No. 49 | March 1, 1959
FISH AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
REPORT
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO
aM DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND FORESTS
Division of Fish and Wildlite.
(THESE REPORTS ARE FOR INTER-DEPARTMENTAL INFORMATION AND NOT FOR PUBLICATION)
Hon. J. W. Spooner ry F. A. MacDougall
Minister £0) Deputy Minister
re
AB LE OF GON TENTS
No. 49 November, 1959
Luther Marsh Game Bag Census, October 3, 1959.
- by R. E. Mason
Waterfowl Bag Check, Tweed District, September 19, 1959.
- by W. W. Bittle
Report on Opening Day of the Duck Hunting Season, 1959
at Holland Marsh.
- by R. H. Trotter and A. A. Wainio
Sharp-tailed Grouse Report, Fort Frances District,
Winter and Spring, 1959. - by J. Farr
Considerations Concerning a Wetland Inventory for
Southern Ontario. - by J. B. Dawson
Address to Ontario Game Breeders Association, July 15,
59. - by Dr. F. W. Remmler
Census for Cottontail Rabbits, Lake Huron District,
1958-59. - by R. E. Mason
Cottontail Index - Pelee Island, 1953~59.
- by L. Je Stock
The Size, Rate of Growth and Longevity of the Black
Bear (Ursus americanus americanus).
- by C. W. Douglas
Moose Browse Survey — Gogama District, 1959.
- by G. E. Vozeh and A. Zimmerman
13
16
25
28
39
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Cont. TABLE OF CONTENTS -2- Noe 49, November, 1959
Page
The 1958/59 Aerial Census of Moose in Ontario.
- by R. Boultbee Lk
Trap-net Programme on Lake of the Woods.
- by C. A. Elsey 52
(THESE REPORTS ARE FOR INTRA-DEPARTMENTAL
INFORMATION AND NOT FOR PUBLICATION)
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ROSE aes
LUTHER MARSH GAME BAG CENSUS,
OCTOBER 3, 1959
by
R. E. Mason
An estimated 1,970 hunters utilized Luther Marsh opening
day. This estimate was based on a count of automobiles which were
parked in the immediate vicinity of the marsh between 12.00 noon
and 2.00 P.M.. The mean number of hunters per car was obtained from
the six checking stations. The figure of 1,970 hunters should be
considered minimum as some hunters come to the marsh in time for the
evening shoot only.
Six checking stations were operated at access points from
SeeoePeM. until virtually all hunters had left the marsh. 1,564
hunters were checked, having hunted 8,622 hours to bag 1,723 ducks,
or one hunter hunted 4.9 hours to bag 1.1 ducks. Based on the total
hunter estimate, an estimated 2,170 ducks were shot opening day.
This does not include crippling loss which is suspected to be high.
(22% on 4,670 ducks in 1958). In addition 294 coots and five Canada
geese passed through the checking stations.
Information collected at the checking stations is presented
in the following tables:
TABLE ONE - Species Composition, Sex and Age
Species Ad. Ad. Juv. Juve Unknown Total
Mallard 166 14h 59 L9 60 ‘ge %2
Black 139eei lg L8 33 oy 420 2
B. W. Teal TErckOGi «ke 83 3h 348 2
G. W. Teal 32 Ah 61k 20 6 1416
Redhead g L ie 8 - ‘ey
Ruddy 8 5 8 #1 2 3h
Wood Duck 14 4 2 ~ - 20
Gadwall Z 1 3 ~ 4 9
Ringneck 3 5 4 iF 4 33
Bufflehead 1 - ni 1 - E
Pintail eortLo 3 13 2 34
Scaup at 3 1 8 1 14
Shoveler ~ is - 1 = 3
American Widgeon (Baldpate) 4 8 5 rf Bs 28
Merganser - - ~ - Ts i
Unidentified - - - 151. L543.
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i lata Say eS omen -srractud ones ae igen ites Bs
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TABLE TWO = Sex Ratio Observed .
Chi square at 0.05
Species od Q9 33/100 29 Assum. even Ratio
Mallard 225 193 216.5 hot ‘sigs
Black Tel. 182 99.5 not sig.
m, We. Teal 27 190 66.9 Sig.
G. W. Teal L6 6h, 712.9 not sigs
Of the 5 Canada geese shot - 2 were juvenile males
2 were juvenile females
1 was adult female
TABLE THREE - Age Ratio Observed
Species Adult Juvenile Juv. /Adult
Mallard 310 108 Ox3
Black 282 81 O.4
B. W. Teal 185 132 bey.
Black ducks were shot in about the same proportions as other
years (seven year mean). There was a slight increase in the propor-
tion of mallards and blue-winged teal and a decrease in green-winged
teal when compared with the seven year average. Comparing only the
1958 and 1959 figures, the proportion in the bag of blacks, mallards
and green-winged teal decreased while blue-winged teal increased from
8.5 to 20.1%.
The juvenile per adult ratio for blacks and blue-winged teal
was considerably below (fewer juveniles) both the mean ratio and 1958
ratios for those species. Mallards showed a slight increase (more
juveniles) in both instances.
Unfortunately, we are not able to say that these age ratios
reflect current production. Under the frequently harassed conditions
of a checking station, anal examination is not always possible, and
it is expected that ducks recorded in the "unknown" column of table
One may contain a disproportionately high number of juveniles. Large
magnitude changes where the proportion of “unknown” ducks is small
may be indicative of current production.
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WATERFOWL BAG CHECK - TWEED DISTRICT - SEPTEMBER 19, 1959
by
W. W. Bittle
Location of Checks -
Wolfe Island
Prince Edward County
South Central Townships
North Central Townships
North Eastern Townships
Conroy Marsh
Purpose
The purpose of the bag check was to determine the number
of ducks shot per hunter; the effort and the species in the bag.
Where possible an age and sex analysis was carried out.
Low waters in the marshes in the Bay of Quinte-Lake Ontario
area was the direct result of fewer ducks in what was our most pro-
ductive marshes in the south. The routine bag check on Prince Edward
County was hindered by an enforcement problem on the Big Island
Marsh, as well as low water.
The normal bag check point at Hay Bay was cancelled in
favour of a more popular place, Camden (Mud) Lake in Camden Township.
The check here also included data gathered from points in the surrou-
nding townships.
General Remarks
During the night prior to the opening day, a heavy frost
blanketed the district with the exception of the islands in Lake
Ontario. Prince Edward County received a light frost in various
_ places.
The temperature ranged from a low of 27° in the north to a
high of 59° in the south.
, The cold air mass moved in from the west, but by the time
the hunters were going into the marshes (approximately 05:00 hours)
the wind was nil. By mid-morning the wind came from the southwest
at 10-15 mep-h.
Over the most part of the district the sky was clear with
some heavy fog patches hanging over the waters in certain localities.
PPO, ,Or ReweREaS
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; = oom pope Hitt bes Seite =t2 1S eee. ee
duc beteerad ea w ete vee 2eS Cie Sree cee
where tet) oe aioe Tare Pe et pk ascer om anit (rt 21S Jon we |
eer sen SPORT. ANO—B SK cng iy: TERUG egehwielt Oo tiles, tatiae
Keawoh oocted oo Hoods “seth tieksuoy od) - ieee eae ee
ek [aur si a ie ih cia isin Yai ou Te “ene 8 rae] bers pay nel
5 * WIR wel bak Ld
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Shooting started with the first sign of light at approxi-
mately 05:50 although at Mud Lake it was reported the shooting
commenced at 05:30. The intensity of gun fire increased and was at
its heaviest at 06:10 and remained high until 06230. From this point
on firing gradually quieted to spasmodic bursts throughout the
morning. Occasional bursts continued until just before dark when once
again the shooting became intense although not in comparison with the
morning shoot.
During the early morning on Wolfe Island, flocks of teal
could be seen almost everywhere. Blacks and mallards were observed
in lesser numbers and usually at a greater height. Many hunters
passed up good teal shots, waiting for larger ducks.
By 09:00 hours teal were still seen but generally in small
flocks and were decoying for hunters located deep in bays.
Hunters complained of the early opening and that it had a
tendency to drive ducks to the south. However, the early opening
did result in a large kill of teal which normally would not be here
in such large numbers had the hunt commenced at a later date under
normal weather conditions.
Throughout Sunday, teal were observed in all the bays along
Wolfe Island, coming and going at intervals. Few blacks and mallards
were observed.
On Conroy Marsh scarcity of ducks (as compared to other
years) resulted in a poor shoot. Added to this was the heavy fog
that hung over the marsh and the noise of night-long party makers
(would-be duck hunters) with their spirits and fires to ward off the
cold (and ducks).
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The number of cripples lost (92 birds) represents 12% of
the total ducks in the bag.
On Wolfe Island an effort was made to determine an age and
sex analysis by examination of the cloaca. In some cases the age
determination in females was assisted by the tail feather method.
The following table shows a total of 192 ducks that were
thoroughly examined to give an accurate account of an age and sex
analysis.
ee RE 8) eee See Unsexed &
Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Unaged
Blue-winged Teal 9 53 12 18 66
Green-winged Tea 7 10 6 10 18
Black 2 13 2 L Be
Mallard 6) rn 3 5 net
Pintail O i @ 2 3
O Bf fe) @) 6)
_ American Widgeon (Baldpate)
Explanation of Duck Check Points
For the purpose of this report an explanation is felt
necessary to describe the method used to check hunters during the
Opening day of the duck season for 1959.
1. Wolfe Island - Officers Saundercook and Bittle. Hunters
were checked throughout the day as they came from the marshes to catch
the ferry from the island to the mainland. Between ferry runs,
hunters were contacted at their various camps throughout the island
and some cars were stopped on other roads if it were obvious that
the occupants were hunters.
2 Prince Edward County - Officers Winters and Warner. As
previously stated the check was hindered by an enforcement problem
relating to baiting. This resulted in the seizure of 54 ducks. When
time permitted hunters were checked on marshes in Hallowell and
Hillier Townships and at Fish Lake.
3. South central townships - Officers Ferguson and Page.
The majority of the check was made at Camden (Mud) Lake in Camden
Township. Additional hunters were checked in the surrounding townships
of Portland, Sheffield and Hinchinbrooke.
4. North central townships - Officers Dornan, Davison and
Thibadeau.- Townships of Hungerford, Marmora, Madoc, Elzevir, Clarendon
and South Canonto. Hunters were checked on the marshes and on the
roads from the marshes.
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tient wabbasorige at? ai betoeds stew ‘erated Ee
~oroordntdonka bar biad
bas sosived ,neotod emote = ag
sobre rkci® ,.1tvesi= ,onbel qe rere «
$ f eo SEO » yD RS = ie ffe"iAal sag } byte bexwtoons
ae
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5. North eastern townships - Officers Stewart and Schonauer.
The marshes in and around Calabogie Lake in Blithfield Township and
Clyde Forks and Lavant Township. Hunters were checked wherever
contacted in the marshes or on access roads to the marshes.
6. Conroy Marsh - Officers Fleguel and Hooton. Hunters
were contacted on the marsh surrounding the game preserve in Raglan
Township.
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REPORT ON OPENING DAY OF THE DUCK SEASON
AT HOLLAND MARSH, 1959
y
Hele. eocuer and As &...Wainio
The Holland Marsh extends from Cook's Bay, the south end
of Lake Simcoe, along both sides of the Schomberg River to Highway
11. The heaviest concentration of marsh is found at the south of
Cook's Bay just at the mouth of the Schomberg River. Since it isa
favourite area for migrating ducks, large numbers of hunters converge
on the marsh when the hunting season begins.
Several years ago the opening time on the first day was a
half hour before sunrise. While this time was in effect much shooting
occurred in the dark hours of the early morning long before they were
allowed to shoot. Many complaints forced the Department to advance
the opening time to 12 noon.
Last year a limited number of Fish and Wildlife staff
prevented us from manning all access points to the marsh with the
result that many hunters began shooting around 8 a.m. As a conse-
quence the Department received much unfavourable publicity and
criticism.
This year, in order to have a well supervised opening day
we planned a complete coverage of the marsh trying to compel the
hunters to abide by the noon opening time. The Department recruited
some of the Conservation Officers and many of the regular staff
from other services - Parks, Timber, (Reforestation) County Forests
and the Severn River Management Unit, to make a total of 36 Department
Personnel involved. Along with our own men we had the assistance of
two R.C-M.P. officers who patrolled Cook's Bay and the Lake. Also,
the Provincial Police carried out road patrol around the marsh.
On the afternoon of Friday, October 2, 1959, the day before
the opening date all Department men involved gathered at the Riverview
Inn just outside Bradford. At this meeting Mr. Leman and Mr. Trotter
Outlined just how we were going to proceed with the coverage. Earlier
it had been found that there were 19 access points into the marsh.
At least one man was to be stationed at each point. Most of these
points are concession roads leading into the marsh. The marsh was
divided into four areas with one Conservation Officer in charge of
each area. Under him would be enough men to look after each access
point. Each man received a mimeographed sheet (Sheet 1) outlining
what they were to tell the hunters. Also, they received a supply
of other sheets (Sheet 2) for distribution among the hunters. This
hus sheet stressed the opening time, closing time and daily bag
imit.
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The men stayed over night at the Village Inn in Bradford
and at the Riverview Inn. After an early breakfast at 4:30 a.m.
Saturday morning the men were at their stations by 6:00 a.m..
It turned out to be a good day for duck hunting. There was
a light wind and a clear sky in the morning. In the late afternoon
it turned cloudy and by evening it rained lightly.
A few hunters arrived at the marsh just before sunrise but
the situation was explained to them and they refrained from entering
the marsh until late in the morning. Some men hunted ruffed grouse
near the marsh and their firing was sometimes mistaken for that of
duck hunters. lMiost of the hunters remained in their cars at the access
points until approximately an hour before opening time. At some
places the hunters were asked to remain at the checking points until
11 a.m. and they readily agreed.
Several shots were fired immediately south of Gilford
between 8 and 9 a.m.. These resulted from ignorance by two hunters
concerning the opening time. When warned by other hunters they
proceeded voluntarily to one of the stations to explain that they
arrived before the officers and had not been cautioned about the
noon opening time.
In the northwest corner opposite access point 17 there are
a number of small ponds surrounded by tall bulrushes. There were
quite a number of hunters congregated in that area and some shooting
occurred between 11:30 and 12:00. The cover was so dense that
officers patrolling in the area were unable to apprehend the violators.
However, the presence of the officers moving about in the trouble
area kept the shooting down to a minimun.
Considering the large number of hunters present there were
very few violations noted during the day. The seizures and offences
are tabulated.
Several shots were fired immediately before 12 noon but
most of the shooting started at 12 and immediately after.
The hunters felt very satisfied with the coverage. In the
evening they readily allowed us to check their bags and take wing
samples for later identification.
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Results of Opening Day of Duck Season on Holland Marsh, 1959.
ead Resident cise Suede ses cecconecceencvasve 583
| Non-resident eoeocoe@eewe#eocoee@e@ceesoceeseeocog~aeenneonese co & 2
Total number cof hours hunted ccecececcsesececcrevcescsvcceces 310165
‘Number of dogs used ecovrceosaeeoeoe For eee eeeeeseoeegcgvreruso# 0000 20
Mallard eeceveoceecetoe ee eeesenscrereeeooee wee eeoneoeooe O02 0#HOaRe00%00 49
‘Black eeerceoeece oot ese eooreceeoooesoerecos se Geseoeoe77079R2908 SH9KTH FFB A ® Th
/Pintail ecooceeeeeoe ses eoeereeoveaeeseseocoeoeeoeoesceoeeoro7ee8 42000829000 eS
|Green-winged Teal @eecooeeeveeeoecoe De eae eaeeoeeoceeoeongseaoneoneHBe0e oo ee 87
Blue-winged Teal eoertresneeonoeneceeeoesresoceeoseeeawnoeooeco2eR000008 080 2
Woos Duck ecoceeeoceosee ee onooeoeoerorceecereeooenee2Fo20GS90COn He 20
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Coot Ceecceooee cece soe eeoeCasncooeo ee oensooescaneeoSesoe C0090 008 43
American Widgeon (Baldpate) eoowr oes eee reer eoreF0FO FCF OR S080 00 5
Hooded Merganser ceoeoer ower eoFr eos oe oe ne ese eaeeeeseoHeDoosesvcoeeoraeee ne 6
Ring-necked Duck eereeorceoerooneoeecoetr oe oe ne oes eoseeeeooeo0000088008 i
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Ruddy Duck eocoeeoese@oeoe#toewPeoeevwmeceeeeeeeeevooeweespeeeeeoecW#e Beaenoeo0e0 90 8 86
Lost seeeoeoseeeoeoseeeecoeseepeeeceecacee*oone*eee oe eeovoecdoeeeo# ecneoodoseeo0e0 30)
Memeel THIMDCY Of AUCKS .reccveccccccccccevccecccscescccescccve 406
ueeeooal number of hunters checked = ...cccccccccccsccscceecs 615*
Py number of ducks shot = "olo) ee 10h le Selele Gl6\a ales aces el ele © 06.0 ¢.0.@ 6 6 070 406
number of ducks per MAN = eceovscsecsvseeereenxnsv00000000200C88 66
ior man hours per duck = «‘cisessneceveeccsceveseecses 76
number of ducks per man hour = eeeceoecvcecerccceccccccece ik
* It must be emphasized that these figures do not represent the total
-number that entered the marsh. A few hunters left by private routes
» along the shores of Cook's Bay and missed being checked.
‘Tabulation of Violations Against the Migratory Birds
Convention Act in Holland Marsh on Opening Day of
Duck Season - 1959.
si y
Pcl Number of Violations Percentage of Violations
hy
@ men apprehended for using .22 rifles 1.1%
3 men apprehended for chasing ducks in a
boat
confiscation of 1 pied-billed grebe
failure of 1 man to produce a licence.
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- ll - SHEET NO. 1
WHEN REPLYING KINDLY QUOTE
THIS FILE NUMBER
ONTARIO
DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND FORESTS
What to Tell the Hunters
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Ask each hunter to show you his gun licence. If he has a gun
and does not have a licence take the gun and write down his
name and address and detain him till the officer in charge
arrives.
Tell the hunters that they are not to shoot more than four
redhead ducks in one day (new regulation this year).
Explain to them that guns must be kept encased or dismantled
till 12 o'clock daylight saving time. Guns wrapped in a coat
are considered encased. If the bolt is removed from a gun it
is considered dismantled.
Keep a count of all hunters you check going in.
Tell them to be out of the marsh not later than one hour after
closing time.
You should explain to the hunters that we will have men checking
their bag limits when they come out of the marsh.
Be sure to have your watch synchronized with the other officers
before you leave and have the hunters set their watches the
same as yours.
Tell them again just as they are leaving for the marsh to keep
those guns encased or dismantled till 12 o'clock.
NO SHOOTING BEFORE 12 noon D.S.T.
Advise them that even if they hear shooting they are not to
start as we will have officers in the marsh who will be
seizing the guns of any "trigger happy" hunter who opens up
Betore 12 o'clock noon D.S.T..
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- 12 - SHEET NO. 2
WHEN REPLYING KINDLY QUOTE
THIS FILE NUMBER
ONTARIO
DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND FORESTS
OPENING DAY - DUCK SEASON - 1959
ATTENTION HUNTERS ATTENTION HUNTERS
OPENING TIME: 12 o'clock noon, Daylight Saving
Time - Saturday, October 3, 1959.
CLOSING TIME: 7328 pem. Daylight Saving Time
- Saturday, October 3, 1959
(one-half hour after sunset).
DAILY BAG LIMIT: Ducks, exclusive of mergansers,
6 of which not more than one
may be a wood duck and not more
than 4 may be a canvasback or
redhead.
Geese - 5 ;
Rails, Coots & Gallinules - 25
Wilson's snipe - 8
Woodcock - 8
OBSERVE ALL REGULATIONS - FOLLOW SAFETY RULES
GOOD LUCK GOOD LUCK
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SHARP-TAILED GROUSE REPORT, FORT FRANCES DISTRICT,
WINTER AND SPRING, 1959
by
Js Ac Farr
During mid-winter and early spring of 1959 some work of an
investigational nature was carried out on sharptailed grouse in the
Fort Frances District.
Starting in late February attempts were made to locate
sharptail coveys and observe them under winter conditions. During
the period February 9th-March 6th seven field trips were made and
a total of 92 birds in eight different coveys was observed. Four
coveys were observed on three separate occasions, and two other coveys
were observed twice. In all cases the birds’ movement appeared con-
fined to an area of approximately one square mile. During the colder
days in February (-15° to +10°F) the birds seemed reluctant to feed,
spending only an hour or two near midday away from their snow roosts.
With bright sun and warmer weather birds were observed sunning them-
selves in the trees in the afternoons although budding seemed to be
confined mostly to the mornings. The winter was somewhat more severe
than average but there was no evidence that it caused unusual morta-
lity. One bird was found dead beneath the snow but there was no
obvious cause of death as the bird appeared well fleshed and normal
in every respecte No cases of predation were observed although
there was evidence in two cases that foxes had flushed coveys from the
snow.
Dancing Ground Locations
Dancing was first observed on March 25th, although sporadic
dancing had probably been going on for some time previous to this.
In all, 14 mornings were devoted to dancing ground locations and
' observation. Fifteen dancing groundswere actually located and
hooting and wooing birds were heard in eleven additional areas
although the dancing ground was not actually located. Most of the
dancing grounds were located on slightly elevated open areas, but one
case of dancing was observed in a large muskeg where plant growth
was quite thick and two to three feet in height. It seems doubtful
that this was a regular dancing area as subsequent checks failed to
show birds using it.
As early as March 27th, birds were observed perched in trees
adjacent to open areas where birds were dancing. These may have been
females. However, birds actually observed on the dancing grounds as
late as April 20th, appeared to be all males as they all danced. By
April 27th, some females began to appear on the dancing grounds but
it seems doubtful that the peak of the dancing season had been reached
by this date. No observations were made after May lst, but the peak
probably occurred during the first week or ten days in May.
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All dancing grounds located were recorded on a large map
in the Fish and Wildlife office. Those dancing grounds will form
a start for future spring census of dancing birds.
Trapping
It was impossible to devote sufficient time to sharptail
trapping using cannon projected net traps. There was some diffi-
culty in locating accessible dancing grounds with a large enough
clear area (approximately 50 feet diameter) to be used.
Only one set was attempted on a large dancing ground with
-from 30 to 40 birds active in a very small area. Only four birds
were actually trapped. Two had to be destroyed due to injuries
sustained in the net. Although three people were at the net almost
immediately to remove the birds, they became so tightly enmeshed
that all of them were at least slightly injured. A relatively fine
net with a two inch mesh was used. A coarser net would probably
increase the amount of tangling. Further practice would make the
net much more effective in capturing birds, but it seems possible
that the percentage of injured birds would be too high to justify
cannon net trapping.
A special type of snare designed to attach snugly about a
bird's neck and then break free was experimented with. A small
numbered tag was attached to the part of the snare which would be
carried away by the bird. There was no opportunity to use the snare,
but the principle could be quite effective provided the trapper has
a detailed knowledge of the birds’ daily behaviour. Certainly the
technique deserves some experimenting. The dancing ground located
in the Mando radio tower enclosure on the edge of Fort Frances
would be a suitable place to attempt snare banding. A maze of net
surrounding the dancing ground with snares set in the openings might
be one possible procedure for snaring the birds. |
Summary
During mid winter seven days were devoted to locating and
observing sharptail coveys. A total of 92 birds in eight separate
coveys with several repeat observations were made.
Fourteen mornings were spent locating and observing birds
during the dancing season. Fifteen dancing grounds were actually
located and the general areas for eleven more were recorded. By
May lst, the peak of the dancing activity had not been reached: it
probably had occurred by May 10th.
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Sufficient time for cannon projected net trapping was not
available: considerable skill will be needed to make the technique
effective and injuries to birds may be unjustifiably high.
A snare banding system was experimented with briefly.
This technique deserves further consideration.
Recommendations
1. The dancing season is definitely the most suitable time of the
year to carry out routine sharptail census. Unfortunately it
occurs when the spring work load is near its heaviest. There
are two possible approaches to starting a systematic census}3
have one conservation officer devote full time to sharptail
census and trapping work during the last two weeks of April and
the first two weeks of May. If this cannot be arranged two
conservation officers should be allotted adequate time to carry
out detailed dancing ground censuses in their patrol areas.
In either case the census should be set up systematically so
that counts on an adequate number of dancing grounds (perhaps
20 to 40 as a start can be repeated from year to year.
2e if time is available cannon net trapping should be attempted.
Further experience should increase the effectiveness of this
method. Snare banding should also be attempted.
3. So far it has been impossible to comply with the request from
Maine's Department of Game and Inland Fisheries for sharptail
for introduction purposes there.
If further cannon trapping proves unsuccessful it is
recommended that a private party be hired to trap sharptail during
the fall season when they are feeding on grain. A possible rate of
payment would be five dollars per bird for the first 20 birds and
three to four dollars for any additional birds trapped. Shipping
arrangements and assistance should be provided by department staff.
APPENDIX - Dancing Ground Counts
Date Location Number of Birds
March 27 Mando Radio Tower ae
April 11 fou. 5, Cow, 11° Burriss Hid
April. 1), bow 2, Gone LV 13
April 15 bop 5, Com, TrT 12
April 15 Mando Tower zt
April 17 Mando Tower 8
April 20 Lot 17, Devlin 10
Bpeal 27 ~ Mando Tower 18-20
May 1 Lot 7, Con. VI Carpenter 30-40
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CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING A WETLAND INVENTORY
FOR SOUTHERN ONTARIO
by
Je Be. Dawson
Wetlands serve many useful functions; they provide habitat
for waterfowl, aquatic furbearers and many upland game species.
Other important values associated with wetlands include ground-water
storage, retention of surface water for farm uses, stabilization of
runoff and prevention or reduction of erosion.
Each year in southern Ontario many wetlands are lost
through drainage, while others are lost to public recreation through
the posting of private property. As the population of Ontario con-
tinues to grow, still greater demands will be put on our existing
wetlands.
The fact that a wetland inventory of southern Ontario is
badly needed will not be laboured here: suffice it to say that
governments of several northern states consider wetland inventory
and subsequent acquisition and/or management a very important part
of their resource management programs. Minnesota, for instance, is
acquiring wetlands as quickly as possible to save them from drainage;
as of Feb. 1959, this state had 60,900 acres of wetland purchased
or optioned for purchase at a cost of $1,891,000.00. Minnesota's
ultimate goal is 209,000 acres at an estimated cost of $6,500,000.00.
New York State considers land acquisition one of the most important
aspects of its game management program. This state is concentrating
on wetlands and their associated upland habitat and is paying as high
as $125.00 per acre for public hunting grounds in areas of high
population. This program costs about $100,000 per year.
If Ontario is to manage its wetlands, an extensive inventory
program must first be carried out. Inventory must be conducted
over as short a period as possible since much initial information
becomes obsolete during extended surveys. In the same light,
pe ot ton and/or other management programs should follow inventory
closely.
Some of the more important information available from an
inventory might include;
(a) the total acreage of various wetland types and their distribution
throughout southern Ontario.
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(b) the location of key wetlands which are in danger through posting
or drainage and which might be acquired and/or managed.
It has been suggested that there are several government
departments which have an interest in wetlands and which might assist
on a wetland survey. It is my opinion that a survey would be best
conducted by one department; -Lands and Forests has, perhaps, the
greatest interest in wetland values. This does not preclude
assistance from other sources, however.
Several methods of inventory have been used by other govern-
ment agencies and four techniques were tested by H. G. Merriam in
1956, working under the direction of Dr. A. deVos at Guelph. The
results of this study are contained in Ontario Lands and Forest's
Fish and Wildlife Management Report #32, Dec. 1, 1956.
The four techniques listed below involved the use of:
(1) Indispensable*™ aerial photos, topographical maps, and field
forms for recording information.
(2) Dispensable aerial photos upon which wetlands were outlined and
numbered, and field forms.
(3) Indispensable aerial photos, topographical maps and punch cards
which were used to record information.
(4) Dispensable aerial photos and punch cards.
The last, number (4), was the most efficient method: pre-
paration of survey material was much reduced and data could be quickly
and efficiently analyzed by needle-sorting the punch cards.
The above techniques were tested in Puslinch Township of
Wellington County. The cost and labour requirements of technique
(4) are not known, but the less efficient technique (1) cost $3.25
per square mile and required 25 man-days to survey one township of
93 sqe miles.
The average township in southern Ontario probably does not
have as high a wetland density as Puslinch township and this might
reduce the number of man days required to survey a 100 sq. mile
township to about 14s Survey efficiency would also increase by using
technique number (4). It is doubtful, however, if survey costs per
sq- mile would be substantially reduced, since the project would
require full time permanent as well as part time supervisory staff
during the field season. It is probable that survey costs would run
in the neighbourhood of $3.00 per sq. mile.
® Photos were borrowed and could not be taken into the field.
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If the above figure is related to _ the area south of the
- Pre-Cambrian shield (about 30,000 sq. miles*), then a wetland.
inventory of this type for southern Ontario would cost about $90,000.
Assuming that 100 sq. miles could be surveyed in 15 days,
a survey of the area south of the Pre-Cambrian shield would require
4,500 man-days. If conducted over a three year period, such a
survey would probably require the following personnel each year:
1 full-time biologist
1 part-time field party supervisor
15 summer students (100 days each)
It is evident that both costs and labour requirements
of such a survey would be high.
The most practical approach at _ the present time appears to
be a survey based on the stereoscopic study of aerial photographs
with data recorded on punch cards.
Mr. G. Merriam, now studying at Cornell University, attempted
to compare the accuracy and efficiency of stereoscopic interpretation
of photographs with information recorded on ground surveys and used
material collected during the 1956 ground survey of Wellington
County as an illustration. This writer has recently discussed the
results of this comparison with Mr. Merriam, and it appears that
stereoscopic interpretation of aerial photos holds much promise.
Advantages associated with this method appear to far out-
weigh disadvantages: the former include:
(1) Practically all wetlands present in an area can be located.
(2) Photographic analysis gives much better perspectives; since relief
is exaggerated by the stereoscope, data concerning drainage or
impoundment possibilities are much more easily obtained than on
the ground. Semi-permanent streams also may be located easily.
(3) Large areas may be surveyed with a minimum of time and effort. A
surprisingly accurate appraisal of both terrestrial and aquatic
vegetation is possible.
(4) The location of possible sites for new impoundments is facilitated.
This is an important factor, since otherwise it requires much
experience to assess topography as it relates to drainage and area
of watershed.
* Chapman & Putnam —- 1951 - The Physiography of Southern Ontario.
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tfeuns bas Lepeteborved: ated, te. tee tate 8 g » GUD
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Disadvantages of aerial photo interpretation include:
i adows on otographs occasionally cause wetlands to be missed,
(i) Shad ph ph i Ls land b i d
although this error is probably lower than would occur on
ground surveys.
13 ) There is some difficulty in recognizing certain types of
vegetation. :
(iii) Although most land uses are easily recognized, it is difficult
to evaluate the intensity of livestock grazing from aerial
photographs.
Merriam found that aerial photo interpretation could be
Surprisingly accurate, - more accurate in some instances than ground
surveys. This accuracy applied principally to drainage or impound-
ment possibilities and to the areas of wetlands.
The interpretation of aerial photographs does take some
experience but extensive training is not essential. A good knowledge
of the plant associations of different wetland types is probably a
more important requisite and personnel engaged on an inventory should
have a basic knowledge of wetland plant ecology. Initially, photo
interpretation could be checked by ground surveys; later, as workers
gain experience, only spot-checks of various wetland types would be
necessary to ensure accuracy.
Exact costs and labour requirements are not available; it
is evident however, that both would be substantially lower than for
other known methods of inventory. In my opinion a survey based on
_ photo interpretation certainly appears to be the logical approach at
the present time.
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ADDRESS TO THE ONTARIO GAME BREEDERS* ASSOCIATION,
JULY 15, 1959
by
Dr. F. We Remmler
Griffith's Island
North Keppel, Ontario
One of the first things I did, more than eight years ago,
when I came to Canada, was to buy the "Hunters Encyclopedia", a book
of more than seven pounds and 1152 pages with over one million words,
according to the generous advertisement of the publishers. I1t was
only natural that I wanted to inform myself about the American hunting
conditions, and this book, if any, I thought would provide me with
the necessary information. With mounting surprise I began to study
these seven pounds of printed and illustrated paper and found that
out of the 1152 pages 1138 contained information on how to successfully
hunt various mammals and birds. Their biology was hardly touched upon,
yes, and a whole 14 pages were given to Wildlife Management, or
actually to what the Government and the various organizations do for
the game. Anything the individual hunter could possibly do is being
kept a carefully guarded secret. Not one of the more than a million
words concerns hunting ethics or morals. In a similar book published
in Europe probably half of the contents would concern itself with
wildlife management and hunting ethics, and the remaining portion
would describe various hunting methods.
After a little consideration I realized why this american
_ hunting book treated the management part in such skimpish manner. Due
to the fact that the hunting rights in America do not belong to the
landowner or the owner of the hunting rights, as the case is almost
everywhere in the old world, the hunter has no particular interest in
wildlife management (unless he happens to be a very idealistic person,
or an unusually unselfish sample of the human race) for as a rule he
would have no opportunity to reap the fruits of his work. Under these
conditions it is easily understood that the wildlife management must
be done by the government and a number of idealistic groups and
organizations, the work of which I have later learned to be very
commendable. As an example I will only mention "Ducks Unlimited."
The efforts of this organization as regards the promotion of waterfowl
can well be compared with the work of the Inter-European Conventions,
as a matter of fact, as far as activity and freehanded action goes,
overshadows these.
One thing I have yet to understand is why the book completely
ignores everything concerning ethics. This, at least in my opinion,
is an unforgivable lack which can hardly be defended.
In America, where the hunting can not look back on many
feudal traditions, and where every person has the right and opportunity
to hunt, and where this opportunity is made great use of, not enough
can be done to raise the level of hunting ethics. Every printed page
Vitulaesoote BY Wen BO Olu 26
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wrofateo -ya ak deael te (Beat. Wea sca ‘piiarese
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si 3) ettedatidud sit To tmeiee pre vibe: BOT OMID ond
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TO dwemegsden elribiiw ot qawiy “ete eagaq ot a
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ated #2 ob yidteeoq bivos tetaud Ladvbivebaicgad oe
solitia's geax atom eas to oAG Tol ~whetoae bobaasa 4
bette tidus od telimte 6 unl fon 3 SEEMS aategs
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agi] # TH ue Suit: te f Riek +e fe ei nd: D ig oS ItSts SATS. oat hed
Bit of anefad Joa ob sot¥ons at eocpta aire ome
eons re Shh od @ ‘2 $44 by Ser rise Sth 26 T9iwWg
,° VEO ea OO yin ~ rh Les , a a
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eroftnayiod asad whe Rex tot Sar To Saow ead 42 eee
es0n toftos bebasdée't? one vitivisos ea Ie. Be qs
Page te oa
a. Erie. 10 kk mi + tool don nae sek dewtl ‘sa -errerie af
rae Cathal Dn
fixgone jon ic sey Unete SiR ee ¥
easq betnitq Yue. .epedes Satenun oe fevea: reds
4
mom
concerned with hunting, should remind the hunter that he has not only
a right to the game, but also a responsibility toward it, a responsi-
bility toward the whole of nature, for that matter.
But what is the situation actually? In all the great many
hunting magazines which I get to read yearly, I don’t believe I have
ever seen articles concerned with hunting ethics, but not so seldom
have I read hunting stories which are a direct slap in the face as far
as ethics goes. For instance, to glorify a man who regularly hunts
eagles from an airplane, just to take one distasteful story out of the
pile. Others, as hunting big game with handguns or holding of beagle-
trials in the spring, are not hard to find.
I just mentioned the great work done by governments and the
various organizations in the field of wildlife management. Built upon
biological facts as it is, this work is both sound and effective. But
the individual hunter too, is in a position to do much for the
improvement of hunting, without having to spend a great deal of money,
for instance, through plantation of cover for upland game, or through
the establishment of ponds for ducks, but especially by furthering
hunting ethics through speech and writing, and not least, by setting
a good example. A question which should be of interest to all of us,
is the yearly increasing influence of human culture on nature, and
consequently of course on hunting in all its forms. That the management
of wildlife must keep in step with this development is only too clear.
Thus what is good for the Canadian wilderness doesn’t necessarily have
to be a blessing to an area near a big city, or one undergoing inten-
Sive farming, or for instance, an island like Griffith's Island. The
more man alters or destroys nature, the more the wild animals become
directly or indirectly dependent on his consideration and care. And
the forms of hunting change alongside, step by step, to finally become
something so artificial as the modern hunting preserves.
From a viewpoint of hunting I would like to divide the grounds
_ into three different classes or stages of development, depending on how
far the changing influence of human culture has progressed.
The primary stage is the untouched wilderness, to which, from
a hunting viewpoint also such areas should be included, where the human
influence has not yet reached a stage where it has robbed the game of
any of its necessities for existence. The animals, which live under
these conditions need no artificial feeding during normal years. Only
during serious starvation years is a feeding justified, but the question
is, if this help, which man can give during such unforeseen years, is
of much value. In most cases conditions are such that the help will
not arrive in time, at least not to the places where it is most needed.
Whether the hunting in such areas is done via weeklong packhorse trips,
or from a blind a few hundred yards from the house corner is of no
importance. In any case the game is wild from all aspects, and is so
to speak untouched by man.
—
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bitw' ns kBEGRO off TOE
Sto sid 8° RET BOTs MBS
boglet: 1S 4 Soneres (sk. TH
» ods) .stvten everteek
oo atid Ao snebaeqeb vy Ttogne
qacé stiendeie syaers & Fe?
Ptr eerabart and Be istota
sboyor odd sbivib of eibl olwow I - acd oot sabonwett 4
>
a ee
1O Snibnecsh —choigolevel: to eege7s 10 8oeEets
» LSeesvgo 1g ‘onusive name 20 conoml labs
oxd got oJ yepenwbLiw bedevodar add Bs ‘auede Rx?
f - to Te. ‘ ar ie Nay a ’ Y
nemrd offs evedw: febelont ed bivone at STS ous OBA a
» € oy ae We i AD ae tote een s f fates ts £> qede Pt berls Boe pha s
ro bein evel i Mortw a fsmian on «90112 TALKS "Ot
ei creme. Cainer aotigb quitbes?t [elo t Lose ee bas
; i RAS dove e18 emokdit 104 nage 35 Jeo,
rr, deOMh et ti eteiw espstg. Spin
¢.gerrodtoag: gaolieow siv anteby’ et gests ace ats ith
oo load tonten- sewed, ott mot ebtay Berman a
+
08, 2b, besgetooqae ILs: moy’ bf iw ed amy ond edsd ¥
2 S08 Noe
: pat
4 , ‘Swe a
- | ar’ i te ae
ea
To class two I count such grounds where most of the conditions
required by the game for its perpetuation are present, but where the
winter feed is strongly reduced, or where it is out of reach of the
animals for one reason or another. So, for instance, are the red-deer
in mountainous south Germany almost entirely cut off from their
natural winter feeding grounds in the valleys by the advance of culture
and are therefore forced to stay on the slopes the year around. If
we were to go by the principle here that all regular winter feeding is
detrimental, then Germany's rich deer stand would soon be but a memory.
Here regular winter feeding is not only desirable but very much a
necessity.
The south German red-deer are not the only game which receive
artificial feeding in Central Europe. I think one could without
exaggeration say that all game with the exception of wild boar, is
being "Gehegt", a word, which strangely enough has no counterpart in
the English language, but which means something like "taken care of."
It is not altogether impossible that the day may come in the
USA when a regular winter feeding of elk and mule deer will be a
) necessity, be it then that the winter feeding grounds can be kept
accessible to these animals through drastic measures. But compared
to central Europe, the USA has two great advantages. First of all
_ there is more room, and secondly, the situation is clear to everyone
’ and the necessary steps can be taken before it is too late.
_ As far as the white-tailed deer are concerned, I suppose that
one has come to the conclusion everywhere in America that a regular
winter feeding is ill-advised and should not be encouraged. If the
number is kept at a level of the carrying capacity of the area, so
_ that the animals will not destroy their own requirements for existence
f through overbrowsing, they can easily live on the edge of a large
City, which they often do, as a matter of fact. It does not take too
' much keeness to find out why Griffith's Island has become an area
_ which must be included in class two. A short visit of the woods makes
' it clear even to the biologically less schooled that the carrying
capacity has been long since exceeded and that the deer have completely
destroyed the bush to such degree that it would take roughly 30 years
to bring it back to a state where it could carry a limited number of
animals. They therefore depend entirely on the feed we give them
during the winter. I am mentioning the conditions here on the Island
mainly because it shows quite clearly that a deer population can exist
and be quite satisfied although they are entirely dependent on an
artificial feeding during the winter. In the literature we often find
negative opinions about the feeding. For instance, there is in the
Wisconsin Conservation Department's Technical Wildlife Bulletin number
14 the following passages: “Besides the fact that artificial feeding
contributed to the critical status of the range, it sometimes offered
little relief from starvation during critical winters. Starvation
losses were tragically high in some feeding areas where the greatest
efforts, or at least the greatest costs were incurred." And a little
further the following sentence: "When starved deer are found in areas
iraestd oe onc hp leyieg war ae
0 doget 10 two ek A a i
teabebert ads sis ,seCkieal 107, (OC - Vianeone ao: HOBBS no 4
ao
}
, enottibaos end to. 260g. otedu akimyorn: rhoune’ obi cs
}
ttedd mont Sidr Guo vlerte pee le: eraaitreD dhos:
wwitus. To -aoneyos end Yo. eye SiR edgont ebriiots anihest *
~hruvdre YEO ert. spel att eee, vada OY: heutot pemre
pF anibesa? ~~ Titre TE Lent” } 3 Press tii: i een eh. Shinar ant vd
romen stud ad nooe bivew bneve veeh apr Brien rom mi?
5 e coum viev stud elidaycded ving, son Be “gist beet” ‘wadabw
a ee bal ¥ fea ¥ J hl
J
- i
at¥tecc Fy Ente. cant ino ond tor ete ere sbtben taste ai) Adios
: nop sne Hoidé I .eeoui Cavaaeod ot gatbese
t , vod biiw to softvassxe off Riiw euee aie vars. ¥se
wt *taerre ¢ayed “on BBN AzyoME Yaa tends fo tith . bow - 'B¢ ‘oN
if ri sititende “Bs am do Pity oud Se a ao,
ses - Sa t
IIOdi We dD
oid mi enon yam YSh ond oteed elo SSR no diteg otis dor. * a)
8 | 'Liw ses 2108 bis Ala 20) ae thos’ Teciiw, (ak
iqawy sd Neo sbrvoty safbest e.g riw es Jeds aos ite
borsacmos 20a. .eexveaem ol teed snemte ‘eleeenn eBodt
J te to dext® AeRRonSvbs desum ‘cowl Ba ACU one «2 19
eroyys s+ reals ef nobgaeusre. sec .v¥ fhaoase Dap git
. sitet oot Bh J aeoten nsate. ad 885 Bqe te Va
P i “7% 4 5 cal
tJads spoagqse J .beniaonod sta Teen Deiteves 1c. 907, eae £
‘» Bites tsfd so Lem oF Storwyits. © ep are sets.
~ ' i oe. 4 7
oit tT] ~beseivece 3G jon bDivtode bas bseevbe= eee
og ,Go7s SHU ‘Lo. yYotoeqBo analytes adv 46) Level Ss
tefxs v0] acdhemetiepes NWO + fone yvougsehs Jon Lie a
o3 + 10° -99he!.2% pi jens wkd yede 4s ei
: oo3 stat von sesob 32 38st to yedvam 6 es ed aodto"%
| seve m6 smoosd esd tnefel e'aigitiity aw suo rs
eexem eboov ny to dtery geote. A «Ow? aenls mrt bebe ti
anivries odd cede bs foodfot saat vei s5tuotord one
yistelquos syed tseb soft asad bos baksoae Son se snot! s Lee
ersey OF vidastot aded biwow Jf cand (asb come og eieg
to 1s4dmun betinil p yosss: binoo Oe Sa ee od a
wit ovo ow bee? Bre id seionede braqeaD aTeta198
Leda eted enoktiiico® sae qwitmosd fiiem oie de
ip noissiuqag ‘seb Bp deMy yinsolo otiap wort:
Snebere . 19; OTs Vets dyed 18" bah
0 om. xs edit: oe a. sien aa ont gobi
eny af et. atedd ysorte deg? tou ats bewd Mee! hea
rtoliu] ettibirt lesitados Pee! 7nameaenee uC ae
w
rat
aeticrtges ¥ 4
aiihies ilivsn ssc? vost odd eebbesnee
bersito eeivitenoa tb sage? end To aumeoms tek :
“sottsvasse ,exsdabw Tes titee pee rte
*
ot
testegyy add sew. B69TS sokbee? aoe: Ihr >
4
a
sfitii-s bak ebotagoag: 9 Tay, BRBOS teedne
eeoTa nt . bike Bis seb bewiste seodwWw" ~ ten
a Or
ae 25;
where feeding operations are being conducted, the inevitable question
asked why, if pen-controlled feeding experiments prove conclusively
that deer can be sustained satisfactorily on artificial feed for
normal yarding periods, should there be any starvation losses?"
During the last winter, which may be considered a very
difficult one, we lost only seven deer, two of them through accidents.
Of the remaining five these were four buck-fawns and one four year old
buck. The last mentioned died of digestive troubles, a very unusual
happening here on the Island. Samples of the marrow from two of the
fawns showed that undernourishment played a part in their death. I
found the other two fawns too late to determine the reason for their
death. We feed the deer with oats, corn and alfalfa and begin the
feeding in the middle of October. It is important to begin early so
that the animals will not become starved and gorge themselves on the
first feed given. It is equally important to continue the feeding
into the spring until the first green grass is available to the
animals. Even here I have been able to confirm the long known fact
that late spring is the most dangerous time for the animals, and all
five animals we lost during the winter died at the end of March and
beginning of April. Should someone care to establish a shooting
preserve for deer, I can inform him that the cost of feed for the
winter is approximately twenty dollars per average deer.
So, as far as the deer go Griffith's Island must be included
in class two of the areas I have mentioned. As far as the pheasants
are concerned, the Island is a pure shooting preserve and therefore
belongs to class three, where man has taken the game completely in his
care, so to say from birth to death. The only difference is that we
release the pheasants at eight weeks of age, instead of releasing a
certain number of birds immediately preceding each shoot, as is usual
on commercial shooting preserves.
Sometime ago I read a magazine article about shooting preser-
ves. The author expressed the opinion that in the near future all
hunting will be done on preserves. Forgive an old-timer if he hopes
‘this day lies far away in the future. But nevertheless, I welcome
these preserves with satisfaction and wish their operators good luck.
Because shooting has become the main point for a great number of
hunters (or let’s say shooters), all conservation minded hunters will
be glad to see these gentlemen finding an outlet for their trigger-
happiness and so relieve the pressure on really wild birds in the field.
And besides, these establishments promise a good income for a great
number of people who are interested in raising game birds.
For several years I have made a series of experiments to get
rid of the gapeworm plague which causes the loss of a great number
of birds. At first I worked alone and since 1955, in co-operation with
the Department of Parasitology of the Ontario Veterinary College,
Guelph. We have succeeded in manifesting the earthworm as the
intermediate host of the gapeworm, which carries the parasite from one
> a 4
j io |
f a
ui on wh
aR i
ate hy
¥ a.
DP st
y *
¢ iy ff “ oe Ht rs
notdeous efdesiveat, sft, (de stouhaos, ated: an
Vitvisulones srong speeded 3) gat toga pa Lfordria
“ he 6, Fa ped ie « 10 [pro ton t LBs rome beaks
iansaol solsevande, wes ad Stead f seta eho ba
viav s berebianod 9d vem Pee “edabw tas ere |
_ptnabioos davoudd medy to -owt .tash never wine ceok ee
fc Be “eoOl vao baa ehwe't-iyucl 1u60t ‘stew seers ‘BVEt
‘Teveurnu vyev 5 ,seldners oviteenth to bert bemottnam 2
dt 36 ows wort wortem odd to, seldinat “DNs tel ore ee
jitsebh tfed?d #& Jabe s beyele Inemae “worse hay todd
ge of otf ivrce dod at sied) OoF enw
the. bab: cro ~aeRo Sole age els fete
mr ok, $i ~71edogoO Te eldbbim
osed don iffw ete
Ine T4s sah vitevpe @f JL i
~3 oe tft
j« ‘ 3,47 re
Das. ws74
seers ie Sit
Hoa eRe ft ao 2 hs
‘+ 2Otos i eh geon
ch gece Sean aug
SYS SOs. Pf
fe Soy gtk eee BALE
eee ee
Sy cs mor Ens - ots cab (32 aioe ‘r epee ify
aerlalisoalnperiimeribtie etean tian ana
| ten t Ey r io? of ‘Rt re } yn THAT ad
) oft ee set eh .bSeroisnom eran Ss
oa ee = "y ord. & oad hs ee ity SOO {p ‘ei try (soe ee
; = J é
i :
eid n YLe om wary (3 euUe SE: BE aes cit S$
; Ww tend ef eoce7 th vito ed? " tea hited lores mOrk 7
,, hs ; a : ‘ : Lien i oi (Necaacitee i rae et,
, 5 pittensiat Jo fegtent .3ye to eos shane te a
r yy ae : . ‘ ay mp ng Sek ee, eee ee a
Leaueg 28 ; PeTCUe Sho “WAH on: aa es ISL Totty bs fad ants .
7 : ~ ‘ ‘ ows i~ ~
edt {5 a eee] MEL SOULE anne Lg ; We Bs oa LES a oe ci ree S BS fe
, = - ho my pw oe aft :
me: “udu. YE ent mr tens AStniqo oT pe
> anf % * i n He i ea he nae -
f Beqon of If. temtig=c m2 S¥la50 a ih pn:
y ’ [ r : : re Ee Per ad 4 OF EY aT th Deer f % ot a
‘ STOCOLBGW 2 ORR wa. iy Lt BS) ee om ahd com Sth.
r 4 > 4 rf o- Shes , * r
; sort boon syovRieso treds fetw bre no tsoatabgee ta
f hy aie 7 on ie - ‘ a 0 ;
; So yoru dae 8 26% dito 2 fant ants “gpeo .
i Lhe ~ hoe ee é ‘7 ane
r
; iliw exsdnud bebhim cobsavaderoo £8. .4ecagagee yaa
[eg ‘ . os oe
oe al
dos of .etoosiiedke 36 B0fjee’ 8. sh4m ome i Lewes
| "<2. aun teeag B To geet si 298.0R80 ae eat
dtiw colt yswe: rod td .2201 eonte bas seta Bene
| ~" easllod yatniteds’ olante®. emg oie yaolotia
“sit es migwidise edd pabtestinea ae bakes:
eno mor: stilestsq edd eo ieted gokaw SOARS: one
oe
4
,
4
= 2), «
bird to another. After a series of rather frustrating experiments
we have finally found a satisfactory chemical against the earthworm
and consequently against the gapeworm. These findings are soon to be
published by the Ontario Veterinary College and should be of great
value to all pheasant breeders whose flocks suffer from this condition.
etnamirsgqxs gris
mrowijiss sdd gen
O7 MOOR ee Bane
JB8oTR To ad bLuS6
tipnoo efdadt meat
i
Hrez r
ee
a
™\
L
SFE.
t
sms Leo thiarto
sBont
out
bing sobhee a YTBM,
ered? 22a
eat
CENSUS FOR COTTONTAIL RABBITS
LAKE HURON DISTRICT, 1958-59
by
ie ire Mason
Introduction
The cottontail is more heavily hunted than any other game
species in this district. During 1958-59 a mail bag survey of
hunters in regulated townships indicated that 46.8% of all game
“alia bagged were cottontails. Pheasants comprised 20.6%, hares
(European) 16.6%, waterfowl 8.1% and grouse, squirrels and foxes
from 2=3% each. (Job Completion Report, Winter XI, 1959.) Despite
this fact relatively little has been done in the line of a census of
the cottontail.
Part of the difficulty in securing adequate population in-
formation has been the apparent lack of a suitable census technique.
In Missouri, cottontail census information is secured by road counts
during the period July 13-21. An analysis of eleven years’ information
secured in this manner revealed a direct relationship between the
juvenile to adult ratio, plus number of observations per mile and
the hunting success during the following open season. (Wright, H. -
Journ. Wildlife Man., Vol. 23, No. 1, 1959). The success of the road
count technique in Missouri led to the attempt described here to
determine the applicability of the technique in this district.
The survey was attempted only on a preliminary basis by the
author, and results are not intended to present a district-wide
picture of cottontail populations.
Procedure
Secondary gravel surfaced roads were driven by car during
the week of July 13 between 5.30 and 6.45 A.M. The survey was run in
Wellington and parts of Halton and Waterloo Counties. Cottontails
were recorded as juvenile or not fully grown, and adult or fully
growne Speeds driven were between 30-40 miles per hour although other
speeds were tried.
Observations were arbitrarily broken into five mile transects
to assist in statistical analysis.
©
’
r¢ ‘a i i
o Yoav"
= wena b
‘¢ P ~ e * ?. )
_ = t
i i i :
cd
‘ =
i e t
-
Is IES i Tt
soupindoss
o 9 i } f
i E : i ai Soy
* - rf A
: Ww : '
a
> ea
1 <j
pee “é etry}
7
ee oh 2 ‘
we SINT § dn Se aus
rs ig ral ~~<
-. roe
sito LUE
aa - ta = Te Micnrt
2 SSL GBeA0 VY SNe)
‘$5 4 Ts :
o) ~ ae 3 ,
Pre eo,
ni M™ ese: wSsvas, ¢!
oe Ob oe ye oh NP ee 8 ys ,
LF MOG Os!) 2 wt
Pere ot tp eho
Ae 2! +TaVBG
- Pik wet ope ebiee J ~p x ol
i 2 tse s ae Sw
ratd- afta evtt otar ssdoid vhirsitigte eee) eee
Ais: ba ¥ VL EVs get
frames a hipewes i,efdbiaowvon stew
TIME ~save wes bre RLS. EWOs tow: cia
icobs gatrimoe egies ee oat Yo) #
“oo bees yd bewuese ef nobdeertotet -eiemeo - (Secnems i
YOr! tevefe:. io revrlane aa i tR-tl Lah chic:
teraidd ab elphidsed- ett te YL LiGhoes
ha ig toe a> | SF bc eaaiae oe ak ac
vcd not h-oxtey ehaot Dees iateciey
- bore meee yiliS Jogore SR Reten
: i ee
OTIsas Qa CAN OP TOD eaalinssysia
PA. Fey Bg? OTARETG. WOFEDH ena
a Ny
j vos |
a
st CEsosertos edt |
; at To intetbus ra
+ ha pad bedegsort aacdeiwot beds
>
rs
it &
4
3
5
CTR. s Bae ant
X tsdaiW <orogeh. mettelqtod dol). am
od st atob feed ear etodar xiowkea
tt
sifye @ 160 249 ed taeisggs ont tae
oz
nobabniean ssa fh:s bedsevet teriteae
Hey suds die Fotaitia’ eula¢ OLIst a
SsSe-NeqoisniwistoO!l ahd Sire ee
; Oe 1 ae ccS «LoV saa
si M, ‘. wwFtexedy + pot Prroendil
-cnoigeivqe: Liscing
a geek bs pS tH VE .?, aeewis
FeLore, fers Wy ras: mod fat: to ase)
‘oct eet Sar O4-08 negwded sae eve
-eleylens feolias
= 26 =
Results
For use in the preliminary data, 19 five mile transects
were run with a total observation of seven adults and 19 juveniles.
Data are presented below:
Cottontails per transect: 1.37
Cottontails per mile: 0.274
Young per adults 2072
In addition two adult and one juvenile European hare were
also observed.
Discussion
I_of Technique
From the results obtained in Missouri weather factors can
be expected to adversely affect the technique. Extremely hot and
dry weather during the July census period will reduce the number of
_ observations disproportionately, and lack of snowfall during the
hunting season will reduce hunter success, also disproportionately.
In the eleven years each of these factors was encountered once.
The time of day for this survey was chosen as cottontails
are most active at dawn, but some sunlight is required for accurate
observation of age classes. Although cottontails were still observed
on some roads after 7.00 A.li., rural traffic increased sufficiently
from 6.30-7.00 A.M. to adversely affect observations.
No observations were recorded during the week on hard-sur-
faced roads. This may be due to the increased traffic on these
roads which led to the selection of gravel surfaced roads for the
survey. No effort was made to choose roads which passed through any
predetermined cover types and cottontails were observed in both open
and wooded situations. Secondary roads which have the roadside
vegetation either mowed or sprayed should be avoided. In the Missouri
study, permanently established routes are used.
A speed of 30-40 M.-P.H. was determined to be most satis-
factory. Speeds below 30 MeP.H. were not satisfactory as the
cottontails ran off the road too far ahead of the car to be accurately
aged. Speeds over 40 M.P.H. did not allow sufficient time to observe
rabbits. The speed driven is also regulated by road conditions and
conditions of vegetation along the roadways.
No difficulty was encountered in aging cottontails by
their size during this week. Of a total of 27 observationsused in the
preliminary data, only one had to be recorded as unknown. It is felt
that variation between observers will not affect the data although
this factor was not tested. No difficulty was encountered in dis-
tinguishing between European hare of any age group and cottontails.
Difficulty might be encountered in distinguishing between snowshoe
hare juveniles and cottontail juveniles although adults of these two
Species should be distinguishable.
s 2
ye r+ olin evil Of eteb sient isis
hinevut Qi DAS SoRbe ceva yo. Wot teV-70ane eee
. swolsd is
ct. sioganecth tea sites
ratim geq.eLles ‘0d 20D
© ‘ = Oe a
ae tice ws ca | anue’
. x " ; nt ef y
1 oes lee ai 7
2
:
5, 1 - ~ " :
U « ’ a
2 ~ 4 7 F + t
¥ «kb A
t -i .
@ » ‘
_ ry f° ~
dis ded ti: 4 ~~
& : - ‘
- om F ae -~
iL & + * e Gs
H 7
c , - arn >
- ae} 1 Ls 3 22 Sa DAR
it
Le
=) ras " -) 4 a Fig he i et
- 7X % +
-7
r r \ a im ¥
th . PM ee hey
:
.
re a V4 ae
oG ‘ k q a . We
a P >
es aA 5 i =
. te
i ow ey
bal = Ld aay, _&. r iH
i ; oo i
Gy - . f j Vi
ie nip wal n> in. 72.
if vf ‘ = gh, ak G
’ ie Tete | } “ ; : (
‘ 5 &
c % : i > o
ah Oe PR — F J P 4y,.+ * Aine . "itr AOSar
ap rei } ’ 1) onde eS i * hs uP ne at
% Ze 7 in * f ¢ om . .
rerrreys . a ona Pe) i ) - bat £ Siri AL yes qe 5 1é
ay eo pty - § uf fa
P “4 é 7 c
Oid “38k rs OF, Ge ei eiea.
¥
De ba
fcse seom ed OF bemtorreysb ek. “wien ne a anys
ag a % 8) ride siaivse tor syew al as BE oleae
fatexuson s&h of + {te peas es $0 baott ete a.
. why éz pint - ae 4 yt +? id Ty F rot LEP tH Delt Hh 3
anoittbaos Bsot wf bade lugew Obie ee ee hog
cYevhsoY eto Sapis neLreae
“ co ++ ++
bh Bia) we My a
” -
Se & ra! a & y oi
? cs!
; A | s Li
‘
. ‘ f
« ot
par 4h nr
‘ : 2 +3 M
u: tes eo : wre
ee ee Be } © 54 |
~ SOL EWOMS. ie Shs
iy <
+ a : mr a re
Behe a DLSROF
— —— a
aT =
Et @f Results
Using § = 5 N x &FD2 - (£FD)@
1
the standard deviation of the mean was determined to be 2.56 and
standard error 0.59. Fiducial limits of the 80% level of confidence
indicate the value of the mean to be 1.37 * 0.78. Considering the
size of the sample, the results are encouraging.
By application of formula, a total of 42.3 plots or 211.5
miles will be required to adequately sample a population of cotton-
tails at the 80% level of confidence. If individual populations
of cottontails are not subject to wide variances in small geographi-
cal locations, this represents a small expenditure of manpower to
obtain a satisfactory estimate of populations as the 95 miles used
in this preliminary data was covered in three mornings. The only
evidence offered that populations variation is not great in relatively
small geographical locations is the small degree of statistical
variation encountered in this survey which covered roughly 200 square
miles.
Conclusions
From the results given above it would appear that roadside
counts conducted, as described, will provide a workable method of
censusing cottontails in this district. Information secured would
then be related to hunter success as determined from the mail bag
survey for prediction of future hunting.
re ¢
ah
wort De yoo notitwy ysvibe eile tk metas
: aa bs Ng ¢ -
Jef gsw oBom. Si a noisek eb:
y ; : { 20: BF LMEL igboy bey” O24 "
ey Ja Ox ee 90 "Os MESH ook ui: IK
i ees Peers OSTS ors a ‘vests. ets se >
C.S) Sofetod 2 pReare rs ie solsagatann
eluqoy g elanet “wiesayosbe Of umm
fappky home: UT. esanehE Ady < %o teved’ oe
e AE Boor sv abaw -o7 stidue 20n eae:
to syuathtegue: Diag. 3 teedamie o—
+ PR BPROESS IS a to SOSH LEaS Rigeenben ;
untrrrest aod Al Dera ve> eee ee
ry TRS L¢siiay ehote ig ee
e to sstuebh Disae sie erorcagot yoni
?
eeqae: biiiow gf, svods. meres at iveet ong 7m
cea VOW 8 el vot LLiW « te Panto aes k
bisirfotal .cotage ep “ei dr if elt
> tie a . Rod Oe :
atk tape’ pci? No, paris Dé
=~ 26
COTTONTAIL INDEX = PELEE ISLAND, 1953-59
by
Le Jdeeoreck
This cottontail count was made incident to the pheasant
survey on Pelee Island in July, 1959.
The index shows an increase of 67% over 1958 despite a
season which afforded excellent shooting. Residents reported that an
| oh high number of rabbits were shot during the winter of
195 -59.
—_— fa nee ee ne Ret re te en ee ee pee
Miles of Rabbits Rabbits Difference Adult Juv. Per
Year Transect Counted Per Mile Percent Fem. _ Juve Ad. Fem.
1953 276 1355 0.56
954 267 120 0.45 =20
| 1956 138 28 0.20 -56
1957 138 60 O.4d +120 6 hy ae) Tal
1958 132 185 WT 4208 11 143 13
1959 «138 309 2.2h +67 35,5 20 i689
rm re
Adult sex ratio is assumed to be 1 to l
Se ee =
Juvenile to adult female ratio is calculated for all rabbits
which could be definitely identified as adult or juvenile. The
remainder are either adults or sub-adults and probably include some
adult females which would lower the figure for juveniles per adult
female. However, the majority of the remainder are believed to be
young of the year.
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THE SIZE, RATE OF GROWTH AND LONGEVITY OF THE
BLACK BEAR (Ursus americanus americanus)
by
C. W. Douglas
Introduction
Reliable information on the size of black bears for this
area or, for that matter most parts of the continent, is either very
scanty or totally absent from the literature. Estimated weights are
common but of justifiably suspect accuracy.
Matson (in Drahos, 1952) likely with tongue-in-cheek, treats
this subject of estimated weights by suggesting that most hunter-
guesses should be divided by two, then add or subtract 25 to 50
pounds according to personal judgment. As a case in point, the 245
pound bear which we weighed on September 24, 1957, was reported as
a "500 pounder" and so, by coincidence, lends credence to Matson's
humorous comment. This, however, hardly recommends the method for
general and exclusive uSe.
Weights of bears, have, of course, always been the subject
of controversy and Arthur E. Brown (in Seton, 1929) also saw humour
in this when he said - "It is a curious fact in the geographical
distribution of animals - for which an explanation might be sought
among ethical rather than physical causes - that 1,000 pound bears
are not found inhabiting the same range of country as Fairbanks’
scales." This was with reference to grizzlies but, in proportion,
is equally applicable to black bears.
Although it is general practise to discredit reports of very
large black bears, the existence of at least a few very large ones
should not be perfunctorily dismissed. The weights of some very
large, weighed specimens recorded in the literature from several
widely separated points are set down, later in this paper, to
illustrate this, and most of us believe we have seen much larger
black bears than we have so far been privileged to weigh.
Because information on sizes and weights is so sparse,
presentation of our small series, at this time may serve a useful
purpose.
In order that other information of related nature may also
be available for ready reference a considerable series from black
bear literature is also summarized throughout the paper.
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) . OekwoSh Sosqene a
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Lhtetayd Jeon tedd weidsegave vd esngtew begenioee 36
¢ a 2
oa nods cows yo- Bebivip od
S ade ytuiog ni ses> 2h .. ctemp het Seceiem ee
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401 bondtem sid ebiretmoods eit ion <reyowod <sidT g3e
«90H ae
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tiayce od tdyla Goissasiqaue “ne dobdw tee ~ elemias
mped buvoq COOL ‘tata + exeueo _feokeredta seers Terkts
t
tednediis? es Yytauoo lo sguet SmAs Gay Bae
Evioqouq ai sud ed disaing oF one an Atiw es
.ciped Sonid of e860
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Insid novl ce!tse eldsyeifeace scapietetes ae
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Weights and Lengths of Black Bears In the White River District
As black bears, as game animals, are rising in importance
in the area we have, since 1957, carried on a limited investigation
to gather general information on bears and specimen material with
which to explore the possibility of devising an aging technique for
the species.
During this work accurate weights of 19 and lengths (nose-
tip to tail-tip) of twenty specimens have been secured. Collectors
have also reported the sex of each bear and have given their opinion
concerning the animals’ state of maturity (cub, immature, adult).
One bear was weighed on a platform scale, the remainder
with beam balances.
The lengths, in inches, were established after the carcasses
had been placed on their backs in as straight and level a position
as the terrain would permit.
In this series, male bears weighed as much as 333 lbs. at
65 inches. A still longer bear, 74 inches, was not weighed.
The heaviest female weighed 180 pounds and the longest
measured 58 inches.
This information is summarized in Table No. 1 and No. 2.
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eS
The C.P. Express Agent, Mr. E. N. McMenemy of White River,
has weighed, for shipping, hog-dressed bears which tipped the scales
at over 400 lbs. Gerstell (1939) reports that bears on the average,
lose 14.1% of live weight when hog-dressed. On this basis the 400
lb. bear would have had a live weight of about 465 pounds.
We may, then, reasonably assume that at least a few of our
bears will eventually be found to rank well up in the North American
weight series presented later. That very large bears will be rare
is axiomatic since many of the weights shown in this series were so
exceptional as to be worthy of much note in their own localities.
Age Classes of Black Bears
In the management of a species, data on age and reproduction
are required. Until a generally-accepted aging technique has been
developed it would be desirable if we could at least separate adult
from sub-adult specimens.
In general, it is not difficult to look at a bear and form
the opinion that it is "young" or "old" but when asked to substantiate
or account for this opinion, difficulties are likely to arise.
We have done some preliminary work on tooth-sectioning,
after the method now in general use for aging seals.
This work shows promise but we have not yet carried it far
enough for presentation at this time.
In attempting to discover a growth-factor which could be
expressed mathematically and have some co-relation with age, the
weight of each bear, in pounds was divided by the length in inches
(Tables 1 and 2, Col. 4). This resulted in the discovery of three
distinct groups which we will call "cub", “immature”, and “adult".
These categories agree with the collectors’ opinions as to state of
maturity with only one exception and in that case the collector
expressed doubt as to his categorization.
Table No. 3 summarizes the ranges of these "growth factor"
categories and shows the range of dispersion.
TABLE NO. 3 = Growth Factor (Weight #¢ Length) of Black Bears
(a) Males
Observer's
Category M-2S.D. M-1S.D. M-l1PE. Mean (M) M¢1P.E. M+1S.D. M¢2S.D.
Immature Le She 1.946 ne 2.35 eae 20 75h. Selise
Adult 30445 3.910 4.065 4.375 4.685 he S40 bn IOS
(b) Fomales
Immature Ces 2015 2018 2025 2.32 2635 2ah5
Adult = 7 - 3 e a - = -
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Standard, deviation (S.D.) = gE x*
Tay on! cl.
Probable error of the Mean (P.E.) = 0.6745 S.D.~
In summarizing Tables 1 and 2 we note that this factor
was, for males:
a) Cub = 0.65
b) Immature 35 Ub eo 2.7)
c) Adults £375 (eer tou dal)
and for females:
b) Immature ee eS. (2. Rae. ly)
c) Adults o ae
Our series show an overlap in the lengths of “immature”
and "adult" classes for both sexes. There is no overlapping of the
calculated growth factor categories for either sex.
This certainly suggests that this method may prove to be
of value in separating adult from immature bears.
Our series is, of course, very small and covers only the
months of June through September. Hence we have no figures for bears
immediately after or just before dormancy. However, the series does
cover the period during which most bears are shot by sportsmen or must
be killed to protect property.
It may be held that this factor indicates the physical
thriftiness of the bears rather than the state-of-maturity.
Occasionally, I expect, this would certainly be so, especially with
severely undernourished or unusually fat specimens. However, a study
of the tables shows that regardless of date-of-kill (and bears are
reputed to gain or lose weight according to season) the calculated
factor is within the limits shown in Table 3, and agrees with the
observer's opinion regarding maturity.
Local Subspecies of Black Bear
Throughout the balance of this paper, frequent reference
is made to bears from other provinces or states. In order that I
might be assured that all cited references are concerned with our
subspecies I have used, as my authority, the range maps shown in Hall
and Kelson (1959) wherein is shown the range of our bear, Ursus
americanus americanus.
Rate of Growth of Black Bears
Gerstell (1939) gives a series of weights and ages of
bears from Pennsylvania which are summarized in the following table:
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TABLE NO. 4 - Rate of Growth of Pennsylvania Black Bears
(After Gerstell, Penna. Game News 10 (8
Age (Months Mean Weight (Pounds) Weight Range (Pounds)
10 55 30-80
ee 105 80-130
3h 55 125-185
L6 205 180-240
58 255 215-295
70 305 255-350
This shows an average rate of growth of 50 pounds per year,
but with considerable overlap in older classes.
Since bears mature (mate) at about 34 years, in zoos, we
are able to break Gerstell's series into sections for comparison
with our series:
a) Cubs - 30=80 lbs, (to 10 mos.)
Db) immatures - 80-185 lbs. (to 34 mos.)
c) Adults = 180« lbs. (over 34 mos.)
Drahos and Black (1956) give the weights of 54 New York
bears (aged by tooth size) as follows;
TABLE NO. 5 = Rate of Growth of New York Black Bears
[itper Drahos and Black,. (N.Y. State Cons. 11 (2 :
Male Female
Age (Years) Mean Weight Number Mean Weight Number
Cubs 21 2 A 1
13 98 es 132 2
a 178 PG 129 i}:
he 293 15 203 2
Loe 346 7 226 L
Table 5 gives average weights of immature bears up to 178
lbs.
Comparison of the Pennsylvania and New York figures with
Our series in Tables 1 and 2 shows that our figures are within
the ranges shown for cubs, immatures and adults, lending credence to
the proposition that our "growth factor" indices are correlated with
age. -
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Perhaps, then, further work will show our "growth factor"
categories to be of value in separating mature from immature bears
until such time as a generally-accepted aging technique is developed.
Even after that the method may be of value as a field or checking
station technique if specimen materials found necessary for aging
are also required as trophy material by the hunter.
Recorded Weights of Black Bears
During the course of our black bear study many references
to the weight-ranges and maximum size of bears, which have been
weighed by or are considered authentic by the various authors have
been encountered. These are set down in Table No. 6.
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These figures certainly show that the black bear occasionally
reaches a much greater Size than is generally realized and, at least
‘as far as maximum size is concerned, are not in accord with the belief
‘that southern bears are larger.
‘Longevity of Black Bears
Seton (1929) reports on a pair of black bears in Akron Zoo,
saying, "Both - now 24 years old, are still in excellent health,
although the male does not become as fat as he did in Autum, and the
female has had no cubs for the past three years."
While Palmer (1954) does not give his source, it appears
from his text that it may be these same bears to which he referg on
page 81 where he says, "Life span perhaps ordinarily does not exceed
12-15 years; a female lived 24 years in captivity but did not breed
-the last three years of her life."
In reply to my enquiry regarding the age attained by black
bears in captivity I received from Mr. A. Widnall, Secretary-Manager
of the Fort William Board of Parks Management, the following informa-
tion dated February l4th, 1958, concerned with a black bear known
as "Teddy" which had been kept in the zoo at Chippewa Parks
"While visiting the Winnipeg Zoo in the year 1930 1 took a
fancy to this bear, and the Winnipeg Parks Board were kind enough
to say we could have same. He was then, I understand, ten years old,
and we received him in 1930 and he died in 1956, which means he was
some 36 years old."
i “We had to destroy him in the end, owing to the fact that he
went blind and was crippled with rheumatism."
On the basis of these reports we should be justified in
_ expecting bears, in the wild, to live to between 15 and 20 years of
age and, if the fates be kind, to a considerably greater age in rare
cases.
| Summary
'l. Bears in the White River area reach, and are believed to exceed
74 inches in total length and 400 pounds in weight.
2. The weight (in pounds) divided by the length (in inches) appears
4 to produce factors by which subadult and adult bears may be
separated. We found no overlap here as was the case with series
based only on weight or length.
23. A 500 pound black bear may be considered an exceptionally large
' specimen, anywhere within the range of Ursus americanus americanus,
. but there are reliable records of much larger specimens.
'4. A black bear has been known to live for 36 years in captivity,
which should justify a presumption that bears in the wild may
: occasionally live to more than half that figure.
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Bibliography
1.
Re
1h.
Ais.
Anthony, Harold E. Field Book of North American Mammals. Putnam's
XXXI +674 p. illustr. 1928.
Burt, William H. The Mammals of Michigan. Univ. Mich. Press
XX +288 p. illustr. 1948.
and R. P. Grossenheider.e. A Field Guide to the Mammals.
Houghton Mifflin XXI +200 p. illustr. 1952.
Cahalane, Victor H. Mammals of North America. Macmillan 682 p.
1947.
Drahos, Nicholas. Notes on Bears. N. Y. State Cons. 7(2):14-18,
Illus. Oct --Nov. 9 LO 20
and Hugh Black. A Bear by the Tail. N. Y. State Cons.
iT (2)328-29, illustr. Oct.-Nov., 1956.
Ely, Alfred, H. E. Anthony and R. R. M. Carpenter. North American
Big Game. Scribner's XXII +533 p. illustr., 1939.
Gerstell, Richard. The Growth and Size of Pennsylvania Black
Bears. Pa. Game News 10 (8):4-7, Nov., 1939.
Gunderson, Harvey L. and James R. Beer. The Mammals of Minnesota.
Us Of Minn. Press XII #190 p. illustr. 1953.
Hall, E. Raymond and Keith R. Kelson. The Mammals of North
America. Ronald 2 vol. XXX +546 - 79, VIII - 547 - 1083 - 79 p.
teruser. 1959.
Palmer, Ralph S. The Mammals Guide/Mammals of North America
North of Mexico. Doubleday 1-384 p. illustr. 1954.
Seton, Ernest T. Lives of Game Animals. Branford 8 vol. 1929.
Repr. 1953.
Severinghaus, C. W. The Bears and the Biologists. N. Y. State
Cons. 12 (2):26-27 illustr. Oct. Nov., 1957. eee eo
Widnall, A. Personal Communication. Feb. 14, 1958.
Zim, Herbert S. & Donald F. Hoffmeister. Mammals/A Guide to
Familiar American Species. Simon and Schuster 160 p. illustr.
Lope
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MOOSE BROWSE SURVEY, GOGAMA DISTRICT, 1959
¥
G. E. Vozeh and A. Zimmerman
An appraisal of winter browsing by moose was carried out
on one square mile of range in Togo Township during the period
May 5 to 8, 1959. The plot was located in a 33 square mile aerial
moose census plot situated within (near its western edge) a 600
square mile tract burned over in 1941. Some sections of this burn
have supported high numbers of moose in recent years, the average
count of moose for the census plot obtained in five surveys made
in the past four years being 1.25 per square mile. Utilization of
the area by moose has been by no means uniform, or constant from one
survey to the next. The time of winter a survey was made probably
influenced the number of moose seen (e.g. there seems to be a marked
migration from the burn to older stands in late February and March),
and the relationship of observations to “islands” of unburned forest
leaves no doubt as to the importance of cover to moose in winter.
The browse survey plot was placed in the northwest corner
of the census plot, partly because it was the most accessible section
and partly because on three of the five aerial surveys moose were
observed within that one square mile block (20, 7 and 2). Although
none were observed there during the 1958-59 survey, old tracks as-
sured us that the site was being frequented and a browse survey
there was justified.
The west side of the browse plot was a high ridge bordering
a river. The terrain sloped eastward to a black spruce swamp on
the east border, so that most of the plot was a form of plateau.
Four smaller mature spruce swamps were scattered among the mixed young
growth that covered the greater part of the plot.
Method
The survey method developed by Passmore and Hepburn (1955)
for deer was used, the only modification being the use of vertical
browsing limits of two feet to 10 feet instead of 1.5 feet to six
feet. A total of 64 plots 1/330 acre in size were tallied. These
were spaced at five chain intervals on four strips 1/4 mile apart.
Extent of Browsing
The data from the tally sheets are summarized in Table I.
Table II shows the browse available on plots and the intensity of.
browsing.
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Of 24 tree and shrub species available to moose, 10 had
been browsed during the winter just ended. Pin cherry, found on 70%
of the plots, was the most widely distributed species. Mountain ash,
white birch and alder occurred on half of the plots. Four species,
alder, pin cherry, hazel and mountain ash accounted for 67% of the
total stems on the plots. Mountain ash and willow proved to be the
species preferred by moose: though they accounted for only 15% of
the stems available, they supplied 76% of browse units. Willow alone
supplied 30% of browse units, while contributing only 223% of avail-
able stems. None of the other eight species browsed by moose contri-
buted more than 5% of browse units.
Severity of Browsing
The effect of browsing by moose on commercial tree species
and shrubs other than mountain ash and willow on this plot has been
negligible (see comparison below).
Living Browse
Stems Killed Mutilated Units
Willow & Mountain Ash 261 19 113 6929
Commercial Species 296 nad 14 902
Other Shrubs 1253 5 15 1266
The results of the survey suggest that on this presumably
typical section of the large burn of 1941 the relatively high winter
moose densities of recent years have had little visible effect upon
the trees and shrubs growing there. Willow and mountain ash, clearly
the favorite foods of moose using the area, might be depleted if
heavy utilization continues, directing attention to the good variety
of other species available. Of the coniferous tree species, balsam
and black spruce showed a very little browsing and commercial deciduous
species were only lightly damaged (less than 10% mutilated or browsed).
Extensive shading out of shrubs by the rising forest will not, in much
of the area, occur for some time to come, and the sampled area should
be able to continue providing winter browse for good numbers of moose
for at least the next decade.
Last year, a similar survey was made of another type of good
winter moose range in the District, a mature mixed forest. The two
plots were similar in that in both cases mountain ash supplied nearly
50% of the browse units; this Species is certainly much sought after
by moose in the District. Second choices were different, though, for
willows, which were so important on the burn were virtually non-
existent in the mature forest, where mountain maple supplied the second
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largest number of browse units (just under 30%, the same proportion as
second place willows provided on the burn).
Literature cited
Passmore, R. C. and Re Le Hepburn. 1955
A method for appraisal of winter range of deer.
Ont., Dept. of Lands & Forests, Research Report
No. 29, Technical Series, January, 1955. 7 ppe
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THE 1958/59 AERIAL CENSUS OF MOOSE IN ONTARIO
by
R. Boultbee
Four moose management regions in the province were censused
from aircraft in the winter of 1958 and 1959. Mr. Lumsden circulated
a report dated June 10th, 1959 in which he estimated the moose
population separately for each management region. The four estimates
were then added to obtain an estimate for the whole province.
It was considered that each management region had a dis-
crete moose population and hence had to be treated separately. This
enabled an early, and encouraging, report to be made. Nevertheless
it is advisable to try to find if the four populations are truly
discrete, or on the other hand essentially homogeneous. The popula-
tions in the four management regions could be at different levels
with no harm to the compilations. It is only necessary that the
separate variances be essentially the same. In statistical procedures
it is correct to pool the variances of homogeneous populations.
The purpose of this paper is to report on the opportunity
of pooling the separate variances of the 1958-59 moose census. The
first step was to test the crude variances for homogeneity. When
this was done they were found to differ almost at the five percent
point of significance. This was far from satisfactory since the
variances were really on the verge of being quite different. However
it was conceivable that over as big an area as the province of Ontario
there might be extraneous influences adding to the variances. The
only available data on extraneous influences were the notes recorded
for each plot on Date, Time Spent Over Plot, Temperature, Snow Depth,
and Wind Strength. The effects of these factors were eliminated
by the process known as stratification.
The recorded factors were used singly and in combination
to see if a worthwhile reduction could be obtained in the residual
variance. The results of these calculations are given in appendix
one.e It was necessary to omit the Southern Management Region from
these calculations because the additional data were not recorded for
a number of plots. One item was also omitted for a plot in the
Western Management Region but an average value was substituted from
plots censused near the same date.
Appendix one shows that a wide range of reductions can be
obtained, from the unaltered variance of 154.77, down to 98.83 when
the effects of Date, Time Over Plot, and Temperature are eliminated.
This is a very interesting reduction of about one third, due to the
removal of extraneous and easily measured influences. From a total
of 196 plots in the three management regions, 90 were lost in elimi-
nating extraneous variance leaving 106 to account for the residual
variance of 98.83. It is possible to get additional interesting
reductions by combining the remaining features but the loss in plots
is heavy.
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= Gp.
The reduced variance of 98.83 is still pooled from the three
management regions. The test for homogeneity, given in appendix two,
is far below the level of significance. Thus the three management
regions are found to have not merely similar variances but essentially
one variance.
We have established an important fact. As far as the 1958/59
moose census is concerned, there is a single population across northern
Ontario and a single estimate of its numbers may be made. If we wish
we may make a separate estimate for each management unit using the
pooled variance of 106 plots to find the confidence limits. This is
considerable more plots than any one region censused. Also, if in
future years we find we can rely on pooling the variances we will be
able to save time and money by censusing fewer plots. The test this
year for homogeneity was so convincing that we have some optimism for
future years.
Appendices three and four show how the reduced variance of
98.83 is used to get a single estimate of population for the three
management regions combined, and for each region separately. KHach
estimate is the best available for its area but the separate estimates
do not add to the total for the three regions combined, although the
comparison is consistent. The following table summarizes the estimates.
80% Confidence Limits
Area Covered By Estimate Mean Value Lower Upper
Central Management Region L7 shy f& Li ghO?2 19.4. Sk7
Northern Management Region iW Reis Lin Gly « « 19.108
Western Management Region 40,584 Sorat eee Sal yi LS
Sum of Three Regions 75,084 65,698 84,470
Three Regions Combined 755509 70,093 80,925
It is interesting to study how the combined factors produce
reductions in the variance. Some factors taken singly produce a noti-
ceable reduction. Taken together certain factors produce a reduction
roughly equivalent to the sum of their separate reductions. But
_ certain other factors taken together produce an additional mutual
reduction, apart from their separate reductions. This additional
mutual effect is called interaction. It is given to us free for the
taking and is a useful feature. In the case of Date, Time and
Temperature combined, interaction is present at the two percent point
of significance. The total reduction in variance from 154.77 to 98.83
is significant at better than the one tenth of one percent point,
which is a very strong indication that a true influence was at work
rather than mere chance.
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TAL + Oe tenth.“ 3 “Sosa ty Ck LAO Loess :
Me iaeek: 51% “asi aetay ‘wr ne tvoubas fadoxk,
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we Se eine Stic £ ee eee ae ng stao tba |
a eS : 4
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Ee
It is not much work to make a table for two factors, but
for three factors the work can be tedious. In the case of Date, Time
and Temperature a separate sheet of paper was used for each half
month and a two-way table was made on each for Time and Temperature.
The mind has a little trouble in conceiving Time Spent Over
Plot as a stratifying factor. It is likely that most time is spent
Over plots with the most moose. Hence stratifying by Time Over Plot
'seems at first to be the same as stratifying by moose counts, which
would be unforgivable. However any feature which leads to successful
stratification must be associated significantly with the population
and Time Over Plot appears to fit this description. The reader is
invited to do his own thinking.
Finally, for future benefit, the reader is asked to consider
what other features besides Date, Time, Temperature, Snow and Wind
could be recorded just for the trouble of writing them down. The
time of day was probably recorded but was not included in the summaries
used by the writer. Mr. Elsey, the District Biologist at Fort Frances,
has suggested relative humidity (this might be difficult in winter).
Ground cover types in terms of moose habitat seem to remain undefined
in air census and may offer a big reduction in variance. Presence
Or absence of sunshine might be helpful. Wind direction with its
different moisture characteristics might be useful.
Mr. Simkin, District Biologist at Sioux Lookout, has ex-
pressed concern over the unknown effects of differences between
censusing teams. It is known for instance that Districts have different
preferences of height for censusing. It would be possible to do some
study of these effects if stratifying were done by teams. Consistent
records should be kept for each plot showing each member of the team,
including the pilot, and his function. The statistical basis of this
study would be that each team would do a group of plots which is
assumed to be random within itself as well as belonging to a larger
group which is also random. It is assumed that each group of plots
censused by a single team would have the same variance. This
assumption appears reasonable at least for a management unit. Such
a study might be revealing.
We do not know what effects unseen moose are having upon the
census, either by reason of uncertain estimates, or their effects
upon statistical assumptions. One aspect of unseen moose on a plot
is that they may cause a zero count for the plot. Some lessening of
the effects of unseen moose may be obtained from stratifying by cover
type, sunshine, wind or other factors.
Zero counts pose a small but important problem. They give a
skew to the population curve and until we know more about unseen moose
swe will not know to what extent the skewness is characteristic of the
population and to what extent it is a distortion of the facts. Skew-
ness introduces an error in that the average is to one side of the peak
of the population curve, thus distorting the standard error. This
error is made smaller when the variance is divided by the number of
plots to find the variance of the mean, and stratifying may remove
more of it, but some error will always remain as long as it is present
in the standard error.
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APPENDIX ONE
Se —-,—‘(i it rr” mT
The pooled variance for Central, Northern and Western Regions,
based on 196 plots, and with no extraneous variation eliminated, is
154.77. The reductions in this variance obtained by stratifying
with one or more factors are given below.
Degrees Significance
| Reduced of Point: in
Factor(s) Variance Freedom Percent
: Date 150.68 189 10.0
Time (over plot) dle? 5 189 Osa
Temperature £6367 189 -
Snow (depth) 15h. 43 191 -
Wind (strength) 148.02 190 poy.
Region 153.087 193 -
Date, Time LGN Pe, 168 Oge
Date, Temperature 13268 164 Bee
Date, Snow 137 a 57 7S O53
Date, Wind 129.44 169 ak:
Date, Region Lie La 181 LO
Time, Temperature iW optey2 Meas 200
Time, Snow 126.87 72 Og se
Time, Wind 214283 168 Oy
Time, Region 141.89 178 Za
Temperature, Snow 138.88 165 Paeye
Temperature, Wind 149.23 163 2060
Temperature, Region 15444 sO fe) -
Snow, Wind dh £5 La 1070
Snow, Region (Leer, 183 -
Wind, Region 146.86 180 oH)
Date, Time, Temperature 98.83 105 Ow.
Date, Time, Wind 220,50 125 0.3
Date, Time, Region eo eb LA O.l
Date, Temperature, Wind Loe fk iS 300
Date, Temperature, Region 1165.57 ihe ak Oe.
Date, Snow, Region 139.86 155 Be)
Date, Wind, Region 121.46 146 Gt
Time, Temperature, Wind Dib ee5 109 epee
Time, Temperature, Region EI oe ee Lay 10.0
Time, Snow, Region 125.96 148 ak
Time, Wind, Region 119.21 142 Ol
Temperature, Snow, Region 144.43 139 20.00
Temperature, Wind, Region 144.37 kL LOD
Snow, Wind, Region 128.18 ai Os
Ze 9.0
Date, Time, Temperature, Wind
Le F¢33
cr
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A total of sixty-three combinations of factors is available
but only thirty-six have been used. Combinations of four or more
factors give some variances lower than 98.83 but too many plots are
discarded. For instance the last combination in the table gives a
variance of 123.33, which is not much reduced from the crude variance,
yet it has only sixty-three effective plots (degrees of freedom = 62).
Conversely, it may be asked why the simple combination of
Time and Wind with 169 effective plots was rejected. Its variance
of 113.83 gives confidence limits almost as small as 98.83. However
the residual variance within management regions is not homogeneous
for ie and Wind (p = 0.09). For Date, Time and Temperature
p = 0.87.
The preceding calculations form a heavy work load. In the
present instance the writer's secretary did most of the tabulating,
analyses of variance, and significanct tests, along with the appro-
priate checks for accuracy. Organizing the work in this way speeds
it up greatly.
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APPENDIX TWO
When extraneous variation due to Date, Time and Temperature
is eliminated it leaves a variance of 87.29 in the Central Management
Region, a variance of 73.14 in the Northern Management Region, and
a variance of 95.46 in the Western Management Region. It is not
difficult to imagine that these are chance variations around a central
value, indicating a variance which is essentially the same in each
management region. Bartlett's test for homogeneous variance is given
below.
eee eee Se eS -—“——O—COOOOS ee OO eee see eee
Manage- Degrees of (Sé)
ment Sum of Freedom Reciprocal Mean
Region Squares (n-1) 1/(n-1) Squares log 9 (n-1)log ¥
Central 3666.13 42 0.02381 87.29 1.94096 81.52049
Northern 1024.00 1k 0.07143 Waabl 1.660416 26,.09817
Western 1813.75 19 0.05263 95.46 1.97982 37.61660
as 3 6503.88 72 Oath 7 87 15 623526
Average value of S* = 6503.88/75 = 86.72
log of average value of g* =.1.93612
(1.93812) (75) = 145.35900
Chi-square = 2.3026 (145.35900 - 145.23526) = 0.285
Borrectzean Factor ’= 1 + ee San a bee
a=
(The figure 0.01333 is the reciprocal of 75)
Corrected Chi-square = 0.285/1.022 = 0.279
(degrees of freedom = a-l = 2)
The corrected value of Chi-square will be exceeded 87 times out of
100 by chance alone. The effects of extraneous variations have been
largely removed.
Bartlett’s test is explained in Snedecor's “Statistical Methods",
fifth edition, page 287.
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APPENDIX THREE
Calculation of moose population of Central, Northern and Western
management Regions combined.
Average number of moose per plot
= 996 + 703+ 804
85 + 45 + 66
mP2 503 ‘a £2577
~ 196
Variance = 98.83, with 105 degrees of freedom
Variance of the mean = 98.83/196 = 0.5042
Standard error of the mean =“/ 0.5042 2 0.7101
80 percent confidence limits = 12.77 = (0.7101) (1.29)
x [ee/Pre Ot92
as by ae ae alata 2
Total number of plots in three management regions
= 5,913 (Mr. Lumsden’s report)
Total moose = (12,77 * 0.92) (5,913)
W5E509 2455816
from 70,093 to 80,925
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APPENDIX FOUR
To find if the average number of moose per plot in each management
region varies significantly from the grand average of 12.77.
Central Management Region
Average moose per plot = 996/85 = 11.72
Variance = 98.83
Variance of the mean = 98.83/85 = 1.1627
Standard error of the mean =A/1.1627 = 1.08
80 percent confidence limits = 11.72 £ (1.08) (1.29)
#.10.238-10.43.11
The confidence limits include the grand average of 12.77
Northern Management Region
Average moose per plot = 703/45 = 15.62
Variance = 98.83
Variance of the mean = 98.83/45 = 2.1962
Standard error of the mean =A/2.1 = 1.48
80 percent confidence limits = 15.62 © (1.48) (1.29)
Soh 3 oe fi t041L7 «53
The confidence limits are too high to contain the grand average
On 226//«
Western Management Region
Average moose per plot = 804/66 = 12.18
Variance = 98.83
Variance of the mean = 98.83/66 = 1.4974
Standard error of the mean =*~/1.4974 = 1.22
80 percent confidence limits = 12.18 © (1.22) (1.29)
= 40,61 -te, 13.75
The confidence limits include the grand average of 12.77.
Conclusions
Central and Western Management Regions moose populations
do not vary significantly from the grand average. The moose popula-
tion of the Northern Management Region is significantly higher. It
follows that the population of the Northern Management Region is at
a higher level than that of the other two Regions. If 95 percent
confidence levels are used the Northern Region will also include
the grand average. However odds to 80 to 20 are reasonably good.
The pooled variance of 98.83 is used throughout, with 105
degrees of freedom. Thus the confidence limits of each management
region are set on the basis of 106 effective plots.
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TRAP-NET PROGRAMME ON LAKE OF THE WOODS
by
C.A. Elsey
Introduction
The Kenora and Fort Frances Districts jointly requested a
trap=-net project for Lake of the Woods for the summer of 1958. The
principal reasons for the project are best tabulated as follows and
not necessarily in order of merit.
(a) We require a good management tool that will minimize the
problems involved in dealing with commercial fishermen as
opposed to sportsmen and tourist outfitters.
(b) If possible, we should try to help the commercial fisher-
men with his problems.
(c) In hot weather fish deteriorate rapidly in gill nets. A
fishing technique that will permit "putting live fish on
ice" will bring more money to the commercial fisherman
with no greater poundage of fish removed from the lake.
A trap net, if successful, is an obvious answer to this
problem.
(d) In windy weather, gill nets can not always be lifted.
The result is a total loss of fish. Sometimes they are
lifted at great risk of upsetting the boat. A trap net
would not have to be lifted daily.
(e) A trap net would be more economical than gill nets for
a commercial fisherman to operate since he would not
have to visit them every day. Time involved is less.
(f) Saugers appear to be taking an important place in the
lake ecology. A good control is indicated.
On this basis a project was organized under the supervision
of Mr. E. MacGillivray of Head Office to study the use of trap nets
in Lake of the Woods.
Methods and Equipment
Four types of traps were used in this experiment to test
the effectiveness of each type. It was kept in mind that commercial
fishermen are not wealthy people and that equipment must not be too
expensive.
There were two sixteen foot downhaul traps. The first was
made of 3" stretch mesh and the second of 23" stretch mesh. Both
had a 6" stretch mesh lead. There was one 8! spring trap and one 6°
spring trap. The 8* trap was made of 23" stretch mesh and the 6°
trap was made of 2" stretch mesh. The two smaller traps had 23"
mesh leads. The length of the lead varied with the set.
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The traps were set to test the more important commercial
fishing sites and information gathered from the local fishermen was
extensively used in selecting sites.
Commercial fishermen continued to operate their gill nets
much as usual. Their returns were made available to us. For obvious
reasons returns of individual fishermen cannot be reported. There-
fore, their returns are grouped and averaged.
Results
The catch of fish is indicated in Table 1. As the summer
eh ata the various traps were moved either once or twice. Trap
A=-16* downhaul with a 3" mesh was removed on June 4. It was "gilling"
so many cisco, saugers.
In setting up an experiment of this sort it is desirable to
compare the effectiveness of various types of traps with each other
and with the standard type of gear (gill nets) currently in use.
This has been attempted but there are so many uncontrollable factors
that no sound comparison seems to exist. Therefore, it seems best to
try to draw some general conclusions.
The. reasons for our inability to effectively compare results
are as follows:
(1) Gill nets were lifted daily. Traps varied from one to five
days between lifts.
(2) Fish from gill net catches were those taken by commercial
fishermen. All fish were disposed of. In the case of
trap nets the desirable fish (Yellow Pickerel and Northern
Pike) were released and the undesirable were removed from
the lake. Fish may have been recaptured several times.
(3) To obtain a fair comparison it would be necessary to have
all equipment set at the same place and at the same time.
This is obviously impossible.
(4) There is no standard of comparison between gill nets and
trap nets. Should one trap with a 600’ lead be compared to
one gill net 600° long set at the same site? The gill net
reports are not set up in such a way that we can make a
comparison e.g. if a man set 1800* of net we do not know if
he was visiting six locations or one.
(5) Gill nets are easily relocated to follow the movements of
fish. The traps used were seldom moved, although the
smaller ones could easily be moved.
The catch of fish for the various traps in their different
locations is indicated in Table I.
The sixteen foot, three inch mesh downhaul trap was taken
out of use on June 14 because it was gilling so many cisco and
saugers and small pickerel that it was felt that commercial fisher-
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men would not use it. According to our results it was the most
effective trap. We cannot be certain that this was due to greater
efficiency in a 3" mesh crib or to location of the trap. It was
probably a combination of these factors.
In moving the traps from one location to another it is
believed that some traps may have gained while others lost thereby
tending to neutralize the effects of location. Table III combines
the catch of traps eliminating the consideration of location. Each
species caught is shown.
Commercial fishermen are interested in some of these only.
Cisco is not a marketable fish except for a few taken by
mink ranchers at a very low price. The cisco are a nuisance to
commercial fishermen in their nets. To the sportsmen it is a fish
that should be removed. The larger traps were more efficient at
cisco removal.
Northern Pike is desirable to both sportsmen and commercial
fishermen. None of the traps removed many. The difference in catch
was more likely due to locations than efficiency.
Yellow Pickerel are the most important commercial and game
species in the south end of the lake. The two larger traps were the
most effective in taking this species.
Ling is probably a very important competitor with
commercial and game species for both food and space. It is not a
desirable fish. The large traps were much more effective in ling
removal.
Large perch have some commercial value and no sporting
value in this area. The difference in various traps is probably
more closely related to the locations of the sets than to the trap
size. The largest and smallest average daily catch were taken by
the two largest traps.
Saugers are a good fish commercially and sportwiae. Since
the introduction of sportfishing and commercial fishing their numbers
have increased in the south end of the lake. It is probable that to
some degree they are taking space and food formerly used by the more
desirable yellow pickerel. The numbers taken were somewhat
disappointing. The variation in numbers taken are likely due to trap
size as indicated by the figures.
A comparison of the effectiveness of traps and gill nets
must be based on the period from June 1 to July 16 since commercial
fishermen were not permitted to operate earlier. The sixteen foot
trap with 3" mesh (Trap A) which was removed on June 4 is not
considered. Table III is a summary of this and reports on the more
important fish only.
The average daily lift per commercial fisherman was 968
yards. It varied from 400 to 1800 yards per day per fisherman. We
believe that one fisherman could very easily handle three 8* traps
es Ee Batdes Aa?
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KS" to $> eidager 1810 Pa oh et
wero SAt ae ‘wor LIAS q6 | 4
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metsoqe sit of \.¢t0n Sheet me: yoortada £3
om | > cowty tesiph eat bevonmeg “od
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: tor’ ashd atokeeo ot "Ox ub .
TA TSOMAOD Veet Oe seo a¥ oa fimadaet 08
sn} toytel ows sd? oot SA Rene: ees
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MY Part beth of
quit rs ve yWidadong eb
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per day. Thus the work load would be something like one trap to
about 400 £ 100 yards of gill net per day under the conditions
existing in the south end of Lake of the Woods.
Examining Table III it would appear that 968 yards of gill
net compared with to one each of the various traps was:
(a) Gill nets were more effective in impounding cisco, northern
pike, suckers and possibly ling.
(bo) Traps were more successful in capturing yellow pickerel,
sauger and yellow perch.
Conclusions
(a) There were certain instrinsic weaknesses in our programme
making it difficult to make the proper comparisons.
(1) Yellow pickerel and northern pike should not have
been returned to the water.
(2) One days catch of each of the important species
' should have been weighed each week so that we
could compare gill net and trap net catches.
(3) Traps should have been moved more frequently so
that various grounds could have been tested and so
that location of sets was balanced between poor and
good sets for any one species.
(b) Much more study is needed before we can actually say whether
traps should or should not be used in our warm water
fisheries. (Plans are now being made to permit a few .
selected commercial fishermen to experiment with the traps
under our supervision).
Suggestions For Continuing This Study
(a) A few commercial fishermen in Lake of the Woods and Rainy
Lake should be granted permits under section 99 of the
Special Fisheries Regulations.
(bo) They should supply information on prepared forms. The
information should include numbers of all species captured.
Average weight per fish of each species. Date of catch.
Depth of water at crib. Map showing location of set.
(c) All fish to be removed from the trap and either destroyed
or sold.
(d) The permittee should also set gill nets so that we will
have a standard for comparison.
(e) Some of the yellow pickerel were not legal in size. These
should be considered separately on reports.
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Suggestions For The Crow Lake Programme
(a) It is undesirable to return captured fish to the water.
However public relations considerations make it almost
impossible to remove live lake trout from the lake.
Therefore, all lake trout should be tagged or fin clipped
before release so that their re-entry to the trap can be
recorded. This is not a fully satisfactory treatment since
we cannot tell what effect the returned fish will have on
movements of new fish into the trapping area. In other
words our statistics will not be dependable.
(bo) Gill nets should be set for comparative studies. In
Setting the nets depths etc. should be considered.
(c) Traps should be moved more frequently than they were on the
Lake of the Woods Programme.
(d) Whitefish and lake trout should be tagged in early stages
of the programme in a hope that we can learn something of
fish numbers and fish movements.
(e) Efforts should be made to obtain information about average
weight of fish.
(f) There should be some advance public relations work done
amongst tourist outfitters.
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