. — Of the genera of
Acridiidse occurring in eastern North America six are boreal:
Chlocaltis, Stenobothrus, Mecostethus, Camnula, Circotettix, Podisma.
Of these Mecostethus alone is confined to the territory east of the
Rocky Mountains, so far as known. Stenobothrus, Mecostethus, and
Podisma are Old World genera, and, with Gomphocerus, found
among the Rocky Mountains, constitute a reminder of circumpolar
land communication. If to these we add Tettix, which is cosmo-
politan, we shall have considered all the genera common to Europe
and North America, with the exception of Schistoccrca, austral in
distribution, one species of which is believed to have crossed from
South America to the Old World.
Genera of austral origin and distribution. — In this group are
found six which are peculiar to the Gulf strip of the Lower Austral
zone or its immediate vicinity: Paxilla, Rhadinotatum, Macneillia,
Gymnoscirtetes, Eotettix, Aptenopedes. Besides these, Dictyophorus,
Arnilia, and Leptysma extend further westward in the Lower
Austral zone.
Others of austral origin and distribution are : Neotettix, Para-
tettix, Apotettix, Tryxalis, Mermiria, Syrbula, Eritettix, Ambly-
tropidia, Dichro morpha , Clinocephalus t and Paroxya. Of these
all but Paratettix, Apotettix, Tryxalis, Mermiria, and Syrbula are
confined to the east. Psinidia and Scirtetica, likewise confined to
the east but probably of Sonoran derivation, are doubtless of
austral origin. Dissosteira, Hippiscus, Spharagemon, Trimerotropis,
Arphia, and Hesperotettix, of extended distribution both latitudinally
and longitudinally, are probably of austral Sonoran origin, though
some species have become adapted to boreal conditions. Chorto-
phaga and Encoptolophus , possibly Arphia also, there is reason to
think, may have originated in the east. Ageneotcttix, Phcetaliotes,
and Mestobregma have apparently but recently entered our territory
from the west and as yet occupy but a small portion of it. The
place of origin of Pseudopomala is questionable. Schistocerca and
Orphulella are undoubtedly of austral origin, though containing
species which reach a high altitude and latitude. The same is true
of Tettigidea, and possibly of Nomotettix^ both of which seem to
be typically eastern in distribution. Melanoplus, the dominant
North American genus, covers the continent from Labrador to
Mexico, from Alaska to Florida, and contains boreal and austral,
eastern and western, and humid-land and arid-land species.
14 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
LOCUST SOCIETIES AND HABITATS.
Independently of their zonal distribution, the Acridiidae may
be arranged, according to their habits, in local groups which we
call, for lack of a better name, societies or associations of species.
These groups will vary more or less according to the importance
attached to various environmental factors by the person arranging
them. We may follow the botanists and recognize hygrophile,
xerophile, and other groups, based upon distribution with reference
to soil humidity. We may divide them into campestral and sylvan
series, frequenting respectively open fields and savannas or forestal
environments. Or we may arrange them in still other ways.
We find, it is true, species which are characteristic of these
various surroundings, and others whose habitats are not so readily
classified, or which, widely distributed zonally and geographically,
show no especial predilection for any definite kind of environment.
A complete and satisfactory classification of locust societies has yet
to be made. The hurried character of the trip forbade critical
study of this topic, and mention here is made of but a few of the more
noticeable features connected with the subject in the territory under
consideration.
The following table shows the classification in outline of the
societies which I have found easily recognizable in the Eastern
States, but it needs to be amplified by further study. Fuller
details of distribution will be found in the list of species (p. 24).
Locust societies of eastern North America.
Geophilous division. Phytophilous division.
Campestrian group. Campestrian group.
Xerophile societies : Xerophile societies :
Saxicolous species. Hygrophile "
Arenicolous " Sylvan group.
Humicolous " Thamnophile societies.
Hygrophile societies : Dendrophile "
Humicolous species.
Paludicolous "
Limicolous ' '
Sylvan group.
Geophilous locusts are those which freely come into direct
contact with the soil and whose local distribution is largely con-
trolled by its character. Phytophilous locusts, on the other hand,
have much closer relations with the vegetal covering of the soil, be
it grass or tree. This primary difference in habits is accompanied
by a structural difference in the relative development of the tarsal
pulvilli — large in the plant-perching species, diminutive, obsoles-
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 15
cent or aborted in the soil-inhabiting species. In eastern North
America, with few exceptions, the Tettiginae and Oedipodinae are
geophilous; the Tryxalinas and Acridiinae are phytophilous. In
the West, owing not only to adaptation in habits to an arid environ-
ment, but also in part to the close systematic relationship between
the Tryxalinae and Oedipodinse, the distinctness of these two groups
is less obvious.
GEOPHILOUS DIVISION.
The geophilous species of eastern North America are with one
partial exception campestral in distribution, as would naturally be
expected. The exception, Spharagemon bolli, is an inhabitant of
xerophytic forests as well as of open fields, and in the Southern
States is found quite as often in the forest as on the open plain.
Campestral Geophiles. — The campestral geophilous species
may be separated into two groups, showing xerophile and hygro-
phile tendencies, and represented respectively by the Oedipodinae
and the Tettiginae. The former group contains rock-inhabiting,
sand-inhabiting, and loam-inhabiting species ; the latter is made up
of moisture-loving species, frequenting damp fields, wet meadows,
and the shores of streams and ponds.
Xerophilous Geophiles. — Of saxicolous or rock-frequenting
species, Circotettix verruculatus and Spharagemon saxatile of the
Northern States are well-known examples. These species are
represented in certain parts of the South by Trimerotropis saxatilis,
whose habitat is likewise restricted to bare ledges and rocky
hills. A colony of this species is located on Stone Mountain, Georgia, *
a granite mass which rises 600 feet above the surrounding plain
and is almost entirely denuded of soil, whose sun-baked and torrent-
washed slopes still provide a scanty existence for a few of these in-
sects. (PI. 2, Fig. i.) I found it also on the summit of Sand Mountain
plateau, near Trenton, Ga., frequenting the bare rock surfaces of
the ' 'glades' ' —openings in the forest caused by exposure or proximity
to the surface of the underlying rock. (PI. 2, Fig. 2.)
Of arenicolous or sand-dwelling species there are several. On
the drifting sands of the beach at Cape Henry, Va. , between the
shore and the dunes, may be found Trimerotropis maritima, the
maritime or sea-side locust, occurring coastwise from southwestern
Maine at least as far as North Carolina, and also along the Great
Lakes. This species is unknown from inland localities, save as
noted. Its congener, T. citrina, however, is found throughout
* See Senate Doc. No. 84, 57th Congress, pi. xix.
16 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^J.
the larger part of the austral zones of the Southeastern States where-
ever the physical condition of the soil presents a suitable environ-
ment, being equally as much at home on dusty roadsides, sun-beaten
waste lands, and the sandy river washes of the interior as under
the nodding sea oats {Uniola paniculata) of the Virginia cape, the
palms of Tybee, or on the snow white strand at Fort Barrancas.
Plate 3, Fig. 2 shows one of its inland habitats, a sandy river-wash
at Morganton, N. C. (See also PI. 3, Fig. i, and PI. 4, Fig. i).
On and near the coast Psinidia fenestralis and Scirtetica picta are
frequently associated with it.
Hydrophilous Geophiles. — This group contains the Tettiginse,
whose local distribution is apparently controlled by the presence of
conditions favoring the growth of algae and other delicate organisms
such as grow upon damp, humus-enriched soil, conditions favored
by a considerable degree of moisture and a moderate exposure to
light. Even the humus itself is devoured (Hancock). Among
them we find species such as Paratettix cucullatus, frequenting the
shores of ponds and streams, be they sandy or muddy ; others, like
Tettigidea lateralis (and Tettix granulatus of the Northern States)
prefer wet meadows and swales; and some, like Nomotettix cristatus
and some species of Tcttix, inhabit drier soils of arenaceous loam.
PHYTOPHII,OUS DIVISION.
i
The phytophilous locusts fall very naturally into campestral
and sylvan groups.
Campestral Phytophiles. — The campestral species, like those of
the geophilous series, may be arranged in hygrophile and xerophile
groups, though perhaps not quite so successfully.
Xerophilous Phytophiles. — A species belonging to this group
and of much interest in the Southern States is Hesperotettix pra-
tensis. This locust has a very wide distribution in the western part
of the country, from Texas to Washington and from California to
Indiana, and was secured last summer in the Southeastern States
amid conditions much resembling those of the arid West. A glance at
PI. 5, Fig. i will show the desert-like surroundings in which it makes
its home along the Gulf shore of Florida, where it is not uncommon
among the xerophytic strand vegetation represented by Conradina
canescens, Quercus myrtifolia. Ilex vomitoria, Baptisia villosa, and
Ceratiola ericoides* the pungent aroma of the latter vividly recalling
that of the creosote-bush {Larrea) of the Sonoran deserts.
* Plant species kindly identified by Mr. J. M. Greenman, of Harvard
University.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 17
Hygrophilous Phytophiles. — Of the hygrophilous group, men-
tion should be made of Orphulella olivacea, a species of wide range
along the sea-board, recorded from Darien and the Bermudas, and
known in the United States from Connecticut, New Jersey, Maryland,
Georgia, and western Florida. It is the only halophilous locust of
the Eastern States, being restricted to salt-marshes and the vegetation
bordering brackish waters. Near Fort Barrancas, Fla., it frequents
the " spear-grass " {Juncus) fringing the inlets, and is often accom-
panied by Paroxya atlantica and P. ftoridiana. (See PI. 4. Fig. 2.)
The two species of Paroxya just mentioned are also typical
hygrophiles, the former not uncommon in grassy swamps of the
Gulf region, the latter widely distributed in swampy stations in both
Upper and Lower Austral zones of the Eastern States, even far in-
land, and often accompanied by Tryxalis brevicornis. Leptysma
marginicollis, also, is a common and widespread species which fre-
quents the erect growth of rushes and sedges which so commonly
margin the shores of fresh-water ponds and swampy pools. In
meadows and moist fields of the Transition and Canadian zones
Stenobothrus curtipennis finds a congenial home, often occurring in
countless numbers. In the damper portions of Coastal Plain local-
ities, where all topographic features are in low relief, and especially
where campestral conditions are mixed with sylvan in the shape of
tangled thickets of undershrubs and interlacing herbage (PI. 5, Fig. 2),
Gymnostirtetes pusillus, Aptenopedes sphenarioides, Eotettix pusillus,
E. palustris, and others are to be found, playing at hide and seek,
as it were, among the rushes, white-tufted cotton-grass, yellow-
flowered Xyris, pink Sabbatia, and tall Sarracenias. These species
may with equal or even greater propriety be placed in the sylvan
group, owing to the labyrinthine character of this environment and
their adaptation thereto, as we shall see later.
Sylvan Phytophiles. — Of this group numerous representatives
occur in the Southeastern States, as would naturally be expected
from the wide extent of the forest and thicket covering character-
istic of the humid climate. These will be considered at some length
under the next topic and in a general comparison of the campestral
and sylvan groups.
MOUNTAIN HABITATS.
Among the mountains of the southeastern United States cam-
pestral environments are largely replaced by sylvan in consequence
of the humidity of the climate ; they are, however, represented by
18 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
clearings in the valleys along the streams and by the summit and
ridge " balds." The mountain slopes are generally clothed with a
forest cover, either of timber or of a dense, shrubby chaparral.
The valley clearings lie in the Upper Austral or the Transition
zone, according to altitude, and possess a characteristic campestrian
locust fauna represented by such phytophilous species as Melan-
oplus femur-rubrum and M. atlanis, Stenobothrus curtipennis, Orphulella
speciosa, and such geophilous species as Dissosteira Carolina, En-
coptolophus sordidus, Chortophaga viridifasciata, Tettix ornatus, T.
hancocki, T. arenosus, Paratettix cucullatus, Neotettix bolivari, etc.
The "balds" are open spaces of greater or less area situated on
the summits or extending along the ridges connecting the summits
and are used as pastures for stock. On Roan Mountain and adjacent
summits these balds cover hundreds of acres and when not too
closely grazed form sedgy lawns of surpassing beauty framed in an
unrivaled setting of pink-flowered rhododendrons and dark balsam
firs.
The locust fauna of these balds is for the most part the same as
that of the valley clearings — campestral species of wide distribution
or of boreal character, but with a distinct austral element (Schistocerca
americana, Neotettix bolivari} due to the proximity of that zone.
Below, and on the ridges, the balds give place suddenly or gradually
to deciduous forests. (PI. i, Figs, i, 2; PI. 8, Fig. i.)
The forested areas present two distinct kinds of habitat — trees
and undergrowth — inhabited respectively by dendrophile and by
thamnophile (tree-loving and thicket-loving) species. The term
thamnophilous I shall apply to those dwelling amid tangled, inter-
lacing, vegetal undergrowth, be it of woody plants or herbs, since
the biological conditions presented by the two are in certain import-
ant respects essentially the same, as will be seen later. No strictly
arboreal species (such, for instance, as Melanoplus punctulatus) were
observed, though very likely occurring.
THAMNOPHILOUS SPECIES.
All of the woodland species secured were inhabitants of under-
growth, whether found among the more open timber or that forming
the sole forest-cover of the mountain-sides. The slopes of Grand-
father Mountain (see PI. i, Fig. 2) are largely clothed with a dense,
shrubby chaparral or "laurel bald" made up of laurel, rhododen-
dron, Menziesia, Leiophyllum, etc., amid which the apterous Podisma
glacialis vatiegata finds a home. Here also lives Melanoplus
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^. 19
sylvestris, whose congener celatus of the Virginia mountains bears an
even closer resemblance to their northern relative, M. islandicus.
On the borders of the clearings and balds and in the more open
forests a rank growth of " ol' rich weed " (Eupatorium) is fre-
quently found, sometimes covering wide areas. Here Mdanoplus
amplectens {=blatchleyi) is a characteristic species, and at the head
of Roan Valley has extended its habitat into the higher grassy
clearings, thriving in myriads among the timothy and velvet-grass
{Phleum and Holcus). (See PI. 7, Figs, i, 2) Many other thicket-
dwelling species were secured at various elevations.
A COMPARISON OF CAMPESTRAL AND SYLVAN LOCUSTS.
Campestrian Species. — This group as a whole includes locusts
of the open country, be it wet or dry, marsh or mountain, strand or
crag. Here belong our commonest and best-known locusts or
"grasshoppers," of which typical examples are Melanoplus femur-
rubrum and Dissosteira Carolina. Considered carefully, we find that
all of the Oedipodinae of the Eastern States fall into this group; of
the Tryxalinae the following genera : Mermiria, Tryxalis, Syrbula,
Orphulella, Eritettix, Stenobothrus , and Mecostethus ; of the Acridiinae
Leptysma, Arnilia, Schistocerca, Paroxya, and about fifteen species of
Melanoplus (notably angustipennis ', atlanis, bivittatus, differentiate ,
extreimis, femoratris, minor, propinquus, symmetricus) ; and a number
of the Tettiginae.
Sylvan Species. — To this group belong primarily those species
which inhabit woodlands and thickets or their borders, such as
Chloealtis conspersa, Podisma glacialis variegata, Melanoplus amplectens ,.
baconi, fasciatus, huroni, islandicus, luridus, morsei, obovatipennis ,
scudderi, sylvaticus, viridipes, and many of the new species secured
during my trip — celatus, sylvestris, carnegiei, decoratus, deceptus, devius,
divergens, similis, strumosus, and tribulus. To these may properly
be added, as already stated, several others whose haunts are amid
tangled herbaceous growths wherever found — such, for instance,
as Dichromorpha viridis, Macneillia obscura, Gymnoscirtetes pusillus,
the species of Eotettix and Aptenopedes, and several Tettigince.
When we compare the component species of these two groups —
campestral and sylvan — we are at once struck with the fact that a
very large majority of the former are long-winged, and of the
latter are short-winged or apterous, a fact of much biological
interest.
20 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
MACROPTEROUS AND BRACHYPTEROUS SPECIES OF LOCUSTS.
The presence of apterous or brachypterous, that is to say, flight-
less, species of insects in a relatively large proportion is said to be
characteristic of islands and alpine mountain summits; and the
current explanation, that it is due to natural selection through the
agency of the wind, is widely known. While not questioning the
efficiency of this agent in a considerable degree with reference to
islands of small area, the evidence from North American locusts
requires a different explanation. According to this theory species
would be likely to show a tendency toward brachypterism along the
shores of continents. It would be interesting to make a quantitative
study of variation with reference to this point, but there is no evi-
dence at hand to indicate that such is the case. Furthermore, flying
species appear to be equally as common on alpine mountain summits
as flightless species, other conditions being the same.
In North America the predominant group of Acridians is the
Melanopli. Of these many are brachypterous or apterous, in short,
flightless. The genera Bradynotes, Asemoplus, Podisma, and Para-
dichroplus are typically alpine or sub-alpine in distribution and
are flightless. The genera Gymnoscirtetes , Eotettix, Aptenopedes,
Phoetaliotes, Paratylotropidia, and others are of lowland distribution
and are likewise flightless. There are many flightless species of
Melanoplus, the dominant genus of the group, which are likewise of
lowland distribution, and others which are found at high elevations
in mountainous regions, some above and some below timber line.
In other groups there are numerous lowland genera containing
only brachypterous species (Rhadinotatum, Macneillia, Mesochloa,
Dichromorpha, Clinocephalus ', Boopedon, Brachystola, Dictyophorus ,
Pseudopomala, etc.). Flightless genera and species are distributed
impartially as to numbers over lowland and highland areas, in
Austral and Boreal life zones. Some factor other than the wind
must consequently be involved.
The solution of this problem lies in the arrangement of the
Acridiidse in the two groups, campestral and sylvan, and the factor
involved is, adaptation of structure to habits brought about by a
sylvan environment. This has caused a change in structure through
disuse of the organs of flight. In short, Brachypterism in locusts is a
more complete adaptation to a leaping mode of progression brought about
by life in situations where flight is difficult or impracticable, and
consequently disadvantageous. That this is the true explanation is
indicated by the habits and haunts of the majority of the flightless
species (sylvan surroundings or tangled undergrowth wherever
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 21
found); by their distribution locally, horizontally, and vertically;
and by the equally characteristic habits, haunts, and distribution of
macropterous species as inhabitants of the open field, desert, or
savanna.
The advantages of progression by flight — dispersal widely and
easily effected, often aided by the wind, ease of escape from many
enemies, etc., and the superiority of this mode in open lands — are
evident to all. On the other hand, long wings and locomotion by
flight are disadvantageous amid dense underbrush, where a leaping
mode of progression has decided advantages. Organs unused or
disadvantageous tend to dwindle and disappear; hence the loss
of wings.
If the members of a group of locusts, be it genus or subfamily,
differ widely in habits as regards these two kinds of environment —
campestral and sylvan — we find a corresponding difference in wing
length, as witness the genus Melanoplus, the group Melanopli, the
subfamily Acridiinse. On the other hand, if uniformity of habits
characterizes a group, similarity of structure accompanies it, as
witness the Oedipodinae, a subfamily characteristic of open, more
or less arid surroundings, inhabiting barren fields and washes, the
drifting dunes of the seashore, or bare crags of mountain summits,
shy and wary of approach, seeking safety in flight, and with few
exceptions equipped with large and powerful wings.
BRACHYPTERISM IN OTHER ORTHOPTERA.
Among other Orthoptera apterous species are numerous both
in saltatorial and non-saltatorial families. On examination we find
that genera and species inhabiting trees and shrubs (Scudderia,
Microcentrum, Cyrtophyllus , Oecanthus, etc.) and open grassy lands
{Conocephalus) , are prevailingly long- winged, while those inhab-
iting either undergrowth (Xiphidium in part, Odontoxiphidium) ,
crevices and caves (Ceuthophili, Decticinse, many Blattidse, and
Gryllidse), or burrows, either of other species or of their own make
(Cryptocercus, Myrmecophila, mole-crickets in part), are very likely to
be apterous or brachypterous, an evident adaptation in structure to
habits directly parallel with that of brachypterous locusts (cf. also
ants, termites).
On close analysis it is found that Orthoptera frequenting habi-
tats involving passage over open spaces of considerable extent, such as
fields, between trees in forests, and bushes or thickets in deserts,
are usually long-winged, flying species ; and others dwelling in an
environment of more'or less dense, intricate, interlacing vegetal growth,
BIO-AGRICULTUR
UNIVERSITY OF (
Rl\/FPQinc: r»Ai u
22 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
be it sub-alpine or sub-tropical, in forest or swamp — or in burrows,
crevices, etc. — in short, in stations where wings are not needed or
are at a disadvantage, are very generally apterous or brachypterous.
Brachypterism, therefore, appears to be largely not so much
a case of natural selection through the agency of the wind as an
adaptation in structure to habits. The fact that the heavier-bodied
female is more frequently or completely brachypterous than the
male and that the tegmina in the latter sex when used as musical
instruments are retained in a less degenerate condition (even when
entirely useless in flight), confirms this explanation of brachypterism.
"BURNING OVER" AS A FACTOR IN DISTRIBUTION.
A factor which must seriously affect the distribution of some
species is the widespread custom of " burning over" the mountains
to improve the range for stock. This practice results necessarily in
the destruction of much of the woody debris lying upon the ground
which is used as a nidus for the eggs by Chloealtis conspersa, a short-
winged boreal species of wide distribution in the Northern States,
where it is plentiful in numbers even on the offshore islands. A
very few examples of this species were found at high elevations in
the mountains of western North Carolina and Virginia, and it would
seem not unlikely that the custom referred to may be largely
responsible for its scarcity in that region. Since the burning is
usually done during the winter, or at least in the inactive season of
locust life, it would affect a species having the habit of oviposition
mentioned more injuriously than one ovipositing in the earth.
HYBRIDS, VARIETIES, AND OTHER TOPICS.
What is apparently a case of hybridization resembling that of
Basilarchia artkemis and B, astyanax among butterflies occurs in
Virginia between two species of Trimerotropis, T. citrina has been
already referred to as being widely distributed in the Southeastern
States, frequenting sandy areas. At Cape Henry and Virginia Beach
it meets T. maritima, a more northern species whose range extends
to North Carolina at least. Where the ranges of the two overlap,
typical forms of both species are found, and intergrades of all
degrees of resemblance to either occur in numbers. Were not the
typical forms present it would appear to be simply intergradation,
as appears to be the case in the related genus Scirtetica. In the
latter genus S. marmorata, found in Massachusetts and Connecticut,
differs markedly in degree of pigmentation of the wings and slightly
in structure from 5". picta of Florida ; but North Carolina specimens
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 23
are so exactly intermediate that they can be referred to neither
species with certainty. If intergradation prove to be the case, the
increased amount of pigmentation in the southern form is noteworthy,
paralleled as it is in other genera. Additional material in series,
and, if practicable, experimentation, is needed to determine the
relation of these forms and the possible effect of climatic conditions.
Other topics connected with the biological study of this group
of insects, such as coloration and stridulation, were given little
attention, owing to the limited time for observation in the field.
It is sufficient to say that many of the Oedipodinse collected (espe-
cially Trimerotropis , Scirtetica, Hippiscus, Psinidia, and Spharagemon)
exhibited in a high degree their customary phases of coloration
for concealment when at rest (see PI. 8, Fig. 2) and for display (recog-
nition or sexual coloration) when on the wing, in the latter case
accompanied by a crepitating flight which in itself attracts attention.
SPECIES OP ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE.
The only species met with in sufficient numbers to be of
economic importance were Schistocerca americana, Stenobothrns curti-
pennis, Melanoplus differentialis , M. atlanis, M. ampledens, and possibly
Chortophaga viridifasciata. But three localities were found where
any of these were abundant enough to cause considerable damage.
Schistocerca americana occurs throughout the entire region visited,
from the seashore to the tops of the highest mountains, but was
found in numbers only near Chattanooga, Tenn., where it was
accompanied by M. differentialis. M. atlanis also was observed nearly
everywhere and is perhaps the most dangerous, potentially, of any
species inhabiting the region. It was excessively plentiful at I<in-
ville, N. C., where its numbers threaten serious injury if they con-
tinue to increase. In the high grassy coves of Roan Valley, on the
south side of Roan Mountain, the fields were alive with adults and
young of M. amplectens (blatchleyi) a species which is capable of doing
much damage locally, but, being short-winged, is unable to extend
its ravages far. Stenobothrus curtipennis also was very plentiful at
Linville and Roan Valley.
Inquiries made as to damage by locusts elicited little definite
information. A few complaints were received of injuries to tobacco
leaves occasionally, and to young crops in the spring. From the
description furnished and the life history of the species it is suspected
that Chortophaga viridifasciata may be the culprit in the latter case.
Any locust outbreak occurring is likely to be of rather local char-
acter and probably could be suppressed promptly at small expense.
24 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
LIST OF SPECIES AND LOCALITIES FROM WHICH COLLECTED.
The following list includes all of the species of Acridiidae taken
during the trip, with date and place of capture and notes on habitat.
References to original descriptions and bibliography have been
omitted, except when such seemed especially desirable or necessary,
such as those to new species secured upon the trip (already pub-
lished), which form an intrinsic part of the work done under
this grant.
The sequence of groups is that of Scudder's Catalogue of the
Described Orthoptera of the United States and Canada (Proc.
Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., 1900).
Unless otherwise indicated the data here given refer to adult
specimens. The young, when identifiable with reasonable certainty,
are included also in numerous instances ; but a large number cannot
as yet be determined. For the purpose of elucidating life histories,
the stage of development of the young, reckoning five nymph stages,
is given in many cases. Data based on immature specimens are
placed in parentheses. Thus "(Asheville, July 22, juv. 5)" indi-
cates that the record for this locality is based on young in the fifth
stage; "Virginia Beach, July 2, (juv. 4), Sept. 7," indicates that
adults were secured on July 2 and September 7 and young in the
fourth stage on July 2. The season, judging from the development
of vegetation, I was informed at nearly every locality during the first
half of the trip, was from two to three weeks late. This fact should
be taken into consideration when estimating the time of appearance
of the species in the mature state.
Statements with "reference to the zonal distribution of the species
usually apply simply to the territory under consideration, and must
be regarded as more or less tentative, owing to the lack of adequate
data. It is hoped that students and collectors will give more atten-
tion to this matter in the future and record the character of the
habitat as well as the exact locality where the various species are
found.
TETTIGINAE.
Nomotettix cristatus Scudd.
Virginia: Cape Henry, July 2, (juv.).
North Carolina: Asheville, July 22; (Blowing Rock, July 19, juv.);
(Morganton, July 20, }uv.); (Murphy, Aug. 22, juv.); Saluda, Aug. 17;
(Selma, July 7, juv.).
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 14, 15, (juv.).
Georgia: (Sand Mountain, Aug. 25, juv.); Waycross, Aug. n.
Florida: (Live Oak, Aug. 10, juv.).
Alabama: Flomaton, Aug. i.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 25
Austral and Transition zones. Widely, rather than generally
distributed. It is seemingly most at home in the damper portions
of upland fields on sandy loam, under which conditions it is some-
times locally abundant in the Northern States. In the South it was
found on the same kind of soil, chiefly at low elevations, the young
at this season of the year decidedly outnumbering the adults.
Ncotettix bolivari Hanc.
(Including N. rotundifrons , and probably synonymous with Tettix
femoratus Scudd.)
Virginia : Cape Henry, July 2, Sept. 7, (juv.); Hickory, July 3 ; Virginia
Beach, July 4, Sept 7.
North Carolina : Asheville, July 21, 22; Balsam, July 23, Aug. 20, 3000 to
4000 feet ; Eure, July 5 ; Governor Island, Aug. 20, (juv.) ; 1,invillei
July 17, 18; Morganton, July 12, 20; (Murphy, July 25, juv.); Pineola;
July 13; Raleigh, July 8, 9; Roan Mountain. July 15, 5500 feet;
Salisbury, July n ; Saluda, Aug. 17; Tarboro, July 6; Tunis, July 5.
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15, (juv.) ; Spartanburg, Aug. 16.
Georgia: Bolton, July 29, (juv.); (Sand Mountain, Aug. 25, juv.); Tybee,
Aug. 12 ; Waycross, Aug. II, (juv.) ; West Point, July 30.
Florida : De Funiak Springs, Aug. 5; Live Oak, Aug. 10, (juv.); Marianna,
Aug. 6, 7, (juv.) ; Tallahassee, Aug. 8 ; Warrington, Aug. 4, (juv.).
Alabama: Flomaton, Aug. I, 2, (juv.) ; Greenville, July 31, (juv.).
Tennessee: Burbank, July 17; (Johnson City, Aug. 27, juv.) ; Morristown,
Aug. 27.
Austral and Transition zones of the Southeastern States, some-
times occurring in adjoining portions of Canadian zone. Generally
distributed; plentiful, sometimes abundant locally, preferring rather
moist soils and sandy loam. This is one of the characteristic
species of the Southeastern States, and is very common in the adult
stage during the summer. The relative proportion of the long-
winged and short-winged forms varies very much in different
localities, a series of 152 specimens from Waycross, Ga., containing
equal numbers ; but the usual proportion of long- winged examples
is much lower, ranging from 5 to 20 per cent.
Neotettix bolteri Hanc.
Florida: Fort Barrancas, Aug. 3; Tallahassee, Aug. 8, (juv.); Warrington,
Aug. 4.
Thus far known only from Florida, but will very likely be
found to occur in the Lower Austral zone of the adjoining States.
Tettix arenosus Burm.
Virginia : Roanoke, Sept. 6.
North Carolina: Asheville, July 22; Pineola, Aug. 28; Roan Mountain,
July 16, Aug. 31, 5500 feet; Tunis, July 5, (juv.).
26 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDJE.
South Carolina: Spartanburg, Aug. 16.
Florida : Mariaima, Aug. 6, 7.
Alabama : Flomaton, Aug. 2.
Tennessee: Chattanooga, Aug. 24.
Austral and Transition zones, especially the former. A humi-
colous species widely distributed in the Eastern States, and present-
ing many variations in details of form and proportions.
Tettix omattts Say.
North Carolina : Asheville, July 22 ; Balsam, Aug. 20, 3000 to 3500 feet ;
Governor Island, Aug. 20; L,inville, July 17; Pineola, July 13, 14;
Roan Mountain, July 16, (Aug. 31, juv.) 5500 to 6000 feet, ; Salisbury,
July n, (juv.).
Tennessee: Burbank, July 17 ; Morristown, Aug. 27.
Numerous young specimens of this or the following species
were taken at several of the localities named above.
A boreal species common and widely distributed in the Transi-
tion and Canadian zones, having much the same haunts as Nomo-
tettix cristatus, but showing a preference for a greater degree of
humidity.
Tettix hancocki Morse.
Virginia : Roanoke, Sept. 6.
North Carolina : Asheville, July 21 ; L,inville, July 17 ; Pineola, July 13,
14, Aug. 28 ; Roan Mountain, July 16, 5500 feet ; Roan Valley, July 16.
Tennessee: Burbank, July 17; Morristown, Aug. 27; Roan Mountain
Station, July 17.
(See note concerning young under T. ornatus).
A humicolous species of boreal origin, nearly related to T.
ornatus, widely distributed in the Transition zone of the Central
and Appalachian regions.
Apotettix twgosus Scudd.
Georgia : Tybee Island, Aug. 12.
Lower Austral zone. But three examples of this species were
secured, in a wet meadow near Fort Screven.
Paratettix cucullatus Burm.
Virginia: Wytheville, Sept. 5.
North Carolina: Asheville, July 22, (juv.) ; Balsam, July 23, Aug. 19, 20;
Linville, July 18 ; Morganton, July 20; Murphy, July 25, (juv.);
(Raleigh, July 9, juv.) ; Salisbury, July n ; Topton, Aug 21.
South Carolina: Spartanburg, Aug. 16, (juv.).
Georgia: Blue Ridge, July 25 ; Bolton, July 29; Jasper, July 25, (juv.) ;
Marietta, July 27, (juv.).
Florida : Marianna, Aug. 7, (juv.).
Alabama: Flomaton, Aug. i; (Greenville, July 31, juv.).
Tennessee : Burbank, July 17 ; Roan Mountain Station, Sept. 3, (juv.).
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 27
Austral and warmer parts of Transition zones. A widely dis-
tributed limicolous species, often occurring abundantly on the shores
of ponds, pools, and streams.
Paxilla obesa Scudd.
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15, (juv.).
Florida : (De Funiak Springs, Aug. 5, juv.).
L,ower Austral zone. Hitherto reported only from Georgia,
these captures greatly extend its known range. A very few ex-
amples were secured in wet stations near springs or swampy
ground.
Tettigfidea prorsa Scudd.
South Carolina: Denmark, Aug. 14, 15, (juv.).
I^ower Austral Zone. A single pair and two nearly full grown
young were secured on wet ground near a stagnant pool.
Tettigidea latetalis Say.
To this species are referred provisionally a considerable number
of specimens from widely distributed localities. It is not impossible
that two species may be included among them, but at present
so little is definitely known regarding specific characters and limita-
tions in this difficult genus that it seems wisest to await the
accumulation of material and observations.
Virginia: Appomattox, Sept. 6, (juv.); Cape Henry, July 2, (juv.), Sept. 7,
(juv.); Hickory, Julys; (Norfolk, Sept. 8, juv.); Roanoke, Sept 6 ;
Virginia Beach, Sept. 7, (juv.); (Wytheville, Sept. 4, 5, juv.).
North Carolina: Asheville, July 22, (juv.); Balsam, July 23, (juv.), (Aug.
20, juv.) ; (Cranberry, Aug. 28, juv.) ; (Eure, July 5, juv.) ; Governor
Island, Aug. 20, (juv.); L,inville, July 17, 18, (juv.), (Aug. 30, juv.);
Morganton, (July 12, juv.), July 20, (juv.) ; Raleigh, July 8, (juv.) ;
Roan Mountain, July 16 ; Roan Valley, July 16; Pineola, July 13,
(juv.), (Aug. 23, juv.); Salisbury, July n, (juv.); Saluda, Aug. 17
(juv.) ; Selma, July 7; Tunis, July 5, (juv.).
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15.
Georgia: (Jasper, July 25, juv.); Marietta, July 27; Savannah, Aug. 14,
(juv.) ; Waycross, Aug. n, (juv.).
Florida : Fort Barrancas, Aug. 3, (juv.) ; Marianna, Aug. 6, (juv.), 7 ;
Tallahassee, Aug. 8.
Alabama: Flomaton, Aug. i, (juv.), 2 ; (Greenville, July 31, juv.).
Tennessee: (Burbank, July 17, juv.) ; Chattanooga, Aug. 24, (juv.);
Johnson City, Aug. 27, (juv.) ; Morristown, Aug. 27 ; Roan Mountain
Station, Sept. 3, (juv.).
Austral and southern parts of Transition zones. The forms
here included are widely and generally distributed in damp locations
in the southern part of the Eastern States. Typically they differ
28 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
markedly from the northern forms to which I have applied Harris's
name {parvipennis} , but their true relation to the latter and to each
other has yet to be determined. Series of specimens captured in
different localities differ much in the relative proportion of long and
short winged individuals. The reason for this, whether environ-
mental, or in some cases possibly indicating varietal differences,
has yet to be discovered.
Locusts of this genus are usually found most abundantly in
moist or wet meadows and marshes with soils of sandy loam, show-
ing a preference for a habitat intermediate in degree of humidity
between such species as Nomotettix cristatus and Tettix ornatus on
the one hand and Paratettix cucullatus on the other.
Tettigidea armata Morse.
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15.
Austral. A single specimen of the short-winged form of this
species was secured in the same place as the examples of Paxilla
obesa and Tettigidea prorsa.
TRYXALINAE.
Rhadinotatum brevipenne Thom.
Georgia: (Savannah, Aug. 14, juv.) ; (Waycross, Aug. n, juv.).
Florida: (De Funiak Springs, Aug. 5, juv.) ; Live Oak, Aug. 10, (juv.) ;
(Tallahassee, Aug. 8, juv.).
Alabama: (Greenville, July 31, juv.).
The nymphs represent two early stages, but which ones cannot
be determined with certainty (probably i and 2) until the entire
series is known.
A single adult female and several young examples of this
peculiar locust were secured in grassy swamps.
Tryxalis bfevicornis Linn.
North Carolina: Asheville, July 22, (juv. 4, 5) ; Governor Island, Aug. 20;
(Lenoir, on road toward Blowing Rock, about 1500 feet, July 19,
juv. 3, 4, 5) ; (Morgan ton, July 12, juv. 4) ; (Salisbury, July n, juv.
4, 5) ; Saluda, Aug. 17.
Georgia: Jasper, July 25 ; Marietta, July 27, (juv. 4, 5) ; Stone Mountain,
July 28, 1000 feet, (juv. 5).
Florida : Marianna, Aug. 6.
Alabama: Greenville, July 31, (juv. 4).
Tennessee : Chattanooga, Aug. 24 ; Johnson City, Aug. 27.
Austral zones. Widely distributed but rather local. A cam-
pestrian species inhabiting the rank herbage of swamps, meadows,
and the vicinity of streams.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDHD^E. 29
Mcrmiria alacris Scudd.
? North Carolina: (Salisbury, July n, juv. 2).
Georgia: Waycross, Aug. n.
? Florida: (Live Oak, Aug. 10, juv. 4).
The young specimens are referred to this species with some
doubt.
Lower (?) Austral. Campestrian ; in old fields on bunch-
grass.
Metmiria bivittata Serv.
Florida : Fort Barrancas, Aug. 3.
Lower Austral. A single male was taken in the spear-grass
(Jtmcus) fringing the inlet shown in PI. 4, Fig. 2.
Mermiria intertexta Scudd.
Georgia: Tybee Island, Aug. 12, (juv. 5).
Lower Austral. This fine locust was plentiful in a swamp
among the dunes near the south end of the island, inhabiting a rank
growth of coarse grasses and herbage. It is a shy and active
species, flying freely and far, and on alighting dodges quickly
around the grass stems to escape observation, or, slipping nimbly
downward and backward, seeks to hide itself.
Syrbuta admxrabilis Uhl.
Virginia : Appomattox, Sept. 6 ; Cape Henry, Sept. 7 ; Norfolk, Sept. 8 ;
Roanoke, Sept. 6 ; Virginia Beach, Sept. 7.
North Carolina : (Eure, July 5, juv. 2, 4, 5) ; (Greensboro, July 10, juv. r,
2, 3, 4) ; (Morganton, July 20, juv. 2, 4, 5) ; (Raleigh, July 8, 9, juv. I,
2, 5) ; (Salisbury, July n, juv. 3, 4) ; (Selma, July 7, juv. 2, 4) ; (Tar-
bo ro, July 6, juv. 3, 4).
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 14, 15, (juv. 5) ; Spartanburg, Aug. 16, 17,
(juv. 5).
Georgia: (Bolton, July 29, juv. 5) ; Jasper, July 25, 26, (juv. 3, 4, 5) ;
(Marietta, July 27, juv. 3, 5) ; Sand Mountain, Aug. 25 ; Savannah,
Aug. 14, (juv. 4) ; Stone Mountain, July 28, (juv. 3, 4, 5) ; Waycross,
Aug. 11, (juv. 4) ; West Point, July 30, (juv. 5).
Florida: De Funiak Springs, Aug. 5, (juv. 4, 5); Live Oak, Aug. 10,
(juv. 5) ; Marianna, Aug. 6, 7, (juv. 3, 5) ; Tallahassee, Aug. 8, (juv. 5) ;
(Warrington, Aug. 4, juv. 5).
Alabama : Flomaton, Aug. i, 2, (juv. 3, 5) ; Greenville, July 31, (juv. 3).
Tennessee : Chattanooga, Aug. 24 ; (Johnson City, Aug. 27, juv. 5) ; Look-
out Mountain, Aug. 23 ; Morristown, Aug. 27; Roan Mountain Station,
Sept. 3, (juv. 5).
Austral zones. A widely and generally distributed campestral
species, common in upland fields amid Andropogon and other
coarse grasses.
30 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
Eritcttix sp.
Virginia: (Appomattox, Sept. 6, juv.) ; (Wytheville, Sept, 4, 5, juv.).
North Carolina : (Saluda, Aug. 17, juv.).
Georgia : (Sand Mountain, Aug. 25, juv.).
All the specimens are nymphs in the second and third stages.
Upper Austral. A very few examples were secured, in dry
upland fields on sandy soil.
Macneillia obscura Scudd.
Florida : Live Oak, Aug. 10, (juv. 2) .
Lower Austral. A rare species occurring among the low
shrubbery and tangled herbage of the piney woods of Florida.
Amblytropidia occidcntalis Sauss.
Numerous young specimens which I refer to this species with
some doubt were secured while sweeping.
North Carolina: (Selma, July 7, juv. I, 2).
South Carolina: (Denmark, Aug. 14, juv. 2, 4).
Georgia: (Jasper, July 26, juv. 2); (Sand Mountain, Aug. 25, juv. 2, 3,4);
(Savannah, Aug. 14, juv. 4) ; (Stone Mountain, July 28, juv. 2) ;
(Waycross, Aug. n, juv. 3).
Florida: (De Funiak Springs, Aug. 5, juv. 4) ; (Live Oak, Aug. 10, juv. 3, 4) ;
(Tallahassee, Aug. 8, juv. 3, 4).
Austral zones. Widely and rather generally distributed in
campestrian surroundings.
Orphulella olivacea Morse.
Georgia: Tybee Island, Aug. 12, 13, (juv. 4, 5).
Florida : Fort Barrancas, Aug. 3, (juv. 5) ; Warrington, Aug. 4.
A maritime species of austral origin and distribution, ranging
from Darien to the Bermudas, and known on our coast from
Connecticut to western Florida. It is a halophilous campestrian
species found only in salt marshes or along the shores of brackish '
inlets, often plentiful locally. This species, with its companions
Paroxya atlantica and floridiana and Orckelimum herbaceum, are
characteristic of the Juncus fringes of the tidal inlets and pools of
the southern coast, equally quick to seek safety in flight, or if hard
pressed to drop downward into the protecting shelter at the bases of
the tall, sharp-pointed culms. (See PI. 4, Fig. 2.)
Orphulella speciosa Scudd.
Virginia : Wytheville, Sept. 4.
North Carolina : Linville, July 18.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 31
Transition (and Canadian ?) zone. A northern offshoot of an
austral genus, adapted to more boreal conditions. It is exceedingly
plentiful in the Northeastern States, but was met with only sparingly
at the localities named. Campestral, inhabiting by preference
grassy fields on sandy soil.
Ofphulella pelidna Burm.
All the remaining adult specimens of this genus which were
secured I refer to this species. Numerous immature specimens in
the fourth and fifth stages, and a few younger, were also taken at
many of the localities named, and probably belong chiefly or ex-
clusively to this species. The data given below are based entirely
on adults.
Virginia : Appomattox, Sept. 6 ; Cape Henry, July 2, Sept. 7 ; Hickory,
July 3 ; Norfolk, Sept. 8 ; Virginia Beach, July 2, Sept. 7.
North Carolina : Balsam, Aug. 19, 3000 feet ; Cranberry, Aug. 28 ; Eure,
July 5, 6; Grandfather Mountain, Aug. 29, 5000 feet; Morganton, July
20 ; Murphy, July 25 ; Pineola, Aug. 28 ; Raleigh, July 8, 9 ; Saluda,
Aug. 17 ; Selma, July 7 ; Tarboro, July 6, 7 ; Topton, Aug. 21, 3000 to
4000 feet ; Tunis; July 5.
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 14, 15.
Georgia : Blue Ridge, July 25 ; Bolton, July 29 ; Jasper, July 26 ; Marietta,
July 27 ; Sand Mountain, Aug. 25 ; Savannah, Aug. 14 ; Stone Moun-
tain, July 28 ; Waycross, Aug. n ; West Point, July 30.
Florida : Carrabelle, Aug. 9 ; De Funiak Springs, Aug. 5 ; Port Barrancas,
Aug. 3 ; Live Oak, Aug. 10 ; Marianna, Aug. 6, 7 ; Tallahassee, Aug. 8 ;
Warrington, Aug. 4.
Alabama : Flomaton, Aug. i, 2 ; Greenville, July 31.
Tennessee: Burbank, July 17 ; Roan Mountain Station, July 17.
Austral and warmest parts of Transition zones. This is a very
widely and generally distributed species in the warmer parts of the
Atlantic and Gulf States; campestral, preferring moist soils of sandy
loam.
Dichfomorpha vifidis Scudd.
Virginia : Norfolk, Sept. 8.
North Carolina : (Greensboro, July 10, juv. 4, 5) ; Raleigh, July 8, 9, (juv.
3, 4, 5) ; Salisbury, July n, (juv. 4, 5).
South Carolina : Columbia, Aug. 16 ; Denmark, Aug. 14, 15.
Georgia : Savannah, Aug. 13, 14, (juv. 3, 4) ; Tybee Island, Aug. la, 13 ;
Waycross, Aug. n, (juv. 3, 4, 5) ; West Point, July 30.
Florida: Live Oak, Aug. 10 ; Marianna, Aug. 6, (juv. 5); Tallahassee,
Aug. 8 ; Warrington, Aug. 4.
Alabama : Flomaton, Aug. i, 2.
Tennessee: Chattanooga, Aug. 24, (juv. 5).
32 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
Austral zone. A very plentiful and widely distributed species
occurring from southern New England to the Gulf. In New Eng-
land it is most common in grassy fields on wet soil, near the mar-
gins of ponds and streams; in the South and the Central States it is
more commonly found in rank herbage along ditches and streams
and the edges of moist woodlands. Its haunts are thus intermediate
in character between those of a campestral and a sylvan species and
so likewise are the structural adaptations presented by it, a very
large proportion of the females being brachypterous.
Qinocephaltts elegans Morse.
Virginia : Virginia Beach, Sept. 7.
Georgia : Tybee Island, Aug. 12, 13, (juv.) ; Waycross, Aug. n, (juv. 3, 4, 5).
Florida: (De Funiak Springs, Aug. 5, juv. 4); (Carrabelle, Aug. 9, juv.s);
Warrington, Aug. 4, (juv. 4).
Alabama: Flomaton, Aug. i, (juv. 3, 4, 5).
Austral zones, coastwise. This species is not rare in grassy
marshes and wet spots in the Coastal Plain at no great distance
inland.
Chloealtis conspersa Harris.
Virginia : Wytheville. Sept. 4, 3300 feet.
North Carolina : Balsam, July 24, Aug. 19, (juv. 5), 5500 to 6000 feet.
Transition and Canadian zones. A very few examples of this
boreal species were taken at high elevations, amid or on the edges of
shrubby growths near the summit of Jones Peak and Steestachee
Bald in the Balsam Mountains, and not far from the High Rocks at
Wytheville. (See page 22 on "burning over" as a factor in
distribution.)
Stenobothrus curtipennis Harris.
North Carolina : Balsam, July 24, 4500 to 5700 feet ; Cranberry, Aug. 28 ;
Grandfather Mountain, Aug. 29, 4500 to 5000 feet, (juv. 5) ; Linville,
July 17, 18, (juv. 5), Aug. 30, (juv. 5); Roan Mountain July 15, (juv.
2, 3, 4), Aug. 31, Sept. i, (juv. 5); Roan Valley, July 16, (juv. 3, 4, 5).
Transition and Canadian zones. This boreal species is plenti-
ful in the campestral areas of the higher mountains, both in the
valley clearings and on the sedgy lawns of Roan Mountain, at an
altitude of 5,500 to 6,300 feet. It is a lover of moisture and its
favorite haunts are in the dense and succulent growth along streams
and in wet meadows and moist fields. It presents the customary
variations in structure and color characteristic of the species in its
northern haunts.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 33
OEDIPODINAE.
Arphia santhoptera Germ.
Virginia : Norfolk, Sept. 8 ; Roanoke, Sept. 6 ; Virginia Beach, Sept. 7 ;
Wytheville, Sept. 4, (juv. 5).
North Carolina: (Asheville, July 21, juv. 3); (Greensboro, July 10, juv. 4);
(Murphy, Aug. 22, juv. 5) ; (Raleigh, July 9, juv. 3) ; (Salisbury,
July n, juv. 2, 3); (Saluda, Aug. 17, juv. 5); (Topton, Aug. 21, 3000 to
^4000 feet, juv. 5).
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 14, (juv. 5).
Georgia: Sand Mountain, Aug. 25, 1500 feet; Waycross, Aug. u.
Florida: De Funiak Springs, Aug. 5; (Live Oak, Aug. 10, juv. 5); Mari-
anna, Aug. 7; Tallahassee, Aug. 8, (juv. 5).
Alabama : Flomaton, Aug. i, (juv. 5).
Tennessee : Morristown, Aug. 27, 1400 feet ; Roan Mountain Station,
Sept. 3, (juv. 5).
Austral and Transition zones. Generally distributed, in old
fields, pastures, and open sprout and wood-lands, preferring dry,
loamy soil.
Arphia sulphurca Fabr.
Virginia : Virginia Beach, July 2, 4.
North Carolina : Balsam, July 23, 24 ; Blowing Rock, July 19 ; Linville,
July 1 8 ; Tarboro, July 7.
Georgia : Jasper, July 26.
Austral and Transition zones. An early maturing species
most plentiful in May and June, frequenting the same habitats as
its congener xanthoptera.
Arphia granuiata Sauss.
Florida : Live Oak, Aug. 10.
lyower Austral. A single example taken.
Chortophaga viridifasciata DeG.
Virginia: (Appomattox, Sept. 6, jur. 2, 3); Hickory, Julys; Norfolk,
Sept. 8 ; Roanoke, Sept. 6, (juv. 2, 3, 4) ; Virginia Beach, July 2, 4,
Sept. 7, (juv. 3) ; Wytheville, Sept. 5, (juv. 3).
North Carolina : Asheville, July 22, (juv. 2, 4, 5) ; Balsam, July 23, 3500
feet (juv. 4) ; July 24, 4500 to 5700 feet ; Aug. ao, (juv. i, 2, 5) ; Blow-
ing Rock, July 19 ; Cranberry, July 14, (Aug. 28, juv. 2) ; Governor
Island, Aug. 20, (juv. I, 2, 3) ; Grandfather Mountain, Aug. 29, 5500
feet ; (Greensboro, July 10, juv. 4) ; Linville, July 18, (juv. i). (Aug.
30, juv. 2) ; Morganton,- July 12, (juv. 2, 4) ; Murphy, July 25, (juv. 2,
4, 5), Aug. 22, (juv. i, 2); Pineola, July 13, 14, Aug. 28 ; Raleigh. July
9, (juv. 2) ; Roan Mountain, July 15, 16, Aug. 31, (juv. i), Sept. I,
5500 to 6200 feet ; Roan Valley, July 16 ; Salisbury, July n, (juv. 5) ;
Saluda, Aug. 17, (juv. 2); Selma, July 7, (juv. 2, 3); Tarboro, July 7,
(juv. 4, 5) ; Topton, Aug. 21, 2700 feet ; Tunis, July 5.
South Carolina: (Spartanburg, Aug. 12, juv. 2).
34 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
Georgia : Blue Ridge, July 25, (juv. 3) ; Bolton, July 29, (juv. 5) ; Jasper,
July 26, (juv. 2, 4) ; Marietta, July 27, (juv. 3, 4, 5) ; Sand Mountain,
Aug. 25, (juv. 2) ; Savannah, Aug. 14, (juv. 2, 4, 5) ; Stone Mountain,
July 28, (juv. 2) ; Tybee Island, Aug. 13 : Waycross, Aug. n, (juv. I,
2, 4i 5) ; West Point, July 30.
Florida: Carrabelle, Aug. 9, (juv. 5) ; DeFuniak Springs, Aug. 5, (juv. 2);
Fort Barrancas, Aug. 3, (juv. 2, 5) ; Live Oak, Aug. 10, (juv. 2, 5) ;
Marianna, Aug. 6, 7, (juv. 2, 5) ; Tallahassee, Aug. 8, (juv. 4) ; War-
rington, Aug. 4.
Alabama: Flomaton, Aug. i, 2, (juv. 4, 5) ; Greenville, July 31, (juv. 3).
Tennessee: Chattanooga, Aug. 24, (juv. 4); Johnson City, Aug. 27, (juv.
2, 3) ; Lookout Mountain, Aug. 23, (juv. 3, 5) ; Morristown, Aug. 27,
(juv. 2, 5) ; Roan Mountain Station, Sept. 3, (juv. 2, 3).
Austral, Transition, and Canadian zones. Very widely and
generally distributed ; plentiful, sometimes abundant locally, in-
habiting a great variety of environments, chiefly campestral, but
not infrequently found in open places in wood-lands. This is one
of the most thoroughly disseminated species of the Eastern States.
Encoptolophus sordidus Bunn.
Virginia : Roanoke, Sept. 6 ; Wytheville, Sept. 4, 5.
North Carolina : Linville, Aug. 30 ; (Pineola, Aug. 28, juv. 4, 5).
Tennessee : Roan Mountain Station, Sept. 3.
Austral, Transition, and Canadian zones. But few examples
of this species, which is exceedingly common in the Northern
States, were secured. These were taken in dry upland fields.
Hippiscus phoenicopterus Germ.
Virginia : Virginia Beach, July 2, 4.
North Carolina: Eure, July 6 ; Greensboro, July 10; Morganton, July 20;
Raleigh, July 8 ; Tarboro, July 7 ; Tunis, July 5.
Georgia : Bolton, July 29 ; Jasper, July 26 ; Sand Mountain, Aug. 25 ;
Stone Mountain, July 28.
Austral zones. I^ocally common in dry fields and pastures.
Hippisc«S sp. indet.
Immature specimens of a species of this genus of uncertain
identity were secured as follows :
Tennessee: (Morristown, Aug. 27. juv. 2, 3); (Roan Mountain Station,
Sept. 3, juv. 2).
Hippiscus t wgosos Scudd.
Virginia: (Cape Henry, July 2, juv. 3); (Hickory, July 3, juv. 4);
Roanoke, Sept. 6; Virginia Beach, (July 4, juv. 3), Sept. 7; Wythe-
ville, Sept 4, 5.
North Carolina : (Asheville, July 22, juv. 3, 4, 5) ; (Eure, July 5, juv. 3) ;
Governor Island, Aug. 20 ; (Greensboro, July 8, 9, juv. 3, 4) ; (Selma,
July 7, juv. 4, 5) ; (Tarboro, July 6, juv. 3) ; (Tunis, July 5, juv. 3, 4).
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 35
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15 ; (Spartanburg, Aug. 17, juv. 5).
Georgia : Sand Mountain, Aug. 25 ; (Stone Mountain, July 28, juv. 4) ;
West Point, July 30, (juv. 3, 4, 5).
Florida : Live Oak, Aug. 10, (juv. 4, 5).
Alabama: Greenville, July 31, (juv. 3, 4, 5).
Tennessee : Chattanooga, Aug. 24, (juv. 5) ; Johnson City, Aug. 27 ; Mor-
ristown, Aug. 27 ; Roan Mountain Station, Sept 3.
Austral and Transition zones. A widely distributed and locally
common species on old fields of sandy loam. There is much varia-
tion in wing coloring individually.
Dissostcir a Carolina Linn.
Virginia : Hickory, July 3 ; Norfolk, Sept. 8 ; Roanoke, Sept. 6 ; Virginia
Beach, July 2 ; Wytheville, Sept. 4.
North Carolina : Asheville, July 22, (juv. 5) ; Balsam, July 23, (juv. 5) ;
Aug. 19, (juv. 5) ; Blowing Rock, July 19, (juv. 5) ; (Cranberry, Aug. 28,
juv. 5) ; (Eure, July 5, juv. 5) ; Grandfather Mountain, Aug. 29, 5000
feet, (juv. 5) ; Greensboro, July 10, (juv. 5) ; Linville, Aug. 30 ; Mor-
ganton, July 12, (juv. 4), July 20 ; Murphy, July 25, Aug. 22 ; Raleigh,
July 9, (juv. 4) ; Salisbury, July n ; Selma, July 6 ; Topton, Aug. 20,
3000 feet ; Tunis, July 5.
South Carolina: Columbia, Aug. 16; Spartanburg, Aug. 16.
Georgia : Blue Ridge, July 25 ; Jasper, July 26 ; Marietta, July 27 ; Sand
Mountain, Aug. 25 ; Savannah, Aug. 13, (juv. 5).
Florida: Marianna, Aug. 6, (juv. 4).
Alabama: Flomaton, Aug. i, (juv. 5).
Tennessee: Burbank, July 17, (juv. 5) ; Chattanooga, Aug. 24, (juv. 5) ;
Lookout Mountain, Aug. 23, (juv. 5).
Austral and Transition zones. A very common species, very
widely and generally distributed in sandy fields, roads, river-
washes, etc.
Sphatagemon collate wyomingianum Thom.
North Carolina : Eure, July 5 ; Tarboro, July 6, 7.
Austral zone. A half dozen examples of this species were
obtained in old fields of sandy loam scantily clothed with xerophi-
lous grasses and weeds.
Sphar agemon bolli Scudd.
Virginia : Roanoke, Sept. 6 ; (Virginia Beach, July 4, juv. 5) ; Wythe-
ville, Sept. 4, 5.
North Carolina: Asheville, July 21, 22, (juv. 5) ; Balsam, July 22, 33, 3500
feet ; Murphy, July 25, Aug. 22, (juv. 5) ; Pineola, Aug. 28 ; Saluda,
Aug. 17 ; Topton, Aug. 21, 3000 to 4000 feet (juv. 5).
South Carolina: Denmark, Aug. 15.
Georgia : Blue Ridge, July 25 ; Jasper, July 26 ; Marietta, July 27 ; Sand
Mountain, Aug. 25.
36 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
Florida : Carrabelle, Aug. 9 ; Tallahassee, Aug. 8.
Tennessee : Johnson City, Aug. 27 ; Lookout Mountain, Aug. 23 ; Morris-
town, Aug. 27 ; Roan Mountain Station, Sept. 3.
Austral and Transition zones. A common and very widely
distributed species, in old fields, pastures, and open wood-lands on
dry soil.
Spharagemon saxatile planum Morse.
Spharagemon saxatile planum. Psyche, XI, 13 (1904).
' ' Differing noticeably from the specific type in the structure of
the pronotum, the midcarina, although of the same general form
and profile, being lower throughout, and the disk of the metazone
more nearly and constantly plane, instead of arched in longisection
as is commonly the case in the type, especially in the female. Hind
tibiae with an increased amount of infuscation distad of the pale
basal annulus, in this respect sometimes approaching belli in degree.
The general color of the specimens at hand is a purplish red in con-
sonance with the tint of the soil of the habitat ; the pale X mark of
the pronotal disk is lacking, and even the transverse fuscous bands
of the tegmina are indistinct."
Virginia : Wytheville, Sept. 4, 5, 2300 feet.
Transition zone. The specific type saxatile is a characteristic
rock-inhabiting locust of the Northeastern States, very rarely being
found away from ledges. The form here described was plentiful
locally on a thinly grassed, gravelly hill-slope, accompanied by its
congener belli, and exactly matching in coloration the purplish red,
iron-bearing fragments of rock and soil on which it made its home.
The difference in coloration from saxatile of the Northern States is
very great, the latter being deep blackish-fuscous, marbled with gray
and white.
Mestobregma thomasi Caudell.
Georgia : Sand Mountain, Aug. 25 ; Trenton, Aug. 25.
Tennessee: Chattanooga, Aug. 24.
Upper Austral zone of Central States. This species was found
locally common in sandy fields near Chattanooga, and was also
taken on rocky ledges at Trenton and near Flat Rock on Sand
Mountain plateau, its coloration varying according to its environ-
ment from nearly black to ashen or dust-color. It flies freely on a
warm day, but weakly, and is easily captured.
Scirtetica picta Scudd.
North Carolina : Eure, July 6.
Florida : Carrabelle, Aug. 9 ; Fort Barrancas, Aug. 3, (juv. 4, 5) ; Live
Oak, Aug. 10, (juv. 5) ; Warrington, Aug. 4.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^J. 37
t
Lower Austral, coastwise. This is a striking and beautiful
species, common in Florida, especially on the strand, where it is
associated with Psinldia fenestralis and Trimerotropis citrina. (See
PI . 4, Fig. i ; PI. 5 , Fig. i ) The examples from North Carolina are so
exactly intermediate in character between this species and its northern
relative marmorata as to suggest the possibility that the two forms
are but geographic races of the same species. Series of specimens
from intermediate points are needed to determine the relation of
these two forms.
Psinidia fenestr alls Serv.
Virginia: Cape Henry, Sept. 7, (juv. 4) ; (Virginia Beach, July 2, juv. 3).
North Carolina: Eure, July 6, (juv. 4, 5) ; Tarboro, July 7.
Georgia: Tybee Island, Aug. 12, 13, (juv. 3, 5).
Florida : Carrabelle, Aug. 9, (juv. 4) ; Fort Barrancas, Aug. 3, (juv. 4) ;
Live Oak, Aug. 10 ; Warrington, Aug. 4.
Austral and Transition zones. Widely distributed ; locally
common in the Atlantic States on large or small bare sandy areas.
Ttimerotfopis saxatilis McNeill.
Georgia : Sand Mountain, Aug. 25, near White Oak Gap and Flat Rock ;
Stone Mountain, July 28.
Upper Austral zone. This is a very local species which was
met with but twice. It frequents the weathered surfaces of rocky
ledges, which it exactly matches in coloration when at rest, closely
resembling Circotettix verruculatus of the north in color and habits,
but being smaller in size, and with a relatively very weak stridu-
lation. (See PI. 2, Figs, i, 2, and pages 14, 15.)
Tfimerotfopis maritima Harris.
Virginia:' Cape Henry, July 2, 4, Sept. 7, (juv. 3, 5) ; Virginia Beach,
July 2, (juv. 5).
Maritime ; coastwise from Maine to North Carolina, and about
the Great Lakes. (See the next species.)
Tfimerotropis citrina Scudd.
Virginia : Cape Henry, July 2, 4, Sept. 7 ; Virginia Beach, July 2, 4.
North Carolina : Governor Island, Aug. 20 ; Greensboro, July 10 ; Mor-
ganton, July 20, (juv. 5) ; Murphy, Aug. 22 ; Salisbury, July n ;
Selma, July 7 ; Tarboro, July 7, (juv. 4) ; Tunis, July 5.
South Carolina: Columbia, Aug. 16, (juv. 5).
Georgia : Marietta, July 27 ; Stone Mountain, July 28 ; Tybee Island, Aug.
12, 13, (juv. 2).
Florida : Carrabelle, Aug. 9, (juv. 4, 5) ; Fort Barrancas, Aug. 3, (juv. 4, 5);
Marianna, Aug. 7 ; Warrington, Aug. 4.
Alabama : Flomaton, Aug. i ; Greenville, July 31.
Tennessee : Chattanooga, Aug. 24.
38 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
Austral zones. A characteristic xerophilous species widely
and generally distributed throughout the Southeastern States.
Along the seaboard in North Carolina and Virginia it meets,
mingles with, and apparently hybridizes with its northern con-
gener, T. maritima. (See PI. 3, Figs, i, 2; PI. 4, Figs, i, 2; PI. 5,
Fig. i, for illustrations of habitats, and pages 15 and 22 for further
remarks on these two species.)
AOUDHNAE.
Dictyophortts reticulatus Thunb.
South Carolina: (Denmark, Aug. 15, juv.).
Georgia: (Waycross, Aug. n, juv.).
Florida : (De Funiak Springs, Aug. 5, juv.).
I^ower Austral zone. A few young nymphs which I refer to
this species with some doubt were obtained while sweeping at the
localities named.
Arnilia chlorizans Walk.
Georgia: Waycross, Aug. n.
Lower Austral zone. A single specimen, in company with
Leptysma marginicollis, q. v.
Lcptysma margimcollis Serv.
Virginia: Cape Henry, July 2, (juv. 2, 3, 4, 5), Sept 7, (juv. 4. 5).
North Carolina : (Raleigh, July 9, juv. 2).
South Carolina: (Denmark, Aug. 15, juv. 3, 4).
Georgia: (Savannah, Aug. 14, juv. 4); (Stone Mountain, July 28, juv. i,
2» 3) 5 (Waycross, Aug. n, juv. 4).
Florida: (Carrabelle, Aug. 9, juv. 4, 5) ; (Warrington, Aug. 4, juv. 3).
Austral zones. Locally common in the coarse, erect growth
of rushes, sedges, etc., bordering the shores of fresh- water ponds,
pools, and streams. Probably hibernates in the adult stage.
Schistocerca americana Drury.
Adult specimens only of this genus have been identified ; the
data given below are limited to these.
Virginia: Hickory, July 3 ; Virginia Beach, July 2, Sept 7.
North Carolina : Asheville, July 22 ; Governor Island, Aug. 20 ; Greens-
boro, July 10 ; Raleigh, July 9 ; Roan Mountain, July 15, Sept. a, 5800
to 6300 feet ; Salisbury, July 1 1 ; Tarboro, July 6, 7.
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15.
Georgia : Bolton, July 29 ; Marietta, July 27 ; Savannah, Aug. 14 ; Tybee
Island, Aug. 12, 13; Waycross, Aug. n.
Florida : Marianna, Aug. 6 ; Tallahassee, Aug. 8.
Alabama: Flomaton, Aug. 2.
Tennessee : Chattanooga, Aug. 24 ; Morristown, Aug. 27.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 39
Austral zones, but owing to its powerful flight of common
occurrence also in southern parts of Transition and Canadian zones.
Generally distributed from sea-beach to summits of highest moun-
tains, frequenting a great variety of habitats. Most plentiful in tall
growths of weeds and bushes, but found in injurious numbers only
in vicinity of Chattanooga in rank growth of bottom-land.
Schistocetca alutacea Harr.
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15.
Georgia: Savannah, Aug. 14 ; Tybee Island, Aug. 12, 13.
Florida : Carrabelle, Aug. 9 ; Fort Barrancas, Aug. 3.
Austral zones, including southern New England. Widely dis-
tributed, but local. A common inhabitant of the rank mixed growth
of grassy swamps.
Schistocerca tubigfinosa Scudd.
Virginia : Cape Henry, Sept. 7 ; Virginia Beach, Sept. 7.
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15.
Georgia : Tybee Island, Aug. 12, 13.
Florida : Carrabelle, Aug. 9 ; Tallahassee, Aug. 8.
Austral and Transition zones. Widely but locally distributed;
sometimes associated with S. alutacea, but typically found in drier
haunts. There is considerable variation in this species in color and
markings in the direction of alutacea. Possibly hybrids occur, but
typically these two species differ in color, structure, and haunts.
Schistocerca damnifica Sauss.
Virginia : Virginia Beach, Sept. 7.
North Carolina : Tarboro, July 7.
Austral zones. But two adults of this species were seen.
Gymnosciftetes pusillus Scudd.
Georgia: Waycross, Aug. IT, (juv.).
Florida : De Funiak Springs, Aug. 5.
Lower Austral zone. This peculiar species was found locally
abundant at Waycross in the open lower, marshy portions of the
pine barrens, inhabiting a matted growth made up of pipewort,
sedge, and juncus stems. A single specimen taken at De Funiak
Springs was found in a similar growth in a springy run. At both
places it was accompanied by Aptenopedes sphenarioides. (See PI. 5,
Fig. 2).
40 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDJE.
Eotettix: palostris Morse.
Eotettix palustris. Psyche, XI, 7 (i9°4)-
"Intermediate in size and appearance between signatus and
pusillus. Facial costa widest opposite base of antennae, equalling
interspace between eyes, with convex sides convergent above and
below, subparallel in lowest portion. Tegmina broadly oval with
rounded apex, shorter than pronotum. Abdomen of male less up-
turned at tip than in pusillus ; furcula well-developed, flattened or
digitate; supra-anal plate triangular, its breadth nearly or quite
equaling its length, the apex rounded, acute. Cerci conical,
slender, tapering evenly, about three times as long as their basal
width.
" Color light yellowish green, brown above and on tegmina,
with fuscous post-ocular stripes from eyes to tegmina. Hind tibiae
red with black spines. This species and signatus agree in lacking
the fuscous markings on the abdomen characteristic of pusillus, and
in possessing red hind tibiae. In signatus the apex of the supra-
anal plate is usually very bluntly rounded, and the tegmina are as
long or longer than the pronotum, broad lanceolate, with acute apex.
"Length of body : male, 15-15.5 ; female, 21.5 ; hind femora :
male, 10; female, 14; antenna: male, 8; female, 9; tegmina:
male, 2X3.5 to 2.8X4 I female, 3.5X5 mm."
Florida : Live Oak, Aug. 10.
Lower Austral. This agile little species was found in the
scrubby undergrowth of palmettoes and bushes in the damper spots
of the piney woods.
Eotettix plttilltts Morse.
Eotettix pusillus. Psyche, XI, 7 (1904).
"A diminutive species readily distinguished from signatus by
its size and nearly circular tegmina. Facial costa widest between
antennae, nearly equalling interspace between eyes, with parallel
sides, abruptly narrowed below the median ocellus to two-thirds of
its width above. Disk of pronotum tectiform, distinctly convex in
longisection, the mid-carina very pronounced, the lateral carinae
faintly indicated on the prozone, obsolete on metazone. Tegmina
broadly obovate or sub-circular, two-thirds or three-fourths as long
as the pronotum. Tip of male abdomen upturned, supra-anal plate
triangular, nearly or quite as broad as long, pointed at apex, with
sinuous sides. Furcula well developed, consisting of two broad
flattened lobes as long as or longer than the last dorsal segment.
Cerci subconic, shorter than supra-anal plate, two to three times
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^B. 41
as long as the width of base ; acuminate, stout at base, tapering to
a slender tip.
" General color pale yellowish green, dorsum and tegmina dull
yellowish brown. Lateral stripes on the sides of the prozone, more
or less of the bases of the abdominal segments and genicular lobes
of the hind femora, apex of hind tibiae, tibial spines and tarsal
claws, black. Hind tibiae colored like the body.
"Length of body: male, 10-12; female, 16-17; nin<i femora:
male, 7.5-8; female, 9.5-11; antenna: male and female, 8-8.5;
tegmina: male, 1.7X2 to 2 X 2.5; female, 3X3.5 to 3.3X4 mm."
South Carolina: Denmark, Aug. 15.
Georgia: Waycross, Aug. n.
Lower Austral. (See note on habitat under Gymnostirtctes
pusillus. )
Hesperotettix floridensis Morse.
Georgia: Waycross, Aug. n.
Lower Austral. A single female only was obtained.
Hesperotettix brevipennis Thom.
Georgia: Sand Mountain, near Flat Rock, Aug. 25.
Upper Austral (?) zone. This species is known only from
eastern Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Georgia. It is exceedingly
local. In Massachusetts it is found on bunch-grass (Andropogon
scoparius)) in New Jersey it is reported from cranberry bogs. A
single pair were taken on the Sand Mountain plateau on bunch-
grass in open deciduous woods.
Hesperotettix pratensis Scudd.
Florida : Carrabelle, Aug. 9 ; Fort Barrancas, Aug. 3 ; Warrington, Aug. 4.
Austral zones, from Florida and Indiana westward. (See page
1 6 for remarks on the habitat of this species, and PI. 5, Fig. i.)
Podisma glacialis variegata Scudd.
Podisma variegata Scudd. Rev. Mel., 97, 101.
Podisma glacialis variegata. Walker, Can. Ent., Nov., 1903.
North Carolina : (Balsam, Aug. 19, Jones Peak, 5800 feet., juv.) ; Grand-
father Mountain, Aug. 29 ; (Pineola, July 14, juv.) ; Roan Mountain,
Sept. i.
Canadian and colder part of Transition zones. This locust
seems to be rather widely distributed in the higher parts of the
North Carolina mountains, inhabiting shrubby undergrowth and
thickets of weeds and bushes throughout the mountains. (PI. i,
Figs, i, 2.) It is a sluggish and secretive species and but few
examples were observed. It should be looked for on the Virginia
mountains above an altitude of 3,000 feet.
42 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^.
MELANOPLUS.
In this extensive genus I have not attempted to determine the
immature specimens save in a few cases ; the records here given
refer to adults. For convenience of treatment in this place I have
divided the genus primarily into two series — long-winged and short-
winged species. The species are arranged, in the main, according
to the sequence of Scudder's Revision of the Melanopli.
It is a significant fact in its bearing on distribution that but
one of the long- winged species captured was undescribed, while no
less than eleven short-winged species of this and two of the allied
genus Eotettix proved to be new. This fact indicates the local
distribution, secretive habits, and less explored haunts of the
short-winged species.
A. LONG-WINGED SERIES.
Melanoplus atlanis Riley.
Virginia : Appomattox, Sept. 6 ; Cape Henry, July 2 ; Hickory, July 3 .
Norfolk, Sept. 8 ; Roanoke, Sept. 6 ; Virginia Beach, July a, Sept. 7 ;
Wytheville, Sept. 4.
North Carolina: Asheville. July 22; Balsam, July 23, 24, Aug. 20, 3000
to 5700 feet ; Blowing Rock, July 19 ; Cranberry, July 14 ; Governor
Island, Aug. 20 ; Grandfather Mountain, Aug. 29 ; Greensboro, July
10 ; Linville, July 17, Aug. 30 ; Morganton, July 12, 20 ; Murphy, Aug.
22; Pineola, July 13, 14, Aug. 28; Raleigh, July 9; Roan Mountain,
July 16, Aug. 31, Sept. i, 6200 feet, (juv.) ; Roan Valley, July 16 ;
Salisbury, July n ; Saluda, Aug. 17 ; Selma, July 7 ; Tarboro, July 6 ;
Tunis, July 5.
South Carolina : Columbia, Aug. 16 ; Spartanburg, Aug. 16.
Georgia : Bolton, July 29 ; Jasper, July 25 ; Sand Mountain, Aug. 25 ;
Stone Mountain, July 28 ; West Point, July 30.
Florida : Marianna, Aug. 6.
Alabama : Flomaton, Aug. 2.
Tennessee: Burbank, July 17 ; Chattanooga, Aug. 24 ; Johnson City, Aug.
27 ; Lookout Mountain, Aug. 23 ; Morristown, Aug. 27.
Austral, Transition, and Canadian zones, from Atlantic to
Pacific. This locust is probably the most widely and generally
distributed of all inhabiting the Southeastern States, breeding from
sea-level to the summit of Roan Mountain. While most at home in
dry, grassy fields, it is likely to be found anywhere. It was abun-
dant at I^inville, as previously noted, and threatens serious damage
in that locality if it continues to increase. Elsewhere it was not
plentiful though probably occurring in nearly all of the localities
visited.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 43
Melanoplus impodicos Scudd.
North Carolina : Murphy, July 25.
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15 ; Spartanburg, Aug. 16.
Georgia : Blue Ridge, July 25 ; Sand Mountain, Aug. 25.
Austral zones. A widely distributed but apparently local
species ranging in the austral zones from New Jersey on the Atlantic
slope southward, through South Carolina and Georgia, northward
into Indiana. The specimens taken were found in dry, grassy
fields, an environment very similar to that preferred by atlanis.
Melanoplus femur-rubfum DeG.
Virginia : Appomattox, Sept. 6 ; Norfolk, Sept. 8 ; Roanoke, Sept. 6 ;
Virginia Beach, Sept. 7 ; Wytheville, Sept. 4.
North Carolina : Cranberry, Aug. 28 ; Governor Island, Aug. 20 ; Grand-
father Mountain, Aug. 29 ; Linville, Aug. 30; Roan Mountain, Sept. i;
Topton, Aug. 21, 3000 feet.
Georgia: Sand Mountain, Aug. 25; Stone Mountain, July 28; West
Point, July 30.
Alabama : Flomaton, Aug. 2.
Tennessee: Chattanooga, Aug. 24; Johnson City, Aug. 27; Morristown,
Aug. 27 ; Roan Mountain Station, Sept. 3.
Lower Austral in part, Upper Austral, Transition, and Canadian
zones, in humid campestral stations. This species is much less
plentiful and less generally distributed as a whole in the Southern
than in the Northern States, and in the Gulf strip of the Lower
Austral gives place to the next species, propinquus. The Flomaton
specimens are intermediate between the two species in length of
furcula and form of cerci, though perhaps more closely approaching
femur-rubrum. The largest examples of this species which I have
ever seen are those obtained at Norfolk.
Melanoplus propinquus Scudd.
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15.
Georgia: Savannah, Aug. 14 ; Tybee Island, Aug 12, 13.
Florida : De Funiak Springs, Aug. 5 ; Fort Barrancas, Aug. 3 ; Live Oak,
Aug. 10 ; Marianna, Aug. 6 ; Tallahassee, Aug. 8; Warrington, Aug. 4.
Lower Austral zone, Gulf Strip. Campestral, in grassy fields,
meadows, and swamps.
Melanoplus luridus Dodge.
Virginia : Roanoke, Sept. 6 ; Wytheville, Sept. 4, 5-
North Carolina : Linville, Aug. 30 ; Murphy, Aug. 22 ; Pineola, Aug. 28 ;
Roan Mountain, Sept. i, 5000 to 5500 feet ; Saluda, Aug. 17 ; Topton,
Aug. 21, 3000 to 4000 feet ;
Georgia : Sand Mountain, Aug. 25.
Tennessee: Chattanooga, Aug. 24; Johnson City, Aug. 27; Lookout
Mountain, Aug. 23.
44 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
Upper Austral and Transition zones. This species is most
plentiful in or near sylvan habitats, being found usually in or on
the borders of dry, open woodlands, groves, and thickets. It is
an expert leaper, using its legs as a means of escaping its enemies
quite as freely as its wings, though flying freely on occasion. It is
interesting to note, in this connection, that its wings are distinctly
abbreviated as compared with those of purely campestrian species
such as femur-rubrum and atlanis.
Melanoplus deleter Scudd.
South Carolina: Denmark, Aug. 14, 15.
Lower Austral zone. Locally common in shrubbery among
pines near swampy ground.
Melanoplus diffetentialis Uhler.
Tennessee: Chattanooga, Aug. 24.
Austral zones, almost exclusively west of the Appalachians.
This species was found in considerable numbers in the rank vegeta-
tion of the bottom-land along a creek, where it was accompanied by
Dichromorpha viridis, Tryxalis dremcornis, and Schistocerca americana.
Melanoplus symmetricus Morse.
Melanoplus symmetric-its. Psyche, xi, 8 (1904).
" A long-winged species allied to robustus. Furcula wanting.
Cerci stout at base, laminate and a little incurved at tip, broad,
nearly symmetrical, the basal half or three-fifths a little longer than
wide, with subequal, subparallel sides ; the distal half or two-fifths
broadened equally above and below into a transverse plate with
axis perpendicular to that of the stem, its length one and two-thirds
times the width of the stem, the apex smoothly convex (sometimes
sinuous through extension of lower angle of lobe), the proximal
sides straight and leaving the stem at an angle of 30° or 40°, the
dorsal portion of the plate slightly broader and its angle more
rounded than the lower.
" General color brownish testaceous ; hind tibiae red with
black spines. Hind femora stout, flavous on outer lower face, coral
red within on basal two-thirds, often showing indications of oblique
fuscous fasciae.
" Length of body : male, 28-30 ; female, 31-34.5; hind femora:
male, 16-18; female, 19-20; antenna: male, 13.5-14.5; female,
11-14; tegmina : male, 20-22; female, 21-23; vertex to tip of
tegmina: male, 30-31.5 ; female, 30.5-33.5 mm."
(See Fig. 10, p. 46 — drawing of male cercus.)
Florida : Carrabelle, Aug. 9.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 45
Gulf strip of Lower Austral, coastwise. The type specimens
were secured in a grassy swamp not far from the beach (see PI. 6
Fig. 2) and were associated with Paroxya atlantica andjlondiana and
Schistocerca alutacea. It is a campestral species resembling femoratus
in size, appearance, and haunts, save for some minor differences
in coloring.
Melanoplus femoratus Burm.
Virginia : Appomattox, Sept. 6 ; Virginia Beach, July 4.
North Carolina : Asheville, July 22 ; Balsam, Aug. 20, 3000 to 4000 feet ;
Murphy, July 25 ; Salisbury, July n ; Topton, Aug. 21, 2800 feet.
Georgia : Blue Ridge, July 25 ; Sand Mountain, Aug. 25.
Upper Austral and Transition zones. A campestral species
frequenting the rank grass and herbage in swamps and along
streams.
B. SHORT-WINGED SERIES.
Melanoplus scudderi Uhler.
Virginia : Roanoke, Sept. 6 ; Virginia Beach, Sept. 7 ; Wytheville, Sept. 4.
Georgia: Trenton, Aug. 25.
North Carolina : Chattanooga, Aug. 24 ; Morristown, Aug. 27.
Austral and Transition zones. Widely distributed but local.
Sylvan in habitat, frequenting borders of woodlands, thickets, and
tangles on rather dry soil.
Melanoplus camegiei Morse.
Melanoplus carnegiei. Psyche, XI, 10 (1904).
" A short-winged species related to and resembling scudderi but
with the cerci shorter, about as long as their basal breadth, equalling
three-fifths of the supra-anal plate, triangular, acutely pointed, the
sides straight or a little sinuous by reason of convexity of base ;
the ventral margin is usually the longer, but sometimes the sides
and base are subequal ; thick at base, tapering evenly to the not at
all incurved apex. Subgenital plate scoop-shaped, the end pointed,
the apex rounded or slightly truncate. Furcula minute, barely
discernible, scarcely half as long as last segment. Supra-anal plate
triangular, longer than wide, pointed, the sides convex.
"Pronotum resembling that of scudderi but scarcely as wide
posteriorly ; prosternal spine very variable, sometimes cylindrical
and bluntly pointed, more usually flattened antero-posteriorly, apex
broad and bluntly rounded or acute with straight sides. Tegmina
shorter than in scudderi, nearly as long as pronotum, broad lanceo-
late with rounded apex, attingent or slightly overlapping.
" Color and markings as in scudderi, the hind tibiae red.
"Length of body : male, 14-17.5 ; female, 23-24 ; hind femora :
46
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^.
male, 10-12, female, 13.5-14.5; antenna: male, 7-8.5; female,
8.5-10 ; tegmina : male, 2.5 X 4, 3 X 4.5 ; female, 3.5 X 6 mm."
(See Fig. 4 — drawing of male cercus.)
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15 ; Spartanburg, Aug. 16.
Georgia: Blue Ridge, July 25.
Austral zones. Sylvan in habitat, occurring in the undergrowth
in pine woods.
FIGS. 2-10, Cerci of Melanoplus, male : 2, M. sylvestris; 3, M. celatus; 4, M. carnegiei;
5, M. diver gens ; 6, M, similis ; 7, M. tributes; 8, M. devius ; 9, M. deceptus; 10, M. sym-
metricus. (Magnified 16 diameters).
Melanoplos celatus Morse.
Melanoplus celatus. Psyche, XI, 10 (1904).
1 ' Closely related to M. islandicus, agreeing with it in size,
coloration, markings and form with the following exceptions :
1 ' Cerci of male similar to those of islandicus, stout at base,
tapering equally, or more rapidly in basal portion, to a slender,
flattened tip, once and a half or twice as long as width of base,
symmetrical, the tip not bent upward nor grooved externally as
usual in islandicus. Subgenital plate averaging shorter on the
dorsal margin than in islandiciis. Prosternal spine conic or cylindro-
conic, the apex blunt, well-rounded, — in islandicus subpyramidal,
acutely pointed, the sides flattened."
(See Fig. 3 — drawing of male cercus.)
Virginia : Wytheville, Sept. 4, 5, 3000 to 3500 feet.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 47
Transition zone. Sylvan, in shrubby growth among pines on
dry, stony soil. The types were taken in the vicinity of the High
Rocks.
Melanoplus sylvestfis Morse.
Melanoplus sylvestris. Psyche, XI, 10 (1904).
"This species also is a near relative of islandicus Blatchl.,
differing chiefly in the form of the male cerci, which, while of the
same general structure, are narrower at base and have the distal
half bent slightly upward and drawn out into a slender, compressed,
substyliform tip, the whole appendage being once and three-quarters
or twice as long as the width of base. The prosternal spine is very
variable, ranging from subcylindrical with bluntly rounded tip to a
more usual conical form with rounded apex.
"Seven males, seven females, Blowing Rock, Watauga Co.,
N. C., July 19. Two females, Linville, Mitchell Co., N. C., July
18. Six males, six females, l/jverings', Burke Co., (between Mor-
ganton and Pineola), July 13. Two females, Pineola, Mitchell Co.,
N. C., July 13 ; one male (?) same place, Aug. 28. All at eleva-
tions of 3500 to 4000 ft.
" The three species, — islandicus, celatus, and sylvestris — are evi-
dently nearly related descendants of the same parent form, modified
by isolation. Intergrades may yet be discovered. The male from
Pineola is included with some doubt owing to differences in structure
and season."
(See Fig. 2, p. 46— drawing of male cercus.)
North Carolina : Blowing Rock, July 19 ; Linville, July 18 ; Lovering's,
July 13 ; Pineola, July 13, Aug. 28.
Transition zone in its colder parts. Sylvan, inhabiting cold
deciduous forests, where it leaps actively about among the under-
growth of Vaainium, Gaultkeria, Galax, etc.
Melanoplus similis Morse.
Melanoplus similis. Psyche, XI, 9 (1904).
1 ' Very similar to viridipes and deceptus. The tip of the abdo-
men is less clavate and upturned, the basal half of the cerci
tapers rapidly on the dorsal side to less than half the width of the
base, sides of distal half parallel, apex transversely excised, the
angles rounded, the dorsal one slightly more prominent ; the ventral
margin is nearly straight, though slightly concave and sinuous, the
dorsal margin strongly concave in the middle, convex at base.
1 ' In color and markings this species strongly resembles viridipes
and deceptus, but possesses distinctive characters in the markings of
48 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E.
the abdomen (as well as in the form of the cerci) . In this species
the subgenital plate is shining black, the preceding sternite greenish
white with a very broad triangular fuscous spot extending across its
posterior margin below the upturned subgenital plate from which it
is separated by a lenticular pale space along the suture. In deceptus
and mridipes the anterior margins of several of the abdominal sterna
are conspicuously infuscated as well as both margins of the sternite
preceding the subgenital plate."
(See Fig. 6, p. 46 — drawing of male cercus.)
North Carolina : Murphy, July 25, 1800 feet.
Upper Austral or Transition zone. Sylvan, in dry upland for-
ests of pine and oak on high ground.
Melanoplos deceptos Morse.
Melanoplus deceptus. Psyche, XI, 9 (1904).
" Melanoplus mridipes in part. Scudder, Rev. Melanopli, p. 255.
' ' Agreeing with mridipes in size, color, and markings, but dif-
fering in the form of the cerci ; in mridipes these organs taper some-
what regularly to the apex ; in this species more or less of their
distal third is distinctly broadened dorsally and obliquely excised at
the end, the apex being acute and ventral ; the ventral margin may
be convex, straight, or slightly sinuous, the dorsal margin is concave
in the mesial portion, sometimes strongly so. The whole organ
varies much in breadth in different specimens.
" Owing to its strong resemblance to mridipes this species has
been confused with it by various authors and a specimen was included
with the types of that species. The original descriptions and
drawings, however, accurately delimit mridipes from this and the
succeeding species."
(See Fig. 9, p. 46 — drawing of male cercus.)
North Carolina : Balsam, Aug. 19, 5700 to 6100 feet, Jones Peak.
Georgia : Jasper, July 26, 2600 feet, extreme summit of Sharptop Mountain.
Transition zone. Sylvan; in deciduous forests at high
elevations.
Melanoplus tribulus Morse.
Melanoplus tribulus. Psyche, XI, 11 (1904).
"A short-winged species of medium size. Disk of pronotum
somewhat convex above, once and a half (female) or twice (male)
as long as wide, mid-carina percurrent, distinct, lateral carinse ob-
solete, hind margin a little convex, emarginate. Prosternal spine
prominent, conical, acutely pointed, in female somewhat flattened
antero-posteriorly. Tegmina broadly ovate, about three-fourths as
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 49
long as pronotum. Male abdomen subclavate, considerably upturned
Subgenital plate with the sides much expanded basally, the ventral
face very short, convex, terminating in a very short, blunt, up-
wardly directed fuscous tubercle distinctly removed from the inner
margin. Supra-anal plate shield-shaped, with convex sides, abruptly
narrowed to terminate in an acute point with straight sides. Furcula
consisting of a pair of small, straight, flattened, backwardly directed,
rather distant processes, about as long as the last dorsal segment.
Cerci slender, three times as long as basal width, tapering in basal
third to about half the basal width, equal in middle fourth, expand-
ing a little distally into a laminate, obliquely excised tip, the upper
angle rounded, the lower acutely pointed, the whole organ gently
incurved and the tip slightly decurved.
"Color dark reddish brown above, white and flavescent be-
neath. Post-ocular stripe continued into fuscous of sides of abdo-
men, sometimes suffusing the metepisternal pale fascia. Hind
femora with fuscous genicular lobes and indications of oblique fascia.
Hind tibiae fuscescent glaucous with black spines.
"length of body: male, 18.5-19; female, 26; hind femora:
male, 10.5; female, 12.5; antenna : male, 10.5; female, 8; tegmina;
male, 3.5-4.3; female, 4.5 mm."
(See Fig. 7, p. 46 — drawing of male cercus.)
Georgia : Jasper, July 26, 2600 feet, summit of Sharptop Mountain.
Transition zone. Sylvan ; in highland forests.
Melanoplus devius Morse.
Melanoplus devius. Psyche, XI, 12 (1904).
" This species is nearly related to tribulus here described, agree-
ing with it in size, form, and shape of subgenital plate. Mid-
carina of pronotum percurrent. Prosternal spine typically cylindro-
conic and rather bluntly pointed. Furcula small and very variable.
Supra-anal plate usually distinctly ampliate basally. Cerci nar-
row from a broad base, two and a half times as long as basal
breadth, tapering gently in both breadtn and thickness in basal
half, the distal half equal or a little expanded apically, laminate,
transversely excised at apex, the upper angle more rounded than
the lower, the dorsal margin sinuous, the ventral concave. The
fuscous markings of the end of the abdomen of the male readily dis-
tinguish it from tribulus; in this species the posterior face of the
apical tubercle and the sides of the subgenital plate, the sides and
anterior and posterior margins of the preceding sternite, are infus-
cated. In the female the sides of the abdomen are nearly free from
fuscous markings. Hind tibiae glaucous with black spines.
50 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^J.
" lyengthofbody : male, 17-20 ; female, 22-26.5 5 hind femora :
male, 10-11.5; female, 11.5-13; antenna: male, 9-10; female,
7.5-8.5; tegmina: male, 2 X 2.5, 2.5 X 4 ; female, 2.8 X 3.5,
3x5 mm."
(See Fig. 8, p. 46 — drawing of male cercus.)
Virginia : Wytheville, Sept. 4, 5, 3000 to 3500 feet, near the High Rocks.
North Carolina : Topton, Aug. 21, 3000 to 4000 feet.
Transition zone. Dry mountain forests.
Melanoplus amplectens Scudd.
Melanoplus amplectens. Scudder, Rev. Mel., p. 260, pi. xvn, fig. 7.
Melanoplus blatchleyi. Scudder, Rev. Mel., p. 332, pi. xxi, fig. 10.
Virginia : Wytheville, Sept. 4, 5.
North Carolina : Balsam, July 24, Aug. 19, 4500 to 6000 feet ; Cranberry,
Aug. 28 ; Linville, July 18, Aug. 30 ; Roan Mountain and Roan Valley,
Aug. 31, Sept. i ; Topton, Aug. 21, 3000 to 4000 feet.
Georgia : Jasper, July 26, 2600 feet, Sharptop Mountain.
Transition zone of Central and Appalachian regions. This is
a characteristic and dominant species among the mountains of
western North Carolina, inhabiting thickets of shrubbery, and
herbage in and near deciduous woodlands at high elevations and
sometimes extending its habitat into the adjoining fields. The
cerci and furcula of the male are very variable in size and propor-
tions, but there seems no doubt that the two names have been
applied to the same species, which has a wide range in the Central
States and is exceedingly plentiful in places as well as widely dis-
tributed in the southern Appalachians. Adults of this species
begin to appear in small numbers about the middle of July, but the
great majority do not reach maturity until August and young are
still plentiful in September at high elevations.
(See PI. i, Fig. i ; PL 7, Figs, i and 2.)
Melanoplus attenuates Scudd.
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15, (juv. 5).
I/)wer Austral zone. A single male and three nymphs were
secured in tangled growth on swampy ground.
Melanoplus australis Morse.
Melanoplus australis. Psyche, xi, 13 (1904).
" Related to attenuatus. Tegmina lanceolate with rounded
tip, — in attenuatus elliptical, and almost truncate at apex. Furcula
processes well-developed, broad at base, tapering (chiefly on inner
side) to digitate tips, one-third as long as supra-anal plate, — in
attenuatus one-fourth or less. Supra-anal plate resembling that of
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDjE. 51
attenuatus, showing indications of the marginal dentate plication of
that species. Cerci slender, very nearly symmetrical, three times
as long as broad, the middle third narrowed to one-half or less of
the width of the base, spatulate, with slightly emarginate symmetri-
cal apex, the tip a little incurved, thin, and longitudinally inrolled,
i. <?., from side to side convex externally, concave internally, sub-
genital plate similar to that of attenuatus.
" Color light yellowish green, without fuscous markings on sides
of abdomen. Hind tibiae glaucous. Post-ocular fuscous stripe
obsolete on metazone, interrupted on prozone by two narrow oblique
yellowish green fasciae.
"Length of body: male, 17; hind/femora: male, 11.5; antenna:
male, 12; tegmina : male, 2X3 mm."
Georgia: Savannah, Aug. 14.
lyower Austral zone. A near relative of attenuatus and occur-
ring in the same kind of habitat : tangled growth of grass, sedge,
weeds, etc. , on swampy ground.
Melanoplus rotundipennis Scudd.
Florida : Live Oak, Aug. 10.
Gulf strip of Lower Austral zone. Quite numerous at one spot
in the piney woods, varying much in color according to background,
from mottled grayish on sand to dark red-brown among leaves and
other plant debris.
FIG. ii.— Melanoplus decoratus. Lateral view of end of abdomen of male.
FIG. 12. — Melanoplus strumosus. Lateral view of end of abdomen of male.
FIG. 13. — Melanoplus strumosus. Dorsal view of end of abdomen of male.
(Magnified 6 diameters.)
Melanoplus decoratus Morse.
Melanoplus decoratus. Psyche, xi, 12 (1904).
" Related to decorus (Scudder, Rev. Mel., p. 257, pi. 17, fig. 5).
Vertex rather strongly protuberant, especially in female. Pronotum
with mid-carina strong on metazone, weak or indistinct on prozone.
52 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDjE.
Tegmina asymmetrically obovate, the costal margin more convex.
Supra-anal plate nearly as broad as long, the sides convex or sinu-
ate, apex rounded or acute, the supernumerary longitudinal ridges
feebly developed or indistinct. Furcula processes broad at base,
rather strongly divergent, tapering, the sides more or less sinuate,
once and a half or twice as long as the last dorsal segment. Cerci
broader than in decorus, especially at tip, the apex transversely ex-
cised, the ventral apical angle produced, the dorsal well rounded,
the extreme tip slightly recurved. Subgenital plate strongly con-
stricted at base, (more than in decorus), the sides less ampliate
basally, the apical tubercle much enlarged, produced, and curved
upward, the ventral length of the plate almost or quite equal to its
basal depth, the whole structure appearing more like a malforma-
tion than otherwise.
" Color dark reddish brown, yellow beneath, sides of pronotum
below post-ocular stripe white, the stripe percurrent, suffusing pale
metepisternal fascia, continued nearly or quite to end of abdomen,
sometimes rather faintly in female, but more pronounced and con-
stant than in the females of the other species here described. The
body is stouter than in decorus, the hind femora shorter and stouter,
and usually bifasciate.
" Length of body : Male, 15-18; female, 21.5-25 ; hind femora:
male, 9.5-11; female, 10.7-12; antenna: male, 8.5-9.5; female,
8-9 ; tegmina: male, 2X3, 2.5 X 4; female, 2.8 X 4, 4 X 5 mm."
(See Fig. n, p. 51.)
Virginia : Wytheville, Sept. 4, 5, 3000 to 3500 feet, near the High Rocks.
North Carolina : Murphy, July 25, 1800 feet ; Topton, Aug. 21, 3000 to
4000 feet.
Georgia : Blue Ridge, July 25, 1700 feet.
(Austral ?) Transition zone. Dry mountain forests, among
low shrubs.
Melanoplws strumostts Morse.
Melanoplus sirumosus. Psyche, xi, n (1904).
" A small species with very small ovate tegmina, attingent in
male, a little separated in female. Disk of pronotum twice (male)
or once and a half (female) as long as wide, midcarina percurrent,
lateral carinse barely perceptible mesially. Prosternal spine pro-
minent, flattened cylindric, slightly curved backward, apex trans-
versely excised, the angles rounded. Mesosternal interspace quad-
rate in female, slightly longitudinal in male. Metasternal interspace
longitudinal, twice as long as wide (female), narrower in male.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIID^E. 53
Tegmina obovate, two-thirds as long as- pronotum. Hind femora
stout, very obliquely bif asciate with fuscous. Hind tibiae glaucous,
flavescent at base and tip, with black-tipped spines.
" Male abdomen subclavate, the subgenital plate and preceding
segment tumescent, broader than deep, and greatly elongated, the
former elongate scoop-shaped, bluntly rounded at apex, its sides a
little convex, especially at base. Supra-anal plate broader than
long, somewhat trilobate at end by reason of deep, subapical lateral
emarginations, the apex acutely pointed with straight sides, the
basal three- fourths of each side smoothly convex, curving abruptly
into the subapical emarginations. Its upper surface bears strongly
raised edges and a prominent transverse ridge midway of its length,
crossing two-thirds of its width. To this ridge extend, lying upon
longitudinal ridges, the processes of the furcula; these are very
broad at base, tapering equally to digitate, apically sinuate, tips
which rest upon the ends of the transverse ridge, and enclose be-
tween them the shallow median sulcus, wide apically, narrow
anteriorly. The base of the furcula and median portion of the seg-
ment bearing it are distinctly depressed ; the median portion of the
preceding segment is depressed to fit into this hollow, slightly
elongated, widely and shallowly sulcate longitudinally, the sulcus
transversely rugulose, with apical margin carinate opposite base of
furcula. Cerci short and slender, about two-thirds as long as supra-
anal plate, nearly three times as long as basal width, tapering evenly
in basal half to one-fourth the basal width, distally bent gently up-
ward and inward, the tip slightly expanded to about one-third the
basal width, obliquely excised, the upper angle rounded, the ventral
acute, the ventral margin convex or sinuous, the dorsal margin
concave.
" General color deep reddish brown above, whitish or flavescent
beneath. Post-ocular fuscous stripe indistinct in female, deep black
in male, percurrent, extending to abdomen, even suffusing the
metepisternal pale fascia.
"Length of body : male, 15; female, 17.5-22; hind femora:
male, 10; female, 11.5-13; antenna: male, 6; female, 7; tegmina:
male, 2X2.7; female, 2.5X3.5, 2. 7X4 mm."
(See Figs. 12, 13, p. 51.)
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15.
Florida : De Funiak Springs, Aug. 5.
Ivower Austral zone. A very few specimens of this peculiar
species were secured among shrubbery in open pine woods. (See
PI. 6, Fig. i, type locality.)
54 NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDJE.
Melanoplos divetgens Morse.
Melanoplus diver gens. Psyche, xi, 8, (1904).
"A short-winged species of the same size and appearance as
islandicus and its two relatives here described but belonging in a
different series and easily distinguished by the sub-bifurcate cerci.
Vertex blunt. Pronotum broad with flattened disk, subangulate at
junction with lateral lobes, and moderately convex hinder margin,
the mid-carina distinct on the metazone, absent from prozone.
Prosternal spine short and variable, usually conical with acutely
pointed tip but sometimes much broadened laterally with wide,
bluntly rounded apex. Mesosternal interspace slightly transverse
in the female, narrower than the lateral lobes, quadrate or a little
transverse in the male. Metasternal interspace slightly transverse
in the female, longitudinal in the male. Tegmina shorter than the
pronotum, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, with rounded apex, usually
covering second abdominal segment but sometimes half this length,
attingent in the male, separated in the female. The subgenital
plate is truncate or even slightly emarginate at apex, the sides
viewed from above nearly straight. The supra-anal plate is longer
than wide, triangular, pointed at apex, the sides convex. Furcula
moderately broad, about equalling the last segment in length. The
cerci are quite distinctive, recalling those of minor in outline, being
roughly boot-shaped, the base very broad, a little longer than wide,
its sides parallel or convergent, the distal two-fifths bent abruptly
upward at an angle of 35° or 40°, narrowed to about one-half the
width of the base and tapering to a broad, evenly rounded blunt
apex. At the union of the distal portion with the base the dorsal
margin is deeply concave, the ventral margin strongly angulate,
beyond the angle straight or a little concave, forming a sub-bifurcate
organ as long as the supra-anal plate. The whole appendage
is thick, strongly convex externally, especially on the tip, which is
curved gently inward.
' ' General color dark reddish brown above, yellowish beneath,
the hind tibiae red. Postocular fuscous stripes on head and pro-
zone and pronounced fuscous markings on sides of abdomen and
hind femora, The female is sometimes yellowish brown above.
"I/ength of body: male, 9-10; female, 11-20; hind femora:
male, 8.5-9.5; female, 9.5-11; antenna: male, 6-6.5; female,
6-7 ; tegmina, male, 2-3 ; female, 2-4 mm."
(See Fig. 5, p. 46 — drawing of male cercus.)
North Carolina : Balsam, July 24, Aug. 19, 5000 to 6000 feet.
NORTH AMERICAN ACRIDIIDjE. 55
Transition zone. Sylvan in habit ; found in Vaccinium
thickets and other low shrubbery in deciduous forests and clearings.
Paroxya atlantica Scudd.
South Carolina : Denmark, Aug. 15.
Georgia: Savannah, Aug. 14; Tybee Island, Aug. 12, 13; Waycross, Aug. n.
Florida : Carrabelle, Aug. 9 ; Fort Barrancas, Aug. 3 ; Warrington, Aug. 4.
lyower Austral zone. A locally common species found in the
coast region in grassy swamps and marshes, either salt or fresh.
Pat oxya f loridiana Thorn.
Virginia : Appomattox, Sept. 6 ; Norfolk, Sept. 8 ; Virginia Beach,
Sept. 7.
North Carolina : Raleigh, July 9 ; Tunis, July 5.
Georgia : Savannah, Aug. 14 ; Stone Mountain, July 28 ; Tybee Island,
Aug. 12, 13.
Florida : Carrabelle, Aug. 9 ; Marianna, Aug. 6 ; Warrington, Aug. 4.
Austral zones, coastwise to eastern Massachusetts. A widely
distributed but local species occurring in grassy swamps and along
the borders of streams and tidal inlets. (See PI. 4, Fig. 2; PI. 6,
Fig. 2.)
Aptenopedes sphenarioides Scudd.
Georgia : Waycross, Aug. n, ( juv. 3, 5).
Florida : (Carrabelle, Aug. 9, juv. 4) ; (De Funiak Springs, Aug. 5, juv. 3) ;
Live Oak, Aug. 10, (juv. 5) ; Tallahassee, Aug. 8, (juv. 4, 5).
Lower Austral zone. A not uncommon species locally in
grassy spots among the piney woods, either in palmetto scrub, low
bushes, or sedge and pipe wort barrens. (See PI. 5, Fig. 2.)
PIG. i — Habitat of Trimerotropis saxatilis on southern slope of Stone Mountain, Georgia.
[abitat of Trimerotropis saxatilis on bare rock surface of
Sand Mountain plateau, near Trenton, Georgia.
FIG. i — Habitat of Trimerotropis cilrina and Trimet olropis
maritima on sea-beach at Cape Henry, Virginia.
FIG. 2— Habitat of Trimerotropis cilrina on sandy ri'
Piedmont region, Morganton, North Carolit
PlG. i — The Florida strand. Habitat of Scirtetica picta, Trimerolropis cttrina,
and Psinidia fenestralis on the Gulf coast, Carrabelle, Florida.
FIG. 2— The Florida strand. Habitat of Orphulella olivacea, Paroxya atlantica, etc., it
Juncus fringes of inlets of the Gulf coast, near Fort Barrancas, Florida.
FIG. i— The'Florida strand. Habitat of He.
5, Florida.
FIG. 2— Pine barrens. Habitat of Gymnoscirtetes pusillus, Eotettix,
Paxiila, etc., among pipewort, Waycross, Georgia.
FIG. i — Type locality of Melanoplus slrumosus amid shrubby growth of
upland piney woods, DeFuniak Springs, Florida.
FIG. 2— Type locality of Melanoplus symmetricus in grassy swamp at Carrabelle,
Florida. Habitat of Paroxya floridiana and Schistocerca alutacea.
FIG. i — Normal sylvan habitat of Melanoplus ampleclens. Eupatorium thicket in
deciduous woods on south slope of Roan Mountain, North Carolina.
FIG. 2— Extended habitat of Melanofilus. ampleclens in grass of
clearing at Roan Valley, North Carolina.
PLATE 8
FIG." i — Summit " balds " east of
it of Roan Mountain, North Carolina.
L%^tV:>^.;?. •* C \ , - x^-.-JTf, :v • v- ;V*K*vi
FIG. 2— Protective coloration of Ttimerotropis citrina. Male and female locusts
on sandy soil marked with raindrop impressions. Tarboro,
North Carolina. (The rule to show scale.)
Library
i.xperimert Station
varsity of California
DATE DUE
A 000 643 696
|QL508
|A2M8 Morse, Albert Pitts
Kesearches on North
American Acridlidae.
A2M8 Morse, Albert Pitts
Researches on North
American Acridiidae.
BIO-AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA 92502
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