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REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY.

SERIES B : MEDICAL AND VETERINARY.
VOL. II.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY. "^

'm3

JZ 3 3 4-^1

SERIES b: medical

AND VETERINARY,

VOL. II.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

LONDON :

SOID BY

DULAU & CO., Ltd., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W.
1914.

All Rig-hts Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

lioiiorarp Committee of n?anaciement,

RT. HON. LEWIS HARCOURT, M.P., Chairman.

Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Surgeon-General Sir David Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Ofi&ce

ia Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Roval Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mr. H. J. Read, C.B., C.M.G., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agri-
culture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. J. A. C. Tilley, Foreign Office.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-Governing Dominions
is an ex officio member of the Committee.
General Secretary.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).
2>irector anO BDitcr.
Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall.
Bssietaiit director. Bssistani BOitor.

Mr. S. A. Neave. Mr. W. North.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.
Publication Office. — 27, Elvaston Place, London, S.W.

ERRATA.

Page 19 line 23 lor " vomitoria "

,, '20 last line ,, '" vsstilijpennis "

„ 21 line 45 „ " kerosine "

„ 21 „ 47 „

read " G. vomiloriay
,, " vestif.ipennis . ' '
,, " kerosene."

27 „ 39 „ ''Momtruus"

46 „ 36 „ "drainiage"

54 „ 23 „ '' H.clenocephalis''

60 last line ,, " X. cheopnis "

78 line 28 ,, " Uranstaenia "

116 .. 25 „ ''Argus''

121 „ 43 „ "da Costa (B.G.B.)" „ "da Costa (B.F.B.)."

150 „ 35 „ "Nicole" „ " NicoUe."

176 „ 38 ., "oi" „ "oil."

187 ,, 11 ,, '' augtistipennis''' ,, "" angustipennis.''''

187 „ 20 „ " Chalmers (A. T.)" ., " Chalmers (A. J.)."

„ " Menstrmisy

,, " drainage."

, , '' H. denocephali . '

,, " X. cheopis."

,, " Uranotaeniay

„ ''Argasr

VOL.11. Sep. B. Part 1.— 1-16, JANUARY, 1914.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

SERIES b: medical

AND VETERINARY.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OP ENTOMOLOGY.

LONDON :

SOLD BY

DULAU & CO., Ltd., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W.
Price 6cl. net.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

iionorarp Cottimittee of fnanaaemenn

THE EARL OF CROMER, 6.C.B., O.M., G.C.M.Gm Chairman.

Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. F. H. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mr. H. J. Read, C.M.G., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

College, Wye.
Mr. J. A. C. Tilley, Foreign Office.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions
is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©encral Secretary.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director anJ) ;e&jtor.
Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

Ssslstant ECtUor.
Mr. W. North.

Head 0^.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road.
London, S.W.

Publication Office.— 27, Elvaston Place, London, S.W.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

REVIEW

APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY.

Series B.
Vol. II.] [1914.

Report of the Tasmania Agricultural and Stock Department, Hobart,
1st July, 1913, p. 14.

The Chief Inspector of Stock states that under existing legislation
and administration, the endeavour of the Department of Agriculture
to deal with the eradication of ticks and lice has been fairly-
successful, though much difficulty has been experienced in trying to
induce owners and others trading in sheep to carry out the provisions
of " The Stock Act, 1905."

Engelaxd (0.). Meine Erfahrungen beziiglich der Malaria-prophy-
laxie an Bord eines Kriegschiffes. [My experiences of Malaria
prophylaxis on board a warship.] — Archiv. fur Schiffs- und
Tropen-Hyg'iene, Leipzig, xvii, no. 15, Aug. 1913, pp. 523-531.

After dealing at length with quinine, the author remarks that in the
tropics doctors have found that a thorough quinine prophylaxis is not
always sufficient to prevent cases of malaria. He thinks that a ship's
surgeon should guard the crew from mosquito bites as completely as
possible. If the vessel is anchored less than a mile from the coast, and
particularly if a land wind is blowing, Anophelines may be found on
board in large numbers. Boats and lighters often bring them, and
the author has found them in fresh vegetables. In the case under
report, the following measures were adopted : — (1) An anchorage
l|-2 miles from the shore was chosen wherever possible. (2) Shore-
leave was only granted by day ; visits to native huts were forbidden ;
on any particular case of night leave the man concerned received a dose
of one gramme of quinine on his return. (3) All vegetables brought
on board were washed at the gangway. (4) Covered native boats were
not allowed to come alongside. (5) When coal-hghters and water-
boats came alongside all doors and windows on that side of the vessel
•were shut and that side was washed down afterwards. (6) The men
(C2) \Yt.P.ll-12.26.3.13. 2,000. 1/14. B&F G 11/3. A

were trained to destroy all mosquitos on board. (7) When less than
a mile from land, all openings were protected by wire or cotton netting,
excepting those of the cook's galley, where they were found to cause
unbearable heat. The mesh of European-made netting was too wide
for the small African mosquitos, but the difficulty was met by greasing
the meshes ; this also was a protection against rust. The cotton
gauze was found to last longer, being easily replaced and mucK cheaper.
A cloth-covered wood or metal frame is best, the netting being lightly
stitched to the cloth. The mesh must not be wider than 2 mm. These
gauze screens were placed in position at 5.30 p.m. and taken down at
6 a.m. The men were not allowed to sleep on deck in those places
where it was necessary to use the screens. (8) In order not to attract
mosquitos only the lights absolutely necessary were allowed to burn.

(9) The deck watch wore high boots at night and were allowed to smoke.

(10) Those men who were landed for survey work were provided with
mosquito nets.

Few mosquitos were seen on board as a result of these measures.
One man only was attacked by malaria, and he was a cook working in
a brightly-lit galley unprovided with screens. The usual dose of
quinine had been administered to him regularly.

The author concludes by insisting on the need of combining the
quinine treatment with mechanical protection against mosquito bites.
A bibliography is given.

Malloch (J. R.). A new species of Simidium from Texas, — Proc.
Entom. Soc, Washington, xv, no. 3, Sept. 1913, pp. 133-134.

Simuliiim distinctum, sp. nov., is described ; it was taken at Devil's
River, Texas, on 5th May 1907, at light.

Eysell (A.). Verbesserte feuchte Kammer zur Stechmuckenzucht.

[An improved damp chamber for breeding Mosquitos.] — Archiv. fur
Schiffs- und Tropen-Hygiene, Leipzig, xvi'i, no. 20, Oct. 1913, pp.
712-714, 1 fig.

The apparatus consists of a saucer half full of water, in which a glass
is placed containing a little water and fine white sand, the sur-
face of which slants about 30 degrees, so that its lower half only is
under water. Over this glass a bigger one is placed upside-down to
serve as a cover. The whiteness of the sand shows up the eggs clearly.
It is first washed many times and then poured into the glass with
water. By tipping the glass the required slant is obtained. Then the
water is poured off and the glass placed upright. The water satura-
ting the sand drains out and forms the pool referred to above. The
dead female is removed and the eggs transferred on a sterilized plati-
num palette knife to breeding chambers. To ensure an accurate
count of the eggs only one female is introduced at a time.

Wood (H. P.). Experiments in the use of sheep in the eradication of
the Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick.— U.S. Dept. Agric,
Bull. no. 45, 22nd Nov. 1913, 11 pp.

In order to test the possibility of trapping the ST)otted fever tick by
means of sheep, some experiments were performed by the 13ureau of

Entomology in the Bitter Root Valley in Montana in June and July,
1913. The first experiment, \\ith twenty sheep, was carried out in
country known to be well infested with ticks. On the morning of
4th June and thereafter until the evening of 14th June, the sheep were
put out to graze twice a day for about two hours at each feeding.
For the remainder of the time they were kept in corral. About three-
fourths of the time the sheep were grazing, they were allowed to run
at will, and durmg the other one-fourth they were made to feed in
certain places known to be well infested with ticks. During the whole
period the development of the ticks was watched, and when it was
found that some of them were nearly engorged, the sheep were driven
to the camp laboratory and examined, usually twice a day, and any
engorged females removed. Two examinations were made of each
sheep to locate the hving ticks and to remove the dead ones. The
first began on 10th June and was completed on 15th June. The
second began on 23rd June and was completed on 27th June. Other
less thorough examinations were also made. A table shows the
distribution of the ticks recovered from the sheep to be as follows : —
Head : 31 dead, 45 alive ; neck : 28 dead, 29 alive ; upper part :
30 dead, 15 alive ; sides : 23 dead, none alive ; underneath : 3 dead,
23 ahve.

In certain cases a known number of ticks was placed on a sheep
and their subsequent distribution and behaviour were noted. In
one of these experiments thirty-three female ticks were placed on one
sheep, but only one of them fed sufficiently to lay eggs, though there
were six females which stood a fair chance of engorging ; so that it is
difficult to estimate what percentage of females that get on to sheep
in nature will engorge to repletion. Lambs or sheared sheep would
require to be dipped, for the results of the experiments tend to show
that such animals present conditions that are favourable for the deve-
lopment of the ticks, and kill but few ; therefore if sheep are to be
used in the work of tick eradication they must carry heavy wool.

There are practical difficulties in the use of sheep for this purpose.
In the first place, it would be necessary to eliminate temporarily all
live stock except sheep on which ticks could be destroyed at weekly
intervals by dipping or otherwise ; and, indeed, it is impossible to
stock a given area heavily with sheep, and at the same time carry the
usual number of other live stock. It would also be necessary to drive
the sheep to places in which the ticks are known to be located,
for, if left to themselves^ the animals would only go where they could
find the best grazing. Finally the possibility that sheep might serve
as a reservoir for the virus of spotted fever is a point that should be
tested before they are used at all in the destruction of ticks

It appears, nevertheless, that these animals are good collectors of
ticks. Six sheep wdth heavy wool picked up 72 females and 47 males
in 11 days, and the author is of opinion that under the same conditions
a similar number of horses or cattle would not have picked up and
retained nearly so many. Therefore in tick country, which is favour-
able for grazing sheep, it would be advantageous to use them as
collectors of ticks. By dipping the sheep once in seven days it would
seem that much good could be accomplished. But the author is of
opinion that the general dipping of all domestic animals remains the
most reliable measure tor eradicating ticks.

(c 2.) A 2

Mansion (J.). Les Phlebotomes en Corse. [Phlehotoynus in Corsica.]
—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, vi, no. 9, 12th Nov. 1913, pp.
637-641, 1 fig.

The author says that Leger and Seguinaud identified one or two
cases of Pappataci fever, in Corsica, in the summer of 1912, and
attributed it to Phlebotomus pappatasii, Scop., on the strength of two
specimens captured near Bastia. The author is incHned to doubt the
diagnosis of the insect, and on the advice of Leger, studied the ques-
tion on the spot during the autumn of 1912, the spring, and the greater
part of the summer of 1913, but up to that time without result. No
Phlebotomus were captured until the beginning of September. The
summer had been very dry and the appearance of these insects coin-
cided with the first rains. The author says that he is not sure whether
it is possible to estabhsh a relation between the appearance of Phlebo-
tomus and the moisture of the air, or whether the individuals captured
in September were part of a second simimer generation, the first part
of which had escaped his observation. He gives the result of his
captures, with the weather conditions day by day from the 11th Sep-
tember to the 23rd October, during which tmie he caught 56 males
and 19 females. The largest numbers were obtained in his house,
which was situated on a hill to the west of Toga, 700 metres from the
sea, and about 80 metres above sea-level. The Phlebotomus never
entered the house until after sunset. The time during which they
might be captured rarely exceeded 50 or 60 minutes, between 5.30 and
8.30 in the evening, and they usually rested on the windows. The
general result of the author's captures tends to show that the insects
are more numerous in warm and damp weather, with a cloudy sky,
that is to say, the condition known as sirocco. The strong westerly
wind (libeccio), prevents all movements of Diptera, and after 23rd
October no more were seen. Only the females, and those in only a
few cases, were found to be engorged with blood. The author gives
details of the structure of the species captured and points out that the
genital forceps of the male, which is very important for determination
of the species, has a distinctive structure, sufficient in his opinion to
justify its erection into a new species, which he proposes to call P.
legeri. He was able to make certain observations on the life of Phlebo-
tomus in captivity, and found that the insects lived about 48 hours
in dry air and 88 hours in moist air. Attempts to cause either males
or females to bite the author, either immediately after capture or
after several days of captivity, failed. He was unable to observe
copulation, nor did he succeed in causing females carrying ripe eggs
to oviposit, and he was also unable to incubate eggs taken from the
abdomen. The number of eggs found on dissection averaged 46,
with a maximum of 55. All attempts to discover larvae of this species
failed. Four members of the author's family presented slight symp-
toms of Pappataci fever between 9th and 16th October, and although
the author does not feel sure of the diagnosis, he thinks it at least
possible that the febrile condition was caused by the bite of some of
the flies which he caught and found gorged with blood. Under the
conditions observed he regards it as quite easy to avoid the bite of
Phlebotomus by shutting all doors and windows just before sunset.

SoREL (F.). L'Hygiene a Bassam en 1912. [Hygiene in Bassam in
1912.]— Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, vi, no. 9, r2th Nov. 1913,
pp. 645-653, 3 sketch maps.

The author mentions amongst matters dealt with by the laboratory
at Bassam, Ivory Coast, in the course of the year 1912, that with regard
to yellow fever and malaria all the well-known prophylactic measures
were adopted. Throughout the year five mosquito-catchers were con-
tinuously employed. In addition to oiling pools, and other water not
intended for drinking purposes, the author reports that he used cresyl
with great success, laboratory experiments having shown that pure
cresyl is a poison to the larvae of Stegomyia and Anopheles in five
minutes when diluted in the proportion of three drops to 500 c.c. of
water, and in 8-10 minutes when diluted to two drops per 500 c.c.
The pupae resist longer but are killed by three drops in 500 c.c. after
about one-half to three-quarters of an hour's exposure. The work of
the mosquito-catchers has been greatly diminished in consequence of
the spread of knowledge amongst the inhabitants, and most of the heads
of factories now employ a man for this special purpose. The free use
of pumps for emptying gutters and other water receptacles has greatly
diminished the number of breeding places of the larvae. The reser-
voirs of rain water received special attention, and the author devised
the following arrangement for preventing the entry of insects or larvae.
The rain-water pipes were made to empty themselves into a funnel
fitted at the top with a galvanized iron grid, and below with a piece of
fine wire gauze, the lower part of the pipe being so arranged that in
case of storms the first portion of the water could be directed away
from the reservoir, and thus avoid the carriage into it of dust and dirt
from the roofs. In spite of the suggestion of this de\nce and the promise
that it would be put in operation, the author complains that in practice
he found it much more useful to send one of his employees to warn the
occupants of the house or factory and to see that the necessary pre-
cautions were taken. Marshy places and pools round the village were
filled up, and the general result of the operations has been the practical
disappearance of Anopheles and Stegomyia. He remarks, however,
that at certain seasons northerly winds carry into the town mosquitos
which are bred in the marshes situated on the other side of the lagoon.
These mosquitos are generally either Culex or species of the genus
Mansonioides. The drainage of these marshes will, he says, require
the intervention of the engineer, but he hopes that the dredging of the
port and deepening of the navigable channel will greatly assist in
carrying off the water ; meanwhile it is intended next year to plant
a larger number of Eucalyptus and Taxodium distichum (Black Cypress).
The author further gives certain regulations with regard to natives,
which were found desirable in order to secure the segregation of the
possible virus carriers, and three maps of the town are given showing
the progress of the work from 1910 to 1912.

Quinine is now regularly distributed to the children in the schools,
and the malarial index had fallen from 40% in 1910 to 12% in
November 1912. In this way the adult natives have become educated
to the desirability of taking quinine as a prophylactic.

EwiNG (H. E.). A new parasite of the House-Fly {Acarina,
Gamasoidea). — Enfom. News, Philadelphia, xxiv, no. 10,
Dec. 1913, pp. 452-456, 1 pi.

For several years the author noticed that house-flies are occasionally
found flying about with rather large Gamasid mites hanging to them.
Never more than a single mite has been observ^ed on one fly. It is
well known that flies, as well as many other insects, carry non-parasitic
mites, especially of this family, whereby the distribution of the latter
is efiected, and for this reason the author at first paid little attention
to these mites. Upon later investigation, however, he fomid mites
that had their chehcerae inserted into the ventral body-wall of the fly,
and in one case the mite remained so attached after being killed, along
with its host. When these mites feed upon the house-fly they attach
themselves always at the base of the abdomen on its ventral surface,
the anterior end of the mite being directed toward the head of the fly.
Thus far, only the females of the mite have been found. A systematic
description of the species is given, under the name of Macrocheles
muscae, sp.n. ; the specimens described were taken from Musca
domestica at Ithaca, New York, and at CorvalHs, Oregon.

Grunberg (K.). Ein neuer Fall des Vorkommens der Larve der
Rinderdasselfliege im menschlichen Auge. [A further case of the
presence of the bot-fly larva in the human eye.] — Sitz. Gesell.
Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, nos. 5 & 6, May-June 1913,
pp. 298-304.

Up to the present there are only three cases recorded in medical
journals of the presence of a larval insect in the human eye. The
insect was probably in all cases the cattle bot-fly. It w^as always
found in the anterior chamber of the eye, and in children of 5 to 9
years of age. In the present case, the patient was again a child ; the
larva was found in the retina and caused acute chorioretinitis, leading
to the loss of the eye. Upon examination of the larva, it was found
that it agreed in all its characters with the form described by Kennel
in 1904. The author states that it undoubtedly belongs to the genus
Hypoderma. The question of the species is more difficult to settle,
as it is not unlikely that the larva, in consequence of its unusual
surroundings has become slightly modified.

Alcock (Col. A.). Synopsis of the Anopheline Mosquitos of Africa
and of the Oriental Region, — Jl. London School Trop. Med. ii,
pt. 3, November 1913, pp. 153-166, 1 pi.

This is a detailed synopsis intended for the convenience of medical
men. The author says that his experience has taught him that the
method of identifying Anopheles species by the exact form and dis-
tribution of the scales of the body is confusing, and sometimes mis-
leading, although he does not ignore the fact that the nature of the
scales and the general scheme of colouring of the wings provide the
means of partition of the old genus Anopheles into four natural and
fairly convenient subgenera, viz. Anopheles (s.r.), Mijzorhynchus,
Myzomyia and Nyssorhynchus.

Drake-Brockman (E. E.). Some Notes on Sfegonnjia fasciata in the
Coast Towns of British Somaliland. — Jl. London School Trop. Med.,
a, pt. 3, Nov. 1913, pp. 166-169.

The author describes the egg, larvae, pupae and imago of Stegomyia
fasciata. The eggs are always laid singly and never adherent together
in rafts, usually along the water-line, and always within an inch of it.
Evaporation of the water and the drying of the eggs does not interfere
with the Hfe of the majority of them, except perhaps in the hot summer
when the maximum shade temperature rises as high as 109'^ F. He
thinks it probable that in Somaliland all eggs deposited in tins, broken
bottles and the like, after rains and just previous to the hot summer,
are destroyed by the rapid evaporation of the w^ater and the heating
of the receptacles, the species being continued by the individuals which
aestivate. The larvae emerge two to three days after oviposition and
pupate in four or five days, but if food is scarce the larval stage may
last for three weeks or more. They will survive in the smallest quantity
of water, a thimbleful being sufficient for half a dozen of them. When
water is plentiful the author says it is surprising how many larvae
will exist together and thrive without devouring each other, a not
uncommon occurrence when the food supply is getting scarce.
Stegomyia larvae will coexist in the same water with those of Cidex
sitiens, Wied. {salus, Theo.), and probably other larvae. They prefer
rain water, although brackish well water is also acceptable. The
pupal stage lasts about twenty-four hours, and there is no doubt, in
the author's opinion, that large numbers of pupae die in nature, just
as they do when artificially bred, for in the last fortnight of June the
heat on the Somali coast was so great that he was unable to continue
breeding experiments after that date under natural conditions.

The insects do not feed until about twelve hours after emergence.
It is in this stage that some of their non-aquatic enemies attack them,
and the commonest of these is the little red ant (Pheidole) so ubiquitous
in the Tropics. It is probable that these ants, together with spiders,
destroy large numbers of the aestivating mosquitos as well. The
author gives tables of experiments on the length of life of Stegomyia
fasciata when unfed and when fed on dates and on human blood.
The results are not summarised, and the life period is exceedingly
variable. Unfed mosquitos did not live longer than four days. Those
fed on blood lived from five to thirty days, and those fed on dates for
about the same period, but the range of life was very great.

Wenyon (C. M.). The Length of Life of Phlebotomus in Captivity ;
a Note on a Method of keeping the Flies alive for Experimental
Work. — Jl. London School Trop. Med. ii, pt. 3, November 1913,
pp. 170-171.

The difficulty which has been experienced in keeping these flies
alive in captivity has often led to the assumption that the length of
their life in nature is very short, but the author has succeeded in
keeping them for several weeks by placing them in porous earthenware
pots covered with muslin and standing in water, the insects being thus
able to enjoy a cool and moist atmosphere with plenty of fresh air.

The finest muslin had to be used for the sand-flies, as they were found
to force their way through mosquito netting of the smallest mesh
obtainable. The flies were liberated every second, third or fourth
day into a large net from which they were easily caught separately
in small glass tubes for feeding. The observations began wdth seven
females and two males on 20th June, and on 8th August, the last fly
was dead. During the whole of this time no eggs were laid, though
on dissection the females were found to be full of well-developed eggs.
It is probable that a suitable medium for their egg-laying was not
present. One fly was kept aUve for over forty-six .days, and as this
fly had not been raised from the egg its age must have been still greater.

Brues (C. T.). The Geographical Distribution of the Stahle-FIy,

Stomoxys calcitrcms. — Jl. Econ. Ento?n., Concord, vi, no. 6,
Dec. 1913, pp. 459-477.

On account of its economic importance, the author publishes a
detailed account of the distribution of Stomoxys calcitrans, the
geographical range of which is very wide, rivalling that of the house-
fly. It occurs commonly in parts of every zoological region, and
practically throughout most of them. He considers that it is probably
native to the Palaearctic region, whence it has followed man in his
migrations to all parts of the world. In the United States it was
common in the vicinity of Philadelphia as early as 1776. It is not
equally abundant everywhere that it occurs, but it is much more
common in temperate regions such as the United States and Argentina.
In the Tropics it occurs very generally, but almost always in lesser
numbers than in cooler climates.

Drake-Brockman (R. E.). On the Occurrence of an Epidemic of
Relapsing Fever in Bulbar, British Somaliland. — Jl. London
School Troj). Med. ii., pt. 3, Nov., 1913, pp. 195-199. , ^ ,.,|

The author says that as there is apparently no record of the occur-
rence of relapsing fever in Somahland, a few remarks on an outbreak
occurring during the months of February, March, and April, 1913, may
be of interest. This took place at Bulbar, a town on the coast not more
than forty years old. The larger part of it consists of many hundreds of
huts arranged together in irregular blocks, each block belonging to a
distinct tribe, and called locally a " haffa." The haffa in which the
outbreak occurred was inhabited by a race of outcasts called Midgans,
who are chiefly engaged in sweeping the town or skinning the animals
slaughtered daily for the consumption of the inhabitants. The
Midgan haffa is set somewhat apart from the other hafEas and near to
the slaughter-houses on the outskirts of the town. Being outcasts the
Midgans are dirtier in their habits than the other Somalis, but, not-
withstanding this, there is one haffa, the Dulbahanta, mostly composed
of destitute people, adjoining the Midgan haffa, while several other
hafEas are within a short distance. Out of 108 inhabitants in the
Midgan haffa on 17th April, thirty-eight persons had recovered and
seventeen were suffering. In the Dulbahanta haffa with seventy-five

huts and one hundred and fifty-two inhabitants, six had recovered,
while eight still had the disease. The following species of ticks were
collected either in the huts or close by : Hyalomma aegyptium,
Rhipicephalus pulchellus, R. simus, R. sanguineus, Boophilus
sp., Ornithodorus savigmji, and Argas persicus. Ornithodorus savignyi
was found almost entirely in the soft soil or sand covering the floor of
the huts or immediately outside them. According to the inhabitants
of the haffa it is very well known to them and is very common in all
the coast towns ; the Somalis have a special name for it, " Kud-
kudeh," or " Kudkuda," all other ticks being called " Shilhn." The
bite is said to set up great irritation, and with subsequent scratching
abrasions result which not infrequently become infected and ulcerate.

Argas persicus was found to be very common in the huts of those who
kept fowls, and every fowl examined showed dozens of the minute
larvae fixed on to the skin around the neck and on the back. The
Somalis say that it never attacks them, and they have no name for it.

The author says that everything points to the disease having been
recently imported from British East Africa, and to the parasite being
S. duttoni. During the last few years a very large colony of Somali
traders has been formed in Nairobi, and a week rarely passes without
numbers arriving at or departing from the Somali coast. The author
thinks that the Somalis are probably correct when they say that
although Ornithodorus savignyi has been known to them from their
childhood, relapsing fever is quite new to them and could only have
been imported this year.

Darling (S. T.). The part played by flies and other insects in the
spread of infectious diseases in the tropics, with special reference
to ants and to the transmission of Tr. hippicum by Musca
domestica. — Reprint from Trans. XV th Internat. Congress Hyg.
& Demog. Sect, v., Washington, 1913, 4 pp.

In order to ascertain if ants acted as carriers of infectious diseases
of bacterial origin, several species were trapped and fed with typhoid
bacilli. After dissection it was not possible to cultivate B. typhosus
or any other micro-organism from their intestinal tract. In the large
yellow ant, Camponotus landolti zonatus, Emery, formic acid was
absent in the head and thorax, but was present in the abdomen to the
amount of 3'51 per cent., or 1-43 per cent, of the entire body weight.
Another species, Tetramoritim guineense, contained 2'1 per cent, by
weight ; 76 ants of another lot contained 1'3 per cent, free acid and
7 "5 per cent, combined acid. Common ants then contain from 1 to 4
per cent, of formic acid, and it w^ould appear that they may effectually
sterilize bacteria in their food. Further experiments showed that
ants are capable of acting as mechanical carriers of B. typhosus on their
legs.

Recently the author has been interested in the question of the trans-
mission of trypanosomiasis of horses by Musca domestica, this disease
(murrina) having visited the corral mules and draught horses on the
Panama Canal Zone in 1909. As it was chiefly among the mules, it
could not be ascribed to copulation. Careful consideration resulted
in testimony tending to incriminate no other insect but the common

fly. After further observation it seemed reasonable that the fly trans-
ported the tr}^anosome from the sores of infected animals to the
fresh cuts of clean animals. In pursuance of a rational mode of
prophylaxis based on this hypothesis, the following recommendations
were made in order to detect and isolate all infected animals : — The
isolation of all suspects in screened stables ; the diagnosis of infected
animals in the laboratory, by microscopic examination and animal
inoculation ; the sacrifice of all infected animals ; and the protection
of all non-infected animals by suitable dressings for their wounds.
Thirty-five infected animals were detected, and the precautionary
measures were at once carried out. The results were eminently
successful, for the disease has been stamped out in the corrals, and has
not reappeared in 2 years, although rife in nearly all the outlying
districts of the Republic of Panama. The author suggests that more
attention be paid to the possibility of the transmission of trypanosome
diseases by means of Musca domestica.

Jarvis (E.). Trapping sheep-maggot filQS.-— Queensland Agric. Jl,
Brisbane, Aug. 1913, pp. 105-107.

One of the many remedies suggested for this notorious sheep pes
is that of trapping the adult fly. American entomologists have found
the plan very successful in controlling the Stable Fly {Sfomoxys cal-
citrans) and in view of the fact that a single female specimen of the
common Sheep-Maggot Fly {Lucilia sericaia) is credited with laying
500 eggs, and probably " strikes " several sheep, a method of this kind
which might result in the capture of thousands of these flies appears
worth a thorough trial. A simple trap can be manufactured with
little trouble out of a kerosene case and a piece of wire gauze, the latter
being fixed to a movable light framework of wood, so that dead flies
can be easily emptied out. Its efficiency will mainly depend on the
attractiveness of the bait, for which decaying animal or vegetable
matter is suitable. The best mode of applying this method of trapping
would be that at least ten traps be used in paddocks of 100 acres, each
being placed on a slab fixed to a stout pole, the latter being sufficiently
high to prevent sheep from reaching the trap, and to give the breeze
a chance to become charged with the odour of the decaying bait. Any
decaying animal matter lying about must be burnt or otherwise
destroyed.

Eine neue Art der Muckenbekampfung. [A new means of combating
gnui&.Y-Franhfmter Zeitung, Frankfurt, 25th Nov. 1913.

This article refers to the plan proposed by Dr. Gebbing, Director of
the Zoological Garden at Leipzig, to employ the wild duck {Anas
boschas) as a destroyer of mosquito larvae. Several absolutely success-
ful instances are recorded, and the need of measures for the protection
of this bird is emphasised.

EcKARD (B.). Uebertragung des Trypanosoma rhodesiense durch die
Glossina palpalis. [The transmission of Trypanosoma rhodesiense
by Glossina palpalis.] — CentraJbl. fur Bakt. Jena, xxii, nos. 1 & 2,
26th Nov. 1913, pp. 73-76.

The results of recent work go to support Kleine's supposition that in
Africa, under suitable climatic conditions, any known pathogenic
trypanosome can develop in any species of Glossina, but to ascertain
if there is a special selection of any particular species of Glossina further
research is necessary.

The author has now transmitted T. rhodesiense through G. j^alpalis.
This experiment was made on Tanganyika, with trypanosomes taken
from a man in Nyasaland ; 476 laboratory-bred G. palpalis were fed
for four days on infected guinea-pigs, and after a two days' fast were fed
on healthy goats and monkeys. The first trypanosomes were detected
on the 32nd day. By separating the Glossina and feeding them singly,
twelve flies were ascertained to be infective. Besides these, nine that
died after the 10th day showed developing trypanosomes. Three of
the infective flies were used to test the infectiousness of their several
organs. After sucking blood from healthy animals for two days, they
were anaesthetised with chloroform, the salivary glands, proventriculus,
and intestine were removed and subcutaneously injected into nine
different healthy monkeys. On the fifth day trypanosomes were
apparent in all of these. This corresponds with the results obtained
by Kinghorn and Yorke in similar tests with G. morsitans, but is con-
trary to those of Kleine, Eckard, and M. Robertson, who were unable
to convey trypanosomes to monkeys when using the intestine or pro-
ventriculus of G. palpalis, the salivary glands alone proving infectious.
(In a footnote the author adds that Kleine and Eckard have continued
their work, and subsequently only the salivary glands were found
infectious in the case of eleven out of thirteen flies). As it is probable
that T. rhodesiense and T. garnbiense develop similarly in Glossina,
the reasons for the different results recjuired investigation. A technical
error could not alone account for it. Among other things, the possibility
of the results being influenced by the age of the fhes was considered.
In Kleine and Eckard's experiments the average age of the infectious
Glossina w^as fifty to sixty days, whereas in the author's case it was only
forty. To decide this point a fly was kept alive for fifty-four days.
In this instance only the monkey injected with the salivary glands fell
ill on the fifth day as usual. A microscopic examination showed
numerous trypanosomes in the intestines of the fly, and therefore the
author supposes that the development of trypanosomes in the intestine
ceases gradually, and that the virulent parasites migrate to the salivary
glands.

Taylor (F. H.). Report of Entomologist. — Reprinted from the
Report for the Year 1911 of the Australian Institute of Tropical
Medicine, Townsville, May 1913, 24 pp., 3 pis.

The report is practically an annotated list of North Australian blood-
sucking flies and ticks, principally from the vicinity of Townsville,
Queensland. Of mosquitos, 17 species are recorded, of which four are

described as new, namely, Culex (Culicelsa) ahdominalis, C. {Culicelsa)
consimilis, C. {Culicelsa paludis) and Ochlerotatus {Pseudohowardina)
linealis. Stegomyiafasciata, F., is stated to occur throughout the whole
year, all along the Queensland coast, and Ctdex fatigans is equally
ubiquitous, being the common house mosquito. Only two Anoj^heles
are mentioned : A. (Myzorhynchus) bancrofti and A. {Nyssorhynchus)
annidijjes, Walk. The former is noted as being a vicious biter and preva-
lent throughout Northern Australia, while the latter is relatively scarce.

Of the Tabanidae, or " March Fhes " as they are called in Australia,
nine species of Tabanus only are listed, all being fully described. Six
species are considered to be new, viz., fuscijjes, lineatus, pseudoardens,
nigritarsis, tetralineatus and parvus* Anew species of Culicoides is also
described, from Townsville.

Ten species of ticks are recorded, of which Argas persicus, Fisch.,
Haemaphysalis australis, Neum., Hyalomma aegyptiurn, L., Boophilus
australis, Full., and Ixodes Jiolocyclus, Neum., the common scrub tick,
are of economic importance.

LouGHNAN (W. F. M.). Phlebotomus Fever and Papataci Flies in
Aden. — Jl. R. Army Med. Corps, London, xxi, no. 4, Oct. 1913,
pp. 402-405.

Though Phlebotomus fever was first described as occurring in Aden
in 1910, an examination of the annual reports from 1907-1909 shows
a large number of admissions under " Pyrexia of uncertain origin."
The hospital records of the 18th Indian Infantry, stationed at the
Crater, Aden, for 1912 were examined, and from these it appeared
that 108 cases of pyrexia of uncertain origin were admitted. The
blood from all these cases was examined for malarial parasites, but none
were found. The clinical symptoms were typical of Phlebotomus
fever. The monthly incidence of the fever in the years 1907-1909
shows that it was epidemic in June and July, as was also the case for
the fever in 1912, and this suggests that all these cases were really
sand-fly fever. At Aden the symptoms vary considerably in severity.
The mortality is nil, and the disease appears specially to affect new-
comers. The distribution of the fever varies from year to year ; in
some years it is most prevalent at the Crater, in others at Steamer
Point which is somewhat higher. Malaria is not endemic at
Steamer Point nor at the Crater. The troops are practically free
from enteric fever, and it is uncommon amongst the civil population.
The eight-day continued fever of Crombie is frequently met with ;
dengue appears sporadically, but no serious epidemic has been noted
since 1872-3. The fever seems to be most prevalent from the
beginning of May to the end of October ; there is a definite relation-
ship between the climatic conditions and the fever ; the season of
high temperatures and greatest humidity produces the highest
admission rates.

Four specimens of sand-flies captured in the beginning of June
were found to be Phlebotomus minutus. The adults have been found
in dark places in houses and in the caves frequented by camel men and

[* Two of these names, fuscipes and lineatus, have already been used in
the genus, and therefore cannot stand. Mr. E. E. Austen is pubUsliing a note,
in which he is revising some other points in the nomenclature in this paper.
— Ed.]

sweepers. They are found sparsely distributed during the colder
months, but increase in numbers with the onset of the monsoon from
the end of May, when the temperature averages 95° F. and the humi-
dity of the atmosphere is greater than during the colder months.

Although the conditions might be considered favourable, the author
has not been able to discover the breeding places of the flies.

King (A.). Report of the Medical Officer of the Second Division
for the Year 1912-13. — Ann. Rept. on the Hospitals and Dispen-
saries, St. Lucia, Castries, July 1913.

Malaria and pellagra are mentioned among the diseases prevailing
in the district during the past year. Malaria seems to have been more
prevalent and severe than during the previous year, although pre-
ventive measures were still carried out in a small way by distributing
" MilHons " fish in pools, cleaning edges of streams where vegetation
might harbour Anopheles larvae, distributing quinine in schools, etc.
The conditions during most of the year were not favourable for the
" Millions," as there were many spells of dry weather, during which
they all died except in large collections of water, and the smaller pools
required constant re-stocking.

Pellagra seems to be gaining a firm foothold in the Colony, and has
advanced beyond the limits of the vagrant and aged pauper classes,
to which it has hitherto seemed to be entirely confined. Its incidence
is very erratic and difficult to fit in with any of the theories so far
propounded as to its causation.

Regarding the sanitary conditions, the district has improved in
several respects. Stegomyia fasciata was not very prevalent, except in
the neighbourhood of the stacks of logwood on the wharves, but unless
inspection was kept up, people grew lax in the disposal of water.
During the months December to March, 34 cases of infringement of
the Board of Health anti-mosquito bye-laws were dealt with by the
police in Castries, resulting in 28 convictions, 1 dismissal, and 5 with-
drawals.

In view of the possible disease-carrying powers of rat fleas, measures
were taken for the reduction of the numbers of rats in the town and
neighbourhood. The laboratory work in this connection consisted
in dissection and examination for gross lesions, microscopical
examination of smears, and the making of cultures when thought
necessary. Notes were made of species, sex, size, place caught,
number of fleas, etc. Fleas vary with the habitat of the rat,
the season and the rainfall. Rats caught in stores and houses have
numerous fleas, country rats few. In cooler months the flea population
decreases. On rats caught in wet weather, hardly any are found.
With very few exceptions one single species of flea has been noted
{Xenopsylla cheopis.)

Da Costa (B. F. B.). Sieeping Sickness in the Island of Principe.

— 90 pp., 8vo., 3 pis., 4 tables. (London, BailUere, Tindall & Cox,
Price, 2s, %d. net.)

Sleeping sickness has been known for more than a century on the
West Coast of Africa, but it seems to have occurred in the island of

Principe only during the last twenty to thirty years. There appears
reason to suppose that Glossina palpalis, or the " Gaboon fly " as it is
called locally, must have been introduced with the cattle from the
African coast, and probably from the Gaboon, somewhere about 1820.
Up to 1890 the bite of the fly was regarded as harmless, and cases of
sleeping sickness were very rare. So long as the labourers drawn
from Angola were not numerous the number of cases was insignificant,
but when, in 1893 and 1894, labourers imported from Angola came
chiefly from the vicinity of Casengo, where the disease had attained
an enormous development, the malady began to spread with alarming
rapidity throughout the island. In 1907 the disease had assumed
such grave proportions that the Government appointed a Commission,
which spent a year in carrying out experiments, and suggested remedies,
but they were not legally enforced until April 1911. The author says
that up to August 1912, little or nothing had been done to carry these
measures into effect, and that when he arrived with others on a special
mission at that time great obstacles had to be contended with. It
required eight months' exertion before the prophylactic measures
suggested were at all properly carried out, and these have given results
beyond expectation. The author then proceeds to give an account
of the work done by the Medical Mission, of which he was the head,
in the ten months between August 1912 and the end of May 1913.
The island was divided into three zones, and one doctor appointed
to each, with the object of carefully studying each individual estate,
examining the blood of men and animals, and segregating those found
to be afiected. It may here be remarked that the gravest defect in the
report is the absence of sketch maps, which renders it difficult to
follow the very interesting details given. During these ten months,
out of a total population of about 5,000, the blood of nearly 4,000
persons was examined ; trypanosomes were found in 125 cases,
filaria in 454, and malarial parasites in 286. The percentage of all
cases of sleeping sickness found by the Mission in the island is given
at 7 "2 per cent., of fresh cases 3"1 per cent. ; this shows a marked
reduction as compared with 1908, when the percentage was 23 '5.
The total number of persons now affected is 361, of w^hom 50 present
every appearance of being cured. Of the persons examined, the per-
centages affected by filariasis and malaria were ITS and 7*1 respectively,
which figures indicate a marked reduction in these diseases also. Of
198 animals examined, 39 were found to be infected with trypanosomes
and two with filaria. The author states that in 1908, when a member
of the original Commission, he was of opinion that the native population
was inclined to disappear. It was calculated that the approximate
number of indigenous natives in 1900 was 800, whereas in 1908 it was
reduced to about 300, but the number has now increased, as 550 persons
were examined by the Commission. Fourteen pages of the report are
devoted to the question of the value of atoxyl as a remedy for animals,
and the author concludes from the observations made that the
drug has no value for this purpose, but that it merely acts
as a tonic, and so prolongs the life of the animal, and strongly
recommends that all infected animals should be killed as soon as the
existence of the parasite is verified. Thirty-two pages are devoted
to observations upon the work of prophylaxis carried out by the planters
against the spread of sleeping sickness The author says that he is

in a position to state definitely that the work carried out has yielded
the best of results, in spite of the expectations of many who thought
it impossible to eliminate the scourge from the island. This is
especially the case on estates owned by Europeans. The disease
diminished as if by magic, and Glossina jxdpalis no longer appeared
on the roads and cultivated portions of the island, except in
very reduced numbers, and even then very seldom. The general
mortality on some properties fell by 50 per cent., and in others by
70 and 80 per cent. The methods adopted by the planters, under the
instruction of the Commission, were briefly as follows : Swamps were
drained and timber felled in all places where Glossina took shelter ;
wild pigs were killed, scrub jungle was cleared, flies were caught by
means of tanglefoot traps, and the like, and all affected domestic
animals were slaughtered. Human beings attacked were segregated
until the trypanosomes had disappeared from the circulation, and
injections of atoxyl were given immediately after the bite of the fly.
In some cases the drainage of the swamps involved the sacrifice of the
plantations. At first some of the planters showed great unwillingness
to comply with the law, but now all are carrying out the measures
prescribed more thoroughly, and some even with great vigour.
If these operations are efficiently and continuously carried on, the
author believes that the total eradication of sleeping sickness would
be quite possible within a short period. Special complaint is made
with regard to the properties owned by natives, for though there is a
Native League, it has done nothing to assist the Commission by im-
pressing its less intelligent members with the necessity for stamping
out sleeping sickness, and the natives are for the most part afflicted
with " sickly fatalism." They do not maintain cleanliness, and let
their properties go to ruin, except for little patches used for growing
manioc and millet. Every native hut sheltered a dozen dogs, running
wild, as if for the feeding of the Glossina, and the natives attacked with
sleeping sickness could with difficulty be got to submit to segregation
and treatment. The author complains that the expenses of the Brigade
are borne by Europeans, some of whom are not in any better financial
position than many natives. The fly is known to take refuge in damp
shady places, frequented by animals, chiefly pigs, which are insensible
to the bite of the insect, and allow it to settle on them in large
numbers. They carry the fly about from place to place, thus
not only acting as vehicles, but also providing it with a liberal
food supply. The author says that he has seen as many as thirty
Glossina gorged with blood hanging on the dead body of one pig. It
has been noticed that in places forming foci for the fly, when the land
is cleared, the wild pigs killed and the swamps drained, Glossina
disappears in a wonderfully short space of time and never re-appears
so long as cleanliness is maintained. The Commission has, therefore,
insisted upon keeping the borders of the marshes and brooks free from
all vegetation. Whilst the brigade was engaged in this work it took
with it a number of labourers dressed in black clothes smeared with
bird-lime, so as to catch the flies. In order to protect these men, they
were given injections of atoxyl as soon as bitten, but in four cases out
of 120 examined, trypanosomes were found. These men were bitten
several hours' journey away from the camp, and hence the injection
was delayed, but the author considers that on the whole, the Commission

was exceedingly fortunate in maintaining the health of its men, seeing
that they were obliged to work precisely in the places most infested
by Glossina. The total number of flies caught by the brigade in the
ten months was 110,691. The total number of pigs killed was 235,
" lagaias " 251, stray dogs 272, to which must be added 300 killed in
the town area. The total area of lands cleaned up by the brigade, in-
cluding fellings, eradication of secondary scrub, cleansing of swamps
and streams, was approximately 65 square kilometres (2,600 acres).
The author then goes on to remark upon the insanitary condition of
the town of Sant' Antonio in Principe, the filthiness of which
he denounces in unsparing terms.

Cowflies and Disease. — Jl. Board Agric. Brit. Guiana, vii, no, 2,
Oct. 1913, p. 75.

A list of Tabanidae captured while actually attacking mules is
given in an editorial note, and includes T. itnpressus, Wied., T. semisor-
didus, Walk., T. trilineatus, Latr., T. caiennensis, F., T. desertus,
Walk., Chrysops tristis, F., and Chrysops costata, F. Among plan-
tation mules at Berbice there has recently been an outbreak of mal de
caderas, which is supposed to be transmitted by means of biting flies
from wild to domestic animals.

Felt (E. P.). Phormta regina, Meig, (Queen Blow-Fly).— Twenty-
eighth Report of the State Entomologist (1912), Neiv York State
Museum, Albany, New York, Bull. 165, 15th July 1913, pp.
75-79.

The study of this fly was undertaken in order to obtain data for
estimating the period a human body had lain exposed to the elements
in midsummer. This was rendered necessary in consequence of the
want of facts on the biology of this fly in existing literature. It was
supposed at first that the common blow-fly {Calliphora erythrocephala,
Mg.), was the more prevalent species at Nassau, the place where these
investigations were conducted, but the experiments resulted in rearing
only the above-named species, and a flesh-fly. Hough reports this
species as being very common everywhere in the United States, though
it appears to be rare in Europe. Aldrich hsts it from locahties as
widely separated as New Jersey, Montreal and New Mexico. It was-
reared by Mr. J. H. Paine from city garbage, in Boston, Mass., in
larger numbers than either the common house-fly or the blue-bottle
{Lucilia sericata), though it should be noted that Phormia was present
in fewer lots, and that by far the largest number came from one lot,
concerning which there was no special record, except that no house-
flies were obtained from it, and the material was collected in August.

The duration of the various stages was found to be approximately
as follows : — Eggs, 12-24 hours, depending on temperature ; the
first larval stage lasted about three days ; the second stage two or
three days ; third stage, that of active feeding, about three days,
although pupation did not occur till three days later. The egg, larva
and pupa are described in detail, and a bibliography from 1826 is
given.

NOTICES.

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CONTENTS.

FAQB.

Eradication of Ticks and Lice in Sheep in Tasmania 1

Malaria Prophylaxis on board a German Warship 1

A new species of Simulium from Texas 2

An improved Damp Chamber for Breeding Mosquitos 2

The use of Sheep ior eradicating the Spotted Fever Tick in Montana 2

Phlebotomus in Corsica 4

Mosquito Reduction on the Ivory Coast 5

A new Acarid Parasite of the House Fly in U.S.A. 6

Bot-fly larva in the Human Eye 6

Synopsis of African and Oriental Anophelines 6

Biology of Stegomyia fasciata in Somaliland 7

A method for keeping Fhlebotomus alive in Captivity 7

The Geographical Distribution of Stomoxys calcitrans 8

Relapsing Fever in British Somaliland 8

The Transmission of Typhoid by Ants and of Trypanosomes by

House-Flies ,

Trapping Sheep-maggot Plies in Queensland

Wild Duck as destroyers of Mosquito Larvae

The Transmission of Trypanosoma rhodesiense by Glossina palpalis

Blood-sucking Flies and Ticks in N. Australia

Phlebotomus Fever and Papataci Flies in Aden

Report of the Medical Officer in S. Lucia for the year 1912-13

Sleepmg Sickness in the Island of Principe (Review)

Tabanidae on Mules

The Queen Blow-Fly {Phorrnia regina) in New York State . . .

9
10
10
11
11
12
13
13
16
16

VOL. II. Sep. B. Part 2— pp. 17^0, FEBRUARY, 1914.

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IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l>onorarp Committee of fl^anadement.

THE EARL OF CROMER, G.C.B., O.M., G.C.M.6., Chairman.

Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Mr, E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MgFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G,, F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. F. H. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Mr. H. J. Read, C.M.G., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.

College, Wye.
Mr. J. A. C. Tilley, Foreign Office.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

(Beneral Secretary.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director anD BDltor.
Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

assistant :60itot.
Mr. W. North.

Head Offi^. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.
Pvhliccdion Offi/x. — 27, Elvaston Place, London, S.W.

Shilston (A. D). The Preparation of Caustic Soda and Sulphur

Dip. — Agric. Journ., U. of S. Africa, Pretoria, vi, no. 5, Nov.
1913, pp. 746-749.

During the course of a series of experiments which were carried out
to ascertain whether the caustic soda and sulphur dip exerted any
injurious effect on the health of sheep, departures from the correct
method of preparation, such as might easily occur on the farm, were
adopted, and the composition of the resulting mixtures tested.
Although solutions of caustic soda have a solvent action on wool,
compounds formed by the union of caustic soda and sulphur have no
such effect, and though after dipping the sulphur compounds in the
fleece may undergo oxidation, it is impossible for caustic soda to be set
free by scouring. In the formula recommended for preparing 100
gallons of this dip, 5 lb. of caustic soda should unite with 7f lb. of
sulphur, leaving 12 j lb. of sulphur undissolved, and if the given
directions are followed, little free caustic soda remains. Boiling water
should be used. If too much water is used, or if the water is
considerably below boiling point, little chemical action occurs, and
not only is such fluid dangerous to use, but it is also ineffective. The
fusion of the undissolved sulphur into lumps can be avoided by adding
the caustic soda slowly, or by pouring in a little more water when the
reaction is very energetic. Experiments were made to ascertain
whether a more uniform result could not be obtained by boiling the
ingredients, instead of relying on the activity of the chemical reaction
for the production of the necessary heat. The degree of reaction of the
caustic soda and sulphur can be determined by ascertaining the amount
of undissolved sulphur by testing the specific gravity of the fluid or its
alkalinity. It was found that boiling the correctly mixed fluid for
ten minutes is sufficient to complete the chemical reaction. If the
mixing has been improperly carried out, boiling is the surest means of
producing a fluid of uniform composition. Boiling water for mixing
the sulphur paste is not necessary if the mixture is to be boiled
afterwards.

Mosquitos and "Millions." — Agric. Journ., U. of S. Africa, Pretoria,
vi, no. 5, Nov. 1913, p. 829.

The Anti-Malarial Association was instrumental in importing a
consignment of the West Indian fish, known as " Millions," with a
view to acclimatising them in South Africa. The two lots of fish,
consigned to the Transvaal Trout Acclimatisation's Hatcheries at
Potchefstroom, and to the Pongola Rubber Estate Company in Zulu-
land, ultimately disappeared. The fish consigned to the Stellenbosch
Hatcheries have made excellent progress, and the Curator is hoping
to be able to distribute small lots of fish to suitable places during the
coming season.

Russell (H.). The Flea.— Camb. Manuals of Science and Literature,
Camb. Univ. Press, 1913, 125 pp., 9 figs.

The author says in his preface that this book is intended- toLgive in
plain language some account of a small but nofe\yoithy' groir^ of

(C14) Wt.P.11/12— 2G.3.13. 1,500. 2.14. B.&.F.Xtd. G

J.ll 3 A /, \

insects. Technical terms have been avoided as far as possible, and
Avhenever used are explained.

In the introductory chapter the general distribution of fleas on
animals is set out, with a brief statement of their life-history, and in this
a large amount of information is put together of considerable interest
to the uninitiated, who will perhaps be surprised to learn that monkeys
have no fleas. The importance of the study of flea 5 as the undoubted
carriers of plague and possible carriers of other diseases, is emphasised.
Three chapters are devoted to descriptions of the external structure,
the mouth-parts, sense-organs and internal organs of the flea. The
human flea {Prilex irritans) and others, which occasionally attack man,
including the Chigoe, are described. Another chapter is devoted to the
consideration of the relation of fleas to plague. The habits of the rats
which specially serve as hosts, and the fleas which particularly afTect
rats and bats are discussed at some length. In an appendix a list is
given of the British fleas with their hosts, revised to March 1913,
which includes 46 species, while another appendix contains simple
instructions for capturing and preserving fleas. A general biblio-
graphy is given, followed by a list of seven works dealing chiefly with
fleas in their relation to plague.

Cousins (H. H.). Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture
for the year ended 31st March 1913. — Jamaica, Kingston, 1913,
p. 4.

Among his general observations, the Director of Agriculture of
Jamaica reports on the efficiency of the Trypan Blue treatment for tick
fever. He states that of the 14 pedigree Red Poll cows imported in
April last from England, only one died during the year, while 13 calves
from these cows have been reared to date. Trypan Blue has also been
used with marked effect on cattle which were suffering severely from
tick fever. The best preventive of this disease with native cattle is
systematic spraying for ticks.

In the Departmental wash of " Paranaph " and Cooper's Dip,
arsenite of soda (80 per cent, strength) has been substituted for the
Cooper's Dip. This tick remedy has proved a success. An improved
form of the " Abol " syringe has been found to be a very efficient
implement for the spraying of cattle. At Hope, the imported cattle
are stabled permanently, since the farm is invaded by millions of ticks
from surrounding lands where nothing is done to check them. Ticks
in Jamaica can only be dealt with by general and compulsory measures,
and the eradication of ticks is a sine qxa non for the improvement of
beef and dairy cattle in the island.

It is also reported that owing to the serious risks of plague-rats
effecting an entry into the island in consequence of ship communi-
cation with Havana, just before plague was announced in that city last
summer, an energetic campaign of rat destruction was carried out.
The original attempts at eradicating rats by engendering a plague of
"rat typhoid" were a failure. The inoculated rats developed the
disease and died, but it did not spread to any extent among the rat
comniunity. Simple chemical poisons have"^ been found the most
effective, and the standard mixture used was arsenious oxide and
barium carbonate

Geaham-Smith (G. S.). Flies in Relation to Disease (Non-blood-
sucking flies). — C(()nbrid<je Universilij Press, 1913. 292 pp.. 24 pis.,
32 figs. [XOs. i)d.)

The author claims that a very strong case has already been made
out for the thorough investigation of the relationship of non-biting
flies to disease, but he says that in order to determine with any degree
of certainty the part really played by flies, there is great need of a
large amount of epidemiological evidence, of which, at present, very
little is available. In order to meet the requirements of various
classes of readers, the author has printed those portions of this book
which relate to matters of general interest and importance, in large
type, and in them, as far as practicable, has avoided the use of tech-
nical terms. Those portions which concern the expert have been
printed in smaller type. The author devotes 35 pages to the species
of non-blood-sucking flies found in houses, giving a description of each,
together with theessential charactersby which they may bedistinguished.
A table is given which shows, from observations made in the
United States and in London, Manchester and Birmingham, that
Musca domestica ioxxws, 82 percent.. Fannia c«mc(/?ffm 14 per cent.,
and other species, 4 per cent, of the flies found in houses and places
where food is exposed. The species described and figured are —
Musca domestica, L., M. eiitaetiiuta, Big., M. corviiKt, F., Calliphom
enjthrocepJiala, Mg., romitoria, L., Liicllia caesar, L., Pollenia riidis,
F., Muscina stabulans. Fall., Fannia canicularis, L., F. scalaris. F.,
Anthomyia radicuni, L., Sarcojihaga carnaria, L., Sepsis pundvtn,
Mg., Piophila casei, L., Scafophaga stercoraria, L., Drosophila fenestra-
rum, Fall., and Scenopinns fenesfralis, L., and m each case an account
is given of the distribution and habits.

A chapter is devoted to the life-history of the house-fly {Musca
domestica), and then follow chapters on the internal anatomy of this
species and the habits of adult flies, with special reference to range
of flight, outdoor habits, indoor habits, hibernation, etc. Another
short chapter is devoted to methods of observing flies in captivity,
and a fly cage used by the author is figured. Previous observers
have used large cages and have succeeded in keeping flies alive ni them
for several days ; the advantage of the author's pattern of cage is
that it IS small and easily handled, and by daily transfer to similar
fresh cages, he has been able to keep flies alive for more than three
weeks. He then discusses the ways in which flies carry and distribute
bacteria, with special reference to Bacillus prodigiosus. from which
it appears that this bacterium may be cultivated from the legs and
wings of infected flies for 18 hours (sometimes longer) after infectif)n.
They can be cultivated from the contents of the crop and intestine
in large numbers up to four or five days, and have been found surviving
in the intestine up to 18 days. Flies allowed to walk over plates
covered with agar-agar are capable of infecting them (probably bv
means of material regurgitated through the proboscis) for at least
seven days : they are capable of infecting sugar for at least two davs ;
flies fed on milk deposited infected faeces during seven days, on syrup
during four days, and on sputum for two days. Milk is frequentlv
contaminated by infected flies, whether they merely drink it or fall
into it. Conclusions arrived at in New York and Liverpool, from

(C14) A 2

investigations made on city flies, show that these insects carry both
on and in their bodies, very large numbers of bacteria, many of which
are derived from faecal material.

The author gives at some length such evidence as exists as to the
period of survival of micro-organisms ingested by the larvae in the
adult flv. The evidence as to pathogenic bacilli in this respect is
not very conclusive, but it must not be forgotten that under natural
conditions, flies which emerge from infected larvae may be able to
re-infect themselves if the contaminating organism still survives m
material surrounding the pupae.

The question of the carriage of typhoid fever by flies is discussed at
some length. The author is satisfied that flies, if suitable oppor-
tunities of visiting infected material occur, may carry and distribute
organisms of this type for several days. A lengthy chapter is devoted
to summer diarrhoea in relation to flies, and the author says that both
the entomological and bacteriological evidence is so suggestive and
the disease is of such importance, that an attempt to settle definitely
the connection between flies and summer diarrhoea, by experimental
preventive measures against flies in a selected area, seems now justi-
fiable. Cholera, tuberculosis, anthrax, diphtheria and ophthalmia are
dealt with, and the author then proceeds to discuss certain non-bac-
terial diseases in this connection, poliomyelitis, small-pox, tropical
sore, trypanosomiasis and yaws.

Another chapter is devoted to the consideration of the part played
by flies in the dispersal of the eggs of parasitic worms. The author
considers the evidence up to the present as unsatisfactory, but, provided
the ova are not too large, flies can ingest them and deposit them
uninjured in their faeces in some cases up to the third day at least.
The ova may also be carried on their legs or bodies, and thus food and
fluids may be contaminated. The question of myiasis is also discussed
at some length.

The concludmg chapters of the book deal with the diseases of flies,
their parasites and their enemies, and Howard's list of flies frequenting
human faeces is quoted. Measures of control are then discussed, and
the final chapter consists of a summary and conclusions. A very
complete bibliography, extending over IT pages, closes the book, which
contains a great mass of well-arranged information, and constitutes
a valuable summary of the whole subject.

Neish (W. D.). The Tabanidae and Anophelines of Jamaica. — Report
of the District Medical Officer, Spanish Toidk Jaitmica,
August 1913, 3 pp.

In a letter from Dr. W. D. Neish, District Medical Officer, Spanish
ToAvn, to the Superintending Medical Ofl[icer, the folloAnng list of
Tabanidae, so far known to occur in the island is given : — Chrysops
costatns, ¥., Lepidoselaga lejndota, Wied., Tabanus alene, Towns..
T. angustifrons. Towns., T. hicididus, Walker, T. obliqiivs, Walker,
T. nifiventris. Walker, T. trilineaius, Latr., T. parallehis, Walker.
With the exception of Chrysops costatns, all the Tabanidae are
exceedingly rare in Jamaica. So far as is known, none transmits any
disease. Reference is also made to two species of Aiiopheles. Nothing
is known as to the habits of Anopheles veslilijjennis, Dyar and Knab,

and it is not known to cany malaria ; it occurs in Guatemala, Mexico,
Cuba and Jamaica. A. crucians, Wied., has a southerly and easterly
distribution in the United States, ranging as far north as Long Island.
It is called the '" daylight anopheles " in America, and is a great
nuisance to travellers on the Mississippi. It occurs in Cuba, and
specimens have been found in Jamaica, at Montego Bay, Black River,
and Annotto Bay. This mosquito is known to carry malaria. Since
the antimalarial crusade there has been a marked improvement in
conditions generally over the island.

Laurie (D. F.). Parasites o[ Poultry. — Dept. Ayric, S. Ausfmlia,
Adelaide, Bull no. 80, 1913, 24 pp., 34 pis.

In this paper the author follows up his researches into the life-
history of the poultry tick [see this Review, i, Ser. B, p. 23], with
descriptions and illustrations of other ecto-parasites affecting poultry,
which often cause serious losses. Poultry infected by parasites are
prone to disease, because they become weak through loss of blood in
some cases, and through the effects of irritation in others. Ecto-
parasites may act as carriers and distributors of disease organisms,
as is known to be the case with the poultry tick.

Denrianyssxs gaUinae, Redi, a Gamasid mite, has the rostrum
arranged for pricking or sucking. This species is commonly known
as the red poultry mite, and is essentially nocturnal, living in the day-
time in cracks, under the perches, etc. It seems to be a cosmopolitan
parasite, and is troublesome wherever poultry are kept. These mites
have not yet proved to be carriers of harmful organisms, but the
extraordinary numbers in which they congregate, and their rapacitv
as blood-suckers, soon lead to an anaemic condition of the infested
birds. To eradicate red mites from a poultry house, various insecticides,
which kill them at once, can be used, and like the tick, they succumb
to kerosene. Sitting hens require to be periodically examined for
these pests. The use of wooden nest-boxes is to be deprecated, for
if infested, they will need saturating with kerosene emulsion or some
other insecticide. It is a common practice on farms to allow poultry
to roost in sheds w^here cattle and horses are fed. Neumann quotes
a case where the inner ear of a cow was found to be invaded by Der-
manyssus, which had tunnelled through and were the indirect cause
of death. Formalin in K) per cent, solution is a very effective remedy,
and maybe freely used for farm sheds, bird-cages, poultry-vards, etc.,
to eradicate this parasite.

The poultry lice are not blood-suckers, but feed either on the feathers
or on portions of the epidermis : however, when present in numbers,
they undoubtedly irritate the skin, and may cause serious loss of
condition, and even death. Ordinary good insect powders shaken
freely among the feathers will destroy these parasites. The appli-
cation of kerosine (one part) and olive oil (three parts) is effective,
but subsequent contact with dust gives the oiled feathers a dirty
appearance. Any good dip — kerosine emulsion, 10 per cent. : formahn
2 per cent. ; or coal-tar by-products, 2 per cent, to 5 per cent. — will
destroy both parasites and eggs. Menopon pallidum and M. biseriatum
are mentioned, the latter occurring also on the turkey, pheasant and
pigeon. Goniocoles giyus, Tasch., has also been found in South

Australia on fowls, but is stated to be uncommon. All poultry runs
should be provided with dust-baths, consisting of fine road dust, to
which may be added a little wood ashes and sulphu.r. In these the
fowls rid themselves of the parasites, which are smothered by the
fine dust.

Strickland (C). The Philosophy of Piping as a Preventive of
Paludism.— .45rr/c. Bull. Fed. Malay States, ii, no. 2, Sept. 1913,
pp. 36-42.

The author regards subsoil drainage by means of pipes as the only
effective anti-malarial measure in dealing with water-logged land,
for though more expensive in first cost than open drains, it is nuich
more effective. In three cases in which it is reported to have failed,
the failure was due to insufficient extension of the system, whilst
when it had been properly carried out, the general local health has
improved and malaria diminished. He regards the provision of pipe
drainage sufficient to carry off all surface water as unnecessary and
as a needless expense.

PixKUS (H.). The Life-History and Habits of Spalangia )nuscidarum,
Richardson : a parasite of the Stable-Fly. — Pysehe, Boston,
XX, no. 5, Oct. 1913, pp. 148-158, 1 pi., 1 fig.

Durmg the course of some experiments on the life-history of the
stable-fiy, Slomoxys calcitrans, L., two parasites belonging to the
family Pteromalidae were found breeding in large numbers in the
puparia of the fly. One was undetermined ; the other was described
by Mr. C. H. Richardson as Spakmgia muscidanmi. The latter species
appears to have a wide distribution ; it has been bred from the house-
fly {Musca domestica) near Boston and at AVashington, and from
Stomoxys in Texas. Kansas and Louisiana.

The adult parasite is a scavenger in habit, preferring to feed on the
remains of the host than on food, such as honey, which may be given
to it. The female does not usually deposit more than a single egg in
the same host, but will readily oviposit in many species of dipterous
pupae, apparently havmg no preference. In addition to Stcmoxys,
the following species have been parasitised experimentally : — Mvsca
domestica, L., Lyperosia irritans, L., Helicobia qxadnsetosa, Coq., and
PseudopyreUia cornicina, F. In nature, the stable-fly is undoubtedly
the principal host.

The period of development varies with the host and also with the
temperature.. In S. calcitrans, at a temperature of 56°-58° F., the
period was 84 days ; in M. domestica, 106 days. Parasites developed
from the egg to the adult in 100 days in L. irritans, at the same
temperature as above, but m the same host and at a temperature
considerably higher, the period was only 88 days. Examination of
puparia kept out of doors during the winter of 1912-13, showed that
a few adults emerged durmg warm weather, but the majority of the
immature stages appeared to continue developing very slowly, and
it was thought that they would not emerge until the spring.

The author suggests that these C'halcids would be an asset in com-
bating the stable-fly, if it were possible to obtain mature adults early

in the spring, and lie describes a method for the artificial propagation
of the parasite, which results in the early production of the adults.
Since Spalangia does not discriminate between various species of fly
puparia, the work of artificial propagation is greatly facilitated. For
the breeding of the parasites, the author devised a cage made from
an empty honey box, measuring 8 x 14 x 9| inches ; glass is closely
fitted in the front and top, and a hole 4 inches in diameter is cut in either
end. Around the inside edge of each hole is tacked one end of a cuff
of soft muslin cloth : these should be about 9 inches in length, the outer
end being gathered with an elastic, so as to fit the wrist of the operator
closely when the hands are inserted into the box ; when not in use,
the cuffs are tied up. A hole 1 inch in diameter is cut in the bottom of
the cage, which with the exception of this hole, is covered with oil
cloth, above which a layer of white blotting paper completely covers
the bottom of the cage ; a narrow strip of blotting paper is sewn to
the large piece in such a position as to extend through the hole in the
bottom of the cage into a vessel containing water beneath ; this keeps
the blotting paper layer always moist. The cage is mounted on four
legs 3| ill. long. A small amount of damp straw is then placed in the
cage on the blotting paper. When the cage is ready, the parasites,
either in the adult or larval stage, are introduced ; if adult parasites
be put into the cage, the pupae from which they emerged should accom-
pany them 111 order to furnish food and protection. Unparasitised
pupae should then be introduced from time to time. The cage must
be kept in direct sunlight and in a warm room, at a temperature of
75°-80° F. A week or two after the first pupae have been exposed
to the parasites, they should be put in a separate place, and fresh
pupae added ; the parasitised pupae may be recognised by their dark
colour. As the parasites emerge, they should be transferred into
breeding boxes as described. When a sufficient number of Spalangia
has emerged to proceed with breeding, the other puparia parasitised
in the cages should be examined. When it is found that most of the
parasites are in the pupal stage, the entire lot should be removed to
a refrigerator or cold storage room in which the temperature is kept
uniformly between 50° and 55° F. These temperatures check develop-
ment, and retard emergence until a few weeks before it is planned to
liberate the insects in the field. Parasites should always be liberated
near barns or straw stacks, where flies are known to be breeding.

Richardson (C. H.). Studies on the Habits and Development of a
Hymenopterous Parasite, Spalangia muscidanun, Richardson.
~JJ. Morph.,Phikidelphia, xxiv,no. 4, 20th Dec. 1913, pp. 513-549,
4 pi.

The genus Spalangia is widely distributed throughout North America
and Europe ; a number have also been recorded from Central and South
America and the Hawaiian Islands. The}^ appear to be absent from
Australia, Asia and Africa, but this may be due to the lack of a thorough
search for them. A list of the 28 recognised species is given, with the
particular region in which each occurs. Although a decided preference
is shown for Diptera as hosts, their parasitism is not restricted to this
order, and some attack Lepidoptera, while others are myrmecophilous.
The following is a list of insects with the name of the species by which

they are parasitised : — Diptera : Drosophila sp. by S. drosophilae,
Ashm. ; Lyjjerosia irritans, L., by S. haematobiae, Ashm. ; Musca
domestica, L., Stomoxys calcitrans, L., and L. irritans by S. muscidarum,
Richardson ; M. domestica, L., by S. nigra, Latr.; Lasiojjfera erynagii,
Giraud, by S. fuscipes, Ness ; and M. domestica, L., by S. hirta, Hal.
Lepidoptera : Coleophora giraudi, Giraud, by *S. nigra. The
myrmecophilous species are : — S. erytkromera, Forster, and *S'.
formicaria, Kieffer, both associated with Lasius fuliginosus.

A full description is given of the development and life-history of
S. muscidarum, with a brief account of hypermetamorphosis in the
order Hymenoptera. The effect of the parasite upon the host is
slowly to consume the blood plasma of the latter, reducincr the puparium
to a flattened mass of cuticle.

Regarding the economic importance of >S'. muscidarum, the author
says that the investigation was undertaken too late in the autumn to
obtain definite results. The highest proportion of parasitised house-
fly puparia was noted on 5th October 1912, when nine Spalangia larvae
and pupae were removed from 22 puparia. On another occasion, five
larvae and pupae were taken from 101 fly puparia. Bishopp found
S. muscidarum to be a parasite of Stomoxys calcitrans, Lyperosia
irritans [Haematobia serrata) and 31. domestica in Texas. In an
examination of 2,500 puparia of Stomoxys, 40 per cent, were found to be
parasitised by this and another undetermined Pteromalid. Reference
is made to the foregoing paper by H. Pinkus, and a full bibliography
is added.

Urich (F. W.). Mosquitos of Trinidad. — Proc. Agric. Soc. Trinidad
and Tobago, xiii, no. 10, Oct. 1913, pp. 525-530.

Attention is called by the author to the great loss planters sustain
through preventible diseases. Besides loss of work through malaria,
stock, especially horses, mules, and donkeys are affected by mosquitos,
and the blood lost may account at times for that weakened state of
some of the animals, which goes by the general name of " falling off."'
Seventy-three species of mosquitos are listed for Trinidad, but so far
as known only three are closely associated with man. They are :
Stegomyia fasciata {Aedes calopus), commonly called " The Stegomyia,"
Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles tarsimaculatus. A. tarsima-
culatus is the commonest of the seven species of Anojiheles in the island,
and is there the principal carrier of the malaria parasite. Closely
allied to A. tarsimaculatus is A. argyritis, a comparatively rare insect.
The other species are forest and cacao-dwellers. A. bellator breeds in
the w^ater which accumulates in the leaf-axils of wild pine-apple, and
A. eiseni frequents the Northern Range, where its larvae live in pot-
holes of rocks and in the dry beds of streams : it has also been found in
tree-holes in Panama by A. H. Jennings. The MegarJtini are large-
and showy mosquitos, but in spite of their size they are harmlet;?,
subsisting on the nectar of flowers, especially those of Christmas-bush
and black sage. The larvae are very voracious and devour other
mosquito larvae found near them. M. trinidadensis is semi-domes-
ticated, being found in Port-of-Spain in water containing the larvae of
Stegomyia and Culex quinquefasciatus. Out of the town. M. trinida-
densis occurs in tree-holes, M. superbus and M. iris being confined to
wild pine-apple. Taeniorhynchus {Mansonia) tilill((ns is at times very

troublesome on the large rivers and near the coast. The species of the
genus Janthinosoma are essentially field mosquitos, and at times occur
in large swarms in the cacao estates and in the woods. They are
voracious blood-suckers, and lately J. liitzii has been found by Dr.
Nunez Tova to be the carrier of the eggs of Dennatobia (mosquito
worm) to man and animals. Aedes scapularis and A. serratus are com-
mon in the woods and cacao plantations ; the former can be recognised
by the white silvery spot on the thorax, and the latter by the single
silvery line on the back of the thorax. A. taeniorhynchus is a black
mosquito, which is often very numerous and troublesome. Aedes
sexlineata is common in the cacao plantations and in woods, but its
larvae have never been found, being probably tree-hole dwellers. The
genus Haemagogus is represented by the metallic green and blue
mosquitos that attack man in the woods and among cacao.
Deinocerites troglodytus is a crab-hole mosquito, living near the crab-
holes in the water of which its larvae dwell. The author's experience
is that it is a timid blood-sucker, biting in the field. The Sabethinae
are all bromelia or tree-hole dwellers. The species of ]Vyeo)Jii/>a bite
in the field, and in flight carry their legs all curled up. Also a biter in
the field is Sabetkinus, a genus of metallic blue colour. JobJolui
digitatus is a fairly large mosquito with white tarsi seen around cacao
heaps, in the broken shells of which it breeds when they contain water.
The list of mosquitos is followed by a summary of the remedial measures
that should be taken against them.

Macfie (Dr. J. W. S.). Preliminary Note on the Development of a
Human Trypanosome in the Gut of Sioitwxgs nigra. — A»n. Trop.
Med. Parasit., Liverpool, Series T.M., vii, no. 33. 7th Nov. 1913,
pp. 359-362, 1 fig.

The role of Stomoxys in the transmission of trypanosomiasis has been
much discussed. In May 1913, the author made some experiments
on the subject at the Medical Research Institute, Lagos. At the end
of May and at the beginning of June a number of S. nigra caught in the
laboratory were fed on a guinea-pig infected with the trypanosome
from a case of sleeping sickness from Eket in Southern Nigeria. This
trypanosome differed in several respects from T. gaiitbiense. Thirteen
flies w^ere dissected from one to six days after the first infecting feed.
In six, flagellates [Herpetomonas) were found in the mid-gut. As a
control, twelve flies not fed on the infected animal were dissected and
found to have no flagellates. To exclude the possibility of previous
infection, experiments were begun with flies bred in the laboratory.
On 14th June one S. nigra, which had emerged the previous day, was
fed on the infected guinea-pig. On 17th June, the fly was dissected
and Herpetomonas was found in the mid-gut only. On 28th June,
another bred fly was fed on the infected guinea-pig. It was dissected
on 2nd July, and Herpetomonas found in its mid-gut. Two flies also
bred out in the laboratory, but not fed on the infected guinea-pig, were
dissected and found to contain no flagellates. These experiments
would seem to prove that the trypanosome, with which the guinea-
pig was infected, was capable of development in the gut of Stoinoxys
nigra, and thus this fly is probably capable of serving as the inter-

mediary host of human trypanosomiasis. At this stage the experi-
ments had to be abandoned.

KoTH (P. B.). Report and Remarks on a Small Epidemic of Polio-
myelitis.— The Lancet, London, 15th Nov. 1913 ; Reprint 8 pp.,
3 figs.

This epidemic consisted of six cases, which occurred in five small
villages around Deddington, Oxfordshire, between 9th August and
15th September 1911. There was no death. The nature of the onset,
the pai'ts afiected and the recovery of each case is described. The
c^uestion of how the infection could have been conveyed in this epidemic
is of interest. The impossibility of direct infection is clear, owing to
the distances between the cases, which arose one after the other in a
circular course. The author states that the only point in their environ-
ment which was the same in all the cases, was the close proximity of
stables. It has been demonstrated conclusively that poliomyelitis
can be transmitted from monkey to monkey through the agency of the
stable fly (Stowoxys calcitrans). This fly is also found in large numbers
in this country and is sometimes mistaken for Musca domestica (the
house-fl}'). It breeds in decaying vegetable matter, and is found about
stables and cowsheds. It is most prevalent in August and September,
and attacks human beings, horses and cattle. A disease in horses,
which seems closely allied to poliomyelitis, has been recently discovered
at Borna, near Leipzig, and named the " Bornasche Krankheit." The
infective material (in the laboratory) is very resistant to cold, and the
disease much more common in warm weather, and yet the epidemics
stop as soon as the cooler weather comes, seeming to suggest that the
infection is carried by some insect that is killed or disappears as soon
as summer ends. From a consideration of the cases, it would seem that
this epidemic was originated by infected Stomoocys biting Case I. in the
cattle-yard at Fritwell ; that the nifected patient was bitten by other
Stomoxys, which in turn became infected, and were carried by horses
or cattle or on carts and waggons through other villages, biting in turn
the other children. If this theory should prove to be correct, viz., the
transmission of poliomyelitis by Stomoxys, then it should be possible,
by a wholesale crusade against this fly, to banish the disease from large
regions of the globe.

Edwards (F. W.). New Synonymy in Oriental Culicidae. — Bull.
Entom. Research, London, iv, pt. 3, Nov. 1913, pp. 221-242.

In connection wath the preparation of a tabular synopsis of the
Oriental mosquitos, the author has found it necessary to make many
corrections in the nomenclature, which are here set forth. In all, 63
species are dealt with, and no less than 80 specific names are sunk,
while the probable synonymy of eight or ten others is suggested ;
two new names are proposed.

Simpson (J. J.). Entomological Research in British West Africa.
IV. Sierra Leone. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, iv, pt. 3,
Nov. 1913, pp. 151-190, 5 pi., 1 map.

The present paper is the fourth of the series by the same author

upon his eiitoniological investigations in West Africa [Bull. Entom.
Research, ii, pp. 187-239 ; ii, pp. 301-356 ; iii, pp. 137-193]. These
investigations took the form of tours in the various Colonies for the
purpose of studying the mode of occurrence and the distribution of all
blood-sucking insects, in view of their potential poAver to transmit
diseases, and with the further object of stimulating medical officers
and others to interest themselves in this direction. From March to
November 1912, the author journeyed continuously in Sierra Leone.
An account is given of the general physical features of the country,
its vegetation, rainfall, etc., while the accompanying map shows the
areas in which the different species of Glossina occurred. After
describing the tour in general, the author goes on to enumerate the
species of blood-sucking insects and other Arthropods which occur in
Sierra Leone. The Diptera include 17 species of Culicidae, 30
species of Tabaxidap:, five species of Muscidae. one Culicoides and one
Sinndiuni ; in addition to these there are three species of fleas and
ten of ticks. The native names for the more familiar insects are
given.

Regarding the insect-borne diseases, the author says that the most
prevalent of these is malaria ; very little is known as to the actual
species of mosc^uitos responsible for its transmission, but probably
A^iopheles fioiestus and A. costalis are involved. The disease is on the
decrease, o^ving to the use of mosquito nets, and moscjuito-proof rooms,
the use of Cjuinine, the segregation of European from native quarters,
and the sanitary measures adopted for the diminution of the number of
mosquitos. Yellow fever has recently occurred in Freetown, where the
species Stegomyia fasciata is ubi<iuitous, but stringent measures are
being adopted for its diminution. Only one case of sleeping sickness
has been recorded from Sierra Leone ; other suspicious cases examined
showed no trypanosomes. Trypanosomiasis is very prevalent among
stock, but does not cause a heavy mortality.

The genus Glossina is represented in Sierra Leone by five species,
namely : — G. palpalis, G. fusca, G. kyngipalpis, G. paUicera, and G.
nigrqfusca. The genus Sfegoniyia is represented by three species,
namely : — S. fasciata, S. siigens, and S. apicoargentea . The distribution
of these species is given. A list is given of the various ecto- and endo-
parasites from mammals, birds and reptiles examined.

Knab (F.). a Note on some American Simultidae. — Insecidor
Insciliae Moustnais, Washiia/foii, i, no. 12, Dec. 191 3. pp.
154-150.

The nomenclature of certain species of SiinnliinH is discussed.
A new Siniulium from Venezuela was described by Roubaud in 190(j
under the name S. exiguum ; in 1909 a different species from Brazil
was described by Dr. A. Lutz, under the same name ; in 1911, Surcouf
and (Jonzalez Rincores proposed the name ;S. niinutum for the S.
exiguum of Lutz ; this name is also preoccupied, having been given to
a North American species by Lugger in 1896. The author, therefore,
proposes the new name Simulmm lutzi for the species of Lutz. He
also indicates that S. bipuncta(u)n, Malloch. is a synonym of S. dmelhi,
Joan.

Patton (W. S.)- CuUcoides Kiefferi, sp. n., a new Indian Blood-
Sucking Midge. — Indian JI. of Med. Research, Calcutta, i. no. 2,
Oct. 1913, pp. 336-338, 1 pi.

This midge was first caught by Captain Cragg, I. M.S., in the cold
weather of 1912, biting the calves used for purposes of vaccination at
the King Institute, Madras. At present no species of CuUcoides is
suspected of being the host of any pathogenic parasite. The females
bite in the early morning and occur in large numbers on the shaved
abdomens of the calves from November to April. This midge bites
man, but its chief host appears to be cattle.

James (S. P.). The Protection of India from Yellow Fever. — Indum
Jl. of Med. Research, Calcutta, i, no. 2, Oct. 1913, pp. 213-257,
1 map, 3 plans.

Yellow fever has not yet reached India, although the conditions
there are favourable to the disease. By many it has been feared that
the opening of the Panama Canal will increase this danger by providing
a direct route to Asia and India from Europe, but a table giving the
length of the various routes shows that those via Panama are, on the
whole, longer than those rid the Suez Canal, and hence these long direct
routes will probably not be used. It is pointed out that the spread of
yellow fever to India may result as a secondary event consequent upon
the infection of ports further east. This is also very unlikely, since
every precaution is taken in dealing with traffic from the endemic area.
As a guard against the spread of the disease. Major James recommends
that " intelligence officers " might be appointed to hold stations in,
and on the routes from, the endemic areas in America. These officers
would supply continuous first-hand information concerning the disease
to India. A more complete knowledge of the destruction of Stegomyia
scutellaris and S.fasciata and of matters in connection with the etiology
and prevention of the disease is desirable. The author would also urge
India to take every possible step to reduce the breeding places of
Stegomyia mosquitos. An account is given of the many ports visited by
Major James in connection with this problem. It is especially noted
that the arrangements for the prevention of the entry of infectious
diseases into Japan are far from satisfactory. Anopheles sinensis,
Culex fatigans, Armigeres ventralis and Stegomyia scutellaris are said
to occur at Shanghai. It is doubtful whether S.fasciata exists here or
in Hong Kong.* Both S.fasciata and S. scutellaris occur in Singapore.
The sanitary and quarantine arrangements of these places are also
described.

James (S. P.). Note on the Practicability of Stegomyia Reduction in
Indian Seaports. — Indian Jl. of Med. Research, Calcutta, i, no. 2,
Oct. 1913, pp. 258-262.

Owing to the social and political difficulties connected with the
institution of sanitary reforms in India, the plan of campaign for

* [Six speoiniensof -S'./rtsc/ato have recently been received by the Imperiiil
Biiioau ot Entomology from Hong Kong, together with several thousands
of S. ^('iiiellaris. — Ed.]

accomplishing Ste(/otni/l(( reduction in that country must be quite
diflerent from that usually recommended elsewhere. In most seaj^orts
the low-pressure water-supply necessitates the use of water-storing
receptacles, which form the chief breeding places of Sfegomyia fasciata .
The introduction of a constant high pressure water-supply would
justify a campaign against these receptacles, and would lead to their
automatic disuse, a course which would be more effective than a
campaign against the water in which mosquitos breed, especially as the
latter would necessitate throwing open the houses to inspectors.
Persuasive measures should be used at present, though few objections
(religious or otherwise) have been raised by the householders against
the provision of a sufficient and constantly available water-supply.
By this plan the main position would be carried and the completion of
the task of reducing Stegomijia would become a question of tactics,
dift'ering in different places. As regards measures in the interior of
houses, any attempt to deal with them at present is not advocated.
Outside the houses breeding places such as discarded tins, bottles, etc.,
can be effectively dealt with and roof gutters should never be permitted
in the tropics. The provision of a constant water-supply is a costly
measure, but for international reasons it is advisable to raise the standard
of sanitation in the large Indian sea-ports. The harbour of Madras
and an area in Georgetown would be most suitable for a first experiment,
owing to its favourable conditions for the breeding of Slegoinyia. A
scheme for a constant water-supply is at present being carried out in
G-eorgetown.

TowNSEND (C. H. T.). El Vector de la Verruga. [The carrier of
Verruga]. — Nohci<(,s, Lima, no. 22. 15th Xov. 1913, p. 7.

The author has communicated to the Latin American Medical
Congress what he considers to be scientific proof that the Phlebnfomus
discovered by him in the area of Matucana, Peru, is the carrier of
verruga, which he has succeeded in transmitting in the laboratory to
two more animals, a dog {Canis caraihicus) and a monkey [Cebus
capi(cinus). The former animal was injected with an extract of
PJilebotonius caught at Quebrada de Verruga ; the other was exposed
in a place next to a wall from which Phlebotomus emerged in great
numbers every night. It was kept in this place from 10th October
to 6th November, and on 11th and r2th November the blood of this
monkey was found to contain true Barton bodies, and on the 13th
the characteristic eruption broke out on the monkey's orbits.

The author points out that this is the first time that Barton bodies
have been found in the blood of animals other than man.

GuENAUx (G.). Traitement des Maladies Parasitaires des Olseaux de
Basse-Cour. [Treatment of Parasitic Diseases of Poultry.] — La
Vie Agricole el Rurale, Paris, 8th November, 1913, ii, no. 49,
p. 603.

In this article the author gives several remedies for difterent diseases
of birds including the treatment for tfie attacks of the fowl mite
{Dermanyssus gallinae). The fowl-houses, etc., should be cleaned and
washed with boiling water, the walls and perches being washed over

with quick-lime and carbolic acid. The nests should be renewed or
disinfected with essence of eucalyptus, with turpentine or with petrol.
A good method of disinfecting a nest is to place in it an empty egg into
which has been introduced a sponge soaked with a disinfecting essence,
the aperture in the shell being stopped up with wax ; the fumes escape
through the pores of the shell and so protect the sitting hen. Dis-
infection of the birds is less easy. Insecticide powders can be used,
or the Lagrange method of sulphur fumigation may be employed.
In this method the body of the animal is enclosed in a box, leaving the
head outside. A stick of sulphur is burned in the box and the animal
taken out six or seven minutes afterwards. This operation should be
carried out at night before the parasites leave their hosts. The larvae
of Trombidiidae cause serious trouble among birds. They attach
themselves at the base of the feathers and pierce the skin with their
rostra. The birds can be dusted with flowers of sulphur, treated with
pomade of oxide of zinc or sulphurous pomades, or rubbed with carbolic
acid or vaseline treated with benzine or petroleum. When fowls are
affected by Sarcoptennus nidulans, the swellings are cut, the contents
pressed out and the inside washed with a mixture of balsam of Peru
and alcohol. Another mite disease, caused by Epidernioptes hilohatus
and E. bifiircatus, is rather common, the pests living on the skin and
producing whitish areas. This may also be treated with a mixture of
balsam of Peru and alcohol, or with a solution of cresol.

Carpenter (G. D. H.). Second Report on the Bionomics of Glossina
fuscipes {palpalis) of Uganda. — Repts. Sleeping Sickness Commiss.
Roy. Soc., London, xiv, 1913, pp. 1-37, 1 sketch map, 36 figs., 4
charts.

The author conducted the studies which are described in this paper
on the Island of Bugalla in the north- w^est corner of Lake Victoria.
He describes the locality carefully and notes that where the coast-
line was rocky the forest came to the water, where sandy there was a bit
of foreshore, on which flies were more numerous than elsewhere. In
one such locality pupae were to be found, although none could be
found on another piece of sandy foreshore on the northern side of the
island. The species of Glossina which forms the subject of this report
is the Eastern race of G. palpalis.

Over 9,000 flies were caught and marked in various ways between
18th March and 26th April, 1912, and the longest interval before
recapture was 247-253 days in the case of two male flies (still in good
condition) and 126-131 days in the case of one female fly. This may
be compared with the results of experiments made at Jinja (mainland)
wliich gave 182 days for the female and 149 days for the male. The
author thinks that on the mainland it is probable that the fly will not
live beyond the first dry season which it encounters a few months after
it has hatched out ; whilst on the lake margin flies may be found all
the year through, and probably those which have emerged shortly
before the onset of the dry season are better able to resist adverse
influences. He then goes on to discuss climatic conditions at length
and shows that they have a marked effect upon the total numbers of
flies, the proportions of the sexes and the rate of larviposition. The
number of flies captured per hour was found to vary more or less

directly with the relative humidity of the atmosphere, and the author
says that he constantly found, on days when there had been a little
rain early, followed by the sun shining through the clouds, that the
flies were terribly persistent in their attacks ; but on a brilliantly
fine windy day they were not nearly so desirous of feeding. There
appears to be an inverse relation between the number of flies and the
temperature, but this will be influenced by local conditions affecting
relative humidity. He also is of opinion that there is an inverse
relation between the proportion of feinales and the temperature, and
suggests that the females are more susceptible to heat, which may
account for the much smaller proportion of females on the islands
where the temperature is higher. From figures representing the
number of pupae captured in the same localities by the same fly boys
it seems that there is an intimate relationship between the number of
larvae deposited and the relative humidity.

Seeing that the rate of reproduction of Glossina is abnormally low
for an insect, in that it brings forth only one offspring at a time and
only a total of a dozen or so, there is, the author thinks, strong a priori
evidence against any great destruction of Glossina taking place by the
attacks of enemies : and during 2| years in which he had been studying
the subject he did not succeed in finding any enemies of importance.
No parasites were reared from the many thousands of pupae which
were kept in closely shut boxes with glass lids : and although pupae
were destroyed by an Acarid, it was also found that the same Acarid
attacked pinned insects, and it is possible that the pupae attacked were
alreadv dead. Neither had the author, except on one occasion, found
any insect attacking the newly emerged fly. He also regards it as
improbable that this Glossina is attacked by birds, inasmuch as it
frec|uents bush or forest with thick undergrowth, thus keeping out of
the way of the larger insectivorous birds of powerful flight which would
alone be capable of catching such an active insect. Results of the
examination of the stomachs of 64 insectivorous birds shot while feeding
on the fly-areas of Damba and Bugalla Islands tended to show-
that no Glossina had been consumed. A very abundant species of
dragon fly {Cacergates leucosticia) has been seen to catch and devour
Glossina. Fhes of the family Asilidae have been carefully watched
and on only one occasion was Glossina seen to be captured by one.
Nematodes have been found in the abdominal cavity of \ out of I.OOO
flies.

The next question the author considers is the food supply of
Glossina ; the sources from which it derives blood, and the question
as to whether it feeds on vegetable juices or no, and whether it sucks
up water. In answer to the first question a table is given showing the
proportion of mammalian (M) and non-mammalian blood (N) found
in the flies in three different localities : -linja (mainland), M. 3r5' per
cent., N. 68'5 per cent. ; Damba Is., M. 15'2 per cent., N. 84*8 per
cent. ; Bugalla Is., M. 68"7 per cent., N. 31'3 per cent. : but these
proportions varied greatly from day to day. It was found that 4 per
cent, of the non-mammalian blood in a large ]iumber of flies examined
could be described as avian, and 95" 7 per cent, as reptilian, the latter
being probably derived chiefly from monitor lizards. Amphibian or
ophidian blood was never found. Tlie question whether Glossina
feeds on vegetable juices is a difficult one to answer definitely, though

numerous bodies of a vegetable nature have been found in several
cases in the gut contents. Definite microscopical evidence has been
obtained that occasionally flies do imbibe water.

The proportion of flies infected with trypanosomes varied greatly in
different localities ; thus on Damba Island 885 flies were required to
infect a monkey, whereas on Bugalla Island over 7,000 were required.
Microscopical examinations showed that trypanosomes were twice as
frequent in the wild flies on Damba Island as on Bugalla. On Bugalla
T. vivax Avas present in 2^2 per cent, of mid flies, thus exceeding
T. (jambiense in frequency of occurrence.

The proportion of the sexes is given for three localities : At Jinja
(mainland) 12,773 flies yielded 55*7 per cent females ; on Damba
Island over G,000 flies yielded 21 "6 per cent. : and on Bugalla Island
in 56,775 flies, 20"6 per cent, were females. In bred flies the sexes
are produced in approximately equal numbers. The author thinks
that it is possible that female pupae die under natural conditions as a
result of variations in temperature, humidity, etc., which do not occur
in the laboratory, and that this may account for the high percentage
of bred females.

The prospects of getting rid of Glossina by limiting attention to
localised breeding grounds are not good, and the author instances the
fact that on Bugalla Island only one locality yielded pupae in any
numbers, and then only as many hundreds as the Island of Damba
yielded thousands, though flies were, if anything, more numerous on
Bugalla than on Damba. Photographs are given of typical sites for
the deposition of pupae under fallen trunks and at roots of trees a few
yards from the edge of the water and a few feet above it.

Duke (H. L.). Some Trypanosomes recovered from Wild Game in
Western Uganda.— i^e;;/,?. Sleeping Sickness Commiss. Roy. Soc.
London, xiv, 1913, pp. 37-59, 1 map, 4 plates.

These investigations were carried out with a view to obtaining
information as to the part played by wild game in the spread of
trypansomiasis of human beings and domestic animals. The district
traversed, the Western Province of the Uganda Protectorate, is a
great game country with a relatively small population. The character
of the country is described in detail, and four species of Glossina w^ere
met with, viz., palpalis, pallidipes, morsifans, and fxsca. As regards the
distribution of different species, G.fusca is mainly confined to the forest ;
as also is G. palpalis, which is more less restricted to the neighbour-
hood of water ; man probably furnished a large proportion of its food
supply. The other species are found in the short grass plains running
up to the elephant-grass country around the Hoima River, which
country abounds with buft'alo. The author says that the hippopotamus
where it occurs, is an important source of food for Glossina fusca.
G. pallidipes was found over the grass-lands frequented by buffalo
and also in isolated patches of wood at a considerable distance from the
scrub which forms the boundary of the open country ; it is chiefly
associated with reedbuck, buffalo, cob and waterbuck. A species of
Hippobosca was found on almost every antelope that was shot in this
part of the country. Fifteen specimens of this fly were dissected in
the belief that it might possibly prove to be a trypanosome carrier

and that it might account for the presence of trypanosomiasis amongst
cattle in districts free from tsetse ; but no trypanosomes were found.

The author's conclusions were as follows : — (1) A considerable
portion of the wild game in the fly districts of the Western Province
of the Uganda Protectorate is infected with trypanosomes. (2)
Certain of these trypanosomes have a suspicious resemblance to the
human trypanosomes, T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense ; others are
known to be exceedingly pathogenic to domestic animals. (3) The
tsetse of these parts also contain flagellates which it is highly probable
are derived from wild animals. (4) The population of the fly districts
is scanty, and the greater part has recently been removed to fly-free
areas. (5) It is reasonable to hope, that, as regards the spread of
human trypanosomiasis, the removal of the people from the infected
districts will suffice, and this measure will simultaneously prevent
native cattle being exposed to the fly bite ; the majority of the fly area
is practically uninhabited country. (6) The alternative of destroying
the game, and so of abolishing what is doubtless a permanent try-
panosome reservoir, would be a gigantic and almost impossible under-
taking in this region. In considering such a proposal, elephant must,
of course, be included, as must also hippopotamus, sitatunga, bush-pig
and hyaena, all of which are difficult to eradicate. The scarcity of
people is a serious objection to such a course, as is the difficult nature
of the country. It would be well to await the trial of this expedient
under more favourable conditions before undertaking so drastic a
measure under severe natural handicaps. (7) It would appear
inadvisable to take any measures to protect the existing game and
thereby encourage an increase in their numbers. On the other hand
it is inadvisable to permit natives to hunt in the fly districts. The
ideal arrangement would be to make the fly districts prohibited areas,
and in the region under consideration this is feasible to a far greater
extent than would be the case in other parts of the Protectorate.

Mongalla Province Sleeping Sickness Regulations, 1913. — Soudan
Govt. Gazette, Khartoum, 7th March 1913.

These regulations, of the 6th Feb. 1913, cancel the Sleeping Sickness
Proclamation of 1909. Camps may be established for the reception
of persons suft'ering from sleeping sickness and the Medical Officer
may also detain a suspected person there. Clauses 9 to 14 deal with
water traffic, and the Medical Officer and every Magistrate has power
to stop and detain any vessel which appears to have infringed the
regulations. Clause 15 requires all persons who enter the Sudan by
land from Uganda to proceed forthwith to Mongalla and submit
themselves for medical examination there. Clauses 16 to 21 impose
a number of restrictions on trade. For instance trading in Western
Mongalla may only be carried on in such stations as may from time to
time be specified in the Sudan Government Gazette. Clause 18 only
allows Government transport to be used in Western Mongalla. Trade
may only be carried on by licensed persons. Offences against the
regulations may be tried before any Magistrate and punished by a fine,
or imprisonment, or both.

(014) B

Sleeping Sickness in HysLsalRnd.— Sleeping Sickness Diary, Zomba,
pt. xxi, 3 1st August 1913 (date of Report), 11 pp.

' The districts of Marimba, Dedza, South Nyasa and Upper Shire,
are being reinvestigated (three months' time being allottecl to each)
with the idea of demonstrating that sleeping sickness occurs wherever
Glmsinn morsitaus is found, and to collect facts in proof, but more
especial! V to spread amongst the natives a lively belief in the danger
arising from tsetse. It is reported by Dr. Conran that the natives are
graduallv altering their attitude towards the fly, missionaries having
informed him that when travelling in the sleeping sickness area they
have overheard natives discussing intelligently the best way of avoiding
bites, and that the use of fly-whisks of various kinds is becoming
more prevalent.

The preventive measures suggested are briefly summarised as follows :
(1) Impressing upon the natives the necessity of avoiding being bitten
by flies ; (2) clearing for a distance of 300 yards or more round villages
situated in close proximity to fly, and extending these clearings in
many instances so as to embrace their cultivated lands also ; (3)
making clearings on each side of roads and main paths leading from
one village to another ; (4) instructing the natives to use this felled
timber for firewood, and to avoid visiting the adjacent fly-infested
woods for this purpose ; (5) instituting public latrines in all the villages
to prevent natives from visiting the adjoining woods for the purpose
of defaecation ; (6) prohibition as to the firing of grass till the month
of October, when only it is fit for burning, so as to ensure as large and
as effectively cleared areas as possible ; (7) removal to fly-free areas
whenever feasible, of villages situated in danger zones.
' To expedite clearing operations axes and heavy knives have been
supplied to natives in the sleeping sickness area, and during a recent
inspection there was reason to be satisfied that some measures of
protection at all events will be secured from the bites of tsetse-flies,
and it is anticipated that the danger of man-to-man infection may be
considerably reduced.

The supervision of these clearing operations has been placed in the
hands of Medical Officer's patrols and of the police. The w^ork is being
done by the villagers themselves without payment and Dr. Conran is
satisfied that the various headmen did not regard this labour as an
imposition, but appeared to take an inteUigent interest in the work.

Theobald (F. V.). Culicidae from New Caledonia and the Loyalty

Islands. [Forschimgen in Neu-Caledonien mid aiif den Loi/altij
Inseln.] — A. Zoologie, Wiesbaden, i, pt. 3, 1913, pp. 163-164.

Only two species of mosquitos were taken by the Expedition in New
Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands, namely Cidex jepsoni, Theo.,
C. nocturnus, Theo., and C. noclunms niger, var. nov.

HiNDLE (E.). A Chinese Flea-trap. — Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc,
Cambridge, xvii, pt. 3, 8th Sept. 1913, p. 284, 1 fig.

. ". A flea-trap which is much used by the natives in Sze-Chwan has been
obtained, through Mr. S. A. Stericker, from Cheng-tu the capital of that

province of China. It consists of two pieces of bamboo, one inside
the other. The onter bamboo is about 1 foot in length and 2i inches
in diameter and is fenestrated by long slits running parallel to its
length. The inner bamboo is of equal length but only about 1 inch,
in diameter, and is kept in position within the former by means of a
short wooden plug, which has previously been coated with bird lime.
The function oi the outer bamboo is to prevent the sticky substance
from coming in contact with surrounding objects. The trap is placed
under bed-clothes, or amongst rugs, etc., and any fleas that get on to
the surface of the inner bamboo at once stick to the bird-lime. The
apparatus is very simple and might be used wnth advantage during
plague epidemics, in order to catch fleas, rat or human, within houses.
Considering the importance of the rat-flea in the transmission of plague,
the employment of a simple and effective flea-trap, such as this, would
probably have a decided effect on the spread of the disease.

Disease of Horses in Berbice.- -Jr/y/r. News, Barbados. — 25th Oct.
1913, p. 345.

Attention is drawn to the fatal disease of horses which appears to be
spreading at Berbice. The Demerara '" Daily Argosy,"' 1st Oct. 1913,
states that Dr. Minett has diagnosed it as '" mal de caderas." a very
deadly and well known South American disease caused by Trypanosoma
equina and sometimes fatal in three or four weeks. There is some
indication of its being carried by the stable fly {Stomoxys calcilrans)
which has been observed in Barbados and occurs in vSt. Vincent,
Antigua, Montserrat, and Jamaica. The Veterinary Officer of the
Imp. Dept. of Agriculture in Barbados points out the risk involved
by the introduction of Venezuelan horses into Trinidad, Barbados
and elsewhere. Surra disease has been said to occur in Barbados, but
owing to the similarity of the symptoms it is possible that the cases
were really " mal de caderas." Only indefinite knowledge seems to
exist in regard to the transmission of this disease, so that further
investigation is very necessary. The Demerara "' Daily Argosy "
(r2tli Oct. 1913) reports that a resolution was passed at a meeting
of the Town Council directing a special inspection of every stable by
the Health Department, with the object of advising owners regarding
immediate precautionary measures.

Stannus (Hugh >S.). Pellagra in Nyasaland. Second Paper. Trans.
Soc. Trap. Med. c£- Hyy. vii, no. 1, Nov. 1913, pp. 32-56.

The author read a paper before the Society in December 1911 on
pellagra in Nyasaland, and pointed out that with the exception of
Egypt and Robben Island the disease had not been before described
as occurring in Africa. The present paper consists of a series of
detailed observations on cases occuri'ing in the Zomba district and
especially in the prison at Zomba. Tlie author says that in his first
paper he was only able to state that Simuliidae were present in
Zomba. In January 1913, with the assistance of Mr. E. Ballard,
Entomologist to the Agricultural Department, the streams of the
Zomba township were investigated and every stream was found to
harbour SimuJiuiti larvae and pupae. The numbers were roughly
(C14 B 2

proportional to the swiftness of the stream, the maximum being
found in the months of January and February.

Simulium larvae were also found in practically every stream in the
neighbourhood, and the author believes that larvae would be found
in all streams in Nyasaland which, for a sufficiently long period in the
year, carried enough water and fulfilled the other well-known con-
ditions necessary for the development of these flies. He thinks that
there is some possible support for the theory that Si)nidium may be
the carrier of the pellagra virus ; at all events there are no facts in
Nyasaland n^ilitating against that theory, though at the same time
all the data collected equally support the theory of defective nutrition
as the cause of the disease.

[The species of SimiilitDn obtained by Dr. Stannus and Mr. Ballard
have recently been identified by M. Roubaud as *S'. hid pes, Mg.. *S'.
pusillmn, Fries, and *S'. vanum, Fries, all of which occur also in
Europe.— Ed.]

SuRCouF (M. J.). Note sur les Tabanidae d'Alg^rie and de Tunisie.
[Note on the Tabanidae of Algeria and Tunis.] — Archives de
VInstitut Pasteur de Tunis, iii-iv,' 1913, pp. 183-186, 1 pi.

The author says that in the course of three journeys made in recent
years in Algeria and Tunis he has studied biting Diptera and especially
the Tabanidae. In the group of large blackish Tahanus with a
bluish sheen on the first segment of the abdomen there are several
species which are frequently confused, and for these the distinctive
characters are given. Tahanus algirus, Macq., is very common on
grasslands in Algiers in May and June, and at Tunis the author found
a new species, very closely related to it, which he proposes to call
Tabanus tunisiensis.

Laveran (A.) & NicoLLE (C). Le Kala Azar Mediterran6en ou
Infantile. [Mediterranean or Infantile Kala Azar.] — Archives de
VhutHut Pasteur de Tunis, iii-iv, 1913, pp. 204-242.

This is the author's report presented to the section of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene at the 17th International Medical Congress,
London, 1913. The history, medical geography, symptoms, mode of
cultivation of Leishmania infantum, the distribution of the disease
amongst animals and the relation of Mediterranean to Indian Kaja
Azar, are all discussed. The author regards the propagation of the
disease amongst dogs by fleas as proved and that Pulex irritans as well
as Ct. serraticeps is capable of propagating Leishmania infantum.

Ross (!'. H.). Report of the Bacteriological Section for the latter
half of the Year 1912. Nairohi Lahorafory Repmts, Jub/-
December 1912, iii, 1913, pp. 1-36.

On page 3 the author notes some cases reported to him which were
suspected to be pappataci fever. Phlebotojiius had not yet been found
in the Protectorate, but Manteufel on the coast of (ierman East Africa
has met with similar cases of fever and has caught Phh'hotomus whicli
have not yet been identified. Experiments nuule with Glossina

Jongipsnnis. though at first unsuccessful, eventually resulted in the
infection of a monkey ; trypanosonies resembling T. cazalboiii were
found in the blood.

Andeeson (T. J.). Ticks and biting Insects of Nairobi. — Nairobi Labor-
atory Reports, January-June 1912, iii, 191o. pp. 19-22.

A list, prepared by the author, of the biting insects and ticKS found
in the country to date, with their localities, is embodied in the report.

WoosNAM (R. B.). Tlie Question of the Relation of Game Animals
to Disease in Africa. — Jl. E. Africa and Uganda Nat. Hist.
Soc, Nairobi, iv, no. 7, Dec. 1913, pp. 3-4.

The author sets forth the chief points at issue in the c[uestion of the
relation of game animals to disease in Africa, summarising the con-
clusions arrived at in connection with sleeping sickness by many
authorities upon the subject, and recorded in the " Sleeping Sickness
Bulletin " during the past years. Referring to one of the most recent
controversies upon the subject, namely, as to whether the big game
act as a reservoir for the virus of the disease and should in consequence
be destroyed, the author says that from the point of view of game
preservation there are six questions which need answers, and that until
they are answered, it is impossible to decide upon a definite plan of
campaign. Briefly these questions are : — (1) Are game animals the
only wild animals which are acting as reservoirs for trypanosomes ?
(2) Are the trypanosomes found in the blood of game animals pathogenic
for man and domestic animals ? And if so, are not the trypanosoiues
found in the blood of other animals also pathogenic ? (3) Are tsetse-
flies {Glossina) the only transmitting agents of these trypanosomes
in the infected areas ? (4) Are game animals the only source from
which the tsetse-flies or other transmitting agents draw their blood
supply ? And if not what are the other source of supply ? (5) Can
tsetse-flies live and breed upon food other than blood, such as plant
juices ? (6) Are the distribution, increase, and spread of tsetse-flies,
if this latter occurs, dependent upon game alone ? And if not, what are
the governing factors ?

Experiments which might yield answers to these questions are then
indicated.

King (H. H.). Observations on tiie breeding places of Sand-flies
{Phlebotomns spp.) in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. — Jl. Trop. Med.
and Hyg., T^ondon, xvii, no. 1, 1st Jan. 1914, pp. 2-3.

Up to the present, obseryers have, on the whole, been of the opinion
that the breeding places of sand-flies {PJdehotomus spp.) are in crevices
in rocks or cement or stone walls, or among bricks and refuse. The
author believes, however, that soil and sand are also favourite breeding
places. On one occasion he unearthed a single larva from soil in a
cotton-field at Tokar, in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ; he now records
the taking of a number of larvae in soil at Khartoum, and the emergence
of the adults under abnormal conditions. In May 1913, soil was taken
from between rows of orange and lime trees in the grounds of Gordon
College, and placed in glass jars. The soil was soaked with water

and cotton seeds planted. Thirteen days after the taking of the soil
an adult P. papatasii was noticed in one of the jars ; it had newly
emerged and the empty pupal case was close to it. Examination
revealed the presence of several pupae in similar situations in botli
jars, and for the next few days fresh pupae and adults were continually
being observed. The pupal period in tw^o cases was nine days. It is
obvious that immature larvae must have been present in the soil when
it was first placed in the jars, as it was thirteen days before the first
adult was seen.

The author has taken adult sand-flies in crevices in rocks in the beds
of streams, and in holes in trees, etc., but in the northern desert
provinces they are sometimes met with in myriads, sufficiently far
from any building or rock to preclude the possibility of their having
come from it. Tokar, the centre of a cotton-growing area of 30,000-
40,000 acres, is an example of this : in the cotton-fields as many as
fifteen adults may be found under a single clod of earth. The waiter
has endeavoured to sleep in the desert, outside the town of Berber,
and found that sleep was rendered almost impossible by sand-flies.
By observations made in these and in other localities in the Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan, the author is led to believe that in devising any scheme
for the destruction of the breeding places of sand-flies one will have
to take into consideration all tracts of soil containing cracks and a
certain amount of moisture. [Cf. this Review, 8er. B, i, pp. 27, 132,
221.]

Hirst (L. F.). Identification of Rat-Fleas in Colombo. — Brit. Med.
Jl, 10th Jan. 1914, p. 85.

The authcjr says that in February 1912 he began a systematic
examination of the rats, principally Mus raft us, caught by the principal
rat-catchers in the city of Colombo ; collections of Siphonaptera
and also of small acarine rat parasites were also made from live rats.
The fleas have been identified by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild as
Xenopsylla astia (Roths.), a species first described by him from
specimens caught in Rangoon. The author also obtained collections
of rat fleas from Madras and they have also been, identified as X. astia
(Roths.), and he draws attention to the fact that in the 7th report
on plague investigations in India (Dec. 1912) it is stated that the only
rat flea found in Madras is A', cheopis. According to the author
X. astia rarely bites man at temperatures above 80° F., but will do
so readily between 70° and 80° F., as also the control rats.

Plague is endemic in Rangoon, but not in S. India or Ceylon, and
no epidemic has yet occurred in Colombo, nor, despite the suscep-
tibility of the Madras rats to infection, has there been one of any
importance in that city in recent times. The author suggests that an
investigation into the relative distribution of X. cheopis and X. astia
in 8. India and Burma and also into their relative infectivity as plague-
carriers, would throw light on the epidemiology of plague.

HiXDLE (E.). The Flight of the House F\y.— Proc. Cambridge Phil.
Soc, Cambridge, xvii, pt. 4, 30th Jan. 1914, pp. 310-313.

During the months of July, August and September 1912, the author
in conjunction with Mr. Gordon Merriman, conducted an extensive

series of experiments on the range of flight of Musca domestica, L.,
in the town of Cambridge. In the course of these experiments over
25,000 fiies were liberated under \'arious meteorological conditions,
and about 50 observation stations were employed for their recovery.
The results of these experiments point towards the following con-
clusions : ( 1 ) that house-flies tend to travel either against or across
the wind ; this direction may be directly determined by the action of
the wind, or indirectly, owing to the flies being attracted by any
odours it may convey from a source of food ; (2) that the chief
conditions favouring the dispersal of flies are fine weather and a warm
temperature ; the nature of the locality is another considerable factor,
as in towns flies do not travel so far as in the open country, this being
probably due to the food and shelter afforded by the houses ; (3)
that under experimental conditions, the height at which the flies
are liberated, and also the time of day, influence the dispersal of the
insects ; when set free in the afternoon they do not scatter so well
as when liberated in the morning ; and (4) that, in the experiments
made, the usual maximum flight in localities where houses are numerous
seems to be about a quarter of a mile, but in one case a single fly was
recovered at a distance of 770 yards ; it should be noted, however,
that part of this distance was across fen land.

Leboeuf (A.). Notes sur I'epidemiologie de la Lepre dans TArchipel
Cal^donien. [Notes on the epidemiology of Leprosy in the New
Caledonian Archipelago.] — Bull. Soc. Path. Exof., Paris, vi. no.
8, 8th Oct. 1913, pp. 551-556.

The author has for the past 2| years made a series of enquiries in
the islands of the Archipelago with a view to determining to what
extent insects or acarids are responsible for the transmission of Hansen's
disease. Many Diptera which have been at one time or another
incriminated, may, he says, be eliminated en bloc. With respect to
the SiMULiiDAE, on the Island of Mare, in the Loyalty group, in 1912,
the number of lepers formed 4 per cent, or 5 per cent, of the population,
and Simulium was unknown in the island ; neither are there any
blood-sucking Chironomids.

As regards the Culicidae, the author states that what he has to say
applies only to the sub-family Culicinae, as Anophelines are probably
unknown throughout the whole New Caledonian Archipelago, and
certainly at Belep in New Caledonia and in the Isle of Pines, Lifu and
Mare. He gives a brief description of the character of these islands,
which are practically of coral, and no stream, lake or pond is to be
found in them. The distribution of Culicines in the three Loyalty
Islands (Mare, Lifu and Uvea), with a total population of 11,000 and
situated at distance of about 50 nautical miles from New Caledoma,
is as follows :— In Mare mosquitos are excessively rare ; in Lifu they
are also very rare, except at certain periods of the year at Djoj-
Luengani. In Uvea on the contrary they are extremely abundant
during the rainy seg-son throughout the whole extent of the island,
lasting a little longer into the dry season in the northern parts. Now
it is a fact that it is precisely in the Island of Mare, where Culicines
are not to be found, that the proportion of lepers is highest. On the

other hand, in the Island of Lifu, with r65 per cent, of its population
lepers, the most contaminated villages are those of Wuiwatoul and
H'Melek, with a leprous population of 3'96 per cent, and 4'9 per cent,
respectively ; these villages are more than 25 kilometres from the
marsh of Djoj-Luengani and there is no marsh whatever in their
neighbourhood, whilst at Djoj-Luengani there are no lepers, in spite
of the relatively large number of mosquitos to be found in the place
and its neighbourhood during 7 months of year. The author says
that the first case of Hansen's disease occurred at Uvea in 1894, and
in 1912 Dr. Javelly gave the percentages of leprosy in the three districts,
north, centre and south of the island, as 5-34, O'OS and 2"84 thus
showing the extent to which the disease had spread. At Muli the
cases rose between 1907 and 1908 from 3 per cent, to 8 per cent.,
whilst at Fayawe, it had barely risen 0"9 per cent., and yet there are
fewer mosquitos at Muli than at Fayawe. It would thus appear that
the relation of Culicinae to the disease is at least doubtful.

Laboratory researches on lice as a means of conveyaiice have given
negative results. In the Loyalty Islands very few of the men are
lousy, but the women of the Catholic tribes are obliged to cut their
hair very short in order to struggle successfully against vermin. The
women of the Protestant tribes do not cut their hair, and it is a curious
fact that whether the native women cut their hair or no, the result
so far as the number of lepers is concerned, is exactly the same. The
women of the Loyalty Islands, who are generally much more lousy
than the men, are rarely attacked by leprosy.

With regard to fleas and bugs, as they are found everywhere, it is
very difficult to attach any epidemiological significance to them and
laboratory experiments have yielded practically negative results.
The author considers also that the itch acarus has no connection with
the disease. With regard to Demodex folUcidormn, which was accused
by Borrel {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, March 1909), not without reason, of
being the carrier of Hansen's bacillus, the author says that he has not
sufficient laboratory experience to be able to draw a sound conclusion.
As regards flies, he refers to a previous paper of his {Bull. Soc. Path.
Exot. No. 19, page 860, 1912) and says that he has no reason to change
the opinions therein expressed. From the epidemiological point of
view he is inclined to incriminate only Demodex foUiculorum and
Diptera of the genus Musca, especially Musca domestica ; but in any
case he is of opinion that it is rather a question of method of carriage
than of a method of transmission, properly speaking. In New
Caledonia everything appears to point to the fact that the contagion
is spreading directly from one person to another, or indirectly, but
under exceedingly limited conditions, through the medium of certain
objects fouled by the patient. The radius of dissemination appears
to be exceedingly small, but he contends that this does not conflict with
the possible role of the domestic fly as a carrier and urges in support
the family incidence of the disease which is very frequent in New
Caledonia. He says in conclusion, without wishing to push the idea
too far, that in his opinion one of the best methods of individual
prophylaxis against leprosy is the daily use of soap and water without
stint.

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CONTENTS.

in West

The Preparation of Caustic Soda and Sulphur Dip . .
The Introduction of " Millions " into South Africa . .

"The Flea" (Review)

Ticks and Tick Fever in Jamaica

Non-Blood-Sucking FUes in relation to Disease (Review)

The Tabanidae and Anophelines of Jamaica . .

Parasites of Poultry in South Australia

Pipe Drains as a Preventive of Paludism

Life History of Spciangia muscidarum, a Parasite of Stomoxys

Mosquitos of Trinidad

Development of a Human Trypanosome in Stomoxys nigra

Africa
Notes on some cases of Poliomyelitis in England
New Synonymy in Oriental Culicidae . .
The Blood-Sucking Insects of Sierra Leone
Synonymy of South American Simulium
A new Indian Blood- Sucking Midge
The Protection of India from YeUow Fever . .
The Practicability of Stegomyia Reduction in Indian Seaports
Transmission of Verruga by Phlebotomus in Peru
Treatment of Mite Diseases of Poultry
The Bionomics of Glossina palpalis in Uganda
Trypanosomes in Wild Game in Western Uganda
Sleeping Sickness Regulations in the Sudan . .
Preventive Measures against Sleeping Sickness in Nyasaland
CuMcidae from New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands
A Chinese Flea Trap
Trypanosomiasis of Horses in Demerara
Pellagra and SimuUum in Nyasaland . .
Note on Tabanus in Algeria and Tunis
Mediterranean or Infantile Kala Azar . .
Phlebotomus fever in Nairobi . .
Ticks and biting Insects of British East Africa
The Relation of Game Animals to Disease in Africa
The Breeding Places of Sandflies {Phlebotomus sp

Egyptian Sudan)
Rat Fleas in Colombo

The FUght of the House-Fly

The Epidemiology of Leprosy in the New Caledonian Archipelago

in the

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VOL.11. Sep. B. Part 3 —pp. 41-56, MARCH, 1914.

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