Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2014

TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

Natural Science Research Laboratory

Occasional Papers

Museum of Texas Tech University

Number 327 2 October 2014

Revised Checklist or North American Mammals North of Mexico, 2014

Robert D. Bradley, Loren K. Ammerman, Robert J. Baker, Lisa C. Bradley, Joseph A. Cook, Robert C.
Dowler, Clyde Jones, David J. Schmidly, FrederickB. Stangl, Jr., Ronald A. Van Den Bussche, and

Bernd Wursig

Abstract

The Checklist of North American Mammals North of Mexico, 2003 has been revised to
include recent taxonomic changes and additions, as well as to include new distribution records
and introductions for this region. In this revision, 495 species, 180 genera, 48 families, and
12 orders are recognized, resulting in a net gain of 21 species, 14 genera, and 2 families since
2003. Relative to the 1973 version, the change in number of species resulted from 54 taxonomic
changes, 12 distribution changes, addition of 27 introduced species, and one extinction. The
greatest change since the initial checklist in 1973 has been in the number of genera (+28.4%),
followed by species (+22.8%).

Key words: checklist, mammals. North America, taxonomy

Introduction

This checklist was designed to serve as a taxo¬
nomic resource and reference for scientists, students,
amateur naturalists, and others interested in the extant
mammalian fauna of North America (and its adjacent
waters) north of Mexico. The first such checklist of
scientific and common names was published by Jones
et al. (1973) and was updated periodically (Jones et
al. 1975, 1979, 1982, 1986, 1992, 1997; Baker et al.
2003) based on the availability of new taxonomic and
distributional information. Ten years have elapsed
since the last update. During that time-span, numer¬

ous taxonomic changes have been implemented by
the scientific community, several exotic species have
been introduced, and new distribution records have
been published, all of which prompted this revision.
Species included in this checklist are restricted to those
substantiated by published reports; consequently, they
meet the criteria of the peer-review process. The con¬
tents of this checklist represent a consensus among the
authors and other experts in the field; however, it does
not imply complete agreement on all issues.

2

Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Synopsis of Past and Current Checklists

Approximately 40 years have passed since the
first checklist (Jones et al. 1973) was produced to
denote the mammalian fauna of North America north
of Mexico. Recently, we have seen the discipline of
mammalogy change due to the developing fields of
geometric morphology, molecular systematics, and
new methods for data analyses. In addition, there
has been a moderate conceptual shift from use of the
Biological Species Concept (Mayr 1940, 1963) to the
Phylogenetic Species Concept (Cracraft 1983), fol¬
lowed by a growing application of the Genetics Species
Concept (summarized by Bradley and Baker [2001]
and Baker and Bradley [2006]) for determining the
status of mammalian species. As a consequence, the
number of new species being described world-wide
increased dramatically during the past 40 years. Baker
and Bradley (2006) estimated that given recent trends
in naming new species, perhaps as many as 2,000 addi¬
tional species of mammals remained unnamed. Reeder
et al. (2007) concurred and predicted that the ultimate
number of mammal species might approach 7,500; a
number they suggested could be achieved by the year
2050. Reeder et al. (2007) estimated that an average
of 223 new mammal species are added each decade
(average since 1758); further, they noted that the rate
actually had increased over the last few decades and
predicted that the rate would continue to increase into
the foreseeable future. It appears that the number of
new species of mammals described in North America
(north of Mexico) is increasing at a somewhat slower
rate relative to other geographic regions of the planet.
This reduced rate may be explained by the intense re¬
search efforts in past years, especially in the early and
mid-1900s; however, the fact that taxonomic revisions
produced a net gain of seven new species (13 new spe¬
cies added and six synonymized) to the checklist since
the last update (Baker et al. 2003) indicates that the
process of recognizing new species of North American
mammals is not complete.

A useful metric for documenting changes to the
checklist was provided in tabular form in the last revi¬
sion (Baker et al. 2003). Following that method of
presentation, we have added data (number of orders,
families, genera, and species recognized during each
revision) collected during this recent endeavor to the
data presented in previous checklists (Table 1). From

1973 to 2014, there was an increase in nearly every
taxonomic category (orders, 11 to 12; families, 41 to 48;
genera, 141 to 180; species, 403 to 495). The greatest
percentage change since 1973 was in the number of
genera (39 or 28.4%) as a result of taxonomic revisions
and erection of new genera to partition newly discov¬
ered variation. The increase in the number of species
(92, or 22.8%) reflected taxonomic changes (54), dis¬
tributional changes (12), the addition of introduced,
non-native mammals to the list (27), and one extinction.

Major portions of the taxonomic sections were
retained from previous checklists (Jones et al. 1973,
1975,1979,1982,1986,1992,1997; Baker etal. 2003)
to maintain a historical context of the changes impact¬
ing the major taxonomic groups and to demonstrate the
overall patterns responsible for those changes. New
information obtained since the last update (Baker et al.
2003) was added to the end of each of the following
sections.

Orders .—Although the overall number of orders
(11) remained stable from 1973 to 1982, changes oc¬
curred in 1979, when Mysticeti and Odontoceti were
recognized as distinct orders (eliminating the order
Cetacea), and Pinnipedia was reduced to a suborder of
Carnivora. In 1986, the order Cetacea was restored, and
Mysticeti and Odontoceti were reduced to suborders.
In 1992, Primates and Perissodactyla were added to the
checklist. No ordinal level changes were proposed in
1997 or 2003. Although we have ontinued to follow
conventional wisdom in recognizing the order Ceta¬
cea, recent fossil discoveries and molecular studies
show that whales and dolphins evolved from ancestral
artiodactyls (Geisler and Uhen 2005). As derivatives
of the artiodactyls, a strict adherence to phylogeny in
the classification of mammals would require grouping
cetaceans and artiodactyls into a single order (Cetartio-
dactyla); thereby reducing Artiodactyla and Cetacea to
suborders and Odontoceti and Mysticeti to infraorders.
Many cetologists (see Perrin et al. 2009) are now advo¬
cating this arrangement, but not all are in agreement.
Although we acknowledge and appreciate the recent
paleontological and molecular studies (Murphy et al.
2004; Meredith et al. 2011; O’Leary et al. 2013), given
the magnitude of morphological differentiation and
adaptations exhibited by cetaceans and artiodactylids,

Bradley et al.—Checklist of North American Mammals, 2014

3

Table 1. Changes in the number of taxa of North American mammals north of Mexico as recorded in checklists pub¬
lished in the Occasional Papers (O.P.) series of the Museum of Texas Tech University.

Year

O.P. #

Orders

Families

Genera

Species

1973

12

11

41

141

403

1975

28

11

41

141

404

1979

62

11

42

142

412

1982

80

11

42

141

417

1986

107

10

43

148

425

1992

146

12

44

156

447

1997

173

12

45

164

462

2003

229

12

46

166

474

2014

327

12

48

180

495

we are reluctant to combine these forms into a single
order. If the combination of Artiodactyla and Cetacea
into Cetartiodactyla is followed, then perhaps a re¬
thinking of the recent divisions of Didelphimorphia,
Paucituberculata, Microbiotheria, Notoryctemorphia,
Dasyuromorphia, Permelemorphia, and Diprotodontia
(formerly Marsupialia), Cingulata and Pilosa (formerly
Xenarthra), as well as Soricimorpha, Erinaceomorpha,
and Afrosoricida (formerly Insectivora), is warranted.
Future editions of the checklist will need to weigh
the merits of the proposed order Cetartiodactyla, and
presumably other ordinal combinations, in order to pro¬
duce a consistent classification that weighs molecular
and morphological divergences.

For the current checklist, we incorporated two
ordinal level changes: we used Cingulata instead of
Xenarthra for the armadillos and replaced Insectivora
with Soricomorpha. Neither of these nomenclatural
revisions impacted the total number of orders (12)
residing in North America.

Families. —In 1979, the walrus was recognized
as a distinct family, Odobenidae. In 1982, Kogiidae
was reduced from familial status and Phocoenidae
was recognized as belonging in a family distinct from
Delphinidae. In 1986, Kogiidae was restored as a fam¬

ily. In 1992, the families Cercopithecidae and Equidae
were added to reflect the presence of introduced rhesus
monkeys and feral horses and feral asses as part of the
North American fauna. Also in 1992, Cricetidae was
abandoned as a family, and all New World rats, mice,
and voles were placed in the family Muridae. In 1997,
skunks were recognized as belonging to a new family,
Mephitidae. In 2003, the family Hominidae was added
to account for humans.

For the current checklist, we incorporated four
familial level changes: Cricetidae was reinstated as
a family separate from the Muridae, Dipodidae was
recognized in place of Zapodidae as the familial name
for the jumping mice, and Nesomyidae was added to
reflect the introduction of the northern giant pouched
rat; Myocastoridae was changed to Echimyidae. These
changes increased the number of families to 48.

Genera. —In 1975, Idionycteris was recognized
as a distinct genus, and the bobcat and lynx were
returned to the genus Felis , eliminating the genus
Lynx. In 1979, the genus Feresa was added. In 1982,
Arborimus was recognized as a distinct genus, Micro-
sorex was reduced from generic rank, and Tamias was
recognized as the generic name for all chipmunks,
eliminating the genus Eutamias. In the subsequent

4

Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

checklist, Arborimus was not recognized as a distinct
genus, but eight new genera were added as the result
of taxonomic changes ( Brachylagus, Chaetodipus,
Histriophoca, Pagophilus , and Pusa), distributional
changes ( Lagenodelphis ), and the addition of exotic
species ( Antilope and Boselaphus). Eight additional
genera were recognized in 1992; three were added as
the result of taxonomic changes (Lynx, Nyctinomops,
and Panthera) and five to reflect the presence of intro¬
duced mammals (Capra, Equus, Hemitragus, Macaca,
and Oryx). In 1997, taxonomic changes added six
genera to the checklist (Arborimus, Axis, Dama, Her-
pailurus, Leopardus, and Puma), and the discovery of
Molossus molossus in Florida and reports of Pepono-
cephala electra in Florida and Maryland, as well as the
Gulf of Mexico, added two more genera. In 2003, the
genus Alopex was deleted and the genera Eubalaena,
Homo, and Neotamias were added.

In the current checklist, for bats, we added
five new genera (Artibeus, Enchisthenes, Erophylla,
Phyllonycteris, and Phyllops) based on distributional
records. Also, we recognized two new genera, as Pip-
istrellus was replaced by Parastrellus and Perimyotis
(Hoofer and Van Den Bussche, 2003; Hoofer et al.
2006). Within the Carnivora, we recognized Vison
as distinct from Mustela, and Pekania separate from
Martes, thereby adding two new genera to the checklist.
Additionally, we removed Monachus, given the extinc¬
tion of M. tropicalis, and we followed Wozencraft’s
(2005) opinion that Herpailurus be synonymized with
Puma. We followed Dalebout et al. (2003) in the recog¬
nition of Indopacetus as a new genus of beaked whale
and Musser and Carleton (2005) in the use of Myodes
in place of Clethrionomys. Cricetomys was added to
the list as a result of introductions into Florida. We fol¬
lowed Helgen et al. (2009) and added six new genera
of ground squirrels (Callospermophilus, Ictidomys,
Otospermophilus, Poliocitellus, Urocitellus, and Xero-
spermophilus). We followed Thorington and Hoffmann
(2005) in referring all North American chipmunks to
the genus Tamias, thereby eliminating Eutamias, and
reversing the decision by Piaggio and Spicer (2001)
in recognizing two distinct genera of North American

chipmunks. These changes increased the number of
genera to 180.

Species. —In 1975, three species were added and
two were deleted from the checklist as the result of
taxonomic changes. In 1979,14 species were added to
the checklist and six were removed. Twelve additions
and eight deletions were made to the 1982 checklist
as a result of taxonomic revisions, and one species of
cetacean was added based on a new record for North
America. In 1986, taxonomic revisions added 12 names
to the list and deleted nine; one cetacean was added
based on a new record; and four introduced species
were added. The total species count rose dramatically
from 1986 to 1992 (from 425 to 447); taxonomic revi¬
sions accounted for 14 additions and three deletions,
and 11 introduced or feral species were added to the list.
The 1997 checklist included four additional introduced
species and two new species (one bat and one cetacean)
based on recent discoveries in North America, and
taxonomic revisions added 15 names and deleted six.
In 2003,15 additions and four deletions were reported
as the result of taxonomic changes, and the addition of
humans to the list added one species.

For the current checklist 28 species were added
and 7 were removed: the number of species residing
in Didelphimorphia, Sirenia, Cingulata, Primates, and
Perissodactyla were unchanged; for Soricomorpha,
four species were added and three were removed; for
Chiroptera, five species were added; for Carnivora, one
species was added and one species was removed due
to extinction; for Fagomorpha, one species was added;
for Artiodactyla six species were added; for Cetacea,
three species were added; and for Rodentia, eight spe¬
cies were added and three were removed. Taxonomic
revisions accounted for 13 additions and six deletions,
seven were added based on distributional records, one
was removed due to extinction, and eight introduced
or feral species were added to the list. The net change
(21 species added) changed the species total from 474
to 495.

Bradley et al.—Checklist of North American Mammals, 2014

5

Departures from Baker et al. (2003) and Other Notes

The changes incorporated since Baker et al.
(2003) are presented in the following discussion. Other
pertinent comments are included that will assist in inter¬
preting the decisions involved in producing the current
list of recognized species. Readers should note that
shortly following the last checklist (Baker et al. 2003),
contributors to Wilson and Reeder (2005) completed
their revisions of Mammal Species of the World: A
Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Their revisions
included several major taxonomic realignments, addi¬
tion of new taxa, and distributional changes. Conse¬
quently, several discrepancies exist between those two
publications. Likewise, several taxonomic changes
have occurred following Wilson and Reeder’s (2005)
latest version. Where possible, we have attempted to
realign the format of the checklist to more closely fol¬
low Wilson and Reeder (2005). In addition, we note
any discrepancies between Baker et al. (2003) and this
current checklist. With few exceptions, common names
are adapted from Wilson and Reeder (2005) and Wilson
and Cole (2000) for terrestrial mammals and Perrin et
al. (2009) for marine mammals.

ARMADILLOS

Cingulata. —We followed Gardner (2005) in
using Cingulata, instead of Xenarthra, as the ordinal
name for the armadillos.

LAGOMORPHS

Leporidae. —We followed Frey et al. (1997) and
Ruedas (1998) and recognize Sylvilagus cognatus as
a species.

INSECTIVORES

Soricomorpha. —In the late 1990s and early
2000s, evidence mounted (summarized by Hutterer
2005) to remove the Soricomorpha (and two other
Old World groups), thereby eliminating the all encom¬
passing Insectivora, and to elevate the three groups to
ordinal status. Therefore, Soricomorpha is used as
the ordinal designation for all North American shrews
and moles.

Soricidae. —We followed Genoways and Choate
(1998) in recognizing Blarina peninsulae. Hutterer
(2005) did not recognize Sorex fontinalis and we fol¬
lowed their lead. Following Hope et al. (2010), we
recognized the Tiny Shrew in Alaska as S. minutis-
simus instead of S. yukonicus. The water shrews of
North America are now comprised of three species, S.
palustris (previously recognized), S. albibarbis (addi¬
tion to checklist), S. navigator (addition to checklist),
and the removal of S. neomexicanus following Hope
et al. (2014).

BATS

Molossidae. —We changed Eumops glaucinus to
E. floridanus following Timm and Genoways (2004)
and McDonough et al. (2008)

Phyllostomidae. —We followed Simmons (2005)
in recognizing Leptonycteris yerbabuenae in place
of Leptonycteris curasoae for populations in North
America. Also in this family, we added four species
(Artibeus jamaicensis, Erophylla sezekorni , Phyl-
lonycterispoeyi, and Phyllops falcatus) that are known
from a few records in south Florida or the Florida Keys
(Marks and Marks 2006). In addition, we included
Enchisthenes hartii based on a long-ignored record
(Irwin and Baker 1967).

Vespertilionidae. —We changed Pipistrellus to
Parastrellus and Perimyotis (following Hoofer and
Van Den Bussche, 2003; Hoofer et al. 2006) and used
common names consistent with Manning et al. (2008)
and Ammerman et al. (2012). We changed the common
name of Myotis occultus to be consistent with Man¬
ning et al. (2008) and Ammerman et al. (2012), and
we deleted one of the common names (Social Myotis)
for Myotis sodalis and retained “Indiana Bat” as the
common name.

CARNIVORES

Canidae. —There continues to be open debate
about the number of species of Canis in North America.
Studies have shown that the eastern form of wolf.

6

Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

recognized as C. lycaon , is a genetically separate
lineage from Cams lupus (Wilson et al. 2000, 2003;
Kyle et al. 2006, Rutledge et al. 2010). Evidence also
supports that the red wolf, Canis rufus , is part of this
eastern lineage (Wilson et al. 2000, 2012; Kyle et al.
2008). Complicating the issue further is hybridization
among all Canis in North America (von Holdt et al.
2011; Wilson et al. 2012, among others). At this time,
we retain the species arrangement from the previous
checklist.

Felidae. —We followed Wozencraft (2005) in
removing the jaguarundi from the genus Herpailurus
and placing it in the genus Puma.

Mustelidae. — Abramov (2000) and Kurose et
al. (2008) elevated the American mink from Mustela
to the genus Neovison. However, Harding and Smith
(2009) challenged the validity of Neovison, and recom¬
mended that Vison be used to represent the American
mink and its congeners. Consequently, we use Vison
as the generic name for the American mink. We also
moved the fisher to the genus Pekania as proposed by
Koepfli et al. (2008) to avoid paraphyly of the genus
Martes and added Martes caurina following the lead
of Dawson and Cook (2012).

Phocidae. —The Caribbean Monk Seal has been
considered extinct since 1952 (Rice 1998) and was
removed from the checklist.

ARTIODACTYLS

Bovidae. —The following five introduced species
have established large, feral populations in many parts
of North America, consequently, they were added to
the checklist: Eudorcas thomsoni (Eastern Thomson’s
Gazelle), Hippotragus niger (Sable Antelope), Oryx
dammah (Scimitar-horned Oryx), Taurotragus oryx
(Common Eland), and Ammelaphus imberbis (Lesser
Kudu).

Although it has no impact on the number of spe¬
cies, we followed Groves and Grubb (2011) in using
Ovis vignei instead of Ovis aries.

Cervidae. —We followed Boyeskorov (1999)
and recognized Alces americanus (Moose) as a species
distinct from Alces alces (Eurasian elk). We followed
Groves (2003) and Groves and Grubb (2011) in treat¬

ing Cervus canadensis (Elk) and Cervus elaphus (Red
Deer) as separate species; therefore, Cervus elaphus
was added as an introduced species to North America.

CETACEANS

Balaenidae.—Eubalaenajaponica (North Pacific
Right Whale) was added as a distinct species (Rosen¬
baum et al. 2000).

Delphinidae. —Four minor updates were made
relative to usage of common names.

Ziphiidae. —We followed Dalebout et al. (2003)
and recognized Indopacetus as a new genus of beaked
whale distinct from Mesoplodon, Berardius, Hyper-
oodon , and Ziphius.

We included Mesoplodonperuvianus and Indopa¬
cetus pacificus , based on recent records of occurrence in
North American waters off the coast of southern Cali¬
fornia (Jefferson et al. 2008). In addition, five minor
updates were made relative to usage of common names.

RODENTS

Cricetidae. —We followed Musser and Carleton’s
(2005) opinion (based on a summation of the recent
literature) that Dicrostonyx exsul should be considered
a synonym of Dicrostonyx nelsoni and that Dicrostonyx
kilangmiutak and Dicrostonyx rubricatus should be
considered synonyms of Dicrostonyx groenlandicus.
Concerning these taxa, further studies are needed to
address conflicting interpretations (Engstrom et al.
1993; Jarrell and Fredga 1993; Eger 1995; MacDonald
and Cook 1996; Ehrich et al. 2000) of morphologic,
chromosomal, and DNA sequence data.

Following Musser and Carleton’s (2005) over¬
view of the genetic and fossil literature, it seemed
prudent to use Myodes (instead of Clethrionomys ) as
the generic name for the red-backed voles. A recent
communication from M. D. Carleton indicated that the
most recent information (in press) confirms the validity
of Myodes.

Patton et al. (2007) revised the Neotoma lepida
group and provided evidence that Neotoma bryanti
is the correct name for woodrats occurring along the
southern coast of California southward to Baja Califor-

Bradley et al.—Checklist of North American Mammals, 2014

7

nia. In addition, their study provided evidence that N.
bryanti, N. devia, and A. lepida are readily distinguish¬
able using morphologic and genetic data.

Hanson et al. (2010) examined DNA sequence
variation in marsh rice rats from the southern United
States and Mexico. Their study demonstrated the
presence of two distinct genetic clades in O. palustris.
They referred individuals from the southeastern United
States to O. palustris , whereas populations from the
south-central regions of the United States were referred
to O. texensis.

Bradley et al. (submitted) examined DNA se¬
quence variation in white-ankled mice from the south¬
ern United States and Mexico. They concluded that
Peromyscus pectoralis laceianus warranted specific
recognition. Consequently, P. laceieanus replaces P.
pectoralis.

Dipodidae. —The familial status of jumping mice
continues to be problematic. The basic question of
whether Zapus and allies form a family (Zapodidae)
distinct from Dipodidae remains unresolved. In the
interim, we followed Holden and Musser (2005) in
recognizing Dipodidae as the familial name for the
jumping mice.

Echimyidae. —Recent studies by Galewski et al.
(2005) and Upham and Patterson (2012) demonstrated
that the nutria rat (My ocas tor coypus) is phylogenetical-
ly aligned with the spiny rats in the family Echimyidae.
Therefore, we have removed the family Myocastoridae
and added the family Echimyidae to the checklist.

Geomyidae. —Data presented in three recent
studies (Sudman et al. 2006; Genoways et al. 2008;
Chambers et al. 2009) indicated that three additional
species of pocket gophers warrant recognition. First,
based on DNA sequence and chromosomal data, Geo-
mys tropicalis is distinct from other members of the
Geomyspersonatus group. Second, data from studies
of hybrid zones, chromosomes, DNA sequences, and
biogeography provided evidence that Geomys jugos-
sicularis and Geomys lutescens are specifically distinct
from Geomys bursarius.

Heteromyidae. —We followed the revision by
Riddle et al. (2014) and recognized Perognathus mol-

lipilosus as a species distinct from Perognathus parvus.

Muridae. —Two recent studies have documented
the presence of the Asian Roof Rat (Rattus tanezumi )
in the panhandle of Florida (Lack et al. 2012) and on
the east side of the San Francisco Bay in California
(Conroy et al. 2013). Although we refer to this taxon
as R. tanezumi , the taxonomy of Rattus , especially the
R. rattus species complex, is poorly understood.

Nesomyidae. —Given the introduction of the
Northern Giant Pouched Rat (Cricetomys gambianus )
to Florida (Perry et al. 2006) and perhaps other regions
of the southeastern United States, we have included
Nesomyidae as an introduced family. In some areas,
this introduced species has become quite problematic
and eradication efforts are underway.

Sciuridae. —Thorington and Hoffmann (2005)
referred all North American chipmunks to the genus
Tamias despite the argument by Piaggio and Spicer
(2001) and others for the recognition of Eutamias. The
dataset by Piaggio and Spicer (2001) and Banbury and
Spicer (2007) may be problematic due to high levels of
mitochondrial introgression (presumably as a product
of hybridization) in chipmunks (Sullivan et al. 2014)
and the lack of statistical support for a Neotamias
clade. Until this scenario is resolved, we have placed
all chipmunks in the genus Tamias.

Helgen et al. (2009) revised the ground squirrels
of the genus Spermophilus and determined that the
genus was paraphyletic. They argued that to produce
monophyly, seven genera ( Callospermophilus , Ictido-
mys, Otospermophilus , Poliocitellus, Spermophilus ,
Urocitellus , and Xerospermophilus) were required.
We concurred and followed their proposed taxonomy.

Based on molecular data, Harrison et al. (2003)
and Heron et al. (2004) split Spermophilus mexicanus
into two species (S. mexicanus and S. parvidens , now
residing in Ictidomys sensu Helgen et al. 2009). In these
revisions, populations occurring in northern Mexico
and the United States were referred to I. parvidens ,
whereas populations restricted to south-central Mexico
were referred to I. mexicanus. Consequently, we re¬
moved I. mexicanus from the checklist and added I.
parvidens.

8

Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Checklist

We have chosen to depart somewhat from the
format used in previous versions of the checklists
(Jones etal. 1973,1975,1979,1982,1986,1992,1997;
Baker et al. 2003) and to follow the sequence of orders
as presented in Wilson and Reeder (2005). In addition,
families, genera, and species are listed alphabetically

within their respective higher taxonomic rank. These
departures provide for more consistency and easier
comparison between the two publications. Non-native
species (domesticated or introduced) are identified by
an asterisk.

ORDER DIDELPHIMORPHIA- Opossums
Family Didelphidae - Opossums

Didelphis virginiana .

ORDER SIRENIA- Sea Cows

Family Trichechidae - Manatees

Trichechus manatus .

ORDER CINGULATA-Armadillos

Family Dasypodidae - Armadillos

Dasypus novemcinctus .

ORDER PRIMATES - Primates

Family Cercopithecidae - Old World Monkeys

Macaca fuscata* .

Macaca mulatto* .

Family Hominidae - Great Apes and Humans

Homo sapiens .

ORDER LAGOMORPHA - Pikas, Hares, and Rabbits
Family Leporidae - Hares and Rabbits

Brachylagus idahoensis .

Lepus alleni .

Lepus americanus .

Lepus arcticus .

Lepus californicus .

Lepus callotis .

Lepus europaeus* .

Lepus othus .

Lepus townsendii .

Oryctolagus cuniculus* .

Sylvilagus aquaticus .

Sylvilagus audubonii .

Sylvilagus bachmani .

Sylvilagus cognatus .

Virginia Opossum

West Indian or Caribbean Manatee

Nine-banded Armadillo

Japanese Macaque
Rhesus Macaque

Humans

Pygmy Rabbit
Antelope Jackrabbit
Snowshoe Hare
Arctic Hare
Black-tailed Jackrabbit
White-sided Jackrabbit
European Hare
Alaska Hare
White-tailed Jackrabbit
European Rabbit
Swamp Rabbit
Desert Cottontail
Brush Rabbit

Manzano Mountain Cottontail

Bradley et al.—Checklist of North American Mammals, 2014

9

Sylvilagus floridanus .

Sylvilagus nuttallii .

Sylvilagus obscurus .

Sylvilagus palustris .

Sylvilagus robustus .

Sylvilagus transitionalis ....

Family Ochotonidae - Pikas

Ochotona collaris .

Ochotona princeps .

ORDER SORICOMORPHA- Insectivores

Family Soricidae - Shrews

Blarina brevicauda .

Blarina carolinensis .

Blarina hylophaga .

Blarina peninsulae .

Cryptotis parva .

Notiosorex cockrumi .

Notiosorex crawfordi .

Sorex alashanus .

Sorex albibarbis .

Sorex arciicus .

Sorex arizonae .

Sorex bairdii .

Sorex bendirii .

Sorex cinereus .

Sorex dispar .

Sorex fumeus .

Sorex gaspensis .

Sorex hay deni .

Sorex hoyi .

Sorex jachsoni .

Sorex longirostris .

Sorex lyelli .

Sorex maritimensis .

Sorex merriami .

Sorex minutissimus .

Sorex monticolus .

Sorex nanus .

Eastern Cottontail
Mountain Cottontail
Appalachian Cottontail
Marsh Rabbit

Davis Mountains Cottontail
New England Cottontail

Collared Pika
American Pika

Northern Short-tailed Shrew
Southern Short-tailed Shrew
Elliot’s Short-tailed Shrew
Everglades Short-tailed Shrew
Least Shrew

Cockrum’s Desert Shrew
Crawford’s Desert Shrew
Glacier Bay Water Shrew
Eastern Water Shrew
Arctic Shrew
Arizona Shrew
Baird’s Shrew

Pacific Water or Marsh Shrew
Cinereus or Masked Shrew
Long-tailed or Rock Shrew
Smoky Shrew
Gaspe Shrew
Hayden’s or Prairie Shrew
American Pygmy Shrew
St. Lawrence Island Shrew
Southeastern Shrew
Mt. Lyell Shrew
Maritime Shrew
Merriam’s Shrew
Holarctic Least Shrew
Dusky or Montane Shrew
Dwarf Shrew

10

Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Sorex navigator .

Sorex ornatus .

Sorex pacificus .

Sorex palustris .

Sorex preblei .

Sorexpribilofensis....

Sorex sonomae .

Sorex tenellus .

Sorex trowbridgii .

Sorex tundrensis .

Sorex ugyunak .

Sorex vagrans .

Family Talpidae - Moles

Condylura cristata...
Neurotrichus gibbsii.
Parascalops breweri
Scapanus latimanus..

Scapanus orarius .

Scapanus townsendii
Scalopus aquaticus...
ORDER CHIROPTERA- Bats

Western Water Shrew
Ornate Shrew
Pacific Shrew
American Water Shrew
Preble’s Shrew
Pribilof Island Shrew
Fog Shrew
Inyo Shrew
Trowbridge’s Shrew
Tundra Shrew
Barren Ground Shrew
Vagrant Shrew

Star-nosed Mole
American Shrew Mole
Hairy-tailed Mole
Broad-footed Mole
Coast Mole
Townsend’s Mole
Eastern Mole

Family Molossidae - Free-tailed Bats

Eumops floridanus .Florida Bonneted Bat

Eumops perotis .Western Bonneted Bat

Eumops underwoodi .Underwood’s Bonneted Bat

Molossus molossus .Velvety Free-tailed Bat

Nyctinomops femorosaccus .Pocketed Free-tailed Bat

Nyctinomops macrotis .Big Free-tailed Bat

Tadarida brasiliensis .Brazilian Free-tailed Bat

Family Mormoopidae - Leaf-chinned Bats

Mormoops megalophylla .Ghost-faced Bat

Family Phyllostomidae - New World Leaf-nosed Bats

Artibeus jamaicensis .Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat

Choeronycteris mexicana .Mexican Long-tongued Bat

Diphylla ecaudata .Hairy-legged Vampire Bat

Enchisthenes hartii .Little Fruit-eating Bat

Erophylla sezekorni .Bufify Flower Bat

Leptonycteris yerbabuenae .Lesser Long-nosed Bat

Bradley et al.—Checklist of North American Mammals, 2014

11

Leptonycteris nivalis .

Macrotus californicus .

Phyllonycteris poeyi .

Phyllops falcatus .

Family Vespertilionidae - Vesper Bats

Antrozous pallidus .

Corynorhinus rafinesquii .

Corynorhinus townsendii .

Eptesicus fuscus .

Euderma maculatum .

Idionycteris phyllotis .

Lasionycteris noctivagans .

Lasiurus blossevillii .

Lasiurus borealis .

Lasiurus cinereus .

Lasiurus ega .

Lasiurus intermedius .

Lasiurus seminolus .

Lasiurus xanthinus .

Myotis auriculus .

Myotis austroriparius .

Myotis californicus .

Myotis ciliolabrum .

Myotis evotis .

Myotis grisescens .

Myotis keenii .

Myotis leibii .

Myotis lucifugus .

Myotis occultus .

Myotis septentrionalis .

Myotis sodalis .

Myotis thysanodes .

Myotis velifer .

Myotis volans .

Myotis yumanensis .

Nycticeius humeralis .

Parastrellus hesperus .

Perimyotis subflavus .

Mexican Long-nosed Bat
California Leaf-nosed Bat
Cuban Flower Bat
Cuban Fig-eating Bat

Pallid Bat

Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat

Townsend’s Big-eared Bat

Big Brown Bat

Spotted Bat

Allen’s Big-eared Bat

Silver-haired Bat

Western Red Bat

Eastern Red Bat

Hoary Bat

Southern Yellow Bat

Northern Yellow Bat

Seminole Bat

Western Yellow Bat

Southwestern Myotis

Southeastern Myotis

California Myotis

Western Small-footed Myotis

Long-eared Myotis

Gray Myotis

Keen’s Myotis

Eastern Small-footed Myotis

Little Brown Myotis

Southwestern Little Brown Myotis

Northern Long-eared Myotis

Indiana Bat

Fringed Myotis

Cave Myotis

Long-legged Myotis

Yuma Myotis

Evening Bat

American Parastrelle

American Perimyotis

12

Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

ORDER CARNIVORA - Carnivores

Family Canidae - Dogs, Foxes, and Wolves

Canis familiaris* .

Canis latrans .

Canis lupus .

Canis lycaon .

Canis rufus .

Urocyon cinereoargenteus .

Urocyon littoralis .

Vulpes lagopus .

Vulpes macrotis .

Vulpes velox .

Vulpes vulpes .

Family Felidae - Cats

Felis catus* .

Leopardus pardalis .

Leopardus wiedii .

Lynx canadensis .

Lynx rufus .

Panther a onca .

Puma concolor .

Puma yagouaroundi .

Family Mephitidae - Skunks

Conepatus leuconotus .

Mephitis macroura .

Mephitis mephitis .

Spilogale gracilis .

Spilogale putorius .

Family Mustelidae - Weasels, Otters, and Badgers

Enhydra lutris .

Gulo gulo .

Lontra canadensis .

Martes americana .

Martes caurina .

Mustela erminea .

Mustela frenata .

Mustela nigripes .

Mustela nivalis .

Domestic Dog

Coyote

Gray Wolf

Eastern Timber Wolf

Red Wolf

Common Gray Fox

Island Gray Fox

Arctic Fox

Kit Fox

Swift Fox

Red Fox

Domestic Cat

Ocelot

Margay

Canada Fynx

Bobcat

Jaguar

Mountain Fion, Cougar, or Puma
Jaguarundi

White-backed Hog-nosed Skunk
Hooded Skunk
Striped Skunk
Western Spotted Skunk
Eastern Spotted Skunk

Sea Otter
Wolverine

Northern River Otter
American Marten
Pacific Marten

Ermine or Short-tailed Weasel
Fong-tailed Weasel
Black-footed Ferret
Feast Weasel

Bradley et al.—Checklist of North American Mammals, 2014

13

Mustela putorius* .European Ferret

Vison vison .American Mink

Pekania pennanti .Fisher

Taxidea taxus .American Badger

Family Odobenidae - Walrus

Odobenus rosmarus .Walrus

Family Otariidae - Eared Seals

Arctocephalus townsendi .Guadalupe Fur Seal

Callorhinus ursinus .Northern Fur Seal

Eumetopias jubatus .Northern or Steller Sea Fion

Zalophus californianus .California Sea Fion

Family Phocidae - Earless, True, or Hair Seals

Cystophora cristata .Hooded Seal

Erignathus barbatus .Bearded Seal

Halichoerus grypus .Gray Seal

Histriophoca fasciata .Ribbon Seal

Mirounga angustirostris .Northern Elephant Seal

Pagophilus groenlandicus .Harp Seal

Phoca largha .Spotted Seal

Phoca vitulina .Harbor Seal

Pusa hispida .Ringed Seal

Family Procyonidae - Raccoons, Ringtails, and Coatis

Bassariscus astutus .Ringtail

Nasua narica .White-nosed Coati

Procyon lotor .Northern Raccoon

Family Ursidae - Bears

Ursus americanus .American Black Bear

Ursus arctos .Grizzly or Brown Bear

Ursus maritimus .Polar Bear

ORDER PERISSODACTYFA- Odd-toed Ungulates
Family Equidae - Horses and Asses

Equus asinus* .Feral Ass

Equus caballus* .Feral Horse

ORDER ARTIODACTYFA- Even-toed Ungulates
Family Antilocapridae - Pronghorn

Antilocapra americana .Pronghorn

Family Bovidae - Cattle, Antelope, Sheep, Goats, and African Exotics
Ammelaphus imberbis* .Fesser Kudu

14

Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Ammotragus lervia *.

Antilope cervicapra* .

Bos bison .

Bos taurus* .

Boselaphus tragocamelus*

Capra hircus* .

Capra ibex *.

Eudorcas thomsoni* .

Hemitragusjemlahicus*....

Hippotragus niger* .

Oreamnos americanus .

Oryx dammah *.

Oryx gazella* .

Ovibos moschatus .

Ovis vignei* .

Ovis canadensis .

Ovis dalli .

Taurotragus oryx* .

Family Cervidae - Deer

Alces americanus .

Axis axis *.

Cervus canadensis .

Cervus elaphus* .

Cervus nippon* .

Cervus unicolor* .

Dama dama* .

Odocoileus hemionus .

Odocoileus virginianus .

Rangifer tarandus .

Family Suidae - Pigs

Sus scrofa* .

Family Tayassuidae - Peccaries

Pecari tajacu .

ORDER CETACEA - Whales

Family Balaenidae - Right Whales

Balaena mysticetus .

Eubalaena glacialis .

Eubalaena japonica .

Barbary Sheep or Aoudad
Blackbuck
American Bison
Domestic Cattle
Nilgai

Domestic Goat
Ibex

Eastern Thomson’s Gazelle

Himalayan Tahr

Sable Antelope

Mountain Goat

Scimitar-homed Oryx

Gemsbok

Muskox

European Mouflon Sheep or Red Sheep
Bighorn Sheep
Dali’s or Stone Sheep
Common Eland

Moose
Axis Deer

Wapiti or Eastern Red Deer

Elk or Western Red Deer

Sika

Sambar

Fallow Deer

Mule and Black-tailed Deer
White-tailed Deer
Caribou or Reindeer

Feral Pig or Wild Boar

Collared Peccary

Bowhead Whale

North Atlantic Right Whale

North Pacific Right Whale

Bradley et al.—Checklist of North American Mammals, 2014

15

Family Balaenopteridae - Rorquals

Balaenoptera acutorostrata .

Balaenoptera borealis .

Balaenoptera biydei .

Balaenoptera musculus .

Balaenoptera physalus .

Megaptera novaeangliae .

Family Delphinidae - Dolphins

Delphinus capensis .

Delphinus delphis .

Feresa attenuata .

Globicephala macrorhynchus .

Globicephala melas .

Grampus griseus .

Lagenodelphis hosei .

Lagenorhynchus acutus .

Lagenorhynchus albirostris .

Lagenorhynchus obliquidens .

Lissodelphis borealis .

Orcinus orca .

Peponocephala electro .

Pseudorca crassidens .

Stenella attenuata .

Stenella clymene .

Stenella coeruleoalba .

Stenella frontalis .

Stenella longirostris .

Steno bredanensis .

Tursiops truncatus .

Family Eschrichtiidae - Gray Whale

Eschrichtius robustus .

Family Kogiidae - Pygmy Sperm Whales

Kogia breviceps .

Kogia sima .

Family Monodontidae - Beluga and Narwhal

Delphinapterus leucas .

Monodon monoceros .

Common Minke Whale
Sei Whale
Bryde’s Whale
Blue Whale
Fin Whale
Humpback Whale

Long-beaked Common Dolphin
Short-beaked Common Dolphin
Pygmy Killer Whale
Short-finned Pilot Whale
Long-finned Pilot Whale
Risso’s Dolphin
Fraser’s Dolphin
Atlantic White-sided Dolphin
White-beaked Dolphin
Pacific White-sided Dolphin
Northern Right-whale Dolphin
Killer Whale
Melon-headed Whale
False Killer Whale
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin
Clymene Dolphin
Striped Dolphin
Atlantic Spotted Dolphin
Spinner Dolphin
Rough-toothed Dolphin
Common Bottlenose Dolphin

Gray Whale

Pygmy Sperm Whale
Dwarf Sperm Whale

White Whale or Beluga
Narwhal

16

Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Family Phocoenidae - Porpoises

Phocoena phocoena .

Phocoenoides dalli .

Family Physeteridae - Sperm Whales

Physeter macrocephalus .

Family Ziphiidae - Beaked Whales

Berardius bairdii .

Hyperoodon ampullatus .

Indopacetus pacificus .

Mesoplodon bidens .

Mesoplodon carlhubbsi .

Mesoplodon densirostris .

Mesoplodon europaeus .

Mesoplodon ginkgodens .

Mesoplodon mirus .

Mesoplodon perrini .

Mesoplodon peruvianus .

Mesoplodon stejnegeri .

Ziphius cavirostris .

ORDER RODENTIA- Rodents

Harbor Porpoise
DalFs Porpoise

Sperm Whale

Baird’s Beaked Bottlenose Whale
Northern Bottlenose Whale
Longman’s Beaked Whale
Sowerby’s Beaked Whale
Hubbs’ Beaked Whale
Blainville’s Beaked Whale
Gervais’s Beaked Whale
Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale
True’s Beaked Whale
Perrin’s Beaked Whale
Pygmy Beaked Whale
Stejneger’s Beaked Whale
Cuvier’s or Goose-beaked Whale

Family Aplodontidae - Mountain Beaver

Aplodontia rufa .Sewellel or Mountain Beaver

Family Castoridae - Beavers

Castor canadensis .American Beaver

Family Cricetidae - New World Mice, Rats, and Voles

Arborimus albipes .White-footed Vole

Arborimus longicaudus .Red Tree Vole

Arborimus pomo .Sonoma Tree Vole

Baiomys taylori .Northern Pygmy Mouse

Dicrostonyx groenlandicus .Peary Land Collared Lemming

Dicrostonyx hudsonius .Labrador or Ungava Collared Lemming

Dicrostonyx nelsoni .Nelson’s Collared Lemming

Dicrostonyx nunatakensis .Ogilvie Mountains Collared Lemming

Dicrostonyx richardsoni .Richardson’s Collared Lemming

Dicrostonyx unalascensis .Unalaska Collared Lemming

Lemmiscus curtatus .Sagebrush Vole

Lemmus trimucronatus .Brown Lemming

Microtus abbreviatus .Insular Vole

Bradley et al.—Checklist of North American Mammals, 2014

17

Microtus breweri .Beach Vole

Microtus californicus .California Vole

Microtus canicaudus .Gray-tailed Vole

Microtus chrotorrhinus .Rock Vole

Microtus longicaudus .Long-tailed Vole

Microtus mogollonensis .Mogollon Vole

Microtus miurus .Singing Vole

Microtus montanus .Montane Vole

Microtus ochrogaster .Prairie Vole

Microtus oeconomus .Tundra or Root Vole

Microtus oregoni .Creeping Vole

Microtus pennsylvanicus .Meadow Vole

Microtus pinetorum .Woodland Vole

Microtus richardsoni .North American or Water Vole

Microtus townsendii .Townsend’s Vole

Microtus xanthognathus .Yellow-cheeked or Taiga Vole

My odes californicus .Western Red-backed Vole

Myodes gapperi .Southern Red-backed Vole

Myodes rutilus .Northern Red-backed Vole

Neofiber alleni .Round-tailed Muskrat

Neotoma albigula .Western White-throated Woodrat

Neotoma bryanti .Bryant’s Woodrat

Neotoma cinerea .Bushy-tailed Woodrat

Neotoma dexia .Arizona Woodrat

Neotoma floridana .Eastern Woodrat

Neotoma fuscipes .Dusky-footed Woodrat

Neotoma lepida .Desert Woodrat

Neotoma leucodon .White-toothed Woodrat

Neotoma macrotis .Big-eared Woodrat

Neotoma magister .Allegheny Woodrat

Neotoma mexicana .Mexican Woodrat

Neotoma micropus .Southern Plains Woodrat

Neotoma stephensi .Stephens’s Woodrat

Ochrotomys nuttalli .Golden Mouse

Ondatra zibethicus .Common Muskrat

Onychomys arenicola .Chihuahuan or Meams’s Grasshopper Mouse

Onychomys leucogaster .Northern Grasshopper Mouse

Onychomys torridus .Southern Grasshopper Mouse

18

Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Oryzomys couesi .

Oryzomys palustris .

Oryzomys texensis .

Peromyscus attwateri .

Peromyscus boylii .

Peromyscus californicus .

Peromyscus crinitus .

Peromyscus eremicus .

Peromyscus fraterculus .

Peromyscus gossypinus .

Peromyscus gratus .

Peromyscus keeni .

Peromyscus laceianus .

Peromyscus leucopus .

Peromyscus maniculatus .

Peromyscus melanotis .

Peromyscus merriami .

Peromyscus nasutus .

Peromyscus polionotus .

Peromyscus truei .

Phenacomys intermedius .

Phenacomys ungava .

Podomys jioridanus .

Reithrodontomys fulvescens.

Reithrodontomys humulis .

Reithrodontomys megalotis..
Reithrodontomys montanus..
Reithrodontomys raviventris

Sigmodon arizonae .

Sigmodon fulviventer .

Sigmodon hispidus .

Sigmodon ochrognathus .

Synaptomys borealis .

Synaptomys cooperi .

Family Dipodidae - Jumping Mice

Napaeozapus insignis .

Zapus hudsonius .

Zapus princeps .

Zapus trinotatus .

Coues’s Rice Rat
Marsh Rice Rat
Texas Marsh Rice Rat
Texas Deermouse
Brush Deermouse
California Deermouse
Canyon Deermouse
Cactus Deermouse
Baja Deermouse
Cotton Deermouse
Saxicoline Deermouse
Northwestern Deermouse
Lacey’s White-ankled Deermouse
White-footed Deermouse
North American Deermouse
Black-eared Deermouse
Merriam’s Deermouse
Northern Rock Deermouse
Oldfield Deermouse
Pinon Deermouse
Western Heather Vole
Eastern Heather Vole
Florida Deermouse
Fulvous Harvest Mouse
Eastern Harvest Mouse
Western Harvest Mouse
Plains Harvest Mouse
Salt-marsh Harvest Mouse
Arizona Cotton Rat
Tawny-bellied Cotton Rat
Hispid Cotton Rat
Yellow-nosed Cotton Rat
Northern Bog Lemming
Southern Bog Lemming

Woodland Jumping Mouse
Meadow Jumping Mouse
Western Jumping Mouse
Pacific Jumping Mouse

Bradley et al.—Checklist of North American Mammals, 2014

19

Family Echimyidae - Coypus

Myocastor coypus* .Nutria or Coypu

Family Erethizontidae - New World Porcupines

Erethizon dorsatum .North American Porcupine

Family Geomyidae - Pocket Gophers

Cratogeomys castanops .Yellow-faced Pocket Gopher

Geomys arenarius .Desert Pocket Gopher

Geomys attwateri .Attwater’s Pocket Gopher

Geomys breviceps .Baird’s Pocket Gopher

Geomys bursarius .Plains Pocket Gopher

Geomys jugossicularis .Hall’s Pocket Gopher

Geomys knoxjonesi .Jones’s Pocket Gopher

Geomys lutescens .Sand Hills Pocket Gopher

Geomys personatus .Texas Pocket Gopher

Geomys pinetis .Southeastern Pocket Gopher

Geomys streckeri .Strecker’s Pocket Gopher

Geomys texensis .Llano or Central Pocket Gopher

Geomys tropicalis .Tropical Pocket Gopher

Thomomys bottae .Botta’s Pocket Gopher

Thomomys bulbivorus .Camas Pocket Gopher

Thomomys clusius .Wyoming Pocket Gopher

Thomomys idahoensis .Idaho Pocket Gopher

Thomomys mazama .Western Pocket Gopher

Thomomys monticola .Mountain Pocket Gopher

Thomomys talpoides .Northern Pocket Gopher

Thomomys townsendii .Townsend’s Pocket Gopher

Thomomys umbrinus .Southern Pocket Gopher

Family Heteromyidae - Pocket Mice and Kangaroo Rats

Chaetodipus baileyi .Bailey’s Pocket Mouse

Chaetodipus californicus .California Pocket Mouse

Chaetodipus eremicus .Chihuahuan Desert Pocket Mouse

Chaetodipus fallax .San Diego Pocket Mouse

Chaetodipus formosus .Long-tailed Pocket Mouse

Chaetodipus hispidus .Hispid Pocket Mouse

Chaetodipus intermedius .Rock Pocket Mouse

Chaetodipus nelsoni .Nelson’s Pocket Mouse

Chaetodipus penicillatus .Desert Pocket Mouse

Chaetodipus rudinoris .Baja California Pocket Mouse

Chaetodipus spinatus .Spiny Pocket Mouse

20

Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Dipodomys agilis .

Dipodomys californicus .

Dipodomys compactus .

Dipodomys deserti .

Dipodomys elator .

Dipodomys heermanni .

Dipodomys ingens .

Dipodomys merriami .

Dipodomys microps .

Dipodomys nitratoides .

Dipodomys ordii .

Dipodomys panamintinus .

Dipodomys simulans .

Dipodomys spectabilis .

Dipodomys stephensi .

Dipodomys venustus .

Liomys irroratus .

Microdipodops megacephalus .

Microdipodops pallidus .

Perognathus alticolus .

Perognathus amplus .

Perognathus fasciatus .

Perognathus flavescens .

Perognathus flavus .

Perognathus inornatus .

Perognathus longimembris .

Perognathus merriami .

Perognathus mollipilosus .

Perognathus parvus .

Family Muridae - Old World Mice and Rats

Mus musculus* .

Rattus norvegicus* .

Rattus rattus* .

Rattus tanezumi *.

Family Nesomyidae - African Pouched Rats

Cricetomys gambianus* .

Family Sciuridae - Squirrels

Ammospermophilus harrisii .

Agile Kangaroo Rat
California Kangaroo Rat
Gulf Coast Kangaroo Rat
Desert Kangaroo Rat
Texas Kangaroo Rat
Heermann’s Kangaroo Rat
Giant Kangaroo Rat
Merriam’s Kangaroo Rat
Chisel-toothed Kangaroo Rat
Fresno Kangaroo Rat
Ord’s Kangaroo Rat
Panamint Kangaroo Rat
Dulzura Kangaroo Rat
Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat
Stephen’s Kangaroo Rat
Narrow-faced Kangaroo Rat
Mexican Spiny Pocket Mouse
Dark Kangaroo Mouse
Pale Kangaroo Mouse
White-eared Pocket Mouse
Arizona Pocket Mouse
Olive-backed Pocket Mouse
Plains Pocket Mouse
Silky Pocket Mouse
San Joaquin Pocket Mouse
Little Pocket Mouse
Merriam’s Pocket Mouse
Great Basin Pocket Mouse
Columbia Plateau Pocket Mouse

House Mouse
Norway or Brown Rat
Black Rat
Asian Roof Rat

Northern Giant Pouched Rat

Harris’s Antelope Squirrel

Bradley et al.—Checklist of North American Mammals, 2014

21

Ammospermophilus interpres
Ammospermophilus leucurus.
Ammospermophilus nelsoni...
Callospermophilus lateralis...
Callospermophilus saturatus.

Cynomys gunnisoni .

Cynomys leucurus .

Cynomys ludovicianus .

Cynomys parvidens .

Glaucomys sabrinus .

Glaucomys volans .

Ictidomys parvidens .

Ictidomys tridecemlineatus....

Marmota broweri .

Marmota caligata .

Marmota flaviventris .

Marmota monax .

Marmota Olympus .

Marmota vancouverensis .

Otospermophilus beecheyi .

Otospermophilus variegatus..

Poliocitellus franklinii .

Sciurus aberti .

Sciurus arizonensis .

Sciurus aureogaster* .

Sciurus carolinensis .

Sciurus griseus .

Sciurus nayaritensis .

Sciurus niger .

Tamias alpinus .

Tamias amoenus .

Tamias canipes .

Tamias cinereicollis .

Tamias dorsalis .

Tamias merriami .

Tamias minimus .

Tamias obscurus .

Tamias ochrogenys .

Texas Antelope Squirrel
White-tailed Antelope Squirrel
Nelson’s Antelope Squirrel
Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel
Cascade Ground Squirrel
Gunnison’s Prairie Dog
White-tailed Prairie Dog
Black-tailed Prairie Dog
Utah Prairie Dog
Northern Flying Squirrel
Southern Flying Squirrel
Rio Grande Ground Squirrel
Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel
Alaska Marmot
Hoary Marmot
Yellow-bellied Marmot
Woodchuck
Olympic Marmot
Vancouver Marmot
California Ground Squirrel
Rock Squirrel
Franklin’s Ground Squirrel
Abert’s Squirrel
Arizona Gray Squirrel
Mexican Gray Squirrel
Eastern Gray Squirrel
Western Gray Squirrel
Mexican Fox Squirrel
Eastern Fox Squirrel
Alpine Chipmunk
Yellow-pine Chipmunk
Gray-footed Chipmunk
Gray-collared Chipmunk
Cliff Chipmunk
Merriam’s Chipmunk
Least Chipmunk
California Chipmunk
Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk

22

Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Tamias palmeri .

Tamias panamintinus .

Tamias quadrimaculatus .

Tamias quadrivittatus .

Tamias ruficaudus .

Tamias rufus .

Tamias senex .

Tamias siskiyou .

Tamias sonomae .

Tamias speciosus .

Tamias striatus .

Tamias townsendii .

Tamias umbrinus .

Tamiasciurus douglasii .

Tamiasciurus hudsonicus .

Urocitellus armatus .

Urocitellus beldingi .

Urocitellus brunneus .

Urocitellus canus .

Urocitellus columbianus .

Urocitellus elegans .

Urocitellus mollis .

Urocitellus parryii .

Urocitellus richardsonii .

Urocitellus townsendii .

Urocitellus washingtoni .

Xerospermophilus mohavensis.
Xerospermophilus spilosoma....
Xerospermophilus tereticaudus

Palmer’s Chipmunk
Panamint Chipmunk
Long-eared Chipmunk
Colorado Chipmunk
Red-tailed Chipmunk
Hopi Chipmunk
Allen’s Chipmunk
Siskiyou Chipmunk
Sonoma Chipmunk
Lodgepole Chipmunk
Eastern Chipmunk
Townsend’s Chipmunk
Uinta Chipmunk
Douglas’s Squirrel
Red Squirrel
Uinta Ground Squirrel
Belding’s Ground Squirrel
Idaho Ground Squirrel
Columbia Plateau Ground Squirrel
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Wyoming Ground Squirrel
Great Basin Ground Squirrel
Arctic Ground Squirrel
Richardson’s Ground Squirrel
Townsend’s Ground Squirrel
Washington Ground Squirrel
Mohave Ground Squirrel
Spotted Ground Squirrel
Round-tailed Ground Squirrel

Acknowledgments

The authors thank M. S. Corley, M. R. Mauldin, to Dr. Eileen Johnson for serving as Guest Editor, and
E. K. Roberts, L. Lindsey, and C. Dunn for comments to four anonymous reviewers for providing valuable
on previous versions of this manuscript. Special thanks comments concerning recent taxonomic revisions.

Bradley et al.—Checklist of North American Mammals, 2014

23

Literature Cited

Abramov, A. V. 2000. A taxonomic review of the genus
Mustela (Mammalia, Carnivora). Zoosystematica
Rossica 8:357-364.

Ammerman, L. K., C. L. Hice, and D. J. Schmidly. 2012.
Bats of Texas. Texas A&M University Press, Col¬
lege Station. 305 pp.

Baker, R. J., L. C. Bradley, R. D. Bradley, J. W. Dragoo, M.
D. Engstrom, R. S. Hoffmann, C. A. Jones, F. Reid,
D. W. Rice, and C. Jones. 2003. Revised checklist
of North American mammals north of Mexico,
2003. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech
University 229:1-23.

Baker, R. J., and R. D. Bradley. 2006. Speciation in mam¬
mals and the Genetic Species Concept. Journal of
Mammalogy 87:643-662.

Banbury, J. L., and G. S. Spicer. 2007. Molecular sys-
tematics of chipmunks ( Neotamias ) inferred by
mitrochondrial control region sequences. Journal
of Mammalian Evolution 14:149-162.

Boyeskorov, G. 1999. New data on moose (A/ces, Artiodac-
tyla) systematics. Satigetierkundliche Mitteilungen
44:3-13.

Bradley, R. D., and R. J. Baker. 2001. A test of the Genetic
Species Concept: Cytochrome-6 sequences and
mammals. Journal of Mammalogy 82:960-973.

Bradley, R. D., D. J. Schmidly, B. R. Amman, R. N. Platt II,

K. M. Neumann, H. M. Huynh, R. Muniz-Martinez,
C. Lopez-Gonzalez, andN. Ordonez-Garza. Sub¬
mitted. Molecular and morphological data reveal
multiple species in Peromyscuspectoralis. Journal
of Mammalogy.

Chambers, R. R., P. D. Sudman, and R. D. Bradley. 2009. A
phylogenetic assessment of pocket gophers ( Geo-
mys ): evidence from nuclear and mitochondrial
genes. Journal of Mammalogy 90:537-547.

Conroy, C. J., K. C. Rowe, K. M. C. Rowe, P. L. Kamath,

K. P. Aplin, L. Hui, D. K. James, C. Moritz, and
J. L. Patton. 2013. Cryptic genetic diversity in
Rattus of the San Francisco Bay region, California.
Biological Invasions 15:741-758.

Cracraft, J. 1983. Species concepts and speciation analysis.
Pp. 159-187 in Current Ornithology, Vol. 1. Ple¬
num Press, New York.

Dalebout, M. L., G. J. B. Ross, C. S. Baker, R. C. Anderson,
P. B. Best, H. L. Hinsz,V. M. Peddemors, and R.

L. Pitman. 2003. Appearance, distribution, and

genetic distinctiveness of Longmans’ beaked whale,
Indopacetus pacificus. Marine Mammal Science
19:321^161.

Dawson, N. G., and J. A. Cook. 2012. Behind the genes:
Diversification of North American marten (Martes
americana and Martes caurina). Pp. 23-38 in
Biology and conservation of marten, sables and
fisher. Anew synthesis (K. Aubry, W. J. Zielinski,

M. G. Raphael, G. Proulx, and S. W. Buskirk, eds.).
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.

Eger, J. L. 1995. Morphometric variation in the Nearctic
collared lemming ( Dicrostonyx ). Journal of the
Zoological Society of London 235:143-161.

Ehrich, D., V. B. Federov, N. C. Stenseth, C. J. Krebs, and
A. Kenny. 2000. Phylogeography and mitochon¬
drial DNA (mtDNA) diversity in North American
collared lemmings {Dicrostonyx groenlandicus ).
Molecular Ecology 9:329-337.

Engstrom, M. D., A. J. Baker, J. L. Eger, R. Boonstra, and R.
J. Brooks. 1993. Chromosomal and mitochondrial
DNA variation in four laboratory populations of
collared lemmings {Dicrostonyx). Canadian Jour¬
nal of Zoology 71:42-28.

Frey, J. K, R. D. Fischer, and L. A. Ruedas. 1997. Iden¬
tification and restriction of the type locality of
the Manzano Mountains cottontail, Sylvilagus
cognatus Nelson, 1907 (Mammalia: Lagomorpha:
Leporidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society
of Washington 110:329-331.

Galewski, T., J.-F. Mauffrey, Y. L. R. Leite, J. L. Patton,
and E. J. P. Douzery. 2005. Ecomorphological
diversification among South American spiny
rats (Rodentia: Echimyidae): A phylogenetic and
chronological approach. Molecular Phylogenetics
and Evolution 34:601-615.

Gardner, A. L. 2005. Order Cingulata. Pp. 94—99 in Mam¬
mal species of the world: A taxonomic and geo¬
graphic reference, 3 rd edition (D. E. Wilson and D.
M. Reeder, eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore, Maryland.

Geisler, J. H., and M. D. Uhen. 2005. Phylogenetic re¬
lationships of extinct cetartiodactyls: Results of
simultaneous analyses of molecular, morphologi¬
cal, and stratigraphic data. Journal of Mammalian
Evolution 12:145-160.

Genoways, H. H., and J. R. Choate. 1998. Natural history of
the southern short-tailed shrew, Blarina carolinen-

24

Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

sis. Occasional Papers, Museum of Southwestern
Biology 8:1-43.

Genoways, H. H., M. J. Hamilton, D. M. Bell, R. R. Cham¬
bers, and R. D. Bradley. 2008. Hybrid zones,
genetic isolation, and systematics of pocket gophers
(Genus Geomys ) in Nebraska. Journal of Mammal¬
ogy 89:826-836.

Groves, C. P. 2003. Taxonomy of ungulates of the Indian
Subcontinent. Journal of the Bombay Natural His¬
tory Society 100:341-362.

Groves, C., and P. Grubb. 2011. Ungulate taxonomy. Johns
Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland,
317 pp.

Hanson, J. D., J. L. Indorf, V. J. Swier, and R. D. Bradley.
2010. Molecular divergence within the Oryzomys
palustris complex: Evidence for multiple species.
Journal of Mammalogy 91:336-347.

Harding, L. E., and F. A. Smith. 2009. Mustela or Visorf!
Evidence for the taxonomic status of the American
mink and a distinct biogeographic radiation of
American weasels. Molecular Phylogenetics and
Evolution 52:632-642.

Harrison, R. G., S. M. Bogdanowicz, R. S. Hoffmann, E.
Yensen, and P. W. Sherman. 2003. Phylogeny
and evolutionary history of the ground squirrels
(Rodentia: Marmotinae). Journal of Mammalian
Evolution 10:249-276.

Helgen, K. M., F. R. Cole, L. E. Helgen, and D. E. Wilson.
2009. Generic revision in the Holarctic ground
squirrel genus Spermophilus. Journal of Mammal¬
ogy 90:270-305.

Herron, M. D., T. A Castoe, and C. L. Parkinson. 2004.
Sciurid phylogeny and the paraphyly of Holarctic
ground squirrels (, Spermophilus ). Molecular Phy¬
logenetics and Evolution 31:1015-1030.

Holden, M. E., and G. G. Musser. 2005. Family Dipodidae.
Pp. 871-893 in Mammal species of the world: A
taxonomic and geographic reference, 3 rd edition (D.
E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Johns Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

Hoofer, S. R., and R. A. Van Den Bussche. 2003. Molecular
phylogenetics of the chiropteran family Vespertil-
ionidae. Acta Chiropterologica, 5 (Supplemen¬
tal):^.

Hoofer, S. R., R. A. Van Den Busssche, and I. Horacek.
2006. Generic status of the American pipistrelles
(Vespertilionidae) with description of a new genus.
Journal of Mammalogy 87:981-992.

Hope, A. G., N. Panter, J. A. Cook, S. L. Talbot, and D.
Nagorsen. 2014. Multi-locus phylogeography

and systematic revision of North American water
shrews (genus: Sorex). Journal of Mammalogy
95:722-738.

Hope, A. G., E. Waltari, N. E. Dokuchaev, S. Abramov, T.
Dupral, H. Henttonen, S. O. MacDonald, and J. A.
Cook. 2010. Diversification of the Eurasian least
shrew and Alaska tiny shrew (Soricidae) at high
latitudes. Journal of Mammalogy 91:1041-1057.

Hutterer, R. 2005. Order Soricomorpha. Pp. 220-311 in
Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and
geographic reference, 3 rd edition (D. E. Wilson and
D. M. Reeder, eds.). Johns Hopkins University
Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

Irwin, D. W., and R. J. Baker. 1967. Additional records of
bats from Arizona and Sinaloa. The Southwestern
Naturalist 12:195.

Jarrell, G. H., and K. Fredga. 1993. How many kinds of
lemmings? A taxonomic overview. Pp. 46-57 in
The biology of lemmings (N. C. Stenseth and R.
A. Ims, eds.). Linnean Society Symposium Series
15, Academic Press, London.

Jefferson, T. A., M. A. Webber, and R. L. Pitman. 2008.
Marine mammals of the World. Elevier/Academic
Press, Amsterdam. 573 pp.

Jones, C., R. S. Hoffmann, D. W. Rice, M. D. Engstrom, R.
D. Bradley, D. J. Schmidly, C. A. Jones, and R. J.
Baker. 1997. Revised checklist of North American
mammals north of Mexico, 1997. Occasional Pa¬
pers, Museum of Texas Tech University 173:1-19.

Jones, J, K., Jr., D. C. Carter, and H. H. Genoways. 1973.
Checklist of North American mammals north of
Mexico. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas
Tech University 12:1-14.

Jones, J, K., Jr., D. C. Carter, and H. H. Genoways. 1975.
Revised checklist of North American mammals
north of Mexico. Occasional Papers, Museum of
Texas Tech University 28:1-14.

Jones, J, K., Jr., D. C. Carter, and H. H. Genoways. 1979.
Revised checklist of North American mammals
north of Mexico, 1979. Occasional Papers, Mu¬
seum of Texas Tech University 62:1-17.

Jones, J, K., Jr., D. C. Carter, H. H. Genoways, R. S. Hoff¬
mann, and D. W. Rice. 1982. Revised checklist
of North American mammals north of Mexico,
1982. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech
University 80:1-22.

Jones, J, K., Jr., D. C. Carter, H. H. Genoways, R. S. Hoff¬
mann, D. W. Rice, and C. Jones. 1986. Revised
checklist of North American mammals north of

Bradley et al.—Checklist of North American Mammals, 2014

25

Mexico, 1986. Occasional Papers, Museum of
Texas Tech University 107:1-22.

Jones, J, K., Jr., R. S. Hoffmann, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J.
Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992. Revised check¬
list of North American mammals north of Mexico,
1991. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech
University 146:1-23.

Koepfli, K.-P, K. A. Deere, G. J. Slater, C. Begg, K. Begg,
L. Grassman, M. Lucherini, G. Veron, and R. K.
Wayne. 2008. Multigene phylogeny of the Mus-
telidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeo¬
graphic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation.
BMC Biology 6:10. doi: 10.1186/1741-7007-6-10.

Kurose, N. K., A. V. Abramov, and R. Masuda. 2008.
Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus
Mustela (Mustelidae, Carnivora), inferred from
mitochondrial DNA sequences: New perspectives
on phylogenetic status of the back-striped weasel
and American mink. Mammal Study 33:25-33.

Kyle, C. J., A. R. Johnson, B. R. Patterson, P. J. Wilson,
K. Shami, S. K. Grewal, and B. N. White. 2006.
Genetic nature of eastern wolves: Past, present and
future. Conservation Genetics 7:272-283.

Kyle, C. J , A. R. Johnson, B. R. Patterson, P. J. Wilson, and
B.N. White. 2008. The conspecific nature of east¬
ern and red wolves: Conservation and management
implications. Conservation Genetics 9:699-701.

Lack, J. B., D. U. Greene, C. J. Conroy, M. J. Hamilton, J. K.
Braun, M. A. Mares, and R. A. Van Den Bussche.
2012. Invasion facilitates hybridization with
introgression in the Rattus rattus species complex.
Molecular Ecology 21:3545-3561.

MacDonald, S. O., and J. A. Cook. 1996. The land mammal
fauna of southeast Alaska. The Canadian Field
Naturalist 110:571-598.

Manning, R. W., C. Jones, and F. D. Yancey, II. 2008. An¬
notated checklist of recent land mammals of Texas,
2008. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech
University 278:1-20.

Marks, C. S., and G. E. Marks. 2006. Bats of Florida. Uni¬
versity Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Mayr, E. 1940. Speciation phenomena in birds. American
Naturalist 74:249-278.

Mayr, E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Harvard Uni¬
versity Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 797 pp.

McDonough M. M., L. K. Ammerman, R. M. Timm, H. H.
Genoways, P. A. Larsen, and R. J. Baker. 2008.
Speciation within bonneted bats (Genus Eumops).
The complexity of morphological, mitochondrial,

and nuclear datasets in systematics. Journal of
Mammalogy 89:1306-1315.

Meredith, R. W., etal. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous ter¬
restrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal
diversification. Science 334:521-524.

Murphy, W. J., P. A. Pevzner, and S. J. O’Brien. 2004. Mam¬
malian phylogenomics comes of age. Trends in
Genetics 20:631-639.

Musser, G. G., and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily
Muroidea. Pp. 894-1531 in Mammal species of
the world: a taxonomic and geographic refer¬
ence, 3 rd edition (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder,
eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore,
Maryland.

O’Leary, M. A., etal. 2013. The placental mammal ancestor
and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals. Science
339:662-667.

Patton, J. L., D. G. Huckaby, and S. T. Alvarez-Castaneda.
2007. The evolutionary history and a systematic
revision of woodrats of the Neotoma lepida group.
University of California Publications in Zoology,
Vol. 135, University of California Press, Berkeley.
xx+411 pp.

Perrin, W. F., B. Wiirsig, and J. G. M. Thewissen. 2009.
Marine Mammal Species. Pp. 1259-1261 in En¬
cyclopedia of marine mammals, Ed 2. Elsevier/
Academic Press, Amsterdam.

Perry, N. D., B. Hanson, W. Hobgood, R. L. Lopez, C. R.
Okraska, K. Karem, I. K. Damon, and D. S. Carroll.
2006. New invasive species in southern Florida:
Gambian Rat (Cricetomys gambianus ). Journal of
Mammalogy 87:262-264.

Piaggio, A. J., and G. S. Spicer. 2001. Molecular phylog¬
eny of the chipmunks inferred from mitochondrial
cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase II gene
sequences. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution
20:335-350.

Reeder, D. M., K. M. Helgen, and D. E Wilson. 2007.
Global trends and biases in new mammal species
discoveries. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas
Tech University 269:1-34.

Rice, D. W. 1998. Marine mammals of the world: Systemat¬
ics and distribution. Society of Marine Mammal¬
ogy, Special Publication 4:1-231.

Riddle, B. R., T. Jezkova, M. E. Eckstut, V. Olah-Hemmings,
and L. N. Carraway. 2014. Cryptic divergence and
revised species taxonomy within the Great Basin
pocket mouse, Perognathus parvus (Peale, 1848),
species group. Journal of Mammalogy 95:9-25.

26

Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Rosenbaum, H. C., R. L. Brownell, Jr., M. W. Brown, C.
Schaeff, V. Portway, B. N. White, S. Malik, L. A.
Pastene, N. J. Patenaude, C. S. Baker, M. Gotto, P.

B. Best, P. J. Clapham, P. Hamilton, M. Moore, R.
Payne, V. Rowntree, C. T. Tynan, J. L. Bannister,
and R. DeSalle. 2000. World-wide genetic dif¬
ferentiation of Eubalaena: Questioning the num¬
ber of right whale species. Molecular Ecology
9:1793-1802.

Ruedas, L. A. 1998. Systematics of Sylvilagus Gray, 1867
(Lagomorpha, Leporidae) from southwestern North
America. Journal of Mammalogy 79:1355-1378.

Rutledge, L. Y., K. I. Bos, R. J. Pearce, and B. N. White.
2010. Genetic and morphometric analysis of
sixteenth century Canis skull fragments: Implica¬
tions for historic eastern and gray wolf distribu¬
tion in North America. Conservation Genetics
11:1273-1281.

Simmons, N. B. 2005. Chiroptera. Pp. 312-529 in Mammal
species of the world: A taxonomic and geographic
reference, 3rd edition (D. E. Wilson and D. M.
Reeder, eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore, Maryland.

Sudman, P. D., J. K. Wickliffe, P. Horner, M. J. Smolen, J.
W. Bickham, and R. D. Bradley. 2006. Molecular
systematics of pocket gophers of the genus Geomys.
Journal of Mammalogy 87:668-676.

Sullivan, J., J. R. Demboski, K. C. Bell, S. Hird, B. Sarver,
N. Reid, and J. M. Good. 2014. Divergence with
gene flow within the recent chipmunk radiation
(Tamias). Journal of Heredity 113:185-194.

Thorington, R. W., and R. S. Hoffmann. 2005. Family Sciuri-
dae. Pp. 754-841 in Mammal species of the world:
A taxonomic and geographic reference, 3 rd edition
(D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Johns
Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

Timm, R. M., and H. H. Genoways. 2004. The Florida bon¬
neted bat, Eumops floridanus (Chiroptera: Molos-
sidae): Distribution, morphometries, systematics,
and ecology. Journal of Mammalogy 85:852-865.

Upham, N. S., and B. D. Patterson. 2012. Diversification
and biogeography of the Neotropical caviomorph

lineage Octodontoidea (Rodentia: Hystricog-
nathi). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
63:417^129.

vonHoldt, B. M., J. P. Pollinger, D. A. Earl, J. C. Knowles,

A. R. Boyko, H. Parker, E. Geffen, M. Pilot, W.
Jedrzejewski, B. Jedrzejewska, V. Sidorovich,

C. Greco, E. Randi, M. Musiani, R. Kays, C. D.
Bustamante, E. A. Ostrander, J. Novembre, and
R. K. Wayne. 2011. A genome-wide perspective
on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like
canids. Genome Research 21:1294-1305.

Wilson, D. E., and F. R. Cole. 2000. Common names of
mammals of the world. Smithsonian University
Press, Washington, D.C. 204 pp.

Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder. 2005. Mammal species
of the world: A taxonomic and geographic refer¬
ence, 3 rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore, Maryland, xxxv + 2,142 pp.

Wilson, P. J , S. Grewal, I. D. Lawford, J. N. M. Heal, A.
G. Granacki, D. Pennock, J. B. Theberge, D. R.
Voigt, W. Waddell, R. E. Chambers, P. C. Paquet,
G. Goulet, D. Cluff, and B. N. White. 2000. DNA
profiles of the eastern Canadian wolf and the red
wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary
history independent of the gray wolf. Canadian
Journal of Zoology 78:2156-2166.

Wilson, P. J., S. Grewal, T. McFadden, R. C. Chambers, and

B. N. White. 2003. Mitochondrial DNA extracted
from eastern North American wolves killed in the
1800s is not of gray wolf origin. Canadian Journal
of Zoology 81:936-940.

Wilson, P. J., L. Y. Rutledge, T. J. Wheeldon, B. R. Patterson,
and B. N. White. 2012. Y-chromosome evidence
supports widespread signatures of three-species
Canis hybridization in eastern North America.
Ecology and Evolution 2:2325-2332.

Wozencraft, W. C. 2005. Family Canidae. Pp. 532-628 in
Mammal species of the world: A taxonomic and
geographic reference, 3 rd edition (D. E. Wilson and

D. M. Reeder, eds.). Johns Hopkins University
Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

Bradley et al.—Checklist of North American Mammals, 2014

27

Addresses of authors:

Robert D. Bradley

Department of Biological Sciences
Museum of Texas Tech University
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, TX 79409-3131
robert. bradley@ttu. edu

Loren. K. Ammerman

Department of Biology
Angelo State University
San Angelo, TX 76909-0890
loren. ammerman@angelo. edu

Robert J. Baker

Department of Biological Sciences
Museum of Texas Tech University
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, TX 79409-3131
rjbaker@ttu.edu

Lisa C. Bradley

Museum of Texas Tech University
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, TX 79409-3191
lisa. bradley@ttu. edu

Joseph A. Cook

Museum of Southwestern Biology
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, NM 87131-1091
cookjose@unm. edu

Robert. C. Dowler

Department of Biology
Angelo State University
San Angelo, TX 76909-0890
robert. dowler @angelo. edu

Clyde Jones

Museum of Texas Tech University
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, TX 79409-3191
cjmajones@aol. com

David J. Schmidly

Department of Biology
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, NM 76090
djschmid@unm. edu

Frederick B. Stangl, Jr.

Department of Biology
Midwestern State University
Wichita Falls, TX 76308
frederick. stangl@mwsu. edu

Ronald A. Van Den Bussche

Department of Zoology
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, OK 74078
ron. van_den_bussche@okstate. edu

Bernd Wursig

Department of Marine Biology
Texas A&M University at Galveston
Galveston, TX 77553
wursigb@tamug. edu

Editor for this manuscript was Eileen Johnson, Executive Director, Museum of Texas Tech University

Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University

This publication is available free of charge in PDF format from the website of the Natural Science Research Labo¬
ratory, Museum of Texas Tech University (nsrl.ttu.edu). The authors and the Museum of Texas Tech University
hereby grant permission to interested parties to download or print this publication for personal or educational
(not for profit) use. Re-publication of any part of this paper in other works is not permitted without prior written
permission of the Museum of Texas Tech University.

Institutional subscriptions to Occasional Papers are available through the Museum of Texas Tech University, attn: NSRL
Publications Secretary, Box 43191, Lubbock, TX 79409-3191. Individuals may also purchase separate numbers
of the Occasional Papers directly from the Museum of Texas Tech University.

Series Editor: Robert D. Bradley
Production Editor: Lisa Bradley

— museum

texas tech universil

ISSN 0149-175X

Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3191