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MEMOIRS

READ BEFORE THE BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.

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I. Revision of the Polypi of the Eastern Coast of the United States. By A. ¥. Vernu.

Read November 19th, 1862.

Tue Polyps of this coast have hitherto been less studied than the representatives of most
other classes, and, up to the present time, there has been no attempt made to bring together
in a systematic form the species that have been at various times described, both in this
country and in Europe. Many of these have, however, long since found their natural posi-
tions in the general systematic works of Ellis, Pallas? Lamarck,*? Lamouroux,; Cuvier?
Milne-Edwards,’ and other distinguished naturalists of Europe, and in the magnificent work
of Dana,’ published by our own government. Besides these references, often very brief
and imperfect, disconnected notices and descriptions of other species are found scattered
through many volumes of the Proceedings and Journals of our scientific societies and
associations.

But these materials, owing to their inaccessibility, and, in many cases, to their original
imperfection, have not been made available either for scientific study and comparison with
the European species, which have been carefully examined during many years, or to incite
local naturalists and collectors to more careful studies of the habits and structure of these
beautiful and interesting beings, and more thorough search for other forms.

It was for the purpose of supplying in some measure the deficiency in these respects,
and to establish a basis for future investigations, rather than to present anything new,
that the present work was undertaken; but, on account of the constant accessions of
new materials, it has now become necessary to present quite a number of undescribed
species, and it is very probable that many more remain to be hereafter discovered. I have
also deemed it useful to introduce brief descriptions of the higher groups and their prin-
cipal subdivisions, even in some cases when they were extralimital, in order to illustrate
more clearly the position and zodlogical affinities of the species described. To do this I

1 John Ellis. Essay towards a Natural History of Coral- 4 J. V. F. Lamouroux. Histoire générale des Polypiers

lines, 4to, London, 1754; Natural History of many curious coralligenes flexibles, 8vo, Caen, 1816.
and uncommon Zodphytes, 4to, London, 1786. (Kdited by 5 Georges Cuvier. Régne Animal, t. iv., Paris, 1817; 2d

Solander.) edition, t. iii., 1830.

2 Petrus Simon Pallas. Elenchus Zoophytorum, 8vo) 6 H. Milne-Edwards. Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires
Leyden, 1766. ou Polypes proprement dits. 3 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1857.

3 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Histoire naturelle des animaux 7 James D. Dana. United States Exploring Expedition
sans vertebres, 8vo, Paris, 1815-22; 2d edition, 1836. under Capt. Wilkes. Zoophytes, 4to, with folio plates, Phil-

adelphia, 1846 ; plates, 1849.
MEMOIRS BOST. SOC. NAT. HIST. Vol. I. p. 1. 1 DECEMBER, 1863.

2 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

have found it necessary to introduce many changes in the generally received systems of
classification, —a result due in part to the investigations of the living coral-polyps by
Prof. Agassiz, while in Florida, and partly to my own special studies of this class, while
arranging and classifying the unrivalled collection in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.
Although many of the results of the observations of Prof. Agassiz have as yet been made
public only through his lectures, I have, in every case, endeavored to give the true au-
thority for those conclusions that are not original with me.

In the preparation of this paper, I have been greatly indebted to Prof: Agassiz, who has
not only allowed me the unrestricted use of the extensive collection of the museum, but
has also, with characteristic liberality, placed in my hands his magnificent series of draw-
ings, made from life by Mr. J. Burkhardt. These have been of the utmost value, especially
in preparing the descriptions of the southern Acide, of which I have had no opportunity
to examine living specimens. I am also under many obligations to Mr. William Stimpson,
who has furnished me with an elegant drawing of Haleampa producta, and with valuable notes
concerning other species. To Mr. E.8. Morse, my thanks are due for my first opportunity to
examine living specimens of Bunodes stella, and for several beautiful drawings of that species
and of Edwardsia sipunculoides, some of which are reproduced in the accompanying plate.

Order I. ALCYONARIA.

The class of Polyps has undergone many changes, as it has been found necessary, from
time to time, to remove groups belonging to other classes, confounded with it so long as
their structure was imperfectly understood. The true polyps were for the first time divided
into the two natural orders characterized by the number and structure of the tentacles, by
Milne-Edwards and Audouin, in 1828, but at that time no special names were applied to
the two groups thus established.

The name Alcyonaria (Aleyoniens) was given to the first of these divisions by Milne-
Edwards, in 1834.

In this order the polyps are more or less cylindrical, made up with eight nearly equal,
hollow, elongated spheromeres arranged around the vertical axis and intimately united to
each other by their sides, without the interposition of interambulacral spaces. All of them
are prolonged at the actinal end into broad tentacles, pinnately. lobed along their sides.

The second order, Zoantharia, has, on the contrary, spheromeres in multiples of six, often
very numerous, united so as to leave interambulacral spaces in which the new ones are
developed. The tentacles are simple, and generally cylindrical or conical, rarely branching
in a furcate manner.

In the great work of Dana, the Aleyonaria have the same limits, but are considered as
a sub-order of the order Actinoidea,—a group which embraces the whole class of Polyps
as now restricted, his order Hydroidea having been referred more recently to the class
of Acalephs.

The Aleyonaria have been divided by most modern writers into three natural groups.

I. Atcyontp#; these are tubular and usually much elongated polyps, increasing by
lateral or basal gemmation, forming communities by the union of the walls, their bases
or appendices, sometimes, also, through the medium of a porous coenenchyma, and there-
fore communicating by irregular pores and cavities. There is no common, specialized,

1 Elémens de Zoologie, p. 1046. 1834.

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 8

central cavity or central axis, and the polyps adhere to foreign bodies directly by their
bases or by the coenenchyma.

II. Gorconip#; in this group the polyps are short, cylindrical ; connected laterally by a
porous coenenchyma, at their bases by a common membrane, and by specialized longi-
tudinal canals; and arranged around a firm central axis which is secreted from the
common basal membrane. The communities are attached to foreign bodies by the ex-
panded base of the central axis.

Ill. Peynatunip#; this division includes those that are united into communities which
are unattached and capable of voluntary locomotion. The polyps are regularly arranged
at the upper part of the structure, which contains special ducts and a central cavity, some-
times subdivided or inclosing a solid axis attached to the walls by muscular fibres. The
lower extremity is bulbular and capable of expansion and contraction by means of a well-
developed common muscular system.

The nature and rank of these three groups have been variously estimated by naturalists.
-Milne-Edwards, who is among the highest authorities, in his latest works treats them
as families. But since they are characterized by modifications of the most important
structures beneath those characteristic of the order, and at the same time include other
inferior groups that have the nature of families, I am led to consider them as sub-orders.

Sub-order I. ALCYONIDA.

The characters of this division have been sufficiently indicated above for our present
purpose. It embraces several well-marked families; viz: Alcyomue Ehy. (restricted), Xenine
Ehr., Cornularine Khr.(emended), Tubiporide Fleming. Of these, Alcyoninee and Cornularine
are alone represented on our coast, so far as at present known.

Family Axcyoninz Ehrenberg.
Aleyonide (pars) Dana, Zoéphytes. Aleyonince (pars) Mitne-Epwarps, Coralliaires.

In this family the polyps are united together by the walls or porous coenenchyma
throughout nearly their whole extent, forming massive lobed or arborescent clusters of
fleshy or coriaceous texture, filled with calcareous spicula. The tentacles and upper free
portion of the polyps are capable of more or less perfect contraction.

This family has been divided by Milne-Edwards into two groups: Ist, Aleyoniens nus,
corresponding to Alcyonne of Dana; 2d, Alcyomens armés, corresponding to Mephthee Lesson
and, in part, to Spoggodine Dana.

Atcyonrum Linn.

Aleyonum Linnamus, Syst. Nat., edit. x. vol. i. p. 803, (1758). Mazina Oxen, Lehrb. der
Nat., t. i. p. 93, (1815). Lobudaria Savieny, (Lamk. Hist. An. sans Vert. 1816); Enrensere,
Corall. des roth. Meer., p. 57, (1834). Aleyonium Dana, Zodph., p. 611, (1846); Minne-
Epwarps, Coralliaires, t. i. p. 114, (1857).

Corallum fleshy, filled with granular spicula, which do not project from the surface ; base
enlarged, adherent to foreign bodies; trunk usually destitute of polyps near the base ; above,

4 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

dividing more or less into lobes or branches ; polyps completely retractile into cells, which
scarcely rise above the surface of the coenenchyma, and are not armed with prominent
spicula; tissue of the trunk and branches membranous, or more or less coriaceous ; within,
cavernous, with tubes running to each branch.

This genus differs from Amothea, to which it is closely allied, in not having prominent,
verruciform cells; from Mephthya, in the same character and in the absence of large navic-
ular spicula around the cells; from Sarcophytum, in its lobed or arborescent mode of growth.

Aleyonium carneum AGassiz.

Halcyonium carneum Acassiz, Proc. of the American Association, 1850, p. 209. Alcyonium digitatum Stimpson, Synopsis of the
Marine Invert. of Grand Menan, p. 7, 1853, (in Smithsonian Contributions, Vol. VI.)

Base expanded, adhering to rocks or dead shells; from this arises a more or less cylin-
drical, thick, naked trunk, which, after a short distance, divides into several large branches,
some of which in their turn give off smaller ones, thus producing a much branched, arbo-
rescent form; branchlets short, somewhat enlarged, and rounded at the ends when con-
tracted.

The cells are small, crowded on the ends of the branchlets, leaving the trunk and prin-
cipal branches naked; polyps when expanded much exsert, nearly half an inch, but capable
of entire retraction ; walls and tentacles near their bases strengthened by slender spicula,
arranged obliquely in eight double rows, so as to form V-shaped lines, with the angle
towards the ends of the tentacles. The spicula are imbedded in the tissues, and do not
project beyond the surface. The tentacles are long, tapermg, narrow lanceolate, with
slender and rather distant marginal lobes.

Color somewhat variable, but usually delicate flesh color, sometimes tinged with red, and
at other times with yellow. The eggs are bright orange, and often visible through the
diaphanous walls.

Range, from Cape Cod to Breton Island, N. 8. Generally attached to shells or stones
in eight to twenty fathoms; sometimes at low-water mark. (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zodl.)

In form and mode of branching this species resembles Gorgoua florida of Miiller,’ but
the branchlets have a different appearance ; the true affinities of the latter are somewhat
uncertain.

Aleyonium rubiforme Dana.

Lobularia rubiformis EHRENBERG, Corall. des roth. Meer. (1834). Alcyontum rubiforme Dana, Zoophytes, (1846).

Low and glomerate, rising from a slightly spreading base; trunk short, dividing into
numerous lobes or short branchlets, which are large and rounded at the end, often sub-
globular, covered by the polyps; surface between the cells even and granulous. Polyps
in expansion much exsert; tentacles long, lanceolate, with rather long marginal lobes.

Color brick red, not diaphanous.

Range, Newfoundland Banks (Coll Essex Institute); northern seas of Europe (Ehren-
berg); Behring’s Straits (Coll. N. Pacific Expl. Exp.).

1 Zoologia Danica, tab. 137.

7

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 5

Family Cornutarinm Ehrenberg.

Cornularide Dana, Zobphytes. Cornularine and Telestine Mune-Epwarvs, Coralliaires.
Xeniade (pars) Gray, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist, 1859, p. 443.

Corallum tubular, membranous or coriaceous, increasing by buds arising either from
creeping stolons or from the sides of erect branches. Tentacles with well-developed lobes
in a single marginal row on each side.

In this group I have united the creeping genera, which form the sub-family Cornularine
of Milne-Edwards, with the genus Zelesto, characterized by its lateral buds and arborescent
form. That this is in accordance with their natural affinities is evident from the fact that
in two species of Zvlesto I have constantly found small creeping stolons, with rising buds
as in Cornularia, proceeding from the bases of the larger upright branches, and even in
the following species this seems to be the case while young, for the upright stalks forming
the clumps are connected together by creeping stolons at the base. The genus Celogorgia
Val. also belongs here, instead of among the Gorgomdc, where it has hitherto been placed.

Genus TrLesto Lamouroux.

Corallum tubular, arborescent, increasing by lateral buds from upright branches, and some-
times, also, by basal stolons; walls thin, firm, membranous or like parchment, with eight
longitudinal sulcations. Polyps wholly retractile, separated at the base from the cavity of
the branch by a thin membrane.

This genus differs from Cornularia and its allies in its upright growth and arborescent
form; from Celogorgia, to which it is otherwise closely allied, in its thin, parchment-like
walls, while in the latter they are thickened, coriaceous, and spiculose.

Telesto fruticulosa Dana.
Telesto fruticulosa Dana, Zodphytes, p. 632 (1846) ; Mrrne-Epwarps, Coralliaires, vol. i. p. 112 (1857).

This is a caespitose, much branched, fastigiate species. Several stalks, connected at the
base by creeping stolons, arise close together, giving off from their sides numerous simple
tubes and other branchlets, which again subdivide into two, three, or more. The large
branches as well as the branchlets or polyp cells are tubular, with their walls nearly
smooth externally, but incrusted throughout by a dark colored parasitic sponge, which also
extends over and around the base, and often forms a tubular prolongation at the ends of
the polyp cells. The exterior surface of the branchlets is marked by eight distinct sul-
cations. A specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy consists of about twelve
crowded, erect stalks, four inches high, the cells averaging about .25 inch in length, .08 in
diameter. Another larger specimen forms a closely branched clump seven inches high and
five in diameter. This is attached to the dead axis of Leptogorgia virgulata, which it incrusts
for several inches, rising above the broken end in the form of a panicle. The tubes are
orange-yellow when free from the investing sponge.

Charleston, 8. C. (L. Agassiz) ; Stono Inlet (J. W. Page, U.S. A.).

MEMOIRS BOST. SOC. NAT. HIST. Yol. I. 2

6 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

Sub-order I]. GorGoNIpD..

Gorgomade Furmine, History of British Animals (1828). Gorgonde Dana, Munr-Epwarps,
and most other authors. Sarcophyta (pars) Gray, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 443.

This division, of which the characters have been briefly indicated above, embraces several
families, of which the following are the principal: Gorgonine Ehrenberg, Plezauride Gray,
Primnoacee M-Edw., Gorgonellacee Val., Iside Lamx., Coralline Dana, Briaracee M-Edw.
The first three and the last of these are represented on our coast.

Family Gorconinm Ehrenberg (restricted).

Gorgoniées ( pars) Lamourovux, Polypiers Flexibles (1816). Gorgonme (pars) Enrensere,
Dana, Mitye-Epwarps and Hamre, ete. Gorgonacew (pars) Mrtne-Epwarps, Coralliaires.

The species of this family are usually much branched in a pinnate or furcate manner, and
have always a tendency to spread in a plane, forming a flattened or fan-shaped, often re-
ticulated, frond ; very rarely they are simple. The cells are arranged on the edges of the
branches, either in regular longitudinal series or in irregular bands, leaving on each side
a naked median space, often marked by a groove, due to the contraction of the tissues
while drying, above the longitudinal ducts, two of which are always much larger than the
rest and pass along the middle of each branch, one on each side, while the smaller ones
correspond in number to the linear rows of polyps, beneath which they pass. The axis
is horn-like, generally slender and flexible, often compressed.

Genus Gorconta Linn. (restricted).
Eunicea (pars) Exrexsere (1834). Gorgonta Mitye-Epwarps, Coralliaires (1857).

Corallum much branched, frequently in a plane ; branchlets slender, cells in two or more
rows on the edges of the branches, leaving a narrow median space, prominent, rising in the
form of papillsx above the surface of the coenenchyma, which is usually thin.

This genus is nearly allied to Leptogorgia, and differs chiefly in the prominent cells, which
are not capable of being contracted so as to become level with the general surface ; while in
the latter, though the cells are often a little prominent and verruciform, they seem to
admit of complete contraction.

Gorgonia humilis Dana.
Gorgonia humilis Dana, Zooph. Expl. Exp., p. 6638 (1846).

Corallum low, much and irregularly branched and subdivided, sometimes flattened nearly
into a plane; smaller branches subpinnate ; branchlets slender, short, irregular, usually
bent. Cells small, crowded on the edges of the branchlets in two or three rows, mod-
erately and uniformly prominent. Coenenchyma minutely granular, with well-marked
longitudinal grooves. Axis broadly expanded at the base, dark horn-color in the larger
branches, yellow and very slender setiform in the branchlets. Color uniform reddish

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 7

purple, also pure white. The largest specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy
are four or five inches high, the branchlets about .5 of an inch in length.
Charleston, 8. C., attached to stones and shells (LL. Agassiz).

Genus LeprogoratA Milne-Edwards.

Gorgonia (pars) Lam., Lamx., Enrenn., Dana, ete. Plexaura (pars) VALENCIENNES, Comptes-
rendus, xli. p. 12 (1855). Leptogorgia Mutnz-Epwarps, Coralliaires (1857).

Corallum branching, often dichotomous; branches slender with a central space on each
side destitute of cells, often marked by a median groove, by the contraction of the
coenenchyma, which is usually rather thin, above the principal ducts. Cells flat or but
little prominent, arranged in several lateral rows on each edge of the branches, often form-
ing two broad bands, separated by a narrow, median, naked space. Axis horn-like, slender,
often compressed.

Leptogorgia virgulata Mitnze-Epwarps.

Corallina fruticosa elatior, etc., CATESBY, iii. tab. xiii. p. 13 (1750). Gorgonia ceratophyta (pars) Patuas, Elench. Zooph., p. 185
(1766) (non Linn. ed. x.). Gorgonia viminalis Ktuis and Soranper, Nat. Hist. Zooph., p. 82, tab. xii. f. 2, 38 (1786) (non Pallas).
Gorgonia juncea Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, iii. p. 382, pl. 38, f 1, 2, 8 (1802) (non Pallas). Gorgonia virgulata Lamarck, Anim.
sans Vert., ii. p. 495 (1815); Lamourovux, Polyp. Flex., p. 412 (1816). Gorgonia Olivieri Lamx., 1. ¢., p. 400 (1816); Bosc, Nouv.
Dict., xiii. p. 818, (1817). Gorgonia virguata Dana, Zodphytes, p. 662 (1846). Plexaura virgulata VALENCIENNES, Comptes-rendus,
xli. p. 12 (1855). Plexaura viminea Vat., 1. c., p. 12 (yellow form). Leplogorgia virgulata Mitne-Epwarps, Coralliaires, i. p. 166
(1857). Lepiogorgia viminea M.-Epw., l. ¢., p. 165.

Corallum slender, fasciculate ; trunk dividing a short distance above the base into two,
three, or more principal branches, rising nearly parallel and dividing a short distance above
into a few long, slender, virgate branchlets, which originate chiefly from the inner side
of the branches and rise at a very acute angle with them; branchlets somewhat com-
pressed or angular, rarely terete, of almost uniform thickness to very near the end, when
they taper abruptly to an obtuse point. Cells small, usually oblong, and not at all prom-
inent on the branchlets, but near the base rounded and a little elevated; on the branch-
lets they are placed in three or more irregular rows along the edges, leaving narrow naked
median spaces. Longitudinal grooves not usually apparent except on the larger branches.
Coenenchyma smooth and rather thin. Axis slender, round, horn colored in the large

-branches, brownish yellow and setiform in the small branchlets. Color exceedingly
variable, most frequently either bright lemon yellow or clear reddish purple, but often
orange, light yellow, gray, and white, in all cases uniform on the same specimen, although
the most diversely colored specimens often occur attached to the same shell or stone.

According to the drawings of Prof. Agassiz, the polyps are, when expanded, small,
slender, and but little exserted. The tentacles are broad, rounded, with numerous,
crowded, rather shallow, even lobes. The tentacles are strengthened at the base with small
spicula, placed obliquely.

Occurs abundantly a few feet below low-water mark along the coast of Georgia and
S. Carolina, extending from St. Mary’s River, Fla., to Beaufort, N.C.

A small parasitic shell (Volva wuplicata Sowb.) often occurs on the branches of this species,
and is invariably of the same color as the specimen upon which it lives. The same is true
of another species which lives on Leplogorgia rigida Verr. from Acapulco, Mex., a species
quite as variable in color as the present.

g VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

An examination of numerous specimens of this species in the Museum of Compara-
tive Zodlogy has shown me, that, while it is perfectly distinct from the European species
with which it was formerly comoundcdl and equally so from L. purpurea M.-Kdw. of southern
Florida, several nominal species have been founded on mere variations in its form and
color, their inconstancy being readily seen when a large number of specimens are at hand.

Leptogorgia tenuis Verritu.

Branches unequally and distantly dichotomous, arranged somewhat in a plane; termi-
nal branchlets very long and slender; round and smooth. Cells numerous, small, scattered,
oblong, with the borders flat or slightly prominent. Median grooves scarcely apparent
even on the larger branches. Cells on the smaller branches arranged somewhat in two
opposite bands, but not very distinctly so. Axis towards the base black, in the smaller
branches very slender, yellow, and translucent, even at a distance of eight or ten inches
from the extremities. Colors, yellowish brown and purple.

Long Island Sound (Smithsonian Institution).

Of this interesting species there are numerous specimens in the collection of the Smith-
sonian Institution, attached to rocks, and labelled “ Bay of New York.” It is closely allied
to L. virgulata of 8. Carolina, but after comparing it with several hundred specimens of the
latter in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, I have become convinced that they are dis-
tinct. In the present species the branches are more slender and elongated and less numer-
ous than in Z. virgulata; the cells are smaller and less frequently prominent; the median
grooves are less distinct, and the axis is more attenuated and diaphanous. The color,
though probably variable, is different in all the specimens that I have seen, being generally
dull yellowish brown or purplish, instead of pure yellow, orange, or bright purple.

\

Family Prexauripa Gray (emended).

Gorgonine (pars) Enrexperc, Dana. Primnoaceee (pars) Miutne-Epwarps. Plexauride and
Muricide Gray, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., Dec. 1859, p. 442.

Corallum branching, dichotomous or arborescent, with a horn-like axis, often calcareous ©

and stony at the base. Coenenchyma well developed, traversed by a series of equally
developed longitudinal ducts, arranged in a regular circle around the axis. Cells arranged
equally on all sides of the branches, leaving no naked lateral spaces.

In this family I have united Muricea with Plevaura and Euucea, the only important differ-
ence consisting in the spiculose cells of the former; but this seems due rather to the thin-
ness of the external membrane covering them in life than to any peculiarity of the tissue
itself, for in Lwucea the spicula are as well developed and similarly arranged, though | coy-
ered by a thicker superficial membrane.

Genus Muricea Lamouroux.

Gorgoma (pars) Linn, Patias, Lamarck, and others. Muricea Lamovroux, Exposition
Méthodique (1821).

Axis horn-like in the branches, often stony and very solid at the base. Cells prominent,

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 9

more or less conical, covered with large calcareous imbricated spicula, which appear exter-
nally when dry.

Muricea elegans Acassiz, MS.

Trunk large, erect, subcylindrical, somewhat compressed transversely, giving off from
its sides in a pinnate manner numerous irregular branches, many of which are again ir-
regularly pinnate, others simple or forked; branchlets very numerous, moderately thick, »
curved, often pendulous, from one to two inches in length. The cells are numerous
but not crowded, prominent, compressed-conical, pointed, not appressed, equal in length
to about one half the diameter of the branchlets, covered externally with large, imbri-
cated, fusiform spicula, which are granulated over their whole surface. Between the
cells there are still larger spicula placed in a longitudinal or oblique position along the
branchlets at the surface of the coenenchyma.

Color of dried specimens brownish orange ; axis black, yellow at the ends. Height of
the largest specimen, 22 inches; diameter of trunk, .75 of an inch; of branchlets, .17.
(Coll. Mus. Comp. Zo@1.)

Charleston, S. C., off the bar (L. Agassiz).

This species is readily distinguished from either of the four species found about the
Florida Reefs by its mode of growth, all the latter bemg dichotomous, as well as by the
form and arrangement of the cells. In the last character ML elongata Lamx. and M. laxa
Verr. resemble it most, but the first has smaller, more crowded, and appressed cells, while
the last has much longer and more pointed ones.

Family Primyoace® Milne-Edwards.

Gorgonine (pars) Enrenserc, Dana, etc. Primnoacee (pars) Mine-Epwarps, Coralliaires
(1857).

Corallum simple or branched, with an axis containing a large portion of carbonate of
lime, especially towards the base, where it is stony, but horn-like in the smaller branches.
Cells very prominent, covered with imbricated, scale-like spicula; usually movable at the
narrowed base. There appear to be no distinct median grooves; the cells are usually
placed equally on all sides of the branches, and often arranged in whorls.

Genus Primnoa Lamouroux.
Gorgonia (pars) of earlier authors. Primnoa Lamx., Polyp. Flex. (1816).

Corallum branched, usually arborescent. Branches covered with irregularly scattered
cells, which are bell-shaped, narrow and movable at the base, and protected by large su-
perficial scales.

Primnoa Reseda Verritt.

Gorgonia Reseda Pauuas, Elench. Zooph., p. 204 (1766). Gorgonia lepadifera Linn., ed. xii. vol. i. p. 1289 (1768) ; Exxis and Sor.,

Esper, Lamarck, and others. Primnoa lepadifera Lamx., Polyp. Flex., p. 442 (1816) ; BLAINVILLE, EHRENBERG, Dana, MILNE-
Epwarps, VERRILL, Notice of Primnoa from St. George’s Bank, Proc. Essex Institute (Feb. 1862)

Trunk large, arborescent, branching in a dichotomous manner, often very thick and
MEMOIRS BOST. SOC. NAT. HIST. Vol. I. 3

10 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

stony near the base; branchlets round, tapering to slender flexible points. Cells large,

campanulate, irregularly scattered. The cells are capable of moving in different direc-

tions, but in preserved specimens are generally turned downward. (Coll. Essex Instit.)
St. George’s Bank and Bay of Fundy, in deep waters; northern seas of Kurope.

Family Briaracem Milne-Edwards.

Corallum branched or irregularly lobed, with thickened coenenchyma and a spiculose
or suberous axis. Cells irregularly scattered on all sides; longitudinal ducts numerous,
in one or several irregular rows around the axis.

Genus Paracorota Milne-Edwards.

Aleyonium (pars) Liny., Patuas, Lamarcr, etc. Briareum (pars) Buatnvitte (1830) and
Dana (1846). Lobularia (pars) Kurensere (1834). Paragorgia Mitne-Epwarps, Coralliaires,
ip 1905(185 7).

Corallum irregularly branched or lobed with stout branches, large polyps, and a thick
spongy axis filled with caleareous spicula, which render the axis quite hard in the larger
branches ; cells a little prominent, clustered upon the branches into groups.

Paragorgia arborea Mitne-Epwarps.

Alcyonium arboreum Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x. (1758). Lobuluria arborea EHRENBERG, Corall. des roth. Meeres, p. 59 (1834). Bria-
reum arboreum Dana, Zooph., p. 644 (1846). Paragorgia arborea MitNE-Epwarps, Coralliaires, i. p. 190 (1857).

Coarsely and irregularly branched in an arborescent form, often of large size. Branches
thick, irregular, covered with large tubercular prominences, on which are clustered the
cells; these are large, somewhat prominent, and not very numerous.

Color red or brownish yellow.

Bay of Fundy ; Northern Europe.

The only American specimen of this species that I have seen was presented by Dr. Wm.
Wood to the Portland Society of Natural History. This was obtained in the Bay of Fundy
by a fisherman, but nothing definite could be learned concerning the precise locality or
depth in which it occurred. Not being able to obtain the specimen for examination, I have
prepared the above description from European specimens in the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy.

Genus Tiranipeum Agassiz, MS.

Corallum irregularly dichotomous or simple ; coenenchyma rather thick, suberous, very
spiculose, traversed by well-developed longitudinal ducts arranged in a single series
around the axis. Cells disposed on all sides of the branches, not prominent. Axis per-
fectly distinct from the coenenchyma, compact, but soft, cork-like, composed of closely
united calcareous spicula.

This genus is closely allied to Briareum, but differs in having a much more distinct and
compact axis, and longitudinal ducts in a single circle, as well as in its mode of growth.

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 11

Titanideum suberosum Acassiz, MS.

Spongy Keratophyte Exx1s, Nat. Hist. Corallines, p. 63, tab. 26, P. Q. R. (1754). Gorgonia suberosa Exxis and SoLanpEr, p. 93
(1786), (nec Patuas nec Esper). Briareum suberosum Dana, Zooph., p. 643 (1846).

The corallum, consisting of one or several stalks, which rise from a thick, broadly spread-
ing and incrusting base, branches in an irregularly dichotomous manner, the branches
curving outward at the base, often to a considerable distance, and then rising nearly par-
allel, forming a somewhat fastigiate clump. Branches long, rigid, subcylindrical, taper-
ing slightly towards the obtuse ends, often crooked, strongly compressed at the axils, from
two to eight inches long, and one quarter of an inch in average diameter. Cells oval,
perfectly level with the surface, arranged equally on all sides of the branches, nearly in
quincunx, about one twelfth of an inch distant. Coenenchyma firm and thick, with a
smooth surface. Axis in alcoholic specimens very distinct, dark fuscous; when dry the
axis is somewhat less distinct than before, yellowish brown, and closely adherent to the
coenenchyma.

Color uniform orange or dark red.

Height of the largest specimen examined, 12 inches; diameter of the trunk, .6. This
specimen divides, one and a half inches above the base, into three primary branches, and
these afterwards into twelve secondary ones, some of which are again furcately divided.
(Coll. Mus. Comp. Zod.)

Charleston, 8. C.; Stono Inlet ; Beaufort, N. C.

This singular and very interesting species, first described and very well figured by Ellis
in 1754, seems to have been entirely unknown to later naturalists, until rediscovered by
Prof. Agassiz at Charleston in 1852. Subsequently it was dredged by Mr. Stimpson at
Beaufort, N. C. The former specimens are dull orange, the latter deep red, but in other
respects they agree perfectly. The finest and largest specimens were recently obtained
by Dr. J. W. Page, U.S. A., at Stono Inlet, and presented by him to the Museum of Com-
parative Zodlogy.

Sub-order HI]. PENNATULIDA.

The characters of this group have been briefly indicated above (page 3). It corresponds
nearly with the genus Pennatula of Linné and Pallas, Polypes flottants Lamarck, Pennatu-
aires Blainville, Pennatulina Ehrenberg, Pennatulide Fleming, Dana, Milne-Edwards, Her-
klotz, etc.

This division, if we omit Umbellularia, which is imperfectly known, contains four well-
marked families, viz: I. Preynarutin# Dana (restricted), including Pennatula, Pteroides,
Pteromorpha, Sarcoptilus, Ptilosarcus, Lioptilum ; Tl. Pavonarin™ Dana (restricted), embracing
Funiculina, Virgularia, Lygus, Stylatula, Syctalium ; U1. Vererinuina Gray (emended), con-
taining Veretillum, Cavermilaria, Sarcobelemnon, Lituaria, Kophobelemnon ; IV. Reyttuinm Gray
(emended), embracing only Renil/a and an undescribed genus.

Of these families the last is alone represented on our Atlantic coast, so far as known at
present; but on the Pacific coast two genera of Pennatuline have been found, and also two

species of Stylatula.

12 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

Family Renituun# Gray (emended).

Pennatuline (pars) Enrensperc, Dana. Renillece Gray, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., v. p. 20
(1860).

Polyps arranged symmetrically on the upper surface of a more or less flattened cavern-
ous disk or frond, to the lower surface of which there is attached a hollow locomotive
organ, in the form of a peduncle, destitute of a solid axis.

Genus Renita Lamarck.

Aleyonium (pars) Lixn., Syst. Nat., ed. x.(1758). Pennatula (pars) Parnas (1766) ; Extis and
Sox. (1786). Renilla Lamarck, Hist. des Anim. sans Vert. (1816) ; Buarvittz, Enrenzerc, Dana,
Mitye-Epwarps, etc. Herklotzia Gray, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1860, vol. v. p. 24.

Frond more or less reniform, with a notch or sinus in the posterior edge ; lower surface
somewhat striated with radiating lines; upper surface with scattered cells surrounded by
spicula, which usually project a little above the surface. Polyps when expanded much
exsert, but capable of entire retraction. Among the perfect polyps are scattered numer-
ous rudimentary individuals, which appear like clusters of small white papillae. The
peduncle is attached to the lower surface at or near the smus; it is hollow, more or less
coriaceous, filled, like the surface of the frond, with calcareous spicula, but capable of a
great amount of contraction and expansion; a membrane divides it into an anterior
and posterior longitudinal chamber. The former communicates with a large cavity occu-
pying the central and posterior portion of the upper surface, and from this by numerous
openings with other cavities, fillmg the whole interior of the frond, and connected with the
polyps. The posterior chamber communicates directly with a large cavity at the origin of
the peduncle, and then by means of numerous small openings with the other cavities of
the disk. The tentacles have rather long lobes, in a single row on each side.

The genus fHerklotzia of Gray, founded, apparently, on the figure and description of
Renilla Edwardsii by Herklotz, appears to differ in no respect from fenila, all the characters
assigned to it existing in L. reniformis, the type of the present genus.

Renilla reniformis Cuvier.

Kidney-shoped Sea-Pen Euts, Phil. Trans. 1768, p. 427, pl. 19, figs. 6-10. Pennatula reniformis Pattas, Elench. Zooph.,
p. 374 (1766) ; Exxis and SoranpeEr, Hist. Zodph., p. 65 (1786). Aleyonium agaricum Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. xii. p. 1294 (1768).
Renilla americana LAMARCK, Hist. des Anim. sans Vert., t. ii. p. 429, and 2d ed. p. 646 (1816); Brarnvixie, Man. d’Actinologie,
p. 518 (1884) ; Esrenpere, Corall. des roth. Meeres, p. 65 (1884). Renilla americana (pars) Dana, Zodphytes, p. 588 (not the
figure, which is R. Dane nob.) (1846). Renilla reniformis Cuvier, Régne Animal, 2d ed. iii. p. 319 (1830); Gispes, Fauna of
S. Carolina (App. to Tuomey’s Geol. Survey) no description (1846) ; Acass1z, On the Structure of the Halcyonoid Polypi, p. 10
(Extract from the Proceedings of the Am. Association for 1850) (not R. reniformis HErK Lotz, which is R. Dane nob.). Renilla
americana MitnE-Epwarps, Coralliaires, t. i. p. 220 (excluding the synonym, R. violacea Q. and G., which is a distinct species).

Frond rounded reniform, or heart-shaped, a little longer than broad; sinus extending
about one third across the disk, rounded within, the posterior lobes meeting, or over-
lapping somewhat, behind; peduncle well developed, bulbous at the end and enlarged
where it joins the disk to form, in part, the dorsal central cavity of the disk. Lower

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 13

surface of the frond nearly smooth, but marked with fine radiating striae, filled with
small spicula, and with a net-work of light-colored lines. Cells few, rather large, sur-
rounded by small and slightly prominent spicula; rudimentary individuals numerous,
irregularly scattered among the cells, a little prominent, composed of eight or ten little
lobes.

Color of the disk, when living, according to the drawings of Prof. Agassiz, a vivid
reddish purple; peduncle the same color, except at the tip and the poimt of union with
the disk, where it is lighter; polyps diaphanous, delicate bluish white, the walls with
specks of brown and a circle of brown spots just below the tentacles ; tentacles diaph-
anous with a marginal line of brown on each side, widening towards the base.

The polyps are arranged symmetrically on each side of a narrow naked space, extend-
ing from the sinus more than half across the disk, and situated above the large central
chamber within; when expanded they are much exsert, but less so than in other spe-
cies of the genus. The tentacles are narrow lanceolate, with rather distant, long lobes,
which are confined principally to the outer half. Mouth oblong, with four small rounded
lobes on each side.

This species is capable of distending itself greatly with water, when it becomes very
thick and swollen, thinnest at the edges; the peduncle can expand to four or five times
its length when contracted. According to Prof. Agassiz, who has carefully studied it
while living,’ it is remarkably phosphorescent, emitting a “golden green light of a most
wonderful softness.” Its ordinary position when expanded is to have the peduncle buried
perpendicularly in the sand and swollen into a bulb at the end. In locomotion the disk
itself can be used, either by alternately contracting and expanding the two lateral por-
tions, or by expanding and extending the anterior end and then contracting so as to
form a transverse constriction which gradually passes off posteriorly. (Coll. Mus. Comp.
Zool.)

It is found quite commonly at low-water mark and in pools left by the tide on the
coast of Georgia and South Carolina, extending as far northward as Beaufort, N. C.

Order Il. ZOANTHARIA.

The structural features which characterize this order are principally the combination
of the spheromeres in multiples of six, and the presence of interambulacral spaces be-
tween them, in which the new spheromeres are developed during growth, together
with the simple tubular structure of the tentacles, which vary in number from twelve
to several hundred.

The lateral walls of the spheromeres, forming radiating partitions, of which the
principal ones extend from the outer wall to the digestive sac, have been called lamelle
by Dana, and septa by some later writers; but since the latter term has been definitely
applied by Milne-Edwards and Haime to the solid plates formed, in many genera,
within the spheromeres, between the damelle, it ought to be used in this sense alone.

Owing to the great advance made in our knowledge of the structure of this group
within a comparatively recent time, through the careful investigations of Dana, Milne-
Edwards and Haime, and others, the number of terms that must necessarily be employed
in the description of their parts has been greatly increased, but, in order to avoid con-

1 Proceedings of the American Association, 1850.
MEMOIRS BOST. SOC. NAT. HIST. Vol. L. 4

14 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

fusion, we have endeavored to use in each case that name which was first definitely
applied to any part, although in some cases it has been found necessary to restrict the
meaning somewhat, as in the instance above mentioned.

The sub-order Actinarta of Dana, if we exclude the Lucernaride, Cyathophyllide,-and
Favositide, which have been shown by Prof. Agassiz to belong to the class of Acalephs,
corresponds to the order as here limited. The order Zoanruarta of Milne-Edwards,
after removing, in the same way, the Tubulata and Rugosa to the Acalephs, is also equiv-
alent to the present group.

The name Zoanrnarta (Zoantha) was first applied to this division, with nearly the
same limits as at present, by Blainville in 1830.7

Milne-Edwards has divided the order into three principal groups or sub-orders.

I. Actinaria, corresponding nearly to the family Actiiwde Dana.

I. Antiparnarta, equivalent to Antipathacee Dana. °

II. Mapreporaria, including Madreporacee, Caryophyllacee, and part of Astreacee of
Dana.

The first two of these divisions we adopt almost without change, but it seems neces-
sary to divide the Madreporaria into three equivalent groups, which shall rank as_ sub-
orders equal in value to the others, as Prof: Agassiz suggested in his lectures several
years ago. These groups will stand as follows, viz: I. Funearta, or Funan, em-
bracing the Fungide of Milne-Edwards, together with Merulna and Echinopora ; TL. As-
TREARIA, or AstTRetD®, including the Astrea and Oculiudae of Milne-Edwards, and _per-
haps also Caryophyllide ; U1. Mapreporarta, equivalent to the Madreporarie perforate of
Milne-Edwards, and including Madreporide, Gemmiporide, Eupsamnude, and Poritide as
families.

Of these sub-orders, Actinaria, Antipatharia, and Astrearia are represented on this coast.

Sub-order I ACTINARIA.

This group as restricted by Milne-Edwards comprises only a small part of the forms
included by Dana under the same name, for in the latter case it corresponds nearly
to the entire order Zoantharia, as now limited; it seems, however, entirely unnecessary
to introduce any other name for the present division.

This sub-order is peculiar in having the muscular system highly developed in nearly
all parts of the body, but more particularly in the walls, which are therefore more or
less soft and contractile throughout their whole extent and never deposit within their
substance solid calcareous corals. The basal or abactinal region is also generally mus-
cular and so specialized as to be used in locomotion. The tentacles vary from twelve
to many hundred, in the different genera, but are usually numerous. The species are
mostly simple, but a few bud from basal expansions or stolons, and others, which are
naturally simple, may do so abnormally, like several Aehinine.

A large number of groups are embraced in this division, which have been variously
considered as families, sub-families, sections, or genera, by different authors; but with the
imperfect knowledge existing at the present time in regard to the details of their anat-
omy, it is scarcely possible to assign true limits or rank to all these various groups,
although some of them seem to be well-marked families. For the present the following
seems to me the most natural arrangement of the families: Mynrapin/; THALASSIANTHIN ;

1 Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, Zoophytes.

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 15

Acrinipm, including as sub-families Phyllactine, Antheade, Bunodide, Sagartiade, and Acti-
nine of Gosse; Inyanrnipa; Crrtanrnip®; and Zoanruip™.
Representatives of all these except the first two are found on our coast.

Family Acrinipa.

Form in expansion more or less cylindrical, rising from a broadly expanded, basal
disk, which is usually wider than the column, adherent, muscular, and used in locomo-
tion. The tentacles are simple, numerous, in several rows near the margin.

This group includes several well-marked divisions which appear to have the rank
of sub-families, viz: Actinine, in which the body is contractile ; the walls either smooth
or papillose, apparently imperforate ; a row of colored vesicles surrounds the margin at
the base of the tentacles, corresponding in position to the eye-specks of other radiates :*
Bunodide, having large tentacles; the body rather short, moderately contractile; the
walls covered with vertical rows of papilla, corresponding to each spheromere ; the
upper vesicle of some of the rows usually larger than the others, and homologous with
the colored ones of the preceding group: Phyllactne, in which the uppermost vesicles
are developed into lobed, adhesive, or tentacle-like organs: Sagartiadwe, having an elon-
gated, very contractile column, the walls perforated with special openings (einelides
Gosse) through which are thrown out thread-like, offensive organs (acoulia); the exte-
rior frequently covered by adhesive suckers, but not often with prominent papille:
Antheade, with long cylindrical tentacles not capable of being contracted within the
body, owing to the rudimentary condition of the muscular system of the lamelle; the
walls are without appendages of any kind.

All these sub-families except Actininw are found within our limits, and comprise the
majority of the polyps living on this coast.

Sub-family Bunopipz.

Actinines verruqueuses Mitne-Epwarps, Coralliaires (1857). Family Bunodide Gossn, Ann.
and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 5d series, i. p. 417 (1858); Actinologia Britannica (1860).

Genus Bunoprs Gosse.

Actina (pars) Linnmus, Cuvier, Lamarck, Dana. Cribrina (pars) Kurensere (1834).
Bunodes Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soe., xxi. p. 274 (1855); Observations on Actiniade, Ann.
and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 2d series, xvi. p. 294 (1855). Cereus (pars) Mitne-Epwarps, Co-
ralliaires (1857) (non Oken).

Column elongated, subcylindrical in expansion, hemispherical in contraction; walls firm,
with numerous prominent papille arranged in vertical lines corresponding to the cham-
bers within, the uppermost, marginal ones larger than the rest, generally distended, and
diaphanous, the others capable of adhering strongly to foreign bodies. Tentacles well
developed, large, subcylindrical, not very numerous, perforated at the tips. Lamellee
(in B. cavernata) broad throughout their whole length, nearly uniformly thickened with

1 Actinia primula Drayton (Dana, Zodphytes) pl. 2, f: 12-15, belongs to this division, and appears also to have acontia.

16 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

longitudinal and oblique muscular fibres; at some distance from their upper ends there
are rather large, circular, peripheric pores.

This genus corresponds in part to Cereus of Milne-EKdwards, but that genus, as established
by Oken in 1815, had for its type the Actua belts of authors, which belongs to the
genus Sagartia of Gosse. The genus Cribrina of Ehrenberg covers very nearly the same
ground as Cereus of Oken, and has for its principal character the perforation of the
walls, which is essentially a character of the Sagartiade, and not of this division.

Bunodes stella Verritt.
Actinia coriacea? Stimpson, Marine Invert. of Grand Menan, p. 7 (1858).
Plate I. figures 1-8.

When in full expansion the column is generally cylindrical, or pillar-shaped with the
middle portion smallest, enlargmg more rapidly towards the disk than the base; the
height is often double the diameter of the column, but sometimes does not exceed it.
In contraction it becomes a depressed cone, covered with radiating lines of suckers.
The tentacles are large, not very numerous, about equal in length to the diameter of
the disk, often somewhat exceeding .it; in ordinary expansion they are largest near the
base, tapering gradually to the obtuse tips. The largest specimens observed have sev-
enty-two tentacles of which twenty-four belong to the fifth cycle, which is incomplete.
Specimens of about an inch in diameter have usually forty-eight tentacles, forming four
complete cycles. Those of the first two cycles are somewhat larger than the rest, form-
ing the inner row of twelve, which are generally held in an upright position during
expansion, while the rest are curved more or less outward and downward and some-
times curiously curled and bent in all directions. The column is sulcated with vertical
lines corresponding to the radiating partitions within, while the ambulacral spaces, cor-
responding to the chambers below each tentacle, are slightly swollen, and have, at inter-
vals of about one fourth of an inch, rounded suckers or verrucee, the upper one of each
vertical row being more prominent than the rest, and situated at the margin of the
disk, just below the base of the tentacle; lower down the verruce belonging to the
ambulacra of different cycles do not correspond horizontally, so that they appear to be
arranged nearly in quincunx. These suckers have the power of adhering firmly to
pieces of shells, grains of sand, ete. Specimens when found are generally covered by
such foreign substances, which, however, they very soon discard when confined in an
aquarium. The disk is flat or somewhat convex at the centre; mouth usually a little
prominent, with four conspicuous folds; it often has the form of a cross, the transverse
opening longest; at each end there is a small, rounded lobe with a larger one on
each side projecting inward and often meeting, thus enclosing a crescent or heart-shaped
space at each angle; the sides of the mouth are formed by a broad lobe on each side,
which is often again divided into secondary ones.

The color of the column is generally pale, pellucid olive-green, sometimes flesh-color ;
tentacles, disk, and verruce a lighter tint of the same, each tentacle sometimes having a
well-defined ring of opaque white near the middle and, at the base on the inside, a con-
spicuous spot of the same, which is broad below and often cordate, diminishing upwards
and blending into the general hue, but these spots are absent on those of the first two
cycles; from the mouth six conspicuous flake-white bands radiate to the primary tentacles ;

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 17

the two that are in a line with the mouth being the broadest; occasionally the other four
are indistinct or wanting ; sometimes these are fainter, while radii extend to those of the
second cycle; inside of the mouth light orange.

The largest specimens that I have observed were about two inches high in full expan-
sion, and one and a fourth across the disk, with the tentacles about the same in length. A
specimen, half an inch across the disk, had forty-eight tentacles ; another, one quarter inch
in diameter, had thirty-six tentacles, and the colors of the adults; one, only one tenth of an
inch, had some tentacles of the third cycle developed, with the star on the disk represented
by six white spots, two of them largest. The young, when excluded, have usually twelve
tentacles, and average about one twelfth of an inch in diameter. (Col. Mus. Comp. Zo0l.)

Cape Elizabeth, Me., in pools near low-water mark, buried to the tentacles in sand; Hast-
port, Me., and Grand Menan, N. B., in crevices of rocks near low-water mark.

This beautiful species resembles B. gemmacea of Europe in many respects, and may well
be considered the American representative of that species. A comparison that I have had
an opportunity of making at the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy between living speci-
mens of B. gemmacea, sent from the Free Public Museum of Liverpool through Captain J.
Anderson, and B. stella, obtained at Cape Elizabeth, Me., by Mr. E. 8. Morse, has enabled me
to ascertain the specific characters of the two species.

In B. gemmacea the tentacles are more numerous, and smaller in proportion to the size of
the body; the verruce are more numerous and crowded, and the marginal ones are less
prominent; the colors are in vertical bands on the column, and the tentacles are varie-
gated, while in B. séedla, at least in all the specimens yet observed, the color of the column
and tentacles is uniform light greenish, or flesh-color, sometimes with white bands, or basal
spots, on the latter. The six white lines radiating from the mouth across the disk seem,
also, to be a constant and characteristic feature of B. stella, sce they could be traced in
almost every specimen that I have observed,—even in young ones not more than one
fourth of an inch in diameter.

Its favorite situation appears to be in the fissures and crevices of ledges and rocks, over-
grown by fuci and other sea-weeds, in the lower portion of the littoral zone. In such places
it is often found in great profusion lying in a flaccid, halfexpanded state’ while the tide is
out. It thrives well in confinement, and makes a very elegant appearance when expanded.
It appears to be most active during the night, but will frequently remain in full expansion
during the whole day.

Bunodes cavernata VERRILL.

Actinia cavernata Bosc, Histoire Nat. des Vers (1802) ; 2d ed. vol. ii. p. 260, pl. 12, f. 2 (1880, apparently the young). Actinie
cavernate Bosc, Nouveau Dictionnaire d’ Histoire Naturelle, i. p. 163, pl. A. 4 (1816, same figure as the preceding). Actinia cavernata
Gispes, Fauna of South Carolina, p. xxiii., no description (Appendix to Tuomey’s Geol. Survey, 1846). Actinia cavernosa Mo-
Crapy, Proc. Elliott Society of Charleston, S. C., i. p. 275 (1858).

The column is short, cylindrical in expansion, capable of contracting into a hemispherical
form, densely covered with prominent, persistent papille, arranged near together in ver-
tical series, well developed even at the base, the upper, marginal ones somewhat larger and
lighter colored. Tentacles numerous, subequal, the longest less than the radius of the disk,
(about one half an inch long in large specimens,) crowded in numerous indistinct rows near
the margin, rather thick, tapering from near the base to the acute points. Mouth capable
of eversion, rather long, narrow, provided with several lateral folds.

Color of the body dull yellowish, or greenish brown, with numerous small dark brown

MEMOIRS BOST. SOC. NAT. HIST. Vol. I. 5

18 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

spots, arranged somewhat in vertical lines, occasionally forming irregular streaks; tentacles
yellowish green, with a dark brown spot at the base, and often with longitudinal lines of
brown or dark green, and tipped with white ; disk dark, greenish brown, lightest around the
mouth.

Height of a good-sized specimen in expansion, 2 inches ; breadth, 1.5.

Charleston, 8. C. (L. Agassiz).

There are numerous good specimens of this species in the Museum of Comparative Zodl-
ogy, and in the possession of Prof. Agassiz are several colored drawings made from life by
Mr. Burkhardt, from which I have taken the description of the tentacles and colors.

Prof. Agassiz has also another drawing representing a cluster attached within the cavities
of a stone, apparently the young of this species. These are nearly uniform greenish, with
the tentacles tipped with white, thus corresponding very well with the description by Bose.

Genus Ruopactinta Agassiz.

Cribrina (pars) EnrenperG (1834). Rhodactina Acassiz, Comptes-rendus, xxv. p. 677,
Nov. 1847 (extract from a letter to Humboldt); Revue Zoologique par la Société Cuviéri-
enne, 1847, p. 394 (another extract from the same letter as the preceding). Bunodes
(pars) Goss, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. p. 274 (1855). Cereus (pars) Mitne-Epwarps, Coralliaires
(1857). Zeaha Gossz, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 3d ser. i. p. 417 (Jan. 1858).

Column low, shorter than broad ; the walls firm and thick, with a thickened fold near the
upper margin in adult specimens ; surface covered by distant verruce, which are arranged in
vertical rows along the ambulacral regions, but so remotely as to appear scattered ; these
are less prominent and persistent than in the preceding genus, being often so reduced as to
be scarcely apparent. Mouth large, often everted; tentacles large, cylindrical, with dis-
tinct openings at the ends.

This genus, named and briefly described by Prof. Agassiz im 1847, corresponds perfectly
to that recently established by Gosse under the name Teala, the typical species of the for-
mer, #. Davisii, being the American representative of 2. crassicorns of Kurope, which is the
type of Zeala.

Rhodactinia Davisii Acassiz.

Rhodactinia Davisii AGassiz, Comptes-rendus, xxv. p. 677 (Nov. 1847); Revue Zoologique Soc. Cuviérienne, p. 894 (1847, the
deep-water form). <Actinia obtruncata Srimpson, Marine Invertebrata of Grand Menan, p. 7 (1853, the littoral form). Actinia car-
neola St1MPSON, |. c. p. 7 (young).

Plate I. figure 9.

The column is short, cylindrical, broader than high, sometimes four inches broad and
about two high in expansion; walls thick, somewhat cartilaginous, with scattered papil-
le, which are usually but slightly prominent, and often inconspicuous, the surface then
appearing smooth or reticulated ; these, though widely scattered, are in vertical lines, cor-
responding to the sub-tentacular chambers within ; in adult specimens there is a thickened
fold near the upper edge of the column. Tentacles numerous, in several indistinct rows
near the margin of the disk, conical or cylindrical, thick, rather short, obtusely rounded at
the ends, or even at times club-shaped. The disk is usually flat, but sometimes convex.
The mouth (actinostome) is large, oblong, with a similar fold at each end, in front of which
on both sides there is a large rounded fold, giving a somewhat rectangular appearance to

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 19

the mouth in some states of expansion. The stomach is often everted so as to completely
disguise and replace both the mouth and disk.

The color is often bright cherry red with the tentacles paler and diaphanous, but is quite
variable according to the locality. The specimens from deep water are generally as
described above, or flesh-color and diaphanous. In shallower water (8 to 15 f.) they are
frequently blotched or streaked with bright red on a light red or greenish ground
color; the tentacles are pale flesh-color, each with a band of pink near the middle and
another near the tip, with often a white band between, and white at the extreme tip ;
the disk pink with radiating lmes of red, which embrace the bases of the tentacles and
sometimes fade away before reaching the mouth, which is surrounded by an ill-defined
circle of red, the angles of the mouth pale orange. Littoral specimens are most com-
monly of a clear, bluish green color, irregularly blotched with crimson or reddish brown ;
tentacles pellucid, or light red, with a diffuse spot of white on the inner side of the base
and an undefined white band near the middle; the disk greenish with purple radi. The
following are descriptions made from life of some of the other colors frequently met with at
Eastport, Me.: 1. Column deep crimson; tentacles light reddish brown, each with a broad
band of dark crimson near the end, bordered below by a faint light band, the extreme tip
whitish ; disk light greenish brown with radiating lines of purple ; mouth surrounded by a
broad, faint ring of purple (littoral). 2. Column flesh-color with blotches of orange red;
disk flesh-color with bright red radii which do not reach the mouth ; the latter light orange
(littoral). 3. Column flesh-colored, mottled with bright pink with a band of pink just below
the tentacles ; radii of the disk bright pink, well defined ; tentacles, each with a large white
spot at the base on the inside and a smaller one on the outside, a broad pink band above the
base, a narrow whitish band in the middle, then another broad pink band, and, finally, white
at the tip (in 20 f rocky bottom). 4. Column uniform light pink with an orange tinge,
except a band of a somewhat lighter tint below the tentacles, the surface appearing smooth ;
tentacles pink with lighter tips; disk very pale pink with well-marked spots of opaque
white in front of the bases of the tentacles (20 f. shelly bottom). The last form seems per-
fectly identical with Stimpson’s Actinia carneola. Some of the smaller specimens agree with
his description in every respect, but do not appear to differ in anything except color from
the young belonging to the ordinary varieties.

This species discharges young of various sizes, and probably eggs also. Some of the
young, about .98 of an inch in diameter, had but six tentacles, which were longer than the
width of the disk; others, about .10 of an inch, had twelve tentacles, six of them much
longer than the diameter of the disk; another about twice as large had twelve tentacles
well developed, and two very small ones appearing regularly in one of the systems and
two others appearing in one half of another system; others, about a quarter of an inch
in diameter, had twenty-four tentacles about equal in length to the diameter of the disk
and some very small ones appearing in some of the systems. Specimens an inch in
diameter when expanded have about sixty tentacles, which are nearly half an inch long,
the primary ones being placed about midway between the mouth and the margin. (Coll.
Mus. Comp. Zoi.)

Range from Nantucket shoals to Grand Menan, perhaps to Labrador, and in depth from
the middle region of the littoral zone to thirty fathoms.

On the shore it seems to prefer ledges covered thickly with fuci, and in such places is
often very abundant, completely covering the cavities and fissures. It is often associated
with Bunodes stella, but does not confine itself so exclusively to fissures as the latter, and is

20 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

very seldom, if ever, found coated by foreign substances. In form it is very mutable, both
ends being capable of great distension or contraction either separately or at the same time.
It will often assume a variety of the most diversified forms within a very few minutes.

This species is very near &. crassicornis of Europe, having been considered the same by
some naturalists, and like it has a wide range of variation in color and form, but it seems
never to have the surface, even in littoral specimens, strongly and persistently papillose,
like that of the latter. The tentacles, also, appear to be uniformly blunter at the ends
than in the corresponding European forms.

The genera Bolocera and Stomphia of Gosse seem to me to be founded on forms of R. eras-
sicoris, and in the present species corresponding forms occur. <A large specimen, which I
obtained off Grand Menan in 35 fathoms, agrees with the genus Bolocera in all respects,
having the same character of surface and furrowed tentacles, which were not withdrawn
even after the rough treatment received during its capture; yet I am unable to separate it
from &. Davis. Another specimen dredged in 12 fathoms, rocky bottom, at Eastport, Me.,
had the characters of Stomplua.

This individual had the tentacles in two marginal rows, a convex disk with a broad, ob-
long mouth, having a large fold at each end and fourteen radii on one side and fifteen on
the other. The walls were apparently smooth. The color of the column was pale pink
mottled with vermillion, with a colorless band just beneath the tentacles ; disk light scarlet
with a colorless circle near the mouth, the margin of which was bright red; tentacles trans-
parent, bluish white, with a scarlet band near the middle and another close to the end.
This specimen, when expanded, was about an inch and a half in diameter and the same in
height; in contraction, low and nearly flat.

Sub-family Paytiactin® Milne-Edwards.

The characters of this group have been indicated above, page 15.

Genus Avunactinta Agassiz, MS.

In this genus the base is adherent, but capable of distension ; column elongated, moder-
ately contractile, and capable of involving the tentacles and disk with its summit, but not of
contracting into a low cone; upper part covered with prominent, adherent verruce or
suckers arranged in vertical rows, the uppermost one in each row situated just below the
tentacles, larger than the others, trilobed, the lobes again subdivided on their lower sides ;
wall near the margin thickened into a fold. Tentacles numerous, subequal, well developed.
Mouth (actinostome) with a fold at each angle, one of which is considerably the largest.
Internal lamella well developed, much narrowed near the base, thickened above with
strong longitudinal muscles, which serve to contract the disk and tentacles. The walls are
thin, leathery, or parchment-like, and but slightly muscular ; digestive sac short and thick ;
ovaries attached to the upper part of the lamellee.

Aulactinia capitata Agassiz, MS.

Column very long, cylindrical, or more commonly clavate, diminishing from the enlarged
summit to a constriction near the base, below which it suddenly expands to the edge of the
basal disk, which is narrower than the upper part of the column ; the base is thin and often

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. Zill

distended. Walls thin, parchment-like, the upper half covered by large, prominent, ad-
hesive verruce, concave at their summits, arranged rather closely in vertical rows, becom-
ing obsolete below. The rows are separated by wider naked spaces; margin with a
thickened fold, below which there is a circle of large compound verrucex, which are the
uppermost ones in the vertical rows of suckers; these are short, thick, distinctly trilobed
on the lower side, each lobe again divided below into short rounded tubercles or crenula-
tions. Tentacles very numerous, short, thick, pointed, arranged in many rows; the twelve
inner ones, belonging to the first two cycles, are thicker than the rest, six of them gener-
ally curved inwards in expansion, and six erect; the outer ones are more slender, scarcely
shorter, and are generally carried spreading outward; mouth with two opposite crescent-
shaped folds.

Color brownish gray or greenish brown, with lighter longitudinal lines; disk similar to
the column, with darker radiating lines, and a lighter space around the mouth ; tentacles
yellowish green, with a dark brown median line on the inner side, interrupted by several
white spots, which often blend into a white line near the base; verrucse gray.

Height in expansion often 6 inches; greatest diameter 1.35; length of tentacles about
80. (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.)

Charleston, S. C., buried to the tentacles in sand (L. Agassiz); Fort Macon, N. C. (Sam’l
Cabot); Beaufort, N. C. (A. 8. Bickmore).

Sub-family Sagarrps.
Family Sagartide Gossr, Actinologia Britannica, p. 9 (1860).

This division has been established by Gosse on the character of having openings like
loopholes (enchde) piercing the walls, through which peculiar thread-like organs, consisting
in great part of lasso-cells, are thrown out for defence when irritated, and possibly, in some
cases, for the purpose of obtaining food. These thread-like organs are often, also, thrown
out from the mouth and accidental ruptures of the walls in great numbers. When pro-
truded for self-defence, they are slowly withdrawn again, if the exciting cause be removed.
This I have observed in Metridium marginatum, and Gosse mentions the same fact in respect
to other species. The mode in which the threads are expelled and withdrawn seems to be
entirely mechanical, depending upon the flow of water through the cinclide, the force of the
current impelling the flexible filaments either outward or inward according to its course.

There are a few additional characters which separate this group from other Actimde,
though mostly of a negative nature, and at the same time it is somewhat doubtful whether
cinchde and acontia are not present in other divisions, namely, Actiunie, Anthede, and, pos-
sibly, Bunodide.

Genus Merripium Oken.

Actina (pars) Lixnzus, Pennant, Extis and Soranper, Lamarck, Cuvier, etc. Metridium
Oxen, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, ili. p. 349 (1815). Actinoloba (pars) Buatnvitie, Dict.
des Sci. Nat. and Manuel d’Actinologie, p. 8322 (1830-34). Cribrina (pars) Enrensere, Corall.
des rothen Meeres (1834). Sagartia (pars) Gossz, Manual Mar. Zoél. Actinoloba Gosss,
Actinologia Britannica, p. 11 (1860).

Column very contractile and changeable in form, often much elongated, but capable of

MEMOIRS BOST. SOC. NAT. HIST. Vol. I. 6

22, VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

contracting into a broad, flattened cone. Walls smooth, destitute of suckers, pierced with
scattered cinclide, thickened near the summit into a fold surrounding the column, above
this thinner and diaphanous. Disk broad, deeply folded or frilled at the margin. Tentacles
very numerous, the inner ones largest, scattered on the disk, the outer ones becoming
gradually very small and much crowded, fringe-like at the margin. Acontia very abundant,
but not emitted except after considerable irritation. The mouth has a broad and deep
groove at one angle and twelve to sixteen folds along each side.

This genus as established by Oken had for its type Actinia dianthus of authors, the Euro-
pean representative of JL marginata. By Ehrenberg and several other writers the name
has been applied to Actimda of entirely different characters, belonging to the Phyllactine,
thus excluding the typical species. We follow Milne-Edwards in retaining the name for
this genus, with Jf dianthus as its type.

Metridium marginatum Mitne-Epwarps.

Actinia marginata LeSurun, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences Philad., vol. i. pt. i. p. 172 (1817). Gouxp, Report on Invertebrata of
Massachusetts, p. 849 (1841). Acassiz, Twelve Lectures on Comp. Embryology, p. 38, pl. xx. xxxii. xxxiii. (1849). Actinia
marginata and Actinia dianthus? Stimpson, Synopsis of Marine Invert. of Grand Menan, p. 7 (1853). Actinia marginata Lerpy,
Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences Philad., 2d series, vol. iii. p. 140 (1855). Metridium marginatum M1tnn-Epwarps, Hist. Nat. des
Coralliaires, vol. i. p. 254 (1857). Actinia dianthus Dawson, On Sea-Anemones and Hydroid Polyps from the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. iii. p. 402, figs. 1 and 2 (1858). Actinia marginata Mrs. L. Acasstz, A First Lesson in Nat-
ural History, p. 10, figs. 1 to 6 (1859). Actinia marginata AGass1z, Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, vol.
iii. p. 39, fig. 8 (1860).

The form of this species is very changeable ; in contraction it is hemispherical or a broad
low cone, sometimes almost disk-like ; in expansion most commonly like a thick cylinder
or pillar, higher than broad, with an expanded base, the summit surmounted by the broad,
elegantly frilled or undulated disk, with the tentacles drooping in a graceful fringe on all
sides and concealing the upper part of the column. Sometimes it becomes greatly elon-
gated and attenuated, the disk looking somewhat like a flower supported on its peduncle.
This form is most frequently assumed by young specimens. Column smooth, more or less
cylindrical, thickened near the top into a slightly elevated band or fold, which is about an
inch below the base of the tentacles in large specimens ; above this it becomes thinner and
diaphanous. Acontia emitted copiously from scattered cinclide and from the mouth when
strongly irritated. They often extend to the distance of two inches or more. Disk much
broader than the column, its margin usually thrown into about twelve deep undulating folds
or frills, which are, however, quite changeable in size and number in the same individual.
Tentacles arranged on the outer half of the disk, leaving a central area free from them ;
the inner ones are scattered distantly and somewhat irregularly and are larger than the rest,
sometimes half an inch in length; they decrease rapidly in size towards the margin, where
they become very crowded and quite small, looking like a delicate fringe along the edge.

Color exceedingly variable, but most commonly with the column some shade of brown ;
the disk and column about the fold a light shade of the same, or flesh-colored ; the tentacles
grayish, often with lighter tips; mouth similar in color to the column, but lighter. There
are, however, so many styles of coloration that it may be well to mention a few, though to
characterize all the variations would be scarcely possible. The following are often met
with : —

1. Salmon-colored throughout; tentacles a lighter tint of the same.

2. Yellowish brown, streaked with lighter near the base ; tentacles delicate flesh-colored ;
mouth like the column.

} @ i

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 25

3. Umber brown, with plain, dark slate-colored tentacles.

4. Umber brown ; tentacles light slate, having a ring of white near their bases.

5. Umber, with white tentacles.

6. Yellowish umber ; tentacles a lighter tint of the same.

7. Column irregularly blotched and mottled with brown on a whitish ground color ; ten-
tacles light grayish brown.

8. White or very light flesh-colored throughout.

9. Yellowish red or brick-red, with flesh-colored tentacles.

Very young specimens are slender in expansion, with long slender tentacles, which are
not crowded. The disk is not undulated, and there is no apparent fold on the column.
Their color is uniform yellowish white or flesh-color. Specimens of about half an inch in
diameter show indications of the characteristic fold or thickening of the wall, but have the
disk scarcely undulated. Their tentacles are long and slender, considerably crowded, and
often marked by a longitudinal dark line. They are frequently lengthened to a very
great extent when expanded.

The larger specimens commonly met with are about 4 inches high in ordinary expan-
sion; 3 broad across the disk ; 1.50 at the centre of the column; inner tentacles .50 in
length ; outer .10 to .20. Specimens of much larger size are occasionally found.

Range, from Buzzard’s Bay, Long Island Sound, and near New York, to Gaspé, Canada
Fast. (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zodl.)

This species is very closely allied to MZ dianthus of Kurope and by some writers has been
considered the same. <A careful examination of living specimens of the latter in the Museum
of Comparative Zodlogy, forwarded from the Free Public Museum of Liverpool, through
the kindness of Capt. J. Anderson, and a direct comparison with others of MZ marginata, has
convinced me, that, though very similar in appearance, they are perfectly distinct. In
dianthus the inner tentacles are more scattered over the disk, leaving a more limited central
area free from them than in our species, in which they consequently appear more concen-
trated towards the margin of the disk. The tentacles are also smaller in the former
and more delicate than in individuals of the same size of the latter. The margin of the
disk in the specimens examined of JZ dianthus appeared more numerously and deeply
frilled than in any specimens that I have seen of JL marginata. 'The margin of the mouth
of the latter is nearly always of the same color as the column, but of a lighter tint ; while
in the former it is said by Gosse to be “ generally rufous or orange red, whatever the hue
of the body.”

This opinion has been much strengthened by the testimony of Dr. Wm. Stimpson, who
has had unrivalled opportunities for the study of the marine invertebrata, both on this coast
and on that of Great Britain, for I have been assured by him that he has found the differ-
ence in the arrangement of the inner tentacles constant among hundreds of specimens of
both species, which he has examined. He therefore considers them sufficiently distinct.

The Fringed Actinia is the most abundant species along the whole coast of New Eng-
land and the Provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It ranges in depth from low-
water mark to thirty fathoms, and is often, also, found attached to the sides of fissures and im
rocky pools between tides, particularly in places sheltered from the sun. Not unfrequently
it is seen attached in large numbers to the piles of wharves at or just below low-water
mark; but its favorite haunts are rocky situations or bottoms covered by stones of moder-
ate size. In the Bay of Fundy it is particularly abundant and grows to a very large size.
At Mount Desert, on the coast of Maine, I have seen, during a very low tide, a rocky bot-

24 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

tom completely covered for acres with this species, from low-water mark to a depth of
two fathoms or more, and so thickly crowded on every exposed surface of rock that from a
stone no more than six inches in diameter I have taken upwards of sixty individuals of
various sizes. On the southern coast of Labrador we failed to detect this species during
viumerous careful searches at low-water mark and while dredging in favorable situations,
It is not improbable, however, that it may yet be found there, as well as on the coast of
Newfoundland. This species, like Jf dianthus, often separates from the border of its base
small fragments, which in a few days become perfect individuals. This is analogous to basal
budding, so often seen in other families of polyps.

Genus Cereus Oken.

Actinia (pars) Euurs and other early authors. Cereus Oxen, Lehrb. der Nat. (1815, type
Actinia bellis Eutas and Sot.). Actinocerus Buainvitte, Dict. Sci. Nat. (1830) ; Man. d’Actinologie,
(1834). Cribrina (pars) Kurensere, Corall. roth. Meeres (1834). Sagartia (pars) Gosss, Trans.
Linn. Soc., xxi. p. 267 (1855). Cereus (pars) and Adamsia (pars) Mine-Epwarps, Coralliaires
(1857). Sagartia (Scyphyia) Gosse, Actinologia Brit., p. 123 (1860).

Column very contractile, pillar-like in expansion, capable of great elongation. Walls
extending to the margin, uninterrupted by a fold or thickening, pierced by numerous cin-
clidx, the upper part provided with numerous, well-developed suckers. Acontia emitted
freely. Tentacles very numerous, the inner ones somewhat scattered on the disk, the outer
crowded at the margin. Disk broad, scarcely frilled, though often undulate.

In adopting the genus Cereus of Oken I find it necessary to change materially the limits
assigned to it by Milne-Edwards, and to take as the type of the group Actina bells Ellis and
Sol., which is the first species named by Oken, and the one which, more than any of the
others, possesses the characters mentioned by him, particularly the perforation of the walls.
This character does not appear to exist among those species included in section A of the
genus as defined by Milne-Edwards, which corresponds to Bunodes and Rhodactinia. The
group as here restricted embraces a part of the genus Sagartia of Gosse, but I am disposed
to consider those species of the latter genus claimed by him as most typical, worthy of
being separated generically under that name. The genus Cribrina of Ehrenberg appears to
be perfectly synonymous with Cereus as defined by Oken, although the first species named
under it has not the character of perforated walls assigned by him to the genus.

Cereus sol Acassiz, MS.
Actinia sol Agassiz, MS. 1849.

The column is very changeable in form, in expansion often like a moderately elongated
pillar, enlarging both towards the base and summit. It is capable of contracting into a
globular form or into a low, flattened cone ; walls provided for a short distance below the
tentacles with well-marked suckers, towards the base nearly smooth. Acontia emitted to
the distance of two inches from scattered openings, apparently not very numerous. Base
adherent to shells, etc., somewhat expanded, circular, the tissue diaphanous, beautifully
marked by the internal radiating lamelle. Tentacles numerous, amounting to several hun-
dreds in large specimens, arranged in many indistinct circles; inner ones largest, placed
about midway between the mouth and the border of the disk, about one-half an inch in

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 95

diameter, regularly scattered ; outer ones much smaller, very crowded; mouth often prom-
inent at the summit of the protruded disk, oblong, provided with seven lobes or folds on
each side, with the largest lobe at the posterior end.

Colors of the column arranged in eight broad, longitudinal stripes of cinnamon-brown,
alternating with somewhat narrower ones of gray, the whole surface irregularly sprinkled
with small dark brown spots, darkest just below the tentacles ; mouth bright yellow, sur-
rounded by a ring of purple or crimson, outside of which the disk is bluish gray, often with
alternately lighter and darker radiating Imes ; inner tentacles flesh-colored, with a dark spot
at the base, four or five dark brown spots or bands on the upper half, and a longitudinal line
of white on each side ; outside of these are others similarly colored but with less distinct
dark markings, having bright red tips; the next are orange-yellow with red tips but with-
out distinct dark spots; while the outer ones are nearly white, sometimes with yellow bases
and a small spot of red at the tips. According to the drawings of Prof. Agassiz a large
specimen about 3 inches high and 1.75 in diameter has the tentacles colored as follows :
72 inner banded tentacles, of which 24 are larger and without red tips; 144 orange-colored
with red tips; 288 outer ones, which are in great part white, making a total of 504. (Coll.
Mus. Comp. Zoél.)

Near Charleston, 8. C., living on shells inhabited by hermit-crabs (L. Agassiz).

This species is more brilliant in its colors than any other known American species, and
when fully expanded the blending of the hues of the variegated tentacles around the
brightly colored central area produces a very beautiful effect. From the observations of
Prof. Agassiz it appears to be a very active species, contracting powerfully on irritation.

‘A specimen from alcohol on dissection has the lamelle broad at the upper portion and
thickened with strong muscular fibres; towards the base they are narrowed, leaving a large
central cavity, but the principal ones suddenly expand again below, so as to meet at the
centre of the base. The ovaries are in clusters low down on the lamelle ; the acontia at-
tached to their upper part, not very numerous. The peripheric pores of the lamellz are
well developed, and near their upper edges. The walls are very muscular, both trans-
versely and longitudinally.

A form at first thought to be a distinct species, and originally named A. guttata Ag. MS,
but afterwards supposed by Prof. Agassiz to be the young of this species, was also ob-
served and drawn at Charleston in 1849. The column is light reddish brown with ver-
tical rows of brownish orange spots, and a lighter band just below the tentacles. The
disk is light brown, with a yellow rmg around the mouth and a flake-white line cross-
ing it in a line with the longest diameter of the mouth and running up on the bases of
two opposite inner tentacles. The inner tentacles are greenish yellow; the outer ones
yellow with white lines. Two specimens were observed about half an inch high when
expanded, the largest one with about 200 tentacles.

Sub-family ANTHEDs.

Actiune (pars) Mitnz-Epwarps, Coralliaires. Family Antheade Gossz, Actinologia Bri-
tannica.

This group is distinguished principally by its elongated, non-contractile tentacles, and
the absence of suckers, verrucee, and other appendages upon the walls. The genus Azp-

MEMOIRS BOST. SOC. NAT. HIST. Vol. I. 7

26 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

tasia, referred here by Gosse, is said to have acontia, but these organs appear to be wanting
in the other more typical genera.

Genus Dysactis Milne-Edwards

Column often cylindrical, changeable in form, but not capable of involving the tentacles

and disk. Tentacles of two kinds: the inner series long and slender; the outer short, coni-
cal, and subequal.

Dysactis pallida Acassiz, MS.
Actinia pallida Acass1z, MS. (1849).

Column sometimes slender and elongated, more frequently short subcylindrical with a
narrow base, enlarging above the middle to the margin of the broad disk ; walls longitudi-
nally sulcated ; disk broad and flat. Mouth elongated, narrow ; in alcoholic specimens with
prominent margins divided into about twelve small lobes on each side, leaving a fold at
each angle. Tentacles well developed ; the twelve inner ones often more than an inch long,
very slender and flexible; outer ones numerous, very short, conical; between these two
sets there are some intermediate in size, about half an inch in length.

Color of the column light brownish yellow, obscurely striated with lighter; disk similar
in color, sometimes with a lighter halo around the mouth; longest tentacles a lighter tint
of the same, usually with white spots on the inner side, and a larger one at the base ;
sometimes there are alternate darker spots.

The largest specimens were 1.25 inches in height; .50 in diameter at the middle; .75
across the disk. (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zodl.)

Charleston, 8. C. (L. Agassiz).

One of the drawings belonging to Prof. Agassiz represents an individual with slender
filaments, perhaps acontia, protruding from the mouth. I have not been able, however, to
demonstrate the existence of these organs from alcoholic specimens.

Family Ityantapz.

Actinines pivotantes Mitne-Epwarps, Coralliaires (1857). Jiyantlide (pars) Gossz, Actino-
logia Britannica (1860).

Column elongated, tapering below to a pointed or rounded base, without a distinct disk.
Base continuous with the walls, often capable of inflation and extension so as to serve for
locomotion, and also, sometimes, of adhering to foreign bodies. Tentacles usually in lim-
ited numbers, well developed. Acontia apparently wanting.

Genus Ityantuus Forbes.

Tsachmeea (pars) Enrenserc, Corall. des roth. Meeres (1834). J/uanthos Forpes, British
Actiniade, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. v. p. 181 (1840); Mizne-Epwarps. J/yanthus
JOHNSTON, GOSSE.

Column elongated, obconical, tapering below nearly to a point ; surface smooth, destitute
of suckers and verruce. Base very small, scarcely distinct, perforated (in our species) by
a central openmg. Tentacles marginal, in three or more cycles.

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 27

The species of this genus appear to live buried to the tentacles in mud or sand. The
terminal pore has not been observed in all of them.

Ilyanthus chloropsis Acassiz, MS.
Actinia chloropsis Aaasstz, MS, (1849).

Body when fully expanded elongated and rather slender, tapering to the base, capable of
involving the tentacles and contracting into a short obovate form. Base narrow with a
rather large terminal pore. Walls thin, smooth, firm in texture. Tentacles short, pointed,
numerous, arranged in several rows; mouth long and narrow ; disk flat.

Color. of column light bluish green, somewhat diaphanous, with lighter longitudinal
striations ; tentacles light yellowish green with a white spot at base and a white line on
each side; disk yellowish green ; mouth bright yellow.

Length, in expansion, 3.50 inches; breadth, .75 ; when contracted in alcohol, length, 1.25 ;
breadth, 1.00.

Charleston, 8. C. (L. Agassiz).

This species appears to be very rare. The only specimen known is in the collection of
the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

Tlyanthus levis VrerRitt.

The form of this species when partly contracted in alcohol is elongated, obconical, taper-
ing below to an obtuse point. Column smooth, marked by faint longitudinal lines corre-
sponding to the internal lamella. Tentacles, thirty-six, placed about one tenth of an inch
within the margin of the disk, and arranged in two imperfectly defined rows; they are
slender, moderately long, acute at the ends. The summit of the column forms, outside of
the tentacles, a thin marginal expansion, having its edge crenulated with small rounded
teeth. The base does not appear to have a terminal opening. Length of the column, 1
inch; greatest diameter, .25; length of tentacles, .15. Color unknown.

Eastport, Me. (L. Agassiz).

The only specimen that I have seen is preserved in alcohol in the Museum; therefore, the
description of this mteresting species must remain, for the present, very imperfect. It
differs from I scoticus Forbes, specimens of which, collected at Oban, Scotland, by Dr.
Stimpson, are also in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, in its more slender and
elongated form and shorter tentacles, as also in having a broad margin of the disk outside
of the tentacles. In the last character it agrees with J) Mitchell Gosse.

Genus Epwarpsta Quatrefages.

Edwardsia Quarrnraces, Mém. sur les Edwardsies, Ann. Sci. nat., ser. 2, xviii. p. 65 (1842).
Scolanthus Gossz, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 2d ser. xii. p. 157 (1853).

Column very slender, elongated, the upper and basal portions thin and membranous, the
middle region covered by a thick epidermal secretion, forming a tube into which the mem-
branous portions may be contracted. Base capable of being distended, and when in that
state of adhering slightly by its surface to rocks, etc.; at other times tapering to a point.
Tentacles slender, marginal, in three or four cycles, the third sometimes incomplete.

28 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

Edwardsia sipunculoides Stimpson, MS.
Actinia sipunculoides Stimpson, Marine Inv. of Grand Menan, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 2 (1853).

Plate I. figures 12, 13.

Column very slender, elongated, cylindrical, the central portion traversed by eight longi-
tudinal sulcations, between which it is somewhat swollen in the form of broad, rounded,
slightly prominent ribs, crossed in contraction by numerous strong transverse wrinkles.
The inferior naked portion when expanded is about one half an inch in length, pointed at
the extremity, without any distinct basal disk, but capable of being greatly distended, and
in this condition of adhering to stones by its membranous surface. This region is marked
with eight white lines, which meet at the central point of the base and are continuous
with the eight sulcations of the column. These coincide with the corresponding internal
partitions, which are seen through the transparent walls. The upper naked portion, in ex-
pansion, is one third of an inch or more in length, smooth and cylindrical. The tentacles
are about thirty-six in number, arranged somewhat crowdedly in two rows close to the
margin. They are long, slender, tapering to a point, the outer ones a little shorter than
the inner, which are twice longer than the diameter of the disk; mouth with four small
but prominent lobes on each side.

The color of the central, sheathed portion is usually yellowish brown, but varies to
black, according to the situation and the color of the mud where found ; basal naked area,
pellucid yellowish white; upper naked portion, yellowish, surrounded, about midway be-
tween the tentacles and sheath, by a ring consisting of eight lunate, arrow-shaped, or square
opaque white spots, which are close together and sometimes extend downward at their
lower angles, forming a white line along the sides of each invection; sometimes there is
a trace of another ring of smaller white spots lower down; tentacles transparent yel-
lowish white, sprinkled with numerous flake-white dots, sometimes with small white spots
at the outer base. Mouth and “stomach” bright red, the former generally prominent ;
disk yellowish, with faint white radii, and white spots often surrounding the base of the
tentacles.

Length of the largest specimens when in full expansion, about 5 inches; in diameter,
15; when contracted, about 1.5 inches in length. (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.)

Eastport, Me., and Grand Menan, N. B., in gravelly mud under stones at low water.

This interesting species has, as yet, been found in very few places, and, with one excep-
tion, very sparingly in its localities. In the vicinity of Eastport, Me., at a point just south
of Dog Island, I succeeded in obtaining several hundred specimens in a very short time
by turning over the large stones, when they were seen projecting from the mud, chiefly near
the edges of the stones, looking much like some species of worms. As many as fifteen or
twenty were sometimes found under a single stone. This locality was first discovered by
Dr. Stimpson. They here occupy the lower third of the littoral zone. Some force is
usually required to pull them from their burrows, but this seems to be owing to the
distension of their bases rather than to any adhesive power. When put into sea-water
they expand readily and move about with worm-like gyrations. When touched, they sud-
denly jerk away the upper part of the body before withdrawing the tentacles. They feed
readily, like most Actimide, upon bits of clams and other mollusks.

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 29

Edwardsia suleata Verrict.

The column is long, smooth, with twelve strong sulcations; the intermediate spaces
swollen into prominent ribs, which are crossed by slight, transverse wrinkles ; upper part
in contraction thickest, tapering below. Naked basal portion distended, rounded, with a
small, concave, smooth area at the end, the sides marked with twelve lines which do not
meet in a point, but disappear on the small terminal convex area, which, however, is
scarcely distinct from the sides. Tentacles not observed.

Color light yellowish brown. Length in contraction, 1.25 inches; diameter, .30.

Chelsea Beach, Mass., thrown up after a storm.

Never having seen this species except when contracted in alcohol, I am able to give
but a very imperfect description. It differs widely from the other species in the character
of the column. From £&. sipunculoides it may readily be distinguished by its larger size and
less slender form, by its much smoother surface and lighter color, and by the twelve sul-
cations instead of eight.

For a fine specimen of this species, and the first that I had seen, I am indebted to Mr.
A. S. Packard, Jr., who found it in the spring of 1862; but Dr. Stimpson informs me that
he has also obtained the same species at Chelsea.

Genus Hatcampa Gosse.

Actinia (pars) Pzacu, in Johnston’s British Zobphytes. Peachia (pars) Goss, Trans, Linn.
Soc., xxi. p. 271 (1855). Halcampa Goss, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 3d series, i. p. 418
(1858).

Column very contractile, much elongated and slender in expansion, occupying holes in
the earth or among rocks; in contraction irregularly cylindrical, often with constrictions ;
walls membranous throughout, diaphanous, the upper portion provided with well-developed
suckers. Base capable of being enlarged and greatly distended, without a distinct disk, but
capable of adhering slightly by its surface to foreign bodies, apparently imperforate. Ten-
tacles short, in two or three cycles, the last usually imperfect im some of the systems,
whole number not known to exceed twenty. The internal lamella are very thin next the
wall, but near the middle have a very strong, longitudinal, muscular thickening, which
narrows both above and below. Ovaries very large, extending about half way to the base.
The peripheral pores of the lamellz are large and well defined.

Haleampa albida Acassiz, MS.

Corynactis albida AGass1z, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. vii. p. 24 (1859).

Body very changeable in form, sometimes very long, slender, and attenuated ; at other
times short cylindrical or clavate; not unfrequently forming two distinct portions sepa-
rated by a constriction in the middle, the parts above and below being of the same size, or
the upper one may be distended while the lower is contracted and slender ; in extreme con-
traction short, oval, rounded at both ends, but the basal end smallest. The base may be
expanded into a thin, transparent, bladder-like form, or by contraction become pointed.
Surface of the column smooth below, diaphanous, marked faintly by the longitudinal and
transverse muscular fibres, and deeply by twenty sulcations corresponding to the internal

MEMOIRS BOST. SOC. NAT. HIST. Vol. I. 8

30 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

lamelle ; upper portion covered by prominent suckers arranged in a vertical row along
each ambulacral space, each one situated in the centre of a little square. Tentacles
twenty, slender, with rounded knobs at the ends. They are arranged in three cycles
forming six systems, but in two of the systems next to one end of the anterio-posterior
axis, the tentacles of the third system are wanting. Those of the first and second cycles
in the perfect systems are nearly equal, and about double the length of those of the third
cycle ; in the imperfect systems those of the second cycle correspond in length to those of
the third in other systems.

Color of the column light brownish yellow ; tentacles lighter, the knobs at the tips dark
brown.

Average length in expansion, about 3 inches; thickness, .40; length of tentacles, .25.
(Coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.)

Long Island Sound, shores of Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, and Cape Cod, buried to
the tentacles in sand near low-water mark.

This species is closely allied to the following, and like it is remarkable for its great size
compared with the European representatives of the genus. From J producta it differs in
having larger and less numerous suckers, which extend lower down on the column, and in
the knobbed character of the tentacles. It appears to be quite common in its localities.
According to the observations of Dr. Stimpson and Mr. B. T. Morrison, it occupies in ex-
pansion the whole length of its burrows, which are sometimes a foot deep, and can contract
and withdraw itself to the lower end when disturbed. In some instances the base was
found to be adherent to a small pebble at the bottom of the hole.

Haleampa producta Srimeson, MS.

Actinia producta Stimpson, Some Remarkable Marine Invertebrata inhabiting the shores of South Carolina, Proceedings of the
Boston Society of Natural History, v. p. 110 (1856).

Plate I. figures 10, 11.

Column in expansion very long, somewhat claviform above, slender below, in contraction
cylindrical, often constricted. Base capable of distension, and of adhering to pebbles or
shells beneath the surface of the sand or mud in which it burrows. The surface of the
body is marked by twenty longitudinal sulcations, corresponding with the internal lamella
and continuing to the centre of the base ; the upper portion, for about a third of the whole
length, is covered by numerous prominent suckers arranged closely in rows along the am-
bulacral spaces, the upper ones largest, decreasing downward until they become obsolete
near the middle. “Tentacles twenty, short, stout, enlarged and rounded at the ends, which
are covered with white dots. Five of these tentacles usually stand erect, the remaining
ones curving over and alternating by threes with the erect ones. The animal retracts its
tentacles very slowly when disturbed.”

Color of the column transparent yellowish green. Length in contraction about 3 inches,
diameter, .75 ; in expansion probably 8 or 10 inches, since the base was found attached at
that distance below the surface.

Near Fort Johnson, 8. C. Found in considerable numbers buried in the mud on the
flats near low-water mark. Its position is indicated, after the tide has retired, by little
cracks on the surface of the mud, which radiate from a small central hole.

This interesting species, the largest described of the genus, is known to me only through

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 31

the description of Dr. Stimpson and the drawings which he has generously placed at my
disposal.

Genus Bicipium Agassiz.

Bicidium Acassiz, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vii. p. 24 (1859).
(2) Philomedusa Miter, Arch. fiirg Natur. xxvi. p. 57 (1860).

Body elongated, turbinate, or obconic, tapering to the base. Column sulcate, surface
without apparent suckers or cinclide, uniform along its whole extent. Tentacles twelve,
in two cycles, short, thick, marginal. Mouth large, enclosed at one end by a prominent
extension of the disk, forming a large conchula, which is partially divided into tentacle-
like lobes at the summit; the other end surrounded by small lobes corresponding in
number to the tentacles. Base with a terminal pore.

This genus is very closely allied to Peacha Gosse, but has a still more remarkable
structure surrounding the mouth. It also lacks suckers, and has the tentacular system
less developed.

Bicidium parasiticum Acassiz.

Bicidium parasiticum AGASs1z, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vii. p. 24 (1859).

Plate I. figures 14, 16.

Form usually turbinate, tapering below to an obtusely rounded base; in contraction
sometimes ovate, largest in the middle, broader than long, each end involved. Surface
strongly furrowed by twelve sulcations corresponding to the internal lamellx, between the
grooves much swollen and corrugated by transverse wrinkles, no suckers apparent. Tenta-
cles twelve, short, thick, swollen in the middle, obtuse at the tips. Conchula or proboscis
greatly developed, surrounding one end and about one half the length of the mouth, and
when expanded about as long as the tentacles ; its summit is divided into three principal
lobes, one opposite the angle of the mouth and one on either side of this, and two subor-
dinate ones, which are about opposite the centre of the mouth. The remaining margin of
the mouth is divided into prominent lobes, decreasing in size as they approach the angle
opposite the conchula.

Color light purplish brown with a bluish iridescence, similar to that of Cyanea arctica.

Length in expansion, 1.25 inches; greatest diameter, .4. (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.)

Nahant, Mass., to Eastport, Me., parasitic on the large red jelly-fish, Cyanea arctica, often
imbedded in the tissues of the lower surface of the disk.

Family Cerrtantaip®.

Cerianthide Miwne-Epwarps and Harms, Distribution méthodique (1852) ; Mizye-Epwarps,
Coralliaires, 1. p. 306 (1857). Ltyanthidee (pars) Gossz, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 3d ser.
i. p. 417 (1855); Actin. Brit. (1857).

Form elongated, tapermmg to the rounded or pointed base, which is destitute of a disk.
Tentacles not retractile, greatly developed, numerous, arranged in two series, one marginal

39 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

and the other immediately surrounding the mouth, a tentacle in both sets arising from
each spheromere. Internal lamella unequal; one pair extending to the base or nearly so,
the others shorter, leaving a wide central cavity.

This very peculiar group was first established by Milne-Edwards and Haime in 1852,
but with somewhat different limits from those now given. Jlyanthus was then included
with the typical forms, but has been separated more recently by Milne-Edwards. Gosse
has again united the two groups under the name J/yanthide. The two families appear,
however, to be sufficiently distinct.

For the present I prefer to include the genus Arachnactis in this division, although
possessing peculiarities which might possibly warrant the establishment of a distinct fam-
ily for it, as has been suggested by Mr. A. Agassiz." But it seems quite doubtful to me
whether its adult condition has been hitherto observed, while the young of Cerianthus,
according to the observations of Haime, are free, swimming polyps. The structure and
arrangement of the internal lamellz and the two circles of tentacles are also similar. The
peculiarity of the development of the tentacles of Arachnactis, so well described by Mr.
Agassiz, seems also to have an intimate relation to the singular arrangement of the internal
lamellee of Certanthus. It is also probable that the development of the tentacles in the
latter follows the same law as in the former.

Genus Crriantuus Dette Caran.

Moscata (2) Ruyter, Eléments de Zoologie, partie 3, fase. 1 (1828). Cerianthus Devin
Cutase, Descr. anim. inv. della Sicilia citeriore, iv. p. 124 (1841); Mitye-Epwarps and Hams,
Distr. méthodique(1852); J. Hamme, Mémoire sur le Cérianthe (Ann. des Sci. nat., 4™° ser.
i. p. 341, 1854) ; Mitne-Epwarps, Coralliaires (1857).

Column long, cylindrical, highly muscular and contractile, but not capable of involving
the disk; form variable, but usually enlarged towards the disk, tapering slightly below to
the pointed or sometimes swollen base; walls firm and strong, smooth externally, natu-
rally enclosed in a loosely investing and unattached tube composed principally of cast-off
lasso-cells, or nematocysts, forming a felt-like substance of considerable tenacity. Base
with a subterminal opening, serving for the expulsion and introduction of water. Tenta-
cles in both sets long, slender, very numerous, not contractile. Internal lamellae very un-
equal, one pair extending to the base, the others shorter and narrower, those opposite the
first pair smallest. The species, so far as observed, are hermaphrodite.

Cerianthus americanus AGassiz, MS.

Cerianthus Agassiz, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vii. p. 24 (1859).

Column very long, cylindrical, expanded at the top, tapering gradually below; in expan-
sion, often two feet or more long; in contraction, six or eight inches. Body enclosed in a
loosely investing tube, buried in the mud. Tentacles long and numerous, the outer series
(125 or more) are from 1.25 to 1.50 inches long, slender, very flexile, usually much curled
at the ends; inner series similar, about .75 long, nearly the same as the former in appear-

1 Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. vil. p. 529 (1863).

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 33

ance ; often brought together and spirally twisted in a central bundle. Base with a small
but distinct opening.

Color of column dark cinnamon-brown, lined longitudinally with a lighter tint of the
same; outer tentacles cinnamon-brown, lighter at the bases; inner series darker, marked
with white longitudinal lines; disk bright yellow, the central portion brown; at the bases
of the tentacles spotted with dark brown.

Length of the largest specimen in expansion, 24 to 28 inches; diameter at disk,1.50 ;
at centre of body, 1 inch. (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.)

Charleston, 8. C., buried to the tentacles in mud at low water (H. J. Clark, Wm. Stimp-
son, L. Agassiz); Beaufort, N. Carolina (Wm. Stimpson).

The description of this very interesting species has been drawn chiefly from a beautiful
series of drawings in the possession of Prof: Agassiz, made from life by Mr. Burkhardt. It
is remarkable for its great size and fine colors.

Genus ARACHNACTIS Sars.

Arachnactis Sars, Fauna Littoralis Norvegie, i. (1846). Arachnactis Gossn, Actinologia
Britannica, p. 263 (1860).

Column of moderate length, elliptical or subcylindrical, rounded at the base, apparently
destitute of a terminal opening ; surface smooth, in the British species said to be capable
of adhering. Tentacles few in number, not contractile, the marginal ones long and slen-
der; those of the inner circle short and thick, corresponding in number with the others.
The development of new tentacles in each circle takes place in pairs at one extremity of
the anterio-posterior diameter in a bilateral manner. The species swim freely in the sea
with the tentacles downward.

Arachnactis brachiolata A. Acassiz.

Arachnactis brachiolaia A. AGassiz, Proceedings of the Boston Society ofNatural History, ix. p. 159 (1862) ; Journal of the Bos-
ton Society of Natural History, vii. p. 525 (1863).

Body strongly compressed in the plane of the anterio-posterior diameter, rounded at
the base, and in all the individuals observed somewhat enlarged. The outer tentacles ex-
ceed the column in length; the inner are, in the specimens described, very short, conical,
generally carried erect.

Color of body pale ochreous, diaphanous; the lamelle appearing through the walls
like darker lines.

Massachusetts Bay, swimming by night near the surface; very abundant about the first
of September (A. Agassiz).

This species has as yet been observed only in the young state. It was then about an
eighth of an inch in length, and had sixteen tentacles. It still retained some of the yolk
mass at the base, and moved chiefly by cilix covering the surface, swimming in an oblique
position, the largest tentacles hanging downwards.

For a more detailed account of this interesting form I would refer to the original papers
by Mr. Agassiz.

MEMOIRS BOST. SOC. NAT. HIST. Vol. I. 9

834 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

Family ZoantHw#.

Zounthes Buatnvitiz, Dict. Hist. Nat. (1830). Zoanthina Eurenpera, Corall. des roth.
Meer. (1834). Zounthide Dana, Zodphytes (1846). Zoanthine Mitne-Epwarps, Coralliaires
(1857).

Polyps aggregated, permanently fixed upon rocks, shells, etc. The new polyps arise
by budding from basal expansions of the walls in the form either of stolons or broad
sheets. Column cylindrical, the summit capable of involution. Tentacles short, conical,
placed close to the margin of the disk.

Genus Zoantaus Cuvier.

Actinia (pars) Euiis (1767); Extis and Sot. (1786). Hydra (pars) Getin, Liny., Syst.
Nat., ed. xiii. Zoanthus Cuvier, Tab. Elém. (1797); Régne Anim. (1817). Zoantha Lamarcg,
Systéme des Anim. sans Vert., p. 363 (1801); Hist. Anim. sans Vert. (1815) ; Lamourovux ;
Dana. Zoanthus ExRENBERG, Mitne-Epwarps.

Base incrusting rocks, shells, or other foreign bodies, sometimes in the form of thin
spreading sheets or bands, at other times as narrow creeping stolons. Polyps arising from
the spreading base, elongated, subcylindrical, or pillar-like. The surface of the walls is
either smooth and covered with mucus, or protected by a layer of sand closely aggluti-
nated to the surface. Disk generally concave, capable of involution, but the polyps con-
tract very little in length.

Zoanthus parasiticus Stimpson, MS.

This species, which is parasitic on shells, has an incrusting base, smooth and uniform on
the lower side of the shell, but giving rise to from fifteen to twenty polyps on the upper.
side, which diverge in all directions. Polyps variable in height and size, those of the
upper central portion generally half an inch in height and one eighth in diameter, while
those around the margin of the base are not more than half so large, and much crowded.
Base spreading over and completely investing dead shells of Matica, Buccinum, etc., both
externally and internally. The substance of the shell in every case has been entirely
removed, but the form in all parts is perfectly preserved by the membranes of the polyps,
while the cavity is inhabited by a species of hermit crab (Hupagurus pubescens). Column
pillar-like, smallest in the middle, increasing gradually below, but enlarging rapidly at the
summit. Walls thin, covered by a layer of closely adhering, fine sand. When contracted,
the summit is slightly concave, and in the medium-sized polyps has seventeen, in the
largest twenty-four sulcations, radiating from the centre, which is seldom completely
closed. Tentacles forty-eight or more, short, conical.

Off the coast of New Jersey, lat. 40° N., long. 73° W., in 32 fathoms (Capt. Gedney,
Coll. Smith. Ins.).

This is the only species of the family yet found on our coast north of Florida. In habits
it resembles Z. Couchvi of England, and, like the latter, will probably be found to assume
various forms according to the object upon which it grows. It is a larger species, and the

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 35

polyps are much less slender in form, with more numerous tentacles. It is also, appar-
ently, nearly allied to Z. arcticus Sars, from Northern Europe.

The above description has been prepared from alcoholic specimens in the Museum of
Comparative Zodlogy, received through the Smithsonian Institution. By a singular coin-
cidence, the same manuscript name was independently given to this species in 1861 both
by Dr. Stimpson and myself

Dovustrut SPECIES.

The following species of Actimda, which I have never seen, will require further exami-
nation before they can be referred to their proper genera.

Actinia rapiformis LeSvevr.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, i. p. 171 (1817). |

“Tentacula short, cylindric, equal, disposed in four rows; body fleshy, very contrac-
tile, assuming different forms, and frequently those of a turnip and a pear, the former
of which it also resembles in its dull opaque white color; when contracted it is of a
subglobular form. The young are more transparent than the old, and are sometimes
of a darker color.

“This species dwells in the sands of the coasts of the United States, and raises its head
above the common surface for the purpose of displaying its tentacula ; when contracted
in its habitation, it is concealed below the surface. The individual described was an inch
and a half in diameter and four or five inches in length. Discovered at Egg Harbor, on
the coast of New Jersey. It is necessary to observe that this Actimu is frequently disturbed
in its habitation by the waves of the ocean, and is found washed on the sands; in this
event, a common observer would take it for a rotten pear, or something similar.”

Actinia neglecta Lrrpy.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 2d series, iii. p. 141 (1855).

“Body, when closed, obpyriform or shortly cylindrical; when expanded, cylindrical,
about an inch in length by one fourth of an inch in breadth, smooth, translucent olive-
green. Mouth elliptical, with the lip composed of six greenish-white lobes. Tentacles
numerous, up to one half an inch in length, brighter olive-green than the body. A single
specimen was found in the mud of a sound in the vicinity of Atlantic City, N. J.” This is,
probably, an Jdyanthus.

Anthea flavidula McCrapy.

Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Charleston, S. C., vol. i. p. 280 (1858). No description.

This is, possibly, the same as Dysactis palida nob., but since it is merely mentioned by
name, there is no possibility of ascertaining its true place.

1 Aftryk af Vidensk. Forhandlinger i Christiania, 1860.

36 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

Actinia (?) nitida Dawson.

Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. iii. p. 404, fig. 8-5 (1858).

This name was provisionally applied to an Actinian which I have not seen. It closely
resembles specimens of Rhodactinia Davisii of the form named Actinia carneola by Dr. Stimp-
son, and may well prove to be only a variation of that polymorphous species.

“Body short, cylindrical, smooth; color red, arranged in stripes; tentacles triserial,
short, conical, striated, reddish ; disk prominent, dull purple, with two rows of white spots.
Oral bands numerous, flesh-color.”

The largest specimens were an inch in diameter and had one hundred and fifty tentacles.

Gaspé, Canada East, 8 to 10 f. gravelly bottom (J. W. Dawson).

Sub-order I. ANTIPATHARIA.

In this division the polyps are united, as in the Gorgonide among the Alcyonaria, by a
coenenchyma which connects them laterally ; and from the common basal membrane there
is in like manner secreted a solid axis (sclerobase), which serves as a support. The sclero-
base is, however, rarely or never striated, and has a smooth or echinulated surface. The
polyps, so far as known, have six simple tentacles, similar to those of many Actinaria.

Genus AntipatHes Pallas.

Corallum branched; branches but imperfectly coalescent, or not at all so. Axis black,
hard, and opaque, with the surface more or less echinulate.

Antipathes Boscii Lamx.

Antipathes Boscii Lamovurovx, Polyp. Flex., p. 875, pl. 14, f. 5 (1816) ; Dana, Zoophytes, p. 584 (1846) ; Mirnz-Epwarps, Coral.
liaires, 1. p. 318 (1857).

Corallum finely and densely branched from very near the base, forming an irregular,
subflabelliform, matted frond. Branches slender, numerously divided in an irregularly
dichotomous or subpinnate manner, frequently coalescent, especially near the base, the
reticulations very irregular. Branchlets slender, setiform, the terminal ones from one
fourth of an inch to an inch in length. Surface of the branches and branchlets thickly
covered by small acute spines projecting nearly at right angles; between the spines
minutely scabrous. Color black, the branchlets translucent, dark amber-colored. Ccenen-
chyma not observed. Height, 10 inches; breadth, 14. (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zoél.)

Near Charleston, 8. C. (L. Agassiz).

Antipathes alopecuroides Ex11s and Sot.
Antipathes alopecuroides Exu1s and Souanper, p. 102 (1786) ; Dawa, Zodphytes, p. 584; Mizwe-Epwarps, Coralliaires, i. p. 817

Having had no opportunity of observing this species, I quote the original description of
Ellis.

“This branched Antipathes has its young branches, which are full of spires and small

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 37

prickles, disposed in close panicles. The trunk rises from a broad-spread base, and divides
immediately into several large branches of one third of an inch diameter; as these rise
up, one side of them appears flat, with a groove or channel along the middle part of it,
where there are the remains of many little branches that have grown in rows on each side
of it. It then divides into branches, and often into other branches, all of which are in form
of close panicles, not unlike the fox-tail grass. These panicles are composed of very
rough, thorny, minute branches, which are twice as long on one side of the stem as on the
other. The outside of this Antipathes is of a grayish color; the inside is black and very
brittle. It is near two feet high.

“This was brought from South Carolina, and presented to Corbyn Morris, Esq., F. R.S.,
and has not before been described.”

Sub-order II]. Astr@maRrtia.

In this division the polyps have elongated, more or less cylindrical tentacles, the surfaces
of which are generally covered by distinct papillae or spots, caused by groups of lasso-
cells. The walls are highly developed and likewise the septal organs, and solid corals
are formed by the secretion of lime in these parts. The corals have mostly solid, imperfo-
rate walls; septa in multiples of six, often in great numbers, compact, imperforate, usually
extending on the outside of the walls as costa. Between the septa transverse plates, one
above the other, are formed by basal secretions, or the space is filled from below by a con-
tinuous deposit of solid matter, as in Ocudina.

The last character would exclude the Twurbinolide of Milne-Edwards, which, in most
other respects, agree with the Lusnulinw, and ought, perhaps, to be considered as low and
simple forms of Astr#artA. There is a gradual and almost complete transition from the
Turbinolide through such forms as Ceratotrochus duodecim-costatus, in which imperfect trans-
verse dissepiments are often present, to Parasimlia, Coelosmilia, etc., among the Astreide, in
which the dissepiments are but slightly developed. There is also a very close connection
of the Turbinolide ( Caryophylline) through Paracyathus, which sometimes has rudimentary
dissepiments, with the Astrangiacee M-Edw., particularly with such genera as Phyllangia
M.-Edw. and H. and Syndepas Lyman, which have very imperfect dissepiments and, at the
same time, nearly entire septa. The polyps, also, seem to have a very close resemblance,
since so accurate an observer as Dana united species of Flabellum with his genus Euphyllia,
principally with regard to this feature.

The character among Turbinolide of always remaining simple has no weight, since there
are, also, many simple Aséreid@, and especially since the observations of Mrs. Thyme, if
accurate, prove that Caryophyllia undergoes, while young, complete and extensive fissi.
parity.”

We unite Oculinde? with the Astreide without hesitation. While young, Oculina diffusa
and O. arbuscula are low, incrusting corals, spreading over the surface of rocks in precisely
the same manner as Astrangia, and budding in the same way, so that it is even difficult,
sometimes, to distinguish the two genera while young. The polyps of these two genera
and also of Cladocora are very similar in all respects, as is beautifully shown in an ex-
cellent series of unpublished plates in the possession of Prof. Agassiz.

1 On the increase of Caryophyllia Smithii, with notes 2 This position of Oculinide was suggested by Prof. Agassiz
by P. H. Gosse, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., iii. p. 449 three years ago, and has been constantly confirmed by fur-
(1859). ther examinations.

MEMOIRS BOST. SOC. NAT. HIST. Vol. I. 10

38 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

Leaving Turbinolde out of consideration for the present, the Astr#aRIA may be arranged
as follows : —

A. Fissiparous Astr#aria, embracing three families.

I. Lusmiline M.-Edw. and H., having the edges of the septa entire, without paliform
lobes ; polyps with the disk in expansion raised above the coral; tentacles well developed,
cylindro-conical.

II. Lithophylline, corresponding to a part of Lithophylliaceew M-Edw. ‘These have the
edges of the septa divided into strong teeth or spines, without paliform lobes; disk level
with the top of the cells; tentacles surmounting the top of the septa, short, conical,
numerous (Mussa, Isophylia, etc.).

IL. Meandrine, including part of Lithophyliacee M-Edw., viz.: Moandrina, Manicina, Hydno-
phora, Tridacophyllia, Colpophylha, etc., together with Faviacee. In these the septa have
their edges finely toothed or crenulate, with a paliform lobe towards the base. The small
tentacles are placed at the top of this paliform lobe, and the disk extends across the cells
even with the top of the paliform lobes, and does not rise level with the summit of the
walls.’

B. Gemuiparous Astrmaria, containing four families.

IV. Stylininee, corresponding with Stylnacea M-Edw. and Haime. Septa with entire
edges ; dissepiments well developed ; coenenchyma absent.

V. Astreine, embracing only a part of the same group as limited by Milne-Edwards and
Haime, viz: Astraacee (pars), Cladocoracee, Astrangiacee. 'These have dentate septa, rudi-
mentary coenenchyma, dissepiments usually well developed.

VI. Stylophorinew M.-Kdw. and H., including Stylophora, Madracis, etc. In these there is
a well-developed coenenchyma, uniting the polyps, which is most compact at the surface.
The cells have a tendency to fill up at the surface and remain more open below. Septa
mostly entire.

VII. Oculinide, corresponding to the same group of Milne-Edwards and Haime, with the
addition of Diéstichopora and, perhaps, Errina. The cells have a tendency to fill up com-
pletely from below by deposition of solid matter ; dissepiments not very well marked;
coenenchyma well developed, compact.

Of these only the fifth and last are represented within our limits, so far as now known ;
yet species of all the others, except Stydmine, occur about the Florida Reefs.

Family Astrainz Milne-Edwards.

We have restricted this name, as indicated above, to but a small part of the forms in-
cluded by Milne-Edwards and Haime. This has been done principally from a consideration
of the structure of the soft parts. In this respect this group differs widely from most other
Astrwide, agreeing more nearly with Qculina than with any other division that I have had
an opportunity to examine. The upper portion of the polyp has the power of rising out

1 This peculiar character, which separates Me@andrine alcohol, and with the figures of the living polyps of Mussa
from Lithophylline, I have ascertained from numerous ex- and Symphyllia in Dana’s Zodphytes. The polyps of Ma-
aminations and dissections at the Museum of Compara- andrina have also been well figured by LeSueur, Dana,
tive Zodlogy of alcoholic specimens of M@andrina, Mani- and others.
cina, and Favia, compared with Jsophyllia dipsacea, also in

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 39

of and above the cells in all the genera examined, and, on contraction, of sinking back into
them. ‘The tentacles are slender and well developed.

This group embraces three divisions of Milne-Edwards, which may be regarded as sub-
families, viz: I. Astreacew, including those genera that form massive corals by the inti-
mate union of the individuals. These bud near or within the disk or from the membrane
connecting contiguous polyps ; Hl. Cladocoracee, comprising those that bud laterally and in
which the polyps are united only at the base, forming branching or csespitose clumps; TIL.
Astrangiacee, in which the polyps bud from the base, from basal expansions or, more rare-
ly, from the sides, forming, mostly, low incrusting corals. These last two groups ought
perhaps to be united, since the separation between even the typical genera, Cladocora and
Astrangia, is not very clear, the former, while young, budding from basal, creeping stolons,
and some species of the latter rising when old into incipient branches and increasing thus
by lateral, or even marginal, buds.

The last of these subdivisions is the only one found within our limits.

Genus AsrranaiA M.-Edw. and Haime.

Astrangia M.-Epw. and Hatmr, Comptes-rendus, xxvii. p. 496 (1848).

Corallum incrusting, the corallites arising from an expansion of the base of the parent,
and sometimes from the walls or margin, forming either clustered groups or aggregated,
astrea-like masses, sometimes with rising branches. Walls naked and costate. The cells
are circular except where crowded, deep, with numerous subequal septa, which are all den-
tate, those of the last cycle curved; columella papillose ; dissepiments few. The polyps
when expanded are subtransparent, and rise to a considerable distance above the cells.
The tentacles are long, slender, covered by minute white warts, consisting of lasso-cells,
and have a knob at the tip.

Astrangia astreiformis M.-Epw. and Haime.
Astrangia astreiformis M.-Epw. and Harme, Ann. des Sci. Nat., 3d ser. xii. p. 181 (1850).

Corallum composed of closely aggregated corallites, united nearly to their summit, spread-
ing over and incrusting the surface of shells, and, by continued growth, forming astrea-
like masses of considerable thickness, which often rise into numerous short irregular
branches. - In these, besides the marginal buds that arise from the basal expansion, many
originate from the sides of the parent polyps and some even from the margin of the disk.
The cells are widely open, deep, and narrow at the bottom. Columella well developed,
papillose, the papillae confounded with the ner teeth of the septa. Septa much narrowed
at the top, in three complete cycles, often with some of a fourth; those of the third
cycle are well developed, and curve towards those of the preceding one, uniting with
them interiorly; all of them have the sides granulated and the edges sharply dentate.
Costze well marked near the margin. Thickness or height above the base, often two
inches; diameter of the cells about .18 inch. (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zodl.)

Charleston, 8S. C. (L. Agassiz); Beaufort, N. C. (A. 8. Bickmore).

This species often incrusts shells that are inhabited by hermit crabs.

40 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

Astrangia Dane Acassiz.

Astrangia Dane AGassiz, Proc. Amer. Association, ii. p. 68, 1849 (non M.-Epw. and Haime). Astrangia astreiformis Le1py,
Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d series, iii. p. 185, 1855 (non M.-Epw. and Haime).

In its mode of growth and general form this species resembles the preceding, but does
not form so thick masses and the corallites are less closely united. Their walls are
smoother, with less distinct costee. The cells are not so deep and have a more open ap-
pearance, owing both to the much less developed columella, which is, however, more dis-
tinct from the septa and composed of larger papille, and to the narrower septa of the
fourth cycle, which do not extend half-way to the centre. The polyps are very exsert in
expansion, with about twenty-four long slender tentacles. The disk is usually convex or
conical. Color of polyps white or light flesh-color, diaphanous. (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zodl.)

Long Island Sound.

This species incrusts rocks from just below low-water mark to ten fathoms, and is very
abundant in some localities. It thrives well in the aquarium, eating oysters and other
mollusca with avidity.

Prof. Agassiz has an excellent series of unpublished plates, representing the polyps of
this species in various attitudes, with the details of its anatomy.

Family Ocurinma Milne-Kdwards and Haime.
Genus Ocuniva Lamarck.

The corallum while young spreads laterally by basal budding, forming an incrusting
base, from which branches arise in a tufted or arborescent manner. Corallites arranged
somewhat spirally on the branches, separated by a compact coenenchyma, the surface of
which is nearly smooth midway between the cells, but marked by radiating coste near
them. These are rather deep, with a papillose columella and pali before all the septa
except those of the last cycle. Edges of the septa entire or nearly so, moderately.
exsert.

Oculina arbuscula Acassiz.

In this species the corallum is arborescently branched from near the base, which is
spreading and incrusting. The trunk is short, very thick, and divides soon into
several large diverging branches. These are round, usually somewhat bent, gradually
tapering, and very rapidly divide dichotomously into two or three spreading branchlets,
which are curved and taper rapidly to the blunt tips. Corallites a little prominent, gen-
erally with perpendicular walls, arranged spirally around the branches, not crowded; cells _
rather large, and deep. Septa in four cycles, those of the last generally incomplete. The
principal ones are narrow, nearly perpendicular within, their summits somewhat exsert,
rounded. Columella slightly developed, pali rudimentary or but slightly prominent. Cos-
tee distinct only near the cells; surface of the coenenchyma finely granulous, often convex
between the cells. Unbleached specimens are light yellowish brown. In a specimen eight
inches high the principal branches are .75 of an inch in diameter ; the cells about .12.

Charleston, 8. C., off the bar, L. Agassiz. (Coll. Mus. Comp. Zo01.)

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 4]

Oculina implicata Acassiz, MS. '

This species forms dense clumps of strong, crooked, intricately coalesced branches, which
are round and obtuse at the ends when free. Cells rather small, deep, very little promi-
nent, arranged somewhat near together, in spiral lines ; septa in three cycles, very narrow,
the inner edge perpendicular, scarcely exsert. Columella papillose, little developed. Pali
scarcely apparent. Surface of the coenenchyma between the cells finely granulous, im-
mediately around the cells marked by faint costal radii. The clumps are six or eight inches
in diameter and about the same in height; the branches about half an inch in diameter ;
cells one tenth.

Cape Hatteras and Beaufort, N. C., thrown upon the beach after storms. (Coll. Mus.
Comp. Zo01.)

Among a large number of specimens of this species I have seen none that are perfect, all
of them being more or less worn. It is closely allied to the preceding, notwithstanding the
great differences in its mode of growth and appearance of the cells, and, when large series of
specimens of each can be obtained, may prove to be only a peculiar form of the same
species.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The eastern coast of North America has been divided into six regions, each characterized
by a peculiar assemblage of animals, some of which are confined exclusively to the region
in which they belong, while others may extend beyond those limits in either direction, and
occur more or less abundantly in two or more of the subdivisions. These regions have
been called provinces by Dana, and fauna by Liitken and other writers. The limits of most
of them are well marked, and have been clearly defined by most naturalists who have re-
cently written upon this subject. The Polyps have not, however, been hitherto sufficiently
well known to be made useful to any great extent in these investigations. The facts
which I am now able to present accord perfectly with those that have been derived by
others from the study of the Crustacea, Mollusca, and Acalephs.

The most northern part of the American coast from Newfoundland to the Arctic Ocean
belongs to the great Arctic Realm or Kingdom. This has not yet been examined to an ex-
tent sufficient to distinguish many of its subdivisions or fawn, yet it has recently been
shown by Mr. A.S. Packard, Jr.,’ that the southern portion should be distinguished from the
more northern. The former he has named very appropriately the Syrtensian Fauna. To the
southward of the arctic kingdom we have the sub-frigid region, extending as far south as
Cape Cod along the coast, and impinging upon some of the outer banks or shoals still farther
south. This division has been called the Nova Scotia Province by Dana,? which is changed
to Acadian Fauna by Liitken.2 The cold-temperate region, extending from Cape Cod to
Cape Hatteras, has been called the Virginian Province by Dana. This and the preceding
are together nearly equivalent to the Pennsylvanian Region of Milne-Edwards. The warm-
temperate region, from Cape Hatteras to the northern part of Florida, has been generally
ealled the Carolinian Province or Fauna. The tropical region south of this, including the
southern part of Florida, Bermuda, and most of the West India Islands, does not come

1 Canadian Naturalist and Geologist. 3 Oversigt over Gronlands Echinodermata, af Chr. Fr. Liit-
2 Crustacea of the U. S. Expl. Exp., by J. D. Dana, 1853, ken, Kjobenhavn, 1857, p. 91.
vol. iii. p. 1564.

MEMOIRS BOST. SOC. NAT. HIST. Vol. I. 11

42 VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

within the province of the present paper. It has been called the Floridian Province by
Dana, and the West Indian Fauna by others. The following brief conspectus will show the
relations of these faunse more clearly.

Syrtensian Fauna. This embraces the southern coast of Labrador, the Straits of Belle-
Isle, the Banks of Newfoundland, banks off the mouth of the Bay of Fundy, and St. George’s
Bank. The three polyps known from this fauna appear to be circumpolar, but are not
found in the next.

Acadian Fauna. This extends along the coast from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to
Cape Cod, embracing partially the island of Anticosti, the Magdalen Islands, Breton Island,
and perhaps the southern coast of Newfoundland, and extending to Nantucket Shoals, and,
as has been suggested by Dr. Stimpson, to a bank off the coast of New Jersey, from which
Zoanthus parasiticus has been obtained, associated with many northern species. Of the ten
species found in this fauna, but one (Metridium marginatum) is known to extend into the
Virginian ; and one other (hodactinia Davis) probably occurs in the Syrtensian.

Virginian Fauna. This embraces the whole extent of the coast from Cape Cod to Cape
Hatteras. Five species are considered as peculiar to this fauna.

Carolinian Fauna. ‘This extends from Cape Hatteras to St. Mary’s River, Florida. There
are eighteen species found in this region, none of which are known to extend to either of
the others, or to the West Indian.

SYRTENSIAN F'AunA.

Alcyonium rubiforme Dana. Banks of Newfoundland.

Primnoa Reseda Vervill. Mouth of the Bay of Fundy in deep water; St. George’s Bank,
C. H. Fifield.

Paragorgia arborea M-Kdw. Mouth of the Bay of Fundy, Dr. Wm. Wood.

? Rhodactinia Davisi: Agassiz. Specimens of an Actinian too imperfect for accurate deter-
mination, but resembling this species, were collected on the coast of Labrador by Mr. A. 8S.
Packard, Jr.

AcApIAN Fauna.

Aleyonium carneum Agassiz. Breton Isl., Nova Scotia, 10 f, rocks, Anticosti Expedition ;?
Grand Menan, 15 f, shelly, Dr. Wm. Stimpson; Eastport, Me., low water to 25 f, rocky
and shelly bottoms, abundant, A. E. Verrill; Casco Bay, near Portland, Me., E. S. Morse;
Massachusetts Bay, L. Agassiz, Wm. Stimpson; Provincetown, Mass., Capt. Atwood.

Bunodes stella Vervill. Grand Menan, N. B.,and Eastport, Me., in crevices of ledges at low
water, abundant, A. E. Verrill; Mt. Desert, Me., at low water, A. E. Verrill; Cape Hliza-
beth, Me., in rocky pools at low water, partly covered by sand, KE. $8. Morse.

Rhodactima Davisii Agassiz. Grand Menan, from low water to 30 f, Wm. Stimpson, A
E. Verrill; Eastport, Me., on ledges at low water, and from 2 to 20 f, rocky, abundant,
A. E. Verrill; Massachusetts Bay, L. Agassiz; Nantucket Shoals, L. Agassiz.

Metridium marginatum M-Edw. Gaspé, Canada East, J. W. Dawson; Breton Isl., N.S.
Anticosti Expedition; Grand Menan, Wm. Stimpson, A. E. Verrill; Eastport, Me. 2 f,
rocky, A. E. Verrill; Mount Desert, Me., low water to 3 f,, rocky, abundant, A. E. Verrill;
Portland, Me., on piles at low water, E. 8. Morse; Swampscot, Mass., on rocks and in pools

1 Conducted by Messrs A. Hyatt, N. S. Shaler, and A. E. Verrill, 1861.

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 43

at low water, A. E. Verrill; Nahant, Mass., L. Agassiz. This species also extends to the
Virginian Fauna.

Edwardsia sipunculoides Stimpson, MS. Grand Menan, at low water, Wm. Stimpson ;
Eastport, Me., in gravelly mud under stones at low water, abundant at one locality, Wm.
Stimpson, A. E. Verrill.

Edwardsia suleata Verrill. Chelsea Beach, Mass., thrown up by a storm, A. 8. Packard, Jr.

Bicidium parasiticum Agassiz. Eastport, Me., on under surface of Cyanea arctica, A. H-
Verrill ; Nahant, Mass., on Cyanea arctica, L. Agassiz, A. Agassiz.

Tlyanthus levis Verrill. Eastport, Me., L. Agassiz.

Zoanthus americanus Vervill.' Bank off the coast of New Jersey, lat. 40° N., long.
73° W., 30 f, fine sand, Capt. Gedney.

Arachnactis brachiolata A. Agassiz. Nahant, Mass. swimming at night near the surface of

the water, A. Agassiz.
VirGintan Fauna.

Leptogorgia tenuis Verrill. Bay of New York, Smithsonian Institution.

Metridium marginatun M-Edw. Naushon, Mass. A. Agassiz; Point Judith, R. I, J.
Leidy ; near New York City, Mr. Damon.

Actinia (?) rapiformis LeSueur. Egg Harbor, N. J., buried in sand, C. A. LeSueur.

Halcampa albida Agassiz MS. Nantucket Isl., buried in sand at low water, B. T. Mor-
rison, J. Rice.

Ilyanthus (?) neglectus (Leidy). Atlantic City, N. J., in mud, J. Leidy.

Astrangia Dane Agassiz. Point Judith, R. 1, J. Leidy; off Gay Head, L. Agassiz ; Nau-
shon, Mass., A. Agassiz.

CAROLINIAN Fauna.

Telesto fruticulosa Dana. Charleston, 8. C., L. Agassiz; Stono Inlet, Dr. J. W. Page; Sa-
vannah, Georgia, L. Agassiz.

Gorgona hums Dana. Charleston, 8. C., L. Agassiz.

Leptogorgia virguata M-EKdw. Beaufort, N. C., Wm. Stimpson, A. S. Bickmore; Charles-
ton, 8. C., L. Agassiz; Stono Inlet, Dr. J. W. Page; coast of Georgia, Dr. J. W. Page ;
St. Mary’s River, Florida, Williams College Expedition.

Muricea pendula Verrill Charleston, 8. C., off the bar, L. Agassiz.

Titanideum suberosum Agassiz MS. Beaufort, N. C., Wm. Stimpson; Charleston, S. C., L.
Agassiz ; Stono Inlet, Dr. J. W. Page.

Renilla reuforms Cuv. Beaufort, N. C., Wm. Stimpson; Charleston, 8S. C., at low water,
L. Agassiz.

Bunodes cavernata Verrill. Charleston, 8. C., L. Agassiz.

Cereus sol Agassiz MS. Beaufort, N. C., A. S. Bickmore ; Charleston, S. C., L. Agassiz.

Dysactis palhda Agassiz MS. Beaufort, N. C., A. 8. Bickmore; Charleston, S. C. L.
Agassiz.

Aulactina capitata Agassiz MS. Beaufort, N. C., A.S. Bickmore; Fort Macon, N. C., Dr. S.
Cabot ; Charleston, 8. C., in sand at low water, L. Agassiz.

Llyanthus chloropsis Agassiz MS. Charleston, 8. C., L. Agassiz.

Halcampa producta Stimpson MS. Charleston, 8. C., Wm. Stimpson.

1 See Addenda, page 45.

44

VERRILL ON THE POLYPS OF THE

Cerianthus americanus Agassiz MS. Beaufort, N. C., Wm. Stimpson; Charleston, S. C., in
mud at low water, H. J. Clark, L. Agassiz.

Antipathes Boscti Lamx. Edisto Isl. 8. C., L. Agassiz.
Antipathes alopecuroides Ellis. South Carolina, J. Ellis.
Astrangia astreiformis M.-Kdw. and Haime. Beaufort, N. C., A. 8S. Bickmore; Charleston,

Secs

L. Agassiz; St. Mary’s River, Florida, Williams College Expedition.

Oculina implicata Agassiz MS. Cape Hatteras, L. Agassiz; Beaufort, N. C., A.S. Bickmore.
Oculina arbuscula Agassiz MS. Charleston, 8. C., off the bar, L. Agassiz.

ANALYTICAL TABLE.

The following table is intended to aid those in the determination of the genera who

may

not already be familiar to some extent with the classification of polyps. It will apply

only to those genera that are included in the present paper.

A. Tentacles eight, pinnately lobed (1) (Alcyonaria).
B. Tentacles six, or multiples of six, simple (7) (Zoantharia).

ALCYONARIA.
PaGE
1. Polyps forming a free, moving community Citentlla) .... ccs. waco cee outs oles es ciarsy i tielelrate 12
1. Polyps forming an attached community (2)
2. Individuals arranged around a central axis (3) ( Gorgonide)
2. Individuals aggregate, destitute of a common axis (6) (Alcyonide)
Gorgonide.
3.~Axis firm, spiculose, cork-like (Titanideti) siete c we « leis» oe «y's0o1s'e 6 o/6) 9 olaielars’ eles» fee) shee 10
3,. Axis soft, porous, scarcely distinct (Paragorgid) «20a 5% cece @ 1 515560 0 ceeipieeiss Se) ole eens ene 10
3. Axis solid and strong (4)
4. Cells papilliform, covered with imbricated spicula (Mircea) 0... 2.6 0 os oe aso cos vine eo sieisiebeleetene 8

4. Cells bell-shaped, covered with scale-like spicula (Primmnoa) .... 0.0.02 0.005 00060010 sive s eet 9
4. Cells without external spicula (5)

3. Celis prominent, verruciform \(Gorgontayic.iy.a:sala «class ele ses gie occ'el<tn wie'eser sie alo 1 sierake cieiatecel ta eee 6
). Cells scarcely prominent: (Leptogorgta):. .iai'.ise ss sles» s40 vols ole sive ona wid ove 9 5 ote sus\eiousl i ete aoe eenee 7
Alcyonide.
6. Polyps forming a fleshy, lobed community (Aleyontium) 2.00 5621. «20m » cele ise ie mbaieie oe ee) oh chet 3
6. Polyps forming a tubulous, branching clump (Telesto) ... 2. 2.0.0 200s eee ood sicine occis oes sels oes eletene 5
ZOANTHARIA.
%. Polyps secreting a solid, horn-like axis (Antipathes) « ~ si. 2 0.010 0s 0 0e,¢ os ecco $6 oie eves prette eeenee 36
7. Polyps forming solid calcareous corals (8) (Astrearia)
7. Polyps fleshy, destitute of solid corals (9) (Actinaria)
Astreearia.
8 Coral branching, solid within (Oculina)...... «:.s..::. tere seer ee eine) valetelle ciate eee eee 40
$:*Coraltincrusting, cellular within (Astrangia) <.... jess sci eaceieioiers tieso «\-- + + oleae) en eee 39
Actinaria.
9. Polypsicompound (Zoahthis) 0.5 ior. s:ajalelnie elo clone sicietene nile eeeet WM nodD Oba 5dn05 5008 34
9. Polyps simple (10 )

TLOIL S

Me

IVI.

by J Mayer &

Print

Verrill on the Polyps of the Fastern Coast of the U. States.

EASTERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 45

10. Basal disk wanting, polyp swimming freely (Arachnactis).......... cece cee ccc cee tc eesseeeeeese 88
10. Basal disk wanting, polyp sedentary (11)
10. Basal disk distinct (14)

ijemlentacles numerous, of two kinds (Cenzantqus) on. os. ence cere o cosy nee seeds vo eses} oueaendes 32
11. Tentacles numerous, marginal only (12)
11. Tentacles twelve, of one kind (13)
iZemcolummnofunitorm texture (liWjanthus) ss eres wicks cine 66 6 ec ace ceed elas ess seve vecnuecn edeusbac 26
12. Column with a thickened epidermis in the middle (Hdwardsia) ......... 0... cece e cc eeecee eee 27
owvlouth with) prominent lobes, (Bucvderi) cc. otectamieies «a 4s 4 seis diss an sein. pose sine sees basueceace Ol
13. Mouth simple, column with suckers (Halsenbaye SST Ca aa Rene anes Omer PacAD
14. Disk frilled, tentacles very numerous, fringe-like at tte margin (Meriden). Test Carn ere Gas oes Hs cc 21
4) Disk plain, tentacles‘slender, not contractile (Dysactis) ........2.eecee sens cece secsccesstcncers 26
14, Disk plain, tentacles contractile (15)
ise) Wallsicovered by crowded verrucae (Bu0des) ois owes c oun esa ttn Gwe miele esses bse s ey yeved 15
15. Walls with distant verruce ; tentacles large (Rhodactinia). . eer eee eon | LS
15. Walls verrucose above ; margin with trilobed verrucz (Aulectiey BPG Te PaeVORAD cig hay tae Gua poedauorat e 20
15. Walls smooth or with inconspicuous suckers (16)
16. Column smooth, with a thickened fold above, tentacles few (Metridium, young) ........ 0... .000 000 21
16. Column with suckers, but no fold, tentacles numerous (Cereus). .... 2.0... cece te eee eee 24
16. Column smooth throughout, tentacles few (hodactinia, young) .... 0.2... 0... cee eee cee eee eee 18

EXpLANATION OF Prater LI.

(Figures 10, 11, from nature, by Wm. Stimpson; 8, 9, 14, 15, by the author; the others by E. 8S. Morse.)

. Figs. 1-8, Bunodes stella: 1-3, young when first excluded; 4, adult polyp when contracted ; 5-7, different views
of the expanded polyp; 8, magnified view of the mouth, @ a the two primary radii, corresponding with the antero-
posterior axis, 6 6 and ¢ ¢ the other radii of the same cycle.

Fig. 9, Rhodactinia Davisit, mouth somewhat enlarged; the letters correspond to the same parts as in fig. 8.

Figs. 10, 11, Halcampa producta: 10, polyp when taken from the sand and allowed to expand; 11, form when
expanded in its burrow.

Figs. 12, 18, Hdwardsia sipunculoides: 12, polyp of the natural size drawn from a specimen somewhat con-
tracted in alcohol; 13, disk and tentacles considerably enlarged.

Figs. 14, 15, Bicidium parasiticum : 14, polyp natural size; 15, enlarged view of the disk and mouth.

ADDENDA.

Since this paper went to press, I have been able to examine the “ Mémoire sur les Coralliaires des Antilles,” by
Duchassaing and Michelotti, Turin, 1860, a work not previously accessible to me. These authors have described a
species under the name of Muricea elegans (p. 19), which is apparently identical with Muricea laxa Verrill, recently
described in the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. For the species called by the same name in
the present paper I would, therefore, propose the name Muricea pendula. In the same work (p. 50) the name
Zoanthus parasiticus has been preoccupied. The species herein described under that name I propose to call
Zoanthus americanus.

MEMOIRS BOST. SOC. NAT. HIST. Vol. I. 12 Published July, 1864.

46 | WILDER ON MORPHOLOGY AND TELEOLOGY

II. On Morphology and Teleology, especially in the Limbs of Mammalia. By Burt G. Witprr, S.B.

Read June 3d, 1863.

IT is not inany years since the very title of this paper would have been enough to insure
its remaining unread by most professional men, or, if read, to excite their derision of him
who should have so wasted his time as to write, or even think, of such vain abstractions, fit
expressions of the useless imaginings of the half-crazy enthusiast Oken, and his only less
crazy, because less gifted, disciples. And there are, even now, stern votaries of practical
science who would scorn any attempt to raise their eyes above the mere facts of Nature
which are as patent to the ignorant vision as to their own, and who refuse to seek an
insight into those hidden relations, for the correct understanding of which their superior
knowledge might be the surest preparation.

But there are others, and their number is increasing, who, believing in the existence of a
general plan underlying all the more external phenomena of Nature, are willing to try to
comprehend it in its greater and lesser manifestations; and they, in reading the “ Physio-
philosophy,” may be able to discern, amongst much that is fanciful and absurd, many sug-
gestions of a sound as well as original and striking philosophy. No apology, therefore, is
now required for thinking or writing upon subjects which have engaged the attention of
the most celebrated students of both animal and vegetable anatomy, and which, I am con-
vineed, will, erelong, be acknowledged to be as essential to the proper understanding of
these sciences as the classifications of which they form the only true basis.

To express the various relations which have been observed among the several parts and
their functions, of animals and plants, the following terms have gradually come into use:
homology, affinity, morphology, analogy, teleology ; to these may be added physiology, which,
though a term long employed to denote the general study of function, has now acquired
a certain technical significance, equivalent to the more strictly scientific, and therefore -
preferable term, Zeleology.

Analogy is used to indicate similarity of function, which may be very close, when yet the
two parts are widely dissimilar in structure ; as, for instance, the organs of aérial locomotion
of a bird and a butterfly, which both go by the name of wings, though one is built upon the
vertebrate, and the other upon the articulate plan of structure. Of course the structure
may correspond with the external form and function, and then the analogy is more com-
plete, as between the foot of man and that of a bear.

Now the general function or use of a part is its physiology ; the special or principal use of
a part is its final cause or end, or teleology ; and parts which are teleologically similar are
said to be analogous.

It is evident that the external form and the function must to a great extent correspond, at
least much more fully than either may with the internal structure, and here we observe the
first distinction between the two groups of terms given above; for this intimate structure
and arrangement, in other words, the pure anatomy of anything, is its morphology, and parts
which are morphologically similar are said to be homologous ; there is homology or affinity, or,
in still plainer words, more or less identity of structure between them; and here again, as was
seen in speaking of analogy, parts or organs which are homologous, that is, identical in their

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