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MEMOIRS

OF THE

CARNEGIE MUSEUM.

VOL. IV. NO. 3.

A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTIDyE.'

By O. A. Peterson.

Introductory Remarks.

Since A. Aymard (1, pp. 227-242)- and S. A. Pomel (73, p. 307 ; 74, p. 1083)
described the genus Entclodon from the Tertiary deposits of France, much material
has been found, which represents this unique family of mammals, especially in the
Oligoceneand Miocene formations of the North American Tertiary. The object of the
present Memoir is first to give a systematic review of the known genera and species
of this family ; and secondly to describe and illustrate in detail the type specimen
of Dinohyus hoUandi, which was discovered in the Agate Spring Fossil (Quarries,
Sioux County, Nebraska, by the Carnegie Museum Expedition of 1 905, and briefly
described in Science (78, pp. 211-212) and the Annals of the Carnegie Museum
(81, pp. 49-51).

At the very outset of his work the writer became fully aware of the fact that
generic and specific determinations in this family have sometimes been based on
rather inadequate types, which present few and unsatisfactory characters. Frag-

'Pomel's (lesoription (73, 74) of Elotherium did probably appear before that of Aymard on Fnlelodon, but, iiias-
luuch as the type of the former was rather inadequate, no illustrations were published, and the type has been since lost
(see page 43), the present writer is of the opinion that the latter name should be used, as both text and figures are
clear.

' For the references in parentheses, see the Bibliography appended. ( Publislied May, 1909.)

42 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

mentary types, which very often are most exasperating to the student of paleontol-
ogy, cannot be regarded as finally determining genera and species, and in the pres-
ent case we must still await the slow process of discovery before a number of questions
can be satisfactorily determined. The paper here presented can only claim to be
a report of progress upon our knowledge'of this most interesting family, which must
be regarded as very distantly related to the Suidie.

The types of the different genera and species of the family, though sometimes
very fragmentary, clearly indicate diverging lines. These lines do not possess the
radical variability met with for instance in the Merycoidodonts (Oreodonts) and the
Cameloidea, but they are nevertheless of importance, when the conservative charac-
ters of the family as a whole throughout the lower Oligocene are considered.

This paper has l)een considerably delayed by the fact that the writer in the
early part of the year 1908 was suddenly detailed to take charge of the field-work
in the Agate Spring Fossil Quarries. The labors in these quarries were rewarded
with unusually good success, as has been the case every season since they were first
opened by the Carnegie Museum. Among other important material were found
a numberof portions of individuals of the genus Dinohijus which are of great value,
as they help to clear up certain anatomical features of that genus which otherwise
would have been left in obscurity in the present puljlication.

For the privilege of study and for aid otherwise given me, I am indebted to Dr.
W. J. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum, at whose request the present work
was undertaken. To Professors Osborn, Scott, Schuchert, and Lull I am indebted
for free access to the splendid material of the American Museum of Natural History,
the Princeton Museum, and the collection of the late Professor Marsh of Yale. To Dr.
W. D. Matthew of the American Museum, Dr. Witmer Stone of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Mr. J. W. Gidley of the National Museum, Dr. M.
S. Farr of Princeton University, Professor John C. Merriam, and Mr. E. L. Furlong
of the California University, and Miss Lucy P. Bush recently of Yale Museum, I here
wish to extend my thanks and appreciation for important letters and information.

The excellent series of illustrations in the present paper are mainly due to the
skilful work of Mr. Sydney Prentice. These illustrations explain many features
which, without them, would be quite unintelligible. Most of the photographs except
when otherwise stated, were made by Mr. Arthur S. Coggeshall.

Last, but not least, hearty acknowledgment should be expressed to Mr. Andrew
( Jarnegie, the founder of the Listitute, whose well-known generosity has made it
possible to carry on the work done both in the field and the laboratory.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.T; 43

Family ENTELODONTID.E Lydekker.^

The characters of this group of mammals from the Oligocene and Miocene for-
mations of both the Old and New Worlds amply justified Lydekker (53b), Marsh
(64, p. 408), and Scott (87, p. 322) in placing them in a separate family. The com-
bination of the primitive bunodont dental structure with the highly modified limbs
and feet gives to this group an unusual and quite unique appearance.

Family Characters : Teeth bunodont. Muzzle long ; cranium short. Limbs
elongated ; feet didactyl.

Genus ENTELODON Aymard.

There has been much confusion both in Europe and America regarding the pri-
ority of the names Entehdon Aymard and Elolher'mm Pomel. Quite recently Miss
Lucy P. Bush, who was one of Professor Marsh's assistants, wrote an article (4, pp.
97-98) which stimulated inquiry as to tliese two names. After carefully looking
over the literature, it is quite plain that Aymard's paper on Entehdon, though per-
haps written in 1846, was not published until late in 1847 or during the year 1848.
The most conclusive evidence of this fact is found on page 247 of Vol. XII, of the
Annales de la Societe d' Agriculture, des Sciences, et de (Jommerce du Puy for 1842-
1846, or on p. 23 in the reprint of this article. On these pages of Aymard's paper is
a foot-note correctly referring to page 385 of the Bulletin de la Societe Geologique
de France, Vol. IV, which was published late in 1847 ; consequently Aymard's
paper could not have been published in 1846. Pomel's description of Elothermm
on the other hand was apparently published in 1847 ; Ijut, in the first place, the
type was rather inadequate, judging from Pomel's article ; secondly, there is not in
Pomel's paper, or elsewhere, any illustration of the specimen ; and, thirdly, I am
informed that the type is lost.^ These facts collectively should, in the mind of the
writer, exclude the use of the name " Elothermm" especially since Aymard's article
on Entelodon is accompanied with good illustrations of satisfactory types. There
was apparently not a great lapse of time between the appearance of the two publi-
cations, and it may yet possibly be established that Pomel's description was also
delayed and not published l)efore Aymard's paper actually appeared.

Principal Generic Uiaractcrs of Entelodon : Upper and lower premolai-s relatively

'The family name EnModonlidir was apparently first used by Lydeljlver in 1883 (53b, p. 146), while Edward
Richard Alston in the Zoological Record for 1876, p. 18, refers to ParahyuK mgans, Ueloliyus, and " Elolherium " under
the caption El<itlierii(ta', without any further note or comment.

'Inquiries made by Dr. W. J. Holland while recently in France reveal the fact that the type of Elolherium is
lost. Professor Marcellin Boule, in a letter to Director Holland, states that he is under the impression that no
one, except Pomel himself, ever saw the type. In this connection it is quite sinnificant that in the Catalogue of Verte-
brate Fossils in the British Museum, which accpiired Pomel's collection, no mention is made of the type of Elolherium.

MEMOIRS OF THE^CARNEGIE MUSEUM

large ; posterior portion of the crown of P^ porportionally heavier than in Archteo-
therium, ; the crown of PA with antero-internal angle of comparatively greater
development, which gives the outline of the tooth a more nearly square appearance

Fig. 1. Type Specimen of Eiilfhdnn magnum Aymird. ^i nat. size. (1) Crown View of Upper Dentition. (2)
Crown View of Lower Dentition. (3) External View of Lower Dentition. (Drawn by Sidney Prentice from Casts of
the Original, compared with the Figures given by Kowalevsky. )

than in the American form ; para- and metaconids completely united showing
no evidence of separations as in young and unworn teeth of Archieothermm.
The general appearance of the dentition of Entelodon magnum seems to point toward
a more specialized type, which either represents a later or a more advanced form,
so far as the dentition is concerned, than Arclmotheri um from the lower Oligocene
of America. Occipital condyle of proportionally great vertical diameter ; supra-
occipital greatly expanded superiorly and much contracted immediately above the
condyles'; paroccipital process far in advance of the condyles, relatively compressed
antero-posteriorly, and expanded transversely ; no evidence of the external auditory
meatus immediately in front of the paroccipital process as in Archasotherium.

If Kowalevsky's observations ^ regarding the union of the foramen ovale and
lacerum medius, as in the recent SuiJx, is correct, this is of considerable importance,

'•' Professor Scott (87, p. 284) seems inclined to doubt Kowalevsky's statement that " foramen ovale . . .
mit dem foramen lacerum medium versmolzen war, wie hei den heutigen Suidoe und bei Hippopotamus."

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTIDJE

since all the known American forms have the foramen ovale separate. In the Euro-
pean genus the manus is relatively low and l)road; the magnum and unciform
articulate by facets at tlie dorsal borders; tlie fil)ula is free ; and the tarsus is low
and broad.

Entelodon magnum Aymard.

Type: Fragments of skull, lower jaws, vertebrte, and femur.

Horizon : Oligocene of Ronzon, near I'uy-en-Velay, Department of Haute-Loire,
Southern France.

Location of Type : Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.

Two or more specimens were used by Aymard in his original description (1, pp.
227-242), and Entelodon is cliaracterized by him as follows :

Fig. 2. Lateral View of Sknll of &i<e/odon jna^num Aymard. j nat. size. (After Kowalevsky.)

"J^e systeme dentaire ordonne com me 11 suit: i|^,';J:J dont H^+l.

" Toutes les dents plus ou moins marquees de fortes stries ou dentelures aux
aretes longitudinales ; Ti collet cernant en partie la base de toutes les molaires in-
ferieures, entourant egalement en partie les trois premieres superieures, tres dr-
veloppe au cote anterieur et au cote posterieur de la molaire principale et des trois
arriere-molairs d'en-haut.

" Les incisives d'en-bas subtriangulaires, peu declives, subterminales, contigues
entre elles et a la canine, et augmentant, en grandeur, de la premiere a la troisieme ;
les superieures en cone subtriangulaire, assez epais avec un collet au bord interne.

" Les canines, peu arquees, se deversant peu en dehors ; la superieure moins forte
que I'inferieure.

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

"Les trois avant-molaires, en haut et en bas, coniques, deprimees, portees sur
leux racines d'autant plus serees que le dent est plus rapprochee de la canine. La

premirre inferieure a pen pres uniradiculee ; la pre-
miere su2:)erieure se detachant des suivantes par une
petite barre ; la troisieme etroite [surtout celle d'en
haut] relativement a son analogue des genres voi-
sins, et s'elevant fort au-dessus de la serie.

" La molaire principale inferieure a couronne
conique, simple, elargie en arriere. Celle d'en-haut
formant une colline transverse a deux pointes, I'in-
terne assez forte.

"Les trois dernieres machelieres divisees en
deux coUines transverses, cbaque colline ayant trois
pointes mousses a la machoire d'en-haut et deux Tv
celle d'en-bas. Les superieures de figure trapezoide,
la penultieme plus forte que la derniere. Celles d'en-
bas plus longues que larges ; la derniere depourvue
de talon ou troisieme colline.

" La premiere dentition de la machoii'e inferi-
eure ainsi composee : trois incisives ayant meme dis-
position qu'a la mandibule d'adulte, et a peu pres
meme structure, sauf une epaisseur moins forte de la couronne ; une canine de meme
forme que les incisives, mais plus haute et plus pointue ; quatre molaires, la premiere
uniradiculee, la seconde a deux racines, la troisieme remarquable par la simplicite de
sa couronne unicuspidee, et la derniere a trois paires de cones mousses.
" Le systeme digital probablement paridigite.

Entelodon ronzonii Aymard.
Ty]ye : Isolated teeth.

Horizon : Oligocene of Ronzon, Department of Haut- Loire, Southern France.

Location of Type: Mviseum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.

Aymard established this species on isolated teeth. His description is based
principally on the smaller size of the teeth, a lower crown, and greater width pos-
teriorly of Mg, than in his Entelodon magnum. Aymard's original description (1,
p. 22) in full is as follows :

" Nous avons recueilli des dents isolees qui sembleraient indiquer une espece
d'entelodon plus petite que la precedente. Une troisieme molaire inferieure, tres
bien conservee, presente, outre le collet et les aretes dentelees caracteristiques du

Fig. 3. Posterior View of Skull of
Entelodon magnum Aymard. J nat. size.
(Drawn by Sidney Prentice after the Figure
given by Kowalevsky. )

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.E 47

genre, une hauteur proportionnellement moindre de la couronne, et une plus graiide
largeur en arriere. i^lle a, de plus, en avant et en arriere, des plis d'eraail et des
rugosites distinctifs. Si des decouvertes ulterieures de pieces dentaires plus completes
venaient confirmir la valeur de ces caracteres, on pourrait imposer a cette nouvelle
especerappellation cVeidciodon Eonzonii, de la colline ou sontenfouies sesdepouilles."

Genus ARCH^OTHERIUM Leidy.

In 1850 Dr. lieidy published a description of the first American forms of the
family EntclodontJdx under the name Arducotherium mortoni (40, pp. 93-94).
Material of this genus which was subsequently collected from time to time by the
early expeditions to the bad-lands of South Dakota and Nebraska was submitted to
Dr. Leidy for study and was pul)lished by him in different publications under the
generic names Arctodon (41, p. 278), Entclodon (45, p. 392), and Archicothermm. In
1857 (48, p. 175) Leidy recognized Pomel's name Elotherium, which he continued
to use for the American forms in different publications, including his work "The
Extinct Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska." On Plate IX, figs. 3 and 4,
in "The Ancient Fauna of Nebraska" are illustrations representing a fragment of
a skull which agrees quite perfectly with Leidy's original description (40, pp. 92-93)
and is undoubtedly that of the type. Other specimens figured and determined by
Leidy as Archxotherium mortoni agree with a number of skulls, portions of skulls,
and teeth in the Carnegie Museum, which were collected by the writer and others
in the Titanoiherium beds of the same general locality (Nebraska and South Dakota).
The Oligocene of North America has yielded much material representing this genus,
which is now scattered through the museums of America and Europe.

Principal Generic Characters of Archicotherium : P- of relatively small size,
with small internal tubercle ; the crown triangular in outline ; P^, ^, ^ separated
by diastemata ; lower molars with the anterior much higher than the posterior
tubercles and separated by broad cross-valleys ; Py separated from canine and P^r
by diastemata ; occipital condyles of proportionally small vertical diameter and no
accessory facets on the basioccipital ; foramen ovale separated from foramen lac-
erum ; dependent processes on the jugal and the inferior border of the mandible ;
long alveolar border of the premaxillai-y and a long chin ; limbs and feet propor-
tionally long and slender ; trapezium present ; magnum and unciform articulating
slightly with one another at the dorsal border ; fibula free.

Archaeotherium mortoni Leidy.
Type: A fragment of a skull witli P' and P^ in place, and the alveolus for Mi.
Horizon : Oligocene (Titanotherium beds).

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Localitij : White River, South Dakota ?

Locality of Type : Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia.^
Pnncipal characters of Archxothermm mortoni : The first and second incisors
of this species are relatively large. The whole series is well spaced in both upper
and lower jaws, which is due to the proportionally long alveolar border of the pre-

side View of Skull of Archwotheriun mortuni Leidy. {Cam. Mus. Cat. Vert.
Jaw No. 2097. ) i nat. size.

Skull No. 1900, Lower

maxillary and the long chin of the lower jaw. The canines are long and pointed,
the premolars are compressed transversely and have comparatively high and pointed
crowns. M- has small posterior tubercles. The lower molars have proportionally
higher and more developed proto- and metaconids, low and little developed hypo-
and entoconids and bi'oad cross- valleys. The posterior process of the jugal is com-

FlG. 5. Crown View of Left Inferior Dentition of A. mnrtoni Leidy. (Cam. Mns. Cat. Vert. Foss. No. 2097. ) J nat. size.

paratively lightly developed and does not form a buttress on the anterior margin
of the glenoid cavity, as in some of the later genera. The anterior jjrotuberances of
the inferior margin of the lower jaws are slightly more developed than those further
Ijack. The skull rejjresents a comparatively small-sized animal. A specimen,

'' The specimen at this writing has no catalog number.

I'ETEKSON : A UKVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.E

fragments of skull and lower jaws (No. 2011, Carnegie Museum ('at. Foss. Vert.),
was collected in the Oreodon beds near Dickinson in the Little IJad-lands of North
Dakota by Earl Douglass. This has the entoconid of M^ well rei^resented, the
anterior tubercles of the lower molars very high, as in A. coarctatam, the premolars
rather small, but Pj separated from P-4 by a diastema as in A. inorfoni. The upper
molars are relatively longer and narrower than those in the typical specimens of A.

Fig. 6. Palatal View of Cranium of Archtvulherinm moiluni liCidy. J nat. size. (Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. No.
1900. ) The oblong area in front of the condyle represents the broken tympanic bnlhu.

mortoni. This would seem to indicate that there is a considerable range of indi-
vidual variation in the species ^1. nwiiu'ii.i.

Archaeotherium mortoni subsp. clavum (Marsh).

Ii/jie : Skull.

Horizon : Lower Oligocene (Titanotherium beds).

Locality : Bad-lands of South Dakota.

Locallli/ of Type : In Collection of Yale Museum, No. 2().S5.

The type of this subspecies is the skull of an animal the size of AirlmotlK riitm,
mortoni, and the characters which Professor Marsh has given do not clearly distin-
guish it from the latter species. Marsh states that tlie skull agrees in many respects

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

with that of A. crassum, but is smaller, " the malar j^rocess is quite slender and
tapering below [and] extending downward. . . . The dentition agrees in the main
with that of E. [yl.] crassum, the last lower molar in each having four cones only, and
no heel." The malar arch and the dependent angle of the lower jaw, which Pro-
fessor Marsh states, " will distinguish it from A. mortoni," are found to be present and
more or less developed in all the specimens of this family found in America with
these parts preserved.

In my notes on the type of ArchxotJicrium davuin taken in the Yale Museum I
find the following statements, which tend to show that Marsh's species should at
least be given a subspecific rank :

"The general contour of the skull is much the same as that of ^. crassum, the
occijiut is not overhanging, the anterior border of the orbit is opposite the middle
portion of M-, the antorbital foramen is large and placed over P-. Premaxillaries
produced forward giving plenty of room for the incisors, which are separated by

Fig. 7. SkuW of Aichicolherium cinvitm Marsh. About i iiat

diastemata except I^ and I-. The latter are, however, well separated at the apices.
The orbit is placed slightly higher than in A. crassum. The dependent broad pro-
cess of the jugal is not large, and, as Mai'sh stated, points directly downward and
also slightly outward. The zygomatic process perhaps did not reach to the anterior
border of the glenoid cavity. The condyles are well separated superiorly and inferi-
orly and the paroccipital process is rather short and truncated. The foramen mag-
num is large and subtriangular in outline. The chin has a considerable slope and
is quite convex from side to side. The anterior knob-like protuberances are not
large and are placed well back as in some species from the John Day formation.
The posterior protuberance has the same relative size as in A. cras.^u'iu. The anterior
mental foramen is rather small and is placed low down on the mandible, opposite
the anterior face of Py The posterior mental foramen is higher up upon the mandi-
ble and is opposite the posterior face of Po.

PETERSON : A REVISION OP THE RNTKLODONTID.E 51

" Ti relatively large, upper canines much elongated and pointed, M- with well

develojied cingulum externally, IVP with cingulum faintly developed externally,

and M- with cingulum developed only on the antero-external angle. Lower canine

rather short, which may be due to the fact that the specimen pertains to a rather

young, though adult individual. Lower premolars high and sharply pointed ;

molars Avith high anterior tubercles. Mg with an unusually prominent posterior

basal heel.' Cingulum only fairly indicated on the external faces of the inferior

molars."

Archseotherium crassum (iVIarsh).

Tij2^e : Fragments of a skeleton.

Locality : Eastern Colorado.

Horizon : Lower Oligocene (Titanotherium beds).

Localitu of Type: In Collection of Yale Museum, No. 12020.

In 1873 Professor Marsh founded this species on fragments of a skeleton (58a,
p. 487). It was apparently the first time that the characteristic dependent process
of the jugal of the American forms of the Entelodontid;v had been observed, and
Marsh compared this process with tho.se on the zygomatic arch in some Eldentates
and Marsupials. Marsh also pointed out that the I'adius and ulna of this species were
separated or very loosely united.* Some idea of the foot structure of this species was
also derived from this specimen. In a later paper (63, p. 408) jNIarsh more fully
describes the type, together with additional material collected in Colorado, South
Dakota, and Nebraska. On Plate VIII of this publication Marsh figures the skull
and feet, which he regards as belonging to A. crassum, and states that the dependent
process of the jugal " extends downward to the inferior margin of the lower jaw in
front of the angle. This is the case when these processes are somewhat expanded
transversely, as shown in figures 2 and 3, which represent the skull as it lay
in the matrix " (see fig. 8). Marsh also calls attention to the small bi-ains, the struc-
ture of the feet, and to the protuberances on the inferior border of the lower jaw, of
which the anterior pair is slightly the heavier. In J 894 Marsh published the res-
toration of A. crassum (64, pp. 407-408, PI. IX) and finally in 1897 published the
same restoration (65, PI. XXX) with the legend Entelodon crassus. In the text
of the same volume, pp. 522-523, Marsh also referred to ArcJarotherium as Entelodun.^
Through the courtesy of Professors Schuchert and Lull of Yale University the pres-

'The posterior positioD of the chin-process, the high anterior tubercles ot tlie lower molars, anil the prominent
basal heel of Mj are among the more important characters of this subspecies.

" This is probably true of nearly all the species from the lower beds.

"This indicates that Marsh liad already obtained some information which led to Miss Lucy P. Bush's publication
of a later date in the American Journal ot Science (Series IV, Vol. XVI, pp. 97-98, 19031.

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

ent writer was recently able to carefullj' study the type and the other material referred
to A. crassum by Marsh. My observations are of some interest in this connection, as
they serve to further characterize this species. I at once detected that the premaxilla-
ries are long, as is usual in the species from the lower Oligocene, the preorbital foramen
is above P^ and is of large size, the orbit is rather low, and has the anterior boi'der
opposite the posterior part of M^. The downward projecting process of the jugal is
directed rather more forward than backward and terminates in an enlarged and some-
what oval free end ; the zygomatic process does not quite reach the anterior border
of the glenoid cavity. Fj has a characteristically limited antero-posterior diame-
ter. Pi" and P2 are abruptly reduced as in A. coardatum Cope, and the anterior
tubercles of the molars are quite high, as in that species. The superior molars are
yet buried in the matrix, so that nothing more can be said regarding their charac-
ters, than that they have apparently an-
terior and posterior cingula, as usual, but
are externally almost smooth.

There are only a few fragments of
vertebr;ie with the type. Poi'tions of left
arches of two dtwsal vertebrie show perfor-
ations of large foramina at the base of, and
immediately posterior to, the transverse
processes, but in neither of the two arches
are there any indications of vertical canals
as in Dinohyus,

The limbs of the type specimen are
very fragmentary; there is no scapula.
The great trochanter of the humerus is
very prominent and terminates superiorly
above the head in an enlarged and trun-
cated end, directed backward and with the
process of the lesser tuberosity nearly en-
closing the bicipital groove. The inter-
trochlear ridge is prominent and the ex-
ternal condyle is narrow. The internal
epicondyle is relatively prominent. The calcaneal facet of the cuboid is broader than
that for the astragalus. Mt. IV is complete and measures 155 mm in length. Mt.
V was of relatively large size, judging from the facet for it on Mt. IV. The meta-
podial as a whole is rather delicate and the cross-section of the upper half of the
shaft has a square appearance.

Fl(). 8. Side and Upper View of Skull of Anh,rn
tlierium crassum Marsh. J uat. size. (After Marsli. )

I'ETERSON : A REVISIOX OF THE ENTELODONTirxE 53

In the Carnegie Museum is a good portion of a skeleton with the vertebral
column well represented, but without tlie skull or jaws (No. 16G5, Carn. Mus. Cat.
Vert. Foss.), collected by the writer in the Titanotherlnm beds on Sand Creek, 8ioux
County, Nebraska. This specimen has the sides of the walls of the neural arches
perforated in a manner similar to that of the type of A. crasisiim. The specimen per-
tained to a somewhat larger individual than the type in the Yale Museum, but it is
here referred to Archiwtlierivm. (■raasiim. A skull and four cervical vertebne (Carn.
Mus. (Jat. Vert. Foss. No. 142) which are referred to A. crasmrn, were collected by
Mr. J. B. Hatcher in HJOO, near the base of the Titanotherium beds on Lance
Creek, Converse ( 'ounty, Wyoming. The skull of this specimen is much depressed by
crushing, but is of interest because it supplies characters which show a considerable
range of individual variation in this species. While the skull is of about the same
proportionate size as that of A. crassmn in the Yale Museum, it is seen that the
dependent process of the jugal is of much smaller size and shorter, the superior
border of the orbit is higher'" or more nearly even with the transverse fac<; of the
frontals, the antorbital foramen is slightly further forward, and the cingula of the
teeth are more strongly developed than in the specimen in the Yale Museum.

Archseotherium ingens (Leidy).

Types: Symphysis of lower jaws without teeth, the crown of an inferior
molar, and several mutilated canine teeth.

Horizon: Oligocene (Upper Titanotherium beds?).

Locality : Nebraska (White River?).

Locality of Types: Unknown to the writer."

The figures <S-11, which Profes.sor Leidy gives on PI. XXVII in "Tlic K.xtinct
Mammalian Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska," seem to agree with his original
description of " Entelodon inyens" (47, pp. 164-1G5) and are undoubtedly to be
regarded as the types of that species, although Leidy docs not make this clear. The
species was originally separated wholly on account of its greater size. On pages
192-194 (Ext. Mam. Fauna) Leidy gives a list with measurements of si)ecimens,
which he regarded as pertaining to A. ingots, but with no adequate description.
To Professor W. B. Scott of Princeton University we are indebted for an admirable
Memoir (87, p}). 273-324), the descriptions in which are based on a very nearly
complete skeleton (Princeton Museum ( -ollection No. 10885) collected in the upper
Titanotherium beds of South Dakota liy the late Mr. J. B. Hatcher and regarded by

'" Even wlien the crusliing of tlie sknll is takeu into proper coosideratioii this character is especially noticeable.
" In the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Vol. VIII, p. 165, 1856, Professor Leidy states that the specimens were
collected by Dr. Hayden for the St. I.,ouis Academy of .Sciences.

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Scott as " Elotherium ingens." Scott states (87, p. 274) that the upper incisors "in-
crease regularly in size from the first to the third, the latter being much the largest
of the series ; it has a conical or somewhat trihedral crown and resembles a canine

Fig. 9. Restoration of Skeleton of A. ingens Leidy. About j'j nat. size. (After Scott.)

in shape and appearance. . . . The other incisors have sj^atulate crowns, Avith
blunted tips, the attrition of use wearing down the apices as well as the posterior
faces of these teeth. This description ajjplies more particularly to the larger White
River species, such as E. ingens and E. imperator ; in E. mortoni the upper incisors
are of more nearly equal size and more conical shape." In speaking of the upper
premolars the same author states (l. c, p. 275) : " In the smaller species of the genus
such as E. mortoni, P^ and P^ are placed close together, while in the larger forms
these teeth are separated Vjy a short space and the diastemata between the other
premolars and between P- and the canine are relatively somewhat greater, the
enlargement of these teeth hardly keeping pace with the elongation of the muzzle."
The general contour of the skull in E. ingens is somewhat different from other species
especially those from the lower beds. Thus, Scott (/. c, p. 280) states : " In most
American si^ecies the forehead rises very gradually and gently behind to the sagittal
crest, but in E. ingens the rise is much more sudden and steep." The dependent proc-
ess of the jugal " descends from beneath the orbit downward and outward to below
the level of the ventral border of the mandible [and] forms a club-like thickening
at the tip, which ... is coarsely crenulate on the posterior border. ... In E. ingens,

PETKRSON : A REVISION 'OF THE ENTELODONTID/T;

from the Titanotherium Ijeds, these openings [supraorbital foramina] are of good
size, are phiced quite near to the median line, and have well-marked vascular
cliannels running forward from them." On the ventral border of the mandible the
knob-like processes ai-e well developed. In the type represented in Fig. 10, PI.
XXVII (Ext. Mam. Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska) these proc-
esses are shown to be of quite large size. In the dorsal vertebrtc
of the specimen, which Professor Scott referred to E. ingens, the
canals perforating the walls of the neural arch for the spinal
nerves are small and quite irregular in their position, indicating
that they had a less important function than was the case in
Dinohijus and Sus. The trapezium (tm. in fig. 10) is present in
the manus of the splendidly preserved specimen in the Princeton
Museum.

Archaeotherium coarctatum ((ope).

li/i^e : A left mandibular ramus with molar-premolar series
complete.

Horizon : Lower Oligocene, Titanotherium beds ?

Localiti] : Gypre.ss Hills, District of Assiniboia, Canada.

Locality of Type : Collection of the Geological Survey of
Canada, Ottawa."

The name Entelodon Diortoni was used by Professor Cope in his first report of
the presence of remains of %\\q Entelodontidx in Canada (17a, p. 163). Later he re-
ferred this material to " Elotherium" coarctatum, which again was changed by him-
in 1891 (23, p. 20) to " Elotherium arctatum." The type as figured on Plate XIV
(23) clearly indicates this species as valid and the more important characters may
be quoted from Professor Cope's description : " The species differs from E. mortoni,
with which it agrees nearly in size, in having all the premolars in a series uninter-
rupted by diastemata except a very short one between Pm. Ill and IV [IVand Py].'^*
The second premolar [P3] ^''^ is the most elevated, and the third and fourth [IV and
Py]^^*are abruptly smaller. The fourth [Py] '"'* has one '■' compres.sed grooved root.
. . . The posterior, or fifth tubercle is well develoj^ed, especially on the M. Ill
[M3]." '■'■* (See crown view in fig. 11.)

" Without catalog number.

" From the illustration it would appear that there were probably two roots on P,, perhaps coalesced near the
crown which is usual in many species from higher horizons.

""The notation of the teeth enclosed in brackets [ ] is given by the writer, in order to facilitate the understand-
ing of Prof. Cope's description, in which he used the now obsolete method of numbering the teeth from the back of
the jaw forward.

Flo. 10. Inside View
of Carpus of A. ingeiis
Leidy, showing Trape-
zium in Position. I nat.
size. (Princeton Mus.
Cat., No. 10885.)

MEMOIRS 01'' THE CAKNECilE MUSEUM

Professor Cope points out the " close-placed premolar teeth " and the elevation
of the anterior tubercles " of the true molars as a more primitive character than is
displayed by any of the American species so far known. To this may also be added
the abrupt reduction of Ptt, which, though distinctly smaller than in A. morioni,
is, however, again re2)eated in Dinohyus from the Miocene. The latter has Py
and P^ of very nearly the same relative size as in Archxothcnum coqrdatum. The

Flo. 11. Type oi Aich.TOtheriuin coarctalum Cope. About J nat. size. ( After Cope. )

development of the posterior tubercles on Mg of the latter species seems to indicate
"a slight advance in modification toward the later forms, Dinohya.'^ and Aynmodon,
wliile in the typical forms of A. mortoni these tubercles are less developed.

Subgenus PELONAX Cope.
Pelonax ramosum Cope.

Tyjye : The greater part of a mandible.

Horizon : Upper Oligocene ?

Locality : Eastern Colorado.

Locality of Type : The American Museum of Natural History. (Cope Collec-
tion, No. 6393.)

In the original description (7, p. 27) of the subgenus Pelonax Professor Cope
enumerates strong specific characters, viz. : the " great size of the tubercles on the
under side of the mandibular ramus, especially the anterior pair . . . the first and

'* It slioulil be carefully borne in mind tbat all the species known from the lower Oligocene beds have the an-
terior cusps of the molars higher in a greater or less degree.

I'KTERSON : A REVISFON OF TIIR KNTELODONTID.E

second of the four premolars are separated by a diastema and have but a single '" root
. . . the tubercles of the molars are low . . . the last molar two-lobed and rather
small," which should be regarded at least as of subgeneric value. Cope erected
the genus Pelonax in 1874 (6, pp. 504-505) and said that it embraces species
"nearly allied to Elotherimn. It is more hippopotamoid than that genus l^Archaro-
therium] in the possession of four^' digits on all the feet and a rudimentary fifth on
the pes." The statement regarding the digits of Cope's genus Pelonax is misleading,

Fjo. 12. Type of PcUmar ramosum Cope. Cope Collection, No. 6393. About \ iiat. size.

but the very large tuberosities on the chin and the single-rooted premolars, together
with the characters enumerated above, are of considerable significance, and may
be regarded as characterizing this subgenus. More material representing limbs and
verte]:>ne associated with jaws and skulls from the type locality is of extreme impor-
tance in connection with the study of this subgenus.

Pelonax bathrodon (Marsh).
Tijpe : M3 of right side.
Horizon: Upper 01 igocene. Protoceras Sandstones?

"In a letter of reply from Dr. Matthew, of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, dated Feb. 2C,
1908, I am assured that Coin's statement regarding the single-rooted premolars is correct.

" No true Entelodonts from the Oligocene of America or Europe have as yet been_found with four digits on all
the feet, as in hippopotamus.

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Locality : Bad-lands of South Dakota.

Locality of Type : Collection of Yale Museum, No. 1 2030.

The tooth figured in 1893 by Professor Marsh (63, PI. IX, fig. 4), and referred
to the genus Ammodon, though inadequate as a type, fortunately shows characters
which at once separate it from Ammodon leidyanum, not only specifically, but also
generically (see fig. 13). In Marsh's original description in 1874 (59, p. 534), he
gives the principal characters of M3 of his proposed species •' Elotherium " bathrodon,
which constitute the chief differences between that tooth of the latter species and
the genus ^mmo(7o7i. Marsh says : "This molar differs essentially from the same

Fig. 13. Last Lower Molar of P. bathrodiin Marsh. \ nat size. (After Marsh.)

tooth in the other known species of this genus [Elotherium'], especially in having
the anterior pair of tubercles much larger than the posterior pair, and elevated high
above them." '* On comparing Marsh's figures reproduced in this connection (fig.
13) it is at once seen that the tubercles are more distinctly separated by narrow
longitudinal valleys, and that the cross-valley between the anterior and posterior
tubercles is open and very broad, which is due to the small development of the pos-
terior tubercles ; a character common to the older American types of the family
Entelodontidse. In Ammodon and Dinohyus the development of the posterior tuber-
cles (ento- and hypoconids) is relatively greater and the cross-valley is very much
reduced in the anteroposterior direction. The distinct development of the fifth
cone (hypoconid) in Ammodon leidyanum seems to have progressed in the same gen-
eral ratio as that of the posterior tubercles.

In the Yale Museum is a specimen of an Entelodont, which was collected in
1890 by Mr. J. Brown and bears the catalogue number 10U08. This specimen is a
skull of a large individual apparently from the Protoceras sandstones of the Oligo-
cene. The front and back of this skull is broken off so that its length cannot be
ascertained. The size of the molars corresponds quite well with that of the tooth
described by Marsh as the type of Pelonax bathrodon, and, from the fact that it was

'* This elevated position of the anterior portion of the crown seems to be greater than in Pelonax potens.

I'ETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTIDyE 59

found in the upper Oligocene, it would seem quite reasonable to suppose that it
belongs to the same species.

The premolars of this skull are rather pointed, with wrinkled enamel, and with
comparatively small antero-posterior diameter, approaching Dinohyus in. these char-
acters, pi has a small paracone and a very strong cinguluin, which nearly surrounds
the tooth ; the external face is quite smooth, except the posterior and anterior angles.
The molars have distinctly separated tubercles and rather broad or open cross- valleys.
Opposite the cross-valley on the internal faces of M^ and M^ the heavy rounded
cingula, or swellings, which are so i)rominent in Dinohijus hollandi, are indicated.
The anterior tubercles of M^ are well separated, while the posterior tubercles are
fused and elevated posteriorly, so as to form a basin of the cross-valley ; the tooth
as a whole is relatively small when compared with Dinoliyus.

The frontals are much less inflated than in the type of Dinohyus. Judging from
the crushed condition of the skull, I am inclined to think that the anterior border of
the orbit is opposite the posterior part of M^, or perhaps somewhat further back.
The anterior border of the posterior nares is opposite the posterior part of M-.
The dependent process of the jugal is very broad and extends well down.

A second specimen in the Yale Museum, which may be referred to Pelonax
bathrodon (No. 10009), is a skull and lower jaws of a rather young individual. This
has an unusual development of the posterior basal tubercles (hypoconulids) of the
lower molars. The ento- and hypoconidsof My and Mt,- are also" relatively high in
comparison with most Entelodonts from the Oligocene, while those of M3 are low
as in the type of Pelonax bathrodon and the cross-valley is also broad in the same
manner.

Measurements.

Skull No. 10008, Yale Museum.

Mm.

Total length of the skull fragment about 540

Breadth of .skull at M^ I44

Antero-posterior diameter of P^ 32

Transverse " " pa jg

"Pi 28

Antero-posterior " " pa 4j 5

"PA ....'..^.^i 31

Transverse " " Pt 34

"Ml ""!''^""!'!!""!'""' 40

Antero-posterior " "Mi 38

" " " M" 39..5

Transverse " " M^ 43

"Ml ' \ 37

Antero-posterior " " M^ 533

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNE(iIE MUSEUM

Pelonax potens (Marsh).

Type : Greater portion of left ramus and symphysis.

Horizon : Not indicated ; most probably upper Oligocene.

Locality : Oligocene of Colorado.

Locality of Type: Collection of Yale.Museum, No. 12042.

The most conspicuous feature of this type is the gi-eat development of the ante-
rior dependent process of the inferior face of the lower jaw, which, as in Pelonax
ramosum, gives to the chin an unusually short and rather broad appearance. The
alveolus for Vj indicates that the roots were welP'' coalesced near the crown,
a character usually found in types from the upper Oligocene, and which should be
regarded as of subgeneric value. The antero-posterior diameter of Y^ must have

Fig. 14. Type of /". poiens Marsh. About J nat. size. (Yale Museum, No. 12042. )

been quite great, judging from the space which the alveolus occupies. The molars
indicate a smaller individual than Pelonax hathrodon, as stated by Marsh (63, p. ^410),
but possessing the same characters as the latter, /. e., the anterior- tubercles of the
molars are higher than the posterior, and the latter separated from the former by
broad, transverse valleys. ^Vhen more complete material from tlie Oligocene of Col-
orado is found, the validity of the type of Pelonax potens will be more satisfactorily
established.

"In Pelonnx ramosum Py and P., are apparently single-rooted.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID^

Subgenus (?) BOOCHCERUS Cope.
Boochoerus humerosus Cope.

Type: A portion of a skeleton without the skull or teeth

Horizon: (Upper?) John Day For-
mation.

Locality : John Day River, Oregon.

Locality of Type : The American Mu-
seum of Natural History, Cope Collection,
No. 7380.

The genus Bobchwrus was proposed by
Cope and the type was fully described in
1879 (10, pp. 59-66). This John Day
form has been regarded as belonging to
Archxotherium by authors who have occa-
sionally referred to it, and it is even now
difficult to correctly place the remains
generically, as there are unfortunately no
remains of the skull or teeth with the type.
The present arrangement must, therefore,
be regarded as only provisional, pending
the discovery of more material in the typi-
cal locality.

After restudying the type, and after
comparing it with the splendid skeleton of
Dinohyus hollandl from the Agate Spring
Fossil Quarries, as well as with the Prince-
ton specimen of Arclucoilierium ingens from
the Titanotherium beds, which was de-
scribed by Professor Scott, it appears that
there are certain characters of generic
value. When the skeleton of Dicodon is
thoroughly known, Boikhccrus may pf)S-
sibly have to be referred to that genus.

Principal characters of Boochosrus Im-
merosxis : On comparing BoocJuenis humeroms with I)inohyu.'< hollandl it is quite ap-
parent that the humerus in the former is relatively long and the manus'" broad

*" Although B. hmnerostis is heavier than /). holhindi, the feet of the former are considerably shorter and broader
than in the latter.

Fig. 15. Front and Inside View of Right Forefoot of
Z(. AmiifrosKS Cope. About J nat. size. (Cope Collection,
No. 7380.)

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

(21, p. 168) and short (see figs. 15 and 16). The absence of an articular facet for
rat. IIP' on the lower tibial angle of the cuboid in the John Day form is also a
noticeable feature. Boochwrus hwnerosus differs from Archfvothermm ingens by the
absence of the trapezium and by the fact that the unciform and magnum do not

Fig. 16. Lett Humerus of B. humeroms Cope.
About 5 nat. size. (Cope Collection, No. 7380.)

Fio. 17. Eight Hiud Foot of
B. humerosus Cope. (Cope Collec-
tion, No. 7380.) I nat. size.

touch one another dorsally when in position in the carpus." From both Dinohyus
hollandi ond Archxotherium ingens the John Day subgenus differs by a relatively
greater transverse diameter of the distal end of the femur.

Additional specimens from the John Day formation will undoubtedly give more
complete information regarding this proposed genus. Cope states (10, p. 60) that
the " remains indicate an animal of the size of the Rhinoceros indicus. The animal
is characterized by the massive proportions of the humerus as compared with the
femur, and by the short robust form of the metapodials."

'' The head of mt. Ill in the type of Bnockcrrus is restored on the fibular angle, but it was evidently the same as
in Archneoiherinm ingens, judging from the absence of the facet on the lower tibial angle of the cuboid.

"^ Cope says (21, p. 171) that the lunar has penetrated so far as to almost divide the second row of carpals.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTIDJE

Genus D^ODON Cope.
A description of this genus was given by Professor ( 'ope in a paper (9, p. 15) read
before the American Philosophical Society, November 15, 1878, and published on
December 3, of the same year. Owing to the very poor condition of the type, Cope

Fia. 18. Type of Dxodon shoshonensis Cope. About J nat. aize. Cope Collection, No. 7387. Oblique View to show

symphysis.

was unable to give any characters, except the absence of the osseous tuberosities on
the anterior under borders of the lower jaws, which differ from those of the Ameri-
can Entelodonts generally. Cope placed Dscodon in the suborder Perissodactyla
and associated it with Titanothermm and Chalicothermm. The genus has hitherto
been regarded as belonging to the Perissodactyla and Zittel (99, p. 304) referred to
it with a misprint under the name Duledon in connection with the .synonymy of
Titanothermm.

The fortunate discovery of additional material, which undoubtedly belongs to
this genus, by the California University and published by Dr. W. J. Sinclair (89,
pp. 132-134), furnishes much welcome light on the subject, and it now appears that
Dasodon may confidently be removed from the Perissodactyla and placed in the
family Entelodontidx.

Principal Generic Characters of Dxodon : Chin without knob-like processes on
the under border ; posterior mandibular protuberance small and hollow; a grad-
ual backward slope of the dependent angle of the lower jaw; jugal process with a
moderate downward extension ; fibula not'^'^ coossified with the tibia.

" In a letter from Dr. E. L. Furlong, of the California University, Berkeley, California, he assures me that " there
is no fusion of the shaft of the fibula with the tibia."

64 MEMOIRS OF THE OARNKOIE MUSEUM

Dseodon shoshonensis Cope.

Type : Symphysis of lower jaws.

Horizon : (Upper?) John Day Formation.

Locality : Bridge Creek, Wasco County, Oregon.

Locality of Type: The American Museum of Natural History ((-ope Collec-
tion, No. 7387).

The principal characteristics of the type are the absence of the osseous bosses on
the chin and the evenly rounded under surface of the symphysis. Only the roots of
the teeth are preserved iti the alveolar border of the type. These show that there
were three incisors, a canine, and two premolars. The roots of the median pair of
incisors are laterally compressed and indicate that they were small as in Dinolvyus
hollandi. 1^ and Ig- were evidently much increased in size, Px is close to the canine
and Po^ is separated from Py by a short diastema as in Dinohyus. Tliat Professor
Cope had compared the type of Dxodon with ArcJueotherium is evident from his
statement (9, p. 15) that "the canine teeth are very robust, as in the species of
Elotherium," but he associated Dxodon with Chalicotherium and Titaiiotherium, per-
haps wholly on account of the absence of the large dependent processes of the chin.
In this connection I may state that the symphysis of Moropus is much more pro-
cumbent and is of a decidedly more delicate structvire than in the type of Dxodon.
No Titanotheres have as yet been found in the John Day horizons, while Entelo-
donts of the same size are sometimes discovered.

Measurements of the Type Specimen of Dxodon shoshonensis.

Mm.

Greatest antero-posterior diameter of symphysis -* 164

" transverse " " " at Py 144

Vertical diameter of ramus at Pj 100

Daeodon calkinsi (Sinclair).

Type: Skull, several vertebrte, and portions of fore and hind limbs.

Horizon : Upper part of the Prormrycocluvras beds.

Locality : Bridge Creek, Wheeler County, Oregon.

Locality of Type : Paleontological Collection of University of California, No. 953.

From the description and figures of Dxodon [Elotherium) calkinsi (89, p. 134,
PI. XV) it is quite evident that the specimen pertains to the genus Dxodon de-
scribed l)y Cope in 1878(7, p. 15). Althougli the type of the latter represents an
animal of considerably larger size, it agrees perfectly, so far as comparison can be
made, with the species described by Sinclair. The character by which D. calkinsi

" The alveolar border is brokeu, which naturally reduces the antero-posterior diameter to some extent.

PETKRSON : A UKVISION OF THE ENTKL0D0NTI1)/E 05

is specifically to Ije separated from JJ. sJio.'ihonensis is principally the smaller size, so
far as can be determined by comparison of the two. Sinclair states that the type of
D. calkinsi represents a very old individual and that many of the teeth are shed and

Flfi. 19. Outline of Illustration of Skull of D.Todon calkinsi (.Sinclair). ( After Sinclair. )

the alveoli closed. " P^ . . . resembles the smaller premolars of the upper series.
Anterior and posterior cingula are well developed on the lower molars. In Mg the
hypoconulid is not differentiated from the posterior cingulum, which projects
slightly, forming a very small heel. . . .

"The mandible is peculiar in the absence of the knol)-like Ijosses on the chin
The protuberances beneath P^ are small and deeply cupped. The dependent angle
slopes gradually backward without the abrupt downward curvature characterizing
E. ingens. ...

"The chief point of specific value attaching to the cranium is in the .shape and
direction of the jugal processes. These processes are plate-like with a thickened
median rib. The free edges, especially the anterior, are thin and sharp. The
processes are short, not extending below the lower mandibular l)order. The orbits
are posterior in po.sition, their anterior borders lying above the posterior edge of M^'."

The unciform and tibia were kindly sent to the writer for purposes of study
by Professor .John ( '. Merriam of the University of California. It is at once notice-
able that the lunar facet of the unciform is more elevated than in Dinohyus and

66 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

that the small facet for the magnum on the proximo-radial angle is more nearly
radially in position as in the Oligocene genus Arcliscotherium. The unciform and
magnum apparently articulated dorsally as in the latter genus. There are other-
wise no marked differences between these two bones in Dasodon a.nd DinoJnjus.

Measurements of Unciform.

Mm.

Greatest antero-posterior diameter 43

" transverse " 40

" vertical " 35

The tibia in general resembles that of the Oligocene type rather more strongly
than the later Miocene form. The fibula was not coossified with the tibia, although
a rough border on the fibular side of the tibia indicates that the two l^ones were in
close proximity to each other. On the anterior termination of the inturtrochlear
ridge of the distal end of the tibia is a facet, which indicates that upon extreme for-
ward Hexure of the tibia this facet articulated with a corresi)onding facet in the
large pit on the anterior face of the astragalus, as in DinoJiijns. The general features
of the tibia are otherwise quite similar to those in the Entelodonts generally. The
proximal end of the tibia is wanting, as is also the external portion of the distal end,

in the specimen here described.

Measurements of Tibi.a.

Mm.

Greatest lengtli of the fragment 276

" transverse diameter of shaft, medially 40

" antero-posterior diameter of shaft, medially 32

" " " " " distal end 42

Genus DINOHYUS Peterson.
(Plates LV-LXI.)
In 1905 the writer sent from the field the original description of this genus to
Dr. W. J. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum, who suggested the name
Dinochwms ; the description was published in Science (78, pp. 211-212). Later
JMnochwnis was found to be preoccupied, and a note of correction by the writer
appeared the same year in Science (79, p. 719). The skull and lower jaws were
published in 1907 (81, pp. 49-51, Pis. XVI-XVII) and the detailed description of
the skeleton is found on pages 77 et seq. of this memoir.

Dinohyus hollandi Peterson.
Tyj'ie : A nearly complete skeleton.
Horizon : Lower Miocene (Lower Harrison beds).
Localitij : Agate Spring Fossil Quarries (Quarry No. 1), Sioux County, Nebraska.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTIDiE 67

Locality of Type : The Carnegie Museum (Catalogue of Verteljrate Fossils, No.
1594).

Pnncipal Generic Characters of J)inohyuf< : Median incisor reduced and some-
times wanting. Transverse diameter of P- nearly equal to the antero-posterior, Pj
with large deuterocone ; the crown subquadrate in outline and the tooth of rela-
tively small size; a tendency to increase tlie antero-posterior diameter of M-, and
the meta- and hypocones of relatively large size ; lower molars with subequal
height of posterior and anterior tuljercles ; the tubercles .separated by narrow cross-
valleys ; the trigon lost; all the premolars spaced ; dependent process of the jugal
of proportionally small size and the posterior termination of the zygomatic process
developed into a strong buttress at the anterior border of the glenoid cavity ;
small bony eminences on the chin and a strong knob-like process on the inferior
border of the ramus opposite 1\ ; a relatively gradual backward slope of the angle ;
relatively short alveolar border of the premaxillary and rather short chin ; verti-
cal and transverse canals of the dorsal vertebra; as in Sus; fibula coossified with
the tibia ; trapezium absent and mt. V sometimes absent.

Genus AMMODON Mar.sh.

Although Professor Cope (5, p. 704), Leidy (50, p. 388), and Marsh (57, p. 3),
referred to the New Jersey specimen, thei-e was no adequate description of the type
until 1893, when the latter author gave a short description together with good illus-
trations (63, pp. 409-410).

Known Generic Characters of Ammodon : P^ of relatively large size ; large hypo-
conulid on M^ ; anterior and posterior tubercles of lower molars subequal in height ;
the loss of the trigon; cross-valleys narrow; type representing an animal of large
size.

Ammodon leidy anum Marsh.

Type : l\ ; Neotype : Mg of left •* side.

Horizon : Middle Miocene ?

Locality : Near Farmingdale, Monmouth County, New Jersey.

Locality of Type: Collection of Yale Museum, No. 12040.

From Marsh's description (63, pp. 409-410) and also from my observations
upon the specimen it seems quite prol)al)le that P^ and Mj which Marsh descriljed
belong to the same individual. Working on this hypothesis it would seem
that Pj is of greater proportionate diameter than in DiiiohynshoUandi. The poste-
rior heel of P^ in Ammodon is also larger than in Dinohyus, which is due to a heavy

''Professor Marsh mistook the left M^ for that of the rifjht siile, a mistake which might lead to coDfasion.

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

cingulum surrounding it in the former genus, but which is absent in Dinohyus.
Furthermore, in the type of Ammodon the crown is somewhat liigher and on the
posterior face there are two mammilated ridges of considerable prominence

Fig. 20. Type of Ammodon 'leidy-
anum Marsh. Internal and Crown View
of Pj. 5 nat. size. (Collection Yale
Museum, No. 12040.)

Fig. 21. External and Crown View
of Mj of i!ieotype ot Ammodon kidpanum.
S nat. size. (Collection Yale Museum,
No. 12040.)

which take their origin, one at the postero-internal angle and the other at the
antero-external angle of the heel, and continue to very near the apex of the crown
(see fig. 20). In Dinohyus hollandi there is only a slightly uneven folding of the
otherwise smooth enamel on the posterior face of the protoconid, and there are no

decided ridges. M-j of Ammodon leidyanum is very
similar to that in Dinohyus hollandi. In the for-
mer the posterior heel (hypoconulid) is of rela-
tively greater development (see fig. 21) than in the
latter, and the tooth has a continuous cingulum on
the antero-external and antero-internal faces, while
the corresponding tooth in Dinohyus has the cingula
represented on the postero-external, and but veiy
slightly on the external and internal angles of the
anterior face. The teeth of Ammodon leidyanum are
Fig. 22. External and Dorsal View of larger thaii those in Divohyus and represent an even

Fragment of Astragalus of Ammodon? J ^^Ql-e modified type than the latter.

nat. size. (Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss., ttp, .t.i , <•.< i • ,i

„ ,,,„ , Untortunately the type oi Ammodon is rather

No. 1548.) ■' ■' ^

inadequate and con.sequently the basis of compari-
son is very limited, but the characters enumerated above would seem to indicate that
the geological horizon in which the New Jersey specimen was found, represents

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID^E 69

deposits as late, or perhaps later, tlian the lower Harrison Ijeds of Nebraska, in
which the type of Uhiohi/iis was discovered.

In this connection it is of interest to note that a portion of an astragalus of an
E'idelodont of very large size was found in 1901 on the surface near the top of the
upper Harrison beds in the upper Niobrara valley. This fragment (No. 1548, ( 'arn.
Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) although considerably worn by the elements, plainly indicates
characters that are different from those in the corresponding bone of Dlnohijiis.
Not only is the bone larger in size, but its sustentacular facet is proportionally of
greater vertical convexity and the distal portion of the bone is produced anteriorly
to a much greater extent than in DinoJijius. This peculiar feature of the astragalus
under description would seem to indicate that the tarsus of this genus (AmmoJonf)
had a somewhat different angle.

Species the Generic Loc.vpion of Which is Douhtkul.

Elotherium imperator Leidy.

T/fpe : A canine, an incisor, and a [)ortion of the crown of a premolar tooth.

Horizon : Middle John Day beds?

Locality : Bridge Creek, and John Day River, Oregon.

Locality of Type: National Museum, Washington, D. C. ?■'"

The first specimens of Entelodonts, which Professor Leidy reported from the
John Day Basin in 1873 (53, pp. 217, 320), are altogether indeterminable generically
and specifically and consequently inadequate as types. " Elotlicrinm imperator"
should therefore be regarded only as an historical record of the first report of the
existence of Entelodonts in the John Day formation.

Elotherium superbum Leidy.

Tyjje : An incisor tooth.

Horizon : Miocene ?

Locality : Douglass Flat, Calaveras County, ('alifornia.

Locality of Type : Unknown to the writer.

The type of " Elother'mm superlmvi'' is altogether inadequate, and its geo-
logical horizon is apparently uncertain. The record (49, p. 175 ; 50, p. 388) of this
species should be regarded as only possessing value from the standpoint of history
and geographical distribution.

™ No catalog number at this writing lias been given to the specimens.

70 memoirs of the carnegie museum

The History of the Discovery of the Agate Sprinc; Fossil Quarries,
Where the Skeleton of Dinohyus Hollandi was Found.

While engaged in field work for the Carnegie Museum on the upper Niobrara
River, locally known as Running Water, Sioux County, Nebraska, in 1904, the
writer had often been invited by Mr. James H. Cook to visit his ranch, the Agate
Spring Stock Farm, located on that stream, some twenty-five or thirty miles east of
the Nebraska- Wyoming state line. One day in the latter part of July, I decided to
l:)reak camp and go down the river in search of new localities for fossils and also to
study the geological features of the neighborhood more fully. As Mr. Cook's ranch
was on our way down the stream, it was decided to pay him a visit, and accord-
ingly we stopped at his ranch. After a camp-ground had been pointed out to me.

Fig. 23. Ranch-House of Mr. James H. Cook, Agate Spring Stock Farm. (From a photograph
by Mr. Albert Thomson.)

on top of a high butte immediately to the south of the farm buildings, and arrange-
ments for wood, water, etc., had been made, the preliminary work of prospecting
the neighborhood was at once under way. A day or two later Mr. Harold Cook,
the eldest son of Mr. James H. Cook, accompanied the writer to a small elevation
some four miles to the east of the farm buildings and immediately beyond the east-

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.E

ern limits of the land belonging to the ranch.'-' The talus of this low hill was dis-
covered to be filled with fragments of liones, and was afterwards designated as quarry
A (See fig. 24, A). On our return to the ranch 1 reported to ^Ir. James H. Cook

Fig. 24. View of the Buttes Showins the Location of tlie Oiftereut Quarries. Xos. 1-3, Quarries of the Carnegie
Museum. AM, American Museum of Natural History. NU, University of Nebraska. A, Quarry A. (From a
photograph by the writer.)

that the place which his son had shown me was of much interest and importance to
me and that I wished to start the work of excavation on the prospect immediately.
This was entirely satisfactory to l\Ir. Cook and his family. In fact there was evident
satisfaction on the part of Mr. Cook that I had found something which I regarded as
of interest and importance near his farm, and I was accorded every civility, which
I could possibly desire. As I wished to be near my work, Ur. (Jook invited me to
camp in his "lower field." Accordingly our first camp was pitched on tbe south
bank of the stream close to the hill and the operation of excavating in quarry A
was begun during the last few days of July. We had worked three or four days in
this quarry when I decided to visit the two buttes (since named Carnegie Hill and
University Hill by Prof. E. H. Barljour) which lie about tliree hundred yards to
the south of the place wbere we were working. One may easily imagine the thrill-
ing excitement of a fossilduinter when he finds the talus of the hillsides positively
covered with complete bones and fragments of fossil remains.

It was with comparatively little effort that I was able to articulate portions of

2' Mr. James H. Cook informed me that fall that tlie hills containing the fossils were on his ground (80, p- 487) ;
this statement was found afterward to be founded upon an error, and Mr. Harold Cook has since (1908) filed on this
government land.

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MI^SEUM

the feet of Diccrathermm. coolci and Moropus using the disassociated bones picked up
in great abundance in the takis. Here then was a veritable wonderland ! I sjaent
a considerable portion of the afternoon before I returned to where my assistants,
Mr. T. F. Olcott and A. A. Dodd, were at work. Tlie next day I again returned to
the hills with wrapping paper, twine, and a sack in order to pack and bring down
the bones which I had picked up the previous day ; and also to more fully ascer-
tain, if possible, the extent of these deposits. A few days later when I reported my
additional find to Mr. Cook, I learned that I was perhaps notlthe original discoverer
of the bones in these two hills, as he told me that he had seen bones there as long

FlQ. 25. View of Carnegie Hill and University Hill, Showing Quarries No. 1 and No. 2 of the Carnegie Museum on
Carnegie Hill, and Quarry of the University of Nebraska to the left. (From a photograph by the writer.)

ago as 1890, but always thought tlieni to be of recent origin. In 1908 I was further
convinced that tlie bones in these hills had been seen even earlier by Mr. Octave
Harris,28 a prominent ranchman of the neighborhood. To Mr. Cook is, however,
due much credit, as these deposits of bones would perhaps not have been brought to
the attention of paleontologists at this time, had he not invited me to his ranch.

In looking over the whole situation it was plain that the deposits required more
time and assistance than I then had. Together with this fact I may mention that
I had not been well all that spring; in fact I was obliged to leave the field on
account of sickness about the middle of August. I wish to here acknowledge, with
much appreciation, the kind and sympathetic treatment I received from Mr. Cook
and his family during my week of sickness at his ranch. Before leaving for the east

^■^Mr. Harris extended much aid to our party during our last (1908) season's work in the quarry, and the interest
which he took in our work is heartily appreciated and most gratefully acknowledged.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.E 73

I assured Mr. Cook that I would be back the following spring to systematical In-
take up the work in the hills, which decision he assured me Avas in accord with
his wishes.

Early in the spring of 1905 the writer accompanied by Mr. T. F. Olcott resumed
work in quarry No. 1 (see fig. 25). Mr. Cook impelled by curiosity had already
started in the previous fall to excavate in quarry No. 1 (see Plan of Quarry, PI.
LIV, Cook Excavation), but after earnest entreaty by letter to await the coming of
more expert help desisted from his work. Many piles of fragments were found on
the edge of the opening which had been dug out by Mr. Cook. These fragments
were carefully gathered and packed before the commencement of systematic excava-
tions. The work being fairly started, Mr. Olcott was left in charge of the quarry,
while I returned to Pittsburgh in order to attend to other duties in the museum.
Thus was started one of the most important fossil quarries ever found in North
America.

When I again returned to the field later in the season, INIr. Olcott was still
engaged in the same hill, while Professor E. H. Barbour, of the Nebraska State Uni-
versity, had been invited by Mr. (Jook to open a quarry in the adjoining hill, after-
wards named by Professor Barbour "The University Hill." Much material had
been uncovered in quarry No. 1 among which the most important were bones of
Moropus, many individuals of Diceratherium and an unusually well preserved, and
pretty nearly articulated skeleton of a gigantic Entelodont (see PI. LIV, Plan of
Quarry, Blocks Nos. 61, 86 in Sect. 4). The discovery of the latter was a surprise,
nothing having hitherto been found representing this family in the lower Miocene
of Nebraska. One hind limb and most of the parts of the skeleton anterior to the
pelvis were recovered. The pelvis, the lumbar vertebra}, and perhaps also one hind
limb^* were unfortunately dug out by Mr. Cook and those assisting him and only
portions of four vertebrae and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis were recovered
from the fragments left on the edge of the quarry.

The skull was almost in contact with the atlas. The cervical and dorsal verte-
brfe were found in a successive series back of the skull, the dorsals being articulated
by their zygapophyses (see Plate LIV, Sect. 4, Blocks 61, 72, 86). The greater
number of the ribs and the sternum were found in close proximity in their relative
positions, while one hind limb was found a short distance from the main portion of
the skeleton. The fore feet were scattered. There is, then, no doubt that the f(jl-
lowing description of the skeleton is that of one individual.

In addition to this skeleton thei-e were found, in Sections 16-21 in quarry No.

"The head of a femnr, which may or may not pertain to this specimen, was found on the damp.

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

1, opened in 1908 by the writer, many other bones, fragments, and scattei'ed teeth
of Dinohi/us. Some of these fragments were much worn by the elements before
they were finally deposited, indicating that they were probably transported by a

Fig. 26. At Work at the North End of Quarry No. 1. (From a photograph by Professor Barbour. )

stream of water. When this additional material is used in this paper its catalog
number is always mentioned in connection with the description.

GEOLOGif'AL Notes.

The lower Miocene of western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming has been sub-
divided into four horizons. Successively overlying the Oligocene formation these
horizons are: (1) the Gering beds; (2) the Monroe fJreek beds; (3) the lower
Harrison beds ; (4) the upper Harrison beds. The latter horizon is capped at
Spoon Butte and other higli elevations on the divide between the Niobrara and
Platte rivers, by a hard stratum of pinkish-gray sandstone (81, p. 23, fig. 1 ; 72f, p.
73). This sandstone is from twenty-five to fifty feet (or about seven to fifteen
meters) thick. No fossils have been found in this stratum on Spoon Butte by which
its relative age can be determined. It is perhaps of considerably later origin than
the Harrison beds, and may even be as late as the Pliocene. For convenience in
this connection these beds may be called The Spoon BxMe hcds.^

It also appears, judging from the fauna of the upper Harrison beds, that this

'" From a recent publication by Dr. Matthew (Science, N. S., Vol. XXIX, No. 735, p. 196, 1909) it would seem
that these beds may be regarded as representing the Ogallala formation.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTEI.ODONTID.K

horizon of the Miocene exposed along the upper Niobrai-a, should be regarded as
the base of the middle Miocene, or a horizon filling, in part at least, the hiatus
between the lower and the middle Miocene. Places of non-conformity between the
upper and lower Harrison beds are frequently found, the first of which observed by
theAvriterin 1901 is situated immediately east of the Niobrara-Wyoming State line.

m Spoon BuJIe Beds

' ^f .
Upper Harrison D^ds

11 200|t.
Lowtr Harrison B«J»
200|t

Monrot Creek Beds
300fl

Gering BeJs

aooct

Oliaocene Beds

Fia. 27. Diagram matio Section of the Miocene Beds in Western Nebraska and Eastern Wyoming.

This is in reality the type locality of the upper Harrison beds, which were called
to J. B. Hatcher's attention ])y the writer in 1901. Hatcher, then ( 'urator of
Paleontology of the ('arnegie Museum, decided these beds to be the " Nebraska
beds " of Hcott. Viewing these beds from the standpoint of certain portions of the
fauna (81, p. 56) taken together with lithological characters, the sediment being
usually of a darker color, it would seem that a natural division between the lower
and middle Miocene may be established at the contact of these two horizons.

As has been stated elsewhere (80, p. 487 ; 81, p. 41) the Agate Spring Fossil
Quarries are located in the lower Harrison beds. The origin of the deposit in which
the fossil bones of these quarries are found is most likely a stream deposit. In sup-
port of this view may be cited the fact tbat the parting plane underneath the layer
carrying the Ijones is a few shades darker in color than that layer itself, and the

indslone ab&oluTely

I of |"05SiU

Fia. 28. Section of Face of Quarry of University of Nebraska at tlie End of tlie Season of 1908, showing channels in the
stratum supporting tlie fossiliferous layers. The Nos. 1-20 indicate sections 5 ft. in length.

bones are often closely packed in irregular channels and pockets, which vary in
thickness from two or three to eighteen or twenty inches (8 to 50 cm.). The sur-
faces of the bones are sometimes highly polished and worn, and there are numerous

76 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

fragments of bones which are worn down to the shape of a pebble. These conditions
could have been brought about in no other way than by the action of water in
motion. There was here most likely a stream of considerable magnitude, instead
of a lake, as was suggested by the writer (80, p. 49). The fossil-bearing bed has all
the appearance of a stream the bottom of which was covered by quick-sands. In
the quarry located on " University Hill " (see fig. 28) there are distinct evidences
of narrow and rather shallow channels, which were separated by sandbars of greater
or lesser dimensions. The bone-layer of this quarry is thus, irregularly separated,
although confined to one general level throughout portions of the base of the hill.

It seems reasonable to suppose that in the immediate vicinity of the Agate
Spring Fossil Quarries the ancient fauna of the region found a favorite crossing of
this stream. The remains of the unfortunate animals which attempted to ford the
river under unfavorable circumstances furnish the records which the collector is
fortunate in securing, and which give a glimpse into the struggle for existence in
those early times.

In this connection it is interesting to note certain topographical features in the
vicinity of the Agate Spring Fossil Quarries. In this region the general direction of
the Niobrara River is east and west. Very often the side canons of this stream ex-
tend in a direction contrary to that which one would naturally expect. The draws
and canons on the north side extend diagonally southeastward and in a perfectly
natural direction towards the main stream, while very often the canons on the south
side extend diagonally northwestward or up-stream, which is generally regarded as
a feature of stream piracy. This anomalous feature was quite perplexing to me for
some time, and it was not until I had studied the character of the sediment in con-
nection with the topography that any tangible explanation was reached. It is a
well-known fact, which has been observed by Darton, Hatcher, Peterson, and others,
that in these Miocene beds are masses of pipey concretions of greater or less extent,
which always have their long axes directed in a nearly northwest-and-southeast
direction. The canons to the north of the Niobrara would have no difficulty in
cutting their way through to the river in a natural course, while those on the south
side of the stream would sometimes have to accommodate themselves to the up-
stream dii-ection which is the course of the least resistance to the erosive elements.
In this way there are developed sharp ridges and hogbacks, nearly always in the north-
west and southeasterly direction on either side of the river. Chimney-rocks and
pillars of numerous shapes are seen along the course of the Niobrara River for some
forty miles in this general locality.

The entire Miocene section, and especially the lower Harrison beds, are appa-

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.B

rently of considerably later age than the John Day formation in which Entelodonts
have been discovered, judging from the fauna which has been published elsewhere
(81 pp. 34-56). That some genera of the E^itelodoiitidie continued to the close of the
lower Miocene is now well established ; indeed it would perhaps not be surprising to
find them represented in the middle and possibly in the upper INIiocene. Dinohyics,
which was discovered in the upper part of the lower Miocene beds (lower Harrison
beds), was in all probability followed in the Miocene in New Jersey, by Arnmodon
leidyanum., which is without much doubt a later form.

Detailed Description of Dinohyus Hollandi Peterson.
The Superior Dentition.

(Plates LVII and LVIII.)

The median pair of incisors are lost in the type, but the alveolus of the right
side is complete, and indicates a proportionally small tooth.''"'' I^ is present and is
much worn on the apex and the internal face ; the tooth
has a crowded position, and its antero-posterior diameter
is greater than the transverse. P- is the largest of the
incisors and is about twice the size of I- ; it has received
much wear on the postero-lateral angle from contact with
the inferior canine, and the apex is also much worn. The
antero-posterior diameter of this tooth is, as in its prede-
cessor, the greatest. All the incisors are more crowded
than in the Oligocene forms generally. It is also notice-
able that the transverse groove immediately above the
enamel band, which Professor Scott refers to (87, p. 274),
is very well developed in the type, and could not have
been caused by the wear of the lower teeth.

As in other forms of the family, the canine tooth is
very large, recurved, and has an enormous fang. In the
present specimen the apex of the tooth has received con-
siderable wear as has also the antero-internal face. There
is a light cingulum on the posterior face, but externally the enamel is smooth.

The first, second, and third superior premolars in Dinohijas are in general quite
similar in shape to the corresponding teeth in Entelodon magnum of Europe. They

™'' a premaxillary bone (No. 2145, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) in the collection from the Agate Spring Fossil
Qaarries, (Quar. No. 1, Sect. 19), which is here referred to Dinohym, has only two alveoli, the median incisor having
dropped out and the alveolae closed.

Fia. 29. Obliqae Side Views of
Premaxillary Bone of D. hollandi
Peterson. (Carn. Mas. Cat. Vert.
Fobs., No. 2145.)

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

are, however, relativelj^ small, P- especially so, and the whole series is more spaced,
while in the latter genus the second premolar forms a^losed continuous series with
the posterior teeth, and P- only is widely separated hy a diastema. In Dinoln/us
F- and P- are widely separated and P- and P- are separated only by a very short
diastema. Back of P- the dentition forms a continuous closed series.

pi is of relatively large size with a simple crown, the apex of which is placed
well forward the cingulum is quite heavy on the antero-internal angle and the

Fig. 30. Upper Right Canine of Type of Diiiohytts hoHandi Peterson. ^ nat. size.

1594. )

(Cam. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. , No.

heel slopes rapidly behind. P^ is of about the same size and shape as V-, except that
the antero-internal cingulum is slightly more develojDed and extends further toward
the external face of the tooth. The enamel of this tooth is less crinkled than that
of pi. P- has a relatively smaller antero-posterior and a greater transverse diam-
eter than in the Oligocene forms. This transverse enlargement of the tooth

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTEI.OPONTID.T; 79

causes a characteristic trihedral cross-section, which is very much less apparent in
the forms from the Oligocene. Tlie tooth is slightly larger than P^. The entire
crown is practically taken up by the large protocone. The cingulum has developed
into a narrow shelf on the antero-internal angle and continues in a mucli less con-
spicuous manner on the internal lace, terminating in the heavy cingulum posteriorly.
I'i has no cingulum externally, which is also true of all the other premolars, and
its transverse is slightly greater than its antero-posterior diameter. The tooth has
a proto- and a deuterocone. The latter is relatively more developed than in Eiitelo-
don. There is a heavy cingulum posteriorly and on the antero-external angle a
prominent basal lieel is developed, l>ut there are no external or internal cingula.

The molars of D'moliym are more specialized than those of ArcJurofherinm, as
is shown by the fact that the tubercles of the crowns are more depressed and consoli-
dated, and the posterior portion of M^ is relatively more developed than in the
Oligocene genus. The crown of M^ in the type specimen is much worn, so that it
shows two large and irregular tracts with tlie bottom of the cross-valley extending
beyond the triturating surface, especially on the inner portion of the tooth. There
are heavy cingula anteriorly and posteriorly and a less developed cingulum exter-
nally, while internally the tooth is smooth. M^ is the largest of the series ; the
principal difference Ijetween it and the corresponding tooth in the Oligocene forms
(especially those from the lower Oligocene) is revealed in the interruption of the
internal exit of the cross-valley by a heavy rounded ridge (see PI. LVIII, fig. 1)
which was undoubtedly developed from the cingulum. The anterior border is
entirely surrounded by a heavy cingulum, as is also the postero-external angle, while
on the external face immediately back of the exit of tlie cross-valley thei-e is very
slight indication of a cingulum. The posterior portion of M^ is composed of (1)
metacone, (2) hypocone, and (3) metaconule ; the first is of much larger size than the
second, and the third is very inconspicuous, in fact it is entirely absent on the corre-
sponding molar of the right side of the type specimen. The cross-valley of M^ is
interrupted in the same manner as is the case in the preceding tooth, and in addition
this tooth has a mammillary cingulum which to some extent also closes up the
external exit of the cross-valley. This cross-valley is not closed up in the speci-
mens of Archifothermm known to me from the lower Oligocene. There is in the
present type a heavy anterior cingulum on M^, but no posterior cingulum ; the
back part of the tooth having played a more important part in the make-up of the
ci'own in tliis genus than is seen in older types.

The antero-external tubercle of the last upper molar in Mntelodon magnum has
reached a greater development than in Archxolhci-inin and in this respect is more

80 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

nearly like what is seen in Dinohi/us. The posterior portion of this tooth in the

latter genus is not unlike that of the European form, and shows a more advanced

development than in Archieotheriuvi. Altogether in Archxotherium the crowns of the

molars are somewhat lower, the apices of the different points of the grinding surface

are less united, and the teeth as a whole are less modified than in Enfelodon

magmim and Dinohyus hoUandi.

Measurements.

Mm.
Length of alveolar border of iiiaxillary and premaxillary 465

Distance from median incisor to Mi 330

Length of molar series 132

Antero-posterior diameter of I^ 28

Transverse " " I^ 24

" " " I» 41

Antero-posterior " " I- 35

" " " canine at base 50

Transverse " " " " " 53

Antero-posterior " " Pi 39

Transverse " " pi 22

Antero-posterior " " P^ 38

Transverse " " PS 22

Antero-posterior " " F- 42

Transverse " " P^ 33

Antero-posterior " " PA 37

Transverse '' '• Pi.... 40

Antero-posterior " " Mi 42

Transverse " " M' 44

Antero-posterior " " M^ , 45

Transverse " " M* 48

Antero-posterior " " M^- 45

Transverse " " M^ 47

The Inferior Dentition.

(Plate LVIII.)
The incisors are much worn, but their outlines present more obtusely pointed
crowns than in the older forms and the median pair is proportionately smaller, so
that the gradual enlargement from ly to I3 is in about the same proportion as in
the superior series. The teeth are crowded and occupy a more nearly transverse
position in the front of the jaws than is seen in the Oligocene forms generally. The
crown of ly is much worn ; and its antero-posterior exceeds its transverse diameter,
so that it is oval in cross-section. lo is about twice the size of the median incisor
and is also oval in cross-section, its antero-posterior being greater than its transverse

PKTERSON : A REVISION OF THE KNTELODONTID.K 81

diameter. There is a heavy cinguluin oii the posterior face which extends half way
around the base of the lingual side. I a is nearly twice as large as the tooth just
described, but otherwise the two are quite similar. On the external faces of I2 and
I3 are deep grooves across the faces, just below the enamel band, which were not
caused by the wear of the upper teeth. Inasmuch as the canines of both sides have
a similar and much greater worn area externally, which could not have been reached
by any of the upper teeth, it further supports the contention of Professor W. B. Scott
and C. F. Brackett, that these animals used the lower tusks in digging in the ground
for roots (87, footnote, p. 275). They may also have l)een used for stripping off the
foliage of shrubbery. There is a slightly developed cingulum on the posterior face
of the canine, otherwise the enamel is quite smooth. The crown is higher and more
pointed than that of the upper canine, but in general appearance and size it differs
little from that tooth. ^'

Py is separated from the canine by a short diastema ; the tooth is implanted in
the jaw by two strong fangs which coalesce for some distance below the crown. The
latter is simple aixl is rather low when compared with that of Archxotheriam. On
the internal face the enamel is crinkled, but externally the tooth is quite smooth.
Posteriorly there is a heavy cingulum and anteriorly there is a prominent oblique
ridge, which originates at the antero-internal angle and continues outward and
upward to the apex, constantly diminishing in prominence in its upward course.
The apex of the crown in the type is considerably worn, but it is quite easy to ascer-
tain its contour which was very much more obtuse than in Archieotherium. There
is a considerable diastema between Py and l\. The latter is also implanted with
two roots which are, however, more divergent and do not coalesce below the crown
as in 1\. The crown of P^ is of about the same size as the crown of the preceding
tooth, but its apex is less worn and there is a mammillated ridge on the anterior and
posterior faces of the protoconid. There are prominent anterior and posterior
cingula-and the enamel on the internal face is thrown into light folds, while the
buccal face of the tooth is smooth. P3 is, as usual, the largest in the series ; it is
not crowded in the alveolar border, but is separated from r^ by a very short dia-
stema. The apex of the crown is next highest to that of the canine and in general
form it is not unlike that of P2. P4 has a heavy heel which agrees in general with
Py in Entelodon magnum. Altogether Py of the present genus presents a different
outline from that of the corresponding tooth in the earlier genera, which fact is
wholly due to the increased transverse diameter of the tooth posteriorly.

'" The left lower canine is disproportionately short and stubby and was evidently broken oS at the apex dnriug
the life of the animal.

OZ MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The inferior premolars of Entclodon are relatively large, more regular in size,
and Pg- and P^ are entirely surrounded bycingula ; while in DinoJiyus the premolar
teeth as a whole are smaller, P3 being conspicuously the larger of the series and P3
and P^ have the cingula less strongly developed.

The molar series in Dhiohyus is very crowded and occupies less than one half
of the antero-posterior diameter of the alveolar border. As in other allied genera,
the molars are of relatively small size in comparison with the jaw and they increase

Fig. 31. Crown View of Inferior Dentition, Left Side. Type specimen of Dinokyus Iwlhindi Peterson, i nat. size.
(Cam. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 1594.)

in size jDOsteriorly. My is consideraljly worn in the type, so that the quadrituber-
cular pattern is converted into two heavy transverse tracts having irregular outlines
and with only a remnant of the cross-valley on the inner half of the tooth. On the
antero-internal angle the cingulum is developed into a small basal tubercle. Oppo-
site the cross-valley there are short and smoothly rounded cingula externally and
internally. On the postero-external angle is a cingulum, which is continuous with
a similar short cingulum on Mg. The posterior face of the tooth is closely crowded
against the anterior face of Mj.

In the type the quadritubercular pattern of Mj is plainer than is the case in
the tooth just described, but trituration has already caused the appearance of the
solid cross-crests ; the anterior being slightly more elevated than the posterior. An-
teriorly there is a deep, narrow fissure, which is caused by projecting horns from the
proto- and metaconids. On the external face the cingulum extends from the
postero-external l)ase of the protoconid and continues around the hypocon"id, termi-
nating in the posterior basal heel.'" There is no cingulum on the external face of
the protoconid, nor on the internal face of the inferior molars.

The proto- and metaconids of M^ are very little worn, so that the separation is
still present, but it is reduced to a very narrow and shallow fissure on account of the

'^In ray preliminary notes on (Dinochmrus) Dhiohyus hoUandi, Science, Vol. XXII, p. 212, 1905, 1 made the state-
ment that "There is no cingulum on the inferior molars," which is incorrect.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTIDiE 83

transverse development of the tubercles. The fissure which corresponds to that de-
scribed on the anterior face of M^^ is present on M^ l)ut is entirely closed in by the
lateral horns of the proto- and metaconids. There are slight cingula on the antero-
external angles and the external face of the hypoconid is surrounded by a heavy
mamniiHated cingulum. Posteriorly there is a heavy basal ledge and a minute
hypoconulid which is located at the base (posteriorly), between the hypo- and ento-
conids. One of the more significant characters of the lower dentition is seen in the
relatively greater development of the hypo- and entoconids, which causes the nar-
rowing of the cross-valley between the latter and the anterior tubercles.

There were found in quarry No. ], the third lower molars of the right and the
left rami (Vert. Foss., 1835 ; 2114), which differ from Mg in the type of IHnohi/tis,
by having the hypoconulid well developed. The cross-valley Ijetween the anterior
and posterior tubercles is also interrupted externally l)y a heavy cingulum. The
postero-external face of these teeth are otherwise quite smooth, while in Divohi/iis
h)Uandi, there is a continuous cingulum from the cross-valley to the posterior face
of the hypoconid. These teeth may possibly represent another genus, but are in-
adequate as types.

The molars of Entehdon differ from those of Dmolujus in having the postero-
internal cusp (entoconid), especially on Mo and M3 much less developed. The
ledge produced by the cingulum on the posterior margin of the crown, which is so
prominent in Dinohifus, is only very slightly represented in Entelodon. The cingula
are also better represented on the molars of Entelodon than in those of the American
genus. The most important feature of the lower dentition is seen in the greater
development of the posterior portion of the crown of M^ in Dinohi/us than in
Entelodon which in the former is distinctly more specialized than in the latter genus.
This same feature of M ^^ is also observed on comparing I)ivohi/t(s with ArcJueotherinm.

Measurements.

Hm.

Length of inferior dentition 465

" from median incisor to M, 325

" of molar serie.s 137

Antero-posterior diameter of ly 16

Transverse " " ly 12

Antero-posterior " " Ij 25

Transverse " " Ij 19

Antero-posterior " " I5 at the hase of crown 34

Transverse " " Ij " " " 27

Antero-posterior " ofcanine " " " 48

Transverse " " " " " 45

84 MEMOIRS OP THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Antero-posterior diameter of Py at the base of crown 38

Transverse " " Py " " " 21

Antero-posterior " " P^ " " " 40

Transverse " " P^f " " " 21

Antero-posterior " " P7 " " " 54

Transverse " " P^ " " " 28

Antero-posterior " " Pj " " " 45

Transverse " " Pj " " " • 28

Antero-posterior " " My " " " 42

Transverse " "My " " " 34

Antero-posterior " " M^ " " " 47

Transverse " " M^ " " " 40

Antero-posterior " " M^ " " " 50

Transverse " " Mj " " " 39

The Milk Dentition.

(Plate LIX.)

In section 12, block 66 (see Plan of Quarry, PI. LIV), were found the remains
(No. 2137, Carn. Mus. C'at. Vert. Foss.) of the skull, and close by in another block,
a portion of the lower jaw of a young individual, with the dentition partly in
place. An incisor is represented only by the crown ; the tooth being too young for
the formation of a fang. This incisor is pressed by the matrix close to the canine
and has a simple conical crown slightly crinkled at the base and it is very thinly
covered by enamel. The only noticeable difference between this tooth and more
adult forms of the canine is its strongly serrated anterior and posterior ridges and
the crinkled enamel. By excavating the alveolar border at the antero-internal
angle of the deciduous canine the crown of the permanent canine was found.

.The point of the crown of the permanent P- appears in the circular alveolus
immediately back of the canine. It is thus seen that the temporary P^ had a single
fang and was crowded out quite early. Professor Scott has also (87, p. 276) pointed
out a similar occurrence observed by him in a young specimen ot Archxotlwriwn
which would tend to firmly establish the fact that there are four deciduous premolars
in the upper jaw of at least two genera of this family. Deciduous P- of the specimen
under description is represented only by the alveolus, while the deciduous P^ is in
position in the right maxillary and Pi again represented by alveoli. In the left
jaw temporary P* has been placed in position. Deciduous P- of this specimen has
two large cusps and two smaller tubercles. The anterior cusp (protocone) is a
bluntly pointed pyramid which occupies the anterior half of the crown, while the
postero-internal cusp (tetartocone) is smaller, and is confined to about one quarter

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.'E

Fio. 32. Sup-
posed Deciduous
Upper First Pre-
molar. Nat. size.
(Cam. Mus. Cat.
Vert. Foss., No.
2P27.)

of the tooth at its postero-internal portion. The two small cusps are nearly on a
direct transverse line and immediately external to the tetartocone. Anteriorly and
posteriorly there are very heavy cingula ; externally and internally the cingulum is
only moderately developed. The deciduous P^ Avas found quite close
to its position and there is comparatively little, or no doubt, that this
tooth belongs with this specimen. The tooth is molariform, as in the
Oligocene genus (87, p. 287). It is strikingly similar to M^ of the
permanent series, but has the antero-external portion of the cingulum
developed into a more decided cusp.** Anteriorly there are three
cusps on the crown : one internal, one external, and one directly an-
terior. The two former are of equal size, while the latter is quite
small and occupies the anterior exit of the longitudinal valley. Pos-
teriorly there are two subequal cusps which are separated from the
anterior cusps by a deep cross-valley. The tooth is nearly surrounded
by a cingulum.

The chief feature of the maxillary bone is its comparatively
short antero-posterior diameter. The premolar series is set closer to-
gether in the alveolar border than is the case in the adult ; the preor-
bital foramen, however, seems to occupy the same relative position as
in the latter. The palatine plate is quite thick, but its transverse diameter is small.

The milk dentition of the lower jaw is represented only by the last molar (No.
2137A, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.). The crown of this tooth is composed as usual
of three transverse pairs of cusps and a small talon developed by the cingulum on
the posterior face. The tooth is very long and narrow with broad transverse valleys
separating each pair of tubercles, while the longitudinal valley is much less distinct.
The crown is supported by two strong fangs which are bifurcated near their lower
extremities. The posterior portion of a lower jaw (No. 2137A, Carn. Mus. Cat.
Vert. Foss.) was found near the tooth described above and undoubtedly belongs to
it. In this mandibular fragment the posterior alveolus for dPf is still preserved,
and into this the tooth referred to fits quite perfectly and is regarded by the writer
as belonging to the same individual (see PI. LIX, fig. 3). When the jaw is exca-
vated from the inner side back of the last milk-molar there is seen the complete
crown of My, and only the anterior portion of M... The crown of My is directed
upward in the usual way, while that of M.j is directly inward, and would have to
rotate outward and upward in order to erupt through the alveolar border in the
usual manner. As is seen from the illustration (I'l. LIX, fig. 3) the two anterior

» Professor Scott evidently mistook the anterior part of the tooth he described for Ihe posterior portion ( /. c, p. 276)

86 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

cusps of Mt7 are well united and apparently not developed independently, as in
young titanotheres.^^ The posterior portion of My is not represented at all, as the
tooth is too young.

The jaw fragment was somewhat worn by the elements before it was finally
imbedded in the bone-bearing layer of the quarry. The coronoid process is, how-
ever, complete, and is low and broad antero-posteriorly. The condyle is on a hori-
zontal line with the alveolar Ijorder and the angle is seen to project quite strongly
downward below the ventral border of the jaw. The dental foramen is very large
and is situated immediately in front of, and below, the condyle. The temporal fossa
is high and very shallow.

An isolated upper tooth, which was found in the Agate Spring Fossil Quarries
(Quarry No. 1) by Mr. Harold J. Cook and presented to the writer for publication,
appears to be a deciduous upper premolar (dP^-) of the right side (fig. 33). This
tooth is surprisingly similar to an upper tooth of a cai'-
nivore (canid) and was so regarded by the writer for some
time. Dr. W. D. Matthew kindly made a systematic
comparison with the material in the large collection of
the American Museum and suggested that it was per-
haps a deciduous tooth of an Entelodont. The addi-
tional material secured in the Agate Spring Quarries
Fig. 33. Crown View of Deciduous (i^j-ji^g ^1,^ ggason of 1908 enables US to correctly deter-

P' hetiSiAe, Dhwhyusfiollandi. Nat- t • i

8i^e. (Harold cook'8 Collection.) ^ine this tooth and it is here illustrated in order to
assist the student. The chief peculiarity of this tooth is
that instead of having three cusps on the posterior portion of the crown, as the tooth
described above, it has only two, and in this respect agrees better with the tooth of
Archseotherium described by Scott (87, p. 276). The portion of the posterior root
which remains unbroken is abruptly pointed and short, having characters one
would expect to find in a milk-tooth.

Measurements.

Mm.

Great diameter of the crown 43

Diameter across the paired tubercles 27

The Skull.
(Plates LV-LVIII.)
The orbits in the cranium of Dinohyus are so placed that the eye looked directly
forward in an unusual manner (see Plates LVI, LX, and LXI). The eye is located

"Hatcher, Annals Carnegie Mnsenm, Vol. 1, pp. 260-261, 1901.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTKLODONTIDK 87

well back in the skull, the face is very long, and the brain-case short. Tliere is a
well developed sagittal crest, and an overhanging occiput.''"'' The descending broad
and thin plate below the orbit is quite small when compared with some Oligocene
species, and the zygomatic process of the jugal terminates in a heavy Ijuttress, which
forms the anterior border of the glenoid cavity. Tiie comparatively gentle down-
ward sweep of the angle of the lower jaw and the relatively small process on the
ventral border of the chin are other features of importance.

The base of the skull has received considerable injury by crushing, and the
sutures are entirely closed, but the character of the different bones are generally simi-
lar to, and agree quite closely with, the descriptions of those of the American Entelo-
donts given by Professors Leidy (44, pp. 57-67), Scott (87, pp. 278-287), and others.
The basioccipital is short, slightly keeled ventrally, and hasai'ough area at its junc-
tion with the basisphenoid. The condylar foramen is of considerable size, and, as
in A. mortoni, is placed some distance in front of the condyle. The exoccipital has
a great transverse diameter at the base of the occiput and narrows rapidly superiorly.
The condyles are well separated by broad notches superiorly and inferiorly, and their
transverse diameters are a little less than three-fifths greater than the vertical, which
agrees better with the American species than with Entdodon magnum oi Europe.
The foramen magnum is transversely oblong in a greater degree than is the case in
the Princeton specimen, but this may in part be due to crushing. The paroccipital
process is quite heavy, trihedral in cross-section, and terminates in a truncated and
rugose free end ; its position is similar to that in Archicotherium mortoni figured V»y
Professor Scott (87, PI. XVIII, fig. 2), but apparently relatively shorter.

The stylomastoid foi-amen and the pit for the tympano-hyal occupy apparently
the same relative positions as in the Oligocene genus (see PI. LVII), /. e., anterior
and external to the condylar foramen. The superior wing-like processes of the
supra-occipital are crushed laterally, but I judge that in their normal condition they
assume characters similar to the American forms generally. The basisphenoid, as in
Archicothertum ingeiis, is narrow and not keeled ventrally. There is a canal in the
median line, just at the point where the basisphenoid is concealed by the union of
the palatines and pterygoids ; this is also present in A. mortoni and has been figured
by Scott (1. c, PI. XVIII, fig. 1 ). Whether or not there was a tympanic bulla in Dliio-
hyus cannot be determined from the material at hand."* The pterygoids are much com-
pressed laterally, but they extend well down and terminate in short and backwardly
directed hamular processes. The foramen ovale is of considerable size and occupies

'* This overhanging of the occiput in the type is due, to some extent, to crushing.

'"In a well preserved skull of Dinoliym hollandi collected in the Agate Spring Quarries ( University Hill Quarry)
by Professor Barbour in 1908, there are no tympanic buUx.

88 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

practically the same position as in the Oligocene genus, i. e., just lateral to the ridge
of the alisphenoid which leads to the pterygoids. The skull is distorted in this re-
gion, so that the peculiar conditions of the pterygoids, which Professor Scott describes
(87, p. 283), cannot be ascertained from this specimen. Tlie parietals extend well
down on the side of the cranium and terminate superiorly in the high and sharp
sagittal crest, which is rounded from before backward in a manner similar to what is
observed in some other American forms. The sutural contact between the frontal,
supraoccipital, and the squamosal is entirely obliterated. The frontals are very
broad and much inflated over the orbits, terminating laterally in a heavy process,
which meets its fellow of the jugal ; the two are well coossified and form a heavy
vertical bar, which completely encloses the orbit posteriorly. The orbit is of large
size and faces forward and slightly outward. Immediately in front of the sagittal
crest is a broad canal, which extends obliquely upward and backward, apparently
piercing the cranial wall (see PL LVI). The exit of this canal leads into a depres-
sion on the frontals, which is of considerable depth and triangular in outline. This
depression extends outward laterally by means of two large grooves, one on either
side, running parallel with the temporal ridges, and by means of a broad anterior
groove, which is continuous with the depressed median area of the frontals. On
account of the enormous inflation of the frontals over the orbit and the great lateral
extent of the postorbital process the eye was placed lower down and had a more
direct forward look than in the older types of this family (see Pis. LV, LVI).

The zygomatic process of the squamosal has an enormous development, which
seems to be relatively quite as great, if not greater, than is the case in the earlier
forms. The lambdoidal crest descends steeply to a point immediately above the
base of the paroccipital process ; the border of the arch then rises again to form a
broad, thin process similar to that in Sus, the peccary, and other ungulates. An-
teriorly the zygomatic process forms the sutural contact with the jugal at the base
of the orbital process. The temporal fossa thus has a tremendous transverse diameter,
which is one of the chief characteristics of the cranium in this family. The glen-
oid cavity is well defined and its anterior border is provided with a strong buttress
(the zygomatic process of the jugal referred to above), which seems to be a mark of
evengreater specialization in this genus, than in the John Day forms, and has
already been referred to in previous papers (81, pp. 49-51).

The jugal, as has been stated by Marsh, Scott, and others, constitutes one of
the most extraordinary features of the skull in this family. Anteriorly the jugal
extends but little on the side of the face, uniting by suture with the maxillary and
the lachrymal. In its backward extension the upper margin forms the lower half

PETKRSON : A RKVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.i; 89

of the border of the orbit, and the lower margin descends rapidly to form the
dependent, broad, and laterally compressed process, which is in Dlnohiju^ consider-
ably smaller than is the case in many earlier species. This anomalous process is
directed slightly outward as well as downward, and no doubt varies in shape in
different species, if not in different individuals ; at all events this appears to be true
of the Oligocene forms.^' Superiorly the jugal sends out a postorljital process, which
is coossified with that of the frontal, as stated above and the posterior process is
received by the zygomatic process of the squamosal (see PI. LV).

The lachrymal covers a considerable portion of the side of the face and articu-
lates anteriorly with the maxillary, superiorly with the frontal, not with the nasal,
and inferiorly with the jugal. The bone supplies a portion of the anterior border
of the orbit. The lachrymal tubercle is quiet prominent.

The long and slender nasals articulate superiorly with the spear-shaped proc-
esses of the frontals, and laterally with the maxillaries and the premaxillaries.
At their junction with the frontals the median area of the nasals is very convex
transversel}'^ and on the sides of the muzzle the nasals have a slight inward bend to
accommodate them to the concave sweep of the muzzle in front of the orbits. More
anteriorly the nasals are regularly convex from side to side and gradually decrease
in width ; their anterior ends are slightly damaged in the type, but it is seen that
their free ends are slightly separated in the median line, and also that they projected
slightly beyond the superior border of the premaxillaries.

The premaxillaries are more truncated anteriorly than in the known Oligocene
forms. This causes the reduction of the median pair of incisors stated above, and
the anterior border ascends slightly more rapidly than in the earlier forms. Super-
iorly the premaxillaries have a long contact with the nasals and posteriorly they
are received by the oblique border of the maxillaries. The premaxillaries are of
large size, but are relatively smaller than those in Hippopotanius and 8us. The
incisive foramina are large and the palatine processes of the premaxillaries are only
thin bony bridges, which are suturally connected in the median line, and extend back
opposite the posterior portion of the canine.

The maxillaries have a great antero-posterior diameter and the sides of the long
and comparatively narrow muzzle are largely made up of these bones, although the
lachrymal and the jugal cover a considerable space. The alveolar border forms an
almost straight antero-posterior line until the canine is reached ; at this point the
maxillary has a rapid outward curve to accommodate the root for the large canine.
The maxillo-preraaxillary suture is somewhat short in comparison with that in older

■" Theae prooesses are preseut ia all of the Aiuericau species, of wliicli complete material, represeDting this por-
tion of the skull, has been found.

90 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

forms. The infraorbital foramen is above the posterior part of P-^. The palatine
plates are comparatively narrow transversely and have a considerable concavity in
the same direction.

In the region of the palatines the skull is much crushed and the sutures are
entirely obliterated, so that the outlines cannot be traced. The posterior nares are
long and narrow, and extend anteriorly to opposite the anterior portion of M-.

From Kowalevsky's illustrations (38, Plates XVI ; XVII, fig. 5) it is evident
that the base of the skull and the occiput in Entelodon is quite different from what
is observed in the American forms. Judging from Kowalevsky's figures, the occip-
ital condyle in the European form has a much greater vertical diameter in propor-
tion to its transverse, the region of the paroccipital process extends further below
the condyle, and the process itself is different in shape, being more compressed
antero-posteriorly, expanded transversely, projecting well downward, and termi-
nating in a rounded point. The base of the zygomatic process of the squamosal is in
contact with the paroccipital process not unlike what is seen in Sus (See fig. 2 on page
45). The anterior face of the paroccipital process (see Kowalevsky, PI. XVI), where
we should expect to find the solidly fused region between the base of the paroc-
cipital process and the postglenoid similar to that in the American Entelodonts,
shows a remarkable similarity to what is seen in Sus, and it would not be surprising
to find the external auditory meatus situated higher up on the cranium in Entelodon
than is the case in the American species. In examining the posterior view of the
skull of Entelodon {I. c, PI. XVII, fig. 5) it is at once observed that the summit of the
supraoccipital is greatly expanded and again much contracted midway between the
top and the condyles, and on either side of the median line is a long and narrow
excavation, which is not present in the American forms. Another similarity to Sus,
and also to some extent to Hippopotaimcs, is seen on the superior border of the fora-
men magnum, where the continuation of the supraoccipital sends down two blunt
projections, which impart an irregular upper border to the foramen. This latter
feature does not appear in the American forms.

The mandible is much elongated to conform with the extremely long muzzle.
The horizontal ramus is, as in the Oligocene forms, nearly straight, and is character-
ized by considerable depth and thickness. The inferior border has one large
knob-like tubercle in the middle region beneath P^ and M^, and only a trace of a
tubercle opposite the posterior face of the symphysis. The angle is also extended
below the horizontal line of the inferior border, but not to the extent seen in some
earlier forms. These knob-like processes which are given off from the ventral
border of the mandible are proportionally small, especially the anterior pair, when

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODOXTID/E

compared with some of the large species {Pelonax ramosinn) from the upper Ohgocene.
In the latter form these knobs on the lower jaws are particularl}^ long and heavy,
indicating with other peculiarities a divei-ging line at that time. In Dinohijus the
alveolar border has a rapid outward turn at the canine to accommodate the enormous
root of that tooth. The chin is square and the symphysis shows no mark of division
between the two rami. There are two mental foramina : the anterior, which is the
larger, is situated below P^ ; and the posterior below P^_r. The ascending rami are
low and rapidly flare outward in order to meet the widely separated glenoid cavities
of the squamosals, which is a peculiarity most nearly approaching what is observed
in Hippopotamus. The condyles are greatly convex antero-posteriorly and their
transverse diameter is considerable ; they are only very slightly elevated alxjve the
alveolar border. The coronoid process is low, but broad, and its free end terminates
in an enlarged truncated rugosity. The temporal fossa is deep and extends across
nearly the entire antero-posterior face of the ascending ramus, but does not reach
very low ; its inferior border is developed into a heavy ridge, which unites with the
base of the condyle externally. The dental foramen is of rather small size and is a
little posterior to the middle antero-posterior diameter of the sigmoid notch and on
a level with the alveolar border.

The h3'oidean arch of Dinohi/ns holhnidi is represented b}- a number of frag-
ments and three very nearly complete bones, the stylohyoid and both ceratohyals.

Fig. 34. (1) Inner View of Right Ceratohyal; (2) Inner View of Styloliyal ; (3) External View of Stylohyal.
Belonging to type of D. holhmdi Peterson. Nat. Size. (Cam. Mas. Cat. Vert. Fobs., No. 1594.)

The different bones appear to be of somewhat smaller proportions than in Archxo-
therium ingcns described by Professor Scott. The shaft of the stylohyoid is a sinuous
rod with prominent and spiral ridges (of which one extends the entire length of the

92 MEMOIRS OK THE CARNECxIE MUSEUM

shaft) and expanded upper and lower ends. The upper half of the shaft is tri-
hedral in cross-section, while the lower half is subcylindrical. In Ar^;ha'otheri^^m,
according to Scott (87, p. 286), the upper portion of the shaft is compressed later-
ally and has a more oval section lower down. The cerato-hyal is shorter than the
st3dohj'oid in about the same proportion as in Archscotherium. The proximal end is
expanded and cup-shaped, and immediately below the enlarged end the shaft
becomes quite thin transversely, l)ut broad antero-posteriorly. The lower half of
the shaft is still more oval in section and terminates in an enlarged end for car-
tilaginous attachments. The bone as a whole is very like that in Ardntothermm.

Measurements.

Mm.

Greatest length of skull 883

Distance from postorbital process of jugal to and including premaxillaries... 528
" " " " " " " " " occipital condyle 305

Length of alveolar border of maxillary and premaxillary 465

Distance from median incisor to Ml 330

Greatest transverse diameter of condyles 165

Vertical diameter of condyle 56

Greatest transverse diameter of skull, approximately 580

Transverse diameter of muzzle in front of orbits, approximately 175

" atP4 132

Greatest length of mandible 725

Depth of mandible, inferior border of angle to and including condyle 200

" " " at M3 120

" " " " P^ 100

Vertebral Column.

Atlas. — The atlas, on the whole, is very similar to that of the Oligocene genus.
The more important differences are here given. The posterior exit of the vertebrar-
terial canal is shifted lower down on the posterior face of the transverse process
than in Archxotherium. In the latter genus the position of this foramen is higher
up, or, nearly on the superior face at the base of the transverse process.^ In Dino-
Jtijiis the facets for the axis are relatively higher and narrower, the cavities for the
occipital condyles shallower, the neural canal narrower, and the neural spine some-
what more prominent than in ArcJmotherium. The transverse process does not pro-
ject backward nearly as much as in the Princeton specimen, and consequently gives
to the atlas of the latter a relatively greater total antero-posterior diameter.

Axis. — The axis of Dinohyus differs from that of Arch n'othermm in having the

** In a specimen (No. 1665) of the Carnegie Mnsenm collection, from the Titannthermm beds, Sand Creek, Sionx
Co., Nebraska, this foramen is placed lower down than in the Princeton specimen.

PETERSON : A REVISION OK THE ENTKT.ODONTIDil?,

articular facets for the atlas more wedge-shaped ; the facets are also of relatively
less transverse and greater vertical ^* diameter, and the transverse process is heavier.
This enlargement of the transverse process is especially noticeable at the superior

Fig. 35. Anterior and Superior Views of Atlas of D. hollandi Peterson. ] nat. size.

base over the posterior exit of the vertebrarterial canal where there is a blunt and
rugose tubercle. The well defined ridge, which extends backward from the odon-
toid process along the floor of the neural canal in Archivofhcrmvi,, is in Dinohyus

Fig. 36. Posterior and Inferior Views of Atlas of D. Iiolland I Peteraon. \ nat. size.

converted into a broad rounded surface, which slopes backward and is interrupted
by a rough ridge, which extends across the entire floor of the neural canal some

"The vertical diameter seems to liave developed superiorly, as the ventral projection is of about the same pro-
portion as in Arc/in'olheiium.

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

distance back of the odontoid process. Back of this ridge is a ti'ansverse excava-
tion, 8 or 10 mm. in antero-posterior diameter, which is again succeeded by an
elevated area along the posterior portion of the floor of the neural canal. As in

Fig. 37. Lateral, Posterior, and Anterior Viewa of Axis of D. hoHandi. J nat. size.

ArchseotJieriurii, the pedicles of the neural arches are not pierced by foramina for the
passage of the second pair of spinal nerves. These canals are more lateral and are
bridged over superiorly by heavy arms of the transverse processes which unite with
the sides of the pedicles.

TIdrd Cervical. — The third cervical vertebra differs from that in Archieotherium
(87, p. 290) by having a proportionallj' much less developed neural spine, a sharper
inferior keel, and the bony bridge, which bounds the vertebrarterial canal externally,

Fig. 38. Lateral View of Third
Cervical of D. hollandi Peterson.
\ nat. size.

Fin. 39. Posterior and Lateral Views of Fourth Cervi-
cal of D. hollandi Peterson. J nat. size.

narrower. As Professor Scott has stated (/. c, p. 290) in connection with his study
of Archaeotherium, there are no foramina for the spinal nerve through the anterior
portion of the pedicles as in Su.i.

Fimrth Cervical. — The neural spine of this vertebra is damaged, but I infer
that, as in the preceding vertebra, it is relatively less developed than in the Oli-
gocene genus. The inferior lamella has a slightly different shape, being more deci-
dedly separated from the diapophysial process and is less developed than in Arclixo-
therium (87, p. 290). In Dinohyus there are deep excavations on the inferior side

I'ETEIfSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.E

of the base of the diapophyses, which are scarcely indicated in the Princeton speci-
men. The diapophyses are fully as well developed as in Archeotherium, and the
inferior keel is sharper than in the latter genus.

Fifth Cervical — As in the preceding vertebra, the neural spine is lost. The
centrum is relatively much more opisthoccclous, and the inferior lamella is slightly
less developed and less everted than in Archicotherium. The inferior keel is sharp

Fig 40. Posterior and Lateral Views of Fifth Cer-
vical of D. holtandi Peterson. J nat. size.

Fig. 41. Inferior View of
Fifth Cervical of /). hoUandi
Peterson. \ nat. size.

and continues to the postero-inferior border of the centrum, where a blunt tubercle
is located on either side of the median keel. In Arcluvotherium the keel is heavier
and it terminates posteriorly in a heavy rugose mass, which indicates a relatively

Fig. 42. Posterior (1), Lateral (2), and Anterior (3) Views of the Sixth Cervical of /). /ioHa»(Zi Peterson.

} nat. size.

heavier attachment for muscles than in the Miocene genus. In the latter genus the
diapophyses present a more trihedral section and the ends are less expanded than
in ArchxotheHum.

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEOIE MUSEUM

Sixtk Cervical. — The base of the neural spine of the sixth cervical vertebra is
present, and tiie size indicates a proportionally less developed process than is the

case in the corresponding bone in Archasothe-
rium. As in the preceding vertebra, the cen-
trum is relatively more opisthocoelous than in
the sixth cervical of the Princeton specimen.
The inferior keel is also sharper and terminates
in front in a swollen area. The anterior face of
the centrum extends down over this area, which
adds to the convexity of the centrum in a
peculiar manner, quite unusual in most of the
Artiodactyla, and is not unlike what is seen
in the recent horse. The diapophyses are of
aljout the same proportionate size as in Archaso-
therium, but the inferior lamellaj are relatively
more developed, which is remarkable when one
bears in mind that the neural spine is relatively
less developed, while the neural arch has about
the same proportions in both genera.

Seventh Cervical. — As in the preceding ver-
tebrae the neural spine of the seventh cervical vertebra of JHnohyus is relatively
smaller than in Archseotheriuin. The postzygapophysis is placed higher up than in
Arclnvotherium, but is less concave and looks outward more decidedly than in the
Oligocene genus. The pedicle is more rounded and the postero-inferior portion of
the centrum is proportionally somewhat heavier, and has decided tubercles on
either side of the median line, which are absent in Archxothe-
rinm. The transverse jjrocess has the same pi'oj^ortions as in
the Princeton specimen, and, as in that specimen, is not perfor-
ated by the vertebrarterial canal.

First Dorsal Vertebra. — In the type of Dinuhyns Jiollaiidi
there are fourteen dorsal vertebne which were found in the

quarry articulated with one another by their zygapophyses. p^^ ^^ j^,^^;^^ yj^^
Tlie first dorsal vertebra is characterized by a long and very of Seventh cervical of n.
heavy neural spine greatly exceeding in length that of the ''""'""'' p^'^^""- i "»'
seventh cervical. The neural spine has about the same rela-
tive size as in the Princeton specimen, but the postzygapophysis is more distinctly
separated from the transverse process by a constricted area, and the centrum is

Fig. 43. Posterior and Lateral Views of
the Seventh Ceivical of D. hoUandi Peterson.
\ nat. size.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.'E

more opisthocoelous. Tliis vertebra is, except in these minor details, quite similar
to the corresponding bone in Archwotherinm.

Second Dorsal Vertebra. — The neural spine of the second dorsal vertebra is
higher than that of the first, but not nearly so robust. In relative proportions
the spine agrees quite well with that of Archieotherium. The vertebra as a whole

Flu. 45. Lateral and Posterior Views of
First Dorsal of I), hollandi Peterson. ', nat.
size.

Fio. 46. Lateral View
of Second Dorsal of D. Iiul-
litndi Peterson. J nat.
size.

Fio. 47. Lateral View
of Third Dorsal of I),
hotlandi Peterson. 'i
nat. size.

differs in some important particulars from that of A rcli;votheriurii, viz.: the vertical
diameter of the centrum is relatively greater, owing to the unusual development of
the inferior keel ; the anterior half of the keel is developed into a heavy and rugose
tubercle, which projects well below the anterior face of the centrum ; the prezyga-
pophyses nearly meet in the median line, forming a narrow in-egular emargination,
while in Archieotherimn they are more widely separated. The posterior face of the

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

centrum is decidedly more concave than in the Oligocene genus. The general out-
line of the bone, except in the matter of its deeper centrum, is quite similar to that
of the Princeton specimen.

TJiird Dorsal Vertebra. — The tip of the spine of the third dorsal is broken off,
but it was evidently as high as that of its predecessor, and only slightly lighter.

Fig. 48. Lateral View of Fourtli Dorsal
of D. hollandi Peterson. } nat. size.

Fig. 49. Lateral View of Fifth Dorsal
of D. hollandi Peterson. } nat. size.

One of the most important differences between the vertebral column of Dinohyus
and that of ArchieotJieriumi is seen in the arrangement of the canals through the
sides of the pedicles and the vertical canals through the superior portion of the
neural arch, similar to that in Sas and Bison americanus. In Professor Scott's
admirable memoir (87, p. 290) it is stated that the pedicles of the neural arch are not
perforated by vertical canals as in Sas. While this is to a certain extent true, it is
seen upon very clo.se scrutiny of the specimen, that some of the dorsals have the
vertical as well as the transver.se canals ^Ji'csent, although they are relatively smaller,
are more irregular in their position, and could not have possessed the functional

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTIDvE 99

importance which they have in tlie Miocene genus. Back of the second dorsal in
DinoJi-yus hollandi the arrangement of these canals is almost identical with that in
Sus, the vertical canal being even relativel}- larger.

The costo-vertebral canals are very narrow but deep excavations, which lead
directly into these large horizontal and vertical canals, forming an excellent protec-
tion for the spinal nerves. The keel of the centrum is fully as well developed as in
the preceding vertebra. In Archscothermm the corresponding vertebra has a heavy
and rugose area on the anterior half of the keel, but the ventral projection is not
nearly so great.

Fourth Dorsal Vertebra. — In Dinohyus this vertebra is more nearly like that of
the Archfeotherium skeleton from Princeton than any of the preceding dorsals. The
vertical diameter of the centra back of the second dorsal in Archieothcrium rapidly
increases, so that the centrum of the fourth has about the same proportionate diam-
eter as in Dinohyus. The arrangement of the foramina through the walls of the
neural canal, which are sometimes absent in Archxotherium ingens, is the chief char-
acter showing a difference between the vertebrte of the two animals.

Fifth Dorsal Vertebra. — The top of the neural spine of the fifth dorsal is com-
plete, but unfortunately the contact is lost at the lower half of the spine. The
length of the spine is estimated by a gradual slope from the second to the seventh
dorsal vertebrte, which have complete neural spines. The general construction of
this bone differs so little from that in Archtcofheriam that a description seems hardly
necessary.^"

Sixth and Seventh Dorsal Vertebrse. — With the exception of the broader and
undoubtedly longer neural spine in the sixth dorsal vertebra, the seventh differs
very little from it, and the two are so similar to the fifth dorsal that a separate
description seems superfluous in this connection. With the exception of the per-
forations of the transverse processes, the deep median furi-ow near the base and
rugose surfaces on the anterior faces of the neural spines, and the somewhat more
sharply keeled centra, there are no differences from the corresponding vertebriB in
Archwothermm described by Professor Scott.

Eighth Dorsal Vertebra. — This vertebra has no ventral keel on the centrum,
it being quite smoothly rounded below, and consequently having a smaller vertical
depth than the vertebrte anterior to it. The median furrow or groove on the
anterior face of the neural spine extends well up and is still quite deep on the
fragment we possess, proving that the spine itself must have attained a consider-

*" In cleauing off the matrix for a closer examination of the transverse process of the fifth dorsal vertebra in
Archivulhenum ingens, which Professor Scott described, it is found that there is a small foramen on the upper face of the
neural arch which is apparently connected with the horizontal canal as in Sus.

100

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

able length. The tubercular facet for the rib is of large size and concave in the
antero-posterior direction. The transverse process is heavy, as is also the upper
portion of the neural arch. The pedicle and transverse processes are perforated
by the canals referred to above.

Nirdlt Dorml Vertebra. — The ninth dorsal is represented only by a portion of
the neural spine, half of the neural arch, and the upper third of the centrum of

FlCJ. 50. Lateral View of Sixth
Dorsai of D. hollandi Peterson. \
nat. size.

Fig. 51. Lateral View of
Seventh Dorsal of D. hollandi
Peterson. J nat. size.

Fig. 52. Lateral View of
Eighth Dorsal of D. hollandi
Peterson, i nat. size.

the left side. The capitular and tubercular facets are only slightly smaller than in
the preceding vertebrtc. The transverse process is of aljout the same size, but the
perforations are somewhat smaller than in the eighth dorsal vertebra.

Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Dorsal Vertehrx. — The tenth, eleventh, and twelfth
dorsal vertebrae are represented only by fragments, but enough remains to supply
essential characters. The centra are depressed and apparently have no ventral keels,
and the neural spines still continue to have the median groove which extends from
the base upward for some distance on the anterior face of the spines. On the tenth
dorsal the rib-facets possess considerable size, Ijut they rapidly diminish in the
following vertebrre. The neui-al spines also show a rapid reduction, but the perfo-

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTEI.ODONTID.T; 101

rations of the pedicle and transverse processes continue to be of large size up to the
thirteenth dorsal. There is only a slight suggestion of the metapophysis on the
twelfth dorsal vertebra.

Thirteenth Dorsal Vertebra. — In the region of the thirteenth dorsal there is an
important change in the dorsal series. The neural spine was still, no douV>t, of the
dorsal type, but short. The anterior zygapophysis is also of
the dorsal type, while the postzygapophysis fits into a nearly /'' \
typical lumbar articulation of the succeeding vertebra. The \ \
transverse process is quite heavy and has an almost flat sur- •.. \,

face for the tuberculum of the rib. The metapophysial ■',

area is divided into three small tubercles and the superior
aspect of the transverse process is on the whole very rugose.
The vertical perforation is very small and is placed near the
anterior margin of the neural arch. The horizontal canal
for the transmission of the spinal nerves, which perforates ^^'°- ^s- Lateral view of

Thirteenth Dorsal of D. hoi

the wall of the neural arch between the posterior capitular ^^^^. ^^^^^^ , ^^^ ^.^^
and the tubercular facets is of large size. This vertebra

appears to correspond most closely with the vertebra described by Professor Scott
as the eleventh thoracic vertebra in Archnvtherium ingens (87, p. 293).

Fourteenth Dorsal Vertebra.— The fourteenth dorsal of Dinohi/us agrees most
closely with the one which Professor Scott regards as the twelfth of Archiridherium
ingens. In Z);7io/(v/«s this vertebra differs in many important characters from either
the twelfth or thirteenth dorsals in the Princeton specimen in which the thirteenth
is the last dorsal according to Scott. From both the twelfth and the thirteenth in the
latter specimen the fourteenth thoracic vertebra in Dinohnus differs in having a very
well developed transverse process, a large perforation through the sides of the neural
arch back of the capitular facet for the last rib, and the absence of anapophyses.
The superior portion of the neural spine is broken off', but its broad antero-posterior
aspect indicates that in shape it (rlosely resembled the lumbar vertebrse. Tlie pos-
terior zygapophysis is identical in form with that of the twelfth (thirteenth?)" m
Archieothermm. As Scott has shown in his memoir, page 293, the cros.s-section of the
zygapophyses of the lumbar vertebrte present an S-like outline which causes the
development of large episphenial processes. The neural canal is transversely broad,
but low. The centrum is well rounded and has no ventral keel or prominent rugosi-
ties for muscular attachments. The facet for the last ril/is of large size, oval in

"The writer is of the opinion that Archieolherium from the Oligoceue may have had fourteen thomcic (dorsal)
vertebrie thus agreeing in its vertebral formula with Dlnoliym.

102

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

outline, and placed in an oblique position. The metapophyses are prominent on
this vertebra.

Lumbar Vertebrae. — There are only four lumbar vertebrae represented in the
type specimen of Dinohyus, but from the fragments at hand it is very plainly shown
that the last lumbar has been lost.^^ There are in the splendidly preserved speci-

FlQ. 54 . Anterior, Inferior, and Lateral Views of Fourteenth
Dorsal of D. hollandi Peterson. J nat. size.

Fig. 55. Lateral and Interior Views of First
Lnmbar of D. hollandi Peterson, i nat. size.

men of ArchcVotherium in the Princeton collection, six lumbar vertebree, which un-
doubtedly also must have been the number in the genus Dinohyus. This arrange-
ment is thought to be correct in view of the evidence at hand from the Miocene and
Oligocene genera and also from the fact that in Sus scrofa and the Pecora there are
sometimes twenty thoraco-lumbar vertebme : fourteen dorsals and six lumbars.

Fig. 56. Lateral View of
Second Lumbar of D. hollandi
Peterson, i nat. size.

Fig- 57. Lateral and Inferior Views of Third
Lumbar of !>. hollandi Peterson. } nat. size.

The centra of the four lumbar vertebrae preserved in the type are all present
and in two instances portions of the arches and of the zygapophyses are also present.
The neural spines and the transverse processes were unfortunately all lost in the proc-

" In the spring of 1905, the fragments of the lumbar vertebrtc, the sacrum and a portion of the pubic symphysis
of the pelvis was found by the writer on the edge of the quarry. These parts were dug out during the excavation in
quarry No. 1, in the fall of 1904, by Mr. Cook and his assistants.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.E

103

Fio. 58 Inferior View of Fifth Lum-
bar of D. hollandi Peterson. J nat. size-

ess of collecting.^-' The neural spines are, however, restored from another specimen
(No. 2193B) collected in the Agate Spring Quarries (Quarry No. 1) in 1908 and
their shape (see Plates LX, LXI) is thought to be nearly correct. The centra in
the anterior portion of the series are somewhat different from those in Archseotherium,
having a transversely broader aspect ventrally and a
very rugose surface on the sides. Posteriorly the cen-
tra become more depressed and the rugosities on the
sides are divided into an anterior and a posterior area
by a decidedly broad and shallow groove, extending
obliquely from the posterior intervertebral notch to
the ventral portion of the centrum, where it fades away, leaving a sharp ridge on
the anterior margin of the exit of the groove. The neural arch of the first lumbar
vertebra is pierced by a canal immediately posterior to the base of the transverse
pi'ocess. On the second lumbar is a similar canal on the right, while on the left
side there is no canal present.

In another specimen (No. 2126^ Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) of Dinohjus hol-
landi is a last lumbar vertebra which approximates the jjroper size of the type speci-
men. This vertebra presents some interesting differences from the corresponding
bone in the Princeton specimen. Of these differences the inoi'e important ones
are : the proportionately lighter postzygapophyses and the much heavier transverse
processes in Dinohjus; the enlarged transverse process of the last sacral vertebra in
Dinohyus, which is due in a great measure to the heavy and rugose posterior border,
somewhat after the analogy of some of the Perissodadijla {Equus). In the last lumbar

^^-^"^'"W
^^— ^

Fig. 59. Posterior, Lateral and Anterior Views of Sixth Lumbar of D. hvllaiuli Peterson. } nat. size.
(Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 2126.)

vertebra of Archimtherium iiKjena the transverse process has in its posterior border
near its base a small and rugose tubercle, which apparently had a tendency to meet

"A series of four posterior lumbar vertebra; (No. 2139B) was found in quarry No. 1 darinj; the last (1908) season
which furnishes some additional information. There were one and most probably two additional lumbar vertebne in
front of this series, judging from the absence of vertebra; with no perforations of the neural arches as in the first and
second lumbais of the type and also from the characters of the fourteenth dorsil, which is present in this series.

104

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

a corresponding surface on the anterior face of the pleurapophysis of the first sacral
vertebra and is somewhat simihir to what is found in Hipjwpotamus. The trans-
verse process of tlie last lumbar vertebra in Arcluvothcrium is otherwise quite light,
as is tlie case in all the preceding lumbar vertebrse. In the specimen under descrip-
tion the heavy posterior border of the transverse process of the vertebra does not
come in contact with the anterior face of the pleurapophysis of the first sacral, but
had a cartilaginous attachment with the ilium. The neural spine has a vertical
position and its anterior and posterior borders gi'adually taj^er from the base of the
spine to the summit. The latter is rounded, slightly enlarged, and rugose. The
neural canal is broad, but low, and its floor is occupied in the median line by a
heavy ridge, which extends antero-posteriorly the entire length of the superior face
of the centrum. The centrum is depressed, but possesses a considerable transverse
diameter ; its posterior face is larger than its anterior. The prezygapophyses have
prominent surfaces for the episphenial processes of the vertebra in advance of it, and
these processes of the postzygapophyses are also quite prominent.

Sacrum. — The sacrum is composed of three well coossified vertebrae.^' The
centrum of the first sacral vertebra is quite large, but the succeeding two rapidly

Inferior and Superior Views of Sacrum of D. hollandi Peterson.
Vert. Foss., No. 2126.)

nat. size. (Cam. Mus. Cat.

decrease in size, so that the posterior face of the centrum of the last vertebra has
the transverse diameter less than one half of the anterior face of the first sacral.
The pleurapophyses, which are very heavy on the first sacral, decrease in the
posterior sacrals as rapidly as the centra. Unfortunately the neural spines are lost,

. "In examining the sacrum of the Princeton specimen, Arcli.rolherium ingens, No. 10885, it is seen that on its ven-
tral face there are tliree distinct centra, which are very firmly coossified. Professor Scott (87, p. 294) mistook the two
posterior centra of this sacrum for one only.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.E

105

but their bases indicate that they were coossified so as to form one soHd spine.
The neural canal is of consideral)le size a nd its outline anteriorly is subtrian-
gular ; it diminishes rapidly backward agreeing in its diameter with all the
other measurements of the sacrum. The chief differences revealed by the sacrum
of Dmohyus when compared with that of Arducothcrhim are the relatively smaller
antero-posterior and transverse diameters of the centrum, the actual measurements
of length and breadth in the former being only very little greater than those of the
latter genus, notwithstanding the smaller size of Arclixotheriuni. The vertical diam-
eter of the anterior face of the centrum more nearly corresponds to that of the Oli-
gocene genus. The prezygapophyses have, as in Archteotheriuni, the additional
articular surfaces for the episphenial processes of the last lumbar vertebra.

From material acquired in 11J08 I am able to give complete illustrations (see
figs. 60-62) and also to more fully describe parts of the sacrum, which are partially
or wholly lost in the t^'pe specimen.

The reduced diameter, especially the antero-posterior, of the centra in the
sacrum observed in the type specimen of Dinohi/us Jiollandi is repeated in other
individuals. In No. 2126 (Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) there is a complete sacrum
(see figs. GO-62) and its measurements agree quite closely with those of the type.

Fio. 01. Anterior and Posterior Views of Sacrum of D. hollandi Peterson.

Foss., No. 2126.)

I nat. size. (Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert.

Anteriorly the neural canal, which is triangular in outline, is of large size and
rapidly decreases posteriorly. All the sacral foramina are of large size. The two
anterior spinous processes are very heavy and quite solidly coossified, e.Kcept at their
extremities,"" which are slightly separated and also greatly enlarged. The spine of the

'^lu a smaller though older specimen (No. 2139) the summit of the spines is solidly coossitied and much ex-
panded laterally.

106

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

last sacral vertebra is entirely free from those in front of it and all of its diameters,
though of considerable size, are much reduced, when compared with the heavy spines
of the first two vertebrae. The postzygapophyses are quite well developed and bear
distinct articular facets for the prezygapophyses of the first caudal vertebrae. The
posterior extension of the pleurapophyses exhibits a free area back of the iliac con-

FlG. 62. Lateral View of Sacrum of D. hoi-
landi Peterson. | nat. size. (Cam. Mns. Cat.
Vert. Fobs., No. 2126.)

Fig. 63. Anterior, Superior and
Inferior Viewsof Caudal from about
the Middle of the Tail of D. hol-
landi Peterson. § nat. size. (Carn.
Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 2135.)

Fig. 64. Superior
and Lateral Viewsof
Posterior Caudal of
D.hollandi Peterson.
S nat. size. (Cam.
Mus. Cat. Vert.
Foss., No. 1823.)

tact which is fully as large if not larger than is the case in Arclixotherium ingens (see
fig. 62).

Caudal Vertehrsc. — The caudal vertebrae of the type of Dinohyus are not present.
From several isolated bones found scattered throughout the bone-bearing layer of
the quarry and also from a vertebra (No. 2135) found in the same horizon north of
the Niobrara River, it is plain that the tail was of practically the same proportionate
length as that of the Oligocene genus. Cuts of this bone and of one of the posterior
bones of the tail found in quarry No. 1 are here given (figs. 63 and 64).

Ribs.
The ribs on both sides (especially the ones in the anterior portion of the thoracic
cavity) are well represented in the type of Dinohyus hoUandi. The first rib is some-
what sub-cylindrical proximally and broadens almost immediately below the head,
while in Arclnvotherium ingens it continues rod-like to a greater distance distally and
flares out more suddenly at the ventral end. In the anterior portion of the series

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.T;

107

the ribs are broad, with compressed sessile heads, and large tubercles, which are
separated from the lieads by deep cavities in the same manner as in Archseolhcriiim.
The fragments of the posterior ribs indicate that they were perhaps proportionately

Fig. 65. (1) First Rib ; (2) Second Rib ; (3) Fifth Rib. From type of V. hotlandi Peterson, i nat. size.

broader than those in ArcJueotheriiom. In their relative lengths the ribs are not un-
like those of the Oligocene genus, those behind being relatively perhaps somewhat
longer.

Sternum.

There are six sternebrte present in the type. The structure of the sternum is
unique and can hardly be compared with that of the Suidfe. The presternum has
an unusual vertical diameter, it is compi-essed transversely and the side view pre-
sents an irregular and curious outline.

The superior border of the presternum is slightly concave and terminates in
front in a heavy and rugose tubercle ; anteriorly the bone is strongly emarginate,
producing the superior tubercle which has just been mentioned and an additional,
larger, inferior tubercle (see No. 1 in fig. HG). Ventrally the bone again has an
emarginate border which terminates posteriorly in a rapidly expanded, truncated,
and very rugose process. The contact for the succeeding segment continues, from the
truncated process mentioned, obliquely forward and upward and terminates in a
slightly enlarged area which forms the contact for the second pair of ribs. The
attachments for the first pair of ribs are situated on the lower half of the bone,
nearer the anterior tban tbe posterior border. In Archwothcrium ingens the pre-
sternum has the same general outline as in l)lnnhi/us, but the borders, especially the

108

MEMOIRS OP THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

anterior, are less emarginate, which gives to the manubrium of the former genus a
less striking appearance.

The first segment of the mesosternum has a curious structure. It is compressed
laterally and its vertical is much greater than its an tero- posterior diameter. The
side view shows a Q-shaped outline with the straight border behind. The segment
is expanded on its borders, those behind being the heaviest. The antero-posterior

Fig. 66. (1) Lateral View of Sternum. (2) Inferior View of Sternum. Type of D. hoUandi Peterson. } nat. size.

diameter of the bone is slightlj^ greater ventrally than dorsally. The bone differs
greatly from that in Archfcothcrium ingens which has a relatively greater diameter
vertically and a more angular outline laterally. The following two segments in the
sternum of DinoJiyus are coossified and their vertical diameter rapidly decreases, while
their transverse diameter increases. The transverse diameter of the dorsal border is
twice that of the ventral, and the posterior face of the fourth segment very suddenly
expands laterally. The succeeding two segments of the mesosternum are broader
than deep and the last segment is the broadest and shallowest. The dorsal face is
considerably broader than the ventral and the last two segments are slightly concave
both dorsally and ventrally. The posterior border of the last segment is injured
by erosion, but the suture separating the following segment (xiphisternum)
is plainly indicated (see fig. 66, No. 2). The sternum as a whole is not unlike that
of Arclixotlierium, but it possesses a proportionally smaller antero-posterior diameter,
which seems to indicate that the thorax of Dinohyus was relatively shorter.

Sternal Ribs. — There were four ossicles found with the sternum which are
evidently the sternal ribs. They are much enlarged at one end and taper rapidly
to the other (the attachment for the sternum) and have rugose faces for a heavy
cartilaginous covering.

PETKRSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID^ 109

Measurements.

Mm.

Atlas, greatest antero-posterior diameter 152

" " transverse " 337

" " vertical diameter including neural spine 127

transverse diameter of articulation for condyle 166

" " " " " " axis 144

Axis, greatest antero-posterior diameter 140

" " transverse " 145

" " vertical diameter including neural spine 160

" length of odontoid process .' 44

" transverse diameter of centrum posteriorly 78

" vertical " " " " 78

Third cervical, greatest antero-posterior diameter 110

" " transverse diameter 162

" " vertical " 148

" " transverse " of centrum posteriorly 80

" " vertical " " " " including ven-
tral keel 90

Fourth cervical, greatest antero-posterior diameter 105

" " " transverse " 144

" " " vertical " approximately 145

" " transverse diameter of centrum posteriorly 80

" " vertical " " " " including ven-
tral keel • 98

Fifth cervical, greatest antero-posterior diameter 105

" " " transverse " 145

" " " vertical " approximately 160

" " transverse diameter of centrum, posteriorly 80

" " vertical " " " '' 97

Sixth cervical, greatest antero-posterior diameter 110

" " " transverse " approximately 140

" " " vertical " " 2G0

'' " transverse diameter of centrum posteriorly 76

" " vertical " " " " 88

Seventh cervical, greatest antero-posterior diameter 118

" " " transverse " 125

" " " vertical " including neural spine.. 318

" " antero-posterior diameter of centrum 86

" " transverse diameter of centrum, posteriorly 91

" " vertical " " " '' 82

First dorsal, greatest vertical diameter 480

" " antero-posterior " of centrum 70

" " greatesttran8ver.se " " " posteriorly 93

" " vertical diameter of centrum, postei'iorly 69

Secontl dorsal, greatest vertical diameter 512

110 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Mm.

Second dorsal, antero-posterior diameter of centrum, posteriorly 65

" " greatest transverse " " " " 89

" " vertical diameter of centrum, posteriorly 65

Seventh dorsal, greatest vertical diameter 365

" " antero-posterior " of centrum 67

" " greatest transverse " " " posteriorly 62

" " vertical diameter of centrum, posteriorly. 67

First lumbar, antero-posterior diameter at the zygapophyses 90

" " " " " of centrum 65

" " transverse diameter at anterior zygapophyses 98

" " " " of centrum, posteriorly 68

" " vertical " " " " 54

Sacrum, greatest antero-posterior diameter, approximately 150

" antero-posterior diameter of centrum 105

" transverse diameter of centrum, anteriorly 66

" vertical " " " " 42

" transverse " " sacrum, posteriorly 31

" vertical " " " " 22

" greatest transverse diameter of sacrum 165

Ribs.

Greatest length of first rib 430

•' " " second rib 467

" " sixth rib 620

" " " eleventh rib 710

" " " last rib, approximately 54©

Sternum.

Greatest antero-posterior diameter 505

" " " " of presternum 172

" vertical " " " 148

" transverse " " " anteriorly 35

" " " " " posteriorly 13

" antero-posterior " " first segment in mesostei-num 60

" vertical " " " " " " 112

" transverse " " " " " " 40

Antero-posterior diameter of sixth sternebrse, approximately 90

Transverse " " " " 82

Vertical " " " " approximately 24

Greatest length of largest sternal rib 100

" transverse diameter at largest end of sternal rib 44

The Fore Limb.
The comparative lengths of the different elements of the Hmbs in Dinohyus,
when compared with Archseotherium, in the judgment of the writer reveal characters

PETEK80N : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.E

111

of sufficient importance to warrant, when the many other differences are also taken
into account, the generic separation of the two forms. From the very complete
description of Archieotherium ingens by Professor Scott it is quite plain that the Oligo-
cene genus was already capable of high speed, which appears to have been a require-
ment of these animals throughout the successive geological ages in which they
existed. We naturally look for a reduction in the length of the humerus and femur
accompanied by the retention or increase of the length of the lower portions of the
limbs among the later survivors of the family. The limbs of Dinohyus which fortu-
nately were found with the skeleton, show a greater advance than is found in Archeo-
thcrium ingens*^ in those characters which are necessary for speed and endurance.

Fig. 67. External View of Right Scapula of Type of D. hullandi Peterson. } nat size.
"The philosophy of the increase in length of the lower part of the limb in recent hoofed mammals has been dis-
ouBsed by Dr. Matthew in the Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. I, Part 7, p. 432 (1901).

112 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Scajiula. — The scapula of Dinohi/us is relatively higher than that of the Prince-
ton specimen from the Oligocene. Its neck also has a relatively greater transverse
diameter. In other respects very little difference in the general make-up of this
bone of the fore limb is shown in the two genera. The pre- and postscapular fossje
are divided b}' the spine in very nearly the same way in Dinohyus and Archseothe-
rium, while according to Scott (87, p. 298), the John Day form, Boochceras humer-
ostis Cope, has a much broader blade with the pre- and postscapular fossae of nearly

equal width.

Measurements.

Mm.

Scapula, greatest length 560

" " width 335

" transverse diameter of neck 93

" antero-posterior diameter of glenoid cavity 86

" transverse " " " " 67

Humerus. — The greater tuberosity of the humerus of DinoJnjus was unfortu-
nately lost in the process of collecting, so that its elevation above the head is only
conjectural.^' The bone is otherwise complete and its length is relatively less than
that of Bodclicems humerosus from the John Day formation, and considerably less
than that of Archiwthermm. Indeed the humerus of J)rauhi/us is even proportion-
ately somewhat shorter than is the case in Bos and Equus caballus, while that of
Archxotherium is relatively longer than in these two recent genera. The proximal
end of the humerus in Dinohijus is, as in ArcJuvotherium, of great antero-posterior
diameter ; its transverse diameter, though less than the antero-posterior, is also
great, perhaps relatively greater than that in Archxotherium. The head is large and
takes up a considerable portion of the proximal end. The greater tuberosity is very
massive and evidently terminated above in a heavy lilunt process, as in other represen-
tatives of the family. The lesser or internal tuberosity is unfortunately also dam-
aged, but its anterior border indicates a strong margin which bounded the bicipital
groove. The latter is broad and displays a large, smoothly convex tubercle, over
which the tendon for the biceps muscle spread. The deltoid ridge is prominent and
extends well down on the shaft. The distal end is much exjianded, especially trans-
versely, as the supinator ridge and the surfaces for the attachments of the ligaments
are well developed. The internal epicondyle which is on the point of disappearance
in Archxotherium is still smaller in Dinohyus. The intercondylar ridge, which is fully
as prominent as in Archxotherium, is shifted even moi-e outwardly than in that genus,
and the trochlea has a more modernized appearance. The ridge which bounds the
supratrochlear fossa externally is more prominent than in Archxotherium; the differ-

" From material recently { 1908) acquired in the Agate Spring Fossil Quarries, it is very evident that the dotted
lines in Fig. 68 are too high.

PETERSON : A KRVISION OF THE ENTKLODONTID.E

113

ence in the relative depth and size of the supratrochlear, and the anconeal fossas in
the two genera is small.

Fio. 68. External and Posterior Views of Humerus of Fu). G9. Katlial and Anterior Views of the lllno-

Type of D. kollandi Peterson. ] uat. size. Tbe dotted lines radius of Type of D. hollaiidi Peterson. ', nat. size.

in the cut are too high.

Measurements.

Mm.

Humerus, greatest length, approximately 480

" head of humerus to aud including distal end 444

'' middle of head " " " " " 425

" antero-posterior diameter, pro.ximal end, approximately 175

" transverse " " " " 120

" " " distal " " 120

" antero-posterior " " " " 105

114 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Radius and Ulna. — As has been intimated above, the ulna-radius in Dinohyus
is proportionately longer than in Archseotherium. ingens ; it is also more curved or
bowed forward ; the olecranon process is more truncate ; and the sulcus for the exten-
sor tendon is less clearly defined. The humeral articulation of the radius differs
onl}' in minor details from what is seen in the Princeton specimen. The most
noticeable of these minor differences are : the relatively narrower articular surface
external to the intertrochlear groove, and a rugose pit, which interrupts the humeral
articulation near the posterior margin. The transverse diameter of the shaft of the
ulna-radius is shortest immediately below the head ; from this point it rapidly in-
creases distally, and the distal extremity Jias only a slightly greater diameter than
the shaft of the compound bone. All traces of the suture between the radius and
ulna are practically lost, except at the proximal and distal ends. The deeply
channeled external face of the shaft shown in Archxotheriam ingens is not so notice-
able in Dinohyas. The ridge which separates the pyramidal and lunar facets is
more developed, and the ridge separating the latter facet from that for the scaphoid
is less developed than is the case in the Princeton specimen. In this way the
peculiar condition found in Archseotherium, ingens in which the ulna occupies the
entire proximal face of the pyramidal and also effects a lateral contact with the
lunar is even more emphasized in Dinolii/us hollandi. The oblique direction of
these ridges and the articulating surfaces to receive the carpus are practically nearly
the same as in the Oligocene genus. Between the radius and ulna on the posterior
face is a deep pit to accommodate the posterior hook-like process on the proximal end
of the pyramidal when the manus is flexed backward. This pit is less developed
in Arclurotherittrn. The pisiform facet in DiiwJii/iis as in ArchxiAlieriurii is continuous
with that of the pyramidal.

Measurements.

Hm.

Ulna-radius, greatest length 605

" head of radius to distal cad 475

' ' length of olecranon process 157

" transverse diameter of head of radius 105

" " " " shaft immediately below head of radius 76

" greatest transverse diameter of distal end 117

" " antero-posterior diameter of distal end 83

The Manus.

Scaphoid. — The scaphoid is not present in the manus of the type specimen of
Dinohgus. Judging, however, from the proximal articulation of the magnum and
the corresponding articulation of the radius, which are quite broad, it is evident

PETERSON : A REVISION OP THE ENTKLf)DONTrDJ?

115

that the scaphoid in the Miocene genus had a relatively greater transverse diam-
eter than in ArcJueotherium from the Oligocene.

In 1908 the Carnegie Museum field party was fortunate in finding (see plan of
the quarry, PI. LIV, Sect. 19, No. 47) a fore foot which was almost completely

I ^ ^

■f

Fia. 70. Posterior ( 1 ) and Anterior (2) Views of the Right Fore Foot of Type of /). hollandi Peterson. } nat. size.

ps, facets for palmar sesamoid.

articulated. This specimen (No. 2136, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) adds materially
to our knowledge, inasmuch as the fore foot of the type specimen was found scat-
tered, though in close proximity to the skeleton.

The scaphoid as a whole has a small transverse diameter, while antero-posteri-
orly it has the greatest diameter of all the carpal bones, which is due chiefly to the
large palmar process. The more important characters in which this bone differs
from that of ArcJiHotheriurn, described by Professor Scott (87, pp. 302-303), are the

116 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MITSEUM

relatively greater vertical diameter, the enlarged projection on the dorso-ulnar angle,
which causes a slightly greater transverse diameter in this region, and also the
absence of the third facet for the lunar on the ulnar face. The articular surface for
the radius is divided into two parts, an antero-external and a postero-internal, as in
Archscotherhim. The postero-internal facet is saddle-shaped, concave antero-j^osteri-
orly, and constitutes the principal articulating surface of the proximal face. The
antero-external facet is small, convex, continuous with the former facet, and descends
steeply to conform with the anterior portion of the articular surface on the lunar
On the ulnar face of the scaphoid there are two articulating facets for the lunar,
one dorsal and one palmar, while in Archfcoiherium there are three. The dorsal
facet is located on the prominent point which overhangs the ulnar surface of the
radius and articulates posteriorly with the proximal radial face of the lunar by a
broader surface than is the case in Archvotlierium. The lunar facet, which is
dorsal and distal in Archieothcrium., is, as stated above, absent in Dinohyus. This
facet though small is quite distinct in the former genus, while in Dinohyus, the
further development of the prominent ridge on the proximal face of the magnum
has so effectually separated the scaphoid and lunar in this region that the two bones
perhaps very rarely, if ever, came into actual contact. The palmar facet for the lunar
is of large size and occupies the entire lunar face of the palmar process of the scaph-
oid. Between the different facets the lunar face of the scaphoid is much excavated
and extensively arched in the antero-posterior direction. The latter character is
chiefly due to the excessive outward turn of the large j^almar process. Distally the
scaphoid has three facets : one posterior for the trapezoid, one anterior for the
magnum, while on the ulnar angle there is a long narrow facet which also articu-
lates with the high and antero-posteriorly directed ridge on the proximal face of the
magnum. The articular surface for the trapezoid is concave antero-posteriorly and
is continuous with the surfaces for the magnum. The two latter surfaces are irreg-
ularly convex and concave. Radially the bone is quite rugose and gently convex,
while the anterior face is much more convex from side to side.

From Kowalevsky's illustration (38, PI. XXVI, fig. 23) it would seem tlmt the
scaphoid of EnteJodon has a smaller antero-posterior diameter, when compared with
its vertical dimension, than is seen in the American forms. In Anthracotherium (see
Kowalevsky, Paleontographica, Vol. XXII, p. 299 ; PI. XI, fig. 38) the scaphoid has
a remarkably close similarity to the scaphoid in the Entelodontidiv, as has been
pointed out by Kowalevsky and Scott (87, p. 303). The scaphoid in Sus and Hip-
po2')otamus on the other hand is more unlike that in the Entcloduntidir, being broader,
and of smaller antero-posterior diameter.

PETF.RSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.E

117

Lunar. — The lunar of Dlnohyus is distinctly more modified than is the case
in Entelodon and Archvolhermm. In Dirwhjius the vertical and antero-posterior
diameters in relation to the transverse, are greater than in tlie Princeton specimen,
a character naturally to be looked for in a later form. As in Archieotherium, tlie
facet for the radius is divided into two parts, an anterior and a posterior; the
former has a less abruptly rounded transverse lidge than in Archivolherium, and the
latter has a relatively greater antero-posterior diameter and is deflected on the uhiar
side to a greater degree. The dorsal face has a slightly dif-
ferent outline from that figured by Kowalevsky (38, PI.
XXVI, figs. 21-32), and also different from that which ap-
pears in the Princeton specimen. The principal ditterence in
outline from that of the older forms is caused by the convex
facet for the magnum on tlie radial face. In ArchmAhemim,
the facet is altogether the reverse, being concave instead of
convex (see fig. 71). In Dinohyus it is seen that both the
magnum and the unciform have yielded to tlie development
and modification of the beak of the lunar so tliat the lateral
contact of the two is entirely lost dorsally, and the lower end
of the lunar is almost in touch with the proximal end of the
third metacarpal (see fig. 70, 2). The beak which is more
bluntly pointed than in ArclLWotfiermm is also apparently
shifted farther toward the radial side than in the latter genus.
The palmar face has a more oblique outline above ; other-
wise it is ({uite similar to that of the Oligocene genus. The
ulnar side has two facets for the cuneiform, which are almost
identical with those of Arch gcuilierium. The dorso-proximal
facet for the scaphoid is more clearly defined than in Arcfnv-
otherium and the changed condition of the dorsal facet for the oiiierium crassum Marsii. < uat.

, , T , . . ,1 ]• 1 r r j.\ \ size. (Carn. Mns. Cat. Vert.

magnum, as stated above, gives to the radial tace oi tlie bone ^ ., . ^

° ' ' ^ Foss., No. 1 ()(),").)

a more nearly vertical position than in the latter genus. The

posterior portion of the facet for the magnum is recurved downward and developed

into a hook on the posterior radial angle, wliich is relatively larger than in the

Princeton specimen.

Meahurements.

Mm.

Lunar, greatest antero-posterior diameter CO

" " transverse " anteriorly 45

" " " " posteriorly 50

" " vertical " anteriorly 60.

" " " " posteriorly 45

Fia. 71. Anterior View of
Portion of Fore Foot of Archa'-

118 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Pyramidal — In Dmohijus the posterior ascending tubercle of the facet for the
uhia is more prominent than in Archseothermm, which results in a greater concavity
antero-posteriorly in the former. The facet for the ulna extends down on the bone in
an unusual manner and hence it is proportionally greater than in Archieotherium, Hip-
2)opotamus, or Shs. The pisiform facet is more obhque than in the Oligocene form.
Below this facet is a large and deeply excavated sulcus which extends parallel to
the sharp ridge on which is located the above mentioned facet. The radial face has
two facets for the lunar ; the supero-anterior one is plane, subtriangular in outline,
and inclined obliquely upward and outward ; the postero-inferior facet is convex
antero-posteriorly and concave supero-inferiorly and separated from the ulnar facet
by a sharp ridge, while in Archeotheriuvi the two facets are separated by a sulcus of
considerable diameter. The distal articular facet is similar to that of the Princeton
specimen in every respect.

Measurements.

Mm.
Pyramidal, greatest antero-posterior diameter 61

" transverse " posteriorly 43

" vertical " anteriorly 43

" " posteriorly 64

Pisiform. — There is no pisiform present with the type of Dinohyus. In another
specimen (No. 2136, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) the pisiform was found nearly in posi-
tion and is here described in connection with the type specimen. There are only slight
differences in the shape of the pisiform oi Dinohyus and that of the older American
types. The facet for the ulna extends slightly further back and is surrounded by a
much heavier border so that the proximal face of the shaft has a deep excavation
while in Archfeotherium it is more evenly rounded. The facet for the pyramidal is
larger than that for the ulna. From the attachment of the carpus the bone is
strongly recurved backward and radially as in Archwotheriim. and the free end is
enlarged into a thick knob. The bone, though comparatively small, is relatively of
slightly larger size than that of the Ohgocene genus.

The pisiform of Entelodon, as Scott (87, p. 304) has pointed out, is very different
in its outline, though not altogether unlike that of the American forms. Scott
suggests that the irregular shape of the pisiform which Kowalevsky (38, PI. XXVI,
fig. 27) figures "might be due to disease." It would, however, seem from the illus-
tration that the facets also differ in having an irregular convexity while in the
American forms they are obliquely concave. The pisiform of Anthracotherium is
considerably larger and somewhat different in form, having a more decided shaft, a
less club-shaped free end, and apparently differently shaped articular facets for the

PETERSON: A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTIDTE 119

carpus and ulna (Palaeontographica, Vol. XXII, PI. XI, fig. 58). In Stis the
pisiform is shorter, thinner, and deeper, while in Hippopotamus it has a general
similarity to the pisiform of the EntelodontidiE.

Measurements.

Mm.

Pisiform, greatest length 70

" vertical diameter of proximal end 32

" transverse " " " " 31

" " " " distal " 32

" vertical " " " " 30

Trapezium. — The trapezium of Dinohyas is no doubt entirely wanting, judg-
ing from its rudimentary condition in the Oligocene genus," and its entire absence
in the John Day form. Professor Cope states (10, pp. 62-63) that there is no trace
of a facet for a trapezium on the trapezoid of Bodchosnis hunierosus, which was veri-
fied by me on examination of the type specimen in the American Museum.'"

Trapezoid. — Though absent in the type of Dlnohyus this bone was found in posi-
tion on the magnum of a fore foot, found in section 19 (see plan of quarry, PI. LIV,
No. 47) and is here described.

The transverse diameter of the trapezoid (No. 2]36,Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.)
is only two millimeters greater than in Archieotheriarn, while the antero-posterior
diameter is proportionately somewhat greater. The bone is consequently much com-
pressed laterally and has a subquadrate outline, when viewed from its ulnar face.
Radially the proximal face is more rounded before backward, by the articulating sur-
face for the scaphoid, which gives this (radial) face a more irregular quadrate appear-
ance. The transverse diameter of the bone is greatest proximally, and it gradually
tapers distally, terminating in a border, which is rather narrow and rounded inferiorly.
The facet for the scaphoid is obliquely convex antero-posteriorly and extends well
back on the posterior face of the bone. The ulnar face bears three facets for the mag-
num, two of which are distal ami one proximal. The proximal facet is well defined
near the dorsal face and continues backward as a smooth rounded ridge on the proxi-
mo-ulnar angle. The two distal facets are a palmar and a dorsal, and may be regarded
as practically one facet, as they are divided only by a very shallow, almost imper-
ceptible, groove, while in Archxotherhmi there is a moderately large median swelling
on the ulnar face which puts the two facets at a considerable angle with each other.

"* There is, in the Princeton specimen described by Professor Scott, a trapezium with a well formed facet for the
trapezoid, and the bone, though laterally compressed, is of considerable size antero-posteriorly and extends well down
over Mc. II, but does not articulate with the latter. (See fig. 10 on page 55.)

"In my note book I find the following statement regarding the trapezium of Bo'uchceriis : " The trapezoid has a
small pit radially which may have lodged a trapezium, but there is no distinct facet."

120 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Between the proximal and distal facets the surface of the bone is very slightly
excavated while the corresponding face on the magnum is very deeply excavated,
forming a large sinus. Radially there is but one small facet : that for the
rudimentary Mc. II (see fig. 72). This facet is situated near the dorsal face and

has a radial position, while that in Archxothe-
tA rium described by Professor Scott (87, p- 305)
is directly on the distal face. There is no facet
S'i'i: fi'^ '\'i'<j foi' the trapezium, while in Archieotherium the
facet is quite plain and the trapezium is present.
^,^u \^ *i%^ ,^/ In the European genus Entelodon the trap-

FlG. 72. Radial and Palmar Views of Magnum CZoid is UOt kuOWU, wllich is alsO trUC of Authm-
with Trapezoid in Position. J nat. size. (Cam. cotJlCriuin.
Mus. Cat. Vert. Fobs., No. 2136.) rm . • j • o j i •_ tf

ihe trapezoid m bus and also in Hippo-

potamus is relatively large ; it has more functional importance in the make-up of

the carpus, and can hardly be compared with the rudimentary form, which the bone

possesses in the Entelodontidx.

Measurements.

Mm.

Trapezoid, antero-posterior diameter 28

" transver.se " 12

" vertical " 25

Magnum. — Proximally there are two oblique facets on the magnum : an
antero-radial for the scaphoid ; and a postero-ulnar for the lunar. The former
facet is concave from side to side and convexo-concave from before backward. The
latter facet is convex antero-posteriorly and concave on the postero-ulnar angle
presenting a sinuous surface, which terminates behind in a beak-like process on the
proximo-ulnar angle of the palmar process. In Archcvotherium the palmar process
is placed more distally and has not an upward recurved beak, as in the present
genus. The facet for the scaphoid is relatively broader and more concave on the
ulnar angle than in the Princeton specimen. The facet for the lunar has a propor-
tionally smaller transverse diameter than in Archscothermm and the dorsal contact
with the lunar is entirely lateral and concave supero-inferiorly, while in Archseo-
therium it is convex in order to receive the conceve facet of the lunar, as stated
above. The ulnar side has two deeply excavated areas ; one of large size in front,
and one smaller, back of a broad obliquely located ridge, which terminates above in
the lateral facet for the unciform. This ridge is much less developed in Archfvo-
therium. The groove for the trapezoid seen in the latter genus is less clearly defined
in its vertical portion in Dmohijus, while in the antero-posterior direction it is

PETERSON: A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.E 121

broadly developed. This is due to the fact that the extension of the superior
border articulates with the scaphoid, while the inferior border articulates with Mc.
Ill in Dinohyus. The articulation for the trapezoid is also relatively smaller and
reduced to two facets, a small superior and a larger inferior, while in Arclurotherium
there are three facets, one superior and two inferior. The palmar process is com-
pressed laterally, but attains a considerable vertical diameter, reaching the lunar
above and articulating with it by a beak-like process referred to above. The position
of the palmar process is oblique and the shape is thus very different from what ap-
pears in the Princeton specimen, described by Professor Scott (87, p. 306), which has
a more rounded palmar process. The head of the magnum rises more abruptly
toward the palmar side in Dinohyus than in the Oligocene genus, which Scott used
for his comparison with the European form. In the latter Scott says " the head of
the magnum rises less abruptly toward the palmar side." In Hipiwpotamus the
palmar hook is even more prominent, but is placed more transversely and is ex-
tended more downward than in Dinohyus. Distally there is in the latter genus only
one articulation, that for the third metacarpal. It is concave antero-posteriorly
and convex laterally. The antero-posterior diameter of the facet is proportionally
greater than in Archxotherium ingens.

The magnum of Entelodon figured by Kowalevsky (38, PI. XXVI, figs. 21, 23,
29-32) is, as Scott has stated (87, 306), generally similar to that in the American
genera, but there are a number of minor differences. The facet for the scaphoid in
the European genus is less horizontal ; the facet for the lunar is more oval in form
and is not continued outward on the palmar hook ; the articulation for the trape-
zoid is relatively larger and is in a different position, /. e., near the dorsal face and
also at the palmo-distal angle of the bone. The palmar process is relatively as large
as in Dinohyus, but different in shape, being more rounded. The sulcus, which on
the distal ulnar face separates the lunar facet, is very much smaller than in Dinohyus.

Measurements.

Mm.

Magnum, greatest antero-posterior diameter 70

" " transverse " posteriorly 47

" " " " anteriorly 43

'' " vertical " 58

" " " " anteriorly 31

Unciform. — The greatest antero-posterior and transvei'se diameters of the unci-
form are very nearly equal. The bone as a whole is massive, and is, as in Boochaerus
hiimerosus, the second largest bone of the carpus. Its anterior face is rugose and
unevenly convex transversely. Posteriorly there is a palmar hook not unlike that

122 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEC4IE MUSEUM

of Hippopotamus, though somewhat less produced downwards. At the base of this
palmar process on the ulnar side there is a facet for Mc. V, which meets the facet
for the pyramidal at right angles. In Archaeotherium ingens these two facets are
separated by a considerable surface, which is concave vei'tically and convex trans-
versely. The radial side is occupied by a large facet for IMc. Ill, which is strongly
incHned radially. Back of this facet is a large excavated area, which extends over
the" remainder of the radial face of the bone. The small oblique facet for the mag-
num on the radial angle of the unciform in Archasotherium is almost entirely proximal
in Dinohyus, and passes imperceptibly into the lunar facet. Proximally the lunar
and pyramidal articulations are divided by a prominent ridge, which extends ^ntero-
postei-iorly, the pyramidal facet being the larger of the two. The distal face is occu-
pied almost entirely by the large facet for the fourth metacarpal, which on the
radial angle presents an abrupt continuation of the facet for Mc. Ill as in Archsso-
therium. There is no dorsal articular surface for the magnum on the radial face, as
in older forms'* of this family, and these two bones (unciform and magnvim) when in
position in the carpus ajjpear well separated (see fig. 70).

Professor Scott has already pointed out that " the unciform of Kowalevsky's
specimen does not differ in any significant way from that of the American species "
(87, p. 306). In Hippopotamus and Sus the unciform is larger, which is due to the
tetradactylous condition of the feet in these genera.

Measurements.

Mm.

Unciform, greatest antero-posterior diameter 64

" " transverse " 54

" " vertical " 47

Metacarp)al II. — The second metacarpal is not present in the t^'pe of Dinohyus,
but a deep vertical groove on the lateral face and a minute articular facet on the
proximal angle of the third metacarpal indicate the presence of this bone. In
my notes on Boochcerus hwncrosus in the American Museum, I find it stated that
Metacarpal II has two facets proximally : one small one for the trapezoid and a
larger one for the facet on the radial face of Mc. III. The reduction of these two
elements (trapezoid and Mc. II) in the manus of the Nebraskan Miocene form is in
all probability carried to a greater degree than in the John Day form. The second
metacarpals of the fore feet are present in the Princeton specimen, which Professor

'"In the type of ISoocharus humero$its the unciform and magnum are separated, but not to the same extent as in
Dinohyus; the beak of the lunar in the latter genus extends lower down than in the former. This fact is not well illus-
trated in fig. 15 on page 61 where the lunar appears too low.

PETERSON: A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID^ 123

Scott described (/. c, p. 307). They are small nodular bones with well defined facets
for Mc. Ill, the magnum, and the trapezoid, but with no facet for the trapezium.

Metacarpal III. — Unfortunately the third metacarpal is represented only by
the proximal and distal ends, as the contact of the shaft was lost in collecting the
material. The head is much expanded transversely, especially on the ulnar side,
which has a heavy cubital process articulating with Mc. IV and the unciform in an
interlocking manner. Besides the dorsal articulation for Mc. IV, there is also a
palmar articulation on the ulnar* side, which is located on the very prominent palmar
process. Continuous with the latter facet, and separated from it only by a sharply
defined ridge, is a facet evidently for a palmar sesamoid.'^' Proximally the bone is
taken up by the large facet for the magnum, which is convex antero-posteriorly and
concave laterally. On the dorso-ulnar angle is a smaller and obliquely placed facet
for the unciform referred to above. The radial side is excavated quite deeply and has
two facets, one dorsal and one palmar, for the rudimentary Mc. II ; the dorsal facet
is quite large and is wedge-shaped in outline with the apex downward ; the palmar
facet consists only of a minute rounded ridge on the radial angle of the articular
surface of the magnum. The shaft of the bone is quite broad transversely and com-
pressed antero-posteriorly. When held in a vertical position the distal trochlea is
well shown on the anterior face of the bone, less so behind. The metapodial keel
is confined only to the jDlantar portion and is proportiojiately less developed than in
the Oligocene genus. In general appearance there are no very marked differences
of the metacarpals from those of the known earlier forms ; though in the present
genus they are relatively of slightly greater length, and have rugosities on the inner
sides. The comparative length of the metapodials with the upper arm-bones is a
significant feature in Dinohyus.

Professor Scott states that the third metacarpal in Kowalevsky's specimen (87,
p. 307) " does not differ in any important way from that of the American species,
though the magnum facet is somewhat more concave transversely and the shaft is
rather more slender." Kowalevsky, however, points out (38, p. 444, PI. XXVI, fig. 23)
that there are three facets on the radial face of Mc. Ill, of which the two lower undoubt-
edly articulated with the rudimentary Mc. II, while the upper one articulated with
the trapezoid. In all the specimens of the American forms, which I have examined
and in which these parts were present, I have not been able to find more than two
facets, those for Mc. II, on the radial face of Mc. III. From this fact it is quite evi-
dent that the trapezoid in Entclodon had not suffered the reduction, wliich is seen

'■' In specimen No. 2136 {Cam. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss. ) this palmar process was found very nearly in position (see
fig.70,p8.).

124 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

in the American forms, and had a somewhat similar though less prominent contact
with Mc. Ill, as in Sus. In Anthracotherium, the general similarity of Mc. Ill
(Palfeontographica, Vol. XXII, p. 308, PI. XIII, fig. 80) to that of the Entelodontidse
is quite striking, as Scott has pointed out, but it " is relatively heavier ; at the prox-
imal end the tubercle for the insertion of the extensor carpi radialis muscle is more
conspicuous, and the palmar projection of the head more prominent." To this
might also be added that the facet for the trapezoid is apparently indicated, which is
naturally to be expected in a tetradactyl form, although Kowalevsky does not

mention it.

Measurements.

Type No. 1.59t No. 2136.
Mm. Mm.

Metacarpal III, greatest length 240

" " antero-posterior diameter, proximal end 57 58

" " transverse " " " 57 65

" " antero-posterior " distal end 45 46

" " transverse " " " 54 55

Metacariml IV. — The fourth metacarpal is complete in the type, and, as in the
earlier forms of this family, smaller than the third. There are two articulating
surfaces on the proximal face, one for the unciform and the other for Mc. III. The
former is large and nearly triangular in outline ; the latter has a wedge-shaped out-
line with the apex directed posteriorly. On the radial side are two facets, one dorsal
and the other palmar ; the two articulate with Mc. III. On the radio-palmar angle
is a third facet of small size, which supports a palmar sesamoid (see fig. 70). On the
ulnar side there is a prominent process, which has a round articular surface for Mc.
V. The shaft has the greatest constriction immediately below the head and gradu-
ally becomes wider distally. There is no essential difference in the distal trocidea

from that of Mc. III.

Measurements.

Type No. 1594. No. 2136.

Mm. Mm.

Metacarpal IV, greatest length 215 220

" " antero-posterior diameter, proximal end 58 56

" " transverse " '■ " 62 63

" " antero-posterior diameter, distal end 44 45

" " transverse " " " 55 57

Metacarijol V. — The fifth metacarpal is a rudimentary almond-shaped sesamoid
which is of about the same proportionate size as that in Archeeotherium.^- Proxi-
mally there are two distinct articular surfaces : a superior one for the unciform, and
an inferior one for Mc. IV.

■■^ The fifth metacarpal in iJoScAoTus A uHierosws from the John Day formation is apparently of greater size and
also longer than in Dinohyus.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.E 1 25

Measurements.

Um.

Metacarpal "V, greatest length 40

" " transverse diameter 25

Phalanges. — The proximal and second phalanges are broad and depressed.
The proximal phalanx has a shallow groove for the metapodial keel, confined to the
plantar portion of the proximal articulation. Distally there is a smooth articular
surface for the second phalanx, which is convex antero-posteriorly and concave
transversely. The articulation is carried around upon the plantar surface of the
bone, but does not extend very high up on the dorsal face. The plantar face has
prominent rugosities for attachments not unlike what is seen in the recent camels.
The second phalanx is even more suggestive of the camel though relatively much
shorter and less depressed. It is unusually broad on the plantar face, but slopes
rapidly dorsally. The proximal end has a smooth surface, which is deeply concave
supero-inferiorly and gently convex laterally, to receive the correspondingly smooth
surface of the distal end of the proximal phalanx. The distal trochlea is flexed in a
much greater degree, especially dorsally, than that of the proximal phalanx. The
bone is quite asymmetrical, having the internal border shorter than the external and
also very rugose and heavy, while the external border shows no unusual characters.

The ungual phalanges of the fore foot are not present in the type, but fortu-
nately they are represented in the fore foot of specimen No. 2136 (Carn. Mus. Cat.
Vert. Foss.). This bone is unusually short and quite high. Anteriorly the ungual
phalanx is much truncated and the bone as a whole has a curious nodular shape. The
plantar surface is quite broad and convex in all directions except posteriorly. The
sides slope rapidly to form a rounded and prominent dorsal ridge ; this ridge termi-
nates on the postero-dorsal angle in a broad, rather large and truncated tubercle
for ligamentary attachments. Proximally there are two articulating facets for the
phalanx of the second row, an external and an internal, and these are imperfectly
divided by an oblique ridge.

The phalanges of Entelodon, which Kowalevsky figures (38, PI. XXVII, fig. 38),
are quite similar in shape to those in the American forms, except that the proximal
phalanx according to this author is relatively longer in Entelodon. By comparative
measurements it seems that the three '^ phalanges of a digit in Entcledon are together
perhaps longer than those in the American genera of this family ; in Sux the pha-
langes are of a different shape, the proximal being thicker in proportion to its
length, with a deeply grooved proximal trochlea for the keel of the distal end of the
metapodial, while the ungual is longer, broader, and more pointed. In the Ameri-

^ The ungual phalanx of Entelodon is not known and is here only estimated.

126

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

can forms of the Entelodontldie on the other hand the three phalanges together are
far from being as long as the metapodial. In Hippopotamus the ungual is reduced
and has a nodular form, as in the Entelodonts, while the proximal and median
phalanges are broad and very heavy.

Measurements.

Mm.

Greatest length of a first phalanx 78

' ' transverse diameter of a first phalanx, proximally 54

" antero-posterior diameter of a first phalanx, proximally 44

" transverse " " " " distally 48

" antero-posterior " " " " " 38

" length of a second phalanx .58

' ' transverse diameter of a second phalanx, posteriorly 41

" antero-posterior diameter of a second phalanx, posteriorly 35

" " " " " " distally 38

" transverse " " " " " 43

The Hind Limb.
Pelvis. — The only part of the pelvis of the type which is preserved is the pos-
terior portion of the pubic symphysis. This fragment agrees, except in its larger

size, with the corresponding portion
of ArcJumtJterium ingens from theOli-
gocene.

In one individual of D'mohyus
(No. 2126, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert.
Foss.), secured in 1908 in Quarry No.
1, Sec. 17 (see plan of quariy, PI.
LIV) there is found a nearly complete
half of a pelvis, not fully adolescent,
but which apparently agrees quite
well in size with the type. A second
specimen (No. 2139, Carn. Mus. Cat.
Vert. Foss.) of smaller size found in
section 19 (No. 33) has the pelvis
practically complete. The former
specimen will be used in this de-
scription as a paratype, while the
latter, which may represent another
species, is used only to more fully elucidate the description.

It is at once observed that the pelvis of Dinohyus is relatively shorter though

Fio. 73. Superior View of Pelvis of D. hoUandi Peterson,
nat. size. (Cam. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 2126.)

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.E

127

slightly deeper than that of Archseotherium ingens from the lower Oligocene
formation. The shortening of the pelvis is principally confined to the region
back of the acetabulum. The ilium has nearly the same relative length as in the
Oligocene genus, and its anterior plate is suddenly expanded into a strongly everted
antero-inferior portion. The dorsal surface of the ilium is basin-like, the entire
crest having a slightly everted border. Ventrally it is strongly convex and the
greater portion of its surface is taken up with the attachment for the sacrum. The
latter is so placed that when articulated with the vertebral column the pelvis
has a more vertical position than in Archxotherium. The shaft of the ilium is
relatively shorter than in Archseotherium, but has the same general trihedral out-

FlG. 74. (1) Lateral View of Pelvis of Archnolherium ingens Leidy (Princeton Mnseura, No. 10885). (2) Lateral
View of Pelvis of Dinohyus hoUandi Peterson (Carn. Mos. Cat. Vert. Fobs., No. 2126). ?, nat. size.

lines, while its ilio-pectineal tubercle on the inferior border is heavier than in
the latter genus. The great sacro-sciatic notch has a heavy rounded border on its
anterior margin, while further back the border becomes sharper, though not to the
same degree as in Archicotherium. The ventral or anterior border of the ilium has
a sharper border than the notch above and is arched to a greater degree than in
Archxofheriuiib, which is chiefly due to the larger development of the ilio-pectineal
eminence in the Miocene genus. In HijJj^oputariius the ilium is not very like that

128 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

of the Entelodontidn', the peduncle being shorter and much heavier, the iUo-pectineal
eminence wanting (except a shght enlargement at the extreme anterior border of
the acetabulum), and the anterior portion flares out into a heavy fan-shaped plate
with little or no eversion such as is found in Archxotherium and DinoJnjtis.

The ischium, as has already been said, is much shorter in Dhwhi/us, and its
vertical diameter posteriorly is somewhat greater than in the Princeton specimen.
The depressed area for ligamentary attachments takes up a considerable space
of the acetabulum and the cotyloid notch is wide, though quite shallow. The
dorsal border, or spine, of the ischium is not nearly so prominent as in Archseothe-
rimii, and the lesser sacro-sciatic notch is quite short, with a heavy rounded border,
which gradually decreases in its backward trend. Posteriorly this notch is suddenly
recurved, due to the anterior extension of the prominent tuberosity of the ischium.

The vertical diameter of the ischium from the point of the tuberosity to the
symphysial border, is relatively somewhat greater in Dinohyus than in Archieothe-
rium, and this results in giving the former genus a slightly deeper jaelvic cavity.
In Hiiypopoiamus the body of the ischium back of the acetabulum is longer and more
nearly circular in outline than is known in the Entelodonts, and posteriorly it flares
out to form a heavy tuberosity as in the latter family, but the symphysis of the
ischium is rather delicately developed. Another important difference is seen in the
small area of the acetabulum taken up by the ligamentary attachments and the
small deep cotyloid notch in Hippopotamus.

The pubis, though short, is relatively slightly longer than in Ardmothermm. In
the region of the spine the pubis is very heavy and there is a large symphysial sur-
face which meets that of its fellow, making the symphysis unusually heavy. Further
back the ramus of the pubis is thinner and unites with the ischium to form the
lower border of the obturator foramen. The latter is of large size, but is, as might
be expected, less elongated in the antero-posterior direction than in Archseotherium.
In neither Sus nor Hippopotamus is there any marked similarity to the Entelodonts
in the region of the pelvis, though there is more general resemblance, as Professor
Scott has stated (87, p. 310), between the latter genus and the Entelodonts than

there is in the former.

Measurements of Pelvis.

Hm.

Greatest length, approximately 490

Length from middle of acetabulum to end of ischium 195

" " " " " " crest of ilium, approximately 300

Greatest vertical diameter of ischium 192

Femur. — The femur is complete, except the great trochanter which was lost in
the process of collecting. The femur is long and slender, but proportionately

PETEKSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.K

129

heavier, and also considerably shorter, than in the Princeton specimen. The head
is well rounded ; it is set on a distinct neck, and the depression for the liganientum
teres is rather small and shallow. The lesser trochanter is quite lai-ge, and projects,
as in the Oligocene genus, almost entii-ely l)ackward.^' Between the greater and
lesser trochanters is a ridge extending obliquely across the posterior face of the shaft
which is more prominent in the present
genus than in ArcJucotlierium. Immediately
in front and superior to the lesser trochanter
is a prominent and vei'y rugose ridge, which
runs parallel with the shaft and is separated
from it by a deep groove. The middle re-
gion of the shaft is proportionally less con-
stricted than in Arduvotlierium and the linea
aspera is more developed than in the latter
genus, a character which agrees better with
what we know of Boocluvrus through C'ope
(10, p. 65). The large and rugose groove
above the external condyle, for the plantaris
muscle, terminates above in a heavy and
very rugose tubercle ; immediately above
the internal condyle on the posterior angle
there is a prominent ridge for muscular
attachment. The shaft of the femur as a
whole is more arched than in the Princeton
specimen. The rotular trochlea is short, not
very deep, but broad, and slightly oblique.
The condyles are rather small, the external

Fia. 75. Interaal and Anterior ^'ie^vs of Feiunr of

being the larger of the two, and placed Type of i). ;.o//««<;; Peterson. ] nat. size.

more directly fore-and-aft than the internal.

The intercondylar fossa is deep, oblique, and wider in front than behind.

One of the more important differences between JJinohy us and Boocharus humer-
osus is revealed in the comparative diameter of the distal end of the femur. In Di-
nohyus the femur has the antero-posterior diameter proportionately greater than in
Archxotherium ingens, and in this respect Dlnohijus more nearly resembles Hippo-
potamus, while, in Bodchtcrus himerosius the diameter of the distal end is more nearly

" Cope states (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., Vol. V, p. 65, 1880) tliat the lesser " trochanter is large and projecta well
Inwards."

130 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

equal transversely and antero-posteriorly, like what may be observed in Stcs and
the 23eccaries. Unfortunately no complete femur of Bobclumis humerosus has been
as yet discovered and we are therefore unable to compare it with the correspond-
ing bone of earlier and later forms.

Measurements of Femur.

Mm.

Greatest length 470

" transverse diameter of proximal end, approximately 155

Antero-posterior diameter of head 63

Transverse " '' " 63

Greatest antero-posterior diameter of distal end, approximately 144

" transverse " " " " 120

(transverse 53

Diameter of shaft at middle <

( antero-posterior 56

Patella. — The patella which was found with the type and undoubtedly belongs
to the same individual, is quite different from those found with the Princeton speci-
men. The diameters are relatively smaller in the vertical and antero-posterior direc-
tions, while transversely they are greater than in Archfcothermm. The general out-
line of the bone is sub-oval, with a short, blunt process below and an angle greater in-
ternally than externally. It is evenly convex in front. The articular facet for the
rotular trochlea of the femur is evenly rounded without a separating ridge, which
agrees perfectly with the condition of the groove of the femur. The patella of Di-
nohyus is further characterized by having a considerable rugose area on the postero-
internal angle which is separated from the main articulation by a very narrow,

Fig. 76. Lateral, Posterior, and Anterior Views of Patella of Type of -D. hollandi Peterson. \ nat. size.

but well marked groove. In Archwotherium instead of this rugose area there is a
small recurved tubercle, which adds to the transverse diameter of the femoral articu-
lation of the patella. The patella of Booduerus humerosus is relatively larger than that
of Dlnohijus hollandi and in this respect more nearly resembles that of Archxothermm
ingens ; the general shape is also more nearly like that in the latter genus, though
there are some differences, for instance in Boikhmfus the patella is more massive,
with a rapid contraction in the lower portion to form a process distally, while in A.
ingens the patella is of the greatest antero-posterior diameter proximally and grad-
ually diminishes to a transversely broad and antero-posteriorly compressed process.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID/E

131

Measurements of the Patella.

Mm.

Vertical diameter 100

Tranverse " 68

Aiitero-posterior diameter 40

Tibia. — One of the more noteworthy characters of Dinohijus is seen in the
coossification of the tibia and filjula. In the Princeton specimen from the Oligocene
the fibula, though much reduced, is entirely free, while in Divnhyus it is firmly
coossified. The internal condyle extends somewhat more over the shaft than in
Archwthmvm, which results in a relatively greater expansion.
The two condyles are separated by a prominent spine which
rises more abruptly than in the older forms. The cnemial keel
is prominent and extends very nearly to tlie middle of the shaft
before it disappears. On the internal face of the cnemial crest
the shaft is quite flat, while externally there is a large fossa for
the flexor tendon, which is bounded superiorly l)y the ex-
panded head and the deep tendinal groove, laterally by the
high cnemial keel and the rounded external border ; distally
the fossa gradually becomes shallower and finally fades away on
the shaft Ijelow the cnemial keel. Posteriorly there is another
prominent fo.ssa for the tibialis posticus, which is bounded above
by the overhanging borders-of the popliteal notch, and laterally
by the internal and external borders of the bone. Distally the
fo.ssa fades away and the surface of the shaft is almost flat,
while internally, externally, and anteriorly, there are greater
convexities imparting to the bone a sub-oval cross-section.
More distally the shaft Ijecomes nearly quadrate.

The transverse expansion of the distal end is not great and
the antero-posterior diameter is only very moderate. The troch-
lea is unequally divided by a prominent ridge extending an-
tero-posteriorly ; the external portion is the larger, and more of Tibia fibula of Type of
elevated than the internal, which causes a considerable ob- ^- *""""'''' P"*""""- *

nat. 8ize.

liquity of the trochlea. This character is more nearly hke
what may be observed in the Merycoidodonts {Oreodunts) than any of the recent
SaidiE. The bifid termination at the anterior margin of the intercondylar ridge in
Archicotherium is absent in Dinohyus, and instead there are two facets on the ex-
treme antero-inferior end, which touch corresponding facets in the median portion
of the neck of the astragalus when the tibia is flexed forward. A similar arrange-

Fia. 77. Anterior View

132 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

ment is also seen on the intercondylar ridge of the tibia in Dieodon calkinsi from the
John Day formation. The articulating surface of the inter-coiidylar ridge is pro-
l^ortionately more interrupted than in the Oligocene genus, fis the irregular-shaped
sulcus continues to the posterior border, at which point it entirely separates the ar-
ticulations of the trochlea. The internal malleolus is rather small ; it is compressed
transversely, does not extend much below the distal end of the fibula, and it covers
only one-half of the antero-posterior diameter of the trochlea.

The proximal end of the fibula is well coossified with the head of the tibia.
Immediately below the head the shaft is separated from the tibia for a distance of
100 mm. ; below this point the fibula, as stated above, is entirely fused with the tibia
leaving little or no trace of a suture l)etween the two bones, except at the distal end.
The distal end is much expanded antero-posteriorly and rather compressed trans-
versely. On the anterior half of the external face is a prominent vertical ridge
which forms the anterior border of the tendinal groove and extends upward for a
distance of 60 mm. where the ridge becomes rapidly contracted and disappears on the
side of the fibular face. l)istally the fibula extends well down below the trochlea
and furnishes a symmetrical appearance to the outline of the distal end of the tibia-
fibula.

Kowalevsky in his memoir figures a tibia and a portion of a fibula which was
found with Enielodon magnum (37, PL XXVII, fig. 33).

These illustrations, together with the casts of the specimens now in the Carnegie
Museum, present characters quite similar to those of the corresponding bones in
the older American forms. The proximal end of the tibia of Entelodon is possibly
somewhat moi"e expanded, but this may be due in great measure to crushing, as the
bone has apparently received some injur}^ laterall}'. The fibula, which is quite
delicate, is represented by a portion of the shaft lying closely appressed to the shaft
of the tibia as figured by Kowalevsky. This bone appears to have been turned end
about ; the lower portion, as seen in the specimen, apparently agrees better with the
proximal than distal end of the American forms.

Measurements of Tibia.

Mm.

Greatest length 450

" antero-posterior diameter of proximal end, approximately 115

" transverse '' " " " 126

" " " '■ distal " 97

" antero-posterior " " " " 65

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTIDiE

133

The Hind Foot.
As in other representatives of the Entelodontida'. the pes, as well as the manus
of Dinohyus, is didactyl. The total absence of the facet on the cuboid ■''' for mt. V
in the type of DlnoJii/an hoUandi is interesting
and of some importance in connection with
other modifications of the genus. Professor
Scott states (87, p. 318) that in Arclucuihcnum
ingens from the Oligocene of America the fifth
metatarsal is present. From Kowalevsky's
statement and figures it is also very evident
that Entelodon magnum of Europe had a fifth
metatarsal (38, p. 449, PI. XXVII, fig. 35).
Unfortunately the cuboid and mt. IV of the
type of Boocha'ras kumemsus from the John
Day formation, are badly preserved in the
region where the facet for mt. V would be
found, so that its presence or absence is only a
matter of speculation. Through the courtesy
of Pi'ofessors Schuchert and TaiII the writei-
had the opportunity of studying the material
representing Entelodonts which was collected
for Professor Marsh from the John Day region
as long ago as 1875. In this collection is a
portion of a skeleton of an Entelodont from
the green sandstone (proljably the middle beds)
which is somewhat smaller than Bodcharus
described by Cope. The general features of
the remains seem to indicate a more primitive
type having a closer resemblance to Archveo-
theriuvi ingens from the Oligocene than the
new genus Dinohyus. On the cuboid of this
specimen from the John Day formation the

facet for mt. V is plainly indicated. F,a. 78. Dorsal and Palmar Views of Left Pes

Astragalus. — In COI-respondence with the "' Type of /;. hollamii Peterson. p«, palmar sesa-

oblique trochlea of the tibia the j^roximal """ " "* ■ *'''^'

^■■A cuboid (No. 1926) referred to this genus, which was found in (juarry No. 2 (Agate Spring Fossil Quarries),
is somewhat heavier than that in the type. The two specimens, which represent two individuals, are almost identical
in their general characters, except that in No. 1926 there is present a minute articular surface for mt. V, which would
seem to indicate individual or specilic differences.

134 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

trochlea of the astragalus displays considerable asymmetry. The external condyle
is much higher and more produced dorsally than the internal condyle, but the
articular surface does not extend so far distally on the anterior face as that on
the internal condyle, which nearly meets the articulation for the navicular. The
pit on the dorsal face, which separates the distal and proximal articulations, is large,
comparatively shallow, and in the bottom are located two facets, which articulate
with corresponding facets on the anterior termination of the intertrochlear ridge of
the tibia when the latter is flexed forward. In ArchmAhermm this pit is deeper
and has no facets. The trochlear articulation of the external and internal condyles
of Dinohyus are entirely separated by a broad sulcus, which takes up the deepest part
of the trochlea and is directly opposite the corresponding sulcus on the intertrochlear
ridge of the tibia when the two bones are in position. The distal trochlea is oblique
and unequally divided into two facets, the navicular facet being larger than the
cuboidal. The latter facet is proportionally of a less transverse diameter than that
in the Princeton specimen, which indicates a tendency toward the narrowing up of
the tarsus. The distal trochlea as a whole is more deeply concave on the median
line, the ridge separating the two facets being more prominent than in the Oligocene
genus. The sustentacular facet is relatively limited in the vertical direction and
also somewhat narrower superiorly when compared with that in Archxothermm.
There are three calcaneal facets externally ; one is situated on the extreme distal
angle of the bone, while the other two are superior to the deep cavity which takes
up a large area of the external face.

The appearance of the astragalus figured by Kowalevsky (38, PI. XXVII, fig.
34) is not unlike that of the American genera, although the pit on the dorsal face,
which separates the jiroximal and distal articulations, is apparently somewhat
smaller in proportion than in these.

Measurements of Astragalus.

Mm.

Greatest length 106

" transverse diameter 68

'■ " " of proximal trochlea 58

" " " " distal " 59

" antero-posterior diameter of astragalus 55

Calcaneum. — As in Archxotherium the calcaneum has a long tuber, which is
deeply channeled externally and terminates posteriorly in an enlarged and truncated
end, but differs from that of Archieothermvi in having an open flat surface for the
tendo-achillis instead of a decided groove. The fibular facet is divided by an oblique
ridge into a superior and an antero-inferior portion. The two facets are confluent.

PETERSON : A I5KVISI0N OF THE ENTELODONTID^E 135

but at right angles, and are quite similar to those in Sua and Hippopotamus. The
unusual dorso-plantar extent of the distal facet for the astragalus in Archeoiherium,
which was pointed out by Scott, is in Dtnolnins fully as great. The latter facet is
confluent with the lateral facets for the cuboid, and only separated from the distal
facet for the same bone by a rounded angle, which is confined to the anterior half
of the distal facet. The distal facet for the cuboid is divided into two parts : an
anterior, which is plane ; and a posterior, which is oljliquely concave antero-jios-
teriorly, and is carried high up upon the tibial face to accommodate the corre-
sponding facet of the prominent plantar hook of the cuboid. Above the cuboid and
distal astragalar facets there is on the fibular face a deep excavation, which is
bounded superiorly by the fibular and sustentacular facets and posteriorly Ijy the
heavy border of the tuberosity. The sustentacular facet is quite large and is slightly
convex transversely and concave in the dorso-palmar direction.

Measurements of Calcaneum.

Mm.

Greatest length 188

Length of tuber 100

Greatest antero-posterior diameter at fibular facet 82

" transverse diameter at sustentacular facet 60

Navicular. — The proportions of the navicular are different from those in the
Oligocene genus, which fact is due to the relatively smaller transverse and greater
antero-posterior diameters in Dhiohi/ns. The articulation for the astragalus is
divided by a broad rounded ridge, which is evenly

convex from side to side, deeply concave an- £-^ ^<-:^->-^

tero-posteriorly, and terminates in elevated and x<ii^^~T\ \^ e

rounded borders dorsally and palmarly. The f mtm--/^ r/ >j^^u;^ : ' jli
fibular portion of the astragalar facet is rapidly 1 ^| ' t_^i/}^

deflexed externally and ternnnates abruptly at v Jy^-&!.^' ^' "M

the fibular angle, while the tibial portion is gently '• -^ ; \ ^ \iIM/

concave transversely and greatly concave antero- ^■' y%^-^f^^^^^l&^yW

posteriorly. The fibular face has three facets for f ent.c "<f^
the cuboid, two dorsal and one palmar, as in fio. 79. Distal view of Tarsus of Left

Archxotherium. There is apparently a tendency p<« <>' Type of d. hoiiandi Peterson. J nat.

. . , . size, /-facet. £c — ecto-ouneiform. .He -

toward coossification between the navicular and .,

mesooaneiform.

cuboid, as tiie articulating facets are reduced and

the surfaces very rugose throughout. The dorsal face is plane except the rugose and
sharp fibular angle which abuts against the cuboid. On the anterior portion of the
tibial face the bone is convex vertically, and more so posteriorly. This convex por-
tion is suddenly succeeded by a prominent and rugose area for muscular attachments.

136

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

The plantar hook is quite prominent and extends well below the distal facets,
while in Archicotherium it is much reduced, and is, as Professor Scott states, " hardly
more than a roughened ridge." The anterior portion of the distal face is taken up
by the facet for the ectocuneiform. The latter facet is divided into two areas by
fibular and tibial sulci leaving a narrow isthmus midway between the two. The
small facet for the mesocuneiform, on the tibial angle in Arcliseotheriuin, is entirely
absent in Dinohyus. Another interesting difference in Dinohyus is seen in the very
much less prominent tubercle on which the facet for the entocuneiform is located ;
the facet being almost on the same level with that for the ectocuneiform, and sad-
dle-shaped, with the posterior margin deflected on the base of the plantar hook.

The navicular of Entelodon magnum (38, PI. XXVII, figs. 34 and 37) is rela-
tively shorter antero-posteriorly, and has a less developed palmar hook than in
Dinohyus. In Sfiis the navicular is quite different, being broad and articulating dis-
tally with the three cuneiforms, as is also the case in Hippopotanms. In the latter
genus, however, the navicular has no palmar hook, and the articulating surface
between the navicular and cuboid is situated near the palmar face.

Measurements of Navicular. Mm.

Greatest anteror-posterior diameter 73

" transverse " 41

" vertical " auteriorly 33

" " '' posteriorly 55

Entoctmeiform. — Unfortunately the entocuneiform is lost in the type. Judging,
however, from the space on the navicular, and cuneiform when in position, this bone

was of considerable height, rather compressed trans-
versely and antero-posteriorly, and in genei'al appar.-
entlysomewhat differentfrom tliat in Archicotherium.
An entocuneiform of Dinohyus (No. 2139a,
Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) which was found in
quarry No. 1, section 20 (See plan of quarry, PL
LIV), is of an animal of approximately the same
size as the type specimen. The bone differs some-
what from the corresponding bone in Archxothe-
rium, being dorsally less produced and more de-
FiG.80. (1) External View of Right En- velopcd in the palmar direction ; it is not pointed
tocuneiform of A. ingens Leidy (Princeton distally, and its navicular articulatiou is less ob-

Musenm, No. 10885). (2) Same View of , . tx • j> ii ^ i i i xi j. xi

lique. It is further to be observed that there are

Corresponding Bone in D. hoUandi Peterson '■

(Cam. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss., No. 2139a). two facets. One near the proximal end for the

PETKRSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTIDyE 137

mesocuneiform (fig. 80, nic), and another small one near the distal end for Mt. II.
These are not present in Archxothermm ingens (the Princeton specimen). The
distal fibular angle of the bone under description is entirely taken up by a large
facet, which is slightly convex in all directions, and articulates with a corresponding
facet on the palmar process of Mt. III. The bone as a whole has a great vertical
diameter, while antero-posteriorly and transversely it is rather compressed, especially
in the latter diameter.

Scott (78, p. 316) has already stated that the entocuneiform has not yet been
found in connection with Anthracothermm or with Entelodon. In Sxls the ento-
cuneiform is larger distally than proximally, the palmar tubercle is very prominent
and the bone as a whole is altogether different from that in Archseoihermni or
Dinohyus, having a large and very prominent articular facet for Mt. II. In Hippo-
potamus the entocuneiform is also heavier, and broader than in the latter genera.

Mesocuneiform. — The mesocuneiform is entirely ankylosed with the ecto-
cuneiform, but its outline, especially on the palmar and tibial angle, is clearly
defined (Fig. 79, Mc). There is, however, no articular facet on the proximal end
for the navicular as in Archxotherhm and there is no facet for Mt. II, but on the
proximal fibular angle is a facet for the entocuneiform.

Ectomneiform. — The ectocuneiform is of considerable size and (I-shaped in
general outline viewed distally or proximally. The entire proximal face is occupied
by the facet for the navicular, and the distal face is taken up by the facet for Mt. III.
On the palmar tibial angle of the distal face is a very minute articular surface for
Mt. II. The fibular face is very rugose back of the facet for the cuboid, which is
located near the dorsal face and occupies the entire vertical diameter of the bone ;
there is no facet for the cuboid on the proximo-palmar angle, as in Archseotherium.
In this respect the ectocuneiform of Dinohyus is more like that in some peccaries,
while in ^Fippopolamus the ectocuneiform articulates with the cuboid only by the
large palmar-fibular facet. The antero-posterior diameter of the facet on the distal
face for Mt. Ill is proportionately greater than in Archseotherium, and, as in that
genus, the facet is in its dorsal portion obliquely convex from side to side, and near
the plantar region obliquely concave antero-posteriorly. The fibular border of the
facet is deeply emarginated by a sulcus.

Measurements of Ectocitneiform.

Mm.

Greatest antero-posterior diameter including mesocuneiform 52

" transverse diameter ^-'

" vertical " ^^

The general outline of the ectocuneiform of ^7ite/o(Zon magnum (38, PI. XXVII,

138 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

figs. 34, 35, 37) is quite similar to that of Dinohyus, but the distal articulation is
interrupted on the fibular angle and it is plainly seen from the figure that Mt. Ill,
did not come in contact with the cuboid as in Dinohyus.

Gthhoid. — The cuboid is relatively large and reveals some interesting and
important differences from that of the earlier types. The articular facets for the
calcaneum and astragalus occupy the proximal end in nearly equal proportions,
the former facet being slightly wider,^" which is directly the opposite of what
is the case in Archieothermm ingens, where the astragalar facet is the larger of the
two. The cuboid of the type of Bobchcerus humerosns more nearly approaches
that of Dinohyus so far as the two specimens can be compared. The astragalar
facet of the present genus is plane transversely, deeply concave antero-posteriorly,
and the articular surface is confined to the anterior and posterior parts, with an
interrupted median area twelve millimeters long. A deep pit is located on the
fibular side of this interrupted sinus, which separates the calcaneal and astraga-
lar facets at this point. The calcaneal facet is less interrupted than that in
Archimtherium, as described by Scott, and continues obliquely from in front upward
and backward, terminating near the summit on the postero-tibial angle of the
ascending palmar hook. The tibial border of the dorsal face is heavy and very
rugose ; the fibular angle is also 2:)rominent and abruptly convex antero-posteriorly.
The tibial face is rugose and in addition the dorsal facet for the navicular has
developed a projecting ledge " so that together with the palmar facet, which also
occupies a similar though much larger ledge, the cuboid and navicular bones are
very strongly interlocked. Below the navicular facet near the dorsal angle is a
small facet with square outlines, which articulates with the ectocuneiform. The
latter bone was undoubtedly connected posteriorly by cartilage only, as the corre-
sponding surfaces on the two bones are very rugose with no distinct facets, such as
are found in Archxotherinm ingens. Immediately below the facet for the ectocunei-
form there is a third facet on the tibial angle.'^^ This facet articulates in a promi-
nent and quite important manner with a process of Mt. Ill which extends above
the head of Mt. IV similar to, though less prominent than, that in the manus (figs.
70, 78). These articulations are not present in the peccary, Sus, Hijj'pojwtaimis, or
Entelodon magnum, but on Mt. Ill in Archasotherium there is a very slight indication

^* On page 448 (38) Kowalevsky says that the cuboid of Entelodon magnum has a narrower facet for the astragalus
than for the calcaneum, which is also well shown in his illustrations (PI. XXVIII).

*' In Boiiclioerus humerosus this projecting ledge is more developed than in the Princeton specimen from the Oligo-
cene, but is not so prominent as in Dinohyus.

''In the type of Boodicerus humerosus this facet is not present on the cuboid, but in a smaller individual from the
green sandstone (middle beds) of the John Day formation (Yale Museum No. 12765 ; Collector, L. S. Davis, 1875) this
facet is fairly well developed on the cuboid.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID^ 139

of a facet on the fibular angle of the head, which is quite prophetic of the conditions
found in Dinohyus. The anterior portion of the distal face is taken up by the facet
for Mt. IV, that for Mt. V being entirely absent in the type. The palmar face is
greatly excavated above the hook ; the latter is very prominent and covers the entire
lower portion of the palmar face. Distally there is on the tibial angle a facet of
considerable size for the palmar process of Mt. IV.

The vertical diameter of the cuboid- is relatively less than in the Princeton
specimen, which in this respect as well as in the deeper tendinal sulcus on the fib-
ular side of the Carnegie Museum specimen, seems to agree more nearly with Ente-
lodon magnum (38, pp. 448-149, PI. XXXVII, figs. 34, 35, and 36). In the latter
species the facet on the palmar hook for the palmar process of Mt. IV is absent,
and the facet for Mt. V on the fibular-distal angle is present, just the reverse of
what appears in Dinohi/us, in which there is no facet for Mt. V, and there is a facet
present on the palmar hook for Mt. TV.

Measukemento of Cuboid.

^fm.
Greatest antero-posterior diameter 70

" transverse " -50

" vertical " anteriorly .5.5

" " " posteriorly 71 .

Metatarml II. — The second metatarsal is reduced to a very small oblong nodule
about half the size of Mt. II in the Princeton specimen. The nodule is held in
place chiefly by the distal end of the entocuneiform, for which it has an articulating
facet of considerable size on the palmar face. On the proximal tibial angle is a
small facet for the ectocuneiform.

Measurements of Second Metatarsal.

.Mm.

Greatest length "22

" transverse diameter 13

' ' antero-posterior diameter 7

Metatarsal III. — The third metatarsal is larger and slenderer than ^Ic. Ill, but
the articular facets for I\It. IV on the third metatarsal are sui'prisingly similar to
the corresponding facets for Mc. IV. Thus the fibular angle of the head rises to a
prominent tubercle which overlaps the head of Mt. IV and articulates with the
cuboid in much the same manner in which Mc. Ill articulates with the unciform.
This character of the pes seems to be a modification ])erhaps brought about since
Oligocene times, as the genus Archxotlicrmm has only a very faint suggestion of a
facet for the cuboid, and has the fibular angle of the head of Mt. Ill only very

140 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

slightly higher than the tibial angle.^^ The proximal facet for the ectocuneiforra is
slightly concave transversely in the dorsal region, and convex antero-posteriorly in
the palmar region to conform with the facets of the ectocuneiform already described.
On the postero-fibular angle of the head is a very minute facet which articulates with
Mt. II. Below this facet is a rugose shallow channel, which receives the second
metatarsal. The palmar process is strongly developed, and, as in Archasotherium,
bears three facets ; the one on the tibial side is for the entocuneiform, the one on the
fibular side is for Mt. IV, and the one on the palmar end is for a large sesamoid.
The facet for Mt. IV, which is near the dorsal face is larger and more pronounced
in Dinohyus than in the Princeton specimen. The shaft is quite flat, long, and
slender on the palmar and fibular faces, round on the tibial and dorsal faces, and is
similar to that of Archasotherium, except for its greater rugosity on the fibular face,
which is a marked character, showing a tendency toward the coossification of the
two functional digits in Dinohyus. The large tubercle which is developed on the
fibular border of the dorsal face just above the trochlea in Archseothermm, is in Dino-
hyus developed into a swollen area which occupies the entire dorsal face of the shaft,
causing a deep depression distally. This depression is the superior boundary of the
distal trochlea. The latter is, as in Archieotherium, rather low and narrow. The
carina, which is confined principally to the plantar side, is plainly indicated on the
dorsal face by a faint ridge, which continues to the extreme proximal border of the
articulation. On either side of the carina is a shallow, depression, which causes a
slight lateral convexity in the tibial and fibular portions of the trochlea.

Measurements of Third Metatarsal.

Mm.

Greatest length 240

' ' ' antero-posterior diameter of head 55

" transverse " " 40

Antero-posterior diameter o' sliaft medially 30

Transverse " " " 30

" " " trochlea 40

Antero-posterior " " " 45

Metatarsal 1 V. — The fourth metatarsal is of very nearly the .same length and
thickness as the third. The head does not rise as high as that of the third, but the
palmar process is, as in Archasotherium, longer than that of the third metatarsal.
Dorsally the articular facet for the cuboid is slightly concave in all directions and
rises into an antero-posterior convexity in the palmar region. There is a large facet
for the cuboid on the end of the palmar process ; the tibial face of the process is

■'"Some species of the John Day formation more nearly approach Dinohyus in the matter of the articular
facets of the cuboid and Mt. III.

PETEKSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.E 141

occupied by the facet for Mt. Ill ; and immediately behind and at almost right
angles is a third facet, which corresponds to that on Mt. Ill and which supports a
palmar sesamoid. There is no evidence of a facet for Mt. V on the fibular angle of
the head. Dorsally the shaft is quite flat on its dorsal, tibial, and fibulai- faces,
while the palmar face is unevenly rounded. Towards the distal end the shaft is
more cylindrical, the palmar face being l^y far tlie flattest. Distally the bone is
similar, including the trochlea, to that of the third metatarsal.

Measurements of Fourth Met.\tarsal.

Mm.

Greatest length 237

" antero-posterior diameter of head 59

" transverse " " 41

" " " shaft medially 28

Antero-posterior " " " " 32

" " " trochlea v. 33

Transverse " " " 37

Metatarsal V. — Judging from the total absence of facets lor the fifth metatarsal
on the cuboid and Mt. IV it would seem that this element is entirely wanting in
Dinohyus. There is, however, a minute scale-hke eminence on the fibular angle on
Mt. IV, which may, or may not, represent the fifth metatarsal.

A water-worn fragment of a fourth metatarsal which I refer to Dmohi/'iis (No.
1927, Carn. Mus. Cat. Vert. Foss.) was found in the Agate Spring Fossil Quarry,
No. 1, where the type of DmoA^H.s- was found. On the postero-fibular angle of the
facet for the cuboid of this metatarsal the articulation is flexed downward in such a
manner as to suggest the presence of a small fifth metatarsal in this individual.

Palmar Sesamoid. — The palmar sesamoid is a large bone, triangular in outline,
compressed antero-posteriorly, and much expanded, especially in the tibial and
distal directions. The palmar surface is rugose and on the dorsal face near the
fibular angle are two facets for the third and fourth metatarsals described above.
There are facets on the palmar processes of the metatarsals in ArchtvotJierium which
indicate the presence of similar sesamoids.

Measurements of Palmar Sesamoid.

Mm.
Greatest vertical diameter 38

" transverse " 32

' ' antero-posterior diameter 12

Phalanges. — The proximal and median phalanges are proportionately longer
and narrower than tho.se of the manus ; otherwise they are similarly de{)rcssed
antero-posteriorly and exj^anded transversely. The articulation for the metatarsal

142 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

on the proximal phalanx is divided into two parts by a faint groove, which extends
across the face and terminates in the deep plantar notch. On either side of the
latter are facets on the extreme plantar angle of the proximal end which abuts
against the sesamoids. The distal trochlea is, as in the manus, simply convex
antero-posteriorly and concave transversely. The median phalanx is quite similar
to that in the manus. The ungual phalanx is short, high, and somewhat com-
pressed. They suggest strongly those of the recent camels though proportionally

larger.

Measurements of Phalanges.

Proximal phalanx.

Mm.

Greatest length 78

" transverse diameter of proximal end 42

" antero-posterior " " " " 3.5

" transverse " " distal " 37

" antero-posterior " " " " 23

Median phalanx.

Mm.

Greatest length 57

" transverse diameter of proximal end 36

" antero-posterior " " " " 35

" transverse " " distal " 34

" antero-posterior " '' " " 30

Ungual phalanx.

Mm.

Greatest length 39

" vertical diameter, approximately 30

' ' transverse ' ■ 27

Sesamoids. — The sesamoids, though of considerable size, are much smaller than
those of the manus. They are heaviest anteriorly and taper to an obtuse hook pos-
teriorly. The dorso-proximal angle carries an articular surface which abuts against
a corresponding surface on the proximo-plantar angle of the first phalanx described

above.

Restoration of Dinohyus Hollandi.

(Plates LX, LXI.)

The most conspicuous features of the skeleton of Dinohi/us hollandi are the
disproportionately large skull, the long muzzle, the heavy neck, the high withers,
and the elongated limbs. Many other characters are impossible to fully appreci-
ate without seeing the skeleton mounted in full relief The thorax has nearly the
same proportions as in Bos tcmrus, but the lumbar region is shorter. In 8us the
lumbar region is relatively longer than in Dinohyus, and the latter genus is, in this

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID.'E 143

respect, more analogous to the Hippopotamus. The sternum is of enormous size
and there are osseous sternal ribs present. The fore limbs are powerful and the
skeleton in this region is not unlike that of Bison americanus. In the region of the
fifth, sixth, and seventh cervicala the neck was of enormous vertical diameter.

There are only four lumbar vertebrre present derived from the t\'pe and a
fragment of the pubis rej^resents all that was found of the pelvis. These parts were
found in a pile of fragments left on the edge of the quarry by Mr. f'ook who
started to excavate in the fall of 1904. The pelvic material, which was found in
quarry No. 1 in 1908, is used in this restoration and its anatomical features are
thought to be practically correct. The right femur and certain bones of the manus
were also found in quarry No. 1 and are here used for the purpose of accuracy.
The right cuboid, the entocuneiform and Mt. IV are derived from other individuals.
The caudal region is restored throughout.

The skeleton Avas mounted by Mr. Serafino Agostini of the paleontological
staff, to whom much credit is due for the skill he has displayed in his work.

In 1894 Professor Marsh published (64, pp. 407-408, PI. IX) a restoratiou
which is based on rather incomplete material and as a consequence a number of
errors occur, some of which were pointed out by Professor Scott in his memoir on
"ElotJieriuni" ( 87, pp. 320-321 ). In Dinohyus hollandi there are unquestionably four-
teen dorsal vertebra), which were found in a continuous series. The character of the
anterior sacral vertebra in comparison with the lumbars present in the type of JJino-
hyus hollandi seems to indicate that there must be two vertebrae missing. Two verte-
bra) have therefore been inserted (1. 3 and 1. 6) which appears justifiable. Further-
more, it is quite evident from Professor Scott's publication (87), as well as from my
own observations on the same material, that there are six lumbar vertebra) in Arcliico-
therium ingens. It would then seem that Marsh (1. c.) was correct as regards the
number of presacral vertebra) of his restoration, but made a mistake in the division
of the dorso-lumbar series, while Scott's restoration (fig. 9) shows only thirteen dor-
sal vertebra). In examining the Princeton specimen it occurred to me that the
spines in the posterior dorsal region are too abruptly shortened and that there was
probably an additional dorsal vertebra.

In comparing the articulated skeleton of Dinohyus with that of Archn'oiherium
ingens (see fig. 9) it is at once seen that the former has a relatively larger head,
shorter and heavier body, higher withers, and a shoi'ter pelvis. Furthermore, the
sagittal crest is higher posteriorly, which indicates a greater vertical diameter of the
neck immediately back of the skull. Thus, it is seen that the Miocene genus had
a relatively heavier neck than its Oligocene predecessor.

144 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Measurements of the Restored Skeleton.

Cm.

Length from premaxillary of skull to the posterior end of ischium 288

Length of cervical region 51

" " dorsal " 91

'' " lumbar " 38

" " sacral " approximately 12

" " sternum 52

Height at 2d dorsal vertebra 177

" at superior border of ilium 140

" " end of ischium 113

A model in full relief of Dinohyus hoUamJi, a photograph of which is given on
Plate LXII, has been made by Mr. Theodore A. Mills under the direction of the
writer. An examination shows that this figure is at variance with the painting
prepared by Mr. Charles R. Knight under the direction of Professor Henry Fair-
field Osborn (72a, p. 713). Arch'xotherium is represented in that figure as having
long stifle bristles on a very broad neck, with the ears as in the Suhrx, and as having
heavy pendant wattles hanging from the bony tubercles of the inferior margins of
the mandibles. Although the bristles and the broad neck shown in Knight's illus-
tration may be correct, there is reason to believe that the ears were placed lower
down and were more drooping, judging from the position of the external auditory
meatus, which in the true pigs is directed upward and slightly outward, while in
those American genera of the Entelodontida^, in which this part is known, the
auditory meatus is directed nearly horizontally outward and has a prominent over-
hanging border on the upper side formed by the squamosal. In the restoration by
Mr. Mills the dependent processes on the inferior border of the mandibular rami of
Dinohyus are represented as supporting muscles, it being believed by the writer
that these processes, at least in the genus Dinohyus, existed for the attachment of
muscles in order to give required strength to this portion of the head. The model,
of which the figure is given, is of course to a certain extent conjectural, but is
believed by the writer to very fairly represent the animal as it was in life, and he
takes occasion to compliment Mr. IMills upon the skill which he has shown in
carrying out the suggestions made to him.

Conclusion.
While the osteology of at least two genera of this interesting family is now
quite completely before us, I make no attempt to present a succession of species, as i-t
seems to me that we have not yet the necessary material in order to satisfactorily
study the more detailed questions of the phylogeny of this group. Aymard and
Pomel with the extremely limited material representing this family at their com-

PETERSON : A KEVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID^ 145

maiid, were constrained to place it among the living swine, where it has since, with
only one or two exceptions (Siibursi of de Blainville and Arctodon of Leidy), gener-
ally been placed by different writers. That the family is a " collateral branch " of
the Suidfe, which " branched off in early Eocene time " as Marsh says (64, p. 406), is
from all the evidence at hand unquestionable. " Schlosser has referred the genus
\_Elotherium'] to the bunodont division of the family Anthracoiheriidx, which family he
derives from an Eocene stock common to the Anthracothcriidse, the Anaplotheriidit\
the Hippopotamidse, and the Suidas" (87, p. 322). Scott says {I. c.) : "The genus
lElotheriuni] is so far specialized that it implies a long ancestry, not a member of
which is, as yet, certainly known, although thei'e are certain Eocene genera, wdiich
throw some light upon the problem." Stehlin in his discussion of the dental struc-
ture of the Entelodoniidx (90, pp. 121-123) concludes in a footnote (p. 123) by say-
ing: "jedenfalls liegt die Vorgeschichte der Elotherien noch sehr im Dunkeln."
It is apparent that, although we are well acquainted with the general anatomical fea-
tures of this family, we can for the present at best only speculate in a general way
as to the early history of the group. From the work of Schlosser it is plain that he
regards the early Tertiary of the Old World as the home of the ancestral line of
the Entelodontidx, which may possibly prove to be true, unless " we may suppose." as
Matthew has stated in connection with his study of the genus Ancodon,"' " tliat from
a diffusion center in Northern Asia early stages in the evolution of [this] phylum
[also] reached Europe," and that the American form reached North America at the
beginning of the Oligocene.

As for the known forms in the early American Tertiary there is not one which
can properly be regarded as truly ancestral to the family. Achttnodon of the Bridger,
and A. uintense of the Uinta are already too far advanced in the modification of
their dentition, having Ijut three premolars, while the limbs of A. umtense would
seem to have retained a more primitive condition, having " four [? functional] digits
in the pes" (72, p. 105). The suggestive resemblances of the known characters of
Achxnodon found in the Bridger formation, and A. uintense of the Uinta, should,
I think, be regarded only as pointing to a remote relationship ; indeed it would seem
that no great violence is done in referring these general resemblances to parallelism,
which was no doubt a greater factor in moulding characters than is sometimes real-
ized. The pi'imitive bunodont teeth, the characteristic glenoid cavity of the skull,
the expanded zygomatic arches, and the elongated muzzle of these earlier Tertiary
forms are not to be dismis.sed so easil}', as they are certainly most suggestive of the
Entelodoutidte. But, as has been suggested by others (87, p. 322) there is no more

«'Bull. Am. Muesnm of Natural History, Vol. XXVI, p. 4, 1909.

146 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

reason why we should not expect a parallelism here as well as, for instance, in the
odontoid process of the axis, the selenodont molars, the reduction of the lateral digits,
and many other features, which have been independently acquired by sev^eral dis-
tinct lines.

In regard to the ancestry of the Entdodontidx Dr. Herluf Winge (92a, p. 1 34) seems
to have reached a somewhat similar conclusion to that of Schlosser. From a study
of the dental, cranial, and other skeletal characters of the Enielodontidx, Winge (/. c,
p. 141) seems also to think that they perhaps were less in the habit of rooting in the
earth than their ancestors and that, instead of the usual plant-food of the Ungulates,
which they perhaps entirely excluded, they accustomed themselves to mixed, or
flesh-food. In fact Winge {I. c, p. 141) states that the incisors, canines, and premolars
served as grasping-tools and weapons similar to those of carnivores ; and (/. c, p. 142)
that it is also not altogether unlikely that they lived in a similar manner to that of
dogs, preying on live animals, or, when they discovered carcasses, fruits, etc., that
they fed on them. That these animals actually seized live animals as their food, as
Dr. Winge seems inclined to believe, may well be doubted, while that they fed on
carrion and fruits, as well as on plants, is not altogether unlikely.

T^ydekker has very suggestively said (53a, p. 7(S) that the " food of the higher
selenodont pigs consisted in great part of leaves and grass (which require finer tri-
turation . . .) while their bunodont allies feed, as we know, more generally on roots
and tubers, and occasionally on animal matter. Hence it is probable that the
muzzles of most of the selenodonts were less elongated than in the true pigs, which
require to turn up the soil to obtain nutriment." It has been, I think, quite con-
clusively shown, by Scott (87, p. 278), and also in the description of the dentition of
J)in(jh!)us in the present paper, that the wear of the lower canines and incisors could
not have been caused, in this animal, except by the habit of digging up roots.

The dental structure of Tetraconodon, from the Siwalik hills of India, precludes
its introduction into the family Erdelodontidx and it has quite correctly been placed
in a distinct family by Lydekker (53a, p. 78). This genus is apparently quite far
removed from the Entelodontidx as is Achvnodun of the American Eocene.

The phyletic and geologic position of the family Entelodontidas may then be
expressed in a general way as follows :

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID^E

147

Middle Miocene

Lower Miocene

Oligocene

Eocene

Amraodon

Dinohyus

Pelonax
\
\

Da-odon Boochoerus
/
/

Archseotherium
\

\ /

Entelodon

/
/
/

DiAOEAM Expressing the Phyletic and Geologic Position of Entelodonluise.

As Poiael (74, p. 1085), Leidy (50, p. 174), Marsh (64, p. 408), Kowalevsky
(38, p. 450), 8cott (87, p. 322), Schlosser (83, p. 80), and others have shown us, this
family has in the pigs and Hippopotamics its nearest''^ representatives of the recent
forms, while the direct ancestors are yet to be found. In the meanwhile we have
seen that during the relatively short geological time in which we are able to trace the
family in Europe and America there are certain anatomical differences, indicating
lines of divergence. These lines probably point to habits due to the varied environ-
ments during the life-history of the group.

We have, for example, in the European genus Entelodon, a form with enlarged
premolars indicating a diverging step from Arclmother'mm. It has further been
pointed out that the Ijase of the skull of IMelodon is very greatly different from that
of the American forms ; and also that the trigon of the lower molars is entirely
absent, while in Archxotherium it is quite plain in young, but fully adult specimens.
Pelonax ravbosuvi of the upper Oligocene has tremendously heavy chin-processes, a
very prominent angle, and single-rooted first and second lower premolars. T)a;o(Jon
of the John Day formation has no chin-processes at all and has a light angle of the
lower jaw ; while in tlie Miocene of Nebraska we have in Dinohi/us a form with
very small chin-processes, and a gentle sweep of the downward projection of the
angle approaching what is seen in Dnodoit. The median upper incisors of D'mo-
hyus are distinctly reduced and are in fact sometimes wanting, having been perhaps
shed quite early and the alveoli clo.sed uj).

In confining our,selves to these characters of the mandible alone and leaving
out Entelodon whose generic position can hardly Ije dcnibted, it would seem that
there is a variation of importance, when we consider the fact that all the specimens

"' The relationship to tliese recent forms is a very remote one.

148 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

found with these parts present in the Oh'gocene formation have the chin pi'ocesses
present. This cliaracter tlien cannot be regarded as only of sexual importance so
far as the Oligocene forms, which are most abundantly found, are concerned. It
then remains to be seen whether certain forms like ArcJucotherium cktvum with the
relatively small and posteriorly placed chin-processes led up to such forms as ])seo-
don or if we will yet find in the lower Oligocene a form minus these protuberances.
The discovery of such a form would indicate that the various lines even to quite
small details of differences were already well established in older Tertiary time.
While the variation in the canine teeth, the dependent processes of the lower jaw,
and the jugal of the skull in the different .species of the lower Oligocene, may seem
comparatively small, they are nevertheless of some importance when it is shown that
certain ■ other parts, as for instance the vertebral column, are quite varied. In
Archicothcrium ingcns from the lower Oligocene, the neural arches of the dorsal
vertebroe are imperfectly pierced by canals, while in Archwotherlum crassuin from
the same horizon, the horizontal canals are apparently present as in Bos taunts. In
Dinah ijus from the Miocene we know that the neural arches of the dorsals are not
only perforated by horizontal canals, but by vertical canals as well ; a character
which is identical with what is found in Sus.

While the geographical distribution of this family in Asia is at present only a
matter of speculation, it is clear that Europe and especially North America were
occupied by it. Thus we have seen that while their remains are comparatively
abundant on the flanks of the Rocky Mountains, evidence of their existence is not
altogether wanting in California and New Jerse}' (" E. siqyerhiiyi," Ammodon leidij-
anum). From the lower Oligocene upward, and before the close of the Miocene,
then, they occupied certain areas of the North American continent from the Pacific
to the Atlantic coasts. Judging from their anatomy, their undoubtedly omnivorous
dental structure, their elongated limbs, and their distribution, it is higlily probable
that these animals were capable of comljating adverse conditions when occasion
required change. While we know that the representatives of this family continued
in America to a later geological age than was recently believed and that there were
distinct genera and species during the known existence of the group from the lowei*
Oligocene to the middle Miocene, there is yet much to be ascertained and we are far
from having solved the whole history of this interesting branch of the suborder
Artiodadi/Ia. When a more extensive survey of Asia, especially its northern part,
is made, and its Tertiary fauna becomes better known, we probably will be supplied
with much valuable information on obscure points in connection with the study
of the vertebrate paleontology of the Tertiary formations of the continents of the
northern hemisphere.

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTID/E

149

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p. 117 {Arctodo7i) ; p. 139 {Boochccrus) ; p. 214 (Dceodon) ; p. 257

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(Dinochcerus).

PETERSON : A REVISION OF THE ENTELODONTIDiT;

J 55

79. Peterson, O. A

80.

81.

82. Rogers, O.

83. schlosser, m.

84.

85. Scott, W. B.

86.

87.

88. Scott, W. B., &

89. Sinclair, W. J.

90. Stehlin, H. G.

91. Steinmann, G.,

92. Trouessart, E.

92a. Winge, H.

A Correction of the Generic Name Dinochrerus. L. c, Vol. XXII,

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Pis. XVI-XVII, 1 907 (Dinohyus).
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P. 204 (Elotheriuin) ; [Boochwrus) ; p. 194 Tkvodon syn. of Titan-

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Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Stammesgeschichte der Hufthiere. Morph.

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Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Siiugethierreste aus den Siiddeutschen Bohn-

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1902 {Entdodon).
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PI. XVIII, figs. 3-12, E. Ingens; figs. 1-2 {Elothermm mortoni).
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Geraes, Brazilien. Med Udsigt over Hovdyrenes indbyrdes Slaegt-

156

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

94.

95.

skab. Aftryk af E Museo Lundii, Kjobenhavu, Danmark. Pp. 70,
134, 142-143, 1906 (p. 70, Entelodontini).
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Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Vol. VI, p. 244, 1879.
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der Haustiere. V. Die Schweinartigea Tiere (Suiden). Biolog.
Centralbl., Vol. V, pp. 210, 216, 217, 1885.
Outlines of Vertebrate Palffioutology for Students of Zoology. Uni-
versity Press, 1898, p. 343 {Elotherium) ; p. 344 (illustration of
Elotherium crassuin).
On the Divisions of the White River, or Lower Miocene, of Dakota.

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, p. 97, 1893.
The Extinct Caraelidse of North America, and some Associated Forms.
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X, 1898, p. 120; footnote
(^Elotherium).
99. Zittel, K. a. Handbuch der Palaeontologie, 1893, IV Band, p. 304 (Daledon syn.of

TUanotherium) ; p. 335 (Elolherium) ; p. 337 {Bobchcerus).

96. Woodward, A. S.

97. WORTMAN, J. L.

98.

158 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV.

Agate Spring Fossil Quarries. Plan of Quarry No. 1. Bl. = " Block " and associated with
numbers indicates relative size of blocks taken out of the quarry. Sections 2 A, to 21, indicate
relative position of each block and specimen as they were taken out.

Plate LIV.

Sec.6

Sec. 5

Sec. 4

Sec.3

Sec. 2

Seel

Sec, I A

MEMOIRS Carnegie Museum, Vol. IV,

Sec2|

Sec. 20

S^' 9 S^a Sec 7 Sec 6 Sac 5 Sec,4 Sec 3 SecE Sec I Sec

lA Sec.SA

AGATE SPRING FOSSIL QUARRIES

ai.o

H-i

OS .093

.VI jov ,MU33uM aiaanHAD ?.momU

L-U^-

^t !

4-^^-4-

i-pH-

f'n u

I OTiryiq^g axAOi

2H YHHAUO <lc=

W^'ii

C3 ^

O o

r^ O

5 o

■S Q

[EMOiRS Carnegie Museum, Vol. IV.

Plate LIX.

S. Piritlire ,hl.

Deciduous DKNTWui}} ov Dinohyus hollaiidi Pkteuson wiru Pekmanent Den-
tition Coming into View, i Nat. Size. Figs. 1-2. No. 2137:
Fio. 3, No. 2137a, Cakn. Mus. Cat. Vertebkate Fossils.

1,^

1p^

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