Results of the tobacco disease survey, 1930

Historic, archived document

Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

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Ying PLANT DISEASE REPURT

Division of Mycology and Disease Survey

Supplement 89
Results Of The Tobacco Disease Survey, 1930

S2ptember 1, 1931

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

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RESULTS OF THE TOBACCO DISEASE SURVEY, 1930

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A Report of the Plant Bed and Field Surveys Conducted by the
Divisions of Mycology and Disease Survey and Tobacco and Plant Nutrition,
Bureau of Plent Industry, in cogperation with agents and collaboretors in

various states.

Prepared by

R. J. HASKELL, Extension Plant Pethologist, Division of
Cooperative Extension Work and Bureau of Plent Industry cooperating,
J.. &. MeMURTREY., JR., Associate Physiologist, Division of Tobacco and
Plant Nutrition, G. W. FANT, Assistant Pethologist, Division of

Mycology anc Disease Survey, end STATE COLLABORATORS.

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‘Plant Disease Reporter .
Supplement 00 September 1, 1941

CONTENTS
Page

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i Stete reports quoted in Volume 14 of the Plant Disease
1 Pee RGU Men nskiebedssotbactbssavbabeesthclaneeaepess 28
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At the Conference on Tobacco Diseases and Nutritional Problems held at
Washington, D. C., December 10 to 12, 1929, the need was frequently expressed :
for more-accurate information on the occurrence and severity of tobacco diseases,
as well as on cultural and control practices, Dr. James Johnson in his sugges-—
tions for cooperation in tobacco work submitted for use at that conference +1
pointed out that "Each pathologist should have more definite current information ~
than is now available about the occurrence and extent of damage resulting from
each tobacco diseasc’in the various districts", and suggested that more attentio a
be given to the amuses and she of survey information, .

With these ot in mind the Plant Disease Survey and the Division of
Tobacco and Plant Nutrition of the Bureau of Plant Industry made arrangements
With state collaborators and plant pathologists particularly interested in
tobacco diseases, for seed bed and field surveys in the tobacco states.

PLAN AND METHODS |

Special forms for recording information on conditions in plant beds and i
fields were prepared and distributed to cooperators together with an outline of 7
methods to be followed, It was suggested that .the .most intensive and also the 4
most typical tobacco sections be selected for the survey in each state. It was 4
the aim to make the observations in such a way, and in such localities, as to be
fairly representative of the actual, average conditions, It was requested that |
record blanks be filled out not only for fields and beds where disease was |
present but also for those that were, discase-free,. Average conditions in all
beds or fields belonging to one grower were ordinarily recorded on a single sheet,
but if locations, treatments, varieties, or. other conditions differed, surveyors —
were asked to make out separate sheets for each, #|

The number of reports varies with the different states and in some cases
is too small to make the results significant, All have, howcver, been included
in the tabulations for the sake of completeness,

A few additional notes have been added to this report from information
contained in the annual report cards of the collaborators,

assachusetts
C. Boyd
H, Davis
W. i. Doran
J, P. Jones

Connecticut
oe) tP. J. Anderson

New York

' *Charles Chupp :
FP. M. Clara

*H. KE, Thomas

Pennsylvania
*W. S. Beach
oF. S. Bucher

Maryland

J. W. Heuberzer
*R, A. Jehle
mC. HE. Temple

é

za Virginia

eC. R. Orton

+P. J, Major

COOPERATORS

The following .persons cooperated in the survey.
asterisk are of those who were in char

Virginia
5. A. Wingard
*James Godkin

R. G,. Henderson

North €srolina

cS Se ee
#5. G. Lehman
G. W. Fant

Sovth Garolina

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*G, Me Armstrong

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orzia
*J. G. Gaines

Florida
*W, B. Tisdale
R, R. Kincaid

Kentucky

&. M, Johnsor
*W. D, Valleau

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ae
ia:

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The names ma ue with
ree in the different states,

Tennessee

Jee gr

* D,

Ohio O
AY in

Indiana
i. We
*R, W.

Illinois

#7 RR,

Ge Hy

Andes

Sherbakoff

Pierstorff

Gardner
Sampson

Tehon
Boewe

Wisconsin

ames

Minnesota
* James

Johnson

Johnson

Porto Rico

tJ, A. Be Nodie

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oo

Sey ee ee
Se IF ate ed -

VARIETIES

A record was made of the varieties grown in practically all of the |
seedbeds and fields, The list of varieties in the accompanying table (Table 4) |
will serve to show the popularity in each state in so far as the number
represented indicates, It mist be recognized that the variety occurring under
the same name in different states may not be the same strain, for instance,
the Broadleaf listed for Maryland is an entirely different strain from the
Broadleaf in Coiumecticvt. While the lists are given for the seedbed and the
field separately and a total for the two, where both were reported, it is
possible that the same growers may be represented in some instances,

Table 4. Varieties of tobacco grown in each state as given in the
tobacco disease survey of 1940.

Variety : Number of times occurring

Strain : Sced bed ;...Fiela £) tenet
MASSACHUSETTS Sc :
Havana - -

paca : AO : ae OT

¥isconsin 142 : 1 : —- 3 1

Broadleaf : 1 : Bae A

ee Li SE AE 8

CONHECTICUT ; 5 :

‘ Havana : 17 & — $ a7
Broadleaf : 25 : —— 3 an
cuban - 10 7 — 10

NEW YORK yey al : an :
Havana : : ~
Connecticut : 10 : M4 : 24
Wisconsin - 1 : : 9
Native - — - 5 OE: :
Davis Hybrid : — - Pelee 2
Wilson : == eee 2
Broadleaf : :
Le Connecticut : ao : : i?
PENNSYLVANIA — : : :
Havana : : ~
Swaar 4 6 : aos 8 6
Red Rose - a 3 eet Ae -
Broadleaf : : :
Weaver : 1 : NT 1
Slaughter 2 : a 2
Hibsman _ : 1 : —— 3 tech =
Broadleaf : :
ee Ae hae ae 85
| Medium : 8 : 2b 24
| Thickset : 1 : : i. ¢
Maryland Mammoth - 3 : doe 2 i

WEST ‘VIRGINTA

a a a es ee eee

STATE
Variety

Strain

White Burley
Lockwood
Kelley
Pepper
Judy's Pride

Wiel ts ROG Resistant
VIRGINTA

Adcock
Big John
Bonanza
Burley
Cash
Crutchen
Fawcett Special
Goldleaf
Jamaica
Kentucky Yellow
Lizard Tail
Long John
Orinoco
- Green's Wildfire
Resistant
Henry
Silky Pryor
Warne
White Pearl
White Stem Orinoco
Yellow Pryor

NORTH CAROLINA

Adcock

Bonanza

Cash

Easton Special
Fawcett Special
Gold Leaf

Jamaica

Lizard Tail
Longleaf Gooch

Red Willow

Silk Leaf

Tilley

Virginia Bright Leaf
Wadkins Selection
Warne

White America

White Stem Orinoco _

Willow Leaf

: Number of times occurring
AS Soy rau

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13

I
Mone Cap PR ff

ae
MW NW PNB HHH COOr HF OWS

be

5 14 : — :
: g : 6 :
: 5 : 8 -
: 2 : 2 -
: 1 5 2 -
: = - pe :
: 6 : 5 :
: af : 5 :
5 a ~ ab
: ae. - 16 =
: aN : 8 :
“ = : 4 :
- i: - us :
: 4 : L :
~ — : bg :
: % : aL: :
; 8 : 8 :
= 2 : —— :
- 2 : 2 :
: ¥ - -— :
4 iE : —— |
: A : == =
: A : zinta ike
- — : al ~
: 2 : 4 :
SEE NOEY SE) feta pie arcieie
: g - S :
: et) : Coie:
: ib : a :
: 1 : —— “
: 8 : Sy
: A : cB
: - ~ = :
: E’ : sae :
: 1 : — 2
: 4 : -——- 3
- - ~ — -
: 0 : is :
: LY : — :
: 11 - 2 :
: 2 : — ;
; 1 : 2
eG A yea am acs

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STATE ay ib
Varicty ; : Number of times occurring
Strain . : Secd bed : Pield =: Total
NORTH CAROLINA (CONTINUED) _ a
Yellow Grutchen = us - i ee 2
YcLliow Mammoth : 1 : = baa
___ Yellow Stem Orinoco : aie P<: 2

SOUTH CANCLIWA : :
Adcock : 2 :
Bonanza = — :
Casn -

Clarks Special : :
Farmers Delight : = :
Fawcetts : oe :
Gold Leaf - 5 :
Huggins Wrapper . : aE :
Imperial Hickory Pryor : 3 :
omnlica = aL :
Lewis Special : — :
Perkins : 1 :
Turkish = 2
: 1

IN
KOM NH eH KH OrfrvCIl eH NYO NO

White Pearl =
Whitc Stem Orinoco :
Willow Leaf : SEs :
CROnene i : :
Bonanza : 36 :
Cosh .
Geld Leaf -
Hickory Pryor :
Jam1ica :

fe et
rac a WY |G A

~
CO
ON

pOOONN OOF EH
—
OR HH ADORE
all aa
NN OrFNO

Virginia Bright Leaf - Bad
Warne - - |
Yellow Mamnoth : : - f |
AEE WR RIES ii eh eee sit yall hela > tee cas i
FLORIDA : - - . 7
Cash : 2 - —— 3: 2 .
Connecticut Roundtip - 6 : —— 3? 6 . 3
Jamaica - it : —— 3: i |
Type 401 - 8 : ——- ?: 8 :
Type 94 - 6 : —— 3 6
KENTUCKY 7 “Sees - :
One Suckcr - 7 : -—- 3: 7
Turkish : a. ~ -—— °: 4
White Burley | - : :
Pande : A8 : —— ?: 48
Carr - 2 - ——= § 2
Judy's Pride : 24 : -—- : 23
Kelley : : -- ?: 7
Kentucky Station : : :
Root Rot - : :
Resistant : 8 $ — 3: 8

a

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STATE :
Varicty s Number of tines occurring

Strain SP peed, Det. f... cee aa. a Tota
TENNESSEE : :

Dark Pryor | A : ae 2
Madole ei eih - Beers 54
Orinoco . : — : Es!
White Burley . ~ :
Biss : 7 : hina 8
Judy’ Prade -) 1), SNR : i ate 21
OHIO : - :
Broadlenf (Seedleaf)- pe : oP Ke
——— : 8 : ess 9
Lancaster Ai Oe VS ay : ee :
Pennsylvania AE eae ae Baioe 4
Weaver SiN oga- ai ; Zs 2
Dutch ROSIN (SREY OMS RnR 1 ie am 10 0
Havana ae :

Dark Spanish : :
White Burley . : : oss
en Or a ge
Canadian : Be ise :
Golden Seedleaf : Ag : —- 3 au
Kelley - : Oye Ae Nee 12
Pepper : 2 : - 2

Standup AS ae Let 8 UN ee Soa ae ae ee vas
INDIANA | : : -
One Sucker = DEW a cee 6
White Burley : : ae
-—— eins Ean AS Ss om
- Judy's Pride : EO cg 3s mt 10
Kelley ha SE Ne Ae 9
Shipps Root Rot : ae. Bui

=—_

Men En OSL SGA i) ed
ILLINOFS -- : : ie

White Burley : st ie pote
at cre eee 4 e : 6 . ‘ ate
Judyts Pride Live AL Hh sl |
Shipns Root Rot : a :
eee Nesiobant 2 Lt BALE 1
WISCONSI® . ie Sata"
Havana : .
Niigik : 19 $ 17

Somstock Spanish 3
36 : See iile it 12
1A2 : —— = at i

OO SS SA | SEE ne a 1 ane

-_ a nt to

MINNESOTA : $
Broe.dleaf ne ee : A
Havana ;

ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee oe
| ce
=

LA

Most of the srowers used home-grown sced but about 4O per cent purchased
it,mostly from local

years but

reported,

Table 5.

ace of sced as

State : farms tgrown:chased: Ase of seed
__ reporting: - ; te

Massachusetts : Ae Sp eae ts 9 : Apparently all one-year,
Connecticut : 3o 2432) = 5 : 6 two-year, 1 four-year, 1 scven-

: be : : year
New York : Td: 6: 5 9: 1 four-year, 1 feve-year, 2 os25

: : : year,
Pennsylvania 66 : A6 : 20s 36 one-year, 4 two-year, 2 three— Ra

= : = year, 2 — 4 several several years, —

Maryland : Tas 60 : 16: 60 one-yenr, 1 two-year. |
West Virginia : DA ee ae ae 14 : 14 one-year, 2 two-year.
Virginia = 67 : AG : 22:8 one-year, 6 two year.
North Carolina : By ee sage 20 : 9 one-year, # ie ae
(Dr. Wolf) LG Bee ae he hae 2 : No information

South Garolina

as 2 rule it was from the previous year’s crop.
table (Table 5)

given in the tobacco discase survey cf 1940.

PLANT BED SURVEY

ee eee

source and Arve of Seed

ree a re me ee eee

growers, The secd used ranged in age from one to seven
The accompanying

sives the details as to source and age of seed in the instances

source of tobacco seed, whether home-grown or purchased, and

2Number of :Home-~:Pur—

: 17 one-year, 4 three-year, 1 four.
year,

Georgia : : 69 one-year.

Florida = 16°59 14: All new seed.

Kentucky : 61. =) 126 Bia 56 one-year, 3 two-year,

Tennessee : Ae is Aes 10 : 10 one-year, 2 two-year.

Ohio : OS. Aes 8 : 19 one-year, 1 three-year,
: - : ‘ L. four.vear,.

Indiana - 20,5) SE @ 19.40 one-year, ‘

Illinois : 6: 3 1 : No information

Wisconsin - i Sie : 8: 4 one-year, 1 two-year.

Totals ee A eee ee
Note: The reason this does not total exactly is

that some growers used both their own and purchased seed.

Seed Cleaning

The majority of the growers reported some form of seed cleaning.
method varied from wind blowing and sieving to machine cleaning, It is doubt
if windblown or sieved seed are to be considered as having been cleaned very
thoroughly.

j 3

Table 6, Seed cleaned, yes or no, and method of cleaning as given in
tobacco disease survey, 1930.

ee ee a tt a SS SS

Number frrns

state : -rcporting aves me) No <':: Mcthod of cleaning
Massachusetts - A2 : & : 15 : 5 machine, 1 hand cleaned,
? : : : : 17 doubtful

Connecticut - - ro aa 6 aa 2 : Machine blown

New York : : 14 : ay ae 45) = Not: given

Pennsylvania : 0 bigigen Bhs b) 30 machine, & sieve

Maryland : 0 i AG = 34 2 2 machine; 40 air

West Virginia : 28 py eo 1 : Not given

Virginia : : 6% : i ee 29 : 15 fanned, 4 blown, 1 machine
North Carolina as, 93 : 60 : 12°: 13 wind blown, 2 by hand,

: : : : 20 machine, 25 method not

: : : ; : : siven
' North Carolina: : : :
= (Dr. Wolf) : 6 : ae Oi: 5. fanned
' South Carolina : 39 : 20 : 19 : 10 electric machine, 3% sieve
Georgia... - aS) eee eo bea =o All by Air except 2 used fan
_ Florida : 17 : MG. is - : 15 machinc, 1 by hand, 1 doubt-
: : : : ful
_ Kentucky - 67 hie Seriae ede AO. separator 4. fanned
Tennessee : 57 By pte 7 : Fanned
- Ohio : 5S 2 20° s 37-2 A’ sieve, 2 blown, 3, fanning mata
: : : : 4 machine
ae : Wi a aD oe Ly Me 6 : Not given
illinois : 5 : a fis 4: 1 by wind, 4 rubbed out by hand

Wisconsin : 22 : IDs Lee Majority blower, 10: doubiius

Hs
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|

seed Treatment

; Seed treatment for the control of bactcrial Leaf spots was employed to
"some extent by growers in most of the states, The chenicnls used included silver
enitrate, formaldehyde, corrosive sublimate, and semesan, Apparently formalde-

_ hyde and silver nitrate were the most popular matcrials, Approximately 4O per
/eent of those who treated used forrmlcehyde, 43 per cent silver nitrate, 15 per
Cent semesan, and 12 per cent corrosive sublimate, Sectional differences in the
Chemicals used were very evident, In New York and Pennsylvania all those who
~treated seed used silver nitrate, while in Maryland, scmesan, and in Virginia,

/ corrosive sublirate wure the materials used, The ancunt of secd treatment

_ practiced in states in which treatment was reported is shown in the following
table, (Table 7) |

1A }

Table 7, Nunber of farns using tobacco seed trentment in the various
‘states and the materials employed,

ES SE ee SO a ee ee egy, ee re ee 5 ee ee eee eee

| * .__Nurfier of \fertis using) 3) eee
State sSilver :Formalde-:Corrosive: : Total :Seed not:Per cene
mnitrate + _ hyde ssutlimate:Semesan:treated:treated :treated

Connecticut : Lge a ae — 8 Lae 20 4/2 ak
New York : Shi - 3 - 3 ~ 8 a LO: 3328
Pennsylvania ; 2s ss - ° le ee 50. ty oe
Maryland - — 3 =e -: al Fe a h6 > ee
Virginia : —-? Sahar Ps — 3 BE foe 13.6
North Carolina : = ig ets = 4 APA 29 = eae
South Carolina =: EAs ES ik — 3 —: 16 : 2A) 2 ee
Georgia : ALS: nee BG — ¢ 42.5 Al: Asse
Florida : = aaah eine = 3 one BAe eae
Tennessee : — : a ey es —i% a Pia: 9.8
Ohio : -—: mine ae 73 : Lae Sf s 1.7
Indiana : -: =| 4 eye -: as i 2 03
Totals ae, na : 5) eke 1 eee ee. &: me ee fel

The reports from the various states show that ten minutes was the length
of time usually employed for seed treatment, t will be noted that 59 per cent
of the growers reporting in North Carolina treated their secd, AZ. per cent in
Georgia, 42 per cent in Indiana, 40 per cent in South Carolina, and 2/7 per Gene
in Maryland. Seed treatment was practiced most extensively. in the southeastern
states where the bacterial leaf spots first made their appearence and were
first described, Recommendations for tobacco sced treatment are to treat for
ten minutes, then wash thoroughly in water, and dry before planting. No
instances were reported of sced injury resulting when treatment was performed
in accordance with these directions,

The Location of Plant Beds

Tobacco growers locate their plant beds both in open fields and in the
woods, A preference for wooded areas is indicated by the fact that of the 622
plant beds concerning which reports were available. 262 were in fields, while
the renaining 360 beds or approximately 58 per cent of the beds reported were
on the edges of woods or in wooded areas, Where suiteble soils can be found,
growers in southern states appear to prefer locations in woods because of the
fresh soil, protection from winds, proximity to a wood supply for burning the
beds, and comparntive freedom from weeds,

The Rotation of Plant Beds
Most growers choose new sites for their plant beds from year to year,

2 al were made with reference to plant bed locntions on 663 farms. Of the

66 reports, 467 beds or approximately 790 per cent were in new locations, while
an additional 16 per cent were in use for the second year, A relatively large @
proportion of the plant beds which were used for the second time, or which were i
use for longer periods, were sterilized with steam or by burning before they P
Were sown, (See also under wildfire, rootknot,) 4

0 eee els eek

j :

i Seed Bed Sterilization

ee

Some form of seed bed sterilization was practiced by growers on more than
enaif of the farns visited, While in many instances the primary purpose is weed
control, numcrous cases were reported where the treatruient was instrumental in
controlling black root rot and other troubles which may originate from the soil
an the seed bed. In portions of Pennsyivania, New York, and Connecticut, seed
bed sterilization with steam was reported as being almost a universal jracrieee
In Pennsylvania, 68 out of 70 beds examined were sterilized with Secu In
ali of the states, reports from G42 beds inspected shcwed that A9S or approxi-
matcly 59 per cent.were cither burned or. steamed, ‘Of this number 230 were
sterilized with steam, Where beds were burned it was found in general that two
hours or less was much less cffcctive than a longer period.

pe ed Pasian

Spraying and dusting the plant’ beds for the control of bacterial leaf
_ spots was practiced most extensively in sections where these troubles have been
encountered commonly in the plant beds in recent years, In the State of Mery
_ approximately AO per cent of the beds inspected were spreyed with Bordeaux
/Gixture or dusted with copper-lime dusts, In Connecticut 32 out of 47 beds
Were eithcr sprayed with Bordeaux mixture or dusted with copper-—lime. In
New York State nore than 50 per cent of the beds inspected were sprayed or
: dusted, In the southern states the bactcrial leaf spots were not reported as
aie prevalent in sced beds, and consequently the sprnying that was undertaken
)W2s primarily for the control of insccts, In oe following table a surmary is
given of spraying practices for the control cf both insects and diseases. Only
those states are oe which reported spra Sane practices .

16

Table 8, Spraying and dusting of tobseco seed beds, 1940.

: Nunber of : Number of :Per cent:
State ee reported:beds sprayed:sprayed 3 Materials used 9]
MasSachusetts: 49” Sein ge Le) ia. 26: 5 Bordeaux mixture :
: : : : 5 Copper—line dust
Connecticut : AV : 42 : 63°: 15 Bordeaux

: . : : 14 Copper—line dust
: : : : 4 sprayed

i. jeseetaeninteaaimersaraeds

ee. eee 7 : 50. .: 7 Copper—line
Pennsylvania : 05 : 25 : 4 24 Bordeaux spray

- : : : 1 Copper-—lime dust

DRA OME : : : 2 Celonet

Maryland : “69 eae 40 ; AZ os 24 Bordeaux spray

: : : : 4 Copper-lime dust

$ > : : 1 Arsenate of lead

: ; : : 2 Miscellaneous sprays
North Carolina : 102 : 10 >: 17 : 6 Arsenate of lead

: 5 : : 6 Arsenate of lead and

: ~ : - Paris green

: : : 2) 2) BAe. Sua

: - : : 2 miscellaneous sprays
south Carolina : Ae eto Agnes A ac Git ae ie Calciun arsenate

: . - : : 1 Arsenate of lead

: - : : 1 Semesan

: : ah : 1 Semesan and Bordcaux
Florida : AS - i ae [ Paris s green ni mixture
Meatucky —s: / ie vga EMRORET 10 Arsenate of lead

: : : 2) Pars ereen i |
Tennessee brea ent hr ne 5 : 2 beds Bordenux spray

POM eT en one ee) : 1 Bordeaux dust
Ohio : - 1 : 1 Arsenate of lead

It will be noted that 50 per cent or more of the beds were sprayed oF
dusted with Bordeaux in Connecticut and New York, while a slightly smaller
proportion were sprayed in Ifassachusetts and Maryland, As pointed out by Orton |
in the plant bed surmary for West Virginia, growers could well afford to spray
their plant beds with Bordcaux nixture not only for the control of bacterial
leaf spots but also for flea beetles, The survey showed that rather satis—
factory control of both angular leaf spot and wildfire in plant beds was being
obtained both with this spray and with the copper-lime dusts. Anderson in
Connecticut reports that only one case was found where wildfire was present in
beds which had been cither dusted or sprayed from the first, and this was one
small spot infection. He comments further that in a number of cases the growers
started an encrgetic campaign of dusting or spraying xfter the disease was found
Such rmicasures, however, were found to be of questionable value after infection
was well started, Snag in pheasant sis pelle that hakauersncre et pees bed

be sufficient sc Shale nay fos tiie control reasure both in respect bo: flea
beetles and wildfire,

a a3,

Covers and Franes Used on Beds

With regard to plant bed covers, it was found that both new and old
cloth were in use to about an equal extent. Cotton cheese cloth used for
covers varied in mesh from 24 x 24 to 40 x AS strands per ‘square inch, Un-
doubtedly the heavier grades are much better. Of the becs examined 46 per
cent wore covered with new canvas, 40 rer cent were covered with old cloth
unsterilized, 5.5 per cent with used cloth which had been sterilized by
boiling in water, while slightly less thon nine per cent were protected with
sash covers,

Board and log frames were used almost entirely for the 982 beds examined,
Several collaborators mentioned the failure of growers to construct tight beds.
penings in the beds permitted the entrance of cold air, insects, and animals,

Diseases in Plxrnt Beds

emees ee eee eee +

Drought “ffects upon Stands sand Condition of Growth:

Approximately one-~half of the states reported plant bed injury from
drought. In some sections there was ample rainfall, however, Drought injury
to plant beds was reported from Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North
Carolina, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, Rainfall was normal during
the spring in the other states, although injury was reported to poorly drained

»beds during extremely wet weather in March and the first week in April.

‘ In North Carolina it was thought that drought together with the abundant
use of fertilizers high in chlorine content was responsible for the prevalence
™of chlorine injury, 2 condition chrracterized by unusually thick and brittle
Wideaves on young plants, The leaves, in addition to being thick, were more

or less rin-bound, with the margins of the lenves turned upward and inward,
-In such instances the beds werc found to have been fertilized liberally or
excessively with potash salts containing chlorine which under cmditions of
)Grought resulted in the. accurulation of chlorine salts in the soil.
_Damping-Off and Bed Rot:
si Damping-off injury to sced beds was revorted from more than half of the
) states in which the survey was conducted, and was reportcd from more than nine
“per cent of the beds exaained, Collaborators reported generally that the
disease was less severe in bcds in which the soil was sterilized by steaming
5or burning than in unsterilized beds, and that it was more severe in.old beds
than in new ones,

i Severe injury to the roots of secdlings fron fertilizers was reported
“in S916 beds in Massachusetts and Comecticut. Bed rot produced by a species
of Rhizoctonia was very corion and destructive in New England.

i
‘ . P. J. Anderson makes the following distinction botween damping off and
_bed rot,

% "Damping off as applied here refers to the dying

off of scedlings when very young (usually caused by
Pythium), This disease was found in only a few beds
and was not of very serious importance this year,

18

"Bed rot (caused by Rhizoctonia or Sclerotinia)
rots the stalks of the plants in later stages and
is usually most prevalent just before or at setting
time, Where the plants are too thick in the bed,
large areaos-.of them may be completely rotted off,
More serious than this however is the loss of
plants which are only slightly infected when pulled
but which either make 2 poor slow growth when set
in the field or die outright. This means uneven
stands, labor losses in restocking, and a crop
which is not uniform ab harvest tine. The Giserse
culled 'sore shin’ also frequently starts with
such plants, Although the worst cases have been
in unsterilized beds, it seems to be rble to enter
the sterilized ones and because of its rapid spread
may cause serious injury.

"It is controlled best by avoiding too thick
seeding and by keeping the beds well ventilated
and not watering too often. Sterilizing the soil
and keeping the plants protected by copper lime
spriys or dusts are also to be recommended,"

Ry el aS

4 similar trouble with the dying of young plants shortly after setting
in the field was reported by Gaincs in Georgia. In these cases a species of
Rhizoctonia was commonly present, although in some instances other. fungi were
found. A similar condition was reported in North Carolina although no determi-
nation of the organism was made, :

cay

A _bactcrial seft rot of the stems of plants in plant beds was reported ~
by Valleau and Johnson fron Kentucky, The disease caused a rotting-off of 7
smalicr plants at the ground level but usually rotted only one side of larger |
plants, The organism was reported as being one of the soft rot organisms very
Similar to, if not identical with, Bacillus aroideae Towns, in its reactions 7%
on various media and in morphology. Plants GO to 10 inches tall with lesions
nearly girdling the stem were found often to survive when set in the field, ©
since the tissues soon appeared to become resistant to the further penetration
of the organism, Pure culture isolations inoculnrted into Turkish tobacco plant
killed seedlings within two davs, The growers were reported as being familiar
With the disease which they said was worse during rainy periods.

Wildfire (Bacteriwi tabacun Wolf & Foster):

ee +
ee

During the survey, wildfire was found to be rather prevalent in the plan
beds in certain sections, while in others it »ccurred very sparingly if at ate
The following teble sunmearizes its occurrence as reported,

19

Table 9. The occurrence and prevalence of wildfire in plant beds,

nn es en ere ee ee, eo ee

‘Number of beds:Number of beds: Porcenta f :Notes on severity of
State : inspected SWLth watdtire : of ae : infection in
: ce Meee ee Je Lh Wi LATE Ke pliant beds
Massachusetts: == 42 s. 2 - Le ey to CLO per -cenk
Meonnecticut : — 53 : - 15 : Trace to 100 per cent
Pennsylvania : 70 : 2 : 43 : Slight to 80 per cent
Maryland : LOL : 2 ; 25e7)- 4Sdaight to.95 per cene
Virginia ee 96 : e : Seu | Trace
Kentucky . 67 : 1 - ae s Trace to 5 per cent
fio | “ard 6% : a : Pubaqeo trace
Indiana : 25 : 4. ‘ 17s t Prace (Le:\. per cemr
Wisconsin : jeO OR ee 45) d trace to 9O per ceug

In Connecticut, collaborators report that in two cases wildfire was
considcred sufficiently severe to warrant the abandonment of a whole set of
beds on the farm, while in others it was necessary to destroy with formaldehyde
Gertoin beds of the series or scctions of individual beds, |

Davis and Boyd-in Massachusetts report the transfer of discased plants
—" pliant bed to. field to sueh an extent that over 40 per cent of the plants
& field of 14 aercs were infected, In Maryland, Jehle found that 26 out of
Bi beas Were anitected with wildfire, In Pennsylvania collaborators inspected
170 beds and found: that 23, or slightly less than one-third of the beds were
patfected, Conccrning infection in Pennsylvenia, Beach states that several types
pot mulches are applied to seed beds beneath the cloth or glass covers to aid
prouting and the early establishment of the tiny seeclings in beds which are
not sown until iierch, It is suggested that these mulches may provide 4 very
common source of wildfire infection, since they frequently are used from one
@ycar to the next.

As previously pointed out (page 15), spraying and dusting plant beds with
-Bordcaux or copper—lime dusts was found to be effective in preventing the
disease where applications were started sufficiently carly. In Wisconsin,
Bohnson states oan it wildfire is to some extent confined to certain sections and
farns, and that special effort has been made for the past several years to
Peliminate it from these arcas, He reports, however, that owing to the dry
eweather the disense was found to be causing but little damage at the time of the
field survey. Collaborators in Pennsylvania and Maryland report that the first
Anfectionsappcars on the plants around the edges of beds and is thought to come
“either from the aisles and the areas in the irmediate vicinity of old beds, or
to be carried to the beds Auring the weeding process, As a result of previous
observations on this point, Beach states that in Pennsylvania no practice is so
effective in preventing wildfire in plant beds in Pennsylvania as the rotation
por Sites from one season to the next,

se i int Pr Oe

To summarize the control measures with reference to wildfire, it was
-founa thet 103 of the 863 beds inspected, approximately 12 rer cent, were
‘Sprayed with Bordcaux mixture or dusted a copper-lime dust for the control
of wildfire and other bactcrial leaf SpotsSe ‘One hundred and fifty-three beds,

=

ee bisa

20

representing approximately 18 per cent of all beds inspected, were planted with
treated sced, while as stated previously more than half of the plant beds in
use were in new locations and slightly more then half were covered with new
covers, Perhaps the more general adoytion of control measures of this nature
would result in smaller losses from wildfire in the future.

Angular Leaf Spot (Bacterium angulatum Fromme & Murray):

ee

Se eenmmetiinieetteiil ere er ee ee ee

Angular leaf spot was reported from 45 beds, or slightly less than
h per cent of all beds examined, Apperently the Ciscasc was greatly reduced
mm prevalence by the shortage of rainfall, That it is: webl di stripureaeee
indicated by pocitive reports of its occurrence from Massachusetts, Maryland,
Warginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Kentucky, Tennessee, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, Angular leaf spot was reported
by Sherbakoff as being more prevalent in the fields of castern Tennessce,
Where there was somewhat more rainfall, than in cential Tennessee where the
drought was morc severe, In addition to the reports received from the various
states, the Cisvasc was also reported from Canada late in the season,

ea seem os

Since the same mensures of control as for wildfire are recommended

ee
.

ather generally, no special reports were given with reference to control &
practices and the success mct with in reducing or controlling cutbreaks of A

the disease, It was frequently observed as making its first appearance in the
ficld on plants attacked by the tobacco bud worm and horn worm, which suggested
the possibility of insect transmission, although no exact data were at hand am
this regard, In some sections in the bright belt, growers are of the opinion
Ghat Angular Leaf spot can be most effectively controlled by the use of
resistant varieties, since some variation in varictal susceptibility exists,

No information was at hand as to factors inducing or inhibiting this type of
resistance,

oa

Mosaic (virus):

i ie Nae tat Oe Sar Mi a eg

Tobacco mosaic was found in only forty-one lant beds in nine of the
states surveyed, yet the discase wes reported later as being amonyz the most
common and destructive in the field, Thu statcs in which mosaic was found in
the plant beds together with the number of infested beds are.as follows:
Massachusctts. 6, Pennsylvania 4, Marylend 3, Virginia 4, North Carolina 17,
South Carolina 1, Kentucky 2, and Ohio 5. ‘The cverage was less than five beds
out of 100, and indicates that in 1940, at least, the disease was not very
prevalent in plant beds, However in sevural inst inces a mottling of the leaves
of plants in beds was obscervcd, which was not definitely diagnosed as mosaic
until these same beds and the fields were visited several weeks later. It is
evicent that in some instanecs mosaic may be present in beds, and yet the
symptoms may fail to appear to a pronounced extent until after transplanting
in the field,

we a ee

The root knot nematode which affects a wide variety of host plants was
also reported on tubacco, An unusually early infection was reported from
,Georgia.where the disease was repoted from seven beds during the survey con-
ducted between March 21 and April 17. The discase was reported from several
other states later in the season, In the field it was reported as producing

: | at

72 burning and firing of the leaves in the case of badly affected plants. In
general the experience this year was in accordance with that of previous years,

with regard, to field infection, in that a two-year rotation with root-knot

resistant crops in the field was found to be of some value aS a control measure
but a three- “year ro otetion syscem or a longer one was more effective.

“other: Plant Bed Disee ses:

several other diseases both of parasitic end non-parasitic nature were
meported from plant beds during the survey. In North eee chlorine injury
previously referred to (page 7) was reported from 2A of the oA beds examined.
Direct injury to tobacco plants and rots by burning resulting from the excessive
use of fertilizers was reported by collaborators in Massachusetts and Connecticut
who briefly referred to this condition in their individual reports for the plant

tbed- ‘survey. ‘Potash starvation was observed in plent beds in several of the

states, although in only one or two instances fae the plants reported as being
ee stunted and injuréd by potash deficiency. Frost injury to the plants
‘in tobacco beds was reported from Pennsylvenia and Ceorgia.

7

Among the virus diseases other than mosaic, ring spot was observed to occur

Min 5 beds in Virginia, while coarse etch was found to occur in one bed in

2 eS ee

Kentucky.

A leaf spot, which has been previously described as Phyllosticta leaf

Spot (P.D.R. 14:70, 78) was reported as occurring in beds in North Carolina,

"South Carolina, hastane: and Georgia. Although the disease was found rather
"commonly in Bone it vas reported as producing no special damage.

ve
Ww

Undetermined leaf spots. Bacterial leef spots, not typical of any of the

eee

“recomized diseases, were “6 reported (Tove More Tet tie States. + The fol lene

ing report from Chupp in New York concerns a spotting of this type.

tS "On two farms there was very much injury from a

a ieaf spot caused by some bacterium. Apparently it was
not wildfire but a type which Mr. Clara of our De-
partment has been working on for several ycars.: He has
made isoletions and ister may be able to determine
exactly the types of organism. Those two farms have had
the same trouble for a number of years. In one case
there was one seed bed of 14 sash where approximately

50 per cent of the plents hed died or wore dying from
this spotting. The other bed of the sane size had only

2 trace of the injury. In both beds: where the trouble
cecurred it started from a given center and enlarged in

& circulsr manner so that most of the svc$s ranged from
ten inches ta two feet in dieneter with the plents in the
center of the areas entirely dead and those at the mergins
more or less spotted vith a rather soft rot of the leaves.
On the neighboring farm there was the same trouble but
only two or three small spots about one foot in diameter
in a seed bed of 60 sashes

ate ee ,
22 | rs

In Tennessee a spotting of the leaves was reported as having been
observed for several ycars in the plant beds in the flue-cured section, 21 though
it has not caused any special damage. The cause of the spotting has not been
determined. The reports indicate that the disease is different from any of the
known or commonly recognized leaf spots

(

THE FI FIZLD SURVEY

In the field survey collaborators inspected approximately 600 fields in
16 states. Tho total arce included ves eae: 5000 reres. ‘The greatemm
ecrcage surveyed wes in the states of Massachusctts, North Cerolina, and Georgs
where it tctaled sligntiy more than 2400 acres. ney in the seed bed survey, Gam
were obteined with refcrence to fertilize sr vractices, crop rotation, and othems
field practices. The survey stertcd the latter part of June in the carlier
section end ccntinucd during July and August in sections where the crop was .
later. In the accompanying table (table 10) are listed the states and counties
in which the survcy was ecnducted and the number of ficlds visited in each coum

Fe SEES 22 ee Fe ere wee

wiz.

23

Table 10. States and counties in which
number of fields visited in each county.

field survey was conducted and

woe. State Sater tearweotate |) : Number of
and : fields ie ang : fields
County : inspected :; County ; inspected
Massachusetts : Aas ~Georzia 2
Franklin : Bite )) berrien : A
Peeepsnimre yy lt Payot Brooxs : 2
Connecticut he : Bulloch : 10
New fork : : Candler : iB
Cnenung : 200% Celtec : 5
Ononde ga : 1a Colquitt : if
Pennsylvania : : Cook : 4
Chester : : Irwin : f
Clinton : : Jeff Davis 2
Lancaster : Bae Lovndes : 6
Marylend er heel ae - Mitchell : 8
Anne Arundel : se Pierce : 9
Calvert : Oe Tattnall : s
Charles : LOS Thomas 4 1
Prince Georges : Be tat : Ue
ot. Marys Me Lies ene : 6
Virginia ee : are A
Appomatox : f : ae A
Campbell 3 :Tennessee
Cherlotte : dite Coffee : 2
Halifax : ws Greinger : 5
Lunenburg : Zit i) INNS Envoys : 14
Mecklenburg : 27 : Montgomery : ev
Pittsylvania : i : Robertson bt ikl ile deo
Washireton : Re Remuera Gee
North Caroline : (ps West Virginia :
Edgecombe : 8: Cabell : f
Johnston : 6: Maso :
Orange : S : Putnam : 5
Robeson ; ie ty Wien OF > : 5
Weke : MS OHILS :
Wayne : 19: ‘Brown : 9
(56S) aa pcloly ai ita Darke : 10
South Carolina : 2 )¢ Memes . a
Darlington : 7 :__Montgomery _ : S
Willow : : : Indiana :
Florence : : Clerk : 5
Horry : 13: Floya : 4
Lee : % 2 °° Spencer : 6
Marion ; 12 2 “Warrick : 4
Sumter : a

Table 10 (Continued)

State : Number of : State ~: Number of
and - Tiskds. and : fields
County : inspected : County : inspected

Wisconsin “iMinnesota giving
Chippewa : a Vat Benton : 4
Columbia : hoi; Sherburne : 5
Dane - a5 2. -otearmns : 2
Dunn : iA :
Rock : a By Ia :
Trempealeau : at oe :
Vernon ; Oe PCCM Oe

Crop Rotation

Information secured in the field survey showed that the largest portion
of the crop was planted on land which hed grown other crops the preceding yearge
Since slightly less than 40 per cent of the fields inspected were reported ae
having been plented to tobacco during the previous season. Crop rotation
anveered to have been precticed most extensively in tobacco sections in Ohio,
West Virginia; end Georgia. It will be noted from Tsble 11 that in each of these
states 30 per cent or more of the fields inspected had been planted to other
crops during the preceding yeer. Rather uniform rotetion practices with
reference to tobacco ficlds were noted in the flue-cured belt in Virginia,
North Cerolina, and South Ceroline in which the proportion of the fields in-=
spected which had been planted to other crops the preceding year ranged from
45.4 to 51.7 per cent.

Teble 11. Crop rotetion practices in the various states.

es ee ee Ce

Fercentase of Fields

:Number of :Tobaceo : Tobecco: Tobsceo :Other crops:
State : TLeias yt) clase Daapass, 15 0r meme: last : New
srevorted : year s2eyeurs +. years yeer : ground 4
Massachusetts : ae SUT i ae Soi, Lee eS 4
New York ‘ : : Sse hes : a
Maryland : 44 Sad @ fae 8 “6 ems err a :
Virginia 64 oe a eee ok AS. i eee : 9.5 4
North Carolina ~ +, ~42 Pr oe cami 6) UG : aie -
South Csroline =: 29 co 2 ka ee 7 a ON: real : 4
Georgia : 92 Se Baan Be hee 4 0.4 : 4
Tennessee : Al Cee ; - - ze :
West Virginia ; 21 ree 2s NE Pa : ; 5.7 : q
Ohio : AO SY ty : 3 : st : ;
Indiena ‘ 14 Sem et een: Ab io ae : 4
Wisconsin ; Al $), SG. ae Re eee a Bs : ng
Minnesota : eS : 2 ewe eee : fe
Ki pe
Se

a .
co

a Diseases Observed in the Field

Weather Relations and Discese Occurrence:

a ee ee ee. es eee

Ss ee

Unusual weather conditions in 1940 supplied opportunities in several
Sinstences for the observation of interesting relations between wenther con-
Gitions during the growing season and the occurrence of discases in the field.
mie Seeson in 1940 wes more ady2nced than usual with the result that trans-
planting vas done somewhat eerlier than normei. It was observed by Valleau
in Kentucky and Johnson in Wisconsin that esrliy-transplanted tobacco vas more
subject to attack and injury from black root rot than late-transplented. This
Was thought to result from temperature rélatious during the early steges of
Serowth in the field. Leter in the seuson it wes observed that on account of
mene drought, the becteriai leaf spots were less frequent in occurrence than
usuel, even on farms and in localities where the leaf snots had been observed
#o, occur with some prevaience in the plant beds. In ficlds where they did
mecur, imiection was conrined lergely to the lower leaves, since it failed to
mprogress to the upper leaves formed after drought conditions appsared. An
pedditional weather reletion was observed in the cese of tobacco frenching
Svhich was found to be less prevalent than usual in Kentucky ene Wisconsin.
minis lack of prevalence vas thought to have resulted from the cry weé.ther
)in Maryland, however, where the drought vas severe, frenching was about as
prevalent as during an averege yeer.

v

eyirus Diseases:

& Tobacco moszic was reported as being the most common and severe of any
mot the diseases in eleven of the sixteen states surveyed. It is likely that
/this disease wes more prevalent in tobacco fields throughout the entire United
Mstetes then any other one disease, In Messechusetts it was reported «s occurring
Bin nearly every tobacco field, while in Merylend it wes observed to occur in 4
out of 36 i2zeids inspected. In’ Wisconsin, fiscids or parts of fields were me
»spected showing from 50 to 100 per cent infection. In Minnesota, fields ver
_ observed showing infections of as high as 90 ard 100 per cent of the winnie a
Severe necrosis or "rusting" of the Leaves of plents es an effect of heavy
“mosaic infection was reported from fields in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and
"South Carolina. Moseic ves commonly present in Porto Rico, occurred in Cali-
Brornia, and ras less prevelcnt then usual in Connecticut.

| The sprerd of tobecco moszic in the field was observed to be essociated
@with the topping 2nd suckering processes, although such infection sppeared late
/in the seeson snd in most instonees did not produce eS severe damege as out-
Pbrecks which apnesred esrlicr. In some instences mosaic infections epperred to
be attributable to tobacco refuse round plant beds, and :1so to the use of
Pnaturs] leaf by persons working in the beds. In cther instances infection was
)thought to havs been cerried to the beds during weeding on the hrnds and
) Clothes of workmsa who were éngeged in hundling the crop of the preceding year,
*or the virus may have been spread from plant to plent in veeding the beds or
Pin transplanting. As wss steted sbove (page 20), difficulty was experienced
‘in the diagnosing of mosaic in plent beds in somes instences. Colleborators
noted the occurrence of « frint mottling of the leaves, which could not always
= definitely determined es moseic until after trensplanting. In the summery
“of the sced bed survey for Messechusectts, it wes stated thet "Our observations

pus

26 ‘ , wee ;

lead us to believe that the initial symptoms of mosaic in seedlings ere
difficult to recognize and distineuish from other chlorotic disturbances.”

In at lenst three states, mosnic-bearing weeds of the night-shade f>mily™
and pokeweed were observed rether freauently in the close vicinity of plant
beds or even in the plent becs themssclves. The recent results secured by
Johnson (Johnson, E. M., Virus diseases of tobacco in Kentucky. Kentucky Agr.
Map. ola. Res. Bul. 306. 1940), in connection with host plant studies of tobscco
mosric, inaicetc thet the soLanaceous weeds are perhaps of preater importance
as carriers of the disesse than certain other wild plents.

some evidence of soil trensmission wis reported in “isconsin end
Minnesota, where rather severe infcstxtions were reported in fields which had
been planted continuously to tobecco for a number of years.

Besides mosezic, ring spot was of rather wide occurrence and appe°rs to
be incre2sing in prevalence. This virus disesse was reported as being of im-
portance in more then helf of the states in which the survey was conducted. It¥
wes observed «s being prevalent in sections of Maryland where tobacco has been
erovn extcnsively for a number of yesrs. In Inciena Sempson ohserved fields
in which the extent of infection was as high as 50 per cent of the plants. Fa
one instance tobacco ring spot was observed on petunia No informetion on
control wes submittcd, although secd transmission as a eae means of spreed |
was reported as under investigation in Kentucky.

Vein bending, in Kentucky, spread rapidly in eerly set tobacco neer
poteto fields. In one tobaeco field, 40 to 450 per cent of the pienes ere

Becteria al Leaf Spots:

As pointed out previously (page 25) the bacterial leaf spots were less
common than usual on account of the Grought. ‘TJildfire appeared to have been |
most common in the states from Meryland, Ohio, and Kentucky northward, and 4
was not reported «6s occurring in the field in any of the southern states. Very
little damage was reported from the disease in most of the states surveyed.
Under conditions of normal or excessive rainfall the disease in all probability
would have been much more severe.

Angular leef spot was reported from Virginia, North Caroline, South
Cerolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Wisconsin, Ohio, and Massachusetts. To all
indicetions it was more prevelent in the southern states than elsewhere. This)
corresponds with expcrience in previous ycers. However, angular leaf spot, |
as well as wildfire, was reported as béing less prevaient than usuel as a result
of the dry season, and consequently very little damage was recorded in the fiel

~

_ - - e S -O -- O '?’'’cwrvVY- >2'''"'—' 7-—OOOoe™SS ee

Black root rot was report ced in the field in Messachusetts, Connecticut,
Maryland, West Virginis, Wisconsin, Virginie, Kentucky, and North Cerolina. TH
> ~ : -~ . . . . *
diseese is reported -s heving been observed in previous years in Minnesote, a

_ Mare 27

although it wes not encountered during the survey in 1940. As pointed out else-
where (page 25) the early-transplanted tobacco was reported as being more
severely effected than tobacco sez in the field later. Apparently the im-
portance of the disease is increasing in some ne ee where the soil acidity
has been lowered by the ae Ory lime. (Marked reduction in the amount of
black root rot was reported from Wisconsin and ‘Rent ucky from the use of root-
rot resistant strains,

Other Diseases:

Black shank (Phytophthora nicotianae (Speg.) van Breda de Haan) caused
heavy losses in North Carolina where it has existed for eleven to twenty years.
[mers SOMebImes Severe as a Seed-bed Gisease in Porto Rico but does not occur

there in the open field.

Bacterial wilt (Bacterium solanacearum E.F.S.) was reported as being

severe in North Carolina. it was also reportec Prone Virginia, couth) Carol ima.
Georpia, and Ohio.

Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum nicotianae James Johnson), was of the

mee ene eee ee ey

usual slight importance in Marylend end was roported from two Indiana fields.

sore Shin. An additional feature included in the survey was the cbser-
vation in North Csrolina of an unusually severe Sep ase of sore shin’ whieh
was found to be produced principally by Rhizoctonia sola i Kuhn and Sclerotium
eolfsii Saecc. The occurrence of injury of this type é apps Sealy was much more
prevelent. then las end it was not held in check to any extent by the dry
sweather.

Brown root rot (undet.) on tobacco plented on sod land was reported as
Peing one of tiie more serious and menacing troubles in Wisconsin. Less damage
mesulted where the crov was plented on Jand which had grown tobnceo during 1929.
Brown root rot has been reported in past years not only from Wisconsin but also
trom Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Kentucky. It wes not seen in Minnesota
Baehough spécial vatch was kept for it.

Drought spot. <A non-parasitic spotting of the leaves attributed to lack of
an adequate rater supply was reported from Virginia, Ohio, South Carolina and
"Georgie.

Sean non-par.) was much more prevalent than usual in North

Carolina and was especially severe on sendy soils of the Sandhill area, In
one fieldé the estimeted loss was one thousand dollars. It was also reported from
“South Carolina where two outstanding cases were observed.

end drc own,

(x
SD
2

Potash hunzer (non-par.) was observed in verious parts of North Carolina.
‘In South Carolina it wes seen in a mild form in 1€ per cent of the fields visited
but probably occurs in many others, especially in Horry County. It was much
more prevalent than usual in Wisconsin.

In general no other diseases of importance were observed in the field. {It
is likely that under conditions of wet weather tobacco discases vould heve been
much more prominent.

Epes Fi

28

STATE REPORTS GUO

State

Connecticut
Florida
Georgis
Indiana
Kentucky
Maryland
Massachusetts
Minnesota

New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
south Carolina
Tennessee
Virginia

West Virginia
Wisconsin

Canada

Seed bed survey

TED IN VOLUME 14 OF THE PLANT DISEASE REPORTER

Page

Field survey

Zak
210

196
192
213
194

210
194

136

163
211

Other reports.

181

121165

94, 101, 150

100

222

Angular leef spot,
anculatum

Bacillus aroiceae, 114

Bacillus cerotovorus, 222

Bacterial lesf spot (uncet.)
95«

Becterial wilt,
solanacearum

Bacterium angulatun, LOO:
ig ee RET LGA leas. TCG,
hoy, 193, 155, PIE EU ATS
219, ZEW APP 2

Bacterium sorb sieee arum 151, 164.

Bbactsriam tabacum, Ji, 2100, 142,
121, 164, 165, 178, ay 186,
192, 194, 195, 196, ree.
212. ale 21 a) een

Bed rot, 164, 218,

Bleckfire (non-par.
rea am

plaek root rot,
basicola

Black aoe see Phytophthora
nicotiange

Brown root rot (undet.
pate ee 4.

Caconeme radicicole, 151, 191,
Ib, 221.

Gergesvora nicotianae, 151, 221.

Chlorine injury, 99.

Coarse etch (virus), 115

Curly dwarf (undet.), 22%.

mae -OLt, 11, 91, 95, 115,
Pee tbl, 164,170, 191, 2
Ber.

Drought injury, pois 163, 180,
a7, 195, 1966 PIG. PLL els.
224.

Duet burn, 220.

Pertilizer injury, 220.

Frconching (undct.) 151, 164,

Oi. Wet. 2Le eee

Frog-eys, see Cerecspora

Frost injury, 164, 2206

Fusarium (demping-off) 191,
(hollow stalk) 193.

Pussrium affine, 11, 195.

Green mola, see Vauchcria.

Hail injury, 181, 192, 212, 213.

see Bacterium

2 Lo eEe.,

see Thielevia

elon ge

see Bacteriun

29

IDEX TO TOBACCO DISEASE REPORTS IN THE PLANT DISEASE REPORTER VOLUME 14

Hairy root (non-per.), 193.

Heterodera radicicola, see
Caconema

Holton State 25), 9s. 22e,

Interveinal ie ‘f necrosis (un-
deGedig ele

Leaf drop (undet.), 224.

Leaf spot, see Bacterium, Cer-
cospora, Fuserium affine,
Phyllosticta.

Leef spot ae a2 ee

Mosaic ene ee Oh Oars

17

EBS pone es Ohe ee oo
181, 186, , 194, i 196,
210, 211, ae Pua (eel eee

Phyliosticta, 70, 73, 99, 191,

Phytophthora nicotianae, 22l,
eee

Potesh hunger (non-par.), 151,
Toe ele 21S,

Pyronema uote Pee.

Pythium (camping-off) 11, 218,
eee, (hollow stalk) 193.

Rhizoctonia (bed rot) 218,
(damping-off) 1143, 191,

(sore shin) 100.

Rinespot (virus), 113), 150; 164,
186, 190,195,296, 210, 2b1%

Root ‘et see Caconema

Root rot, see brown root rot and
Thielevia basicola.

Sand drown(non—par.), 151, 223.

Sclerotinia, 2100

pelerotium relfsii, 150; —-

22a.

eedbed mold, see Pyronema.

een ae EO big elie

shed burn, 224.

Soil~steaming injury, 220.

Soreshin, 100, 150, 151, 218,
Bel Bee.

Spot necrosis, 211.

DUM Dis “eeU.

Sun seald, 163, 186.

Veucheria (alenl green mold),
220.

Vein banding (virus), 166.

Wildfire, see Bacterium tebacum.

Wind injury, 192.

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