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October 1, 1955
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1 AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
REPORT
PROVINCE OF ONTARIO
"DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND FORESTS
“Division of Fish and Wildlife
Clare E. Mapledoram F. A. MacDougall
Deputy Minister
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Moose Investigations in the Perrault Falls Area During
the Summer of 1954.
= by A. T. Cringan, W. Je D. Stephen and J. Elbrink
An Analysis of the Sex Ratio of Timber Wolves Killed
in 1948 and 1949, - by A. deVos
Status of Wolves in Tweed District, 1954.
- by H. G. Lumsden
Report on Discussion With J. D. Robertson, Manitoba
Predatory Control Officer, The Pas Manitoba, July 4,
Ds S; ieee - by R. Simkoe
Report on Helicopter Survey of Caribou on Slate .
Islands. - by H. G. Cumming
Computation of Current Potential Rates of Reproduction
of White-tailed Deer from Checking Station Data.
- by A. T. Cringan
Waterfowl Notes from Lake of the Woods.
- by H. EB. Deedo and H. G. Lumsden
Wildlife Management Plans in County Forests.
one by aie Jes Gage
Tweed District Ruffed Grouse Brood Counts, 1955.
- by P. A. Thompson
Species Composition of Western Region Waterfowl Bag,
—19$4~ - by A. T. Cringan
Raccoon Hunting in Southern Ontario.
- by H. G. Lumsden
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Report on the Waters of the Rob Roy Trout Club
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Management of Game Fish. - by H. Re McCrimmon L8
(THESE REPORTS ARE FOR INTRA~DEPARTMENTAL
INFORMATION AND NOT FOR PUBLICATION)
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2013
http://archive.org/details/resourcemanoct1955onta
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MOOSE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE PERRAULT FALLS AREA
DURING THE SUMMER OF 1954.
by
A. T. Cringan, W. J. D. Stephen and J. Elbrink
Introduction
A field party, engaged in moose investigations,
worked in the Perrault Falls area during part of the summer
of 1954. J. Elbrink was present from June 29th to August
7ths, and W. J. D. Stephen from July 7th to August 7th..
They were accompanied by R. Shuttlewood, July 7th - 28th..
Dr. A. de Vos and A. T. Cringan acted in supervisory capa-=
cities, Dr. de Vos from July 7th - 9th., and A. T. Cringan
Saiye7the= 9th, 12th = 14th, 16th - 18th, 26th = 28th,
and August 4th - 7th.. This report concerns the work of
the July 7th - August 7th period.
While moose investigations were the main objec-
tives of the work, incidental observations of waterfowl and
other wildlife were also recorded. These form the contents
of other reports. Principal objectives, as far as moose
are concerned, were?
- sex-age composition of the herd through
observations.
calf counts
moose movement study through observations;
continuation of moose marking experiments;
moose behaviour and food habits studies.
In addition to the work of the field party,
moose observation cards had been distributed to Tourist
Outfitters within the area, for recording the observations
of their customers. The results of this effort are included
in this report. Shortly after the completion of field work,
A. T. Cringan and E. H. Stone engaged in helicopter flights
over the same area. The results of these flights, and also
of Cringan*s October, 1953 helicopter flights, are also
included for comparative purposes.
Certain parts of the field program were designed
so as to tie in with work done by Dr. A. de Vos at Missinaibi
Lake in the Chapleau District during 1952 and 1953.
References to this work are made in the appropriate places.
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Field Methods
The party operated from Perrault Falls from July
7th = 17th, from Cedar Lake Ranger’s Headquarters July 17th
- 26th, from the north end of Wabaskang Lake July 26th -
August 5th, and from Perrault Falls, August 5th - 7th.
The general procedure was to travel along lakeshores
and rivers, by canoe and 5 H.P. outboard motor, searching
for moosee Travel was therefore restricted to lakes, and
the larger, more easily navigable streams. The marking
experiments were run concurrently, and made it necessary
that certain areas be revisited every other day. These were
Ord Creek, July 8th - 25th, and the Cedar River north of
Wabaskang Lake, July 27th - August 5th.
Three forms of notes were kept - a daily log, a
moose observation description, and a marking station record.
The daily log comprised a record of times, route and distance
travelled, a brief weather summary, and a list of game
seen. The moose observation description included the date,
time and location of each observation, the kind of moose,
its distinguishing features, its behaviour and feeding
habits, and an account of the weather at the time of observa-
tion. Each time a marking station was revisited, work notes
and results notes were made.
Sex-age Composition of the Perrault Falls Moose Herd
The field party made 20 observations of either
Single moose or small groups of moose, comprising 29
Sightings of 21 different moose. Observations, excluding
those considered as repeats, are summarized in Table I,
together with observations resulting from helicopter surveys
and those reported by the public.
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It is perfectly clear that no one method of
collecting data yields good sex-age ratios, at least from
such small samples. Reasons for this may lie in failure
to classify moose properly, particularly by the public,
and in behaviour differences in moose of different ages and
sexes.
The field party results indicated an unreasonably
high proportion of yearlings, a probably low proportion of
males, and what is likely a very accurate proportion of
calves. The helicopter technique failed to disclose a
proper number of calves, and may have produced too many
observations of male moose. The public must have failed to
recognize many yearlings as such, but otherwise, their reports
lead to the establishment of very reasonable adult sex
ratio and proportion of calves. Perhaps the very size of
the public’s sample, it being four times as large as the
field party and helicopter samples combined, accounts for
its greater apparent accuracy in these two respects.
: Individual observations of cows with calves are
ivscued an Table Ill.
TABLE Ili = Observations of cows with calves
Byoeteid Party Date Time Place
[ee wcow wieh twins July 9, 1954 92:00 AM Ord Creek
(2) same as (1) July 11, 1954 8348 AM Ord Creek
(So) same as (2) duly i395 tOeh5 AM Ord Creek
Peecow with calf July 14, 1954 #9230 AM Wabaskang Lake
(5) cow with calf Jui LOPeTo5, 7220’ AM Ord Creek
(6) cow with calf July 27, 1954 72:45 AM Cedar River
Byemelrcopcer, 1954
(1) cow with calf Aug. 20, 1954 Evening Near Wabaskang
Lake
DPyenelicopter, 1953
) cow with twins Oct. 19, 1953 Afternoon Ord Creek
eal, cow with
calf Oct. 19, 1953 Afternoon near Hole Lake
) cow with twins
same (1) Octw 120, 1953 Mornine Ord Creek
) cow with calf Oct. 20, 1953 Morning Ord Creek
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The Relationship of Moose Observations to Time of Day
The work program was varied, so as to be in the
field at different times of the day enough to establish
whether moose are more likely to be seen at certain times
than at others. All observations have been tabulated by
time of day in Table IV.
TABLE IV - Correlation between the number of moose
observed per hour and the time of day.
By picid. Party
Total N@les OF No. of Moose
Noe of Ni@ien Oi Moose Observed Per
Time Observed Hours in Moose Observed Hour During
(CD25. 0.): Field Observed Per Hour 3-Hour Periods
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By Helicopter
No. of
Now en Moose
No. of Hours Moose Observed
Date In Field Observed Per Hour
morning Hee LOSI. MO Miles OD) MLN. 10 200
afternoon Aug., 1954 5 hr. OO min. He On
evening Rupee 95). 5 hr. 20) min. IVE PAS
morning Octe, 1.9559 4 hr. 25 min. 10 Ree
eacernoon, .Oct.s, 1953. .3-hr..40 min. 4 ea
x Bracketed figures are those for de Vos’ 1952,
Missinaibi Lake work.#
Practically ali (83%) of the field party’s
observations were made between 7 AM and 11 AM. This
contrasts rather sharply with de Vos’ 1952 survey at
Missinaibi Lake, when observations were made at the highest
rate during the evening. Results of the two surveys are
compared in the final column of Table IV. We cannot
properly account for the differences yet, but one reason
may be that the Missinaibi moose are relatively undisturbed
by tourists whereas the moose in our study area are
frequently bothered by anglers passing by in high-powered
outboards. The fact that our best observation rates were
made in the first half of July, as will be shown later in
this report, adds weight to this contention.
One moose was seen per 7.7 hours of field work,
a value contrasting with one observation per 4.7 hours of
field work during de Vos’ 1952 Missinaibi Study.
Moose Movements
During the 1954 summer field work, and both
helicopter flights, we have collected a few repeat observa-
tions of moose. These are as follows:
By field party, 1954
- Cow with twin calves, seen at 9:00 AM July
wen, o-hs AM July Lith, and 10°45 AM July 13th: all
observations at same place on Ord Creek, about half-mile
below downstream portage; one of these calves also seen
alone at 83:40 AM, July 13th.
- Yearling cow, seen at 10330 AM, July 8th, and
at 8:30 AM July 9th; at same place on Ord Creek, about
quarter=mile below downstream portage.
x See Fish & Wildlife Mgt. Rept. No. 24, Aug. 1, 1955.
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By helicopter, 1954
- adult cow, seen during evening August 19th and
morning August 20th., in bush near west end Peephole Lake.
- adult cow with yearling cow, first seen at
6:00 PM, August 2lst, standing in alder thicket near junction
Highway 105 and Camp Robinson Road, subsequently seen at
7305 PM, in same place, but lying down.
By helicopter, 1953
- cow with twin calves, seen during afternoon of
October 19th, and again in same place on the morning of
October 20th, on Ord Creek.
The field party produced remarkably few repeat
observations, in view of the intensity with which certain
areas were covered. Ord Creek was covered on July 8, 9
Setecreebiel3, 15 17, 19, 20, 21, 23 (twice) and 25th
- or 13 times altogether, yet only poouG or LO dit nerent
moose seen there (cow with twin calves, and yearling cow)
were seen oftener than once.
The 1954 helicopter flights were designed so as
to reduce duplication of coverage, and render repeat observa-
tions unlikely. Ord Creek was flown twice within 16 hours
and yielded no repeat observations. Keynote Lake was
flown twice within 16 hours, and different moose were seen
during both flights.
This technique does not seem too satisfactory for
the study of movements, as identification is based on human
memory, which is somewhat fallible. Future efforts, if
continued, may well include photography of moose seen to aid
in recognition.
Seasonal Variation in Rate of Moose Observations
Most observations, 69%, were made during the first
ll days of the field party's work, as shown in Table V.
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TABLE V = Relationship between period of observation
and number of moose observed.
Date NO Or
Nos of NO. OL Percent Cumulative Moose
By Field Hrs. In Moose Moose % Moose Observed
Party Field Observed Observed Observed Per Hour
July 7-10 34 6 21% 21% Oaks)
July 11-17 60 14 L8&% 69% O23
July 18=24 ne rn 14% 83% 0.08
July 25=31 L7 5 17% 100% Ova:
Aue. l= 6 31 © 0% - OZO0
Total 22k rmZ9 100% - OntZ5
ByanMer copter
NiGis) OF; No. of Moose
No. of Hours Moose ' Observed
Date In Field Observed Per Hour
Oct. 19-20, 1953 8 hr. 55 min. ney Page
Aug. 19-21, 1954 DES hr. 25 mine AS Idi
Total 2h enes 20) man. Cain Les
The decline in rate of observation is probably due
to several reasons. Among them may be:
- increasing scarcity of moose in readily
accessible places, owing to increasing disturbance by tourists;
- adverse weather for activity by moose;
- inferior moose habitat visited, part of period
July 17-26.
No such decline was evident in the result of de
Vos* 1952 Missinaibi work. The greatest difference between
Missinaibi Lake and Perrault Falls may be the amount of
disturbance to which the moose are subjected.
It is shown in Table V that summer and fall
helicopter flying produces about 14 times as many moose
observations per hour as the field party did. In spite of
high hourly helicopter costs, it is just about as economical
a way to produce moose observations as is the canoe approach.
By : .
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Variations in Rate of Moose Observations with Weather
It is difficult to relate the effect of weather
on moose activity on the basis of only 29 observations,
Since weather in itself is so complex. While no moose were
seen during rain, they were seen at times while the cloud
cover ranged from clear to overcast. Precise weather
conditions at time of observation varied considerably in
other respects -— temperature 609 - 75°F, all wind directions,
and wind velocities of up to 35 m.p.h.. This whole
question is much too complex to analyze on the basis of a
few observations.
Moose Food Habits
Every effort was made to ascertain whether moose
seen were feeding or not, and the adult moose involved in
12 of the 20 observations were judged to be feeding on
aquatic plants at the time of sighting.
The adult cow with twin calves seen at 9300 AM,
July 9th, S248 AM July llth and 10:45 AM on July 13th was
feeding on aquatics on each occasion, although the calves
Simply remained on shore or in shallow water nearby. This
cow was feeding on Potamogeton richardsonii, among other
Plants, on July 13th.
Two adult cows with one calf each, one observed at
Ges0 Al on July IAth, the other at 72:45 AM on July 27th,
were feeding when seen.
Three single adult cows, at 7215 AM, July 13th, at
Ze4o PM July 27th, and at 7335 AM July 30th, were seen feed-
ing on aquatics. The cow seen on July 27th submerged itself
a couple of times while feeding.
One yearling cow, seen at 9:10 AM on July 19th
was feeding when seen.
The adult bull, which was seen at 10:45 AM on
July 12th, was feeding when seen, as were 2 of the 3 yearling
bulls seen. These were at 2300 PM on July 12th and 5300
AM on July 19th.
Little exact information on aquatic plant species
being eaten by moose was collected. Quite a few specimens
of such plants were preserved, and when these are identified,
we will be able to elaborate upon the aquatic food habits
somewhat.
Moose Behaviour
Behaviour notes taken during the field party*s work
are too few and too unrelated to summarize at the present time.
They will be saved for possible use in the future.
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Moose Marking Experiments
The starting point of marking experiments was
using the marking device described under Method II by de Vos
and Pearson (Preliminary Moose Movement Studies, 1952).#
In addition, each marking device setup was accompanied by a
48-hour alarm clock fixed in such a way as to indicate when
the marking device was sprung.
A C.I.L. fastedrying enamel, Vitakote, was used
in this year*s experiments. Supply of this enamel was
irregular, and reduced the intensity of marking experiments
by about 50%.
The following is an account of each marking
station:
Station #1 - near east arm Wabaskang Lake.
July 7th = installed unmodified Method II device, with alarm
clock string tied to marker string.
July 9th = checkeds sprung by moose, but razor barely nicked
bag, and clock failed to stop.
summary = one encounter with moose in which marker and
clock both failed, in 2 days’ operation.
Station #2 ~ Ord Creek
July 8th = installed unmodified Method II device.
July 9th = clock had stopped owing to dew.
July llth = paint loss, bag nicked owing to dew.
July 13th =~ normal.
July 15th = successful marking had occurred at 7330 AM,
Judie Sth.
July 17th - normal: Method II device replaced by rat-trap
marking device.
July 19th - marker sprung by dew.
July 21st - normal.
July 23rd = AM - marker sprung by dew, removed.
July 23rd - PM - marker re-set.
July 25th = normal, device removed.
Summary =- one encounter with moose in which marker and
clock both succeeded, and three marker misfires,
one clock failure due to rain or dew in 18 days’
operation.
Station #3 -~ Ord Creek
July 9th = installed unmodified Method II device.
#% See Fish & Wildlife Mgt. Rept. No. 24, Auge 1, 1955.
) 1S ES GRO}
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r= A . j
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July llth - razor blade touching bag because of dew.
July 13th = successful marking had occurred at 6330 AM,
July 13th.
July 15th - possible encounter with moose at 11330 PM, July
14th, but razor had slid under bag without
cutting it
July 17th = encounter with moose at 6 PM, July 15th, marker
failed because razor barely nicked bags clock
: almost faileds paint-holding bar lowered.
July 19th = clock had stopped and bag cut because of rain.
July 2lst - marker sprung by dew or rain.
July 23rd = clock had stopped through string tightening,
marker normals trap removed in morning, re-set
in evening.
July 25th = marker and clock sprung by tightening string.
Summary - three encounters with moose, one in which
both marking and clock were successful, and two
in which marking was unsuccessful but clock
worked; also four marker misfires and three
clock stoppages through tightening up of one
Or both strings with rains all in 17 days’
Operation.
Station #4 - Ord Creek
July 9th = installed unmodified Method II device.
July llth - normal, marker accidentally fired while being
checked.
July 13th = successful encounter with moose at 93:30 AM,
uly Syn.
July 15th = clock had stopped because of raing marker modified
k to a balanced-rock-loaded device.
July 17th = normal.
July 19th = clock had stopped through tightening of string.
July 21st - marker had been sprung, and clock stopped,
probably by wind.
July 23rd = marker had been sprung, probably accidentally.
Marker removed in morning, and re-set in evening.
July 25th = marker had been sprung, probably accidentally:
marker removed.
Summary - one fully successful encounter with moose;
three marker misfires and two clock stoppages
as a result of rain, dew and wind, and one
accidental release of markers all in 17 days?
Operation.
Station #5 - Cedar River
July 27th - installed rate-trap marking device.
July 29th - clock stopped prematurely because of rain.
July 3lst = clock stopped prematurely because of rain.
Auge 2nd = clock stopped Becraeurely because of rains
marker removed.
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134
Summary - three clock stoppages in 6 days’ operation.
Station #6 - Cedar River
Auge 2nd = installed rat-trap marking device.
Aug. 4th = normal
Aug. 5th = normal, removed.
Summary - normal in 3 days operation.
Summary of Stations 1-6
Total days operated: 63 days.
Total intervals between inspections; 31.
Total ineffective intervals owing to marker misfire: 10.
Total intervals throughout which successful marking might
have occurred; 21.
Total number of encounters with moose: 6.
Total number of successful markings; 3.
Reasons for failure if moose encountered;
- bag nicked delivering insufficient paint; 2.
=—uravor failed to nick bag at alls 1.
Total number of bags of paint used: 16.
used to mark moose: 3.
failed to mark moose; 2.
marking device misfired: 9.
accidentally lost; l. .
remaining after survey; l.
Well over half of the paint used was wasted, owing
to misfires and accidents. The high number of misfires were
unavoidable, as the devices had to be set up fairly sensi-
tively in order to work, and there was little leeway after
thate Should the experiments be continued at all, it would
be worthwhile to search for a shrink-proof string. Such
material would probably have eliminated 7 or 8 of the 9
misfires.
An adequate supply of enamel would easily have
permitted the operation of two more stations from July llth
- 25th, and four more stations July 27th - August 5th.
This would have added 38 twoeday intervals to the marking
experiments, or some 120% more effort than was actually
applied. At least twice as many moose would likely have
been marked.
There is considerable room for improvement in
the marking device itself, so as to increase the proportion
of successful markings after moose-marker encounters.
Continuation of the study should be preceded by development
of a more reliable marking device.
ep
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eit “
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ihe ta yak to ka Ort bol bet? ft
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ar ) rs COM WISI we
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Loe! BE bet eon bree ont BEM
tf sew Steda hie” tow 69" top
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HHP a1? od Se
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LAVISOGL Veto eS Seas hae —s
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ees
We were satisfied with the staying qualities of
Vitakote. However, California biologists caution against
the use of any paint, and recommend a dye instead. Future
workers should use dyes rather than paints. Good dyes may be
available in those developed by the California biologists,
and in modern sheep-branding dyes.
The final aspect of the marking experiments came
on August 19-21, 1954, when A. T. Cringan and E. H. Stone did
some helicopter flying. Every moose seen was carefully
inspected for signs of enamel, but none was seen. Since
only three moose had been marked, this was not surprising.
Further marking experiments should be aimed at the
marking of 20 or more moose. The senior author feels that
this is the minimum number likely to afford useful results.
I would first like to see the whole problem appraised by a
panel of research biologists, to judge whether or not the
approach should be continued another year.
Summary
We wish to summarize the several suggestions and
implications which have been made in this report as to the
conduct of future investigations for similar purposes.
1. Field trips should be confined largely to the time of day
proven to be most productive of moose observations.
2. Every moose possible should be photographed, as an aid
to establishing repeat observations.
3. If disturbances reduce the likelihood of observing moose
in mid-summer, the work should be done earlier.
4. A non-shrinking string should be used in marking devices.
5- Dye should be used instead of paint, and a supply ample
for every emergency be obtained before experiments begin.
6. A mechanically superior marking device should be developed.
7e Continuation of these investigations should be subject
to the approval of a panel of research biologists.
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AN ANALYSIS OF THE SEX RATIO OF TIMBER WOLVES
KILLED IN 1948 AND 1949.
by
A. deVos
An analysis was made_of the sex ratio.of timber
wolves killed in 1948 and 1949, where the bounty was paid
and the sex of the animal was determined. The overall
analysis shows a departure from an expected 131 ratio
which is weighted towards the males. This departure in
itself is not significant but at specific periods of the
year, such as the late winter and early spring, deviations
from this expected ratio become significant.
Another peculiarity which showed up in the analy-
Sis was a predominance of females killed in June of both
years. Although this predominance is not sufficiently
high to be significant, and the sample is rather small for
these months, it is nonetheless interesting. Further
analysis of subsequent years might provide sufficient data
for statistical proof of these assumptions. This further
analysis could be made in Mr. Madigan's office, and we
mee oe that he be asked to undertake this compilation
work.
Further information regarding the means of kill-
ing the animals is also forwarded. This was compiled on
the basis that the means of death was recorded only for
those animals whose sex was known. Data regarding the
demise of animals of unknown sex were disregarced.
Analysis of the means of taking the animals will also
provide more useful information.
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STATUS OF WOLVES IN TWEED DISTRICT, 1954
Vi
H. Ge Lumsden
At the spring trap-line meetings 91 trappers
were interviewed about the status of wolves on their lines.
It is felt that with some exceptions much more accurate
estimates were received than in 1953.
It is again, however, most difficult to distinguish
from the reports, timber and brush wolves. Iiany trappers
claim the presence of only timber wolves when bounty
figures indicate this species to be extremely rare in that
countye
It is also extremely difficult to give any
estimate of density for various parts of the District. We
are still unable to indicate on the attached map how
many square miles per wolf the various colour symbols re-
present.
The following table gives the reports of trappers
on the status of wolves classified under four headings
for 1953 and 1954.
Increase Same Decrease Do Not Know
1953 ei 27 7 20
1954 13 3h 28 Abe)
When the locations of the trap-lines showing
increases or decreases are plotted on a District map the
pattern becomes much clearer. All trappers across the
northern part of the District report fewer wolves or none
at all present on their lines during the past year.
Reports of the same or an increase come from the west
central area while in the eastern part there are some
trappers reporting complete absence of wolves where com-
parative abundance was reported in 1953.
The following table gives the number of timber
and brush wolves: bountied in the counties of Hastings,
Lennox and Addington, Frontenac, Renfrew, Lanark and
Prince Edward. Only part of Renfrew and Lanark Counties
lie in Tweed District
1950—51 1951-52 1952=53 1953-94
Timber Wolves 29 nak 26 13
Brush Wolves Su, 104 149 95
A?QL , TOLAPEL
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These figures back up the trappers’ reports that
there was a decrease in wolves in Tweed District during
the past year.
The addresses of the people who bountied timber
wolves indicated that only seven were actually killed
within Tweed District. These were killed in the townships
of Sheffield, Barrie, Grimsthorpe and McClure.
~ SEND SIS be oe a"tedgs Bid aia. ass dowd.
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Plan Showing
Status of Wolves = Tweed bistrict, 195k.
Moderate densities
HHH] Light densities
io) No’ Wolves
£ Timber wolves bountied
Miles
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-—2 1
REPORT ON DISCUSSION WITH J.D. ROBERTSON
MANITOBA PREDATORY CONTROL OFFICER
THE PAS, MANITOBA, JULY 4, 5, 6;
19556
by
R. Simkoe
The Fish and Wildlife Supervisor and myself had
several private discussions with Joe Robertson, Predatory
Control Officer.
Mr. Robertson*s impressions and his methods of
predatory control would indicate that poisoning is a very
simple and effective method of taking wolves.
Photos and reports shown to us certainly prove
that a large number of wolves are taken by this method in
spite of the cunningness of this animal.
Most of the control work was done in the north
where the wolves mainly preyed on caribou and, therefore,
these animals were shot specifically for bait.
Sets were made out on the lakes in an area repor-
ted by the trapper to be most suitable. A fresh caribou
carcass would be opened up and strychnine spread over the
entrails and in the liver. The quarters would be removed
and saved for another location. It was necessary to have
the poison well distributed in the flesh of the animal
and the bait anchored to the ice. The anchoring would
be done mostly by “freezing in." The large bait set would
be used in locations frequented by a high number of wolves.
The smaller sets, which included either a hind
quarter of caribou or several whitefish would be used
where a smaller number of wolves may be present. The
quarters of caribou would be slit and poison distributed
evenly in the slits. The quarter would be frozen in the
icee Here a hole is made in the ice until the water came
through and the quarter placed in the hole with one to
three quarters of it above the water’s edge. Snow and
slush may be built up around the bait also. The purpose
of this is that the wolf would only be able to take small
portions of the bait and he would have to work hard to get
that. This bait could kill up to twenty-five wolves. Dead
wolves surrounding a poison bait do not have any effect
on the newcomers.
=-22=
In one case Mr. Robertson came across a fresh
kill and states he cut open the wolf and spread poison
throughout the insides and over the entrails and killed
several wolves that fed on this carcass.
| Whitefish baits would be frozen in mounds of
snow and slush with only a portion of fish protruding.
. This set was used where the other failed. Mr. Robertson
States that very few animals and only one dog were killed
accidentally. Baits should be picked up each spring.
It is necessary that each Conservation Officer
obtain from his trappers the locations where the wolves
are operating. The trappers may suggest the best locations
on a lake where a set would be suitable. When flying
permits, sets may be made at these likely places and in
this district (Kenora) deer meat would be the best bait
as our wolves prey mostly on deer.
It is necessary to post a sign indicating that
poison bait is at the location. A spruce tree would be
placed upright approximately ten paces from the bait and
on opposite sides. These trees are about five or six feet
high and are used to attract the curiosity of the wolf.
Mr. Robertson suggested that in the first year only
a few baits should be used until such time that we become
familiar with the project and have some success with same.
He also suggested that one of our officers return this
winter and take a field trip on one of their projects.
' In concluding this report, I wish to make the
following recommendations;
(1) that the project be carried out from the District
office only during the first year.
(2) that no publicity be made other than advising the
trappers on whose areas the poison sets are made.
(3) that this report and our proposed project be kept
strictly confidential and within our own Department
and not be released to the press.
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REPORT ON HELICOPTER SURVEY OF CARIBOU
ON SLATE ISLANDS *
by
He. Ge Cumming
Purposes
imeoo1o best the eificiency of a helicopter for surveying
big game.
2. fo work out survey techniques for use in a helicopter.
3. To improve on present estimates of the number of
caribou on the Slate Islands.
Party
"Bob" Gillies, Helicopter Pilot; H. G. Cumming,
Discerict Biologist, Geraldton.
Account of Trip and Observations
October 22nd, 1954. Take off was delayed several
hours due to fog.
10.15 took off from Pays Plat and flew over
Wilson and Cooper Islands on the way to Slate Islands.
We approached Mortimer Island from the west and
began flying strips over the northeast part of it.
Most of the leaves were off the trees, so ground
could be seen most of the time.
On the last transect, tracks were seen on the
sandy shore and we went down to hover about fifty feet off
the water to be certain that they were caribou tracks.
Over this portion of the island it was impossible to fly
at any one height due to the rugged nature of the terrain.
We more or less followed the contours of the land maintain-
ing a height of about 100-200 feet above the tree=-tops.
The speed was about 65 mph. Bowes and McColl Islands were
surveyed with no results.
x A map showing flight survey lines accompanied this
report.
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11.00 the first caribou was sighted by Mr. Gillies
on the northeast corner of Patterson Island. A short time
later the second one was seen. It dashed off through the
bush with a white flag so prominent that it greatly resembled
a white-tailed deer. We were about 200 feet at this time,
and the white collar on its neck was plainly visible. It
had no antlers.
After the first two caribou were seen, a height
of about 400 feet was maintained, as it was felt that this
gave a better range of vision without reducing accuracy.
Also, the more level country on Patterson Island allowed
more control of our height.
The position of a recent burn shown on the F.R.I.
maps was confirmed. Some objects were seen on a small lake
On the southeast corner of Patterson Island. Due to the
unusually low altitude these appeared much larger than
they do from regular aircraft. Investigation showed that
they were black ducks. However, this turning aside from
our regular flight lines proved to be a mistake, for we
lost direction and flew very crooked lines on the next
few crosses of Patterson Island. Three unidentified ducks
were seen on the southeast corner of Patterson Island, but
this time we did not stop to identify them.
At 11.42 Mr. Gillies drew my attention to four
caribou running over bare rocky knolls near the end of
Lawrence Bay. We were already past these before they were
seen, and thus had no more time for observations.
At 11.45 five caribou were seen by Mr. Gillies
and myself as they ran up a less precipitous valley between
the high cliffs of Mortimer Island. Again we were past
them before they were seen.
When the remainder of Mortimer Island had been
covered, we returned to Patterson Island for a closer look
at some of the lakes where I felt caribou should have been
' seen. This second search is shown in green on the map.
. Although we flew around the shores of several lakes just
above the tree tops in an effort to chase out any caribou,
our attempt was to no avail.
At the end of this flight we looked over Edmond
Island where an empty eagle*s nest was seen (this nest had
previously been reported by Mr. A. Cringan, personal
communication 1954).
if At 12.45 after an interval of one hour we
_ freturned to the place on Mortimer Island where the caribou
_ had been seen. Although we searched the valley and the
shore of the small lake toward which they ran, we saw no
Signs of them.
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At 13.10 we landed on a small sand beach beside
towering rocky cliffs to refuel. We then flew over the
Leadman Islands and Dupuis Island. A young bald eagle was
seen on Dupuis Island, also many small birds were seen
here as on other islands. These flew over the tree tops
in flocks and appeared to be of the bunting-longspur type.
After a circle over the Delaute Island we returned
to the north shore of Lake Superior and due to fog once
more moving in, flew far inland on the return to Pays Plat.
14.00 landed on the dock at Pays Plat.
Summary and Conclusions
1. Ina flight totalling three and one half hours, of which
two hours and thirty-five minutes were spent in actual
survey, a total of eleven caribou was seen.
2e Also seen were four black ducks, three unidentified
ducks, one eagle*s nest, one young bald eagle and many
small birds, probably of the family Fringillidas.
3. The best survey height seemed to be about 400 feet, as
it gave greater coverage than lower heights and did not
reduce visibility. However, it was impossible to maine
tain any constant height over some parts of the islands
due to the irregular nature of the country. The speed
throughout the survey was around 60 mph.
4. It was not possible to draw flight lines before the
flight. However, it was quite easy to fly straight
lines, even over the most broken part. It was found
that turning aside from the line of flight to investi-
gate objects did not pay, because it destroyed our
sense of direction.
d¢ Ten of the eleven caribou were seen first by the
helicopter pilot. These ten were all on the left
Side of the line of flight. Several factors may have
contributed to this situation:
Lie Inability to concentrate on observing due to the
continued shifting of the helicopter which gives
an entirely different feeling from that in con-
ventional aircraft.
; ii. Part of time and attention were taken up with
mapping the flight lines.
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was usede This provided a sheet of paper about
two feet square, folded in four. Although this
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gave plenty of room to draw in flight lines and
write comments, there were disadvantages. Care
had to be exercised not to cover the instrument
panel with the map, as the helicopter pilot had
to observe this at all times, especially at low
speeds and low altitudes. Also when the survey
was about half finished, it was realized that the
reflection of the white paper on the plexiglass
dome seriously reduced visibility. Dark clothing
and small maps should be the rule for this kind
of operation.
Although most of the leaves were off the trees, there
were many areas where caribou could not have been seen
if they stood still. This was especially true of areas
under conifers. The facts that all ten of the caribou
seen first by Mr. Gillies were even with, or behind
the helicopter when seen, and that all those seen were
running, indicates that they were only observed after
being frightened by the noise. Also, when we returned
an hour later to look for one of the groups, a most
careful search did not reveal it. It is very unlikely
that we found all of the caribou.
In spite of the inefficiency of the method, we did see
more caribou than has any other survey party this year.
If we had had the benefit of snow on the ground, we
would probably have come very close to a total count.
A helicopter for winter use would be a great boon in
big game censusing.
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efi eu babies taAso USB eer cane on t
bavown, std ee pg to cfianed 6d Bs Bao
9 Intos & Of SBolD Veey omos aven qidade O74,
(Oog E 4 6 a nie Seat faiw 462 9H qooky
_— 7” = oe
Ve - 7 Ree os
its werd oy "f bi 4 ont Lt
-anlevensd
oy
COMPUTATION OF CURRENT POTENTIAL RATES OF
REPRODUCTION OF WHITE-TAILED DEER FROM
CHECKING STATION DATA
by
A. T. Cringan
Bach fall, a sample of the Western Region's
deer herd, the sample consisting of some of the deer
killed by licenced hunters, is examined, and the sex and
age qualities of that sample are determined. The results
of this work have been applied in various ways. I wish
to suggest what is to me a new way in which the results
can be used, for calculation of the potential preceding
and following rates of reproduction of deer.
Four assumptions are basic to the following
calculations:
(a) That sampling either provides an accurate
expression of the sex ratio of the deer herd and
of its age ratios in the three lowest year-
classes, or if there is any bias in these
connections that it is fairly uniform from year
to year.
(bo) That reproduction by yearling does in the
Western Region is insignificant.
(c) That 2-year old does should produce an average
of 1 fawn each under normal conditions.
(d) That 3-year old and older does should produce
an average of 2 fawns each under normal condi-
GLOMS.
1. Calculation of Potential Rate of Reproduction for
Following Year.
The potential rate of reproduction for the
following year, expressed as an index, may be computed
by adding the proportion of yearling does in the sample
to twice the proportion of 25-year old and older does.
The formula for this equation may be expressed;
Rj = Pir + 2(PTIF + Por) (1)
wheres Ry © potential rate of reproduction for following
year.
a eo ee
Sb
CRTAA JASTNETOT yaa Lon
‘ONT, aad. CHT AT <ATLI 20 noryat
Ava wORTAYe DMaNDEHD
ya2!
ABET. wT oh
‘no Pao: trEess ow arid a ‘efainge PS
1a! pete! <p ORCS TS, ay iterients Bh
roe oft hing petra at | exe Sue:
tfsaer ecy 5 DB Nea). Me tol ats B ou girl 1BE "sad rb
‘tw remy sity) 241503 5 eey! om Ga va Pte - O20 qvaed 3
fuecr edd dottw OP YEW Wee Se ae sae
-téaatod etd Io nektehioo ies ben a si
eT 9B, Te aod gowbotd sto Seve
‘i Of ofeed ete enokvGmiees am
eta! B ne eebivowg wedirs cathe tadt
ysab eft te offset seg en?’ io Bereeaaaaes
ty oi i 20L38% BSR
cig
vi et sane
fe | Bach att lysey vd blame whore = saa
j sheese Fy rt r wis" z mf rE Dy “i + 3 Ai 5S segW
nishotp biwode teab bie ane todTt
toads. Leurteu: Aebas Mose Tee
pee A le
‘ iolitouborost ‘to ede’ fettasteg sim
.TBey
ae
Pip = proportion of 1g-year old does in sample.
P[[F= proportion of 23-year old does in sample.
Por = proportion of older does in sample.
2. Calculation of Potential Rate of Reproduction for
Preceding Year.
Formula (1) dealt with a sample which included
fawns. As the fawns had not yet entered the deer popula-
tion contributing to the preceding year’s reproduction,
the sample and proportions required for this calculation
are different than those used in Formula (1).
The potential rate of reproduction for the
preceding year may be computed by adding the proportion
of 25-year old does (as a proportion of adult deer in
the sample) to twice the proportion of 34-year old and
Older does. The formula for this equation is;
Ro = ped, + 2pad
(2)
wheres Ro = potential rate of reproduction for pre-
ceding year.
00s proportion of 24-year old does in sample
PIIF
of adult deer.
yearlings).
ad
p
oF adult deer.
3. ~=6xamples
Total deer
Fawns
14-year old does
2Ze-year old does
Older does
Adult deer
24-year old does
Older does
Fawns as % adult deer
Number
ug5S
Proportion
1.000
0.214
@.102
O.1lke2
0.150
1.000
0.180
Oru g2
27 LG
(Adult deer include
proportion of older does in sample of
1954
Number Proportion
160 MOO
7h OG a
L6 GAO
59 OL 50
83 0.180
350 1.000
69 0.197
83 R27,
Peay,
}
fy
‘ Seyret
.siqmes af ‘Bend bio “aaeyedl to. ‘hot HOG é
pkey:
sfqmee ne “geah BES *naya$s %o “wo Livogornt Shirt
solgmsa mi eeoh 4abIo ‘to noLrreqgotg = sd
pa =
10% sok sonbongod io’ sett ‘Entgaoset Sa: Abed
ia . £86 “ere ¥ i,
ee 8
ne
tuboufoat dol i Gane rey dsiw. seb. is terse
a Lirqog Tdeh eds betas ea a bed acwe't add.
Fetish aatbsooxg edd of saksoe
Y son. Sear de ape phys bie
i} eivexe? al een seeds gaa
be
a;
sls 10) coliaupowged Li eds ipiiasdog ofl
r qo"! fig aii cbbs 7 nat | Bo tq 10D ad YEG BF. oo:
ni veeb ¢luke to agdtvoqenq 6.68) Be08 blo
One blo teep~-ke 26 Horiviyoug. sls sola ‘Ody
cek coLdpape gid? 20% atumo’ SAT che
~95G wrt F at ai see" Te” ¢ +R r [re Eo! ae =.
e1Hay antbss |
fqmse of segh Lio\ amewens to totsrogoaa | = a
jf * ie I THA io ef tibAd Pat i F. Sh $iprt ars *O. :
- (eget Case |
to efagmee m4 sob sable to oLvomeae =
isoh tigbs
( eg nore) eee alan o/ele . Cael tor ae Mea er eas
‘
a . - ee ee, arene ines ee
<
ri ’ 5 . . “ ? a
af woe ys Re -' s 5 ~ on £Y og awe | tas
‘ { rt ark “a mye ape ¢
1 : iG 4 "OO es Per Ce,
hada Bah at wah pa ow a). bE EA ay BAD
900.1 as
is = Lie Oo eid d
es a asob ‘bf
ifoo | RA aSo0 6
=) :
e
i
i
a.
ORE VO 1 BY pgob bien
M Le : F ives aa e608 hb *
Rr Led soob tilusSs ® an 8.
2o=
Formula (1
| 922 19)
. Number Proportion Number Proportion
| p 0.102 0.100
| - 2Prtr 0.284 0.300
2Pop 0,300 0.360
| Ry 0.686 0.760
Formula (2)
d
P 0.180 O97
iF pad 0.384 Ohba
Ro 0.564 . OnO7
4. Contrast of Advance and Back Calculations of Rates of
Reproduction.
The potential rate of reproduction for 1954 has
been computed twice in the foregoing examples. An advance
computation, based on 1953 data, showed a potential rate
of 0.686, while the back calculation based on 1954 data
showed a potential of 0.671. These two indices agree to
within 3% of each other. This close agreement suggests
that the technique might prove to be quite reliable.
5« Contrast of Potential Rates of Reproduction and Actual
Proportions of Fawns.
The potential rate of reproduction is of course
theoretical. In ways it is perhaps analogous to the
normal forest, and gives us an ideal to aim for. Downward
deviations from this potential are to be expected, as a
result of weather, snow accumulations, supply of browse,
density of deer, and so on. Also, post-natal mortality
of fawns, a normal event, also reduces the effective
population gain. The factors causing these downward
‘deviations themselves vary from year to year, and so
considerable variation in the amount of deviation is to
be expected. Perhaps a comparison of the potential rate
of reproduction and the observed proportion of fawns will
afford us some idea of how good a year it has been for
deer. In this way, we may better be able to evaluate the
findings of the snow cover surveys.
ey le
we ’
ee
eee =o iisee 1: ‘ cf pete fs
{
consvbk to Oe
on
ae ibonget Yo agai ts Linear sit!
2a] ; senor ent nt solwe Bea _
i, 8 bewore ~STeD 20k no Beead ‘
“k beeoo agitet#oLas HOE q ans; ite
pak caw sted? .LO.0 To Tae aee
tromeetare peels Ria? <aedde Sie
Pee Nie oF 4 io. of aveta Ise Sup tide
7
ra to HAstan pox gs io
iN ii a aa Se
qatteg af ¢h ays am
, : ; 6 | eX re bas {*¥ 2630
Pos Whe ie TE oe” t
av
: \ -<
i MNOiJBESa
> 6 Basdie4
ot. aS i
. be oo evi em of ett Bievd Pe pe ft x
TOI" DEeVIeece Sic WN ROL talc 20 ff
.¢ a boos wor to gébt. smamaae
age
The potential rate of reproduction for 1953
was (back-) computed as 0.564, using data collected in
the fall of 1953. Yet that fall, fawns amounted to only
Piel or the adult deer. This was only 48% of what their
incidence would have been had the full potential been
realized.
The potential rate of reproduction for 1954 was
(advance-) calculated as 0.686 using 1953 data, and (back-)
calculated as 0.671 using the data collected in 195k.
Yet in the fall of 1954, there were only about 0.212 as
many fawns shot as there were adult deer. This was only
31% or 32% of the potential incidence of fawns, depending
which potential is used.
The above would suggest that the winter of
1953-54 was much less favourable to the ensuing reproduc-
tion of deer than was the winter of 1952-53, even though
there was a greater proportion of breeding does in 1954
than in 1953. This can be regarded as logical in the
light of the results of the 1952-53 and 1953-54 snow
cover surveys. 1953-54 was a tougher winter than 1952-53
in most parts of the Western Region.
6. Predictions Based on Potential Rates of Reproduction
iimeho>s. ule, povential rate of reproduction for
white-tailed deer in the Western Region in 1954 could have
been computed as 0.686. In 1954, following a reasonably
tough winter, there were only 0.212 fawns for every older
deer in the sample studied, or about 32% of this potential.
The potential rate of reproduction for 1955
should be about 0.760, based upon the sex=age attributes
of the sample of deer checked in the fall of 1954. As
the winter of 1954-55 was probably less severe in its
effects on deer than that of 1953-54, a greater proportion
(say 40%) of the potential reproduction was likely to be
achieved. Therefore, in 1955, fawns are likely to amount
ieomaboun 31% of the adult deer taken, or about 0.24 of
ait deer taken. If so, it will be about as high an
incidence of fawns as in the good years of 1951 and 1952,
ae ica higher than the fawn incidences of 1953
an dhe
Ze Comment
The procedure outlined herein for the advance-
and back=- calculation of rates of reproduction of deer
takes into account changes in the reproductive abilities
of different age classes of female deer, and changes in the
Ssex=age structure of the deer population. It does not
ot sobtouhoigss 36 eves Ink oRegouhe
fion suBh patent .Aee,0 aa teva
NVOMG SIRT LIST eas tet oe
i TC ete VES RAW eLlAt «T95D ‘of & ad
atigs toy [Eten bad aeed avet Since Shey os
a
t soivomhowger te estar fetone 04 edt
.stsb @eVl aatey O90.0 6B he te iso Les {ao
. OSvuosd 1o2 BOISE oe atau (Ga.0 28 rz
suods vise sxsw esedd , Atel 30 See
riT ,*eeh tinhs otew.oreitt 6a Jones
west to esaebtont fetinscod- aren
| bk Leia
‘i mt reels Beware. bivow evodn. ott
f Li ; ois ie L if OG YER eet noem ;
3 reaSPOCL to ~tsciitw ett asW> eee
ithesid to solmioqote 7et aetna
‘ 4 ‘
hi £ ee B: S id eo
‘ f, oe :
Stren ks ft to
ye . ah
£92) 33 BW «ate
. : peta?
aihhO Lat! } vi )
ty J fre ie
= a a we oO Ran ery api ga
>
= , el a
we ES cokes of a a
3 P {
: } ¢ x
i r «
+L )
‘ t i b t{> ry
Ԥ BLGh
+) apres aol y
4 ’
}
é UE 3 ea ; oe a ioteyent.
wiews sah aiubs: sit 26 ‘RiGe
ds od [ftw of .ce V0) sae
wo of es ¢ wish: Bt: ae
et mye 3 ve eee rt a, {Hp i ii
Josie
cH raved 3 fuvo ombeso1 Sar at
qos Lo. peJgeyY To moka LOLS “ADE oe
t= at seaceats nvcvos oun
Lee OcebLo et a:
rea re I tag! moj “ty ahd
7
¥
os
sel
account further effects upon reproduction
climate, range, etc. Further knowledge of
ors is required for the accurate prediction of
0pu tiomcnances through reproduction.’ Still, 1
“ the above idea may have considerable value.
I would appreciate the comments of other deer
the province on the idea.
r
SLONYS Hoque eer te eed
bworal Loo TtNe eve SRist “te
YQ ST670208, ana et: ction ooh,
oot prety is dguowds mo 0
» ae
eine iy Ts, av Bit
to etanmied ety aopisanncé: bisow |
isabt oad do OOnkVOIg §
-32-
WATERFOWL NOTES FROM LAKE OF THE WOODS
by
He Ee Deedo and H. G. Lumsden
On the 29th June a boat trip was made through
the northern part of Lake of the Woods for the purpose of
examining the waterfowl habitat and checking waterfowl
species present and breeding. The routes followed were
not designed to give maximum counts of ducks. Starting
at Kenora the route led through French Narrows to some
bays a mile southeast of Shore Island. On the return,
for the most part, a different route was followed. A
total of 44 miles of open water and shore line were checked
Without duplication, altogether a greater distance than
this was covered.
There are few extensive marshes in this part
of the Lake of the Woods but many small bays and narrow
inlets are shallow enough to support marsh vegetation.
The dominant plants in these marshes are bullrushes, wild
rice, sedge and phragmites while small stands of smartweeds
occurred in some areas. Yellow waterlillies and at least
three species of pond weed were the most common submerged
aquatics noted. One marsh dominated by cattail was seen.
This was a floating bog with a heavy understory of ferns
and other marsh plants and with a light stand of willow
growing through it. This is the type of bog frequently
found on very acid soils on drowned land in eastern
Ontario.
The following ducks were seen3
NG@ie. Of NGis. Ox:
Opecies Broods Young Average Brood Size
Golden-eye 16% 86 peal
American Merganser 6x Lg 8.0
Mallard 3 20 Oe?
One mallard nest containing 8 eggs was found.
x A single golden-eye female was followed by 19 young of
two age classes. One merganser female was followed by
22 young. These flocks have been considered as two broods
in eache
Other Ducks Observed:
Species Number Seen
Golden-eye L6
American Merganser 20
Mallard Z
Baldpate 2 pairs
Ring-necked Duck 1 pair
Unidentified 3
‘d 7
aebemud ao - ia abaed a it ee —
fal sia ie Ns
os) A
jenn bad pew gtd geod s enut 4008 eta a0 .
Bod" tig ol sbooW iad&® ‘ho-edtal te oad
forest ioihhe py Kise ip Bae datidad Iwotvatew, 2
w bowollet eaivom eit) sanibeord bas: Sees
taxgod Macau o BIDMOO: tum bcadt ovig. oo keen
SB ar mre donets dguoreta: bof sdvgt- Bey be ie
ods ©: ,bialeal siege’ te: In sehIEOR 2
howollot pee atuon tg TOTHER BS hath:
w sors cde boa restew noqe to pet
iegaib hag “eB redtagec eeereys:
: betsy
+ ok godaedan sv fansiins wet ous gia
ox his eyed re 2% Vien vod ebooW ang ‘tO4
rn tondy Hep oats ot -Apxode wad
staviliod sya, senersn obeits af esnaiowg
ima io “bite te fieoe < tk iw Qac: tore ing bn8 84
. brs esfititaesew wolteY Jeeeas) sao
ie nom Jacm edd etek Deew Big
‘ {iss Pe. Ye OS learn Winger: fi bate
miotetobay yveet sidtw god paeeeie
Den Wistl #-CoLH ban g a Nore a
ct nod o- sav efit Si hype a y
ae nt Brat bomoth a 6feee Bean
Ai
pe
6% Stew stews satwo lied ame
' > " «
i a’ vi
2 i”
J " me pa
7 EDCOT sac
o~ a Seon ho mmc oy Lanne Soe rig te
¢ * [
iA * -TSersa tem
nag S niintsdhoa Jaen
= re
if Ss e or (41 on uit 3X0) .2ceeat
sd aved sis0lT eae
aiil erty
oa Foy ye"
aYowas
TS20S3 16H
dou beioese
beithias
E335
This check indicated a game duck brood (excluding
mergansers) density of one brood for every 2.3 miles
covered. Had the routes followed shorelines exclusively
the count would have been higher than this. As the check
was done during the heat of the day some broods were
probably missed in the cover of the marshes.
This part of the Lake of the Woods appears to
be very good golden-eye habitat.
On 28th June the writers made a flight with
Mr. Burton and Mr. Simkoe over Monument Bay, Northwest
Angle Inlet and Deepwater Bay. The following species were
seen:
Golden-eye 3
Mergansers 4
Mallard in paar vandupy
Baldpate 3 males
Ring-necked Duck 2 pairs and 8 males
Blue-winged Teal 1 pair and 3 males
Most of the ringnecks and baldpates were seen
in the Northwest Angle Inlet which appears to be the most
fertile marsh of those so far examined in this area.
elkS)
* oe
a BTL
(i be
¥
ow ie) =
xd ab ae &) Savennhien
os VtEVe, FO
sont lorode bowof fot easuo%) 4
ahs sabnt ‘aang some need SVs
aboord emda ab ad? To trod odd goto
So
ais 5 VAY
boord, ono, to: we
Pode TAT sacks Yo. wevos: ony: ce Paes 8 oy”
in ef ae
Siailt B
Je Swe?’
col e YB
qe: nattwol
Ait ip adechae fare aoeeaa end. Te
SAGA no Low
dd to sted aa +
»WeNrSe iain
shen excdiew odd ons! a8 f
fhemusgioM wav scnmes. aa
Log: § epet “AH, ee bas 3
a
‘Aoud B
ol elpak desis
beninexe se) 96 sande aie
= fans
eyiee
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT PLANS IN COUNTY FORESTS
by
Je Fo. Gage
This past winter we commenced to make an inventory
of County Forests in the-.Huron District. We are attempting
to classify the various tracts as they differ widely in
what they have to offer for hunting purposes.
To date we have discovered that there are three
main categories and a fourth which is a combination of the
marsh three.
(1) Newly planted areas of land - trees up to eighteen
inches high, abundance of grass and sod. Provides food
and cover for European Hare and Fox - some summer range
“HOrPcoLcontail rabbit.
(2) Plantations over eighteen inches to ten feet - maximum
for cottontail rabbits and fox = some grouse and deer.
Fair under storey of grass and other vegetation.
(3) Plantation maturing over eight feet: under storey clean
- no cover or food = winter cover for deer only.
(4) Very large tracts are planted a few acres each year,
this results in sections being in various stages of the
above classification. They are the most desirable from
a management point of view.
We have actually done very little in the way of
Management. Mr. W. Aw G. Thurston, now District Forester at
Lindsay, planted some cedar as a direct request to establish
more food on the Sudden Tract and our Zone Foresters have left
Openings, old trees and other desirable features at our
request, providing it did not interfere with their forestry
programme.
We feel that this is a long term programme and our
time is limited. We find that during the winter we are
able to spend some time in classifying the county forests
and making game inventories. We have only just started on
this programme and have a large number of tracts yet to be
inspected.
needdaia of Gy ese1d « bast to eesae Bee
esbivetd hos Bas pests to Somshrmign ame
TSmie
_
j i}
ie |
ae !
isoea.2
72 ‘
ad
. ore oe
Dijie
r~ +
Ase 37
= 7
€
SB oW .~tottdeld nowt. sal ak eve
obiw 16 Tip yods Ee SIIE%T - BUALIEY
eis ertott jada bexsveoeeb avail aw oasb
to motdsnidues a Bt daidw A oxeoy © bas 38
tso% mod ot sedont ceadigie Tae gas
s2u0'TS emoe = x67 bee eeiddat, Lieve .
Ljadaneav edsq bis: ge tk 26 Yetogee oe
26° 88198 wel & bednsia site eioeae 2am
> taovidet Paeskh s ea ws
: . Ppt ites
gtegnol eno tuo boa toatT mebhue Siam
ston iwietetyredat ton bth DE sees
Y etdstd to tsdmia aia 6 svsd bas ium
iow YOMUGD WI BRAS roan
cole » . | : > 7
axed 0 “4 aa
ie
sie od beonesines ew enstotn: jek c:
29s0Tteg -gatooud sob Tete ont
208 = MOY Bns: stash aspeqorge 197,
y BS det [te ea¥e
Y | disie teve Sa isugeh ewe
ised “ot tevoo v8ltin = heed aoe
2 auotyay mb nobad enobsoge: Mba
io doom: sad ote ved snokdees Tieceiam
3 Ws { a7 TH HDG STi KS
" a
—
ic ot ofdckL yesy onob vilewdos evan
iofrteil wea acovetudT 0 <A)
bos soee Dbewaie
‘jae? efiderteeb sedto hae epena
siq asd saef s ab eid? dade Dees oi
intw edd Bara Jena brit od bed fmt :
r3 it univitaaalo sk emi? snoeem
taut vino sved SW eliounevat Smee ast
Law
Officer Reporting
Ramsbottom, R. L.
Ferguson, Ke W.
Shields, S. A.
Winters, C. H.
Saundercook, B. M.
Thibadeau, J. J.
Shannon, J. A.
-35-
by
P, A. Thompson
Neo Ln tach
Date Seen Brood
May 20 8 young
July 6 6 young
Average young per brood
May 14 5 young
May 18 3 young
June 13 6 young
June 16 2 young
July 19 5 young
July 19 7 young
Average young per brood
June 9 8 young
June 1h 6 young
June 14 5 young
June 14 9 young
June 24 7 young
Average young per brood
June 3 5 young
June 4 3 young
Average young per brood
No report
June 5 5 young
June 23 7 young
June 29 9 young
July 8 7 young
July 22 young
JuiLy 27 4 young
Average young per brood
May 2h 12 eggs
June 15 3 young
June 21 6 young
June 22 4 young
June 29 6 young
lava a 5 young
Judy. 7 4 young
July 17 7 young
July 21 8 young
Average young per brood
TWEED DISTRICT RUFFED GROUSE BROOD COUNTS, 1955.
Location
(Township)
Carlow
Raglan
Vi
Denbigh
Raglan
Matawatchan
Abinger
(Gagaiibadal Ala)
Gaeaefetert hi
Le6
Brougham
Admaston
Admaston
Admaston ~°
Admaston
D
Hillier
Ameliasburg
Palmerston
Miller
Clarendon
Clarendon
South Canonto
pouch Canonto
Ges
Tudor
Lake
Lake
Madoc
Tudor
Lake
Cashel
Tudor
Wollaston
Des
ssaor
\~ ry
&
’
Al
he
Al?
t
274
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-
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eo
.
—
i
j
7
x.
ey 4d
2%
Pn ar |
ion MEE =p 08 Deel ie eros coe
_ booth ss «se atee
_ Radoy's
hoord sq Scvoy 6s
- huey Fal este ‘eo ; vv q
arnwoye of Va
y hy Fay or rin tt
“har oY < - nis
gnyoy ft -ortut
aaoy OL ent
qr et Ol wine
coor f Gf vist
i *e¢ atcdovy aseavers
Siiry
anuoy = Af spout
er bes ae
= J
bIGD % oi ah oD
raw: & b BAAE
O f Bite a9 STS sa
ogSe"' 4
Niro? ih
anuoy ¥ ES sneth
soy 2 PS atiah
T} voy gg iy vist
Nudy «¢ SS. why
F i ' v ti 1
~ a) xg
7 a oh ‘Boy
.
f ‘. mo t
| OF girl
WOV Uh
UO we .% : Ten
CL vint
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Ls
7
De. ee iS pe ae th
"000 COOKE BAU0NS CAIUS TOLATETC aan
a
Bea
| No. in Each Location
Officer Reporting Date Seen Brood (Township)
Stewart, J. Ge Juney 25 11 young Blythfield
June 30 8 young Blythfield
July 10 14 young Darling
July 24 12 young Darling
Average young per brood 11.2
phears, E. Le May 28 6 young Oso
May 28 4 young Oso
June Ll 4 young Olden
June 7 § young Olden
June 30 7 young Olden
Average young per brood 5.8
Davison, R. J. June 4 6 young Kaladar
June 22 4 young Anglesea
July 2 4 young Barrie
July 18 6 young Barrie
July 23 2 young Barrie
Average young per brood 4.4
MacDonald, F. W. May - 9 young Tyendinaga
Average young per brood 9
Page, R. B. Reports no grouse brood seen in his
patrol zone.
Thompson, P. A. June 14 8 young South Canonto
June 16 10 young Palmerston
July 11 8 young Palmerston
Average young per brood 8.2
District Totals
Total Broods Total Young Average Young Per Brood
L7 297 6.3
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RACCOON HUNTING IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
by
H. G. Lumsden
In 1950 the sport of raccoon hunting at night with
hounds was officially recognized in Ontario with the institu-
mow Orsca raccoon huntang licence and a raccoon dog licence.
Thais sport has been gaining in popularity since
Boyandacated by the following figures on the sale of licences:
Raccoon Hunting Raccoon Hound
Year Licence Licence
Se. 25)5) Zoo
OD sey 256
De (eo - 760
D3 810 820
Ie eye UD 808
Raccoons are now harvested for their fur by
trappers and taken for sport by hunters. The following
table gives some of the harvest figures for the last three
years taken from trappers returns and from the returns of
holders of raccoon hunting licences for four southern
Ontario Districts:
southern Ontario Raccoon Harvest
ty 1952-3 1953-4 1954-5
Ee ne} 1 Ze} w se) DD
a o 4 0) a ® ae
4 Qy oO .- Qy oO Oo, oO
0 OQ, pe Q, po Q, pe
oa wo Ce © Se © eri
(om) fe Der & Sita u Sed
e4 set | mn ert Kel cH aaa)
ite Erie 4130 ~- ZHOBMY THAD BinleD YAO"
L. Huron 3236 BL7s3 BOI iS iy BOOM Mar lep
Le Simcoe 1184 ~ 189h - 1054 673
Lindsay L69 - 976 - Byalk 162
TOTALS 9019 - 986 - 8911 16384
The following tables give a summary of the
Momcers’ returns. It will be seen that for each District
the average annual bag of raccoons per hunter reporting
exceeds 20. This is far above the average annual bag of
other game. For example, the average seasonal kill of
ducks in the Mississippi Flyway varies between 4 and 5
per hunter and for geese, between .1 and .2. Upland game
iw
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290 =
figures usually run a little below ducks. There are, of
course, far fewer sportsmen hunting raccoon than other game
and this probably accounts in part for the high bag.
Nevertheless, if quality of sport is partially measured by
the size of the bag this is excellent hunting.
The yields of raccoons in some areas also are
high. In Lambton county in Erie District, 1619 raccoons
were killed by hunters on 1128 square miles in 1953, giving
peyeeld of 12.4 raccoons per square mile. In 1954, the kill
was 974 and the yield .9 raccoons per square mile. The
age ratio for a small sample of 35 raccoons from the
northern part of this county was .6 juvenile males for each
adult male. If this type of hunting does not select
adults over juveniles and if the sample received was truly
random this ratio certainly does not indicate over hunting.
Lake Huron District Raccoon Returns - by W. He Cantelon
Average
No. of Now of "Sor No. of Noe. OF
Licences Returns Returns Raccoons Raccoons
Year Sold Made Received Killed Per Hunter
1952=3 238 238 100% - 4783 ZOied:
1953-4 322 Bee 100% (sion Zhuo
195h=5 Zit Ani 100% {LED Pagers)
Lindsay District Raccoon Returns - iviGre dle sate
195h=5 20 20 100% 162 PENI,
Lake Simcoe District Raccoon Returns - by J. S. Dorland
1954-1955
Ania
NO | Ot: NOs. "OE No. Raccoons
Licences Returns % Raccoons Per
Area re oyiie | Made Rete Killed Hunter
F. B. Richardson 1 a - 6 6.0
C. Je Spencer 3 3 100% 122 40.6
H. Van Wyck h 0 0% - ~
rae Armitage | Tes) aa 8h. 6% 282 AGA
Ne Ee Sitwell 7 6 Opawy oo 9.9
igus SLewell L 3 75% 103 31.3
Bre. OH « Marshall L 2 50% 66 5) 3) cd)
eaeWes iomith 3 3 100% 29 SAG
F. Bowes it a 100% 6 6.0
TOTAL LO 30 75% 673 POOR
“OE
5 , 248 S7edT aoe wolad eldtift s pi eae
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8d dgin eft t92 greg Ak aongoone idedora e
: eivesem & fei. req ef itoqe to yi Leop .
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17 siin STiBUpa “Tea BHOO! OBS ve bilefy ony ares
iv movl enoossst ¢£ to slonse Liem eee
“ot eoftam ei inevut Oy Baw yonuoo atit Yo oe
toolse ton -geeb naitned to say aegis 2p
firey aa ‘ b svisner efgnge. eat ti bas solinevyt = ee
unt yvove eatgokbel ton ssob yintsives ofcan ae
BGLSIUEO st eW Nd = pate a mE scirsekey EE
b
2 ee " a r r A
DO > oh LO. ...08 LO R iO «Ov
Sentara va knbet ce Gehralitober sai) ag de an accrotox
urd te4 ‘boli sbevtsoot sham
TE ALN ATA SSS Namely 4 + Seah RRaTORNED SIRE HME RU ete te Sar
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Tre
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18 neem orton iam Tee, naan 8 Ean = 2 eK
brefeod. 8... yoo Sate noGcsoBn, to ere Le 90.950.
oa 8A oe ta ott : to «On
4; 32k ‘ SVM : io g
a = eae mncognat ies a ate em a ee lee red ©h clin, Wik sol oneny Same
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SOE
Lake Erie District Raccoon Returns, 1953-54 - by
A. Re Streib
No. No. No. Raccoons
Licences Returns 4% Raccoons Per
Area Sold Made Returns Killed Hunter
Allan q 6 85.7 62 MOS
Arbuthnot 20 18 90.0 276 1S
Bailey dey 14 82.4 73 2s
Beck 32 18 EGieie 348 IRS)
Carter 5 3 60.0 29 Ge7
Pounie hi 22 Pal 95.5 456 ALR)
Greenwood 25 16 64.0 142 8.9
Howell 16 16 100. 376 23.5
Martin ay L7 LOO's 678 39.9
McIntyre 29 28 96.5 813 29.0
McKeown lh ay OO. Bley, 24.8
Mellick 36 510) 83.3 1619 5a O
Muma Ws) 2 CS) 362 BOs 2
Neill 28 16 ioe 653 LO.8
Roberts 20 20 OO, 849 Le Dies
District
Office ey 8 EG OAO) 236 29.5
TOTALS 318 PAB 80.8 7TLAQ Ao
Lake Erie District Raccoon Returns, 1954-1955 - by
(Nae olengent ©
Anan Ost
NO. No. No. Raccoons
Licences Returns % Raccoons Per
Area Sold Made Returns Killed Hunter
El Muma 20 18 90.0 369 RORD
E2 Avbuthnot 13 10 76.9 tee a1 917,
E3 Howell it Ie 100 435 36.2
E4 McKeown 19 19 100 55 B57)
hoy Panch 19 16 Glue 2 282 WI AS
E6 Allan 10 9 90.0 eS HS) Aa
E7 Neill 35 Siab 88.6 703 Faroe,
ES Beck Bie any W350 708 PASTAS
E9 McIntyre 26 26 100 973 Bina
E10 Mellick 28 16 Sy) all 97k 60.9
Ell Martin 16 16 Oe 5h1 33.8
| ime Roberts 23 23 100 1048 NA
! E13 Carter L L 100 TIS) 2965
j R14 Greenwood oA a BZ ely: eS a 2
; E15 Bailey 10 LO LOO 196 ORG
Dastrict
Office 13 12 o2,3 187 15.6
TOTALS 301 257 Sak 7504 AR Ce
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eats
- Ape criteria for raccoons have been worked out in
Iowa by Sanderson (Methods of measuring productivity in
raccoons. Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 14, No. 4,
1950). He used body weight, the length and dried weight
of bacula of males, and the condition of genital tracts of
' females.
A sample of 35 bacula was collected by Mr. Streib,
Wildlife Management Officer, Aylmer from two hunters. Mr.
Sherwood Stephenson of Thedford and Mr. Fred Tanton of
Watford killed these animals in Bosanquet and Warwick
townships, Lambton County during the fall and winter of
1954.2 Three additional ones were collected by Dr. C.H.D.
Clarke near Toronto. These bacula were cleaned in a
dermestid colony, dried for several weeks and then weighed
and measured. Figure 1 shows the weight plotted against
the length for each penis bone. Using Sanderson's Lowa
criteria, these have been tentively classified as 22 adults
and 16 juveniles.
sanderson has pointed out that the dividing line
between juveniles and adults for bacula weights is 2.0
grams in Iowa and 2.6 grams in Missouri where the raccoons
pecwrarser. Ihe dividing lane for lengths is 90 mm in
Pomimavaves., It iS possible that Ontario raccoons differ
from animals in these two states. It will be necessary
to have known age animals and a good series of measurements
from the province before this question can be answered.
ng9 J.
4 ge Ty
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ror
J ‘
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ae. o ' - vd ee
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arta | dgantT e4owoT
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(yas (tbyels Pep) 8 Sia teh
10
Liles
FIGURE I = Weight and Length of Bacula of Raccoons.
30
20
Ju | S
Length in mm.
e Lambton County Specimens
o Toronto specimens
Se
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lie Bic
REPORT ON THE WATERS OF THE ROB ROY TROUT CLUB
by
Je F. Gage
The following report is the result of an
investigation requested by Mr. O. G. Clarke of the Rob Roy
Teouesotup. The club is situated om a branch of the Beaver
River in the Township of Collingwood, Concession VIII,
Lot 7, in Grey County. The club property encloses the
headwaters of the creek which has no name. For the sake
of convenience this creek will be hereafter mentioned as
Meadowbrook Creek.
To establish the best management possible a long
term study of the physical, chemical and biological proper}
ties of the stream should be undertaken. This report is
based only on a short cursory examination and has been
written on principles involving the general management of
a trout stream. An effort has been made to reduce the
number of biological terms and phrases.
Purpose
The purpose of this investigation was to determine
the best method of producing trout of a larger size than
Hare found at present. Speckled trout from eight to ten
inches are taken but trout of larger size are the excep-=
tion rather than the rule.
Description
Meadowbrook Creek commences as springs on the
edge of the club property and runs for three miles on club
property. The upper part is shallow and of medium flow
being anywhere from three to six feet in width and four to
Six inches in depth. Another branch joins the main stream
which widens into slow moving water of two to four feet in
depth and twenty feet in width. Some single wing deflectors
have been placed in this section but without much success
as the gradient is low and little current in evidence.
Some small holes have been dug at the ends of these deflec-
tors by spring freshets. There is considerable silt in
evidence throughout the stream both in the slow water and
the medium velocity further downstream. A few locations
are fortunate in having gravel and stone bottoms. Where
silt has been left undisturbed, beds of water cress and
coontail have established themselves. The temperature of
the water was found to be 58° Fahrenheit. There are
several backwaters to the mainstream which naturally have
a warmer temperature (64° F.). These may be utilized to
vad CUORT Rie aOR 20 CH OE iO
rd, : Ro)
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te Yo tfhireee) Geet er stays at ee
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590 off. to dove 6 fepedercee Be ap “gti
fT: FO boowgat Ais" io ‘qiteewntes
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iw rt See ‘= of oor tics te aie
b gitot gone seasons erste tc ©: Ras
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CRM ES Oris ted treme axes olin aio! > nae ed ea
dur bteden a) SIOR® | Goleta a r.
ee i hiyet Ae ore. Sekai 2 +
raps Lordhewoh aii Ve foo coin
rt ro ‘bop eevee Se Set coe oon sits
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yfenialt bane iio tees
Me Lo beni ot lek OS de Oa Snieie a ee
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good advantage as described later. The large numbers of
Speckled Trout observed throughout the entire stream
point up the fact that the water must be suitable to this
Species. ;
Food
Food is the number one requirement for good
growth in trout. From observations made it would seem
that food is the real problem. A common but erroneous
conception is that all water must contain quantities of
little organisms upon which fish can feed. Speckled trout
inhabit cold pure spring water, which because of its
coldness and pureness is relatively barren of these small
organisms as compared to warm marshy lakes. These small
water plants and animals are only the first link ina
Succession of food sizes. By this we mean that we must
have these organisms to feed the minute insect life, the
minute insect life must be present to feed the larger
forms of insects, the larger forms of insects must be
present to feed minnows and put growth on young trout,
the minnows and very large insects must be available if
we are to have those big trout that are necessary to good
fishing.
Food is controlled by temperature and the type
of water such as standing, medium or fast~-flowing. The
main stream had a temperature of 580 F., while this is not
excessively cold, it would not produce the same volume of
food as water 659 F. The size or volume of the food is
most important. For example a minnow or dragon-fly larvae
would produce more growth in a trout than would hundreds of
small insects with a total comparable volume. A great
deal more energy is exerted in capturing the hundreds of
small insects.
There are several backwaters on this stream which
could be partially isolated as potential nurseries for the
rearing of minnows for food. By partial or complete
isolation the water temperature could be raised to 75° F.
A small amount of fertilizer might be added and minnows
introduced. Some brush should be thrown around the edges
tO protect the young minnows from kingfishers etc. It
will also provide a suitable place upon which the minnows
can spawn. When the young minnows have reached an inch
or longer the screen or barricade could be removed. The
temperature will prevent the trout from entering the minnow
pond but the young minnows will eventually enter the stream
tipsearch Of food. They will then provide food for the
trout and should induce better growth than you are experien-
Cing at present. Fertilizing the stream would be very
impractical as most of your nutrient value would soon be
carried downstream by the current.
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ey! ed aaree lh? Seema 3 rps &
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silt
im various Sections of the stream there is a
serious silting problem. Due to the fact that the gradient
is very low the current cannot be used either by itself
or by constructed wing deflectors to remove the silt. The
silt must be removed manually either by shovels or some
dredging equipment. If such steps are taken to remove
this silt it should be taken well away from the stream as
melting snows and heavy rains would soon carry it back to
the stream, oSilt is detrimental in that it smothers out
many of the more desirable types of aquatic life and
covers potential spawning beds.
Cover
It would appear from the large number of fry and
fingerlings evident in the stream that cover is ample.
Comparing this stream with others of similar nature there
is considerable cover in the form of brush, logs, bank
vegetation and water cress. Cover should be present only
im surticient quantity to afford protection for the number
of trout which the stream will support. When cover is in
excess then more trout are protected than there is enough
hood swO prouuce proper growth. Your section of the stream
is inclined towards the latter condition.
Weeds
Weeds are attributed to two factors in this
stream, the low velocity and the silt it accumulates. When
weeds become established in a layer of silt they contribute
VemnuUrcenee Siilting by acting as a net or strainer for silt
particles coming downstream. Weeds are not a serious
problem in the stream, however, where they are contributing
tO excessive silting they should be thinned out.
mereen or Grate
A screen or grate would merely act as a safeguard
for the planting of larger trout such as two year olds.
These trout would then be confined to your property and
you would be able to determine the value of the stocking.
It would be only natural to suppose these fish had gone
downstream if you did not have a screen and you caught
only a few. It is suggested that the grating should be as
large as possible to reduce the amount of flotsam that is
bound to accumulate. The grate should be removed at the
end of each fishing season and replaced just before stocking.
Your grate should be located with two factors in mind.
(1) Accessibility (the cleaning of the grate will be a
€onstant chore): (2) a site which will allow a certain
amount of flooding due to accumulation on the grate. It
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might be wise to place the grate well back from the road
to reduce tampering by outside individuals. I understand
you received permission to screen this stream from the
Department some years ago.
otream Improvements
The success of deflectors depends upon the
gradient and resulting velocity of the water. There are
two ideal locations for double-wing deflectors. One just
below the boat house, the other above what is known as
the "Pot Hole.* The wings of these deflectors should be
set at an anglé from the bank so that they will not reduce
the natural velocity which is good at these points. A
two foot gap between the ends of the deflectors should be
ample. The sheeting should be as leak-proof as possible.
This should produce a good hole immediately below the
installation. More oxygen will be produced plus a more
desirable type of insect life.
Diversion
A plan was outlined to divert the water through
an old original stream bed. This bed contains some water
PuamMGUamotutes Of Silt.—in diverting the water this silt
might be removed but would no doubt settle further down-
Sepeate Many aquatic insects spend from two to four years
in various stages of development as larvae in the water
before maturing. To divert the water from its present
course would cause a setback in food supply for several
years. There appears to be no advantage in diverting this
watere
Restocking.
As stated before there is evidence of sufficient
year classes to support the fishing pressure exerted. The
problem is to promote better growth rather than to increase
the numbers. It would, therefore, be impractical to stock
fish of a size that is already present. The plan to stock
two year olds seems good. This would be merely on a “put
and take" basis. I would suggest that you take steps in
the form of an experiment to determine the desirability of
stocking with two year olds. The trout should be planted
sometime in the second week of May after you have installed
your screen. The trout should be marked for future
identification by clipping the adipose fin as described to
Mr. Clarke. This will enable you to differentiate between
stocked fish and natural fish. By keeping careful records
of the number of stocked fish you can easily evaluate this
programme.
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THE MANAGEMENT OF GAME FISH
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it seems difficult to realize that little over
300 years ago Ontario exhibited an extraordinary richness
of vegetation perhaps unequalled elsewhere in the temperate
part of the world. The productivity of the land was matched
by that of the many waters which supported almost unbeliev-
able numbers of fish as attested in the accounts of the
early explorers and travellers.
Unfortunately, with the advance of civilization
there was no realization that the treasures of forest and
stream were exhaustible and the dominating interference
of man soon disrupted the balance of nature which had
Characterized the land for untold millions of years. With
the gradual settlement of the land and the tremendous
increase in population the pristine abundance of fish,
particularly stream fish, decreased rapidly. It would
seem that the decreasing fish population received little
attention until the 1850*s when the attention of Samuel
Wilmot, the father of Canadian fish culture, was directed
towards the declining number of salmon in the streams
flowing into Lake Ontario. Wilmot responded by construc-
ting the first fish hatchery in Canada near Newcastle
On the shore of Lake Ontario. Although fish culture
Practices developed slowly from this early start, it was
Many years betore the possibility of the scientific
Management of fishing waters was realized. The importance
of fisheries management has only recently been magnified
to its present publicity by the cry for conservation which
has been manifested throughout North America.
With the changes in environmental and economic
conditions which accompanied the advance of civilization
the position of fish has become greatly modified from the
time of early colonization when fish were regarded primarily
a@sra source Of food and formed an important part in the
daily food of the people. As the years passed certain
Species of fish became recognized for the sporting qualities
exhibited during their capture and, although eaten with
delight, their value as food might be considered over-
shadowed by the pleasure derived from their capture. And
so eventually certain species became segregated into a
group termed “game fish" in contrast to the group of
“commercial fish" which were in demand solely as food.
ities, to che former group that our attention’ will be confined
although certain species play a dual role as both a game
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fish and a commercial fish. The Ontario Government recog-
nized the importance of game fish in 1903 with an order-in-
council which prohibited the sale of these species. Each
year now fisheries laws were passed, and old ones modified,
culminating in the present fisheries regulations which
set aside closed seasons, limit the number of each species
Which may be caught, and set minimum lengths for many
species.
With an ever increasing demand on the fishing
resources it is necessary that those involved in fisheries
work critically examine those practices now employed and
evaluate their use in the successful management of fishing
waters. It is no secret that a great deal of what is being
called successful fishery management lacks any clearly
successful practice. Even the assessment of the results
of any fisheries management programme in itself poses a
difficult problem in an aquatic environment characterized
by complexity, diversity and changeability. Although the
Quateesy Of fish caught is the final criterion, successful
management can only result from an accurate knowledge of the
fish populations at all other stages as well as at the stage
of capture for use.
The objectives of a successful fish management
programme must be (1) to make the best possible use of
available waters to produce as large a population of
desirable fish as possible, (2) make the fish which are
produced as available as possible to the angler, (3)
increase the stock of those species in demand by anglers to
a Meximum, (4) provide an equitable distribution of the fish
resources when practical, (5) carry out those technical
projects, either research or otherwise, which will assist
i” whe assurance of a continuous production of game fish
for angling, (6) formulate and enforce such fisheries laws
as are biologically and economically sound, and (7) through
public education implant a definite and practical conserva-
Gaon autitude in the minds not only of anglers but of all
Citizens, particularly guides and resort owners so dependent
on fish resources.
Unfortunately, the development of successful
fisheries management cannot be expected to happen overnight
but may take years to realize. Fisheries biology is still
a@ rather new field of study and lacks knowledge of many
fundamental principles in certain fields which delays
progress in discovering the factors responsible for unfavour-
able conditions for each species, in devising procedures
to remedy the mal-conditions, and finally in perfecting the
procedures. in general it is necessary to study the fish
in nature rather than in the laboratory, and, with nature's
iyncaiine COMplexiby, 1b 1S Obviously difficult to discern
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what factor or factors in nature may be responsible for the
peculiar behavior of each species of fish. A knowledge of
the fundamental behavior of each species in movement,
reproduction, feeding, and the like, is most necessary to
interpret any fishery. Although a fisheries practice with
predicted and verified results has seldom, if ever, been
found for any kind of freely roaming fish, considerable
information is being accumulated which should eventually
result in successful fisheries management.
Through an increased emphasis on fact-finding in
fisheries work, considerable light has been shed on the
value of methods presently employed in fisheries management.
It is now proposed to discuss somewhat superficially both
those methods which have been in vogue for many years and
several of the newer methods initiated in an attempt to
improve management.
For many years the management of fishing waters
was more-or-less dependent on two practices, regulations -
the formulation and enforcement of fisheries laws, and a
stocking programme. One of the most important objectives
in the development of a successful fisheries management must
be a critical examination of both practices to determine
the degree to which they are biologically sound and to modify
EReePraccr1ces tO conform to existing conditions.
A survey of fisheries regulations shows that many
of the laws were set up arbitrarily with little factual
basis. Laws were enforced which were merely copied from
Sedemeolaces with lattlle or no comsideration. In recent
years fisheries workers have emphasized the evaluation of
existing fishing laws and their alteration according to
Peoven Meed., This work has resulted in the realization
that no one set of standard regulations can be used to
manage different bodies of waters, each with its peculiar
characteristics. Although only initial investigations have
been made along this line, the results have already indicated
tae Mecessity for changes in the minimum lengths for certain
e@eetes Or Tish, for a revision of closed seasons and the
tike, As modifications in existing laws must be based on
Conelusive facts which may require years of study, no radical
changes may be expected.
For many years fish stocking was regarded as the
general answer to fishing problems although actual evidence
of its effectiveness was generally lacking. Investigations,
minawselocsing that the costly artificial production and
stocking of fish has not resulted in the anticipated return,
have caused a revaluation of stocking practices. In spite
Peace conclusions Of Certain investigators that the re-
stocking of waters with species already there is not only
oad
rk.
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ber
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unsatisfactory but even harmful, the policy widely adopted
has been to change from wide, indiscriminant plantings to
practical plantings in only those waters in which it is
warranted. Although many waters are stocked more for the
psychological value than for known biological value,
hatchery=raised fish, particularly speckled trout, have
been used extensively to populate depleted waters and
provide fishing in heavily fished areas. Further, hatchery-
raised stock has been used extensively to introduce suitable
species of fish both to those waters which are no Longer
biologically suitable for the native species and to newly
constructed ponds, a practice employed in the majority of
fish management programmes.
The two foregoing well-established practices are
gradually being supplemented by the utilization of an
increasing number of methods in the management of fresh-
water resources. The importance of environmental conditions
has been emphasized. With this has come the realization
that the productivity within the aquatic environment is
directly or indirectly dependent on the terrestrial environ-
ment and that successful fisheries management may result
only from a wise conservation policy embracing land and
water alike.
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